V'^^ - ^ V ^^•n*.. ^' .^-^^-^ V xPr.. c^^^ ^^0^ '^0^ '- ^-.xi^ •*i. ".^1 ^.' o^ •■' ov ^^^ .-*'' •>o. ^o • • • ' • A^ .*' .• ^-<. 0^ s ' • • ' •^ i; -^< r "^ J'^ '"^ \ :f '-> '^ A -5- ■<^. 'i,~iiVv^>t^ ■Co. '► -^o-' «."<" o_, tr^.*' \0 . ' « • * \ * ^ J A* . . ' ' • » •** ^0^ ° " ' • O A* . « ' • " .N-^ FROM AN ORIGINAL DRAWING MADE IN 1830 The Book of Boston Fifty Years' Recollections of the New Eiiuliiiid Metropolis BY EDWIN M. BACON, A. M. I'oKMhR Editor of the Boston Advertiser, the Boston Post and OTHER Boston Newspapers. Author of "Bacon's Dictionary of Boston," "Walks and Rides in the Country Round About Boston," "The Connecticut River and ^^E \^LLEY OF the CONNECTICUT," ETC. ,^- / 1916 he Book of Boston Company 112 W'atkk Street, Boston, Massachusetts Edwin M. Bacon, Editor M. M. IMarcy, Manager \'ilA% Copyright 1916 By GUSTA E. bacon Administratrix THE PILGRIM PRESS BOSTON CONTENTS » — « — PACK chai'Ti:k 1 riic 1 listoric luwn 9 C11AI''I'1'.R II The Boston of Kitty Years .\|l;u 45 CIIAl'TI'.R 111 Coiunicrcial ami .Manulactiirim,' i'mstnii 6i CII Al'TI-R ]\- Boston"s .\ccess to the Sea 77 chapti<:r \- The City's I'.xiJaiision 84 CilAl'Tl-.k \1 How Boston Transports Its Citizens 94 ClIAl'Tl'.R \'II The City's Social Advantages 116 ClIAl'Tl'.R \ 111 Literary lloston i-i^ CllAl'Tl-LR IX J listoric Spots in Hijstoii 130 CHAPTER X Boston's Park System 149 CHAPTER \1 The Religions nl' llostun 161 CHA1'TI-:R XII The .Mnnici])ality 179 CHAPTl-R Xlll Puhlic and Xotahle Pnildings 200 V CONTENTS PAUE CHAPTER XI \- Educational Advantages of Boston --7 CHAPTER XV Music and Fine Arts 245 CHAPTER XVI Accountancy -7^ CHAPTER X\ll Medicine and Surgery 283 CHAPTER X\TH Boston's Wool Trade 309 CHAPTER XIX The Bar of Boston 384 CHAPTER XX How Boston is Fed 484 CHAPTER XXI Boston's Fishing Industry 5^3 CHAPTER XXII The City's Anuisements 518 In Menioriani 520 Index to Biographies 528 Ck.C*SI\ TH I. B'ls I'lN II I HE intent uf this bodk is to tell the story of Fifty Years ok liosTox, the stor}- of the progress and development i)f the city in the last past half centnry and of the institntions and men identified with it, thmngh a series of reminiscences rather than in the formal manner of the direct historical narrative. Historv and biography indeed are woven into the relation, hut with lighter thread, though none the less accurate, than in the C(.)nventional wel). The reminiscent method w a> adopted l)ecause as a resident of Boston for the most part of this eventful half century, as an active journalist fnmi the earlv eighteen sixties, and a managing or a chief editor of Boston daily news- papers for considerable periods, the editor has seen Boston grow from the interesting but little histtr\ ; has seen great changes wrought in the physical and spiritual city; the development of great institu- tions, edticational, learned, devoted to the arts and sciences, that have made Boston a treasure house for American scholars and students; and the initiation of jiulilic utilities of subsequent country-wide adoptiteml)er 17 (7 old style), 1O30, with the passage bv the Court of Assistants i)f the C(il(in_\- of the Massachusetts Bay, sitting at Charlestown, four months after the arrival ni tlie \\'inthr()]) com- ])anv and the Colon\-'s jiractical beginning (jn the soil, of the order: — "That 1"riniontaine v^hrdbe called Hnstdn; Mattapan. Dorchester; i\: y' towne \pon Charles Ryver, ^\'atertl;)wn." Trimountain was the Knglish name that the first colonists at Charlestown had given tlie ]ieninsula across the Charles, which, as seen from that point, appeared to consist of three hills, and the loftiest with three peak.s — or, as their phrase was, "a montaine with three little hills (jn the t("ip of it": the same name thev also applied to the dominant elewation. The Indian name of the peninsula, "^lushauwomak" or "Mishawmut. ' which the colonists contracted to "Shawmut," some local historians, mindful of the sweet springs which pri- marily attracted the colonists to the place, have interpreted as "fountains of living water"; but the meaning- which the philologist, J. Hammond 'i'ninibull, learned in Indian nomenclature, has given it, is less poetic but uioi" ])ractical - — -"A place to go to b\- boats," or "to which boats go," or "The boat landing l)lace." Mattapan was the Indian name of the country that adjoined the neck of laud, now South Boston, earlier Dorchester Heights, upon the south side of ^\ liich the company of the "Dorchester men," as the ])ioneer Bay Colony emi- g-rants from Dorset and Devon were designated, established themselves and had their town underway a week before the arrival out of the Winthrop com- ])aii\'. Thev had come, a b.-md of iiiic hundred and foiT\- in all. in a ship by themselves — the ".Mar\- and John," — iiidei)endently of the Winthroj) fleet, and had arrived in this harbor a fortnight earlier than the ".\rbella" and her consort warjied into the h;iib(ir at Salem. A week, bowe\er, was consumed in casting about for a sati>lactor\- ])lace for a settlement, their pl;uis b;i\ing 10 THE BOOK OF BOSTON been roughl\- disarranged by tbe action of their ship's master. They had contracted to be dehvered at the mouth of the Charles River, but Captain Squeb (delectable name) refusing to take them further than Nantasket Point, Hull, — put them and all their goods ashore here, and so left them "in a forlorn place in this wilderness" to shift for themselves. After a coasting party had made an adventurous expedition up the Charles, and had almost decided upon what afterward became Watertown for the seat, the nearer Mattapan was chosen. The occupation of Mattapan was on June i6 (6 O. S.), and from that date Dorchester is reckoned. Thus what is today the Dorchester district of Boston antedates Boston proper by three months. The founders of Dor- chester expected it to be made the capital of the colony, and become the prin- cipal town. When Boston was established as the capital Dorchester exceeded it in population, and was described as the "greatest town in New England." The Roxljury district also antedates Boston proper, the town of Roxbury, founded by William Pynchon of the Bay Colony leaders, having been begun the first week of July, 1630. It was naively described by a contemporaneous historian in 1634 as "a fair and handsome country town, the inhabitants of it all being very rich." Charlestown was the first permanent settlement in Massachusetts Bay (unless Winnisimmet which became Chelsea where two or three English planters were settled as early as 1625 is to be so reckoned), and was instituted to establish possession by the Massachusetts Company in the disputed territory of "the Massachusetts," the term then for the country lying- around the inner bay from Nahant to Point Allerton, and about the Charles River. This region was covered in the territory conveved 1:)y the Council for New England to the Massachusetts Companv in London, Alarch iq, 1O27- 1628, but claims to the most part of it were entered under the grant of Decem- ber, 1622, to Captain Rol.iert Gorges, younger son of Sir Ferdinando, which embraced the mainland on the northeast side of Massachusetts Bay, together with the shores and coast ten English miles from the Charles Ri\-er north toward Salem, and thirty miles into the country. Before the sale by the Council to the Massachusetts Compau}', or iierhajis at about that time, John Oldham, an energetic Indian trader in ^Massachusetts Bay, a sometime tur- l)ulent member of the Plymouth Colony and, banislied therefrcini for "sedi- tion" and "mischief making" becoming a first settler at "Natascot" — Hull — ■ obtained from John Gorges, brother of Captain Roljert to whom upun R(jb- ert's death descended his rights, a lease of that ]iart of the territorv which lay between tlie Charles and Saugus Ri\-ers; and earl_\- in the summer of 1628 he was sailing for England there to clinch his claim. Then followed Sir Wil- liam Brereton, a London merchant adventurer, with a claim based on a deed from John Gorges, in January, 1628-1629, of lands above the Charles River mouth including the territory covered by Oldham's lease ; and also of the island in Boston harbor which became East Boston, and its neighbor, Breed's Island. When upon the accjuisition by the Massachusetts Company of the Council grant John Endicott was sent out in the "Abigail" with his little company of emigrants and larger band of servants, sailing June 20, 1628, he was directed at once to occupy this disputed region. Among the emigrant passengers of the "Abigail" were three brothers, Ralph, Richard and William Sprague, from Dorsetshire, young men of parts (the eldest but twentv-five) and of good estate, coming out "at their own cost." Immediatelv after the arrival PRESENT DAY VTKW OF PARK STREET AND THE CAPITOL THE COMMON ON THE LEFT. THE BUILDINGS ON THE RIGHT NOW GIVEN OVER TO BUSINESS HAVE BEEN PROMINENT IN THE CITV's HISTORY Dra'^L'ing by U I utti^ i'.U-it^on 12 THE BOOK 0^^ BOSTON at Salem the sixth of September, these brothers with three or four others, presumably of Endicott's company, "by joint consent and appro1.)ation" of Endicott (so runs the orig-inal historical narrative which is substituted for lost Chariest own records) journeyed through the woods to explore the coun- try westwards and find a suitable place in the claimed parts for occupation. So they came to the tip of the peninsula between the Mystic and the Charles, which the natives called "JMishawum," and which was "full of Indians," with one white man, an Englishman, and his family, livingf amicably among them. And here, making friends with the aborigines, and obtaining the free consent of the voung sachem, the eldest son of the chief who had recently died, a youth "naturally of a gentle and good disposition," called by the English "Sagamore John," they "took up their abode," and so possession of the land. On March four of the following year — 1628-1629 — the Massachusetts Com- pany obtained their charter from the King, confirming the Council purchase, and thereupon they contracted with Thomas Graves, an engineer, of Graves- end, immediately to go to New England in their interests to "discover mines, erect fortifications, make surveys," and particularly to lay out their capital town. Graves came out with the second expedition, sailing April twenty-fifth, 1629, which brought to Salem the ministers Francis Higginson, ancestor of the distinguished Cambridge and Boston Higginsons, and Samuel Skelton, with three hundred other passengers; and a letter of instructions from the Massachusetts Company's managers directing him "with all speede" to send forty or fifty persons to "Mattachusetts" Bay, to inhabit there and further strengthen the Company's possessions. So Graves, arri\'ing at the end of June or the first of Jnl\-. straightway proceeded with a considerable band of colonists to strengthen the Spragues' settlement on the Charles, "and thus throw greater imiiediments in the way of" the territory's " being occupied and retained b}- Mr. Oldham." Graves laid out the town conveniently, and set his men to work building a "Great House" for such of the Massachusetts Company's leaders as were "shortly to come over." And then Mishawum was gi\-en its English name of "Charlestown" from the name of the ri\-er. Accordingly the date iif the town's beginning is generally given in the his- tories of Charlestown as July fourth, 1629. But the true date of this first permanent settlement of the Bay Colony in Massachusetts Ba_v and in the present limits of Boston, is September, 1628, and the real founders were the worthy brothers Sprague and their three or four associates whose names are unkncjwn. All three of the brothers became men of standing and influence in the developing Colonial life. Ralph and Richard were valuable citizens through the remainder of their days in Charlestown and in Boston. Each in succes- sion was captain of the Charlestown trainband. Ralph was for several years a selectman and a deputy to the General Court. Richard became a shipping merchant in Boston. William, the youngest, was a forerunner of the pioneer settlers of the old colony town of Hingham, he having visited the place before the settlement was begun, wdien on a ]3rospective along-shore trip in a boat from Charlestown in 1629. Later, in 1636, he removed to Hingham, in com- pany with Anthony Eames, an early settler of Charlestown, whose daughter, Millecent, he married, and thereafter was identified with that town. From the three brothers are descended the large and notable Sprague familv in America, members of which have been prominent and influential in modern Boston and Massachusetts affairs. THK HOOK OF ROSTOX 13 Wlifii Chark'stiiwn was l)ei;iin in 1628, there were already settled al)c:iut the inner bav a number of Englislmien besitles Thomas W'alford, whom the Spragiies found conifortal)ly seated at Mishawum. All, presumably, were "Gorges men"; and most of them had come up from "W'essagusset" — Wey- mouth — when the Gorges settlement there was broken up, or divided, the year after the return of Robert Gorges to England in 1625. At "W'inni- simmet" now Chelsea, was Samuel Maverick, gentleman, comfortably and securely, seated in his fortified "Palisade House," on the present L'nited States Naval Hospital grounds; he occupied later "Xoddle's Island" t l{ast Boston) where the earlier Boston historians placed him fnim the beginning. Maverick had established himself at Winnisimmet as early as 1624, so Mellen Chamberlain in his "Documentary History of Chelsea" states, then a young man of twentv-three. He was apparently a connection of John Maverick, the minister, who came over with the "Dorchester men" and began Dor- chester; but he could not have been the minister's son, as some have assumed. Chamberlain described him as a trader for furs with the Indians and with the settlers and fishermen along the coast. He had a coasting ship of his own, and sometimes ventured to Virginia. There were also at Winnisimmet two or three others in 162S. On Thompson's Island where is now the cen- tury old Farm and Trade School, for boys, was the sometime seat of David Thompson, gentleman, an early agent of the Gorges in New England, and his "castle" of logs. Thompson had died before 1628, and his widow was then living here. A few years later she became young Maverick's wife, and moved over to his then home on Noddle's Island. At "Shawmut," all alone, was William Blaxton, minister, a bachelor, yet a young' man, not much above ihirtv, living in peaceful seclusion among his books in his cottage on the riverside slope of the three-peaked hill, and cultivating his garden of English roses and his orchard beside a sweet spring. These settlers were called by the new comers the "old planters," and were Episcopalians. Blaxton (the name is variously spelled — Blakiston, Blakeston, Blackstone, but Blaxton, Thomas C. Amory, his memorialist tells us, was the spelling he himself adopted ) — Blaxton, indeed, was a non-conformist, but of a mild ty]>c, and he still wore his canonical coat. The harbor thus early was frequented by coasting traders, a fleet of some fifty sail annually trading along the coast, and Nantasket Point was a little seaport where the scattered planters met these traders with their furs and truck from the Indian trade. ( )l(lham, finall\- drop])ing his claim, affili- ated with the Bay Colon\- folk, and became an important man in the Water- town settlement. Later he was a pioneer ad\enturer in the Connecticut Valley and l>ecame one of the founders of ^\'ethersfield, on the Connecticut River. His end was tragic, lie was murdered bv a jiartv of Connecticut Pe(|Uods in i6_^fi, when he was "out a' trading" in his pinnace in Long Island Sound. And his killing led to that battle ofY Block Island l)etween the In- dians who had taken his vessel, and Ca])tain John Gallop — the frunous first pilot of Boston harbor, and for whom (jallop's Island here is named — wiio. also a' trading, hapi)ened along in his pinnace, which Cooper in his "Xaval History of the L^nited States" de.scribes as "the earliest .sea fight of the nation." and of which AA'inthrop first tells the story most graphically in his "Journal." Sagamore John remained the loyal friend of the colonists till his untimel}" death from smallpox, with "about all his people" in earl\- December of 1633. 14 THE BOOK OF BOSTON Bv midsummer of 1629 the Charlestown settlement numbered an hun- dred men, women, and children, li\-ing in temi)orary huts and tents; and o-lowing reports were sent back to England of its promising state. So the pioneer town stood ready for the occupation by Winthrop and his associate leaders, bringing out with them the charter of the Colony of the IMassachu- setts Bay when they arrived at Salem, June, 1630, in the flagship or "admiral"' of their fleet of eleven or twelve sail, all but one other — the "Jewel," master of the fleet — yet on the way, to begin colonial government on the soil. The first thought of these Bay Colony leaders, however, may have been to take Salem for the seat of go\-ernment. But the jjeople there, including "old planters" and new settlers, were found to be in a weak and almost starv- ino- condition; and the place "pleased them not." Accordingly five days after their landing they set ijut to seek the more suitable place on the eastward shore. As Winthrop quaintly records: "Thursday 17 (o. s. — 27th), we went to Mattachusetts to find out a place for our sitting down." The "we" com- prised with Winthrop, we may fanc_\', the resolute Thomas Dudley, deputy oovernor, to become governor repeatedly in succeeding years; Isaac Johnson, "the greatest furtherer of the plantation,"' next to Winthrop the foremost man, husband of the Lady Arljella, the Earl ijf Lincoln's daughter, in com- pliment to whom the "admiral"' of the fleet was named, and who came out with her husband; Sir Richard Saltonstall; Simon Bradstreet, Dudley's son- in-law, whose wife, Anne Bradstreet, was to blossom as "the first American poet," and himself to remain in the public service for many years, long to survive his fellow-leaders, and to become the "Nestor of New England"' ; William Coddington, merchant, to become the first governor of Rliode Island ; Increase Nowell, "a man of family and of education," to serve for many years as secretary of the Colony; William Pynchon, merchant, "a gentleman of learning and religion"' early to found Roxbury, and later Springfield on the Connecticut giving it the name of his English home-town. They came down by water, and that night "lay at Mr. Maverick"s," generously enter- tained by the hospitable young planter at his palisaded house. They viewed the Charlestown plantation and the country up the Mystic as far, perhaps, as Medford; and before the next day had ended they were on their way back to Salem with the decision of most of them upon Charlestown. A second party followed "to approve or dislike" their judgment, and these found a place which suited them better "three leagues up Charles River." Nevertheless the judgment held, and at once removal was made by practically all of the com- pany that hatl then arrived, and Charlestown occupied as the seat. Within the first week of Julv the greater part of the fleet had reached port; the latest to arrive , the "Mayflower,'" the "Whale,"' the "Talbot,"" and the "Trial" coming direct to Boston harbor, not stopping at Salem, and landing their passengers on the Charlestown shore. Thus "a multitude of people amounting- to about fifteen hundred" (the historical narrative's statement, more accurately under one thousand) were added to Charlestown's population. The settlement u]5on closer inspection was found to be in a far less prosperous condition than had been reported the previous year. Some three score of the original settlers had died ; many of the survivors were ill ; most were complaining of their woeful plight. The new comers, however, began cheerfullv Iniilding their homes. Fortunately it was summer time. The governor and a numl)er of the leaders established themselves in the "Great House" which Graves had built, while the "multi- 16 THE BOOK OF BOSTON tude" set up cottages, booths, and tents about "Towne Hill," rising back of where is now the Charlestown District Alunicipal Building. But the cheer- fulness of the new comers was not of long duration. Sickness soon fell also upon many of them. They had had a wearisome and weakenmg voyage out : some of the ships were seventeen, some eighteen weeks on the way. As the summer grew hot the scur\-y increased, through lack of proper shelter, and by reason of "wet lodges in their cottages." Other distempers also prevailed. Much suffering resulted from the use of a brackish spring in the sands by the shore, the one source of water supply, for the Colonists "generally notioned no water good for a town but running springs." Provisions early fell short, many of the Colonists coming ill-pro\-ided, supposing from the stories sent to England, that food was abundant here, others improvidently bartering their supplies away to the Indians for beaver; and the governor despatched a ship to Ireland to buy and hasten back fresh supplies. By mid- summer the sickness had become so extensive that the well ones "though generally very loving and pittifull" were unable "to tend the sick as they should be tended," whereupon "many perished and dyed and were buryed about the Towne Hill." Samuel Fuller, the physician of the Plymouth Colonv, came up to the aid of the sick. By the close of the hot summer nearly two hundred had died. Among these were William Gager, the Com- pany's physician ; the wives of Coddington and Pynchon and other leaders ; and that foremost leader next to Winthrop, and richest of them all — Isaac Johnson. Winthrop recorded the latter death laconically and tenderly, under date of September 30: "About 2 in the morning Mr. Isaac Johnson died; his wife the Lady Arbella of the house of Lincoln, being dead about i month before. He was a holy man and wise, and died in sweet peace, leaving some part of his substance to the Colony." The gentle lady, "coming from a para- dise of plenty and pleasure in the family of a noble Earldom into a wilderness of wants" (Hubbard's, the early N^ew England historian's, phrase), had succumbed to the hardships of the voyage, and, unable to accompany her husband to Charlestown, had faded away at Salem. A number also, dis- heartened, had left and gone back to England on two of the returning ships of the fleet. Meantime several of the leaders were prospecting the neighboring coun- try for a happier town site ; but when reports from London and Amsterdam of "some French preparations" against the Colony were received by incoming ships, it was resolved "for present shelter," to "plant dispersed!)-.'' There- upon Sir Richard Saltonstall with George Phillips, one of the ministers who had come out with the Company (ancestor of W^endell Phillips), and "several score," began the plantation up the Charles that became W'atertown ; others planted on the Mystic, beginning Medford ; others began Saugus which be- came L}'nn ; Dudley and Bradstreet began New Towne to become Cambridge ; while numbers joined the plantation at Mattapan, and the P3-nchon settle- ment of Roxbury. Then, or when the sufifering from the want of water was most acute, William Blaxton, the sole tenant of "Shawmut," came across tlie river and acquainting the governor of an excellent spring there, courteously invited and solicited W' inthrop to occupy his peninsula. And then, this invita- tion accepted. Winthrop and the greater part of the Compan\- that yet remained at Charlestown removed hither, and Boston was begun. Boston was named for old Boston of Lincolnshire, England, the ancient St. Botolph's town on the W^itham, from which, or from its part of the THE BOOK OF BOSTON 17 country, liad come the leaders termed the "Boston men" — the men of "supe- rior wealth and standing," of the eastern counties, who hail come into the Massachusetts Company, and to its direction, after the "Dorchester men," of the western counties, with win mi the movement for a plantation had orig- inated: — and particularly in compliment to Isaac Johnson and the Lady Arbella of the old Boston. It was the name, as Dudley stated, that these leaders had intended to give the place they "first resolved on." While we have the date of the naming of our Boston definitely assigned as the date of the foundation of the town — September seventeen, 1630 — that of its actual beginning can only be conjectured. The historical narrative tells of the removal "after the death of Mr. Johnson and di\'ers others." Until the end of Se]5teniber the Court of Assistants continued to be held in Cliarlestown. It has been assumed that the "Great House" was still Winthrop's home as late as the twenty-fifth of October, when he entered in his Journal that often quoted declaration against the custom of drinl-cing tiia>ls, wliicli his kinsman and biographer, Roljert C. W'inthrop, has pointed to as "the original temperance movement in Massa- chusetts, if not in America": — "[October twenty-fifth, 1630] The Governour. upon consideration of the inconxeiuences which had grown in I'.ngland b\' drinking one to another, restrained it at his own table, and wished others to do the like, so as it grew, bv little and little, into disuse." Tlie first mention of Boston in Winthrop's Journal is under an Octoljer date, about a month after the naming, recording the death of a goat there from eating Indian corn. Its first mention ofticially is the record of a General Court — the first General Court of tlie Colony on the soil — as held at Boston on October twenty- ninth. A month later, November twenty-iunth, Winthrop is found for the first time dating a letter to his wife, still in England, "Boston in Massachu- setts." And in this letter he writes, "'Sly dear, we are here in a paradise." It would seem, howe\'er, that while Winthrop himself was not permanently seated here till later, the occujiation was ]iractically begun by the Company generally in early October; th;it then "the people began to build their houses against winter," as the historical narrative relates. The frame of \\'in- throp's house was "in preparation" at Cliarlestown when the removal was decided upon, the narrative says, and was carried to the new Boston "to the discontent of some." But it seems to have been taken first to "New Towne" — Cambridge — and hence brought to Boston. For in December the Colony leaders determined to make Dudley's inland New Towne, as best for defence, a fortified town, and eventually, perhaps, the seat of government; and it was then agreed that the Assistants should build their houses there by or liefore the following spring and remove the ordinance and munitions thither. In accordance with this agreement the Governor duly set up his house : but the others not following with theirs, he removed his. So the agreement was not carried out, to the discomfiture of Dudle)-, who complained of a breach of promise on the part of Winthro]> with the rest. Subsequently Winthrop ex]ilained his course, and produced more choice data for Boston's history in his invalualile Journal : "August 3 [1632]. The De]nity, ]\lr. Thomas Dudley, being still discontented with the goxernour, partly for tlKit the governour had removed the frame of his house, which he had set up at New Town, renewed his comi)laints to Mr. Wilson and Mr. Welde, who acquainting the go\-ernour therewith, ;i meeting was agreed upon at Cliarlestown. where were present the go\ernoiir and deputy, Mr. Nowell, [and the ministers] ^Ir. 18 THE BOOK OF BOSTON NT Wilson, Mr. Welde, Mr. jMaverick, and Mr. Wareham. The conference being begun with calling upon the Lord, the deputy began. . . . The gov- ernour answered that he had performed the words of the promise; for he had a house up, and seven or eight servants abiding in it by the day appointed; and for the removing of his house, he alleged, that seeing that the rest of the assistants went not about to build, and that his neighbours of Boston had been discouraged from removing thither by Mr. Deputy himself, and thereupon had (under all their hands) petitioned him that (according to the promise lie made to them when they first sate down with him at Boston, viz., that he would not remove except they went with him) he would not leave them — this was the occasion that he removed his house." The relations between the two worthies were thus strained for a while, and there followed those hot little tiffs the story of which makes so lively a chapter in \Vinthrop's Journal. But as time went on and Town and Colony developed, these differences be- tween the two good and true men softened, and at length were beautifully healed, as Winthrop relates with charming cjuaintness in one of his prettiest passages. It was at the ceremony of marking the bounds of the great farms on the Concord River, in what are now the rural towns of Bedford and Billerica, granted each of these worthies by the General Court, in 1638. On a day in Mav the two with their witnesses paddled down the loitering stream from the little settlement at Concord. Making selection of a point for their landing, "they oft'ered each other the first choice, but because the Deputy's was first granted, and himself had store of land already, the Governour yielded him the first choice. So at the place where the Deputy's land was to begin there were two great stones which they called the Two Brothers in remem- brance that they were brothers ijy their children's marriage and did so brotherly agree, and for that a little creek near those stones was to part their lands." The marrying children were Winthrop's daughter Mary and Dudley's eldest son, the Reverend Samuel. The "Two Brothers,'' lying- near together, close to the river's brink, in Bedford, remain today, with a tablet set in the face of each inscribed, that to the South, "Winthrop, 1638," that to the North, "Dudley, 1638," the governor's thousand acres spreading oft' south- erly from the boulders, Dudley's northerly. The predominant features of the peninsula as it appeared to the makers of Boston are familiar from much description in local histories, handbooks, and lectures. They found it pear-shaped, jutting out between harbor and river, attached to the niainkuid l)y a mile-long slender stem: marked by abrupt elevations with valleys between : the loftiest elevation, tlie hill with three peaks, on the river side, the next in height on tlie harbor front, one at the South, the other at the North: sparsely clad with trees, but thick in bushes and reeds ; the surface indented by deep coves, inlets of ocean and river, and by creeks and ponds: and sea margins wide, flat, oozy. It was in length less than three miles, in width, at the l)roadest, Httle more than one mile ; while its total area was less than eight hundred acres. Unpropitious topographically and too contracted this j^eninsula certainly was for the ideal establishment of a great future metropolis. But there was the "convenient" harbor, the beautiful tidal harbor as Nature made it. It was this harbor's natural advantages, together with its proximity to the fisheries which were to become the staple of New England, that made possible the commercial Boston which the Puritan founders so enterprisingly pro- ceeded to develop on the narrow peninsula as soon as their town was fairly THR ]U)()K OF BOSTOX 19 underway, which was after tlie first disheartening winter of the plantation. Then Boston was far from tlie paradise as \\'intlirop had pictured in that first joyous Boston-dated letter to the old home. '"The people were necessi- tated to li\e on clams and muscles, and gTonnd nuts and acorns," the Charles- town historical narrative recorded. The governor himself "had the last hatch of bread in the oven," wrote Cotton ]\Iather in his embellished story of this first Boston's winter based on tradition, and was "distributing the last hand- ful of meal in the l)arrcl unto a poor man distressed by the wolf at the door." At this extremity a Fast F)a\' was appointed by the go\-ernor and assistants. Then suddenly on a b'ebruary da\- appeared entering the hai'bor the relief ship that the go\'ernor and his associates had despatched to Ireland fi3r sup- plies, in the summer. She was laden with provisions sufiicient for all. And straightway the Fast Dav was changed to one for thanksgi\-ing — the first appointed Thanksgi\-ing Day in [Massachusetts. The recovery was cpuck, and the spring was full of actixity. On the fourth of July the first domestic-built ship was launched, — the little l)ark of thirty tons which Winthrop had had l>uilt and piously and poetically nametl, "The Blessing of the Ba_\-." She tiiok the water on the Mystic, beside the governor's farm and countr\- seat of "Tenhills" (so called from the num- ber of little elevations which could be counted upon it, and which can in part be traced to this day), and close by the present Somerville end of the Wellington Bridge. On the last day of August she went to sea. In October she was "on a voyage to the eastward," perliaps trading". The following summer she was ad\'enturing "to the southward," coasting "an island over against Connecticut called Long Island"; [the narrator is Winthrop in his Journal] looking into the Connecticut River; and finally \-isiting the "Dutch plantation upon Hudson River called Xew Netherlands." At Long Island she took on "store of the best \\ampum peak both white and blue" from the Indians there, who were found to be "a very treacherous people," and having "many canoes so great as one will carry eig'hty men." .\t the embr^-o New- York the captain and crew were "very kindly entertained by Wouter \an Twiller; and they bartered with the Dutchmen such commodities as they put ofY for some beaver and other tifings." The next year a second ship was launched on the Mystic. This, the "Trial" of one hundred tc)ns, built by "Governor Cradock's men" — Matthew Craddock, tlie earlier gox'ernor of the Massachusetts Company in London, who did not come out, but sent men over to work his plantation on the Mystic, opposite Winthrop's Tenhills, originally established for ])romoting the fisheries. The next year two more ships w'ere turned out at the Cradckjck yard, one of two hundred tons, the other, the "Rebecca," a tidy craft of sixty tons. The "Rebecca's" first \o\age was to . Narragansett Bay, to buy corn from the Narragansett Indians. Subsecpiently she went to the Bermudas and brought back potatoes, oranges, limes. Ship- building on the harbor side had then begun, and soon Boston became the chief shipbuilder in the Colonies; also the chief carrier for nearly all of them. i\nd early Boston shipbuilders were supplying the old home market with Bos- ton-built ships. In 1633 William Wood, then visiting New Fngland, de- .scribed Boston as "the chiefe place for shii^ping and merchandize." Early its commerce with England was more intimate than that of any other Colonial port, and it was the most frequented by English shipping, b'arly, too, ships from other maritime countries were entering the harbor. Twenty years after \\'illiam Woiid. Captain Edward Johnson writes in his (plaint "Wonder-work- 20 THE BOOK OF BOSTON ing Providence of Sion's Sa\ior," the first history of Massachusetts, of "For- reiners" ships, French, Portugal, ami Dutch coming- "hither for Trafiique," and pictures Boston as the "\-ery 'Slart of the Land." So through Colony and Province days Boston remained the chief port of the continent. There were few accessions to the beginners of Boston till the town was nearly three years old. In early November in its second year, 1631, the gov- FIRST BOSTON TOWN HOUSE Built 1657 by Thomas Joy and partner. Burned 1711. "This gallant State House" as it was termed by Samuel Maverick, in 1660, stood at the head of State Street, on the site of the present old State House. As the first seat of government in Mas- sachusetts and New England, it was the scene of stirring events, .'\bove were chambers for town meetings, the Governor and Council, Assembly and Courts; below was the Merchants Exchange. Here the revolution against Andros broke out; Captain Kidd, the pirate, was examined and the witchcraft cases were tried. Here met the Puritan elders and under this roof the first Episcopalians worshipped. It was "The Pine Street House" of Emerson's Boston Hymn, "The Town Hall" of Hawthorne's Scarlet Letter and "The Council Chamber" of VVhittier's King's Missive. ernor's excellent wife, Margaret Winthrop, accompanied by his eldest son and his wife — the second John Winthrop, later to become the celebrated Go\-ernor Winthrop of the Connecticut Colony, — and bringing the other children that had remained in England with her, arrived in the same ship, the "Lyon," that had brought the minister, John Eliot, the future "apostle to the Indians." Upon their landing the governor's family were formallv received, after the royal fashion, "by the captains with their companies in arms," and with "divers volleys of shott." And for their proper welcome with feasting the larder of the governor's "mansion" had been furnished forth by his neighbors, and "most of the people of the near plantations." with "fatt hogs, kids, ven- ison, poultry, geese, partridges, etc." — a kindly outpouring which moved the good man gratefully to record in his Journal, that "the like joy and mani- festation of love had never before been seen in New England." In the fol- lowing June, 1632, the "\Villiam and Francis," on her second voyage over, brought a few more emigrants of note, a number of "honest men" with their families, including the minister Thomas ^^'elde, who was to become John ° 1\ 'X O fe i^ 22 THE BOOK OF BOSTON Eliot's colleague at the Roxbury church after Eliot's removal from Boston, and later to assist Eliot and Richard Mather, the Dorchester minister, in the preparation of the "Bay Psalm Book." Also at the same time arrived the "Charles" of Barnstable "with near eighty cows and six mares," and some twenty passengers. Then in the autumn of the next year, 1633, there came a great acquisi- tion to Boston's population by the arriv^al on the "noble ship Griffin" of the "choicest freight" of emigrants since that brought by the W'inthrop fleet, which so heartened T(jwn and Colony that the event was celebrated by a s])ecial Thanksgiving. Winthrop's record of this important arri\-al, and of the adxentures of the distinguished Puritan ministers of the company in escaping- the clutches of the scouts of the High Court of Commission at their departure from England, runs thus: "Sept. 4 [1633]. The Griffin, a ship of three hundred tons arrived (having been eight weeks from the Downs). This ship was brought in by John Gallop a new way by Lovell's Island, at low water, now called Griffin's Gap. She brought about two hundred ]jas- seng-ers, having lost some four whereof one was drowned two days before as he was casting forth a line to take mackerel. In this ship came Mr. Cot- ton, Mr. Hooker, and 'Sir. Stone, ministers, and 'Sir. Peirce, Mr. Haynes (a gentleman of great estate), Mr. Hoffe, and man\- other men of good estates. They got out of England with much difficulty, all places being belaid to have taken Mr. Cotton and Mr. Honker, who had Ijeen long sought for to ha\-e been brought into the High Commission: I)ut the master being bound to touch at the \\'ight, the pursuivants attended there, and, in the meantime, the said ministers were taken in at the Downs. Air. Hooker and Air. Stone went pres- ently to New•to^\■n where thev were to lie entertained, and Mr. Cotton stayed at Boston." Besides the nn'nisters John Cotton, Thomas Hooker, and Samuel Stone (whose names led the erudite punster. Cotton Mather, to his ponderous pun in his "Magnalia," that in them "the God of Heaven had supplied the colonists with what would in some sort answer their three great necessities. Cotton for their clothing. Hooker for their fishing, and Stone for their Iniild- ing") and the rich Mr. Haynes, there was a notable group of old Boston magnates among- the passengers — Thomas Leverett, a citizen of high con- sideration in the English Boston, sometime an alderman there, and the stead- fast and influential supporter of John Cotton through Cotton's twenty years in the rectorship of the ancient St. Botolph's Church: Atherton Hough (the "Hoffe" of Winthrop's record, pronounced as he gave it), wlio had been mayor of old Boston ; Edmund Quincey, the progenitor of the Ouincy family in America. There were various other members of Cotton's home congre- gation, and members of Hooker's. There weve the Hutchinsons, principally Mistress Anne Hutchinson, that "pure and excellent w-oman, of high spirit" and "a nimble wit," soon to institute in Boston the first woman's mo\-ement in America, and to become the central figure about whom raged the "Antino- mian controversy" of 1635-1636, which nearly split the Colony in twain; her brother-in-law, the minister John Wheelwright who was to be banished with her, and her other adherents, and to found Exeter in New Hampshire. The town had now been the capital of the Colony for nearly a year, its selection ha\ ing finally been made by the vote of the General Court in Octo- ber, 1632 — "It is. thought by generall consent that Boston is the fittest place for publique business of any place in the Bay" ; — but although "the most noted and frequented," Ijeing the place where the colonial courts sat and the TlIK ]'AK)K OF BOSTON' 23 goveniDf dwelt, it was vet, as William Wood wrote, "neither the greatest nor the richest" of the Bav plantations. This notable accession of the "Griffin's" ])assengers, however, most of whom established themselves here, largely increased its prestige; and thereafter, with other additions of desirable im- migrants repeatedlv made, it grew rapidly Ixith in population and in wealth, until by 1O37 it was outranking all the other towns as the most populous and the wealthiest. The ininiigratiim to Xew England continued large till the meeting of the Long i'arliament in old England, when it suddenly and almost whollv ceased. "The Parliament of England setting upon a general reforma- tion bnth of Church and ."^tate, the Earl of v^trafford being beheaded, and the archbishop (our great enemy) and many others of the great officers and judges, bishops and others, imprisoned and called to account, this caused all men to stay in luigland in expectation of a new world; so as few coming to us, all foreign commotlities grew scarce and our own of no price." So wrote Winthrop in his Journal, under date of June, 1641. It was estimated by earlier historians that up to this time o\er twentv thousand persons had im- migrated to Xew England, brought out in one hundred and ninety-eight vessels, and of these a mucii larger number settled in Boston than in any other town. Bv 1643 thirt}- towns were within the jurisdiction of Alassa- chusetts, of which Boston was the governmental and commercial center. Then it was that the division into shires or counties was made by the General Court, and Suffolk County was instituted, which at the outset comprised wilh Boston the neiglil)oiing towns nf Ro.xbury, Dorchester, and Dedham, and Braintree (afterward (Juincx), Weymouth, Hingham, and Xantasket of the South Shore. X'ow, or a half <1ozen years later, I'xjstun was grown to that description of Captain Edward jdbnsou, written ])resuniably round about 1649 — "The Ijuildings beautifull and large, sunie fairlv set forth with Brick. Tile, Stone and Slate, and orderlv placen Street near Essex and North of Beach Street: then .SoiulierK-, parallel with Washington Street, beside land a single house-lot dee]), to 1 )o\-er .Street, where the long lean Xeck began, 24 THE BOOK OF BOSTON and to the Neck beyond. On the North and the river-side of the peninsula was the "North Cove," early coming to be called the "Mill Pond'' from the mills erected upon it, making up from Charles River on the North of Beacon Hill. This passed Easterly across the present E'nion, Friend, and Portland Streets ; Westerly across Pitts and Gooch Streets to Leverett Street, and well up toward Temple Street at the foot of Beacon Hill. The high-water line crossed the present Cambridge Street at its junction with Anderson Street. A creek ran from this cove to the Great Cove making of the North End an island. The junction of the present Blackstone and North Streets was covered by the tide. On the South side of the Great Cove was a small cove which extended from the head of the present Central Wharf, through Liberty Square, across Kilby Street, nearly to Congress Street. This early became Oliver's Dock. Here entered two creeks, one running down from the present Spring Lane, wliere was the "Springgate" of the Colonists, to Liberty Square, the other coming from lM"anklin Street. On the North side of the Great Cove was another small 'cove, extending from where is now North Market Street and the Ouincy Market and over the site of Faneuil Hall, to the Westerly side of the present Dock Square. This side cove at once became the Town Dock. Back and West of Beacon Hill and the Common, was the fourth large co\'e — the "Back Bay," the back basin of the Charles, its tide then flowing up the present Beacon Street some two hundred feet above Charles Street, up to a pebbly beach on the Common's Western edge, and to the present Park Square; and Southward e.xtending to the line of the present Washington Street at about where Pleasant Street enters this thoroughfare, and sweeping close to the Washington Street line at Dover Street. The makers of the town first built within the territory bounded by the present Milk, Bromfield, Tremont, and Hanover Streets, Dock Square, and the water. The limits soon expanded, reaching at first to the present Summer Street, and shortly to Essex and Boylston Streets on the South ; Eastward, to the harbor front at and around Fort Flill ; Westward and Northwestward, about the North Cove; and Northward, over the North End. The North End early became the most populous section and the "court end" of the town. It so remained till after the Re\'olution, although in the middle of the Pro\'ince period wealth and gentility were being drawn to the region around Fort Hill and the "new" South End (the "old" having been at about Milk Street) and "Church Green," where now is the junction of Summer and Bedford Streets, then fronting the water -with a fine harbor view. Till after the Revolution, too, the town's Southern bounds, though formally at Dover Street, with a few houses latterly scattered on the highway toward the Neck, ]>ractically remained at Essex and Boylston Streets ; while the W'estern limits were Beacon Hill and the foot of the Common. Beacon Hill Westward, with the exception of two or three houses on the Beacon-Street side, first here a lane alongside the Common, remained in its primitive state, the loftiest of its three peaks rising, a beautiful grassv cone, as high as the present gilded dome of the State House, topped by the beacon. In time during the Colony and Province periods the margins of the Great Cove and the smaller estuaries antl marshes were in part filled in, but the original peninsula of under eight hundred acres constituted the town till the opening of the nineteenth century. Till after the Revolution no bridge spanned the river. The only across-water ways were still by the primitive ferries, while the one land way to the main- land remained the long slender tide-washed Neck. THK HOOK OK HOSTOX The square at the head of tlie iHcsent State Street in the middle of wliich is now the Old State House, was at the outset the "^Market Place," the first centre of town life. State Street was the first central "Great Street To The Sea," early to become the historic Kino- Street. The part uf Washington Street extending from Dock S(|uare, or through the present Adams Square, bow-shaped to School Street, was the first highway Towards I\oxljurie."' C(jurt Street was the "Prison Lane iently from the Market Place to the prison (where is now the City Hall Annex), earliest of institutions set up, to become the Queen Street of pro- vincial Bostiin. Hanover Street was the narrow lane leading to the Charles- town and Winnisimmet ferries. School Street was the lane upon which was established the first free school, in 1635, which continued in the Boston Public 'The High Waye leading conven- OLD FEATHER STORE BITLT 16S0 — RAZED ISf.d Latin Schi hence its name. The first go\ernor's "mansiuu," the first min- ister's house, the first meetinghouse, — the latter first public structure to be erected, — and the dwellings and warehouses of the first shopkeeper and of the wider merchant-traders, were placed on the "Great Street To The Sea." Other first citizens located in the neighborhood of the Town Dock. A few- were scattered along the "High Waye" toward School and Bromfield Streets, round about the "Springgate," and on "Port Lane" — Milk Street's first name. Fewer set their houses on the cartway along the Eastern and Xortli- eastern spurs of Beacon Hill whence e\olved Tremont Street. Li its second year, the year that the town was made the capital, its fortification was begun to secure it from attack by sea as well as by land. Works were started at Fort Hill, and on Castle Island (now included in the Marine Park at Soutii Boston Point) : and a guard was established at the Neck. Later the Neck was fortified. In March, 1^)34-1635 the setting up u{ ilie bcacmi on Beacon 26 THE BOOK OF BOSTON Hill, then Gentry Hill, was ordered, to gi\-e notice to the country of any danger appearing or feared. A ward of one person was to be kept here through the late spring and summer months, and upon the discovery of any danger the beacon was to be tired, an alarm given, and messengers were to be sent bv that town in which the danger was discovered to all the other towns in the Colony. Happily no occasion arose for warning, and the beacon was never fired in its history of nearly a century and a half. In the year also that Boston w-as made the capital it was established as a market town, and Thursday was made the regular market day. Then the country folk flocked hither for barter and trade, and the ]\Iarket Place became a scene of decorous animation. At about the same time, or in 1633, the "Thursdav Lecture" was instituted. The delivery of this lecture, or mid- week sermon, generally by a leading minister of the Colony, was one of the features of the Market Day. On this day, too, were not infrequently the public spectacles of the harsh punishments for petty misdemeanors as well as for graver crimes. In front of the Market Place, where is now the square which the Old State House faces, were placed the stocks, the pillory, and the whipping" post. The meetinghouses which were used in succession through a quarter of a centnr_\^ for the Town's and Colony's Inisiness, the sittings of the General and other courts, as well as for church purposes — the first one, the little rude structure of one story, plastered stones, and thatched roof, set up in the summer of 163J, and its substantial successor erected eight years later when the town folk were growing richer, — stood conveniently beside the Alarket Place : the first, on the South side, where the Brazier Building is now, the other where is the Rogers Building on \\'ashington Street opposite the head of State Street. In 1634, when the amialile pioneer settler, Blaxton, sold out to tlie then inhabitants all his right and interest in the whole peninsula, except his home- lot on the Southerly slope of Beacon Hill, of about six acres, Boston Com- mon was established. The year before, in -\pril, 1633, the Governor and Assistants had granted Mr. Blaxton fifty acres, evidently ignoring his rights to the peninsula through a Gorges grant, or otherwise — if he ever asserted them, which does not appear — since it lay within the ^Massachusetts Com- pany's grant. The jiart of the purchase set aside for the Common, or "Travning Field," was this fifty-acre grant, less the six acres of the home- lot reserved. For his general release of the whole peninsula Blaxton received thirty pounds, "to his full satisfaction." The amount was raised from the householders. It had been agreed that each householder should pay six shillings: none paid less, some consideralilv more. Blaxton laid out his thirty pounds in a "stock of cows"; and then, in the following spring, tired of Puritan constraint, he moved away to make a new and freer home further in the wilderness. It is the picturesque tradition that when he was about to depart he frankly remarked, "I came from England because I did not like the Lord Bishops, l.)ut I cannot join with you because I could not be under the Lords Brethren." The independent recluse chose another peaceful and beautiful spot, near what became Rog-er Williams' Providence, on that part of the Pawtucket River afterward named for him, the Blackstone. This new home he called, suggestive of his tranquil tastes, "Study Hill." Here our first Bostonian lived the remainder of his days, which were long. He died at o\er eighty just loefore the outbreak of King Philip's War in 1675. In that war his home at Studv Hill and all his books were destroved. His THE ROOK OF BOSTOX 27 ilislike I'c)!" the Lnrds Urctln'cii was e\ ideiitlv nut (k-ei). fur he was wont to revisit the tuwn in a friendly way. and at length timk to wife a Boston Puritan matron. It is another jM-etty tradition that for his Boston visits he used a steer that he had trained to saddle. Life in the Puritan town througii the half century of the Colony period was indeed austere. The government general and local was most paternal. vSumptuary laws closely regulated domestic affairs. Enactments h}- the General Court against extravagance, or "hraverx-,-" in apparel of hoth sexes, were early and repeated. A law of I'l^i) ''vas directed against the wearing of short sleeves h}- women, "wherehv the nakedness of the arme ma\' he disclosed in the wearing thereof." .\ law nf 1651 was drawn with fine nicety hetween rich and poor, lietween gentlemen and gentlewomen and the people of "meane condition," "\\'e cannot hut accompt it o' duty ... to declare o"' utter detestation & dislike that men (_)r women of meane conditinn, educations, and callinges should take u[)])i)n them the garhe of gentlemen, hy the wear- inge of gold or siher lace, nr hiutons, or points at their knees, to walke in greate bootes: or women of the same ranke to wear silke or tiffany hoodes or scarfes, which though allowahle to persons of greater estates, or more liberall education, }et we cannot hut judge it intollerable in persons of such like condition," So in jjart runs the neatly draw n preamble to this enactment, which prohilnted the wearing of "gold or sih'er lace, cjr gold or silver buttons, or any bow lace abo\e two shillings ])er yard, or siher hoode or scarfes" Ijy any persons, or "any of theire relations depending uppnn them," whose visible estates, real and personal, did not exceed the value of two hundred pounds, with these exceptions: the magistrates or other pulslic officers, "their wives and children." an\- "settleil niillitar\- officer or soldier in the time of millitary service," ami, most cousiderateb", those who had seen better days — those "whose education & imployments have been above the ordinary degree, or whose estates have been considerable though now decayed." In 1675, when the awful shadow of King Philip's \\'ar was upon the Colony, the Court de- nounced as most offensi\e at such a time, the "manifestations of pride" in costlv apparel and personal adormnent: and it jjarticularly condemned the custom by men of wearing "long haire, like women's liaire," made into "perewiggs," and by women, "especially the younger sort," of "borders of haire, and their cutting, curling, & immodest laying out their haire," Ac- cordinglv such customs were prohibited under penalties, as also the "vaine, new, strainge fashi(.in w''' naked breasts and armes, or, as it were, pinioned w''' the addition of superstitious ribbons both in haire and ap]>arel." Trials for "witchcraft" were begun by the General Court sitting in the second meetinghouse of the First Church, so early as 1648, forty-four }-ears before the outbreak at Salem Village. In June tliat }ear a woman was con- victed and hanged on Boston Common. She was one Margaret Jones, of Charlestown, a woman doctor. Her medicines were simples and given in small doses, "yet har more meet persons," were recjuired to walk the town from end to end and enforce these regulations. Constables and tithing men must search ti])pling houses for Sabbath breakers. Xoisy oft'enders were clapped into a public "cage." The observance nf Christmas and the estab- lished church davs — "such festivalls as were superstitiously kept in other countrys to the great dishonor of God and offense of others" — was vigorously condemned. A celebrator of such festal days "either by forbearing to labour, feasting, or any other way," was subject to fine. Discrimination against undesirables of whatever sort was rigorous. Strangers of doubtful or unsatis- factorv antecedents, and new comers that might pro\-e a burden to the com- munitv, were "warned" out of the town, or driven out if they mo\'ed not voluntarily. Ci\il rights depended upon Puritan church membership. Xoiie but "freemen," wlio must he members of this church and no other, could exercise the franchise. The townsman who ct>uld not ol)tain sucli member- THF. r.OOK OF BOSTON 31 ship, or preterrt'il {<> remain muside the Church, was nevertheless taxed for the Clinrch's suppurt, and he must attend its services regularly or sutler the ])enalty ])rescrihed. This law. adopted in 163 1, stood t4 — it \\as slightly modified hy the jjroxisinn that free- holders ratable at ten .shillings, not church members, could be admitted free- men if "certitied b\- the ministers to be orthodox in their principles and not vicious in their lives," .\s thus amended the law continued substantiall}' in force until the beginning' of the I'rcjvince pericxl, in 1G92. THE P.All. KK\ I:RE MAP CF BOSTON', ENGRAVED IN 1 786 The reading matter under illustration is as follows: On Friday, Sept. 30th 1768, the ships of war, armed Schooners, Transports S;c. came up the Harbour and .Anchored around the Town, their Cannon loaded, a Spring on their Cables as for a regular Siege. .•\t noon on Saturday, October the 1st, the fourteenth and twenty- ninth Regiments, a detachment from the 59th Regt. and Train of .Artillery with two pieces of Cannon, landed on the Long Wharf, they Formed and Marched with Drums beating, Fifes playing and Colours fiyiiig up KIXC STREET. Each Soldier having received 16 rounds of Powder and Ball. The eight ships in this fleet consisted of (1) Beaver, (2) Senegal, (3) Martin, (4) Glas- gow, (5) Mermaid, (6) Romney, (7) Launceston, (8) Bonetta. ^'et life was not all sombre in the I'uritan town. With all the colonial blue laws, occasions were not wanting for rollicking and fun. Such were the military trainings on Boston Common. So was 'Lection Day. The chief diversions were jjublic meetings and the Thursday Lecture. Politics and religion along with trading most engrossed the townfolk. The town meetings, which governed the town, constituted a forum for free discussion, and they bred a race of politicians. The efforts to maintain the Colony Charter against the repeated assaults of its enemies also lired American statesmen. No shrewder play of statesmanship than that in this long struggle is recorded in early American history. .\nd all this jtlay centered in Boston. THE BOOK OF BOSTON When at length the charter was revoked, and Sir Edmund An- dros was installed in the Boston Town House as "Captain- General and Governor- in-Chief of all New England," under Jfimes H's commission, with Randolph, that arch stirrer up of the Col- ony's troubles, busy at his schemes, it was a Boston minister. In- crease Mather, whose masterly dip!omac\' as the Colony's chief agent sent to England to lay its case before the King, procured the sec- ond, or Province Char- ter, -with such conces- sions in detail as to render it, despite its establishment of the roval control, far more liberal than a n >' granted any other col- ony, as the historians point out. Meanwhile, as the negotiations of Mather and his asso- ciates were underway overseas, here in Bos- ton the Bostoneers, with the CDuntry folk \\ho had tidcked tc3 the capital, had risen and deposed Andros and imprisoned him with his chief men, and reinstated a body of the old magistrates as a "Council of Safety," in that "Ijloodles? revolution" of April rilH BOOK OF BOSTON fourth, i()8y. after the arrival nf the iie\\> i>\ Wilhani of Oranyc's landing at Torbay and the downfall of the .Stuarts. 'I'liis first forcible resistance to the crown in America was at the start essentially a Boston affair. The defence of the insurrection, proclaimed from the front of the Town House, was a "Declaration of the Gentlemen, Merchants, and Inhabitants of Boston." And this was drawn up by that other remarkable Mather — the Reverend Cotton, son of the Re\-erend Increase. Samuel Bradstreet, the last oo\ernor under the rex'oked Charter, who had lieen the hrst secretar\- of the Colon\-, and for many years an assistant, now the sole sui-x-iN-ing associate of W'inthrop, in hi-; eighty-se\'entli rear \et lust\', was reinstated with his associates of the BOSTON AND THE HARBOR OF 1820 Council of Safety as Councillors, sitting in the Town Blouse; and govern- ment was resumed under the old Charter as though it had not been annulleulpit of the famous Mathers, Increase and Cotton, from 1664 to 17-3: and Samuel Mather, son of Cotton, 1732-1741. The Third Church was what we know as the Old .South, organized in 1669, and the first meetinghouse that year built, on the site occupied by the jiresent Old South Meetinghouse which succeeded it in 1730: and upou what was the "Governor's Green" — the green or garden lot adjoining (iovernor W'inthrop's second house in Boston, the "mansion" in which he lived the last six years of his life, and where he died, in i')4(). in his sixty-third year and the town's nineteenth. This mansion lemained, in after years serving as the parsonage of the Old South, an honored landmark through to the Revolution, when, 34 THE BOOK OF BOSTON like the Old Xortli Church, it was pulled down during the winter of th.e Siege and used for firewood by the British, while the present meetinghouse was utilized for the exercise of their cavah^y horses. The first Town House, of which the present Old State House is the hneal descendant, was set up in the Market Place in 1657-1659 (being two years in building), and succeeded the Market Place as the business exchange. It was practically a Town and Colony House, the seat of Town and Colony government, as the meetinghouse had been. It was provided for in the pro- digious will — one hundred and fifty-eight folio pages, "all writ in his own hand" — of Captain Roliert Keayne, a public-spirited citizen, founder of the militar\- organization which became the .\ncient and Honorable Artillerv Com- STATE STREET, BOSTON, DURING THE EARLY PART OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY THIS VIEW SHOWS THE EXACT SPOT ON WHICH THE BOSTON MASSACRE TOOK PLACE pany, and its first captain, an enterprising merchant — a tailor — a large lancl- holder, yet could not escape censure and i)enalty of Church and Court for taking exorbitant profits in his trade. Keayne died in his house beside the Market Place (his estate was on the South side between tiie present Devon- shire and Washington Streets) in March, 1655 or 1656. His will provided in detail for a Town House, an armory, a public library, and a conduit. The sum he bequeathed, however, was not suf^cient for the sort of Town House the town leaders felt should Ije erected. Accordingly an additional fund was raised through subscriptions of the townspeople, some agreeing to pay in merchandise, others in live stock, and provisions, some in labor. The contract called for a "very substantial and comely" building, of wood, set up(.m Tin-: P,OOK OF BOSTOX THE PRESENT STATE STREET LOOKING EAST FROM IN FRONT OF THE OLD STATE HOUSE, TAKEN FROM THE SAME LOCATION AS THE PICTURE O.N THE OPPOSITE PAGE, BUT SHOWING THE LOWER END OF THE MODERN THOROUGHFARE "twent\-i:iiie pillars full ten feut liigh hutween ]iedestal ami capital," and over- hanging tile pillars three feet all around. Xo actual i)icture of the (|uaint .structure, the nmst elahoralc then in the tuwn, is extant. The one which the histories contain and which we reproduce, was drawn from the full detailed specifications in the contract. Thomas Joy and I'.artholouiew I'.ernard were the huilders, and they built thoroughly and honestly. The place enclosed hy the pillars was used as a free market, and as an exchange where "the mer- chants of the towu mav confer": u])on the lloor aI)o\e the courts sat anil the town officers had their cpiarters. 'hhis "comely building" ser\ed Town and Colony for more than fifty _\-ears — thrcnigh the Colon}' and Inter-Charter 36 THE BOOK OF BOSTON periods, and \vell into the Province period. So here sat Governors Endicott, Leverett, and Bradstreet: Joseph Dudley as President of New England and his fifteen councillors. Here reigned Andros until his overthrow hy the revolution of 1689. And here began the reign of the royal governor. Here also, in 1686, was instituted the first Episcopal church in Bos- ton, when the authorities refused the use of any of the meetinghouses for this purpose. The House finally went down in the "great fire" of October, ijii, — the eighth "great fire" from which the town had suffered in four score years of its life — together with the neighboring meetinghouse, and one hundred dwellings, including most of those then on the j^resent Washington .Street South to School Street. A second Town and Court Hriuse, but of PAUL REVERe's house TODAY MAINTAINED AS ONE OF THE SHRINES OF AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE brick instead of wood, speedily arose upon its site, being completed in iji.v A third of a century later, in 1747, this second house was in turn burned, all but its walls. Then, in 1748- 1749, the present building of brick and oak was erected upon and in the old walls. Thus the present "Old State House" dates, or its outer walls date, from 171 3. Under the Province charter Boston became the capital of a vast state, comprising the territories of the Plymouth Colony, of Maine, and of Nova Scotia, annexed to Massachusetts. The old order of things aliruptly changed. Church and State were separated. All religious sects with the single excep- tion of "Papists" — Roman Catholics — were now enfranchised. The Church of THK HOOK OF BOSTON 37 luiglaiid l)ccanic a [)eniianentl_\' estahlisheil institutinn. With tlic advent of the r()\-al governor came a gay retiinie of subordinates enluening the dral) town. There were comings and goings of mihtary men, nf "liigh na\'al officers with their s(|uadrnn and riotous crews." £arl\- the town l)ecanie the centre of a miniature conrt. The crown officers introduced into it the forms and tlie ceremonies of a \ice royahy. The statehest mansion was ac(|uired and transformed into tiie I'roxince House, a grand official home for the royal governors. The new King's Chapel, the erection of wliich .Xnch'os had caused to be begun on laud talre- dominating nu'ddle class, develo])e(l the \\'hig, or "Libertv men." In 1704 the lirst .\merican ne\\s])a])er to be permanentlv established in the colonies, was begun in Tlic Boston Xci^-s-Lcttcr. An earlier attempt at journalism had been made in T>oston in 1690, fourteen vears before the estab- lishment of the .Vi-rc.s-- /,(•//(•;•. with the venture of Pithlick Occitrvcuccs. both I'oirci;^ii 011:1 Piuiirsticlc. a i|uite creditable performance: but the times were 38 THE BOOK OF BOSTON CAPTAIN- JAMES DALTOx's HOUSE, BUILT 175S. SITE NOW OCCUPIED BY THE POST OFFICE LATER VIEW OF CONGRESS AND MILK STREETS, NOW OCCUPIED BY THE POST OFFICE not \'et ripe for a free or an unliridled press, and Piiblick Occurrences was promptly courted with the initial number liv order of the Go\'ernor and Coun- cil. In 1719 a second paper was launched — The Boston Gazette. These two remained the only newspapers in the colonies: but only for a day; for under date of the dav following that of the Gazette's first issue The American JJ'eeklv Mercury started up in Philadelphia, Botli the Xeies-Lctter and the W w ^ ^ 40 THE BOOK OF BOSTOX Gacctfc ran through the Province period, the former continuing to 1776, the latter to 1780. The lYews-Lcttcr became the Tory paper and went down in the Siege of Boston. In 1742 Faneuil Hall was added to the few public buildings, presented to the town b}- the generous Peter Faneuil, to become the place of famous town meetings, and the "Cradle of Liberty."' It had the distinction of being designed by a painter-architect of reputation — the Scotch John vSimbert, among the earliest to introduce art to the town with his portraits TREMONT STREET IN ITS EARLY DAYS, SHOWING THE FAMOUS OLD TREMONT TEMPLE AND THE KINg's CHAPEL of Boston worthies, forerunner of John Swyleton Copley, Boston's native "court painter." The original Hall was Inirned all liut its walls in a destructive fire of January. 176J, and a second built upon its walls in 1762-1763. The present Hall is the building of 1763 doul>leil in width and a story higher, the enlargement hax'ing been made in 1805 under the supervision of Boston's most famous native architect, Charles Bulfinch. Above the public hall have been the rjuarters of the Ancient and Honorable Artillery Comixmy for many years. The present King-'s Chapel, covering the site of the first one, which was enlarged and embellished in 17 10, was building from 1749 to 1754. Its transformation fn)m the first Episcopal church to the first Unitarian in America came in 1787. The present Christ Church, at the North End, dating from 1723, now the oldest church edifice standing in Boston, was the second Episcopal church to be organized. Trinity Church, dating from 1728, its first church building, however, not set up till 1735 — on Summer Street, at the corner of Hawley Street — was the third Episcopal church in Boston. The first Catholic church edifice was not erected till the opening of the nineteenth century, although Alass was first celeljrated in Bos- ton in 1788, and the first Catholic church was organized in 1790. One of the earliest pictures of Boston as a whole — "A South East View of y' Great Town of Boston in New England in .\merica,"' tlrawn in 1723 by William Burgis, and known as the Burgis X'iew. — shows the town from THE BOOK OF BOSTOX 41 end to end with tlie water frunt; and tlie descriptive text enumerated al)Out thirty-two hundred houses, inchiding several notable mansions, one-third of which were built of brick, eleven churches, fifteen shipyards, one hundred and four streets, lanes, and alk'\s the most of them ])aved with pebbles, and the number of inhabitants sixteen thousanil. Commerce and industries were then prospering-, regardless of the ham])ering navigation acts and the Parliament- ary laws which would suppress colonial manufactures. The harbor was busy with shipping. Boston trade was "reaching into every sea." In the pre-Revolutionary period the "rebellious town," as Boston above all others in the colonies had come to be called in England, contained about sixteen thousand inhabitants. The sex'eral steps in the fourteen }'ears of this period that led up to the Re\-olution — the move against \\'rits of Assistance with Otis's electrifying argument before the high court of the Province, the revolt against the Stamp Act and the Townshend Revenue Acts, the "Boston ^lassacre," the "Boston Tea Party," and finally those acts in connection with the closing of the port, when "the continent as 'one great commonwealth* made the cause of Boston its own." — may all l)e easilv traced todav within a narrow compass of the old town, for, fortunately, their landmarks have not been altogether obliterated in the town's repeated makings over. Thev cen- tered for the most part in and round about the present handsomely preserved Old State House, Faneuil Hall, and the Old South Meetinghouse. After the Revolution numerous enterprises in the de\-elopment of the town were inaugurated. In 1784. we are told b\- the local historian, Shurt- left', the North End contained about six hundred and eighty dwelling-houses and tenements, and six meetinghouses: "Xew Boston," or wdiat we now call the "Old West End." about one hundred and se\enty dwelling-houses and tenements; and the South Eiul, then extending from the "Mill Bridge," on Hano\'er Street, near the corner of Union Street, over the "old canal," to the fortifications on the Xeck near l)o\-er Street, al)out twelve hundred and fift_\' dwelling-houses, ten meetinghouses, all the public buildings, and the prin- cipal shops and warehouses. Some of the mansion-houses in this jiart, says Shurtleff, writing in the latter eighteen-sixties, would now be called mag- nificent. Xo streets had then been constructed \\"est of Pleasant Street ami the Common. In 1786 the first briilge from Boston was completed — the Charles River Bridge to Charlestiiwn. considered at the time one of the grand- est enterprises ever undertaken in the country. Seven years later, in 1793. the West Boston Bridge to Cambridge, from the foot of Cafiibridge Street, was added. In 1795 the erection of the State Plouse — the "Bulfinch Front" — placed in the "governor's ])asture," a part of the Hancock estate, atljoining the mansion-house grounds on Beacon Street, was begun. Then followed the upbuilding of Beacon Hill ^^'estward, to that time in large part pasture lands over which the cows roamed. In 1803 Charles Street at the foot of the Common and Beacon Hill was laitl out. In 1804 Dorchester X'eck and Point, the territory fornnng the greater part of South Boston, was annexed to Boston. In 181 1 the levelling of the main peak, or summit, of Beacon Hill, was begun. Its cutting oft" occupied a dozen years, and was locally called "The Great Digging.'' The earth was mostly used for filling the Xorth Cove, or ^lill Pond. Boston continued under the town system, governed bv a board of selcct- meti, until 18.2J, although ])ropositions to change to the forms of an inde- pendent city had been repeatedly made, the first one in 1708, but invariably 7. O H — o THE BOOK OF BOSTOX 43 PRESENT VIEW OF WASHINGTON STREET LOOKING NORTH FROM IN FRONT OF THE OLD STATE HOUSE voted (liiwn ill t(j\vn meeting. And the vute in favor of the change, in Janu- ary, 1822, was carried only by a small majority. The charter subset|uentl_\- obtained was accepted li)- the legal voters on the fonrth of March following. by a maj(irity of less than a thousand in a total vote of forty-six hundred and sevent_\'-eight. The debt transferred from the town to the city was only a hundred thousand dollars, which sjieaks well for those frugal days. The inhabitants then numbered fifty thim^and, and the valuation of real and per- sonal property was about forty- foiu^ millinns. The first city go\-ernment was organized on the first of May, 1822, in Fancuil Ha!!. The first City Hall was the present Old State House. The first maynr was John I'hilli])s, a citizen of high stambng, under the town go\ernment U)V man_\' years town ad\'i>cate 44 THE BOOK OF BOSTON and public prosecutor. \\'entlell Phillips was his distinguished son. The second ma3'or was Josiah Ouincy, elected by the whole number of votes cast. His administration co\ered si.x temis, 1823- 1828. During this period great improvements were effected by Mr. Ouincy. These included the building of the Ouincy ]\Iarket-house ; the opening of six new streets in its neighborhood and the enlargement of a seventh ; and the acquisition of docks, and wharf rights to the extent of one hundred and forty-two thousand square feet. "All this," says Mr. Ouincy in his "IMunicipal History of Boston'' was "accom- plished in the centre of a populous city not only without any tax, debt, or bur- den upon its pecuniary resources, but with large permanent additions to its real and productive property." In 1830, during the mayoralty of Harrison Gray Otis, the de\-elopment of the newer South End, South of Dover Street to the Roxburv line, with the filling of the flats on either side of the Neck, was begun: altliough this development was not systematically pursued until some twentv years later. In 1833 the uplniilding of "Noddle's Island," before that time a place of large farms, and a favorite with fishing parties, was ener- getically started, and Noddle's Island became East Boston. In 1857 the great "Back Bay Improvement" — the filling of the Back Bay and the resultant upbuilding of the impressive Back Bay quarter of the city — was begun. At the same time the "marsh at the bottom of the Common," over which there had been controversy for some years, and which had long been occupied by ropewalks, was formally set apart for the Public Garden. Soon after system- atic plans for the Garden's develiipment were made. Meanwhile Boston commercially had become a great centre of foreign trade. By 1837, with the initial railroads — the Boston and Lowell, the Providence, and the Worcester and ^^'estern. underway, Boston possessed, as Charles Francis Adams has described, the best developed germ of a rail- road svstem in all America. In 1840 the first steam packets of the Cunard Company made their appearance in Boston Harbor — the "Unicorn" in June, the "Britannia" in Tul_\-, and the "Arcadia" in August — and the first regular Atlantic steamship service had begun. For several years thereafter Boston was possessed of a combination of railway and steamship facilities such as (again quoting Cliarles Francis Adams' statements) no other city on the sea- board could boast of. Then, w ith the establishment by leading Boston houses of selling agencies in New York, and the opening of the California trade, the commercial leadership passed to New York. The financial centre of the great New England manufacturing interests, howe\-er, still remained in Boston. \Miile its physical appearance had changed, and its enterprise was broad and varied, the city yet remained, as Mr. Adams pronounced, a provincial town in aspect and manner till the 'sixties. THE BOSTON OF FIFTY YEARS AGO TiiE Smai.i< but Conspicuous City of the ^Iiddi.e Eighteen Sixties^ Its Characteristics, Institutions, Activities, and Men — Some Representative Merchants, Statesmen, Politicians, Editors, Lawyers, ^Ministers of 1865 HE Boston oi 'sixty-fi\-e was a snug town still confined to the original peninsula with only two outlying districts — South Boston's point and East Boston's island. The business parts were compact and the residence quarters close to them, or within easy walks or horse-car or omnibus rides. The ]:)resent Ro.xbnry, West Ro.xbury, Dorchester, Charlestown, and Brighton Districts were yet independent municipalities or townships. The city then ended on the South at the Roxbury line on Boston Xeck as at the town's beginning; on the Xorth. at Charles River and the harbor turn; on the East, at the harbor front ; and on the West, slightly below Arlington Street at the foot of the Public Garden. The Back Bay was yet in consider- able part open water and unsightly Hats. The filling by dump cars, opening at the sides, with gravel Ijrought from distant hills, neighboring heights at first utilized being exhausted, was progressing with a fair degree of rapidity, but large spaces yet remained t(i be covered. Beacon Street, on the North side made into the "Alilldam," the long stone causeway across the head of the Ijay which appears in old jiictures of the West side of the middle nine- teenth century Boston; Boylston Street, on the Soutli side practicallv ended with a line of genteel brick houses opposite the Public Garden terminating at about the opening of the present extension of Arlington Street South. The Miildam had been built in i8i8-i Ti)K OLD GLEASON PUBLISHING HOUSE WHICH STOOD ON TREMONT STREET. SITE NOW OCCUPIED BY THE PADDOCK BUILDING its estaljlishmuiit was callesl t(jr by the great increase of strangers visiting the cit\' as well as by the great amount SAME VIEW TAKEN FIFTY YEARS EARLIER IS SHOWN ON PAGE 58 OPPOSITE 60 THE BOOK OF BOSTOX the paper of the masses. Edwin C. Bailey, its proprietor, was nominally the edipr, while the real editors were three or four clever young men consti- tuting his editorial staff, at the head of whom was Edwin B. Haskell, who a few years later was to become the editor-in-chief of an enlarged and mod- ernized Herald to enjoy speedy and large prosperity. The morning Post was the leading Democratic journal of New England, cultivating the same field, except the political one, as the Advertiser, but freer, airier and more jocund. Colonel Charles G. Greene, its founder in the 'thirties, now a veteran jour- nalist, was still its lusty editor, with a notable band of able and brilliant assistants. The Transcript, then a dainty affair, the favorite evening paper with the "best" Bostonians, aiifectionately termed the "Boston Evening Tea Table," under the chief editorship of Daniel N. Haskell, the most genial of Boston editors. And the Traveler, the popular evening paper, more enter- prising — and less literar}- — than its rival the Transcript, directed by its now veteran proprietor and nominal editor, Roland Worthington. That rare Bostonian, John Albion Andrew, the great war governor, was serving his fourth and final term in the governorship in 'sixty-five; and the war mayor, Frederic Walker Lincoln, Jr., his fourth and last term in the mayoralty of the city. The "New City Hall" — the present heavy-faced affair replacing a quieter building of Bulfinch's design (a Court House re- modelled for a City Hall), the stone of which was utilized in the City Hall Avenue and Court Square facades of the new structure — was just completed, and was dedicated in September this year. The population of the city was then officially given as one hundred and ninety-two thousand, three hundred and twenty-four; the property \aluatinn, three hundred and sex^enty-eight million, three hundred and three thousand, three hundred and fifty-seven dol- lars; the number of polls, thirty-four thousand, seven hundred and four. The streets of the older residential parts retained not a little of their early embellishment. Summer Street and Charles Street notably were yet beautified by handsome trees. Attached to not a few of the older estates were charming gardens. Indeed it was a rarel}' attracti\'e town, the little Boston of 'sixty-five, self contained, and prosperous. FORT HILL SIJLAKL l.\ IsoJ COMMERCIAL AND MANUFACTURING BOSTON Fifty Years of Progress ix Trade and Commerce — The "Great Fire" OF 1872 and the City's Quick Rehabilitation — The Shifting Commercial and Financial Centres — The \'arious Exchanges and Their Lnfluences upon the Development of Boston Business : HILE the city was generally prosperous in 'sixty-five the close of tlie Civil War found several of the departments of trade in which Boston had led depressed, and tiie old-time mer- ciiants were obliged to readjust their operations to a new urder of things. Especially were declining Boston's ship- ping interests with a curtailment of its freight trade. Then followed the general depression of 'sixty-seven and 'sixty-eight in the various industrial and financial interests of the country consequent upon the inflated currency and its disturbed condition, over production in manufactures, and the effects in general of the war. In this period Boston suffered more or less, in common witli the rest of the country; still the secretary of the Board of Trade (then Hamilton A. Hill, later one of the valued contributors to the history of commercial Boston ) in Iiis Report for 1867, reviewing that 3"ear, was able truthfully to write that "we yet have occasion to congratulate our- selves upon the good degree of prosperity which we are enjoying, upon the evidences of strength and growth which are multipl_\ing among us, upon the position, relatively, which Boston maintains among the great commercial communities of the nation." With the development of newer business methods, and broader enter- prise, as Mr. Hill pointed out, the business abilities of Boston merchants and Boston capitalists were lieing displayed in various directions. All branches of trade were expanding, and new and diversified industries were being estab- lished, while Boston remained, despite the fixture of branch commission houses in Xew York, the seat of ownership and management for New England manufactures. Also the area of the city proper was being extended to meet the demand for larger accommodation \vithin the business quarters. This year — 1867 — too, the enlargement of the city by the annexation of adjoining municipalities was begun. Roxbury, the first annexed, added to the city's area twenty-one hundred acres, and to its valuation, twentj'-six million, five lumdred and fifty-one thousand and seven hundred dollars. Two years later — 1869 — Dorchester was annexed, further increasing the city's area by forty- five hundred and thirty-two acres. There had now been added to the original upland of the peninsula (six lumdred and ninety acres) eight hundred and 62 THE BOOK OF BOSTON eighty acres by the fihing of flats on the South and West, and by these an- nexations, eighty-three hundred and thirty-two acres : making the city's total area (including eight hundred acres of East Boston, and nine hundred of South Boston) ninety-nine hundred and two acres. In 1870 the taxable vaki- ation of the enlarged city was estimated by the assessors at five hundred and eighty-four million, eighty-nine thousand, four hundred dollars; the popu- lation, according to the United States census, was two hundred and fifty thou- sand, five hundred and ninety-eight. In his review for that year the secretary of the Board of Trade, still IMr. Hill, could make the flattering report : '"This community has more than maintained its position as a cnntrolhng centre for the manufacture, and, directly or indirectly, the distribution of cotton and woolen fabrics, and of boots and shoes, and its general trade is steadily in- creasing. The facilities for communication with the interior have multiplied and greatly improved in recent years, and we see the beneficent effects of what has thus been accomplished in tlie activity and bustle which crowd our streets, fill our warehouses, and enliven our wharves and railway stations, to a degree which surprises those who visit us after a long absence, or for the first time." The period between the close of the war and 1870, howe\-er, had its dismal aspects, and there were croakers who were bewailing that "Boston had seen her best days." The halting in the development of the pioneer rail- road systems terminating in Boston into trunk hues \\'estward and North- ward, while New York had so developed her railway systems together with her canals, as to threaten largely to monopolize the business of the country, disposed these croakers to predict that New York would soon be doing all the country's importing. Vessels could not then come to Boston except at high rates of freight because cargoes could not be obtained here. Those that did come were obliged to leave in ballast for other ports. Early in 1868 the Ciniard line had withdrawn its regular fortnightly mail steamship, and thus regular and direct connection by steamship with Liverpool (via Halifax), which, Bostonians mournfully reflected, Boston had been the first American port to enjoy, antedating New York by eight years, and had enjoyed for nearly twenty-eight years, was entirely cut off. High freight rates were demanded, and the line was inadequate to develop the business of the city. Boston merchants found it impossible to compete with the lower rates paid by New York importers. Still the larger-visioned Boston men would not share the despondency of the croakers, and their few disheartened fellow merchants, but bent their energies to overcome the obstacles that were impeding Boston's commercial progress. In 1867 a strong effort was made to increase the trans-Atlantic service with the establishment of a Boston line direct to Liverpool, of Amer- ican-owned and American built steamshi])s. This was the enterprise of the "American Steamship Company" chartered by the State Legislature three years before. It \\as backed by large capital and experienced men. Among the directors were Edward S. Tobey, then the surviving member of the old shipping house of Phineas Sprague & Company, Osborne Howes of Howes & Crowell, William Perkins, John L. Little, Avery Plumer, George C. Rich- ardson, then the president of the Board of Trade, Chester W. Chapin, after- ward president of the Boston & Albany Railroad. Of its capital stock, nearly a million dollars were raised by subscriptions, and three or four lumdred thousand more bv bonds. Two fine wooden screw steamers, of three thou- THE BOOK OF BOSTON 63 sand tons each — the "'lirie'" and the "Ontario" — were huilt; and two more were to be constructed, the firm to form a bi-weekly line. But with the build- ing of the first two the winile of tiie company's capital that had been raised THIS REMARKABLE PHOTOGRAPH SHOWS THE NEW CUSTOM HOUSE IX THE CENTRE «ITII THE IMPOSING TOWER, HIGHEST BUILDING IN THE CITY; THE BOARD OF TRADE BUILDING ON THE LEFT, AND THE CHAMBER OF COMMERCE ON THE EXTREME RIGHT was exhausted. Two trips were made to Liverjiool by the "Ontario," and then both ships were in ordinary for a while. Finally they were sold (for service in South American waters, where one of them was early wrecked) and the company wound u[) its aflr'airs with a total loss in the enterprise. One reason assigned for the failure was the construction of the ships of wood; iron ships were then superseding the wooden craft. While the failure was depressing, and the loss to the stockholders severe, the labors of the company were beneficial to the community. As Mr. Hill later remarked (in his mono- graph on "Trade, Commerce, and Navigation in the History of Suffolk County"), they aroused the i)eople U> the general importance of steamship navigation, helped to stimulate the railroads to make the extensions and im- 64 THE BOOK OF BOSTON provements necessary to Boston's trade advancement, inspired the local press with new spirit in the treatment of all business questions, and were the first to fix the attention of the West upon what Boston might do and was about to attempt as an export city. At about the time of the launching of the Amer- ican Steamship Company the houses of Thayer & Lincoln and Warren & Company began to load new steamships at this port. The Warren Steamship Company had been formed in 1865 primarily with the idea of substituting steamships for sailing vessels for the transportation of immigrants. The lading with freight, however, was a work of great difficulty, for the preju- dices of shippers were to be overcome, and the co-operation of the railroads to be secured. At length, in November, 1869, the trade of this company was abandoned, — or more correctly suspended, for five years later, under the changed conditions then existing, as we shall see, the business was resumed, and profitably. The tide began to turn in 1870 with the accomplishment of a number of movements which the Boston commercial leaders had been persistently and simultaneously pressing. These included : the building of a great stationary grain elevator by the Boston and Albany Railroad at East Boston close to deep water, making it possible to load steamships here; the securing of an equality of freight rates from the West on goods intended for export; the obtaining of cotton from the South for light freights for the Steamship lines, through the offer of low rates of freight which would divert the cotton from New York. (In 1870 the exports of cotton from Boston were valued at one hundred and thirty-five thousand dollars, a decade later the value had risen to nearly se\'en million, five hundred thousand dollars.) The next year, 1871, the system of through bills of lading from interior ports in the West and South to Europe, were established. Then, shortly after, was brought about the condition which at last enabled Boston again to become a great shipping port — the railway companies so reducing their rates as successfullv to com- pete with the water routes terminating in New York. In 1870 the Inman Company began a fortnightly service between Boston and Liverpool. The pioneer steamship was that "City of Boston" which, arriving at this port on the sixteenth of January, sailed on her return voyage ten days later from New York, and was ne\er more heard from, having presumably foundered at sea with all on board. The Inman Boston service continued for nearly twelve months, and then its ships were transferred again to New York. Immedi- ately upon their departure, howe\'er, or early in 1871, the Cunard Line resumed its Boston service, and now, with weekly sailings, under the agency of James Alexander, an enthusiastic believer in a great future for Boston as a terminus for ocean steamers. Then the Cunard pier at East Boston was enlarged and improved, becoming, as was pronounced, the best steamship drjck in the country of that day, while Boston merchants combined for the improvement of other old docks and the establishment of an extensive system of terminal facilities. In his Report for this year the secretary of the Board of Trade could congratulate the board upon the marked improvement which had now taken place in the foreign commerce of the port: the flourishing condition of Boston's trade with the East and \\''est Indies, the Mediterranean, the Cape of Good Hope, South America, and the Islands of the Pacific ; and upon the new impulse Axhich had been given to the trade of the port with Great Britain through the establishment of regular weekly communication between Boston and Liverpool direct. While as to the citv's commercial THE BOOK OF BOSTON (>S progress generally, the secretary remarked with cniiiplaceiicy the satisfactory condition of the great interests which had become centered or controlled in Boston — the hide, leather, and shoe trade, five-sevenths of all the cotton spindles in the United States, and the tish trade. In 1872 another long step was taken in the development of terminal facilities through the establishment oi the Union Freight Railway, uniting the tracks of all tlie principal railroad lines terminating in Boston with each other and with all the principal wharves of the city. Thirty years earlier, in connection with the original broad schemes of railroad development, the Grand Junction Railroad connecting with the docks in East Boston had been institiUed and in 1S51 opened, biU it had lain dormant till 1868 or 1869 when the newlv established Boston and Albany, — the consolidated Worcester and Western Railroads, — acquired it, and so was enabled directly to receive a:id deliver ocean freights. But with the new Union Freight etjual facilities were afforded all the railroads for similar cheap and easy transit and transhipment in the city proper. \\'ith the various accijmplishnients that had marked this year and its immediate predecessors, attained under the pressure of public opinion, and with the substantial aid. it should be remembered, of the local press, the city's commercial expansion, its trade with the interiiir of the country largely in- creasing", its foreign commerce taking on new and larger life, its growing" wealth, there was as late as the ninth of November, every reason for believ- ing, as recorded by the secretary of the Board of Trade, that 1872 "would be judged after its close as, upon the whole, the most prosperous that Boston had ever known." Then came the disastrous "Great Fire." Upon a brass tablet set in the wall of the Post Ot^ce, or Federal Build- ing, on the ]\Iilk-Street side at the corner of Devonshire Street, close to the sidewalk, the passer may read this informing inscription: "This tablet, placed here by the Bostonian Society, commemorates the Great Fire of November 9-10, 1872, which, beginning at the corner of Summer and Kingston Streets, extended over an area of sixty acres, destroyed within the business centre of the city property to the value of more than sixty million dollars, and was arrested in its Northeasterly progress at this point. The mutilated stones of this building also record that event."' This ponderous gloomy structure was then only partly built — nearly finished to the top of the street story and ready for the roof: and the Post Office and Sub-Treasury were occupying the old Merchants Exchange building on State Street. Upon the present building at the corner of Summer and Kingston Streets is seen another tablet marking the spot of the Fire's start : "The Great Boston Fire began here November 9. 1872. The Bostonian Society placed this tablet November 9, 1912." A third might be set up against the Milk-Street wall of the Old South Meetinghouse, inscribed: At this point the Northerly progress of the Great Fire of 1872 below the corner of I\lilk and \\'ashington Streets was checked, and this treasured Iniilding mercifully saved. And a fourth, beside the entrance of the present Exchange Building, Number 53 State Street: At about this point, where stood the first Boston Exchange building, then occupied bv the Post Office and Sub-Treasiu"y the Northeasterly spread of the Great Boston Fire of November 9-10, 1872, into State Street and acro.ss to other streets and the North End, was stopped by the blowing up of neighboring buildings. The paths of the fire, broadly spealsing were: from the Sinumer and 66 THE BOOK OF BOSTON Kingston corner, up Summer Street on both sides to Washington Street ; Eastward toward the water; from Summer Street along tlie East side of Washington Street Northerly to Milk Street and the Old South Meeting- house; from about the then length of Summer Street Northeasterly into the *f<»ft5r.i?i'/;W^j; i-5*?-/K=3S?M^Sb>-:-.:. ; A COMBINATION PICTURE OF RUINS LEFT IN THE WAKE OF THE GREAT BOSTON FIRE OF 1K72 business heart of the city to the 'SUlk and Devonshire Street sides of the new Post Office building, and to its rear and around to its East side toward State Street. The boundaries were : Summer Street both sides between its then foot and Washington Street; Washington, East side, to Milk Street and the Old South; Milk to Devonshire Street and the New Post Office; the rear of the new Post Office and around it ; ^^'ater Street ; Lindall Street in the rear of State Street; Southeastward, then bZastward, across Water and TIIK BOOK OF BOSTON 67 Milk Streets to Oliver Street; Oliver. Pearl, across High, rurcluisc, and Broad Streets to the water front. The territory Inuned over, nearer sixty-five than sixty acres, comprised thirty streets and se\en hundred and seventy-six buildings. Of the buildings, seven hundred and nine were of brick, granite, and other stone, and sixty- seven of wood. Two church edifices were among them — Trinity, of massive stone walls and tower, on Summer Street, and St. Stephen's Church, an en- dowed free Episcopal churcii for tlie poor, on Purchase Street. Nearly a thou- sand firms (about nine hundred and sixty as finally figured) were burned out. Within the burnt district were concentrated the wholesale trade in hides, leather, and shoes: in wool; in domestic and foreign dry goods; paper; hard- ware; earthenware, in part; ready-made clothing. Three hundred estaljlish- ments in the wholesale dry goods trade alone were swept away. On Summer Street, one hundred and twelve firms were burned out. On Pearl Street, one hundred and eighty-five, mostly in the leather and boot-and-shoe trade. On Federal Street, ninety-two. On Franklin Street, a part of the wholesale dry-goods district, forty. The total value of the wool destroyed was esti- mated at about four million, five hundred thousand dollars. The buildings of seven national banks were destroyed. With the exception of a few streets near the water, the area devastated was wholly devoted to business purposes, and the buildings which covered it and went down were, after the disaster, without excessive exaggeration described, as "in size, in architectural eft'ect, and in general adaptation to commercial uses, certainly unsurpassed, perhaps unequalled, by those of any other city in the world." Therefore, the value of property destroyed — the conservative estimate finally fixed the total loss at twenty-five millions — was "out of all proportion to the extent of the land burnt over, as compared with other great fires in (ither cities." This small- ness of the area cpiite disgusted my associate correspondent, Crapsey (I was tlien on the A'rr>.' York Times and came over Saturday night on the Shore Line "owl" train with Crapsey to "do" the Fire as a Times "special" or "staff correspondent," as would 1)e the loftier title now), when, standing in the midst of the ruins we surveyed the Burnt District o'er. Crapsey had Ijeen of the Times' specials who had "done" the Chicago Fire a year before, and the total of twenty-six hundred acres there l.)urned over made Boston's sixty- five look lilliputian. At first he was for going back to New York and leaving me to cover this "little Boston thing" alone. But as .soon as he realized the richness of the property that had been crowded into this small space, and the nature of it, and saw the no\-el features of the affair, his newspajier sense of the real bigness of the Boston "story" was duly aroused, and he remained "on the job." The causes of the Fire, or rather the quick and appalling course of it. were \ariouslv state, Island, which alone of these early "inlarg-e- ments" of Boston remained permanently attached, lay undeveloped for nearly two centuries. Through a large ])art of this long period it was an island farm. It was a place of sighth- hills interspersed with broad meadow and marsh. I'ntil the opening of the eighteen thirties it had neither streets nor local reg'ulations. At that time there was but (jiie dwelling-house on the island — the comfortable mansion of the tenant farmer; and the only other structures were the farm outlniildings. Its impro\-ement was begun with the purchase in 1831 of the whole island 1)}' a syndicate composed of a dozen capitalists, as a real estate speculation. The price paid for what Maverick had acquired through the annual payment of a fat ram, or a fat hog, or a few shillings in money, was eighty thousand dollars; which was considered a pretty good trade both by sellers and buyers. The island then embraced six hundred and sixty-six acres of upland and marsh, and several hundred acres of flats. In 1833 the purchasers were incorporated as the "Fast Boston Company"; the old colonial name was dropped for that of East Boston ; the island was plotted in streets and squares, house- and building-lots : sales of lots were rapidly made to the substantial profit of the prom- sorption of Roxbury in 1868. Instead much was accomplished in extending the area by the reclamation of land from the sea. So early as 1801 a movement toward the making of new land on the Neck and the upbuilding of the mod- ern South End was started. That }-ear the selectmen reported to the March town meeting a plan fi:>r "la}-ing out the Neck lands," with lots on the pro- posed filled-in territory on either side plotted; streets drawn regularly at right angles; and a large circular space indicated, bounded by four streets with Washington Street running through its centre, — an oval grass-plot, ornamented with trees, — to be called "Columbia Square." The improvement, however, moved slowly; and it was not till fifty years later, — in 1849 — that it was taken up and advanced systematically to completion. Then a high grade for the lands was adopted, and the streets and squares laid out in accordance with plans drawn by two experienced engineers, E. S. Chesbrough and W. P. Parrott. First, the proposed Columbia Square in the plan of 1801 was divided and transformed into the present Blackstone and Franklin Squares. Chester Scjuare and East Chester and \\'est Chester Parks were established in 1850; Union Park dates from 1851. At the same time the Back Bay scheme was de\'eloping. Up to the second decade of the nineteenth century the Back Bay was a beautiful sheet of water at flood tide, spreading out from the town toward the Brookline hills rising picturesquel}- beyond, with no bridge, dam, or cause- way barring the view of rural Cambridge. It then lapped the margin of the present Washington Street at Boston Neck, and of the "marsh at the bottom of the Common" which was to become the Public Garden. The entering wedge for the great change in its aspect was the chartering of the Boston and Roxbury ]\lill Corporation in 18 14, with authority to build a dam from Charles Street in Boston to the upland at Sewall Point, so called, in Brook- line. The purpose of this undertaking- was two-fold : the utilization of the water-power of the great basin made by the dams thrown across it, and the use of these dams as causeways, or roadway's, for communication between Boston and Roxbury, and the Western suburbs. Three dams were built: the Mill-Dam extending from Beacon Street below Charles to Brighton, pro- jected in 1818, and opened in 1821, the event being celebrated Ijy the passage of a cavalcade of citizens, under the direction of Gen. William H. Sumner, entering the town over the dam, and being formally received on the Boston side by the people (reported in the newspapers of the day in a paragraph only 90 THE BOOK OF BOSTON of a few lines) ; a cross dam; and the causeway to Brookline, now Brookline Avenue. These dams were to serve as the nucleus for the consolidation of the intervening mass. In 1824 the business of the Roxbury Mill Corporation was divided, when the Boston Water Power Company was incorporated, to use the water power. In 1831 the incorporation of the Boston and Worcester and the Boston and Providence Railroad Companies with lines across the Back Bav, and the concession to riparian owners of the right to fill their flats, so encroached upon the water-power as to hasten the conversion of the com- pany into a land company. In 1832 the Water Power Company took pos- session of the mills and water-power and the territory South of the Mill-Dam, while the Mill Corporation retained the roads and the territory North of the Mill-Dam. A large part of the city sewage then flowing into the basin also- rendered its filling necessary on sanitary grounds. Soon arose an outcry against this "Back Bay nuisance," which only ceased with the last steps for its abatement taken by the adoption of the "Back Bay Park Project," in con- nection with the Public Parks system instituted in the mid 'seventies. The Commonwealth had the right to the flats below the line of riparian owner- ship, and in 1848 the General Court passed a resolve appointing fi\'e com- missioners to deal with the subject of creating new lands here. In 1852 a comprehensive plan was reported by a second state commission. The terri- tory North of the Mill-Dam was to be filled by the Mill Corporation; the Commonwealth took possession of that North of an East and West line drawn from near the present Park Square Theatre in Park Square: and the Water Power Company, all of the territory South of that line. The plan of the "Back Bay Impro\-ement" that followed was the design of Arthur Gilman, one of the eminent architects of the country in his day, and withal a famous wit and boii-z'izvut. He was also the architect of the first buildings erected on these "New Lands" — the line of beautiful dwelling- houses designed in harmony along Arlington Street opposite the Public Gar- den, with the Arlington Street Church at the Boylston-Street corner. The work of filling was begun in 1857. It progressed slowly through the Civil War i)eriod ; then was revived energetically, and pursued without interruption till its completion in the late "eighties. At the lieginning of the filling the Commonwealth owned of the whole territory, four million, se\'en hundred and twentv-three thousand, eight hundred and fifty-six square feet, or one hundred and eight, and forty-four hundredths acres. Of this when filled, two million, twenty-seven thousand, eighty-three, and a sixtieth feet were devoted to streets and passageways ; one hundred thousand eight hundred and ninetv-eight feet were given to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; fortv-three thousand, eight hundred and forty to the Boston Society of Natural History; fifteen thousand five hundred and sixty-eight to the Massa- chusetts Normal Art School ; six hundred and ninety-three to Trinity Church % and two hundred and thirteen thousand four hundred and seventy-seven to the City of Boston. The remainder, two million, three hundred and sixteen thousand, seven hundred and sixty-nine, and a fortieth feet, was sold in the market for cash; and these sales, beginning in 1857 and ending in 1886, when the last parcel was disposed of, brought five million, eighty-one thousand,, eight hundred and twenty-nine dollars and forty-two cents. The cost to the Commonwealth of filling and improving the territory w^as one million, six hun- dred and twenty-seven thousand, six hundred and thirty-two dollars; the cash value of the lands given to the Citv and to institutions was estimated at THE BOOK OF BOSTON 91 eight lumdred and tliirt_\-tlirec tliousaiid fnur luiiiilred and tliirty-nine dullars; and the total protit t(.) the State troni the enterprise was t\)nr miUinn, two hun- dred and seventy-live thmisand, six hundred and forty-four dullars, and seventy-three cents. The a\erage price per foot of all the P)ack I'ay lands sold by the Conmiimwealth was over $2.00. The avails of the sales were applied to educational i)urposes and to the endowment of sex'eral of the sinking" funds of the State. The sales of lots were made in small parcels by auction, at inter- vals of six months or a }'ear, beginning in the "sixties, Xewell A. Thompson ONE OF THE PICTURESQUE VIEWS OF THE LAKE IN THE PUBLIC GARDEN the auctioneer. These sales were held in the Merchants Exchange, and were notable affairs, drawing leading men of means, with a sprinkling of specula- tions. I recall with pleasant memories the dignified leadership of Mr. Thomp- son on these occasions. He was an aristocrat among auctioneers; precise of diction, Chesterfieldian of manner. He gave to these sales an air of distinction, and conducted himself as a courteous gentleman among gentlemen, engaged in an altogether gentlemanly transaction. The upbuilding of the quarter into the sumptuous "Xew West End" was broad and stately from the beginning. In the arrangement of streets and avenues beautv and convenience alike were considered. The streets were to run ]>arallel to or at right angles with Beacon Street. The cross streets, beginning witli Arlington, were to be named in alphabetical order. 92 THE BOOK OF BOSTON and a trisyllabic alternating with a dissyllabic word — as Arlington, Berkeley, Clarendon, Dartmouth, Exeter, Fairfield, Gloucester, Hereford. Of those running east ami west, — Marlliorough, Commonwealth Avenue, Newbury, Boylston, and below Copley Square Huntington Avenue, — Commonwealth A\enue with its noble tree-lined parkway, broken here and there with statues of public men, is the broadest and grandest. The demnnder of statistics is told that it is two hundred feet wide and two hundred and forty feet from house to house. Huntington Avenue, laid out in 1872, measures one hundred feet in width. The others are each sixty feet, the houses set back twenty-two feet : all impressive figures to the old Bostonian most familiar with the narrow streets of Old Boston. In its domestic architecture, some of this rich, all interesting, even the most eccentric, appear examples of the work of the fore- most Boston architects of the 'sixties and succeeding decades. Of the striking display of elaborate architecture the beginnings were mod- est. The earliest buildings, those of the Natural History Society and the Institute of Technology — the Rogers Building — were notable for their dig- nified character. W. G. Preston was the architect of both. Of the churches, Arlington Street, the first to be erected here, as we have said, in its exterior design recalls the old London Wren churches. The steeple was the first in Boston to be constructed entirely of stone. The Emmanuel Church, on Newbury Street, was designed by A. R. Estey; the Gothic Central Church, Berkeley Street, by R. 'M. Upjohn; the First Church, INIarlborough Street, by Ware and \'an I'.runt. These were built between the years 1862 and 1868. Within the next decade were completed the Brattle-Square Church — now the First Baptist — designed by H. H. Richardson; the Second Church, on Copley Square (since removed to make way for a Inisiness structure: the present Second Church being on Beacon Street close to the Brookline line) by N. J. Bradlee; the New Old South, by Cummings and Sears; Trinity, Copley Square, by H. H. Richardson, with Gambrill of New York; the Hotel Bruns- wick, by Peabody and Stearns : the Hotel X^endome, by J. F. Ober and George D. Rand ; and the main secticm of the Art Museum, which stood where is now the Coi)ley-Plaza Hotel, and was removed after the erection of the present Museum of Fine Arts, on Huntington Avenue, 1907-1909, by Sturgis and Brigham. Later noteworthy ^vork was that of William R. Emerson in the Boston Art Club, 1882, the first Back Bay Club-house designed especially for club uses, but the second to be established in this quarter, the St. Botolph, occu]5ying the dwelling of the late Henr}- P. Kidder, No. 2 Newbury Street, having been the first; George T. Meacham, in the new Hollis-Street Church, 1884, now the South Congregational; IMcKim, Mead and White in the Algon- quin Club-house, on Commonwealth Avenue, 1886; John Sturgis, in the Athletic Club-house, 1888; W. G. Preston, in the Charitable Mechanic Ex- hibition building, 1881 ; and McKim, Mead and White in the monumental Boston Public Library building. The annexations of Dorchester in 1870, of Chariest own. Brighten, and West Roxbury by one act in 1874; and of Hyde Park in 1912, were the last that largely increased the area of the City. By the filling in of the great coves, and the reclamation of the extensive marshes and fiats of the peninsula, the original area of sex'en hundred and eighty-three acres has been exjianded to eighteen hundred and one acres; and where the peninsula was the narrowest it is now the widest. With this expansion TIIF. BOOK OF BOSTON' 93 and the additional territnry ac(nnrt'il li_\- tlie develcipnient of East Boston antl South Boston, and tlie al)siir])ti(in of the several adjoining cities and towns, the area of the city has become more than thirty times as large as that of the peninsula upon which Boston was built. The City's bounds today embrace tliirtv thousand two hundred and ninety-fi\'e acres, or forty-seven and thirty- four hundredths square miles. Its extreme length from North to South is thirteen miles, its extreme width from East to West nine miles. Continuous! V from the davs of its UKJSt early settlement Boston has alwavs occupied a prominent ])lace in the connnercial and financial world. Its founders had hardly made themselves homes when they began to cast their far reaching glances around for various opportunities t<:> trade. These first ventures were made in commerce by boat with the neighboring settlements of I'lvmouth. Then, as time advanced, Cape Cod was rounded, and commercial intercourse was established, first with the English Colonists settled in \'ir- einia, and afterwards with the Dutch at New Amsterdam, at the mouth of the Hudson River, with the Swedes in Delaware and New Jersey, and with the English Colonists of Maryland. The French, laying claim to all of the mainland of the continent east of the Penobscot River, trade relations were gradually established with these French colonists, and in this way the first basis of what was later on to Ijeconie a great business was finally laid down, and from these humble beginnings Boston has grown to the present proud position that she occupies in the financial and commercial world of the present day. Boston has capital placed in thriving industries throughout the United States. Her copper interests are among the largest and best in .\merica. Her lumljer business has been immense. Her cotton mills are sprinkled all through New England and the ."^outh and Southwest. She has much wealth in the steel and iron industry, although her Ijusiness men no longer dominate in that line. In the principal cities of the cotnitrv Boston monev is extensively in- vested in real estate. Some of the largest and handsomest lousiness structures of the country are owned by Boston real estate trusts and associations. Boston capital was a pioneer in the development of electricity as a motive and lighting power, and her capitalists ha\e milli(ins employed in street railways and lighting j)lants aliout the country. The City's residential sections equal any in America and the handsome hi nies on Commonwealth Avenue, Beacon and Marlborough Streets, compare with those in any of the exclusive localities of other cities where wealth and culture congregate. Brookline, which is given over to homes of larger and more ])retentious character, is one of the most beautiful suburbs in the United States. The onward progress of the city is somewhat crowding this, and other immediately near h(jme localities, and business houses and commercial plants have begun to fringe their edges; but there shoukl be no fear of overcrowding or destruction of the natural Ijeauties of the suburbs, and Boston can rest in the assurance that she will always be beautiful, both naturally and architecturally, and always l)e able to amply house her jjopulation. There is no city in the entire country better equipjied for expansion than Boston. Unlike most cities it has a vast contiguous territorv that would provide beautiful and picturescjue sites for a population running into the niilliims, and these localities are easy of access. The city's close proximity to the sea insures cooling and healthful breezes to the outlying home sections. THE BOOK OF BOSTON Fifty Years' Recollections of the New England Metropolis CHAPTER VI HOW BOSTON TRANSPORTS ITS CITIZENS Railroad Facilities of the Past, Present, and Future — Passing of THE Old Stations and the Coming of the Combined Terminals — The Old Boston and Providence Station of Striking Architecture — Rapid Transit and the Birth of THE Subway System *^.^/^\^ IFTY years ago Boston was the centre of a system of rail- roads composed of eight distinct Hnes, radiating from tlie City througliout New England and connecting the great trunk lines of the country North and West with this port ; and each having a Boston station of its own. These eight distinct roads in 1865 included the pioneer railways in Amer- ica. They were: the Boston and Lowell, chartered in 1830; the Boston and Providence, 1831; the Boston and Worcester, 1831, and the Western, 1833, the latter controlled by the W^orcester. the two to be actually consolidated as the Boston and Albany in 1869: the Eastern, 1836: the Boston and Maine, 1842; the Fitchburg, 1842; the Old Colony, 1844: the New York, Hartford and Erie, 1863, composed of a number of small local roads, the earliest chartered in 1833, to be transformed into the New York and New England, in 1873. The Boston and Worcester was the first of all to be opened for traffic, and the first to employ the lijcomoti\e engine. Thus it had the distinction of being the first steam railroad operated by steam in New England. The locomo- tive engine was an English-lniilt one, and was first set in motion in the latter part of 1834, when the line had been completed so far as Newton, nine or ten miles out from Boston; l)ut the opening of the line to that point was delayed till April, 1S35, the companv lieing obliged to await the arrival of an engine- driver imported from England to take charge of the English machine. The first locomotives on the other roads were imported from England, and the engineers to run them. But pretty soon American locomotive works were established. During the very first year of the operation of the Worcester road an American-built locomotive was put on its tracks and performed efficient service. The Boston and Lowell and the Boston and Providence were the first to be opened throughout, — in June, 1835; while the ^^'orcester was opened throughout only a few weeks later. — on the fourth of July, 1835. The latter event was duly celebrated on the sixth of July, with a dinner and speeches, after the Boston fashion. Only si.x years from the opening of the Worcester throughout, or in 1841, the Western was opened from Worcester to the Connecticut River; on the fourth of Octo!)er that \-ear, the Connecticut THE BOOK OF BOSTON 95 Bridge haviiit;- Iieen finislied nn the tnurth of July, tlie road was completed to the New York boundary : and mi the twenty-first of December the con- necting link in New York state to Alljany was completed and trains were run over it, thus opening a direct rail line from Boston to Albany. This momen- tous event was commemorated in the following spring, in March, 1842, by a meeting of the executive officers of the states of Massachusetts and New York, and other prominent men of the time, at Springfield, with the customary banquet and congratulatory s])eeches. One toast at the banquet has gone inti > history. It was offered by General Root of New York : "The happy union of the sturgeon and the codfish ; may their joyous nuptials efface the melan- choly recollection of the departure of the Connecticut-River salmon." While the railroad in America was a Boston idea, originating in Boston, and the "Father of the American Railroad" was a Boston editor, other com- munities picked up the idea, and the railroail was advanced by them while Boston was debating the subject, and wrestling with a State Legislature which saw, or the majority saw, only a \vild, impractical and dangerous scheme. Thus in South Carolina an imn railway had been Iniilt before the Boston and Lowell Company was fairlx' organized; while in New \'()rk in 1825, the vear that the initial Boston railway scheme was reluctantly chartered, a part of the present New York Central Railroad was incoriiorated. and in August, 183 1, a little more than a month after the grant of the charter of the Boston and Worcester, that part was completed and a trial trip made over it with a steam locomoti\e. The pioneer American undertaking, howe\'er, and the pattern in part, small and simple as it was, of the earliest American roads, was a Boston institution and established liy Boston men. This was the Granite Railway, as it was called, conceived in 1824, by Gridley Bryant, a Boston builder by trade and a self-educated civil engineer, to convey stone for the building of the Bunker-Hill Monument from a quarry in Ouincy : chartered the next year after much hesitation by a doubting Legislature : in successful operation in the autumn of that year: and thereafter in service for a period of forty years. Bryant's own account of his enterprise, given long after the completion of the monument, well illustrates the difficulties encountered b\- the promoters of this re\'oIutionary method of transportation. Pre\'jous to the la^-ing of the cornerstone of the monument (that memorable event of June seventeen. 1823. when Lafayette laid the stone under the direction of the ALassachu- setts Grand Lodge of ]\Iasons, and Weljster was the orator of the occasion), Bryant had purchased a stone quarry in Ouincy, the funds being furnished by Dr. John L". Warren, the brother (jf Gen. Josej)!! Warren who fell in the battle, for the express purpose of procuring the granite for constructing the monument. The quarry was nearly four miles from water-carriage. This suggested to him the idea of a railroad. He bad read accounts of the experi- menting in England, quite likely in Nathati Hale's Daily Ach'crtiscr, for the "Father of the .\merican Railroad" was careful to publish in his paper all available material which might aid in the educaticmal campaign he was at that time pursuing. The Manchester and Liverpool Railroad was then in contemplation, but was not begun until the spring following^. "Accord- ingly," Bryant's narrative proceeds, "in the fall of 1825 I consulted Thomas H. Perkins, William Sullivan, Amos Lawrence, Isaac P. Davis, and David Moody, all of Boston, in reference to it. These gentlemen thought the project visionary and chimerical; but, being anxious to aid the Bunker-Hill Monu- 96 THE BOOK OP^ BOSTON ment. consented that I might see what could be done. I awaited the meeting of our Legislature, in the Winter of 1825-1826, and after every delay and obstruction that could be thrown in the way, I finally obtained a charter, although there was great opposition in the House. The question was asked, 'What do we know about railroads? Who ever heard of such a thing? Is it right to take people's land for a project that no one knows anything about? We have corporations enough already.' Such and similar objections were made, and various restrictions were imposed; but it finally passed by a small majority only. Unfavorable as the charter was, it was admitted that it was obtained by luy exertions; but it was owing to the numificence and public spirit of Col. T. H. Perkins that we were indebted for the whole enterprise. None of tlie first-named gentlemen ever paid anj- assessment, and the whole stock finally fell into the hands of Colonel Perkins. I surveyed several routes from the quarry purchased (called the Bunker Hill Quarry) to the nearest tide- water; and finally the present location was determined upon. I com- menced the work on the first day of April, 1826, and on the seventh day of October following the first train of cars passed over the whole length of the road." The road was operated by horse power. The really memorable thing about it, as Charles Francis Adams remarked in his history of "The Canal and Railroad Enterprise of Boston," was Bryant's ingenuity in devising the appliances necessary to its successful operation. These included, Mr. Adams enumerates, the switch, the portable derrick, the turn-table, and the movable truck for the eight-wheel railroad car, all of which contrivances subsequently passed into general use. The movable truck having in 1S34 been patented by other p:irties, became a subject of litigation which occupied the courts for five years and cost, it is said, some two hundred and fifty thousand dollars. The claim of Bryant as its inventor, Mr. Adams states, was sustained ; but he had no legal claim to any royalty in its use, and never received anything for it. He died quite poor in 1867. The Granite Railway including its branches was four miles in length, and cost fifty thousand dollars. It was constructed of wooden rails, protected by strap-iron plates three inches wide and a quarter of an inch thick, and laid on stone sleepers eight feet apart. After its forty years of service and it had been for a while in disuse, its franchise was bought by the Old Colony Railroad; then the primitive struc- ture was demolished and a modern railway was built on the right of way which was opened for traffic in October, 1871. And Mr. Adams remarks a "certain historical fitness in the fact that, through the incorporation of the Granite Railway into the Old Colony, the line which connects Plymouth with Boston has become the original railroad line in America." The pioneer Boston passenger railroads also introduced a contrivance or two that came into general use. Although their engineers began \\ith stone sleepers as the English did, they were the first to substitute ties of wood, and the English engineers soon followed their example. Nathan Hale in a sketch of the Massachusetts Railroad System written in 1851, at the time of the three-days "Railroad Jubilee" in Boston, September seventeen to nineteen, to celebrate the opening of railroad communication between Boston and Canada, and the West, and the establishment of an American line of steam- ships between Boston and Liverpool, gave warm praise to the engineers under whose direction these roads were constructed. "They had never seen the English works," wrote Mr. Hale, "and although they adopted for the most PATRICK FRANCIS SULLIVAN President ani director of several street railways, electric and companies, banks and other financial institutions 98 THE BOOK OF BOSTON part the general princii)les on which tliose roads were constructed, they did not bhndly copy from them, but modified their respective works in many par- ticulars, to adapt them to their difference of situation arising from differences of locality, as well as of the amount of population and business." The rails, like the locomotives, were at first imported from England, but they were in most cases rolled to a pattern prescribed from this country, often deviating from the form in general use in England. The adoption of the railroad followed a succession of movements for the establishment of State canals from Boston Westward to offset the facilities of such comnninication from other sections of New England which were cur- tailing Boston's inland trade and her foreign commerce, to the benefit of New York. Eastern Massachusetts men had been the first to institute the canal system, on any considerable scale, in America, in the construction of the Middlesex Canal, which connected the upper waters of the Merrimac River at East Chelmsford (which became Lowell in 1824) with Boston Harbor. Authorized in 1793, and opened for traffic in 1803, this canal was still in the latter 'twenties, and 'thirties, of much ci^mmercial use ; in fact it continued in operation until Ji-ine, 1853. Boston capital had also been expended in the construction of locks for fostering a limited traffic by flat boats on the Con- necticut and Merrimac Rivers, the lines of boat navigation thus established extending some distance into New Hampshire. But, as Mr. Hale observed, these modest improvements disappointed public expectation in the moderate degree of accommodation which they afforded as well as the public spirited proprietors in the hope of an income on their investments in them. In the meantime those improvements elsewhere which were adverse to Boston's commercial interests developed. The construction of the Blackstone Canal, leading from Worcester to Providence, Rhode Island, opened a water con- nection between New York and the "Heart of the Commonwealth," while no such communication existed between Worcester and Boston. Indeed so early as 1791, before the JNIiddlesex Canal was begun, a route for a canal to connect Boston with W^orcester was surveyed by General Harry Knox, of Revolutionary fame, but the project fell through. A similar diversion of the trade of the Connecticut Valle}' was effected by the opening of a canal from Northampton to New Haven. The Western part of the State had be- come so estranged for all commercial objects from Eastern Massachusetts that, Mr. Hale averred, no trader from Berkshire County had visited Boston for many years. The same causes were extending the relations of New York with Vermont and New Hampshire at the expense of Boston. At the same time the steamers of New York 1)\- their daily and regular voyages to Providence, to the Connecticut River, to New Haven, and to those ports of the Hudson which lay near the Western border of Massachusetts united half the State more intimate!}- with New York than with Boston. The opening of the Erie Canal in October, 1825, with Go\-ernor De Witt Clinton's triumphal progress in a State barge from Lake Ontario to the mouth of the Hudson, and his symbolizing the union of the two by mingling their w^aters, brought matters to a crisis in Eastern Massachusetts and Boston. While the Erie Canal was under construction far-seeing Boston men were again planning a canal into Worcester county, similar to the Middlesex Canal, and possibly to the Connecticut River; while a few were boldly agi- tating a canal direct to the Hudson. Early in this year of 1825 the canal advocates had succeeded in getting through the General Court a resolve pro- ■ I ] 1 i^ -^- ^^^^^^^^^1 1 ■1 %w% 1 ^^^i^'^^t- 4 HARRY P. NAWN President of the Hugh Xawn Contracting Co., and Director of the Federal Trust Co., the National Rockland Bank of Roxbury and the East Taunton Street Railway. 100 THE BOOK OF BOSTON viding for a commission "to ascertain the practicability of making a canal from Boston Harbor to Connecticut River," and "of extending the same to some point on the Hudson River in the State of New York in the vicinity of the junction of the Erie Canal with that River." The report of this com- mission, a bulky document, was presented to the Legislature of January, 1826, by Governor Lincoln. Surveys had been made by Col. Loammi Bald- win, second, son of Col. Loammi Baldwin, the engineer of the Middlesex Canal. — and the discoverer, while surveying the Middlesex, of the fruit on an apple tree, which, cultivated by him, became the famous Baldwin apple. The surveys were in two parts, one covering a route from Boston to the Con- necticut Ri\er, the other from the Connecticut to the Hudson. The latter including the tunnelling of the Hoosac Movmtain. Thus the idea of the Hoosac Tunnel, which fifty years after was realized for the railroad, origin- ated for a canal. The commission proposed the construction at once of only the first part of the scheme — to the Connecticut — and the amount required for this was placed at three million dollars, the interest upon which it was advised, should be raised from several named sources, one of them a State Lottery. In suj^port of the Lottery, against which as gambling a State law had been secured, the ct jmmission ventured a frank and ingenuous argument : "Having been arranged under the generic term gaiubling an effort has been made, from the purest and best motives, to discountenance and suppress lot- teries; but it now becomes a serious question of investigation whether too harsh an epithet has not been gi\en to one of the ordinary modes of raising funds under the sanction of the highest legislative enactments, both in Europe and this country, for literary, eleemosynary, and various other great and excellent purposes. If it has been proved that the legal countenance which this State has formerly given still includes a disregard of existing statutes, is it not more politic so to amend them as shall secure to the Commonwealth those benefits which are now derived by other states? It may be said, with sufiicient plausibility, that if an unabatable evil does exist let it be converted to the best possible purposes. All constructive crimes, including such as come within the antiquated systems of sumptuary jurisprudence, are not deemed by the people as immoral, per sc; and it is an axiom in ethics as well as legis- lation, that doubtful or imaginary offenses should not hastily be made penal." The commission put the amount annually expended in the State for the pur- chase of lctter\' tickets, desjjite the pr(ihil)iti)r\- law, at over two hundretl and fifty thousand dollars. The Legislature took no action on the commissioners' report, or on the canal question beyond tabling a resolve authorizing further surveys. Its attention had now been sliarply turned from canals to railroads, by reports in the jniblic prints of the discovery in England of the adaptation of the rail- road to the ])urposes of pul^lic travel and the trans]iortation of merchandise, entitled to take precedence of canal transportation : and particularly by the practical advocacy of Bryant's Granite Railway scheme now brought up for incorporation. With the granting of Bryant's charter a new railroad party arose. The Massachusetts Canal project was doomed. In the next General Court the advocates of railroads were in the majority in the House, and the Senate while conservative was interested in the novel thing-. A petition was now presented by the public-spirited Col. Thomas Handasyd Perkins, the financier of Bryant's road, and a few other citizens of standing, mostly Bos- ton men, praying that surveys be made for a railway from Boston through TIIK ROOK OP' BOSTON 101 FLOATING BRIDGE ON BAY STATE STREET RAILWAY SALEM SHORT LINE t'j tlic lluilsoii. In ci.nipIiancL- with this petitiiiii an nnlt-r prn- vidiiii;' tor a jiiint coiiiniittee to sit dnrint^ the recess for consid- i. ration of the "jiracti- cahihtx' and expechencv of c(_)nstrncting such a rail\va\," was jiassed hv the House. The con- servati\e Senate non- concurred, wliereupoii the measure was so amended as to provide for a committee of the House alone. This committee was composed of two Boston members. Dr. Al)ner Phelps — its chairman — and George \\'. Adams, a son of President John Ouincy Adams, and a \\'orcester member, Emor_\- Washlmrn, afterward Governor. In January, 1S27, this committee reported a scheme of a railroad to be operated liy horse power, with ]iatlis on either side of the tracks for the dri\ers; and recommended resolves for the appointment of a board of commissioners to cause surveys to be made of the most practical routes from Boston to the Hudson at or near Albany. Thus the first step toward the new \-enture was taken. ^^'ith the appointment of the Phelps committee, the railroad question as Charles bVancis Adams characterized it, passed into its first or educational stage, tij last four }-ears. Tiie great part of the public recti\ed the idea with surprising increihib'ty. Xathan Hale remarked the pertinacit\' "worthy of a better cause" with whicli the efforts of the advocates of the iniiM-oveiuent HAVMARKET SQUARE. THE CITY KLLIEF STATION TO THE LEFT 102 THE BOOK OF BOSTON to produce a general conviction of its practicability was resisted. While tliere were indeed, he said, very early converts to the behef of its efficacy, that beHef was slowly embraced by the class of persons who were possessed of the means of testing their convictions by actual experiment on a scale broad enough to give it general confidence. It was the learned Boston Courier, then under the editorship of the distinguished Boston journalist, Joseph T. Buckingham, whicii received the Phelps committee's report with this often quoted delicious bit of editorial wisdom : "Alcibiades, or some other great man of antiquity, it is said, cut off his dog's tail that quidnuncs might not become extinct from want of excitement. Some such notion we doubt not moved one or two of our natural and experimental philosophers to get up the project of a railroad from Boston to Albany, — a project which every one knows, who knows the simplest rule in arithmetic, to be impracticable, but at an expense little less than the market value of the whole territory of Massachusetts; and which, if practicable, every person of common-sense knows would be as useless as a railroad from Boston to the moon." The Legislature of 1827 at its January session ignored the Phelps com- mittee's recommendations. But Ijefore prorogation an act was passed creat- ing a "Board of Internal Improvements," of three members, with authority to emplov an engineer, to examine routes for canals and railways generally. Subsequently this board was directed to survey a railway route from Boston to the Rhode Island line, and a canal route from Boston to the Blackstone. At tlie next June session numerous petitions on the raih-oad question, now headed by Josiah Quincy, mayor of Boston, poured in. In response to these, resolves were at length passed providing for the appointment of two com- missioners and an engineer definitely instructed to report surveys, plans, and estimates for a railroad from Boston to the Hudson on the best practical route. Meanwhile the "Board of Internal Improvements" had made a report only with respect to a local canal. The commission of two reported at the January session of 1828 the results of its engineer's surveys, and while it recommended a road to be operated only by horse power, it ventured, cau- tiously, a discussion of the possibilities of the movable engine. The com- mittee to whom this report was referred in regular order, although not fully endorsing the railroad idea agreed that the question of railroad construction had "assumed a new and greater influence." The canal idea was now definitely dismissed. The next and the longest step was taken with the passage in Alarch of an act authorizing the appointment of a "Board of Directors of Internal Im- provements" consisting of twelve citizens, and the appropriation of a fund to meet the expense of making various surveys and plans of railroads. Of this board, chosen by the Legislature, Governor Lincoln was first named ; but Nathan Hale, whose services as a railroad educator had already been great, was the real head. Subsequently he Ijecame the president of the company which built the first Boston road opened for traffic — the Boston and \\^orces- ter. Under the direction of this board surveys were made of routes from Boston to the Hudson from which the most desirable might be selected, and of three entire routes from Boston to Providence; and reports thereon were submitted in the Winter of 1829 with the recommendation that a commence- ment of railroads be undertaken on both these lines, at the cost of the State. This report, which was the work of ^Ir. Hale, was an elaborate document in which the whole subject was clearly and broadly discussed. The construction THE BOOK OF BOSTON 105 of railways in wliicii Ih-yant's methods were Inllowed, was recommended. The space lietween the rails was to lie graded for a horse-path. While the motive-power was to be the horse, the futnre — the near future possibilities of steam were duly recognized. The success of the locomotive engine had not \et been fully established in England. The report excited wide attention and debate. But the Legislature of 1829 adjourned without taking any definite action ujxin it. Before the General Court of 1830 met George Stephenson's "Rncket" iierfdrmance had taken ])lace in Englanil. Air. Hale spread before the ]!eopIe in his paper e\•er^■ detail of the famous Rainhill trials near Liverpool. Thus the press came into action and practical service. The result was immediate. "All tlie sluw educational work of the six preceding years seemed to bear fruit in a day, — not in the Legislature. Init in the market- place," wrote Air. Adams. "Individual enterprise at last came to the front, and when the Legislature met in Jainiar_\-, 1830. petitions for the incorporation of private railroad companies were presented to it." In November the great ceremony of the Alanchester and Liverpool opening took place, and Air. Hale took care to lay before the readers of his Daily Adz'crtiscr a full account of it. The granting of a tentative charter to one of these petitioning groups — the promoters of the Boston and Lowell — marked this eventful year. In the summer season of the ne.xt Legislature — 183 1 — the incorporation of the Boston and Providence and the Boston and Worcester followed, and the Lowell's charter was amended and strengthened. Now, with these three Boston roafis, the system wliicli was to make Boston a future railroad centre was fairly inaugurated. These charters, however, were grantetl with some misgiving, while the jjijlicv nf undertaking the construction of railroads on the pu1)lic account continued to be pressed. At subsequent sessions for a year or two longer this issue was strongly jjressed, mainlv thriiugh Bos- ton influences. But the coun- try members strjod stolidly against the involvement of public moneys in any such schemes. It was the old story of the alignment of the coun- tr\' members against the "Bos- tiin clik." In this particular it was fortunate for it kept the State out of the rail- road business. The Legisla- ture decided not only to make appropriation of public m o n e y for railroad con- struction, but to cooperate, through subscription of stock on public account or other pecuniary aid, with private corporations established, or to be estab- lished, for the purpose. The first three companies were organized by the subscription of the required amount of capital, conditionally, — or at least WASHINGTON STREET TODAY OLD SOUTH CHURCH PROMINENTLY I.N THE CENTER 104 THE BOOK OF BOSTON definitely so expressed in the case of the Boston and Worcester, — with the reservation of the right of the subscribers to withdraw upon receiving the report of definitive surveys and estimates. The Boston and Lowell was the first to be organized, as I have already remarked, and to open books of subscription. The n:oving spirits in its establishment were Patrick T. Jackson and Kirk Boott, Boston leaders in the establishment of Lowell, and the stock was mainly taken by those inter- ested in the new Lowell manufactures. It was in shares of five hundred dollars each. Of the original subscribers. Mr. Jackson was a subscriber for one hundred and twenty-four shares; Edwin Munroe (not a Lowell manu- facturer, but a miller, of Prospect Hill, Somerville, then part of Charlestown, my maternal grandfather) for one hundred shares ; John Lowell, ninety- four, George W. Lyman, seventy-five; W^illiam Appleton, fifty. The en- gineer of the construction of the road was George W. Whistler, father of the more celebrated artist Whistler, who lived so much of his life abroad and in London as sometimes to forget his American birth. The stock of the Boston and Worcester was taken chiefly not by capitalists, but, as Mr. Hale stated, by men of business desirous of promoting a Western line through to the Hudson. ^Vith a satisfactory report to the subscribers as to the surveys and estimates, in 1832, the conditional subscriptions to the stock were made abso- lute. The Worcester's charter was the first which contained the express grant of authority to transport persons and merchandise on account of the cor- poration, and to purchase and hold locomoti\'e engines and cars. In the Providence Compan}- a great part of the stock was taken originally by New York capitalists, since it was to make connection with the steamboat lines to New York. These three pioneer railroads in New England remained the only works of the kind (with the exception of the Norwich and Worcester begun in 1835) till their success had been tested by their actual use. Meanwhile the old system of internal communication was fostered in the hope of continuing in successful competition with the new. The old system chiefly consisted of numerous lines of stage-coaches radiating from Boston, and l)aggage- wagons cmpb_n-ing some thousands of fine hijrses. The stage-coaches were capable of ]:)erforming a journey of one hundred miles a day by eighteen hours' tra\'el; and the great goods-wagons of making the round trip of a hundred miles and back with four or five tons of merchandise once in a fortnight. The seven pioneer and distinct railroails, diverging from Boston irregu- larly to all points of the compass, and the main trunks upon which were en- grafted all the railroads in the State, continued entirely independent of one another for nearly half a century. And each had a distinct jiassenger station for a decade or so longer. Tiie stations fifty years ago were excellent build- ings, one or two of them architecturally ambitious, of which the town was reasonably proud. The \\'orcester and Western station, or the Boston and Albany after 1869, at the corner of Beach and Lincoln Streets opposite the L'nited States Hotel, was then classed as old and a landmark. Sixteen years after, to be exact, in 1881, it was succeeded by a modern structure occupying a block bounded by Kneeland, Lincoln and LItica Streets. This new building was pronounced to be attractive in its general appearance, while "convenient in its arrangements for passengers as well as for the prompt dispatch of trains without confusion." The "ladies' room" was especially effecti\-e with its unusually comfortable furnishing's, and its "three large fireplaces fifteen \ THE BOOK OF BOSTOX 105 feet in lieight, built of McGregor freestone — a recognition of the ;estlietic tendencies of the times." The train-house opening directly from the vestibule was exceptionally long and wide for that day. The Old Colony station, neighboring the Worcester. i_)n Kneeland Street at the corner of South Street, was a plainer structure externally. l)ut with an inviting interior. The Boston and Providence station fifty years ago was on Pleasant Street by Park Square, a quaint structure, the entrance from the street through a gate-way — perhaps the gate-way was an earlier affair, my memory may be at fault — in the arch over which used to hang a bell, which in the early railroad days rang fifteen minutes before the departure of a train. This station of the 'fifties was suc- ceeded bv a station of the "seventies remarkable for its artistic beautv as well ^^^ DELIGHTFUL SCt.NtS REACllLD BV BAY STATE SIREET KAILUAV, ONE OF BUSTO.N S PRESENT DAY SYSTEMS as for its adaptability to the uses for which it was designed. Indeed it was one of the "show" buildings of the then fairly developed Back Bay quarter upon the edge of which it stood. Although surpassed in size by a few struc- tures of the kind it was one of the longest passenger stations in the world. A great marble hall in the centre of the spacious head-house, imposing in its general effect and magnificent in its architectural beauty, was tlie strikingly effective feature of the interior. From this hall opened the large and well- appointed waiting rooms, dining-rooms, liaggage rooms, and so forth; while from a fine gallery surrounding it at a height of twenty-one feet, access was given to a travellers' reading-room, a billiard-room, and to the offices of the company. The long train-lmuse, with monitor roof, optMied fi'nm the farther end of the central hall, approached by a dignified flight of steps the width of the building, it being below the level of the head-house. The faij-ade of the 106 THE BOOK OF BOSTON handsome exterior facing Columbus Avenue close beside Park Square, was marked bv a lofty and finely proportinned tower, high up in which was a tower-clock illuminated at night. The architects of this noble station were Peabody and Stearns. It cost nearly a million dollars. The Boston and Providence in the 'seventies, with its connection one of the trunk lines to New York, had become one of the richest railroad corporations in Massa- chusetts. In the late 'nineties, or early in the "twenties, this beautiful build- ing was demolished, and in its stead was erected the gloomy and depressing "Back Bay"' station on Dartmouth Street south of Copley Square. The other stations, all on the North side of the city — the Boston and Maine facing Haymarket Square, and the Fitchburg, tlie Eastern and the Lowell in a row on Causeway Street — were all well arranged, and two of them notable structures fifty years ago. The Maine station stood on the line of the Boston end of the old Middlesex Canal. It was a plain roomy build- ing, without the customary division of head-house and train-house; and being at the junction of two streets and Haymarket Square, it was exceptionally bright and airy. Its site is now covered by the Emergency Branch of the Boston City Hospital. The Fitchburg was the most impressive from its fortress-like aspect, with its massive walls and battlemented towers of un- dressed granite. It was built in 1847, five years after the completion of the road, and apparently to last for centuries. It was historic as well as the oldest of the Causeway-Street row, not from its connection with railroads Iiut with art. For it was in a great hall in the upper part of the building that Jenny Lind, brought out by Phineas T. Barnum the showman, was heard in two great concerts by audiences of four thousand people on each occasion, in October, 1850. The agent of Mr. Barnum, who at that time was paying the Swedish singer one thousand dollars for each concert, sold for the second one tickets to a third more persons than could be accommodated. Accord- ingly the manager to his great chagrin was obliged to refund the money the next day. Even with the exclusion of the disappointed throng the hall was so densely packed that many women fainted, and at times there was danger of panic. The local newspapers remarked with admiratii.m upon the magical effect of Jenny Lind's A'oice in calming the multitude and restoring order. Previous to the erection of this station the terminus of the Fitchljurg had been in Charlestown. The massive structure remains with slight change in its exterior, a sort of annex to the present North Station, utilized for offices of the freight department. The Eastern station was the least pretentious in the row. It had been erected in 1863 after the destruction by fire of the former station, and \\as small and inadequate for the immense business which the Eastern had at that time built uji. It was of brick with central tower, upon which was a clock which could be seen from several approaches, and was depended upon by patrons of all the stations of the row. The Lowell station was one of the showiest and largest in the country. It was seven hundred feet long, and had a front on Causeway Street of two hundred and five feet. It was built on a large scale with a view to much more extensive business than the Boston and Lowell alone — the shortest of the initial rail- roads, only twenty-six miles long — or with its then northern connections, was doing, the expectation being that other roads would seek accommodation in it. ^^'hile substantial in build, and elaborate in ornamentation, this new station lacked the architectural beauty and refinement of Peabody and Stearns' Providence station. The loftv central hall (.)f the head-house, from THE ROOK OF ROST()X 107 which iipened tlie \ariiiiis rooms for passengers, — itself also arranged for a waiting room. — and ahoxe the offices of the company, was a iidtable feature of the interior. Another was the great arch of the train-house with a clear span of one hundred and twenty feet without an\- central supjiort. The station of the Boston, Hartford and Erie, to I>ecome the Xew York and Xew England in 1873, was a low, rambling l)uilding with an over-hanging roof, similar to country stations, where is now the motlern South Station. These separate stations of the initial railroads were discarded with the estal)lishment of the two great terminals of today — the South Station and the North Station. The South Station was the first to he built and occu[)ied — in 1899. It faces a scjuare laid out diu-ing its construction, to which was gi\en the name of Dewey liy an emotional city government after the recejition of the naval hero of Manila in i'.oston, and extends its long lengths on the Sum- mer-Street Extension and Atlantic .\venue. If vou will have statistics, here BOSTON S PRESENT SOUTH STATION they are: Total length on three streets, twenty-one hundred and ninety feet: ma.ximnm length of the main station, eight hundred antl fifty feet, maxinnnn width seven hundred and twenty-five feet ; length of the train-shed, six hun- dred and two feet; total area of train-shed and head-house, thirteen acres; main waiting-room, sixty-five feet by two hundred and t\\cntv-fi\-e feet. The curved roof is the feature of the train-shetl. This is supported on huge canti- lever trusses, the trusses being supported on two lines of columns which extend down the full length of the station. The extreme height of the train-shed is one hundred and twelve feet ; the middle span is two hundred and twenty- eight feet wide, the two side spans, one hundred and seventy-one feet wide. The central part of the building is fi\'e stories, the first storv gi\'en to station uses, the others for offices of the companies here housed. The ground upon which the building stantls is all "made" land. The total area of the site is about thirt\'-five acres. As (jriginally designed it was a "double-deck" station. The trains were to be separated into two classes, the express or long distance, and the suburban. The long distance was to be handled on the upjjer deck; 108 THE BOOK OF BOSTON the suburban on the lower. The suburban was to be upon two loop lines laid some fifteen feet below the level of the main platform. The tratYic was to enter and leave b}- an inclined subway leading down beneath the main floor, where the tracks were to form two separate loops swinging around under- neath the main platform and leaving by the same incline as that by which they entered. But this scheme was never carried out. The North Station was a patch-work affair — cle\er patch-work, ho\ve\er — in which were utilized the old Eastern station at one end and the Lowell statiem at the other, with a brave exterior show of ornamented stone columns between. Its internal arrangement is similar to that of the South Station, but on no such elaborate scale. The South Station is occupied by the New York, New Haven and Hartford combinations, and the Boston and Albany. The North Station, by the Maine, the Eastern Division of the ]\Iaine, and the Fitchburg Railroads. The era of consolidation set in vigorously in the 'eighties. The first of the initial Boston roads to lose its identit}- was the Eastern, which was ab- sorbed in the Maine in 1884. The Maine itself was then, and had been since the "forties, a system of consolidated originally independently chartered roads. It comprised the Boston and Portland chartered in Massachusetts in 1833, the Boston and Maine chartered in New Hampshire in 1835, and the Maine, New Hampshire, and Massachusetts chartered in jMaine in 1836: the consolidation being eiYected on the first of January, 1842. The next year the line was opened to the junction with the Portland, Saco, and Portsmouth at South Berwick, Maine (which became the Berwick Junction "ten-minutes- for-refreshments" station, famous for its Berwick sponge cake), where it met the Eastern, and over which the two reached Portland. This line was leased and operated by the !\Iaine and the Eastern jointly up to 1871. Two years later the Elaine had opened its own way direct to Portland. The Eastern with its connections was early controlling the traffic to the northern shores of Massachusetts and New Hampshire as well as the bulk of the White Mountain tra\'el. For the first thirty years or so of its career the Eastern had enjoyed great prosperity, and its dividends were comforting to many old Essex County families, where, especially in Salem, its stock was largely held. But through a succession of misfortunes from 1873 to 1876 it fell upon evil days, and so its ultimate absorption by its old rival was easy. The Lowell was the next of the original Boston roads to disappear as an inde- pendent organization. The ]\laine absorbed it in 1887. The Lowell and its system then included the Nashua and Lowell, the Keene branch, the Northern New Hampshire and several minor connecting roads, the Central Massa- chusetts, and the Boston, Concord, and Montreal, these all held under leases. With this absorption the Maine made connection with New York via the Worcester and Nashua (included in another lease) and the Philadelphia, Balti- more, and Washington via the Central Massachusetts, and the Poughkeepsie bridge. Thus with the acquisition of the Eastern and Lowell systems the Maine was enabled to reach a much larger area directly by its own lines than any other system in New England at that time. The next year, 1888, wit- nessed a yet greater consolidation. This was the absorption, by lease, of the Boston and Providence with its connections by the Old Colony. The Old Colony had gradually extended its operations by building and leasing in the Southeastern and Western parts of the State till it had become one of the powerful Massachusetts railroad corporations. Now with the acquisition of the Pro\-idence it reached into New York b\- one of the best all-rail Boston THE BOOK OF BOSTON 109 and New Yi)rk lines, and it toi)i< rank as the secijnd largest railroad system in New England. Then in the 'nineties came the greatest consolidation of all, when the New York, New Haven, and Hartford ahsorhed the Maine (which subsecjuently, in 1900. took in the Fitchburg by lease), the Old Colony, and the New York and New luigland. and monoixjlized the railroad business of all New England. With the loss of these systems, and particularly the passing of the con- trol of the New York and New England which, after many vicissitudes, had become a successfully competing line, and essentially a Boston one, Bostonians who took a pessimistic \-iew of the New Haven monopoly were wont to speak disparagingly (if the jirdud city as only a wav statinn df an alien corp(.iration. BOSTON S PRESENT NORTH STATION Things, however, were not so bad, and in time Boston recovered something of her former influence upon if not control of tlie New England railroad situa- tion. At length the New Haven grip was Ijroken, through the warfare against it directed by Boston n:en in the State Legislature, and through the operation of the Sherman Act; and the history of a new era in New England railroad-conduct is at this writing in the making. Large men developed with the de\'eloping railroad systems, and several of them were especially identified with Boston at different times in these past fifty years. There were William Bliss, long president of the Boston and Albany, Williaiu H. Barnes, its general manager for a considerable jieriod, and H. T. Gallup, the general superintendent. There was James T. Furber, brusque of manner and sometimes peppery, but not lacking altogether in amialjility. and a thorough-going railroad man, general manager of the Boston and Elaine from its absorption of the Eastern and the Lowell systems, till his sudden death in 1892. Before the great consolidation Furber had been superintendent of the Maine. Tliere were the Sanljorns, Col. Jdhn W., the successor of Mr. Furber as general manager of the Maine, and Daniel W., general superintendent. There were Charles F. Choate who iiecame presi- no THE BOOK OF BOSTON dent of the enlarged Old Colony system, and J. R. Kendricks, the general superintendent. There was the capable president of the Fitchburg system, Robert Codman, of the old Dorchester and Boston Codman family. There were William T. Hart, a Boston capitalist, and Charles P. Clark who rehabih- tated the Old Boston. Hartford, and Erie with its reorganization as the New York and New England. There were the upbuilders of the New York, New Haven, and Hartford monopoly, Charles P. Clark and Charles S. Mellen. And there was Lucius Tuttle early in his railroad career connected succes- sively with the Eastern, the New York and New England, and the Lowell as passenger agent ; then general traffic manager of the Canadian Pacific with headquarters at Montreal; in 1S90, general manager of the New York, New Haven, and Hartford; finally, in 1893, president of the Boston and Maine system, which position he held, his energetic administration marked bv more absorptions, till after the merger of the Maine with the New Haven in 1909, in the accomi)lishnient of which he was largely instrumental, when he retired to private life, — one of the ablest and most genial of all these New England railroad men, whom I recall most agreeably. It was as his successor in the presidency of the Maine that Charles S. Mellen took up his railroad expansion work, for the time with headquarters in Boston. It is hard to realize that the street railway system was first introduced in Boston so late as the closing 'fifties — in 1856, onl}- five years before the Civil War; that the first experimental electric line was started only a quarter of a century back — on the first day of January, 1889; that the complete sub- stitution of the electric system for horse power was effected so recently as 1892; that the Subway, conceived in Boston and an example for the S3'Stem in other cities, is a thing of the closing nineteenth century, opened in 1897, close on to the opening of the twentieth century. The initial street railway line was between Boston and Roxbury, extend- ing from Boylston Street to Guild Row, then the Inisiness heart of Roxbury. It was established by the Metropolitan Horse Railroad Company, chartered in 1853. It was opened in September, 1856. Before Winter had fairly set in the tracks in Boston were extended to Tremont Street, at the corner of Brom- field Street, and from Roxbury to Jamaica Plain. Thereafter the development of the system was rapid. In 1857 the Cambridge line, from Bowdoin Square through Cambridge to Mt. Auburn and Watertown, was opened by the Union Street Railroad Company. In December the same year : a Dorchester Avenue line, from Broad Street corner of State Street to South Boston and Dor- chester. In 1858: the Charlestown line, from Haymarket Square to Charles- town and Somerville, and a branch to Chelsea, by the Middlesex Company; and a direct South Boston line, from Summer Street to South Boston, by the Broadway Company. In 1859: a line to Brookline, by the Metropolitan Company. Very soon all the main lines were extended in various direc- tions and spurs thrown out to neighboring suburbs. Early in the 'sixties the principal business streets and thoroughfares of the City were occu- pied by the rails, and conflicts jjetween the railroad companies and the team- ing, trucking, and carriage folk as to their respecti\'e rights in the pu1)lic roads, were frequent, with the victory invariably to the companies. After a while Scollay Square became a busy street-car center, while the Bowdoin Square and Haymarket Square terminals remained as before. Scollay Square was then, though growing shabby, yet a genteel business quarter, with agreeable shops on its Tremont Row and Court-Street sides, in sharp contrast with its LUCIUS TUTTLE, DECEASED FORMERLY CHAIRMAN OF THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS OF THE BOSTON & MAINE RAILROAD 112 THE BOOK OF BOSTON loud, bizarre aspect today, to which old Bostonians must look back with regret. The railway station, on the Tremont-Street border, where is now that melancholy piece of architecture, the Scollay-Square Elevated Station, was the remnant of a row of buildings that for years had occupied the middle of the Square, and itself was a landmark. In the early "seventies a line in compe- tition with the Metropolitan between Boston and Roxbury was established — the "Highland Line" — or the "Plaid Line," as the Roxburv folk dubbed it because its handsome cars were uniformly painted in the Highland plaid, the enterprise chiefly of Moody Merrill, a devoted son of Roxbury, president of the company, a handsome man, with flowing mustache, luminous eyes, genteel of figure, and an enterprising man in large ways, whom I came to know prettv well. In later years as an editor it was my fate to antagonize him in his forlorn campaign at one time for the Boston mayoralty, in which he was roundly beaten; but the warfare on my part did not strain for long our friendlv relations. In the early 'eighties a "Charles-River" line, in com- petition with tlie Union Company's Cambridge lines, was instituted. Then in 1887, the West End Street Railway Company was incorporated and there soon began a revolution in the street railway system, which ultimately led to the substitution of electricity for horse power. The beginning was modest. The company was capitalized at the small figure of eighty thousand dollars, and its projected line was to run from Bos- ton to Brookline, primarily for the purpose of developing a large territory in that town in the region about Longwood and the present Coolidge Corner, controlled by the West End Land Company. Its organization, however, was speedily followed by its acquisition of the largest of the old systems, the Metropolitan. Then followed in cpiick succession consolidations of the other companies, first, the Highland absorbing the Middlesex, next, the L'nion tak- ing in its young competitor, the Charles River; and then in November, 1887, all were found in the West End's possession. Now the West End had six million dollars preferred stock, one million, five hundred thousand dollars com- mon stock, and one million, five hundred thousand dollars outstanding bonds. It owned fourteen hundred and eighty cars, and nearly eight thousand horses. The next year it had five hundred more cars, and a thousand more horses. Then was set up the first experimental electric line, and put in operation on the first of January, 1889. This extended from Park Square to Chestnut Hill and Allston. From Park Square to West Chester Park (absorbed in the great thoroughfare of Massachusetts Avenue extending irom Everett Square, in the Dorchester District, through Cambridge and Arlington to Lexington) the underground conduit was tried, and beyond West Chester Park the over- head trolley wires were used. A month or so later some electric cars of the Thomson-Houston make were started between Bowdoin Square and Harvard Square. Camljridge. They were operated by the Thomson-Houston Company for six months, and the test being satisfying to the W'est End, it gave an order for six liundred motors. This was the first decisive step in the adoption of the electric svstem. The conduit line having proved unsatisfactory it had been abandoned. B}- autumn of 1889 the work of installing the new system had Ijegun in earnest. The power was originally furnished from a power-house in Allston and from the Cambridge Electric Light Company. Soon, however, the West End Company purchased the old Hinckley Locomotive Works at the South End, with grounds extending from Harrison Avenue to Albany Street, and here built its own power- TIIK I^OOK OF BOSTON 113 house, a great e^tal)lislinient as tlien accinmted. e(|iii|)iie(l with Mclntiish and Seymour engines and Thomson-Houston generators. ]\lean\vliile the roHiiig-stock of the \\'est End was rapidly increasing and also the num- her of its routes. In ilStji it had four hundred and si.xty-nine electric cars in service, and sixteen hundred and ninet_\-t\vo horse cars : of the electric cars two hundred and hfty-five had a seating capacity one-third greater than the old shdrt cars. With the aliening of 189J one hundred and seventy-twi) more long cars were ready in the electric service. Three types of electric cars were employed: eight-wheel cars designed hy Louis Ptingst, the master-mechanic of the \\'est End; six-wheel Rohinson radial cars; and Pullman "tlduhle-deckers." in i.Sgo the West End Companv nhtained a charter in elevated rail- ways. Rut the next }-ear operations luuler this charter were suspended pending the report and recommendations of a Rapid Transit Commission then created hy the Legislature. The appointment of this commission em- powered tn make examinations of systems in nther cities, was the result of agitation over the intolerahle congested condition of the downtown streets especially ahout the Common — Tremont and Boylston Streets — and the consequent delays in transportation, hrought ahuut hy the increase of cars and traffic. The commission examined systems in European as well as in American cities, and in Fehruary, 1892, made j)reliminary reports upon the ad\'antage of a comhination of the elevated and tunnel systems. Then fol- lowed a strenuous local discussion of the merits of these svstems singly or combined, with wide difference of ofjinion. Several routes for an elevated line through the city North to South, with outreaching spurs, were advo- cated: while an open cut through or across the Common was ])art of one intluentiallx-hacked scheme. The latter r(jusefl the friends and protectors of the Common, and the substitution of the Sul)wa\-, advocated b}- them, was the final outcome. So the first Subway in Anu-rica for electric cars service was born. This initial Subway was authorized bv the Legislatures of 181)3 '^''"-1 1894 (as you may see by the inscription on the bronze tablet at the Park Street entrance), and the I^oston Transit Commission to build it created in 1894. This commission was composed of five members appointed for a term of five years from Julw 1894 (which term was later extended as the system of tunnels and subways enlarged), two of the five appointed by the State, three liy the Citw The selections of the orig-inal five were made by the governor and the ma\or with discretion, so that standing antl experience were rather the qualities sought than political pronu'nence. Of the gov- ernor's appointees. Oeorge O. Crocker and Horace G. .Mien. Mr. Crocker, who was made chairman of the body, liad been a memljer of the State rail- road commission. Of the mayor's three, Charles H. Dalton, Thomas J. Oargan. and George F. Swain, the first and the third were peculiarly quali- fied for the service the}- were to render, while .Mr. Gargan, a popular poli- tician, was gifted with a \ariety of abilities whicli rendered him a practical working member. The chief engineer, employed 1)\- the commission. Howard Adams Carson, was one of the ablest in engineering skill in the country. Construction began at the Public Garden on the twenty-eighth of March. 1895 (again as recorded on that bronze tablet ), and the work was opened to Park Street for public tra\el September first, 1897: while its entire length oi)ened for travel the third of Sei)tember, 1898. The fame of this pioneer Tremont- 114 T HE BOOK OF BOSTON Street Tunnel at once became widespread. When Lord Kelvin was visiting this country, and arrived in Boston, before stopping to have his dinner he hurried into this Subway of w liicli he had heard so much, and pronounced it an engi- neering marvel. And so it was for a time, until New York was wise enough to improve upon it. Nothing was done under the West End's charter for elevated railways. Instead, the Boston Elevated Railway Company was established, under another charter for an elevated company which the promoters had purchased; and then the Elevated took over by lease the equipment and properties of the West End Compan}-. To the Boston Elevated therefore the Subway was leased for operation. The annual rental was fixed at four and seven-eighths per cent of the net cost of the work. It was in 1901 that the Elevated system in connection with the surface system South and North was opened. The Elevated line then extended between the Roxbury District, Dudley-Street Terminal, and the end of the Charlestown-District, Sullivan-Sciuare Terminal ; with a loop front the North Station and along Atlantic Avenue to the South Station, beyond connecting with the main line South. Suljsequently the line was extended through Roxbury Southward to Forest Hills, \\'est Roxbury District. In 1904 the East-Boston Tunnel, the first submarine tunnel built in this country for electric street-car ser\ice, was opened. In 1908 the Wash- ington-Street Tunnel was finished and on the last day of November opened for pul>lic use, put into service exclusively for elevated trains, which before had been run together with surface cars in the Tremont- Street Subway. In 191 1, by one act, was authorized the construction of the Boylston-Street Sub- way through the Back Bay quarter; the Dorchester Tunnel; and the East Boston Tunnel Extension. Of these, work upon all of which was promptly begun, the Boylston-Street Subway, extending from the Tremont-Street Sub- way beside the Public Garden to near the junction of Commonwealth Avenue and Beacon Street, was the first to be finished. It was opened for traffic in 1914. The Dorchester Tunnel passes from under the Park-Street station of the Tremont-Street Subway, in connection with the Cambridge Subway, under \Vinter and Summer Streets, crossing underneath the Washington- Street Tunnel, and is to extend to a point at or near Andrew Square in Dor- chester. It connects with the South Station, thus connecting that terminal with the subway system at the central Park-Street station. The East Boston Tunnel Extension, extending from the tunnel's original terminus in Court Street near Cornhill, to Chambers and Cambridge Streets, makes connection with the surface tracks in Cambridge Street. The act of 191 1 repealed so much of previous legislation as authorized the construction of a Riverbank Subway along the green sward of the Charles River Esplanade, and fortu- nately that scheme was abandoned. The Cambridge Subway — or The Cam- bridge Connection, as officially termed, — which comprises the Beacon-Hill Tunnel through Beacon Hill to the open way o\er Cambridge Bridge into the Cambridge Main-Street Tunnel to Harvard Square, was opened to the public on the twenty-fifth of March, 19 12. The Main-Street Tunnel was built by the Boston Elevated. The extension of the Cambridge Connection along the line of the Dorchester Tunnel to the enlarged Summer-Street station of the Washington-Street Tunnel, was completed and opened in 1914. This series of subways and tunnels, models of engineering skill, all owned by the City of Boston, are leased to the operating company each at the uniform annual rental of four and a half per cent upon the net cost of the work, with THE ROOK OF BOSTON 115 the exception of the initial Tremont-Street Subway, and the Cambridge Con- nection. Tlie rate for the Tremont-Street Subway, as has been stated is four and seven-eighths per cent on the net cost; that for tlie Cambridge Connection, four and seven-eighths per cent of the net cost fur a period of twentv years from the beginning of use, thereafter at fi>ur and a half per cent. Further extensions of the system are con- templated, and the year 191 7 may see substantial additions under- way. The Boston Elevated Com- pany's service is now one of the most extensive of its kind in the world. Despite public criticism from time to time of its handling of details, which is the American citizen's right in dealing with public utilities, and freelv exer- cised, its service on the wiioje is also among the best. ^ INCOMIf* SNAPSHOTS ON LINE OF BAY STATE STREET RAILWAY THE CITY'S SOCIAL ADVANTAGES Club-Life Fifty Years Ago and Xow — A AIarvelous Increase in Number and Character of Boston Clubs and Their Homes ? IFTY years ago there were Ijut three chib-houses in Boston, and six ckibs estabhshed in hxed chib-rooms. Today there are twenty club-liouses in the city proper, and sixty odd ckibs quartered in cUib-rooms, while each of the outlying Districts has its club-house, or club-houses, for some have more than one, in good social standing. One of the nine clubs of the 'sixties was a Woman's club, the second, — or the third venture in the country, if "Sorosis" of New York, organized earlier the same year ( 1868) is to be counted second instead of first, as some contend, — a hazardous, bold thing it was thought, and looked upon askance by conventional Boston. Today there are five woman's cluljs in the city proper sumptuously housed and accepted by the community with cordiality; while each of the outlying Dis- tricts has its highly cultivated one and as luxuriously housed as the men's clubs. Two of the nine of the 'sixties were Boat clubs. Two were Yacht clubs. Other than these aquatic clubs there were none devoted to sports. There were no athletic clubs as such. The first Base Ball club was not organ- ized till 1 87 1. Today there are half a dozen distinctive athletic clubs finely housed in the city proper, and a dozen more in the Districts. They include clubs devoted to various classes of sports, as the Boston Athletic Association ; to one or two particular sports exclusively, as the Tennis and Racquet Club, neighboring the Boston Athletic; foot ball clubs, canoeing clubs, riding clubs, fencing clubs ; antl, in the Districts, countrv clubs with racing courses, with golf links, tennis courts; or golf or tennis clubs exclusively. One club feature of the 'sixties peculiar to Boston, which developed largely in the 'se\'enties and 'eighties, then in the "nineties began slowly to fade out, was the dining club, political, literary, otherwise professional, and business. These clubs generally met at the hotels, at Parker's, or Young's, or the Re\ere, during the active seasons, some of them weekly on Saturdays, in- variablv so the political clubs, others monthlv on Saturdav evenings. The proceedings of the political clubs, their table-talk and speeches, were among the chief Saturday news "features" of the newspaper reporters and corre- spondents. Political questions, party measures, and public men were discussed, and sometimes efforts were made to shape the course of political action, or to lead public opinion. But they were not largely influential ; most of them were partisan organizations, and the speech was more that of the ardent "spellbinder" than the astute politician or political leader. Still the political leader cultivated the festive institution, and occasionallv the dining club was 'INK BOOK OF BOSTON 117 made the \ehicle fur ln'ingiiig tue i.u" new measure or new man fur the governorship or e\en the Presidency. Most engaging of these political dining cluhs. and indeed father of them all, was the Bird Cluh, so named fur Francis W. Bird, paper manufacturer of Walpiile. line nf tlie earliest of genuine Independents in politics, and in his long day one of the nidst i)rc)minent i>oliticians of the State; a near ad\iser of Governor Andrew throughout the Civil War period; an early and persistent Free Soiler; influential in the Republican party councils during the earlier 3'ears of its history, in 1872 ojiposing Grant's secontl election to the Presi- dency, then in fellowship with the Democratic party which he joined with the HOUSE OF THE HARVARD CLUB OF BOSTON Greeley campaign; in his latter years the "Sage of Waliiole." [lowerful in pohtical affairs because of the faith in his honesty, sagacitv, and patriotism (it \vas then that I knew iiim best; he used to make a regular .Montlav call at my office and talk o\er public matters, measures, and men, with pungent note and comment, enlightening my understanding, and often steering me into broad paths) ; from whom his eminent, and ma\- I sav more partisan, son, Charles Sumner Bird, inherited his political frankness. The first Bird Club evolved from Saturday dinners in Young's "Coffee House," in the early 'fifties, of a group of Free Soilers, at ]\lr. Bird's invitation. Later th.e com- pany enlarged, and the organization came to be called "Bird's Saturdav Din- 118 THE BOOK OF BOSTON ner Party."' From Young's it removed to a room in the Free Soil head- quarters over "Hanson's grocery store," then at the upper corner of School and Province Streets. The dinners were sent in by a caterer at a cost of fifty cents a plate. Whist and cigars followed the dinner. In 1857 Knownoth- ingism interrupted the harmony of the organization, and at length Mr. Bird, Henry L. Pierce, and others withdrew and formed a new Bird Club. This second Bird Club met at Parker's till i860, then returned to Young's. In May, 1859, John Brown dined with the club, brought in by George L. Stearns. It is related that early in the Civil War Mr. Bird was accustomed to offer at the dinner the toast, "Success to the First Slave Insurrection," to which Governor Andrew would add the amendment, "Without the Shedding of Blood." In 1868 Elizabeth Cady Stanton dined with the club, the only woman ever to be its guest. From this second organization Mr. Bird and his Inde- pendent friends withdrew in 1872, when they were opposing Grant, and a third Bird Club was formed. The remaining, stalwart Republicans, members of the old organization, reorganized the following year as the Massachusetts Club, "for good fellowship only." From the remnant of the original "Bird's Saturday Dinner Party," when Bird and his associates withdrew in 1857, the Banks Club was formed, named for Nathaniel P. Banks, and composed of his political supporters and ardent friends. Banks was made the first pres- ident, and held that position continuously till 1880. Then he withdrew, though retaining his membership, and at his earnest request the name was changed. It then became the Boston Club. Between the 'sixties and 'eighties county clubs, all Republican, were added to the number of dining clubs — as the Middlesex, the Essex, the Norfolk. These generally dined at Young's. In 1882 the Massachusetts Reform Chib, an outgrowth of a spirited civil service campaign of that year, was organized, to dine quarterly at Parker's. Subsequently it took on tariff reform, and became an anti-protective organ- ization. Of these political dining clubs there yet linger the Massachusetts and the ]\Iiddlesex, meeting at irregular intervals, and the Massachusetts Reform. Of the professional dining clubs of the 'sixties the literary Saturday Club was unique. Only in Boston in that day could be assembled the rare material, poets, essayists, scholars, wits, of which it was composed. At the monthly dinners during the Autumn and Winter seasons, there appeared pretty regularly Emerson, Lowell, Longfellow, Holmes, Whipple, Charles Eliot Norton, Benjamin Peirce, Agassiz, and other lights of Harvard; Haw- thorne in his last years (he died in 1864). In the next decade Howells, Aldrich, Parkman, and others who had attained the intellectual heights, were admitted to the charmed circle. There was rarely speech-making, and the table-talk was easy and natural, with no eft'ort to pump up fine sayings. Envious outsiders — particular]}^ New Yorkers — were wont to characterize the club as a "Mutual Admiration Society." But nothing could be farther from the mark. Occasionally some guest from the outer world, a man-of- letters from some other clime, was entertained. Then there was speech- making, and clever and gracious speech. If I recollect correctly Matthew Arnold was the club's guest during his visit to Boston and Cambridge. The deaths of Emerson, Longfellow, Peirce, and one or two others, in the early 'eighties, somewhat dimmed the club's intellectual brilliancy; but not for long, with Holmes and Lowell and the younger members remaining. In the 'nine- ties Lowell, and Parkman, and lastly Holmes, died (Lowell in 1891, Park- THE ROOK OF BOSTON 119 man. 1893, Holmes, 1S94), and tlie dub's career soon after closed. One of the last of its choice functions was a reception to its fellow member Holmes upon his return from that last and wonderful visit to England, of which he gossiped so delectably in "Over the Tea Cups." The PapjTus dining club which came into being the first of the 'seventies, was a sort of junior Satur- day Club. It was far less reserved, linwever, much more catholic in its membership, had the friskiness of yuuth, and a touch of Bohemianism, though of a mild and decorous sort. The original organization was composed of a dozen or twenty men, mostly journalists and literary fledglings, who assembled on Saturday nights around a generously loaded table at "Billy Park's," then on Bosworth Street, where is now the annex of Parker's, and tried upon each other their literary wares. From this beginning the club soon expanded to large proportions; adopted a constitutirin in which it was pre- HOME OF THE BOSTON LODGE OF ELKS CONVENIENTLY LOCATED IN THE BEACON HILL DISTRICT scribed that two-thirds of the members must be literary men, with such liber- ally classing journalists, artists, and publishers; and established itself in one of the largest of the "banquet rooms'' of the old Revere. The membership now included clever men in the various professions, notably journalism, art, music, and the law. The ceremony at the tables was of the sini]ilest. .Vfter dinner the "loving cup" was passed from the president, himself first sipping the nectar, to the guest or guests (there were always guests, the visitor or visitors of distinction in the journalistic, literary, theatrical, or art world, at the moment in town), then from member to member; then the literary festiv- ities followed. At their I'apyrus dinners some of the gayest work of its literary members and poems of its poets ha\e been tried on the critics at the board, always deliciously free with their criticism, before the appearance of 120 THE BOOK OF BOSTON the effusions in enduring print. Juhn Boyle O'Reilly read first here his "In Bohemia" from the rough manuscript draft, which the club members received ■with shouts of, "Good ! Boyle!" "Good, Good, Boyle!" and cheers. "I think myself it's pretty good, boys," the honest poet responds with twinkling eye. "Mark these lines again," and he repeats the last two. "They'll do, won't thev, boys?" Renewed cheering, tossing of napkins in the air, and toasting of the poet. The object of the club, defined to be "to promote good fellowship and literary and artistic taste among- its memljers," was fully attained. The Papyrus still remains, proud of its past, and well sustained Ijy the clever men of the professions of this generation. The tliree club-houses of the 'sixties were those of the Temple and the Union Clubs — the oldest and the youngest in town — and of the Boston Yacht Club at City Point, South Boston. The Somerset did not occupy a house of its own — its present Beacon-Street house opposite the Common, a model of stately yet simple elegance — till 187J. In the 'sixties it was occupying rooms on the Somerset-Street side of the fine old granite mansion house, which in the 'seventies became the Congregational House, and afterward made way for the present Houghton-Dutton establishment. With its occupation of the Somerset-Street cjuarters it took on the name of Somerset. Earlier it was the Tremont Club, taking that name from its first quarters in a house on Tremont Street opposite King's Chapel Burying-ground. It was an outgrowth of the Temple Club, organized in 1852, and from the first was the "swell" club of the town, drawing in the young bloods and tlie more mature votaries of fashion. The Temple dated from 1829, and until the establishment of the Union was the Boston club of highest respectability. Among its early presi- dents were George T. Bigelow, afterward chief justice of Massachusetts, Patrick Grant, John T. Coolidge. Frederic \\\ Lincijln. the war mayor, Peter Butler. It was fashioned closely after the high-grade London clubs, even to the custom of members keeping their hats on. Its club-house in the ■'sixties, on West Street, directly opposite the head of ]\Iason Street, was designed and built expressly for it in the 'fifties when \\'est Street was in the heart, or on the edge, of the genteel residential quarter. It was most con- veniently situated close by the rear, or carriage entrance, to the Boston The- atre, so that members could enjoy the combined pleasure of the theatre and of the club between the acts. The Temple still exists, but a shadow of its former self. Its attractive club-house was long- since turned over to trade, when it moved to smaller and snugger rooms on Boylston Street. The Teniple and the Somerset were purely social clubs, the Union was social with a mission. It \\as formed, as has been remarked on a pre\^ious page, in the critical year of 'sixty-three — in April — by Bostonians of infiuence and stand- ing primarily to support and sustain the Union cause. It represented more solid qualities than either of the other two clubs. It came early to embrace in its membership the judges of the higher courts, foremost members of the l)ar, leading merchants. Its first president, as we have seen, was Edward Everett : and among his successors were such representative Bostonians as Charles G. Loring. Richard Henry Dana, Jr., Henry Lee, Lemuel Shaw, son of Chief Justice Shaw, \\'illiam G. Russell. Its club-house, on Park Street, as we have also seen, was the former residence of Abbott Lawrence. In later years the adjoining residence was taken in, and the combined houses enlarged by the addition of upper stories, making it one of the largest of down-town club-houses. It is most comfortably arranged and a charming old-Boston THE BOOK OF ROSTOX 121 II ii-nm si ni nil; boston athletic association CORNER OK EXETER AND BLAGDEN STREETS This association is one of the largest of its class in America. In addition to its Boston Club-house, it also maintains an up-to-date boat-house and a well-appointed gun club at Riverside, Newton West 122 THE BOOK OF BOSTON flavor pervades the interior. In its life of fifty years tlie Union has harbored many men of the- highest Boston distinction. Around the Beacon-Park- Streets corner, at the lunch hour, or at five o'clock of afternoons, have passed Bostonians of light and leading who in their successive days have made "the wheels go round." Until the opening of the 'eighties these three high-bred club-houses suf- ficed for social Boston. Then, under the impulse of the celebration of Bos- ton's two hundred and fiftietli anniversary in 1880, the St. Botolph was founded as the rejjresentative club of the purely professional life of the city, and established itself in the Back Bay. in a house of its own, like that of the Union, the former dwelling of a leading Boston mai: of affairs — Henry P. Kidder, of the banking house of Kidder, Peabody and Company; and from that time the increase in the numbers of Boston club-houses and clubs was rapid. In 1881 the Boston Art Club Iniilt its handsome club-house, the second in the Back Bav quarter. In 1884 two more clubs of the St. Botolph's grade were established : the Ta^•ern, and the Puritan, the latter colloquially called the Somerset, Junior. In 1885 the opulent Algonquin was organized, and on the first Saturday of January, 1886, occupied and "inaugurated" its quite palatial club-house on Commonwealth Avenue, designed, as we ha\'e already remarked, by McKim, of McKim, Mead, and White, the architects of the Public Library. In 1888 the Boston Athletic Association, the largest organ- ization of its kind in the country, was established, and occupied its great, thoroughly equipped club-house on Exeter Street, the fourth on the Back Bay. In 1890 came the Elysium Club from the South End to the Back Bay, the representative Jewish club of the City, dating from 1871, its new house on Huntington Avenue provided with all the conveniences and features of the high-class modern club. In 189 1, the New Riding Club on the Back Bay, devoted to "good horsemanship," was established. In 1892 the University Clul), modelled after the University of New York, was organized, and estab- lished in a beautiful Back Bay house, on Beacon Street, the rear overlooking the Charles River Basin, the one-time residence of General \\'hittier, and afterward of Henry L. Higginson. A\'ith these club-houses, and numerous organizations established in com- fortable hired quarters, literary, art, music clubs, indeed e\'ery sort known to modern club life, Boston had become before the close of the nineteenth century preeminentlv a club town. With the opening of the new century the club-houses increased in number and in splendor of appointments, and vari- ous new clubs were instituted for the advancement of schemes for the city's welfare together with social purposes. Thus, in the first decade, there started up the Twentieth Century Club, with a club-house on Beacon Hill, Number three Jov Street, a high-spirited association, intensely Bostonish, devoted much to the free discussion and fostering of civic and social reforms at Sat- urdav gatherings, tapering ofif with the customary afternniin tea or social lunch: and the Boston City Club, a great Boston institution, promoted by citizens "interested in the city of Bostun and the problems of its grciwth," with a club-house on Beacon Hill slope, in one of the few remaining old Boston "swell fronts," at the corner of Beacon and Somerset Streets, and a membership before it had passed its infancy of upward of a thousand. \\"nh respect to membership this City Club is unique. As stated on the bronze tablet inserted in the corner-stone of the club's second and present house — • the great house on Somerset Street at the corner of Ashburton Place, erected Tin-: V,()()K OF BOSTON' 12,^ ill it-> L-i.^Hilh year, — tlie purpuse uf its Uiundcrs was: "'['u Ijriiii^ together in trieiKlly association as many men as we can, of as many creeds as we can, and thus create new coiKhtions of good fellowship and good citizenship for the service of the cit_\-, and also to destroy the class, religious, and racial prejudices which exist when men dnii't know each nther. and which are used by grafters and selfish men tn further their schemes to the great harm of the City, the State, and the Xatinii." With the occu])atiio, after the lattcr's removal to Ashburton Place, and remodelled into one of the most artistic club-houses in Boston. Meanwhile the women's club-houses were apjiearing, all tasteful in their furnishings, the richer ones sum])tuous. The pioneer, the New En.gland Woman's Club, established in 1868, as we have seen, alone occupied the field, its ]>leasant rooms at Number five Park Street, till the close of the nineteenth century. Then the Mayflower Club arose, the lirst purely social 124 THE BOOK OF BOSTON woman's club after the men's model. It was an exclusive organization quietly established on the upper floors of the house on Park Street next below the Union club-house, and it has so remained. The others came with the twen- tieth century. There were the rich Chilton Club, of high degree, occupying its own house, in the Back Bay, at the corner of Commonwealth Avenue and Dartmouth Street; the College Club, also on Commonwealth Avenue, an organization composed of graduates from women's colleges; the Business HOME OF THE WOMEN S CITY CLUB OF BOSTON 40 BEACON STREET A FASHIONABLE SECTION OF THE CITY Women's Club, with a house on Bowdoin Street opposite the State House annex; and, the crown of them all, the \\'' omen's City Club of Boston, in its own beautiful house on Beacon Hill, in verv close proximitv to the Somerset Club-house. In the second decade of this twentieth centurx- appeared the Engineer's Club, in the house Number two Commonwealth Avenue; the Tennis and Racquet Club-house, on Boylston Street a block or two below the Athletic Club-house; and the newest note in modern club-house architecture in "The House of the Harvard Club of Boston, built in 19 13," as the legend over its portal informs, on Commonwealth Avenue, a few paces below Massachusetts Avenue. LITERARY BOSTON Its Goldkn Age — Famous Men and Women Who Have Added Lustre TO THE City's Name — Some Bookmen I Have Known — Old and New Boston Publishers and Booksellers J^^^f^HAT has l)een termed the "Golden Age of Literary Boston," when Boston was admitted to l^e "notoriously the literary metropolis of the Union," was the brilliant period, broadly CliaBi^^^t^ speaking, between the late "forties and the 'seventies. Then the Boston bookshop was an ideal "bookman's exchange." And for more than half a century the "Old Corner Book- store," famous in the annals of literary Boston, occupying the corner t)f Wash- ington and School Streets, was the literary centre. This does not imply, however, that the ancient shop was the only literary centre. Other bookshops, of similar standing, drew their coteries of literary working folk. The shop of Little, Brown and Company, fur example, then on the opposite side of Washington Street north of Water Street, was early the resort of leaders of the Massachusetts bar, as Webster and Choate ; of the group of historians and historical writers who made Boston their literary- workshop; of Plarvanl professors: and of what were classed as the solider Boston literati. It has been related that for a number of years a little informal club met in Mr. Brown's office daily, at noon, to talk of literarv things, and ])articular]y to discuss the merits of new publications. The fouiulers of the house had made it the chief importing and puljlishing house of "useful and valuable works in every class of literature," and the foremost law l)ook con- cern in the country. It had succeeded the house of Cummings, Hilliard, and Company, — "The Boston Bookstore" for half a century, — the earlier classical and law bookseller in the town. Little, Brown and Company were among the earliest, if not the first, to import English standard and new works, and place them on the market here at moderate prices. These importations with their inviting prices made a stir in the little cultured town. The house early liegan the publication under its own imprint of choice foreign works. Thus it intrci- duced its edition of Edmund Spenser in five volumes duodecimo, edited by George S. Hillard. This puljlication marked a literary epoch. Then followed the notable line of histories; and the famous collection of British poets. The antique bookshops were also a resort of literary folk. .\t the shop of Samuel G. Drake, sometime on Cornhill, afterward on Bromfield Street, the earliest and most famous of antiquarian ]uil)lishers or bocjksellers, and the compiler of the local classic, "The History and Antiquities of Boston from 1630 to 1770," were often to be seen at different times browsing among the old books, Sparks, Hildreth, Bancroft, Everett, Hillard, Starr King, Edwin H. Chai)in, and the leading Boston editors — Joseph T. Buckingham, Nathan Hale, George Lunt. 126 THE BOOK OF BOSTON The part tliat the booksehers and puljhsliers played in the development of Boston's literary life, with their offers and issues of the best literature of the day, was not inconsiderable. The\- were men, as a rule, of wholesome en- terprise, and themselves of culture. There were Phillips, Sampson and Com- pany, who, after an honorable record, and the death of the principals, failed in the first of the "sixties. With them began the Atlatitic Monthly. There were Charles Little, James Brown, and Augustus Flagg, leaders in Little, Brown and Company ; there were Gould and Lincoln : William D. Ticknor and James T. Field at the "Old Corner"; James R. Osgood; Benjamin Ticknor, second of William D. Ticknor's three sons: Crosby and Nichols, later Crosby, Nichols, Lee and Company; Alexander Williams, the first to intro- duce the regular sale of foreign journals in America; John P. Jewett ami Company, the publishers of "Lhicle Tom's Cabin," which Phillips, Samjison and Company declined, fearing its influence upon their Southern trade, much to their after mortification ; W" illiam Lee, first of Phillips, Sampson and Com- pany, then of Crosby, Nichols, Lee and Company, and finally of Lee and Shepard — Charles A. P. Shepard — in the latter association to acquire a com- petence ; the antiquarian bookshop men : Samuel G. Drake, above mentioned, D. C. Colesworthy, Thomas AI. Burnham : Thomas's more widely known and more largely successful son, Thomas Oliver Hazard Perry Burnham; Bartlett and Miles; S. Urbino, importer of German and French publications; A. K. Loring, with his circulating librar)'. And there were Henry O. Houghton, sometime of Hurd and Houghton, founder of the Riverside Press, and later founder of the house of Houghton Mifflin and Company; and Edwin Ginn, to found the great house of Ginn and Company, the largest school and college text book publishing establishment in the country. The "Old Corner Bookstore" was itself distinguished as the oldest brick building standing in the City. Built in 1712, after the "Great Fire" of 171 1, which destroyed most of the property on ^^'ashington Street between the Town House, which went down with the rest, and School Street; and it was permitted to remain little changed, with its low gambrel roof, row of dormer windows, and generally quaint exterior, till its abandonment as a bookshop in the early nineteen hundreds. It was first, when transformed from a dwell- ing to business purposes, an apothecary shop, occupied in 1817 by the father of the good minister, and worthy citizen, James Freeman Clarke. It became a bookshop in 182S. the first proprietors being Carter and Hendee — Robert H. Carter and Charles J. Hendee. William D. Ticknor came into the pro- prietorship in 1833, with the formation of the firm of Allen and Ticknor. From 1837 to 1844 Mr. Ticknor was alone in its conduct. Then was organ- ized the firm of Ticknor, Reed and Fields. Thus began the long partnership between Mr. Ticknor and James T. Fields, who had entered the shop as a clerk; in 1865, when Mr. Reed retired, the familiar imprint of Ticknor and Fields began to appear on the choice publications of the house. Mr. Fields became the literary partner. His offices in the "curtained corner" at the quiet rear of the shop, and his easy access particular!}- to literary folk and workers, so different from the exclusiveness of the present-day pul.)lisher, was charm- ingly pictured by George \\'illiam Curtis in one of his incomparaljle "Easy Chair" essays in Harper's Monthly, which has often been quoted, but will well bear repetition : 128 THE BOOK OF BOSTON " Suddenly from behind the green curtain came a ripple of laughter, then a burst, then a chorus; gay voices of two or three or more, but always of one — the one who sat at the desk and whose place was behind the curtain, the literary partner of the house, the friend of the celebrated circle which has made the Boston of the middle of this century as justly renowned as the Edinburgh of the close of the last century, the Edinburgh that saw Burns, but did not know him. That curtained corner in the Corner Bookstore is remembered by those who knew it in its great days, as Beaumont recalled the revels at the immortal tavern. . . . What merry peals! What fun and chaff, and story! Not only the poet brought his poem there still glowing from his heart, but the lecturer came from the train with his freshest touches of local himior. It was the exchange of wit, the Rialto of current good things, the hub of the hub. ... It was a very remarkable group of men — indeed, it was the first group of really great American authors — which familiarly frequented the Corner as the guests of Fields. There had been Bryant and Irving, and Cooper, and Halleck and Paulding and Willis of New York, but there had been nothing like the New England circle which compelled the world to acknowledge that there was an American literature." After 1865, when Ticknor and Fields removed to new quarters, on Treniont Street at tlie south corner of Hamilton Place, the "Old Corner" was wholly occupied by E. P. Button and Company (Charles A. Clapp), which iirm had had a corner of the shop on the School Street side, dealing in Episcopal publications, till its removal to New York in 1869, where the house is still established. The ne.xt occupant was Alexander Williams, removing" from his long-time estaljlishment on tlie opposite side of ^\'^ashington Street about where is now the Globe newspaper oftke. Shortly after Mr. Williams took into partnership Charles L. Damrell, Henry M. Upliam and Joseph G. Cupples, under the firm name of A. Williams and Company. In the spring of 1883 Mr. Williams withdrew and retired from business with a comfortable little fortune, disposing of his interest to his associates. The lineal descendant of the "Old Corner" is the present "Old Corner" on Bromfieid Street at the corner of Province Street. Such is the story of this famous bookshop. From William D. Ticknor's time to that of Alexander Williams it remained the chief resort of the Boston literary lights. Emerson coming to town weekly from Concord, for many years invariably called at the "Old Comer," and made it his headquarters. Whipple dropped in almost daily. So did Holmes. Whittier was always to be seen here when in town from Amesbury. Lowell, Trowbridge, Hawthorne after his return from his consulship, Longfellow, were regular frequenters. And Prescott, and Motley after his return from his unfortunate experience with Grant as minister to England. In later years the younger literary workers were accustomed to foregather here : Howells, when a Bostonian, Aldrich, Lathrop, and the rest. Now and then a clever pen-woman was met here : as Nora Perry, the poet, Louisa M. Alcott, Harriet Prescott. When Ticknor and Fields set up their new Tremont-Street estab- lishment, they provided an "author's parlor" in it, which became a favorite gathering place; yet the "Old Corner" held its own to the end of its story. It was my good fortune when a youth to become acquainted with the local book business, and to come into agreeable association with several of the younger men who were to develop into leaders in tlie trade ; which relation in after years, upon my return to Boston as a regular "newspaper man," ripened into life-long friendships. I had been a pupil in George Fowle's "Monitorial School"- — a private school conducted on novel principles, chief of which was putting the boys on their honor in their relations with each other, which occupied in part a quaint old granite-front builtling at the north corner of Essex and Washington Streets, and vied with Chauncy Hall School. then nearbv on Chauncy Place, in games on the Common. Mr. Fowle was THE BOOK or BOSTON 129 a brother of William B. Fowle, of wider fame, who kept a girls' school, and became well known in the educational world from his numerous school text- books. George Fowle was a kindly, devoted, considerate teacher, but of a melancholy cast from over-sensitiveness by being club-footed. I was sup- posed to be in delicate health, and in 1859 was withdrawn temporarily from school, and put to work in the bookshop of Crosljy and Nichols, then where is now the Post newspaper otifice. I spent the season of 1859-1860 in this shop, performing various duties of boy and junior clerk ; and during this period made the acquaintance of these younger bookmen. There was Thomas Niles, a clerk, if I recollect, in the "Old Corner."' In the later 'sixties, or early 'seventies, he was to form the firm of Roberts Brothers — strictly, Roberts and brother-in-law, for R(jberts married Niles's sister, — and to make an early strike with the publication of Louisa IM. Alcott's "Little Women." Subsecjuently the firm became noted for its excellent choice of English books for reproduction — there was no international copyright then. This choice was always Niles's. He introduced, for instance, to the Ameri- can reading jniblic, George Meredith. He instituted that famous lot of anonymous novels, all by writers of acknowledged worth, under the general title of "The No Name Series," setting the public to guessing their authors. Roberts contented liimself with the conduct of the business end of the con- cern. He was a shrewd l>usiness man, and under his care the house pros- pered. Both partners died in the 'nineties. Rolierts was an Englishman, and a bookbinder by trade; and he first introduced in Boston, if not in America, the rich. sul)stantial half calf and full calf l)indings of standard works. There were the Ticknor "l)oys" — Howard Malcolm the eldest, lienjamin, Thomas. Thomas alone remains. He is today connected with the Riverside Press. There was Charles A. Clapp, the mainspring of E. P. Button and Company, with whom my friendship was close during his whole worthy career, in New York as in Boston. He died in New York in the year 1901, but Mr. Button still survives. There was John S. Lockwood, who was to establish the exten- sive bookselling house of Lockwood, Brooks and Company, to fiourish some years, and to publish a few books, among them Edwin Lassetter Bynner's first novels, and John B. Long's translation of the ^-Eneid of \^irgil. Lock- wood became Colonel Lockwood on Governor Long's staflf. He was my friend from the first at Crosljy and Nichols" ; in fact my gentle, though sometimes autocratic "boss" there. Wiiile I was in Crosby and Nichols' emplov, \\'illiam Lee came into the firm, and for some reason he took a fancy to me. Our relations in after years, when I was "literary correspondent" for outside pa])ers, particularly the AVtc York Evening Post, became quite in- timate. Classed with the choicest of my bookman friends was James R. Osgood. A more enterprising, genial, frank l)ookman than Osgood was rare. Later Air. Houghton became pleasantly friendly, and his liouse published my earlier Boston bor)ks. The Boston publishers and booksellers today are fewer in nunil)er tlian fifty years ago. But their intluencc remains, and authors are gratified to see their Iiooks with the Boston imprint. Several young concerns have been established in recent years, with more or less success; Init the Jloughton Miftlin Companv, Little, Brown and Com]);in\-, and Ginn and Company still lead. HISTORIC SPOTS IN BOSTON Her Part in the Great Strifes of the Nation OSTON has played a memorable part in the great strifes that have agitated the British colonies and their successor, the American Union, since the settlement of this part of the New World. First was the struggle with the red aborigines. The isolated site of the old town on its peninsula made it secure in this regard, but in the earlier years the general sense of insecurit\- natural to a small Ijody of colonies on the fringe of a savage wilderness was shared by the capital of the colony. The menace of savagery had tragic outcomes in towns as near as Jiledfield and Haverhill, but after the conclusion of King Philip's War there was little apprehension on this score. Then came the great struggle between Great Britain and France for the mastery of North America. The French and Indian ^^'ar aroused the militant zeal of all New England; Boston stood at the head of these activities, contributing largeh' to the Colimial troops that so si)lendidly distinguished themselves in the conquest of Canada. It was the initiative of Massachusetts Bay that resulted in the magnificent triumi)h of the reduction of the strong fortress of Louisburg on Cape Breton and the conquest of the French pos- sessions that became the British provinces — an enlargement of the British empire that caused no little apprehension in the ^Mother Country lest the valiant spirit and military capacity thus developed might encourage unwel- come strivings for independence. These apprehensions proved onlv too well founded. Oppressive meas- ures instituted by the home government, and the chafing of the colonies under restrictions upon the self-governing activities that so long had been exercised with little restraint, led to the rebellious mutterings steadily increas- ing for some years previous to the final outbreak at Lexington and Concord in 1775. Then followed the historic siege of Boston. With these beginnings of the epochal struggle that was to have so wide an eft'ect upon the political destinies of the world in shaping the course of modern democracy, Boston took the initiative in the v/ar for American independence. The love of liberty thus generated, both political and individual, quite naturally made Boston the center of the antislavery movement. This agita- tion ultimately precipitated the Civil W"ar, Avhich finally cemented the bonds of Union among the sovereign States. Hence from the beginning Boston has stood in the lead of the great new world movements for personal and political freedom that represent America's contrilnition to modern civilization. Of all the cities in the United States Boston is the richest in historical associations. These are intimately interwoven with the development of THE BOOK OF BOSTON 131 American institutiniis and iiiudcrn progress. Here were chietly centered the activities that induced the rise of New England to its leading place in American histor}- : the growth of free democratic government upon the foun- dations laid by the earl_\- settlers; the development of religious liberty from the narrow basis of Puritanism into modern freedom of thought ; the begin- nings of the struggle for popular freedom and American independence ; the great antislavery movement whose aims were consummated in the war for the Union. Here were originated epochal inventions and discoveries of infinite moment to mankind — among them the use of sulphuric ether as an amesthetic, and the tele])h(.ne. In Boston was installed the first fire-alarm telegraph. The cimtriliutiuns of Boston (including Greater Boston) to trans- portation histor}- are in\alual)le. Here was built the first railway in America; here took place the first electrification of a steam-railroad ; here was the first great electrification of a street railway: here was the first great unification of a metropolitan transportation system in the United States; here was built the first sulnva\' fnr urban transit in the United States. Here was the first free public school in America. Here were jjorn, or hail their homes, many famous persons. These things are commemorated here as mnvhere else in this countrv. Boston's historical assi;ciations form one of the great assets of the communitv, attracting hither every }-ear thousands of visitors from all over the kuul. ]\Ianv historic spots throughout the city have l)een designated perma- nenth' ]i\' the placing of bronze talilets ; others, as on the Common near Bark and Tremont Streets, with more elaborate memorials of stone. The former, for the greater part, are due to the efforts of various patriotic orders: Sons of the Revolution, Daughters of the Revolution, Colonial Dames, the Loyal Legion, and others. In addition, it is customary for the city authorities to mark sites, not permanently designated, with well designed inscriptions on temporary wooden tablets, placed in the summer season for the benefit of the throngs of tourists who come to Boston at that time of year. Another admirable custom recently adopted is to inscribe upon the street-signs for the old highwavs not only the present name, but below it, in small letters, the former name. revious to the Revolution, when Copley owned the entire slope of Beacon Hill from b>\" -Street to the water. Number 55 was the home of William H. Prescott, the historian. .\t Number 33 was the home of (ieorge F. Parkman, who left several million dollars to the city for the maintenance and inii)rovcnieiit of the Common and the [niblic ])arks. Park Street, opposite the Common, is still mostly occuiiied bv old dwell- ings remodelled for business purposes. The Ticknor Building, at the corner of Beacon Street, was in part the home of George Ticknor, the historian and publisher. Pielow is the house of the Union Club, Axliicli in part was the residence of .Abbott Lawrence, merchant and manufacturer; founder of the 136 THE BOOK OF BOSTON city of Lawrence with its great mills. At Number 4, Houghton Mifflin Co., the publishers, occupy the winter home of Boston's great mayor, the elder Josiah Ouinc\-. Number 2 was the last city home of Motley, the historian. Eastward on Beacon Street, at the corner of Tremont Place, was the home of Nathan Hale when his son, Edward Everett Hale, was a boy. Nathan Hale, editor of the Daily Advertiser, was the leading spirit in the movement for railroads out of Boston and was the chief founder of the Boston & Worcester Railroad. School Street is so called because here, where a Ijronze tablet on the City Hall fence marks the site, stood the first house of the Boston Public Latin School, established in 1635; the house built in 1645. Its second build- ing stood opposite, on the site of the Parker House. On Washington Street, then Marlborough Street, nearly opposite the Old South, was the famous Province House, residence of the Royal gov- ernors — a stately building of brick. After the Revolution it continued in use for a time for executive offices of the Commonwealth, including meetings of the Governor and Council. Later it was the theatre of the negro minstrels, Morris Brothers, Pell & Trowbridge. Then it became a hotel and after other transformations its site is now occupied by the Old South Theatre, a motion-picture establishment. A portion of the walls may still be seen on Province Court near where a curious survival of ancient right of way, in the shape of a rather gruesome passage imder the buildings, known as "the rat-hole," enters the court. The copper Indian, with drawn bow and arrow, that surmounted the cujxila of the Province House, is in the collection of the Massachusetts Historical Society. The house was built in 1667 by Peter Sergeant, a rich merchant, and was bought by the Province in 1715. Beyond, near Bromfield Street, stood the old Marlborough House. This, with the old Bromfield House on the south side of Bromfield Street, was the headquarters for all the stage-coach lines out of Boston — their arrival and departure rivalling in bustle and excitement a great railway terminal of today. In the archway where the stages entered and left the great central court was long the celebrated "Archway Bookstore," largely in the open air. This arch- way also led to the hall where the Lowell Institute lectures were long held. In Spring Lane (named from the circumstance) a bronze tablet on the Winthrop Building (the first steel-frame building erected in Boston) marks the site of "the excellent spring" which caused the Winthrop colony to come over from Charlestown and settle the Shawmut peninsula. The spring still exists, its waters making their way to the sea underground. They were re- vealed in copious volume when the foundations for the Federal Building near by were excavated in 1870. Near the Old South, on the site of the Old South building, stood the second home of Gov. John Winthrop. After his death here it Iiecame the Old South parsonage until its demolition for firewood by the British garrison during the siege. At the corner of Washington and Milk Streets stands the Old South Meetinghouse, the third great monument of the Revolutionary struggle in Boston. The Old South Church having been organized in 1669 it built its first house on this site; the present church dates from 1729. In the early days New England meetinghouses were used for secular as well as sacred purposes. Boston's town-meetings were often held here for some years previous to the Revolution, the ca])acity being much larger than Faneuil Hall's in that dav. The first meetings of moment were held on June 14 and 15 in relation to the WASHINGTON ELM AT CAMBRIDGE CUT ON A LARGE GRANITE BLOCK AT THE BASE OF THE " WASHINGTON ELM " READ THE FOLLOWING: " UNDER THIS TREE WASHINGTON FIRST TOOK COMMAND OF THE AMERICAN ARMY, JUNE jD, 1775 " History has recorded th.it iipoii the arrival of General Washinijton in Cambridge, he took the formal command, under an elm tree, of the American Army, which then consisted of about nine thousand militia encamped on Cambridge Common. " The Washington Elm " has since become a most venerated relic of Revolution- ary days. It has been sung of by our poets and alluded to by our orators. In olden days it stood on grounds included in the Cambridge Common, but not long since the city authorities devoted to this historic tree, a little court on Garden Street bordering on the Common to the South. Years have shorn it of much of its former majesty, but it still Hourishcs supported by bands and braces. Every year thousands of pilgrims pay their homage to it as a relic of the days that tried men's souls. 138 THE BOOK OP^ BOSTON impressing of Massachusetts men for the British man-of-war "Romney." On March 6, 1770, the spirit of the great meetings held in the afternoon and evening in relation to the "Boston ^Massacre" led to the withdrawal of the British garrison from the town to the castle. Then the meetings in relation to the tax on tea in November and December, 1773, led to the famous "tea- party" of December 16. Through the siege the Old South was used as a riding-school for Burgoyne's light dragoons; a large part of the invaluable New England library of the Rev. Thomas Prince, in the "steeple-room" was used for kindling. In the preceding meetinghouse, a small building of cedar, in 1697, Judge Samuel Sewall, conscience-stricken, confessed contrition for his share in condemning the Salem witches. Only nine years later Benjamin Franklin, born opposite, Avas baptized on the day of his birth, Jan. 17, 1706 — not a long interval between the period of extreme bigotry and the coming of a great exponent of free thought. When abandoned as a house of worship the Old South was temporarily used for the post office when the latter, in the Exchange Building on State Street, was burned out in the great fire. Its preservation and restoration is due to a movement of citizens instituted in 1876. It was purchased by the Preservation Comiuittee for $430,000, ^Irs. Mary Hemenway contributing $100,000. At the preservation meetings lectures, addresses and poems were contributed bv Emerson, Lowell, Holmes, Col. Henry Lee and other eminent persons. Emerson made his last public appearance here in a lecture given in behalf of a new coat of paint for the old meetinghouse. This was the last painting; when removed in 1913 to expose the original red of the brick walls smoke had turned the paint to dark gray and black. The building now con- tains a fine collection of relics of the revolution and of Colonial days. Here are given the "Old South Lectures," including a course for young people, instituted by Mrs. Hemenway. At No. 17 Milk Street the site of Benjamin Franklin's birth])lace is occupied by an ugly iron-front building carrying an inscription with a bust of the philosopher and statesman. On the Federal Building, at the corner of Milk and Devonshire Streets, the fact that that edifice served to check the great Fire of 1872 is commemorated by a tablet placed by the Sons of the Revolution where the granite, chipped and defaced liy the heat of the fire, still attests the fact. At the northwest corner of Federal and Franklin Streets stood Boston's first playhouse, the Federal Street Theatre, designed by Bulfinch and erected in 1794. On the southeast corner stood the famous Federal Street Church, organized as a Presbyterian Church for the Irish immigrants and in that day popularly called "the Irish church." With William Ellery Channing as min- ister from 1803 to 1842 it became the cradle of the great Unitarian movement within New England's Congregationalism, thence leading to transcemlental- ism and other phases of religious radicalism. The building in which the first office of William Lloyd Garrison's epoch- making organ of the antislavery movement, the Liberator, started in 1831, stood at the corner of Congress and Water Streets. A tal)let marks the site. Fort Hill, one of the three elevations that gave Boston its first English name, "Trimountaine," commemorated in "Tremont Street" and "Tremont Row," rose where High, Pearl and Oliver Streets now run. The hill was named from Boston's first fort, erected here in 1632. In the second fort built here Governor Andros was sheltered when he fled from the insurrection CHRIST CHURCH Oldest church crlifice now standing in Boston. The corner-stone was laid iti April, 1723. The signal lanterns of Paul Revere displayed in the steeple of this church April 18, 1775, warned the country of the march of the British troops to Lexington and Concord 140 THE BOOK OF BOSTON caused by his tyranny. The hill was long a high-class residential section; when levelled in 1867- 1872 it had become a slum. As late as 1872 a bridge carried High Street across Oliver Street, excavated at its present level. Fort Hill Square is now many feet below its original level. At the foot of Fort Hill, where Atlantic Avenue now runs, was Griffin's Wharf, the scene of the "Boston Tea-Party." Here three ships, laden with tea, were emptied of their cargoes, 342 chests. The story is recited on a tablet on the building on the corner of Pearl Street. The North End has many historic sites and still not a few old land- marks. Hanover Street, its central thoroughfare, named for the royal house of Hanover, was in its upper part the center of the great shopping district of sixty years ago. On Union Street, then Green Dragon Lane, stood the most famous of Boston's old inns, the Green Dragon Tavern, its site marked at No. 81 by a stone copy of the old sign of a dragon in copper. A hall here was the first lodge room of Freemasonry in America ; St. Andrew's Lodge was organ- ized here in 1752, and in 1769 the mother grand lodge of the New World, the Grand Lodge of the Province of Massachusetts Bay — Dr. Joseph Warren the Grand Master and Paul Revere among the other officers. Freemasonry played a great part in the secret councils of the leaders of the Revolution, the greater nunilier orn, and lived until his exile, in a stately house of brick. Here he wmte his "His- tory of Massachusetts." The Imuse was mol)l)ed and sacked in the Stamp Act riot on the night of Aug. jO, 1765. On Garden Court Street also stood the Clark-Frankland niansion, celebrated in fiction by Conju-r in "Lionel Lincoln" and by Bynner in "Agnes Surriage." lUiilt by \\'illiani Clark, a merchant, it was later the home of Sir Harrv Frankland. ^ ■#??.: ^"^.' :-*&^J:*S>^ STAND VOUR CROUNn Do^rrmc Unless HRco UPON l-I^T IT B£CI« HCSf THE CONCORD BATTLE FIELD AND THE BOULDER RETAINED AS A MEMORIAL TO THE '"MINUTE men" who PARTICIPATED IN THAT EARLY STRUGGLE Christ Church, on Copp's Hill, built in 1723, for the second Episcopal church in lio.ston, is the oldest in Boston. It is now known as the "Old North," although the original "Old North" was in North Square. It is com- monly accejjted that the lanterns to warn Paul Revere on the night of his famous ride to Lexington and Concord, .\pril 18, 1775, were hung in this l)elfry, but PTothingham and other authorities claim the distinction for the latter. ( ieneral Gage is said to have watched the l)attle of Bunker Hill from this belfry. Christ Church chimes, hung in 1744, are the oldest in Boston. The church, within and without, has been carefully restored to its ancient aspect. Among many valuable relics treasured here is Houdon's bust, the first memorial likeness of \^'ashington .set up; also silver vessels for communion presented by George H in 1733. Near by, at Salem and Sheafe Streets, is the dwelling of Robert Newman, the sexton who is said to have hung the 142 THE BOOK OF BOSTON lanterns fur Revere. On Sheafe Street was the birthplace of the author of "America," the Rev. Samuel ¥. Smith. Hull Street was named for John Hull, who made the Pine Tree shillings. The Galloupe house here dates from 1722; it was the headquarters of Gage's staff during the battle of Bunker Hill. The granting of the Province charter of 1692 is commemorated in the name of Charter Street, changed from "the Green lane" in 1708. At Charter and Salem Streets, west corner, stood the brick mansion built b)- Sir William Phipps, the first royal governor of the province, who began as a ship-car- penter. The Colony charter is said to have been hidden for safeguarding, in 1681, in the house of John Foster at Charter Street and Foster Lane (now Foster Street). Paul Revere's last home was at what is now Revere Place, off Charter Street near Hanover. On the water-front. North Battery wharf, with Battery Street near by, indicates the site of the old battery. The South Battery w'as at the foot of Fort Hill, the Y-shaped thoroughfare called Bat- terymarch indicating the neighborhood. Next to North Battery Wharf is Constitution Wharf, which appropriately names the site of Hartt's shipyard, where were built the famous frigate "Constitution" (Old Ironsides) and also the frigate "Boston." From the North End we cross to what is now the oldest section of Boston, — for Charlestown, founded in 1629, was the original settlement, ante- dating Boston by about a year. The first houses were clustered about what is now City Square. Here Boston was given its name in the "Great House" of the Governor, on the west side of the square, on Sept. 17, 1630; near by, to the north, dwelt John Harvard. Close by, under an oak tree, the First Church of Boston was organized. Town Hill, a slight elevation to the west- ward, was crowned liy the "palisadoed fort" of 1629. On Main Street, just beyond the Thompson Square station of the Elevated, Samuel Finley Breese Morse, inventor of the electric telegraph, was born on April 2y, 1791. His father, the Rev. Jedidiah Morse, was minister of the Charlestown First Church and author of the first geography of the United States. All Charles- town was burned in the battle of Bunker Hill; this large wooden house was the first built after the fire. The l)attle took place on Breed's Hill, a shoulder of the much higher Bunker Hill. The famous monument stands at the south- east corner of the Continental fortification, which was about eight rods square. The corner-stone of the monument was laid by Lafayette in 1825 and the great obelisk was finished in 1842. Returning to Shawmut peninsula we find the Old West End, lying be- tween Beacon, Tremont, Court, Green and Leverett Streets, rich in historic associations. On the west slope of Beacon Hill, long the "Copley Farm," was the home of William Blackstone, or Blaxtnn, the first settler. When the ^'Hancock pasture" was bought for the site of the new State House in 1795, a land syndicate, organized to develop the Copley property, laid out the vari- ous streets. Later it was attempted to rename Beacon Hill as "Mount Ver- non" ; hence Mount Vernon Street, originally Olive Street. Joy Street was first named Belknap Street. The north slope of the hill, li mg a negro quarter, has now a Jewish population. The brick meetinghouse on Smith's Court, erected for the First African Church in 1806, has Ijecome a synagogue. At No. 59 Mount Vernon, distinguished by its classic marble doorway, was the last home of Thomas Bailey Aldrich, the poet. William Ellerv Channing lived at No. 83. ifrf _^,j3t--iaAfa.>.^g BUNKER HILL MONLMKNT COMMEMORATING THE BATTLE OF BUNKER HILL, JUNE 17, 1775 The monuiiicnt was begun in IslS, on the anniversary of the battle, when the curner-slone was formally laid by Lafayette. Daniel Webster delivere:! the oration. In the great throng that githered on this occasion were a few survivors of the battle 144 THE BOOK OF BOSTON Louisburg Square is the counterpart of a typical old London square. At No. lo was the Boston home of Louisa M. Alcott; A. Bronson Alcott, her celel)rated father, died here in 1888; her death followed the day after his funeral. At No. 20 Jenny Lind became Mrs. Goldschmidt. At No. 4, William D. Howells, when editing the Atlantic, had his first home in the city; other homes of his were on Sacramento Street, Cambridge ; in Belmont on the hill ; in Boston again at No. 302 Beacon Street ; and last, early in the 'nineties,. at the Abbotts ford on Commonwealth Avenue. Pinckney Street is rich in literary associations. Number 1 1 , where Miss Alice Brown now^ lives, was long the home of Edwin P. Whipple, essayist and lecturer. At No. 20 the Alcott family lived in the 'fifties; at No. 54, and later at 62, lived George S. Hillard, editor and author; at 84 was the first Boston home of Aldrich. On Chestnut Street, at No. 50, was the city home of Francis Parkman,. the histiirian; that of Richard Henry Dana, Sr., the pnet, was at No. 43; Edwin Booth, the actor, long lived at No. 29; at No. 13, the home of the Rev. John T. Sargent, the famous Radical Club, of the 'seventies and 'eighties, was organized by Airs. Sargent — meeting there and also at times at the home of Rev. Dr. Cyrus A. Bartol (minister of the old West Church) at No. 17. Few occasions ever drew together so many of New England's intellectual lights; Emerson, Whittier, Longfellow, Charles Sunmer, \\'endell Phillips,. David A. Wasson, John Weiss, Col. T. W. Higginson, John Fiske, Julia Ward Howe (who once also lived at No. 17), Edna D. Cheney, Nora Perry, Louise Chandler Moulton, and many others hardly less known, were often seen here together. On Walnut Street, at the head of Chestnut, a modern house stands en the site of Motley's boyhood home, and Parkman once lived at No. 8 Walnut. Charles Street has now lost its old-time residential prestige. Oliver \\'cndell Holmes long lived at 164, James T. Fields at 148, and T. B. Aldrich for a few years at 131. The death of Mrs. Fields, late in 1914, closed this chapter, and the beautiful home, where more persons of literary distinction (among them Dickens and Thackeray) had enjoyed American hospitality than any other in America, was dismantled. Sarah Orne Jewett and Louise Imogen Guiney were often Airs. Fields' companions here. It was on Charles Street that Dr. Holmes wrote some of his most impor- tant work, including "The Professor at the Breakfast Table*' and "Elsie Venner." Beyond Cambridge Street, fronting on Blossom, we come to the Massa- chusetts General Hospital, its main building designed by Bulfinch. Here the first surgical operation under the influence of sulphuric ether was per- formed by Dr. W. T. G. Morton in October, 1856 — the event commemorated by the "Ether monument," with J. O. A. Ward's group of "The Good Samaritan," on the Public Garden. In the old Harvard Medical School building on North Grove Street Dr. George Parkman was killed by Prof. John W. Webster in 1849. At the corner of Lynde and Cambridge Streets is Lowell Square, faced by the handsome old West Church, now the West End branch of the Public Library. It dates from 1808. Here Dr. Charles Lowell, father of James Russell Lowell, was long the minister. With the death of Dr. Bartol, its- HISTORIC OLD PARK STREET CHURCH, AND ITS BEAUTIFUL SURROUNDINGS. THE COMMON, THE HEART OF BOSTON BEYOND. IT IS MARKED AS THE PLACE IN WHICH "AMERICA" WAS FIRST PUBLICLY SUNG 146 THE BOOK OF BOSTON last minister, the congregation was dissolved. The original ^\■est Church, on the same site, was a Revolutionar)- landmark ; its steeple was removed because signals were thence made to Washington's camp in Cambridge. Even the Back Bay, the youthful quarter of Boston, has its historic associations. Number 296 Beacon Street was the last Boston home of Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes, associated with his writing of "The Poet at the Breakfast Table" and other of his latest works. In the rear of the house on the Esplanade stands the modest Holmes memorial. At No. 302 Beacon Street, also on the waterside, Howells lived for some years. Here "Mark Twain" was often his guest; cue day the two saved a poor woman from drowning herself in the river back of the house. At 241 Beacon Street was the last Boston home of Mrs. Julia Ward Howe. Its many institutions of learning have long made the Back Bay the "Latin quarter" of Boston. The removal of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology to Cambridge closes a great chapter of this life, begun more than fiftv vears ago. The handsome Rogers building, in particular, is rich in traditions. Here, in Huntington Hall, the free lectures of the unique Lowell Institute have long been hekl; in its courses many of the world's most eminent men in science and letters have appeared — among them Alfred Russel Wallace, associated with Darwin as an independent originator of the theory of evolution through natural selection. On Copley Square the Copley- Plaza Hotel occupies the site of the first building of the Museum of Fine Arts, dating from 1876. Taking the tunnel for East Boston we find ourselves in Maverick Square, named in honor of the first European settler of Noodle's Island, Samuel Maverick, who was living there contemporary with the settlement of Boston in 1630. The site of his fortified house is unknown. Belmont square on Camp Hill luarks the site of a Revolutionary fort. In East Boston the great ship-building traditions of Boston were continued down to days when iron and steel replaced wood in ship-construction. Almost the entire water-front of the island on Mystic River and Chelsea River was occupied by ship-yards, and till after the Civil War the sound of hammers and mallets rang out over the water. Here were built man}' famous ships, including the "Great Republic," the "Great Admiral" and others celebrated in all ports of the world. To reach South Boston we shall soon be taking the Dorchester subway extension of the Cambridge subway and Beacon Flill tunnel, leaving the train within a few minutes' walk of Dorchester Heights, or Telegraph Hill, where stands the marble monument, aj^propriately designed by its architect, Robert S. Peabody, in the style of a Colonial church tower. This is the "Evacuation monument," commemorating the evacuation of Boston bv the British on March 17, 1776, forced by the secret fortification of this hill-top over night by the Continental Army, thus commanding Boston bv artillery fire. This terminated the first chapter in the struggle for American inde- pendence and transferred the seat of war to parts outside of New England — with the exception of Vermont. Another historic feature of South Boston is the original home of the Perkins Institution for the Blind, founded in 1829 by Dr. Samuel G. Howe. The Imilding, on a sightly eminence near City Point, was originallv a hotel — a feature of South Boston's early development as the "court end" of PLYMOUTH ROCK. LANDING PLACE OF THE PILGRIMS IN 1620 THl; I.AFAVhTTE MALL AND TRKMONT STREET, IN THE HEART OF THE BUSINESS SECTION OF MODERN BOSTON 148 THE BOOK OF BOSTON Boston. Celebrated among the students here have been Laura Bridgman and Helen Keller. Keeping on to Dorchester we find the site of the town's original settle- ment in the neighljorhood of Edward Everett Square, accessible by way either of Columbia Road or Massachusetts Avenue. The Dorchester colonists had their port at the shallow "Old Harbor." Near Edward Everett Square is the site of the first free public school established in /Vnierica. The typical old Colonial structure on Meeting House Hill is the home of the Dorchester First Church, organized in 1831. At Lower Mills on the Neponset River the manufacture of chocolate in the L'nited States began in the eighteenth century. The Roxburv district has numerous historical features. Here was the home of John Eliot, the apostle to the Indians. On Eliot Square is the old meetinghouse of the First Church in Roxbury, whose minister John Eliot was for over 40 years. Not far away, near Highland Street, were the Rox- bury forts of Revolutionary days. The site of one of these is marked by the minaret-like water tower on Highland Park. These two forts, built by Gen. Harrv Knux, were important features of the invasion of Boston at the siege. At 39 Highland Street was the home of Edward Everett Hale for manv vears, and until his death. Here also on Highland Street was "Rocklands," the himie of \\'illiam Lloyd Garrison. On Warren Street, shortly after leaving the Dudlex' Street terminal of the Elevated, we come to the site of Gen. Joseph \\'arren's home, marked by a taljlet; opposite stands the fine Warren statue modelled liy Paul Bartlett. Kearsarge Avenue com- memorates the fact that the commander of the destroyer of the ".\labama," Rear Admiral John A. Winslow, had his home there. Near by is the Rox- bury Latin School, an endowed, but not public, institution, founded in 1645. Warren became its master when only nineteen years old. Weld Hill, in the Arnold Arboretum, was selected by Washington as a point to fall back upon in case of necessity at the siege of Boston. His favorite resting-place while conducting the siege was the old Peacock Tavern at the corner of Centre and Allandale Streets, opposite the Arboretum. Flan- cock, when governor, also came out to live in the country at this tavern. The limitations of space forbid us to consider here the almost equally numerous historic features of Greater Boston to be seen beyond the municipal limits. BOSTON'S lUHK S\'STKM The Most Scientific axd Artistic System of Parkways ok Any City IN America — The Far-famed Boston Common AND THE Pl"I!I,IC CJaRDEN FraNKLIN 1'AKK ThE Arnold ARr.iiUETrM — The Riverway AND THE Fens OST(3X'S park system is justlv fanieil as the most Cdin- prehensive, the must scientifically and artistically planned, series of ])leasure-gri:iiin(ls and park\va\-s possessed In' any city in America, and perliaps in the wnrld. This system comprises the imjxirtant numicipal open spaces of the inner cit}-, tiigether with the i^reat metropulitan parks and park- ways later develo])fd in the interest ni the entire cluster of cities and towns comprised in the Aletn ipulitan Districts, or (ireater Boston. It furthermiire includes the local pleasure-grounds established hy the \arii:ius nnuiici])alities outside of Boston. Yet of all great American cities Bost(jn was one of the latest to awaken to the importance of a system of parks in the modern sense. Hence in its large aspects the actual beginnings of the modern park s}'stem date hack less than forty }-ears. There is a very natural reason for this. Until the creation of Central I'ark in New ^'ork as the first great American park in the sense accepted today, Boston Common was the largest public ])leasure- ground belonging to any city in the country. The city was comparatively small in those days: the open country, with the exceptionally beautiful suburban communities roundaljout, was easily accessible for rural enjoyment. 'The need for public recreation grounds was therefore but little felt. \\'hen the desirability of parks, in the sense of New York's Central Park, Brooklyn's Prospect Park, and Philadeliihia's Fairmount Park, was sug- gested here it was common to sav : "But Boston does not need parks; look at our sujjurbs! They are parks in themselves." ICarly in the 'seventies of the nineteenth centur\' the rapid changes in the suburljs caused by the expansion of the city and a progressive oblitera- tion of many charming passages of rural landscape made increasingly evi- dent the importance of doing something. Acc(jrdingly an act for the establishment of a park system was passed and sulimitted to the voters of Boston in the }ear 1874. This failed of accc])tance : the decisive voice against it was given l)y the recently annexed Dorchester district. it was feared in Dijrchester that the principal ])ark W(juld not be within the limits of that district. In 1S75 an act creating a board of three park commis- sioners with comprehensive j)owers of taking land and of administration was passed and was duly accejjted by the voters at a special election on 150 THE BOOK OF BOSTON June 9. On July 6 T. Jefferson Coolidge. William Gray, Jr., and Charles H. Dalton were appointed the first Boston park commissioners. The second report of the board, submitted in 1876, was mainly devoted to an elaborate, carefully studied and strikingly comprehensive park scheme comprising two systems, urban and suburban: "the former having waterfronts on the harbor and the river (Charles) with intermediate parks, the whole designed mainly with reference to the public health, but valuable also for the daily pleasure of the citizens ; the latter, selected more with reference to the recrea- tion of the people, will also, as the city grows, become essential to the health of the population then living in their vicinity." This plan corresponded in a considerable degree with an admirable re- port made in connection with the act that had failed in 1874. While not then entered upon as a general scheme it proved largely prophetic. Certain features of it became impracticable under changed conditions; others were taken up one after the other, piecemeal; others, though always regarded as cardinal features, were not considered until comparatively recently. Such was the Charles River Basin — hekl at the outset to be of prime importance, but for a generation laid aside in favor of other features. The realization of the new park s\stem began with the estal)lishment of the "Back Bay Park" (now the Fens), Marine Park in South Boston and Wood Island Park in East Boston. A park on Parker Hill together with a "Jamaica Parkway" running Ijeyond to Jamaica Pond was originally con- templated in connection with the Back Bay park ; also a park at Jamaica Pond, a "W'est Roxbury park," and a "Brighton park" in what is now known as the Aberdeen district. These, together with a proposed park at Savin Hill and one on the South Bay, were deferred until the necessary appropriations might be made. The inadequacy of designs sulmiitted for the Back Bay park led to a consultation with ]\Ir. Frederick Law Olmsted, whose creation of Central Park had founded a new era in public parks. The result was that Mr. Olm- sted was induced to undertake the designing of the entire park system. He accordingly took up his residence in Brookline and lived there the rest of his life. It was the influence of Prof. Charles S. Sargent, of the chair of arboriculture at Harvard University, that brought this about, and thence- forward the public-spirited activities of Professor Sargent, quietly exerted in various ways, were one of the most potent factors in the shaping of the Boston park system. The Back Bay Park project was primarily an engineering problem, deal- ing with the grave sanitary questions growing out of the pollution of tidal flats and the heavy floods from Stony Brook. The stench from the Back Bay flats had become intolerable; had they not been effectively dealt with the entire Back Bay district, the "court end" of Boston, would have degen- erated to a slum quarter. The park-improvement proved its salvation, and a heavy assessment, covering a large proportion of the cost, was laid upon Back Bay real estate in the shape of a betterment tax amounting to $431,972. The plan adopted represented an engineering project made attractive by landscape treatment. The engineering features were devised by Mr. J. P. Davis, the city engineer ; and Mr. Olmsted was the author of the original and strikingly appropriate landscape design. The waterway, designed to re- ceive the overflow of Stonv Brook in time of freshet, was made to simulate a tidal creek of the sort common in New England coast scener\', meandering THE BOOK OF BOSTON 151 thrtiugh marshes Ijetweeii uiilaiul hanks. Mr. ( )lmste(.l found his protot\])e in the scenery tlien presented by the valle\- of ]\Iuddy River in Brookline, between Chapel antl Longwood railroad stations. He aimed to produce the effect of a natural piece of coast-scenery that had somehow been preserved while the great city grew up around it. Although developed from a basis of noisome tidal flats, the illusion was perfect. Two large liasins with salt-marsh levels and banks covered with trees and slirubbery were constructed to receive the flood-waters of Stony Brook. \\'ith the overflow coincident with flood- tide in the harbor, the liasins took care of the freshet water until the tide receded. It iiappened rejieatedly that Stony Brook was thus prevented from overflowing its banks and damaging adjacent property to the extent of millions for which the city would have been held responsible. The creek, or "Fen- water," was kept Iirackish with a rise and fall of almut two feet under the -JMK ''!•■ ■^^ISS'St' -^SlBf^S^' tSUS/i-j^^U «rv^ ^^^^Klwiffi*v flMff^^hj C^^9^^^9 ''\^ ^^sCTFcOkeMgi^S) Wa^^^w ^ B^^^^l^^g W^^^ "^fei^ j^^^BJ^i^i^B 'mn^..: ''^^S^ #*:■■• ''",jWffig^«^ •■■•:. ■, '^^.>.^/ 'lr'\ ' . •-..vTj- ^ lAk^ \^^ ^MBHjSpSrr^T'- ■ 'vtf'-'j'' ' ''» f^ WiMd^ ^M^s ^g^^: J^.^>=*?'v ^^ 1 ^^M* ■^^■Pv^.^'''^^ ■^v^W^^^ '?? -■^pii'Ji; 1 k :m ?^ ^ ^iSHB^w^HI^HBI^^^H^Ki P J ^ferft. -^ ^^^^^ HMHpp^^^^^ -i • S^-. ^^ ii»^.5^. V '^ " . iw FEEDING THE DLXKS IX FRANKLIN P,\RK regular sea-tides. Conditions have now been radically changed l)y the con- struction of the Charles River Basin and the consecjuent conversion of the Fenwater fnjm brackish to fresh. Hence the original function of the im- provement has been dispensed with. The Fens, as now called, l)ccame the first link in the great parkway which was laid out between the Charles River Basin and Franklin Park, with an exquisite diversity of landscajie charm marking its course. This parkway was unique when created: the first of its ty])e ever constructed. The name, "the Fens." characteristic of its tranquil marshland scenery, was suggested by Mr, ( )]niste(l, who also originated the appro])riate names for the other features of the ])arkwa\' chain: "Charlesgate," between the basin and Bo\ls- ton bridge; "F"enway" — l)0\lston bridge to Brookline Avenue; "Riverway," — Brookline Avemie to 'Fremont Street; "Jamaicawav," — Fremont Street to Pond Street near Jamaica Pond; ".\rl)orway" — Pond Street to Franklin Park. These other features of the chain along the great parkway were grad- ually developed. First, the grand objective, the park in West Roxbur\-, was established as the dominant feature of the whole s\sten). The name "Frank- lin Park" was given with the idea that the Franklin luiul, established by 152 THE BOOK OF BOSTON Benjamin Franklin for some public benefaction in Boston, might become avail- able for its improvement. This proved unnecessary, however; ample appro- priations had meanwhile been made. The park has an area of 520 acres. The Arnold Arljoretum and Bussey Park is the second largest feature of Boston's numicipal system, having an area of 222 acres. It was established as a public pleasure-ground through co-operation of the City of Boston with Harvard University. The university had established the Arboretum in accordance with the bequest of James Arnold of New Bedford, who left $100,000 for the purpose. Lands owned 1)y the university adjacent to the Bussey Institute, Harvard's school for agricultural research, were set apart for the purpose, and Prof. Sargent was made director. By agreement THE AVIARV IN FRANKLIN PARK, A l-LA^L UF UKEAF INTEREST TO VISITOKS between the university and the city the i)ro]ierty was taken for park purposes by right of eminent domain and then, with the exception of the roads and walks, as planned by Mr. Olmsted, were leased to the university for 999 years. Under the guidance of Prof. Sargent the Arl)oretum has developed into the greatest tree-museum in the world. Every known species of tree or shrub that will thrive in the Boston climate is to be found here. Expeditions to China and uther ])arts of the world have been sent out Ijy the Arboretum and invaluable collections have been made. The Arljoretum has enriched incal- culably the horticultural resources of the United States by the introduction of new varieties and species of trees and shrubs. The arrangement and classi- fication of species in strictly scientific sequence has been accomplished with extraordinary success ; the eft'ect has no suggestion of formality ; a purely natural impression entirelv in keeping with the landsca]ie charm of the place. A famous feature is Hemlock Hill, its growth of hemlocks the only survival of the primeval forest within the limits of Boston. It is a remarkably beauti- ful element in the landscape. Spectacles worth long journeys to see, and comparable with the Japanese sights when the cherries, plums and other species come into bloom, are to be witnessed every year in the Arboretum when the lilacs, the mountain laurel, the apples, the cornel, and other blos- soming shrubs or trees are in flower. The Arboretum Museum, a simply and attractively designed building of brick, stands near the main entrance from THE BOOK OF BOSTON 153 the Arborway. It cuntains inii)iirtant liutanical ccillectipulation. To overcome the immense inconvenience thus caused has entailed an enor- mous trouble and expense. But the Common is held so sacred that the public has gladly borne with this ; all propositions to cut desired thoroughfares across it, or even to widen bordering streets by encroachments upon its area, have been peremptorily overruled by public sentiment. The Public Garden, divided from the Common Ijy Charles Street, was originally a tract of marsh and tidal flats. Until late in the nineteenth IHI': BOOK OF BOSTON 155 centur_\- the poiicl was kept filled witli salt water liy an inlldw frdin Charles River. The author of its aimless design *'.*' W-'K'w - ''^mp- SWE^''iSis^-A«' ■M ir^* -:'^'"^^:^'\ -:#-■ - ■ ' i *M^- "■-' .„• [. f-'^+rV ■ik-: . PVBLIC GARDENS AND BEACON HILL VIEW FROM THE TOP OF ARLINGTON CHURCH STEEPLE The Mystic \'alle}' Parkwa\' has been constructed from the MidiUesex of the Alierjima River and along I*"ells in Winchester through the vallev the Mystic Lakes tlown the Mvstic River valley through Arlington antl Med- ford to a connection with the State highway of Mystic Avenue in the latter city, thus connecting with Fellswav at Broadway Park, Somerville, and with Sullivan Square. Charlestown. It is jilanned to extend the Mystic \'alley I'arkwa\- also to a connection with the Revere Beach Parkway at Fellsway in the Wellington district of Medford. This will make a through jiarkwav route from Winchester and Woburn to the sea — connecting with Woburn by a spur parkway from Winchester, now partly constructed. .\long Charles River the jjrojected system of drives and parkwa\s has l)een largely realized by the riverside road (including the Speedway ) which connects with the Cambridge Esplanade and drives at the Anderson Memo- rial Bridge and, bordering Soldiers' Field, continues the s}-stem through Brighton to Watertown, eventually to be carried beside the river to a con- nection with the section com])leted between Newton Lower Falls and Newton Upper Falls. From the Charles River in C am1)ridge the Fresh Pond Parkway runs from Mount .Vuburn Street through the Lowell Memorial Park, for- 158 THE BOOK OF BOSTON nierlv part of the grounds of "Elnnvood," the poet's home, to Fresh Pond — thence to be extended through ArHngton Ijy way of Spy Pond to the Mystic Vallev Parkway at M}-stic Lake and also l)y way of z-Mewife Brook (Menot- •omy River ) to Mystic River. From the Boston park s}-stem at the Arnold Arljoretum the Metropol- ■ itan system connects with the Bhie Hills by way of the \Vest Roxbury Park- way (still incomplete) to Stony Brook Woods and thence through Readville by way of Paul's Bridge to the reservation. A second metropolitan connec- tion with the Blue Hills extends the Blue Hill Avenue Boulevard (thus connecting with Franklin Park) by way of the Blue Hills Parkway through Milton. This chain of drives is continued to the sea through the reservation roads in the Blue Hills and thence by the Furnace Brook Parkway to salt water at Merrymount Park and the Ouincy Shore reservation. The largest of the metropolitan reservations is the Blue Hills, in Ouincy, Milton, and Canton, with an area of 4,906.43 acres. This comprises an entire range of mountain-like hills. The highest summit is at Great Blue Hill, 635 feet above sea-level : the greatest elevation in Massachusetts east of Mount Wachusett ; also the greatest on the Atlantic Coast of the United States south of Mount Agamenticus in Maine. This range gave the name to Massachu- setts Bay: "The place of the Great Hills." The reservation also includes Hoosicwissick, or Houghton's, Pond and extends to the north shore of Ponka- pog Pond. The second s\'lvan reservation in size is Middlesex Fells, i,8g8 acres, in Medford, Winchester, Stoneham, Melrose, and Alalden. This acreage does not allow for the considerable extent of the several beautiful sheets of water in the reservation, including Spot Pond of the Metropolitan supply and the three reservoirs of the Winchester supply. The greatest eminence. Bear Hill, is 370 feet above the sea, and its fine concrete tower carries the height to an even 400 feet. The third s\lvan reservaticn is the Stoii)' Brook Woods in the Boston districts of West Roxlniry and Hyde Park, with 463.76 acres. Turtle Pond in this reservation is the source of Stony Brook. Bellevue Hill, 320 feet high, is the highest point in the city of Boston. The Charles River reservation, with the addition of various quasi-public and local jjublic holdings, has made the banks of the river almost continuous l)ul)lic domain all the way from Hemlock Gorge at Newton Upper Falls to tide-water at the Charles River Dam. Of the local public holdings the most important are those of Boston and Cambridge. In the Charlesbank. between the dam and West Boston, or "Cambridge" Bridge, Boston took the initiative in the improvement of the basin; Cambridge folk)wed by taking for recreative purposes nearly the entire river-front of the city as far up as Alount Auburn Cemeterv, which, together with Cambridge Cemetery, are the most notable quasi-public Ijuildings. That part of the river between Newton Lower Falls and Waltham is the greatest canoeing-ground in the LTnited States; thousands of canoes are kept here and the spectacle on a summer holiday is worth a journe\' to see. The improvement of the river culminated in the conversion of the lower secti(.n. between Watertown dam and the sea, from a salt-water estuary to a reach of fresh water about seven miles long — the basin below Cottage Farm Bridge thus liecoming a large lake. This work was carried out by a specially constituted board, the Charles River Basin Commission, established by the ■mi-: ROOK OF BOSTOX 159 Legislature of 1903. The work was seven years in progress. The antiquated Craigie Bridge was replaced by a dam and causeway carr}ing a handsome avenue one hundred feet wide. Navigation is facilitated li\- two locks — a large ship-lock with electrically i;perated sliding gates and a li>at-lock for small craft. On the Boston side, in the rear of Brimmer and Ileacon Streets, a handsome esplanade was constructed, complementing the Cambridge Espla- nade acrt)ss the river. This sectii n of the river is crossed bv four monumental bridges, including the magnificent viaduct of the Bost(.n ]''le\'ated Railway just below the dam, (he new West Boston Bridge, the Anderson Memorial Bridge between Cambridge and Soldiers' Field, built b\' the Hon. Larz Ander- son in memory of his father, Cen. Nicholas Longworth .\nderson, a soldier of the Civil War, and the fine granite l)ridge at Watertown. The establish- ment of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology on the Cambridge side near Harvard Britlge, with its impressive columnar facades and central dome. THE FROG POND BOSTON" COMMON has contributed largely towards making the basin the great central "court of honor" for Metropolitan Boston. Upon its completion the care and control of the basin was transferred to the Metropolitan Park Commission. The AI\stic River improvement has converted to public holdings the greater portion of the river banks from the centre of Winchester to Welling- ton Bridge between Somerville and Medford. From Winchester the Mvstic Valley Parkway runs along the east shores of the Mystic Lakes and thence down the river. From Cradock Bridge in Medford, upward, the river was converted into a full basin (including the lower ]\Iystic Lake) bv the ccn- structi(jn of a dam with a li ck. The malarial marshes bordering Alewife Brook and Menotomy River in Somerville, .\rlington, Cambridge, and Bel- mont were thus converted into wholesome, dry territory. Na\igation for small craft was thereby extended to Spy Pond in Arlington. The Neponset River improxement involved the conversion of the greater part of the shores of that stream to park ])uri)iises in the Hvde Park and Dor- 160 THE BOOK OF BOSTON Chester sections of Boston and in Alilton and Onincy. All but a fraction of the Neponset River reservation (922.59 acres in all ) is made up of the Great Fowl Meadows, containing an area of about 900 acres in Milton, Canton^ Dedham, Boston, and Westwood. This portion of the reservation was ac- quired by means of gifts of $10,000 and $5,000, respectively, from Augustus Hemenway (formerly of the Metropolitan Park Commission) and Charles \'an Brunt. The Great Fowl Meadows had long been a menace to health both through pollution of the Neponset and as a breeding ground for moscjui- toes. The river, however, has lately been dredged and its level reduced by the lowering of the Hyde Park dam, thus effectively abating lioth nuisances. The ^letropolitan Park System has a total area of 10,427 acres, not in- cluding a large acreage owned by municipalities and given over for care and control. SCENE AT SWAMP3C0TT — BAY STATE STREET RAILWAY First in importance among the seashore reservations is Revere Beach, whose three-mile crescent presents a superb spectacle of popular recreative activities, day and night, through the summer, chief of which is the sea- bathing from the great establishment conducted l)y the Metropolitan Park Commission, with accommodations for thousands in the course of a day. Further north are the beaches and shore drives of Lynn, Nahant, and Swampscott, with ancther fine bathing esta])lishnient fur the public of the Lynn neighborhood. The mile of shore at Winthrop makes a fine drive and promenade. At Nantasket the metropolitan administration has developed another great popular resort, with bathing and other attractions similar to those at Revere Beach, though on a smaller scale. At Quincv Shore metropolitan occupancy has developed an attractive drive and promenade and encouraged an excellent residential character along a stretch of coast where shallow waters made commercial development impracticable. The smallest of the metrojiolitan reservations is Beaver Brook in Bel- mont and Waltham, where, Iteside the noble group of oaks, some of which have been growing for more than a thousand years, is to be seen the cascade celebrated by James Russell Lowell in a l)eautiful lyric, "Beaver Brook." THE BOOK OF BOSTON Fifty Years' Recollections of the New England Metropolis CHAPTER XI THE RELIGIONS OE BOSTON Development of the Churches — Changes from Puritanism to Catholicism — Dominant Sects of the Present Day i^ N i860 tlie leadins: relicrion of Boston was Contrreeational Unitarian. Of a total of one hundred and seven churches, t\vcnt\'-fiiur were Unitarian; fourteen Congregational Trini- tarian, or Orthodox; fourteen Baptist; twelve Protestant Episcopal; twelve Methodist; six Universalist ; four Presby- terian; ten Konirui I'atholic; \arious other dcnoniinatiuns, eleven: the latter including (jue Ouaker, one Swedenhorgian, two Jewish syn- agogues. In 1880 (after the annexation of adjoining municipalities), the total nuinher, including nu's^ion chaiiels, lieing two hundred and twenty, there were: thirty-two Congregational Orthodox; twenty-six Congregational Unitarian: twenty-six Methodist Episcopal; twenty-seven Baptist: twenty- two Protestant Episcopal: nine Universalist; eight Presbyterian; thirty-one Roman Catholic; other denominations thirt\'-nine, including seven Jewish and five Lutheran. Thus it appears that the Congregational Orthodo.x had the largest number of churches, while Roman Catholic had come up to rank second in the list. To this extent modern Boston had drifted from its old- time Puritan moorings. In 1900 the Roman Catholic churches were out- numbering those of any single Protestant sect, and in membership constituted over 55 per cent, of the city's population. This change in the religious charac- ter of Boston's population has become still more marked from year to year un- til, at the present time, it is conservatively estimated that the once stronghold of the Puritan is now a Roman Catholic city with adherents numbering about 70 per cent, of the entire people. Meanwhile the Protestant Episcopal church had come to second place in the list. In the 'sixties and 'seventies several of the richer churches were seeking sites and erecting more elegant edifices in the new West End on the "Back Ba}-," following the movement of fashion. A few, however, selected the South End as still the desirable (|uarter. Such was the case with the leading Universalist Church, — "The Second L^niversalist Society in the Town of Boston," formed in 1817, — originally the "School-Street Church," its first meetinghouse having been on School Street, where is now the School-Street Block. This was the pulpit for thirty-five years, till his death in 1852, of Hosea Ballon, called the father of modern Universalism in contradistinction to the Calvinistic type of the Universalism of John Murray, the founder of the sect, wlio was first preaching in lioston in 1785. .After "Eather" Ballon, the jiulpit through half a century, till the close of his life in 1895, was occu- pied by Alonzo A. Miner, Ballou's colleague from 1848, who was famous 162 THE BOOK OF BOSTON aniuiig Euston ministers of his day, a leading pleader for the cause of total abstinence, and for some time president of Tufts College. After Doctor Miner came his colleague and successor, Stephen H. Rcihlin. The society erected its new edifice at the corner of Columbus Avenue and Clarendon Street, in 1872; an imposing structure of Roxbury stone, with shapely stone tower and steeple at the side, and an interior, light and cheerful, built in the clear without pillars, illuminated with several richly designed painted win- dows. The costly house lingered long after the South End had been deserted by fashion ; and at length met a melancholy fate, burned down in a winter's night in 19 14. No successor was built. Another selecting the South End for a new structure was the Berkeley-Street Church, Congregational Trini- tarian, which built on a sightly spot, the junction of Warren Avenue with Tremont, Dover, and Berkeley Streets. This society was originall\- the "Pine-Street Church," built in 1827, and marking the corner of \\'ashington and Pine Streets. It as- sumed the name of "Berke- ley-Street" with the occupa- ti: n of the new edifice in 1862. It was pronounced the largest Protestant house of worshiji in New England. Its pastors included some eminent Orthodox ministers. It was the pulpit of Doctor Henr\- AI. De.xter for eight- een years — 1849- 1867. Time worked great changes in this establishment. Ultimately it was transformed into a popular institutional church. Another selecting this quar- ter was James Freeman Clarke's "Church of the Disciples." Its unpreten- tious and capacious meeting- house, which was erecte(.l on Warren .Avenue in 1869. was its third or fourth house. It remained here, like the Columbus Avenue Uni- versalist Church, till lung after the abandonment of the South End bv many of its congregation — through the remainder of Dr. Clarke's useful life, and after his successor, the late large-minded Charles C. Ames had been occupying the pulpit for some time. The society's present house is the attractive structure in the Fens-park-district. Others choosing the South End were : the Uniim Church, Congregational Orthodox, Columbus Avenue corner of West Rutland Square, erected in 1869, originally on Essex Street, dating back to 1822, pulpit for more than forty years — till his death in 1878 — of the accomplished and cultivated Nehemiah Adams, who fell into disrepute with the antislavery folk through his book, published in 1854, after a visit to South Carolina, entitled, "A South Side View of Slavery," defend- ing the institution; and who ever after went by the sobriquet of "South Side Adams"; the South Congregational Church. Unitarian, Union Park Street, the society dating from 1827, this meetinghouse built in 1862, the first one OLD BRATTLE STREET CHURCH THE BOOK OP^ BOSTON 163 having Ijecii on the corner of Washington and Lastle Streets over which ]'"ii\varcl Everett Kale was settled fnmi 1856 to the close of his memoraljle life, in 1913; and finallv the Ivnnian Catholic Cathedral, the second one, at the corner (jf Washington and Maiden Streets, liegun in 1867 and finished and dedicated in 1875. Others (iriginally hnilt here were: the Church of the Unit}', Unitarian. West Newton Street, erected in 1860, three years after the organization of the snciety, puljiit of George H. Hepworth for thirteen vears, when he exchanged L'nitarianism for Orthodoxv; then In- M. T. Scher- nierhiirn; and finally Mini it J. Savage, after whose retirement in the 'eighties the career of this society closed; and the beautiful Church of the Inmiaculate Conce])tion. Roman Catholic, erected in 1861, as has been stated, under the ausjiices of the Jesuit bathers. The churches earliest aji- pearing in the Mack IJav were erected in this order : the Arlington-Street, i860: the Emmanuel Church, i86j: the Central Congregational Trini- tarian, Berkeley comer of Newbury Street, 1867; "The Eirst Church in Boston," 1868; the Brattle Square Church, now the Eirst Baptist Church, 1873: "The Second Church in Boston." 1874 ( later removed to make way for trade, its site now occupied by the ^^'esleyan Jiuilding, and its present meet- inghouse or structure of refined taste in the English Ceorgian st\le, with Parish house ad- joining, on Audul)on Circle, at the line between Boston and Brookline ) : the New Old South, 1875; Trinity, 1877. The latest to be built were : the Hollis-Street Church, 1884, idpit of John Pierpont, Starr .NEW S'lUllI CHURCH FORMERLY AT SE:MMER AND BEDFORD STREETS after its tamous d meetiuijhouse. King, and other notal)!e Unitarians, was transformed into the Hoi Street Theatre: now the South Congregational Church, union of the two churches, through the jmrchase by the South Congregational in 1887; and the stately stone "Christian Science Temple," on Eal- niouth. Norway, and St. Paul Streets, "The Eirst Church of Christ, Scientist," as officially termed, the "Mother Church," so called, richlv en- dowed by the late Mrs. Eddy, founder of this cult, or sect, the impressive .structure rising to the lofty height of two hundred and twenty feet, crowned by a magnificent dome, with a melodious chime of bells; an auditorium of five thousand sittings; and approached from Huntington Avenue through a beautiful iiark and garden. vi> '^•'^■«' SECOND CHURCH CONGREGATIONAL UNITARIAN A handsome structure of refined taste in the English Georgian style with parish house adjoining, on Audubon Circle, at the line between Boston and Brookline. Erected in 1913. This is the seventh edifice of the Second Church, and the sixth in line from the historic Old North Church in North Square FIRST CHVRCH, UNITARIAN-CONGREGATIONAL On Berkeley Street at the corner of Marlborough Street, a beautiful stone edifice, of the finer type of ecclesiastical architecture, erected in 1868. This church is the fifth in succession from the rude little fabric of 1632, which stood on the present State Street 166 THE BOOK OF BOSTON With the exception of the South Congregational Church, which is of brick and unpretentious architecture, though of richly embellished interior, these Back Bay churches are of stone and elaborate in design. The richest in the latter particular are Trinity, the New Old South, and the First Baptist ; that of the quietest elegance — the First Church ; the most dignified, and sat- isfactory to the e_\'e of the lover of old London ecclesiastical architecture — the Arlington-Street. Trinity was H. H. Richardson's masterpiece, while the interior decora- tions, elaborate and exciuisite in taste, have been characterizeil as an enduring monument to the skill of John La Farge. The massive central tower, two hundred and eleven feet high, surmounting the structure, is the main feature, as was the front tower of the earlier Trinity, on Summer Street, which went down in the Fire of 1872. This tower, rising from four great piers at the intersection of nave and transepts, dominates the structure. The style of the whole work, as delivered by the architect, is a free rendering of the French Romanesciue as shown in the pyramidal-towered churches of Auvigna, and "endeavors to exemplify the grandeur and repose of the eleventh century architecture in Aquitane." The chapel, itself a most picturesque piece of architecture, is distinguished through its connection with the church by an open cloister, where are appropriately placed stones from St. Botolph's in Old Boston, England, presented to Trinity by the authorities of that church. In the construction of the foundation of the edifice, stone saved from the ruins of the old church on Summer Street was utilized. The present is the third Trinit}'. The first was on Summer Street at the corner of Bishop Alley, now Hawley Street, erected in 1735, seven years after the organization of the society, a little house of wood, ninety by fifty feet, with gambrel roof, standing with its end to the street. The second Trinity, built in 1828, was the solid Gothic structure of stone, intended to reproduce the old English style of the Episcopal Temple, that was burned. Trinity has been conducted by a long line of distinguished rectors. It was the ])ulpit of Phillips Brooks from 1869. The statue of the beloved preacher which stands at the side of the church is by St. Gaudens. Of the New Old South and the First Baptist Church, the tower has also been made the dominating feature. That of the New Old South, two hundred and forty-eight feet in height, with its rich combinations of colored stones, and graceful windows, has been nuich admired for the fineness of its design. That of the First Baptist, a massive Florentine tower, is less high, rising one hundred and seventy-six feet, Ijut is more elaljorate, more majestic, and more highlv decorative. It stands almi)st independentlv of the church edifice. The four grou|5s of colossal figures in high relief, one on each face, between the belfr)' arches and the cornice, are designed to represent the four Christian eras. Baptism, Communion, ^Marriage, and Death; the great statues at the corners are to typify the Angels of the Judgment l:)lowing g(jlden trum]iets. From the New Old South tower the arcade in which are placed inscribed tablets, extends to the South transept; the vestibule, paved with red, white, and green marble, is separated from the nave Ijy a large carved screen of Caen stone, supported on colunms of Lisbon marble and crowned by gables and finials. The ornate exterior, decorated with a lielt of gray sandstone delicately carved to represent vines and fruit, among which are seen birds and animals, presents a sumptuous edifice. Richness marks the whole work in marked contrast with the dignified simplicity of the historic old meetinghouse NEW OLD SOUTH CHURCH In the Xorth It.ili.in Cuthic style of architecture and ii(iU\vnrth>- for richness of design. A marked contrast to the dignified simplicity of the historic old meetingliouse which this one succeeds. A glimpse of the Public Library in the foreground at the left Dra;i'in£ hy II . I.ouii GUason. 168 THE BOOK OF BOSTON which this succeeds. Its style is the Itahan Gothic. The chapel and the par- sonage adjoin the church. At the time of the removal from the old meeting- house Jacob M. Manning was the pastor. He had been the colleague of Doc- tor George W. Blagden for fifteen years, from 1857. Doctor Blagden had served from 1836 to 1872. Doctor George A. Gordon, the present pastor, was installed in 1884. The Brattle-Square was H. H. Richardson's first church- building on the Back Bay. The architect's design was definitely to express massiveness and solidity ; and the church edifice was built without regard to ■cost. For instance, the great figures sculptured on the sides of the tower, from designs of Bartholdi, were carved by Italian sculptors, brought out from Italy after the stones had been set in place. The church when finished and FIRST CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH, BUILT IN 1808 •occupied proved so poor in acoustic properties that Doctor Lothrop, the minis- ter, could with difficulty be heard in the body of the house. The society fell into debt occasioned by the expense of the work, and dwindled in numbers, its members scattering among other Unitarian churches. At length, in 1876, the historic society was dissolved. For a time the church was closed. Then, in 1881, the property was disposed of at auction. J. Montgomery Sears was the purchaser. About a year later Mr. Sears sold it, with the exception of the tower which was reserved as a monument, to the First Baptist Church. Thus one historic organization succeeded another. The First Baptist is the lineal descendant of the much persecuted First Baptist Society organized in 1665, the door of whose first diminutive meetinghouse, on Salem Street, built in 1680, was promptly nailed up, when the house was completed, by order of the governor and council of the Colony. The Brattle-Square was the "Mani- FIRST BAPTIST CHURCH — COMMONWEALTH AVENUE The four groups of colossal figures in higli relief, are designed to represent the four Christian eras, Baptism, Communion, Marriage and Death. The massive Florentine tower gives the structure an especial distinction in the Back Bav architecture 170 THE BOOK OF BOSTON festo Church," formed in 1699, so called l)ecause the original members when they organized, while atlopting the belief of the Orthodox churches of the time, issued a document recognizing the right of difference of belief among the members, and abolishing the distinction between church and congregation. It liecame Unitarian among the churches earliest changing from the Orthodox. The tirst minister was ordained in London. Its eminent Unitarian ministers in succession included Joseph Stevens Buckminster, Edward Everett, John G. Palfrey, and Samuel K. Lothrop. The original meetinghouse was on Brattle Square. The predecessor of the Commonwealth-Avenue Church was the second meetinghouse, occupying the same site. It was new when the Revo- lution came, — having been built in I'j'ji-i'j']},, — and was a fine specimen of the English style of churcli of the latter eighteenth centur)-. The interior was exceptionally fine, and "the pride of the town." It was used tluring the Siege as a barracks for British soldiers, like several of the other churches. It re- mained revered as a landmark till 1871, when it was sold, torn down, and made way for a business block. It was distinguished by "wearing on its bosom as a bride might do, the iron breastpin that the Rebels threw," — the cannon-ball which, fired from a battery in Cambridge by the Americans on the night of the Evacuation, struck the church. After the Revolution the cannon-Iiall served for a while as a weight on the yard gate of a dwelling- house near by, then was embedded in the church's front, as a memento of that event. This cannon-ball is now retained in the collection of the Massa- chusetts Historical Society; and a dainty model of the historic meetinghouse stands in the upper hall of the Society's building. The First Baptist Society improved the interior of the Commonwealth-Avenue edifice, and added in its rear a new vestry, with lecture-room, class-room and a ladies' parlor for social gatherings. The chaste First Church, beautiful in design, of the finer t\pe of ecclesi- astical architecture, fitly represents the succession of meetinghouses of "The First Church of Christ in Boston" beginning with the pioneers' little mud- walled anil thatch-roofed structure beside the Market Place. Its rich interior contains various mementoes of the past. On one of the painted windows is inscribed the church covenant adopted and signed by \\'inthrop and other leaders when the church was formed, in Charlestown on the thirtieth of July, 1630, only a few weeks after the arrival of the Winthniji Comi)any, whence it was removed to Boston when W'inthrop's removal was made. With the rare old communion plate is shown an embossed silver cup with the inscrip- tion engraved on its rim, "The Gift of Gov'' Jn" Winthri>p to Y*-' i' Church." The statue of Winthrop, on the Marlborough-Street side of the church, is that by Richard S. Greenough, which used to stand in the midst of a network of street-car tracks at the junction of Court and Tremont Streets, and Corn- hill in front of Scollay Square. It is a duplicate of the Winthrop statue ]jlaced by the State of Massachusetts in the Capitol at Washington. It repre- sents the governor as just after landing on the soil of the New World. Be- hind the figure appears the base of a newly cut forest tree with a rope attached, signifying the fastening of the boat in which the governor is assumed to have come ashore. The figure is clad in the picturesque garb of the period. The right hand holds the roll of the Colony Charter, the left hand, a Bible. The statue was first set up here in Boston and uncovered to the public on the seventeenth of September, 1880, the day of the celebration of the two hundred and fiftieth anniversarv of the settlement of the town. THE BOOK OF BOSTOX 171 Tlie Arlington-Street Church is the successor of the Old I-"ederal-Street Church, pulpit of William Ellery Channing from June, 1803, to the time of his death, October second, 1842, whose portrait-statue, by Herbert Adams, we see in the carved granite and marble canopy against the Public Garden, facing the meetinghouse. The society was originally formed as Presbyterian, in 1727, and first occui)ied a barn, roughly transformed into a meetinghouse, on "Long Lane," which became Federal Street. In 1744 a plain church build- ing, of wood, replaced the barn. In 1809 a brick edifice replaced the wooden one; and this, in turn, in 1859, having become isolated in the midst of a quarter by this time devoted to business, was taken down and the erection of the .\rlington-Street Church began. The Federal-Street Church became I'nitarian in 1786. when Channing struck the liberal tone. Channing was TRIXITV CHURCH, COPLtV SQUARE, AND CUl'LEY- PLAZA HOIliL succeeded by Doctor Ezra Stiles Gannett, who had been his colleague from 1824. Doctor Gannett served with distinction till his tragic death in the dreadful accident on the Eastern Railroad known as "The Revere Disaster," August twelfth, 1871, when he was seventy years of age. He was a profomid scholar, and was also given to much philanthropic work. Successive pastors have been : John F. W. Ware, who came to Boston from Baltimore, Brooke Herford, an Englishman, wlm came from London to a Chicago ])nlj)it in 1875, and thence to Boston, and Paul Revere Frothingham, who is the present minister. This church is one of the few in the trnvn containing a chime of bells. The Emmanuel Church was built especially for a parish (irganized two years before (i860), for Frederick 1). Huntington who had been pastor of the South Congregational L^nitarian Church, Plummer Professor of Christian Morals and Preacher tn the Laiiversity at Cambridge, who had left the Uni- tarian fold and joined the Protestant Episcopal Church. Doctor Huntington was ordained deacon in Trinity Church September twelfth, i860, and the 172 THE BOOK OF BOSTON following Suncla_v took charge of the new Episcopal parish. He continued rector of Emmanuel till 1869 when he was made bishop of Central New York. He was succeeded in Emmanuel li}- Doctor Alexander H. A'inton, who had been rector of St. Paul's from 1842 to 1858, when he removed to Phila- delphia ; and Doctor Vinton, by Leighton Parks, now of New York. The present rector is Doctor Elwood Worcester. The Central Church is the lineal descendant of the "Franklin-Street Church," formed in 1835 to occupy the "Odeon" (the Federal-Street Theatre made over into a concert hall). In May, 1841, the Society built on Winter Street, and was renamed the "Central Congregational Society." The Winter-Street Church stood just west of the foot passage suljsequently opened to the old Music Hall, and a low structure, with pillared porch it became an attractive landmark. It gave way for trade before the removal of the society to its Back Bay church. Famous old time Congregational ministers have been among its pastors, as John E. Todd, John De Witt, and Doctor Joseph T. Duryea. While so many of the leading churches re-established themselves in the South End and the Back Bay, following the shiftings of fashion, several of the historic churches are still permitted to remain "down town." These in- clude : the rare Old South Meetinghouse, King's Chapel, Park-Street Church, St. Paul's, now the Protestant Episcopal Cathedral, Christ Church at the North End, the oldest church building now standing in the city. The Old South Meetinghouse dates from 1730, succeeding the first house of the society, the Third Church in Boston, described as the "little cedar meetinghouse," erected in 1669. The present King's Chapel dates from 1749, when the cor- ner-stone was laid, and 1754 (it was slow in building because of the slowness of subscriptions to the building fund) when the structure was sufficiently advanced to permit the beginning of regular services within it, in August that year : it was built so as to enclose the first chapel which Andros caused to be erected for the first Episcopal church in 1688, and which had been enlarged in 1710. Christ Church dates from 1723: Park-Street from 1809; St. Paul's, 1820. The buildings shown on opposite page are at the centre of a religious movement which radiated from Boston and has now become worldwide. Mrs. Eddy's personal teaching of Christian Science Itegan at Lynn, but nearly all of it was done in Boston. Her writings on this subject were published here from the first and are yet, while the organization of the Christian Science denomi- nation not only begun in Boston, but "The First Church of Christ, Scientist, in Boston" was and is "The Mother Church" of the entire movement. The first Christian Science organization was formed July 4, 1876, in Charlestown, by seven persons, including 3ilrs. Eddy. Its meetings were held in the homes of its members. In 1878 she began to deliver public lectures on Sunday after- noons in rented churches and halls, but the holding of public services regularly by the Christian Scientists of Boston may be said to date from 1883, when they rented the "Hawthorne Rooms," which were then at No. 3 Park Street. One of these rooms seated about 225 persons, and here sermons were deliv- ered on Sunday mornings, usually by Mrs. Eddy, but sometimes by certain of her students or by invited clergymen of different denominations. In 1885 the Christian Scientists moved to Chickering Hall, then on Tremont Street, which had a seating capacity of 465. Here a Sunday school for children was added to the Sunday sermons. In March, 1894, Copley Hall on Clarendon Street, seating 625 persons, was engaged, and services were conducted here until the 2 « £ > i 174 THE BOOK OF BOSTON church buikHiig at Fahiiouth and Norway Streets was ready for use in Jan- uary, 1895. This edifice, seating 1,100 persons, was used until 1906, when it was enlarged by a new auditorium having 5,000 seats. These two buildings occupy the triangle bounded by Falmouth, Norway, and St. Paul Streets. Be- tween them and Huntington Avenue is an open garden or park with footways for passage, while just across St. Paul Street are the buildings, dating from 1908 and 19 14, of the Christian Science Publishing Society. Church services are held in the larger auditorium on Sundays at 10.45 a.m. and 7.30 p.m.; \\hile the church buiklings are open to visitors from 10 a.m. until 5 p.m. on Wednesdays and Fridays. The present Old South Meetinghouse has the most stirring history, while that of its predecessor is full of interest. For it was in the little cedar house that the Quakeress, Margaret Brewster, with her companions, "arrayed in sackcloth and ashes, barefoot and her face blackened," made that hostile demonstration, on a sleepy July Sunday of 1677, with her sudden appearance during service and proclamation of the warning to the town of a "grievous calamity," "called the black pox," soon to come upon it for its persecution of her sect: that in 1686 Andros ordered opened Sunday forenoons to the Epis- copal Church which had been tem])orarily established in the Town House, the Colonial council having refused the use of it by any of the churches, when its services extending into afternoon reserved for the regular congregation. Judge Samuel Sewall recorded in his Diary the "sad sight to see how full the street was of peojile, gazing and moving to and fro because they had not entrance into the church" ; that in 1696 Judge Sewall stood up in his pew with bowed head while his confession of contrition for his share as a judge in the witchcraft delusion at Salem in 1692 was read from the pulpit; that Ben- jamin Franklin, born in a little house which stood in Milk Street nearly oppo- site the side entrance to the meetinghouse, on Sunday, January sixth (old style, January seventeenth new), was the same day baptized, his father and mother belonging to the church. It was in the present house, before the thrilling pre-revolution events of which it was the scene, and which earned it the title of "Nursery and Sanctuary of Freedom," — that on a Sunday of October, 1746, as the report of the coming of D'Anville's fleet to destroy New England was received, the prayer of the minister, the scholarly Thomas Prince, for deliverance from the threatened calamity was interrupted by a "sudden gust of wind which shook the church with such violence as to cause the windows to rattle in their casings," when the minister paused a moment then resumed his supplication, beseeching the Almighty "to cause that wind to confound the purposes of the enemy." And a tempest did arise and the fleet was wrecked on its way ofif the coast of Nova Scotia. It was the retell- ing of this incident by Everett W. Burdett in his excellent brochure, "History of the Old South Meetinghouse in Boston," issued at the time of the struggle, in the 'seventies, for the preservation of the historic building, that inspired Longfellow to write his "Ballad of the French Fleet." And what a struggle the "Saving of the Okl South" was ! It is now a familiar story to old Bostonians. The Saving was finally accomplished, after the dismantling of the building had actually begun, through the constant and skillful leadership of a small and faithful body of citizens, and set aside as a memorial. The Fire of 1872 almost reached it, property Ijeing burned all around it on two sides. After the Fire it was utilized for the Post Office. It is now open as a museum of relics of the Revolution and Province times. <-L.\lRAl, CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH, BLRK?:i,KV AND NKWBVRY STREETS It succeeds the first meetinghouse of the Society, which stood on Winter Street. The present church was built in 1867 in advanced Gothic style, and its spire of two hundred and thirty-six feet is one of the highest in the cit\- 176 THE BOOK OF BOSTON His Eminence, ^\'illiam, Cardinal O'Connell, is one of the great sons of Massachusetts, who has Isrought lasting fame and honor to his native state. Born in the city of Lowell, in 1859, he has, by sheer force of his wonderful character, within the space of his own lifetime, become an international fig- ure of prominence and of influence. In his own person, he has won for Bos- ton universal recognition as a principality in the kingdom of God's Church HIS EMIXENXE, WILLIAM CARDINAL O CO.NNELL upon earth, and throughout the ecclesiastical world, thanks to the wonderful qualities of mind and heart of Cardinal O'Connell, Boston stands upon the same footing as Vienna, Paris, London, and other big centres of the Catholic world today. It is doubtful whether there is any other single individual in Massachu- setts today who has won such universal and high esteem for the city of THE BOOK OF BOSTON i: iMSlll II) Boston, as has CanJinal ( )\ onnell, tliu first yrcat Cardinal Arcl of this historic See. It is now aluiut ten years since Cardinal O'Cnnnell became Primate of New England. His stndies, his life, his activities, previous to that time, had led him to the different great centres of the world, where his heart and mind ROi\IA.\ CAiHULIC CATHKUKAL OF THE HOLY C ROS WASHINGTON AND MALDEN STREETS were enriched with the stores of wisdom, experience, and histories of great men, and of historic places seen and studied at close ranee A student in Rome, and later Rector of the American College in the Eternal City, Monsignor O'Connell was in a position to observe, to study and to compare the best that every country has to offer, at that perennial fountain- 178 THE BOOK OF BOSTON head to which, as to its original source, all the world's greatness periodically returns. As an ambassador from the Pope of Rome to the Mikado of Japan at the close of the Russian-Japanese War, Monsignor O'Connell proved himself an accomplished diplomat, and in an assemblage of international diplomatists easily took his place as a commanding figure. Whether in Rome, or Tokio, Vienna, Paris, London, or Montreal, where a great international congress of representatives from the entire world was held a few years ago. Cardinal O'Connell has always secured the very highest recognition, and has brought lasting fame, honor and esteem to the city of Boston, of which he is the great ecclesiastical leader. On assuming charge of the archdiocese of Boston, Cardinal O'Connell returned to his native state, not onl}- with his heart and mind richly stored for the benefit and progress of the people, Init also with a most powerful deter- mination and a strong desire to consume every energy for the betterment and for the happiness of his fellow citizens. In perhaps the most classical of his scholarly addresses, delivered on the occasion of the centennial of the diocese of Boston, Cardinal O'Connell tracetl step by step the position of Catholic and Puritan, back to the beginning, and by a quick survey, contrasting the real and actual achievements of Ijoth Cath- olic and Puritan upon the historic soil of New England, showed that Puri- tanical false theories of the Catholic Church were amply disproved by splendid Catholic achievements, by deeds of Catholic loyalty and valor, and by the teachings of Catholic truth and justice. Cardinal O'Connell, in that memo- rable address, pointed out the way by which the yawning gulf between Catho- lics and Protestants might be filled up, and for his part offered to co-operate in every way that would make for harmonious, peaceful dwelling side by side of all the various peoples that make up this country, upon our friendly and hospitable shores. It would be an interesting story to relate the many tributes from the descendants of the old Puritans that this first act of the new Arch- bishop of Boston called forth. The>- realized that for a century or more they had Ijeen living side by side with a people whose virtues they would not see. But, thanks to the wonderful efllorts of the Cardinal Archbishop of Boston, as a leader of his priests and people in this historic Puritan New England, the chasm is gradually filling up. Wonderful progress has already been made, and the future is full of hope and pnuuise of happier days in the history of Boston through the mutual understanding of all her children, luade possible to a very great extent through the teaching and through the infiuence of Cardinal O'Connell. We are too close to Cardinal O'Connell and to his times to say what the true magnitude of his influence has been in enhancing the name and the prestige of his beloved Boston. But we feel quite sure that in the years to come, when the history of Boston shall be re-WTitten in the true perspective of time and of results, the name of Cardinal O'Connell will rank as one of the greatest that Massachusetts has ever produced. THE BOOK OF BOSTON ctions of the New England Metropolis CHAPTER XII THE MUNICIPALIT\^ Old Systems of City Goverxmext Reviewed — Revisixg the City Charter — Note- worthy Chaxges Ixstituted by Notable Mayors N May i, 1822, the town of Ijostiin Ijecanie a city. The cliange from the pure de- miicracy of government by town meeting to a repre- sentative, or delegated form of giivernment, liad hecimie an ahsohite ne- cessity by reason of the growth of the com- munitv. Boston is now a municipality nf seven hundred and fort_\'-tive tlmusand, fnur hundred and thirty-nine inhabitants, and the nucleus of a great metropolitan population of one million, four huntlred and twenty- three thousand, four hundred and twenty- nine, comprising thirty-nine municipalities, organized for common administrative pur- jjoses into four metropolitan districts. Boston, as a municipality, is now gov- erned bv a mavor and numerous executive departments, for the greater part under his direct control ; a legislative liranch consist- ing of a City Council of nine members serv- ing terms of three \ears each, three mem- bers elected each year; a City Clerk and City Messenger elected by the City Council ; a School Committee of five members elected for terms of three years, two elected two successive years, and one the third year; a Police Commissioner appointed by the Gov- ernor of the Commonwealth ; various at- tendants upon tile City Council, including a Clerk of Committees; the Boston Transit Commission, appointed partly liy the Gov- ernor and partly by the Mayor, for the con- struction of subways and other features of publicly owned transit facilities; numerous nn'nor officers such as constables, weighers of coal, measurers of grain, sealers of weights and measures and others. There are also various ci^imtv officers, including the Judges of the Courts, Sherift', Clerks of Court, Register of Probate, etc. .\ unique feature is a Finance Commission, appointed li\- the Governor to investigate and report ui)on the financial activities of the niunici- ])ality. An Art Commission, the first to be Constituted for an American city, passes upon the merit and location of works of art designed for public places; if recjuested by the ]\Iayor or City Council, it mav also pass upon designs for iniblic Iniildings, 1)ri(lges and other structures. The original citv charter, as well as all other charters for Massachusetts cities, until a comparatively recent period, provided for a liicameral legislative branch. In fact, the entire nnuiicipal system, which thus became traditional, was based upon the nn'staken assumittion that the city, as a political entity, demanded to be governed in practically the same way as a nation or a State, the main difference between them being one of mag- nitude. Ever}' citv government thus became a State government in miniature. For a long period the mayors of Boston had comparatively little power Ijeyond that of passing upon the enactments of the legis- lative branch either by approval or veto. The Mayor's appointments were subject to confirmation b\' the upper liranch of the City Council : the Board and Aldermen. In the earlier days the Mayor's appointing ]>o\ver was of small moment in comparison with what it later liecame; the executive and THE BOOK OF BOSTON 180 administrative lunctiuii? were largely in the hands of the City Council, the conduct of the various departments being chiefly in charge of committees of the Coimcil. While, therefore, our city governments were ostensibly based upon the principle also pro- fessedly followed by the Federal Govern- ment and the government of the various States of the Union: the separation of the executive and legislative functions. — in fact the two were so blended by means of the power over the Mayor's appointments ex- erted by the Board of Aldermen, through possession of the right of confirmation and rejection, as to make the upper legislative body actually a part of the executive branch. Thereby responsibility for executive acts was so confused and diluted as to be prac- tically destroyed. It was long before this fundamental evil became apparent ; the com- mimity was so small and the population so homogeneous that abuses which later be- came glaring did not develop to any marked extent. The Mayor was usually a promi- nent citizen of high standing. A Citizens' Convention customarily nominated candi- dates for the Board of Aldermen — com- monly well knoA\Ti business or professional men. At present, however, the city elections were conducted along the lines of the na- tional parties. Many improvements in the methods of mimicipal government have been made, and these are to a great extent automatical!}- operated in the direction of a higher efficiency. With the growth of the city and the in- crease of mimicipal functions the city char- ter has been gradually revised from time to time. The greatest and most radical changes that had taken place up to that time were those adopted in the eighth decade of the nineteenth century, the 'seventies, when either the great emergencies that arose, or the increase of activities, made it imperative to replace the system of administration by committees of the City Coimcil in charge of the various departments with a system of commissions appointed by the Mayor and, for the greater part, composed of salaried officials. Thus the great fire of November, 1872, made necessary the reorganization of the Fire Department; at about the same time a virulent epidemic of smallpox led to the organization of a Board of Health; the creation of a new water-supply from Sud- bury River, with its vast engineering opera- tions, made a water-board essential; the creation of a great system of public parks demanded the appointment of a Board of Park Commissioners with large powers and responsibilities — the latter remaining an un- salaried body upon which leading citizens were glad to ser\-e for the sake of their capacity for public service until within a few years, when the board was reconstituted with a salaried chairman. The administration of the police also be- came so important as to need the organiza- tion of a Board of Police Commissioners. And finally the danger of entrusting this function to corrupt partisan control became so great that the appointment of its mem- Ijers ( it is now a single-headed body ) was. transferred from the Mayor to the Gov- ernor of the Commonwealth. Following is a list of the Mayors of Boston from the Ijeginning of the city government to the present day: — 1822 — John Phillips, one year. 1823 — Josiah Ouincy, six years. 1829 — Harrison Gray Otis, three years. 1832 — Charles Wells, two years. 1834 — Theodore L}"man, Jr., two years. 1836 — Samuel T. Armstrong, one year. 1837 — Samuel A. Eliot, three years. 1840 — Jonathan Chapman, three years. 1843 — Martin Brimmer, two years. 1845 — Thomas A. Davis, one year. 1846 — ^Josiah Ouincy, Jr., three years. 1849 — ^John P. Bigelow, three years. 1852 — Benjamin Seaver, three years. 1854 — ^Jerome \'. C. Smith, two years. 1856 — Alexander H. Rice, two jears. 1858 — Frederick W. Lincoln, Jr., three years. 1 86 1 — Joseph M. Wightman, two years. 1863 — Frederick \\'. Lincoln (again) four years. 1867 — Otis Xorcross, one year. 1868 — Nathaniel B. ShurtlefF, three years. i:J-:--J . /- l^-^'.^-r.. _irck-iUCl CITY HALL ASS EX This addition to the City Hall is of the steel-frame office building type. Its fa(;ade, »-ith four giant fluted engaged columns, supporting in the attic story four allegorical female figures, has a fine efltect of dignity 182 THE BOOK OF BOSTON 187 1 — William O. Gaston, two years. 1873 — Henry L. Pierce, one year. 1874 — Samuel C. Coljh, three years. 1877 — Frederic O. Prince, one year. 1878 — Henry L. Pierce (again) one year. 1879 — Frederic O. Prince (again) three years. 1882 — Samuel G. Green, one year. 1883 — Albert Palmer, one year. 1884 — Augustus P. Martin, one year. 1885 — Hugh O'Brien, three years. 1889 — Thomas N. Hart, two years. 1891 — Nathan Matthews, Jr., four years. 1895 — Edwin U. Curtis, one year. 1896 — Josiah Ouincy, four years (two terms ) . 1900 — Thomas N. Hart (again) two years. 1902 — Patrick A. Collins, three and three- quarters years (two terms). 1906 — John F. Fitzgerald, two years. 1908 — George A. Hil)])ard, two years. 1910 — John F. Fitzgerald (again) four years (one term). 19 14 — James M. Curley. The foregoing list includes many notable names. As a rule, with few exceptions, the ma\'ors have lieen "leading citizens" — men of high stantling in the community, both socially and in public affairs — many of them chosen for the reason of being prominent business men of sound sense. Few among them have been "politicians" in the rather uncomplimentary American sense of the term, although often active in political af- fairs. From the early days, however, there have been radical differences as to the con- duct of municipal affairs ; there have been many spirited contests, although issues were seldom drawn along national party lines un- til into the 'eighties. The most hotly contested city election was that of 1844. Although "knownothingism" as such did not come to the front in Massa- chusetts politics until more than ten years later, there had been a steadily gaining senti- ment against the foreign elements that were becoming so numerous in the population. Hence in that year a "Native American" party had become so numerous as finally to elect its candidate. In those days a plural- ity was not sufficient for election, so eight ballotings took place before a decision was reached ; it was not until Fel:)ruary 22 that Thomas A. Davis was elected mayor. Mayor Davis died in office, and Josiah Ouinc}-, Jr., was elected for the un- expired term by the Citv Council, the citizens re-electing him for the regular term following. Harrison Gray Otis, the third Mayor, had been Speaker of the Massachusetts House of Representatives, President of the Sen- ate, Representative in Congress and Sena- tor from Massachusetts before becoming Ma\'or. Samuel T. Armstrong was Lieu- tenant-Governor before serving as Mayor. Mayors Rice, Pierce, Collins, Fitzgerald and Curley have represented Boston in Congress. Two Mayors later became Governors of the Commonwealth : Alexander IT. Rice and William O. Gaston. Four Mayors were ])hysicians : Doctors Jerome \ . C. Smith, Nathaniel 13. Shurtleft", Frederic O. Prince and Samuel G. Green. Dr. Smith was chosen only after another close election, three ballotings having been necessary. Dr. Smith was candidate of the Native Ameri- can party; Benjamin Seaver, up for a fourth term, was the Whig candidate, and a Tem- perance party supported Jacob Sleeper. The charges of administrative inefficiency result- ing from the great fire of 1872, together with the city's defective sanitation that led to the smallpox epidemic of that year, caused another close election. William O. Gaston, the Democratic candidate, was de- clared re-elected on the face of the returns, but a recount made the Citizens' candidate, Henry L. Pierce, Mayor by a plurality of seventy-nine votes. Six former Mayors are living at the present writing : Dr. Samuel G. Green, Thomas N. Hart, Nathan Matthews, Edwin U. Curtis, Josiah Ouincy, John F. Fitzgerald. Changes and improvements effected by the influence of Mayors have, as a rule, been due to the forceful and constructive person- alities of the men then at the head of munic- 3. o a! CJ ■^ c c a bO c o *^ O o _a "y^ g fU 5 "a o (U ry^ Bo rt O C U o ^_, CJ [/; 3 £ C -a o OJ U5 O ^ OJ U5 j: u ^- o U o J 184 THE BOOK OF BOSTON ipal affairs more than to the power actually exercised by them. The many other notable ■changes have been due to outside influences upon legislation and the shaping of public opinion. At times the lack of vision, of constructive ability, in the city government, caused great opportunities to be missed. For instance, the city government was so inert that for years no decisive step was taken to abate the intolerable nuisance aris- ing from the Back Bay flats. The great Back Bay improvement might easily have been undertaken by the city itself, Init it re- mained for the Commonwealth to deal ef- fectively with it at last, and reap a mag- nificent financial harvest from the filling and the marketing of the new lands. As early as its second year as a city, Bos- ton had the fortune to have, in Josiah Quincy, the second Mayor, a great person- ality, far-seeing, and possessed of construc- tive imagination. He entered upon his office in full sympath\- with that clause of the city charter that defined the powers and ■duties of the Mayor, enjoining upon him "to collect and communicate all information, and recommend all such measures as may tend to improve the city finances, police, health, security, cleanliness, comfort and or- nament." In his inaugural address his faith in the future of Boston was aflirmed in these words : "The destinies of the city of Boston are of a nature too plain to be denied or misconceived. The prognostics of its future greatness are written on the face of nature too legibly and too indelibly to be mistaken. The indications are apparent from the location of our citv, from its har- bor, and from its relative position among rival towns and cities ; above all, from the ■character of its inhabitants and the singular degree of enterprise and intelligence which are diffused through every class of its citizens." This optimism, which found expression in the important constructive works under- taken at Mayor Ouincy's initiative, was well justified by the steady growth of Boston from that day to this, when it has become the centre of a great metropolitan popula- tion. Josiah Quincy well deserved the honor of the statue that stands in front of the City Hall; after his six years as Mayor he repre- sented Boston in Congress, and later was for man}'- years president of Harvard College. Under his administration a city debt was incurred amounting to six hundred and thirty-seven thousand dollars, all resulting from operations which obtained for Boston the New Faneuil Hall Market, the City Wharf, and land north of the new block of stores on North Market Street ; also, free of encumbrance, the lands west of Charles and Pleasant Streets — a portion of the latter ultimately set aside for the Public Garden and the remaining portion marketed at a profit. These properties were estimated conservatively at values amounting to a total of seven hundred and seven thousand dol- lars. The "Ouincy Market" improvement was a magnificent enterprise, involving the construction of six new streets over an area of flats and docks and resulting in a monu- mental develc)])ment that even todav remains impressive, altliDugh the handsome uniform granite faqades of the stores opposite the long granite market-house on South and North Market Streets have been in late years unsymmetrically altered to meet the demands of trade. One of the most important of Mayor Ouincy's recommendations, urging an ade- quate water supply both for public health and convenience, and for protection against fire, failed of realization. The Jamaica Pond Water Company was furnishing a small supply, introduced in 1795 and flow- ing in primitive fashion through pine logs bored and joined like pump logs. This cor- poration continued to serve a limited dis- trict for something like ninety years, until the extinction of its privileges through the acquisition of Jamaica Pond for park pur- poses. It was the influence of the Jamaica Pond Water Company and of other inter- ests that sought the privilege of supplying water, together with a popular fear of in- curring a great indebtedness for the pur- pose, that delayed the introduction of a public supply until the administration of the second Mayor Ouincy, Josiah Ouincy, Jr., in 1848. TTIE ROOK OF BOSTON 1S5 Not until the aclniinistration of Nathan Mattliews, Jr.. for the four years beginning \vith 1 89 1, did a Mayor of Boston exert so profound an influence upon the development or was given a large responsibility. He was to be elected for a term of four years. Provision for recall at the end of two years was made, Ixit essen- tial to recall was a majority of the entire electorate, instead of a majority of those voting. Recall was thus made very dif- ficult. The "short ballot" was a feature of the new charter, the only names upon the l:)allot being the candidates for three vacancies in the City Coun- cil, for vacancies in the School Board, and (once in four years) the candidates for Mayor. The Mayor sul)mits the annual budget to the City Council, which is em- powered to reduce items, Init not to increase them. The Council consists of nine mem- liers, three retiring each year. The Council has no pt.wer to review the Mayor's ap- pointments. But since it was felt that in the interest of the public the ]Mayor should not have absolute power of appointment and removal, the reviewing function was en- trusted to the Civil Service Commission. Experience indicates that this would prob- a1)ly have been better had the power of con- firmation and rejection been entrusted to a special board, judicial in function, as might be the case were it appointed by the Su- preme Court. At present a Governor may be tempted to make the Civil Service board complaisant to a Mayor who may be of its own political complexion, notwithstanding the provision forliickling appointments for political motives — as instanced in confirma- tion of recent appointments to offices which, it was provided, should be filled by men pro- fessionally qualified l>y technical training. In the new charter, part}' designations on the ballot are forbidden. The School Board was untouched, having been reduced in membership from a large to a small number by previous legislation. The short ballot having proved so satisfactory in this in- stance, it was decided to extend the prin- ciple to the Cit}' Council. Here it has again worked well, apparently for the reason that, as in the case of members of the School - pjoard, the office of Councillor lieing with- out patronage and having now no voice in determining the Mayor's appointments, has little attractiveness for predatory politicians. A novel feature of the Charter is its pro- .vision of a permanent Finance Commission with large powers of investigation as to the conduct of municipal finances, but with no provision for making eft'ective its recom- mendations. The puljlicity attendant upon this ventilating function proves wholesome. In the cities of Great liritain the office of Mavor is purely honorar_\-, and is conferred TMR HOOK OF BOSTON- IS? as a matter nf social distinctiijii upijn a ])er- S(jn who can dn the iKumrs of the post liand- somely, — the Cit\', i>v l"(]\vn Clerk, being the true executive heat! of the municipality just as the (general manaj^er of a i^reat busi- ness corpiiration is chosen liv the I'.nard of Directors. In America the conduct of I)rivate business is based upon experience SCOLLAY SQUARE OF 1910 AT THE JUN'CriON OF TREMONT AND COURT STREETS, CORXIIII.L AND TREMONT ROW A CENTRAL POINT FROM WHICH THE NORTHERN PARTS OF THE CITY ARE REACHED and holding office by virtue of fitness and experience. In Germany the Alavor, or Biirgermeistcr. is chosen by the Cit}- Coun- cil to manage the cit\'s business by reason of his training and experience in the work, and fitness. In our even more important l)ul)lic business ain- man without exjierience (ir fitness mav l)e eligible to nccupN' an\' jjosition, however res])(insil)le, at Cdinuiand of the electorate. 188 THE BOOK OF BOSTON GOVERNOR SAMUEL W. MCCALL Governor Samuel W. McCall was born in East Providence. Pa., February 28, 1 85 1, and was educated at the New Hamp- ton, N. H., Academy and Dartmouth Col- lege. After admission to the Bar, he became interested in politics and was elected to the lower house of the Massachusetts Legisla- ture. His public service was made memo- rable by securing the passage of the first corrupt practices bill ever passed by any legislative body in America. He was elected to Congress in 1892 and for twenty years took a leading part in the most im- portant legislation of the country. He was elected Governor of Massachusetts in No- vember, 191 5. Dartmouth, Oberlin, Tufts Colleges and the University of Maine con- ferred the LL.D. degree upon him. He is a member of the Phi Beta Kappa, the Kappa Kappa Kappa fraternities and the leading clubs of Boston, Washington and New York. He is the author of many addresses and magazine articles, the lives of Thomas B. Reed and Thaddeus Stevens, and has lectured at Columbia and Yale Uni- versities and Bowdoin College. THE BOOK OF BOSTON 189 EX-GOVERNOR JOHN L. BATES Hun. John L. Bates, ex-Governor, was l)orn at North Easton, September i8, 1859. He was educated in the pnl)Hc schools of Taunton and Chelsea, the Boston Latin School and the Boston University. He graduated A.B. from the college in 1882, and LL.B. from law school, 1885. Taught school in 1882 and 1883 and was admitted to the bar in 1885. He was a member of tlie Boston Common Covuicil in 1891-1892, and represented East Boston in the lower house of the Legislature from 1894 to 1899, being Speaker the last three years. He was Lieutenant-Giivernnr in 1900, 1901, 1902, and Governor in 1903- 1904, since which time he has been actively engaged in legal w(_irk. In 1903 W'esleyan College conferretl the LL.D. upon him. He is president of the Board of Trustees of Boston University, director of the Chelsea Trust Co., the Co- lumbia Trust Co., and the United States Trust Co., vice-president and trustee of the Wilde Savings Bank, and president and di- rector of the W'innisimmett Co. He is a luember of the Masonic fraternity, Odd Fel- lows, and United Order of I'ilgrim Fathers. 190 THE BOOK OF BOSTON WILLIAM B. DE LAS CASAS ^'isitors to Boston are invariably attracted l)y the picturesqueness of tlie Ijeach resorts, jiarixs and bridges constructed and main- WILLIAM B. DE LAS CASAS tained 1iy the Metropolitan Park Commis- sion, and the successful work of that body is largely due to the persistent efforts of \Villiam B. de las Casas, chairman of the Board, who has labored zealously since its creation, for the beautification of various points about Boston. In 1892, Governor Russell appointed Mr. de las Casas, with Hon. Charles Francis Adams and Philip A. Chase, to the preliminary Metropolitan Park Commission, to report on the advisability of a system of metropolitan parks. In 1893, he was appointed a member of the permanent commission and was elected its chairman in 1895. He has been re-appointed a member and re-elected chairman ever since, anti under his direction most of the beautiful work, that stands as a monument to the un- ceasing efforts of Mr. de las Casas and his associates, has been completed. Mr. de las Casas was born in Maiden, March 3, 1857. His parents were Francisco Beltran de las Casas, a noted teacher of art and languages, who was born near Tarragona, Spain, and Elizabeth Carder ( Pedrick) de las Casas, whose ancestors were jjrominent among the early settlers of Marblehead. He graduated A.B. from Harvard in 1879 ^""i then taught school for two years in New York, after which he entered the Harvard Law School, obtaining the LL.B. degree and being admitted to the Bar in 1885. He be- gan practice at once and was largely en- gaged in the management of trust and other estates and in realty development in Maiden. He is a member of the Laiion clul) of Boston, Massachusetts Horticultural Society and vice-president of El Club Espanol. He is president of the Maiden LIniversity Club, a nienil)er of the Maiden Historical Society, trustee of the Maiden Hospital, of which he was one of the founders and a warden, and for many years a vestryman of St. Paul's church of ]\Ialden. JOHN A. DUGGAN John A. Duggan was born in South Bos- ton, April 5, 1888, and is descended from okl New England ancestry. The family originated in Waterford, Count\- Waterford, Ireland, and the American branch was estab- lished here in 1766. H i s great - great- grandfather was at one time proprietor of the old Hancock Tavern in Dock Square and at dif- ferent times enter- tained General La- fayette and other noted men. Mr. Duggan was edu- cated in the public schools and was ap- pi:)inted to the position of Constable in 19 10. His work is of a general character, being mostly civil processes. His office is in the Tremont Building, and he resides at 90 Welles Avenue, Dorchester. JOHN A. DUGGAN 11 II-: IU)()K OF BOSTON 101 HON. DA\ ID 1. WALSH EX-GOVEKNOK DAVID I. WALSH Hon. David I. Walsh, ex-novernor of Massachusetts, was born in Leominster, Mass., November ii, 1872. He graduated M'ith honor from the Clinton High School 1890, the Holy Cross College 1893, and the Boston University Law School 1897. The degree of LL.D. was conferred upon him by the Holy Cross College in 1914. After his admission to the Bar, Mr. Walsh became a leading practitioner in Worcester County. In Politics he is a Democrat. Was elected a member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives 1890 and re-elected in 1891. Mr. Walsh was elected Lieutenant-Governor in 1913 and was twice chosen Governor of Massachusetts for 19 14 and 19 15. His administration was noted for its many progressive policies, especially those acts for the promotion of the public health and the advancement of popular education. The establishment by the State of a Cor- respondence School for Working People, and the great improvements made in the leg- islation for workmen's compensation are cases in jioint. Mr. Walsh has offices in the Trenicjut I'.uilding. 192 THE BOOK Op- BOSTON JOHN F. DEVER John F. Dever, Clerk of Committees of the City Council, was born in Boston, May 22, 1853. He filled several positions before becoming a clerk in the office of Reg- istrar of Voters, when his active ])olitical life began. In 18S0 he was elected to the Leg- islature and was re- elected in 1 88 1 , viiluntarily retiring at the end of the two terms. In 1885 iMayor OT)rien se- lected him as his Chief Clerk, and in i88g he became as- joHN F. DEVER sociatcd with the New England Piano Co. He was elected Alderman from the loth District in 1892, was reelected the following year, and was then chosen Alderman at large for 1894 and '95. He served in that capacity until 1896, when he was elected Clerk of Com- mittees. Mr. Dever is Past Grand Knight of Mount Pleasant Council, K. of C, Past Chief Ranger of Mount Pleasant Court, Catholic Order of Foresters, president of the Roxbury Bachelor Clul), and charter member and ex-president of the Clover Club. ARTHUR S. JOHNSON Arthur S. Johnson, who has devoted his entire life to the Young Men's Christian As- sociation and various forms of philanthropic work, was born in Boston June 4, 1863. He attended Mr. Noble's school, where he received a preparatory education, and then entered Harvard College, from which he graduated in 1885. Immediately upon leaving college he became interested in the work of the Boston Young Men's Chris- tian Association, of which he has been a director for thirty years, and for the past twenty years its president. In addition to this interest Mr. Johnson is president of the City Missionary Society, president and member of the Board of Managers of the New England Home for Little Wanderers, president American Congregational Asso- ciation ; trustee. General Theological Li- l)rarv, the Massachusetts Bilile Society; president, Massachusetts Temperance So- ciety, and director of the Workingmen's Loan Association. Mr. Johnson is de- scended from old New England stock. His residence is at 253 Commonwealth Avenue. HON. JAMES DONOVAN James Donovan, city clerk, was born in Boston, May 28, 1859. He was educated in the public schools and began his career in a mercantile line. Be- coming interested in politics at an early period, he filled many posi- tions of importance and has been the friend and adviser of Governors and Mayors. In 1881, Mr. Donovan was elected to the Com- mon Council and he also served in the Massachusetts House of Repre- . ■• J- HON. JAMES DONOVAN sentatives fro m 1884-1888. He was a member of the Sen- ate in 1889-90-91, and was a member of the Executive Council 1892-94. Mr. Dono- van was a delegate at large to the National Democratic Convention in 1896, and held the office of Superintendent of Lamps under ]\Iavor Ouincy. Mayor Collins appointed him Superintendent of Streets, and he has been secretary and chairman of the Demo- cratic City Committee. He is now City Clerk. I\Ir. Donovan is a member of the Boston City Club, the Young Men's Demo- cratic Club and the Irish Charitable Society. THE BOOK OF BOSTON 193: H;JN. WILLIAM S. MCNARY Hull. William S. McXary was horn in Ahington, Mass., in 1S63 and was educated in that city and the English High School, Boston. Air. McNary was a member of the Boston City Council and both branches of the state legislature; also served as secretary and chairman of the Democratic State Com- mittee. He was elected to Congress in 1902 from the loth Massachusetts district, serv- ing for two terms, and retiring in 1907 to form the Drake and Hersey Conipam , furniture dealers. He also aided in form- ing the Hanover Trust Ciinii)an\- in 1915,. and is Chairman of its Board of Directors. He was appointed Harbor and Land Com- missioner by Governor Foss in 1912, was chairman of that Board for four years and was associate member of the Boston Port Directors for two years. Mr. McNary was. appointed in i()i6 by Governor McCall as. a memlier of the new Waterways and Public Lands Commission. Mr. McNary married in 1892, Miss Albertine A. Martin and has. twci children. Helen and William S., Jr. 194 THE BOOK OF BOSTON HENRY L. WALKER A familiar figure in the Courts of Cam- Ijridge is Henry L. Walker, Deputy Sheriff of Middlesex County, whose legal business is extensive. HENRY L. WALKER Deputy Sheriff Walker was born in Bos- ton, October i, 1875, and was educated in the public schools of Cambridge. At an early age he became clerk to Deputy Sheriff Richards, a position he filled for sixteen years. For the past eight years he has been Deputy Sheriff and as such is connected "vvith the criminal courts of Middlesex county. He has an office in the Pemberton building and has been actively engaged in legal work around Pemberton Square for the past twenty-five years. Mr. Walker is a member of the Benevolent Order of Elks, the Owls, Sons of Veterans, the New Eng- Jand Order of Protection and the Knights and Ladies of Honor. He is a son of the late Horace H. and Mary Ann (Pritchard) Walker. His father was a veteran of the 'Civil War and was engaged in many of the notable sea and land engagements during the long struggle to put down insurrection. Mr. Walker is married and lives in Med ford. CHARLES H. FISH Charles H. Fish, Consulting Engineer, was born in Taunton, Mass., and began his manufacturing career as assistant superin- tendent of the Amoskeag M f g • Co., Manchester, N. H. ; later he was agent for the Chic- opee Mfg. Co., and then entered the en- gineering service of the U. S. Gov- ernment. He was subsetjuentlv agent or general manager of the C o c h e c o [ Mfg. Co., Dover, ' N. H., B. B. & R. Knight, Provi- dence, R. ].. and charles h. fish the Garner Print Works and Bleachery, New York. Since 19 12 he has been a consulting engineer in Boston, with offices at 85 Dev- onshire Street. ]\Ir. Fish is secretary and treasurer of the National Association of Cotton Manufacturers, president and gen- eral manager of the Nouville Lumber Co., and director of the Concord R. R. He is a member of the American Society of Me- chanical Engineers, American Chemical So- ciety, Society of Chemical Industry, Frank- lin Institute of Philadelphia, ex-president National Association of Cotton Manufac- turers, ex-governor of the Society of Colo- nial Wars, and holds membership in the Union and Engineers Clubs of Boston and the Chemists and Engineers Clubs of New Yurk. The skill of New England engineers is to be met with in most of the great civic and industrial engineering enterprises through- out the United States, and Boston well sus- tains its reputation for the high character of its engineers — civil, consulting, and me- chanical. The Massachusetts Institute of Technology is the leading school of its char- acter in America. THK HOOK OF BOSTON' 1^J5 STEPHEN O'.MEARA Stephen 0"^leara, police coinniissioner, was l:)(>rn at Charlottetown, P. E. I., July 26, 1854, and was educated in the public schools 1 1 ■ ft" Ji.^1 1 ^^A -4 .0K^^^^^^^^ p y ^^^1 STEPHEN O MEARA of Boston, to which cit\- he came in 1864. He was a reporter on the Globe from 1872- 74 and on the Journal 1874-79. On the latter jiaper he was successively citv editor, news etlitor, general manager, editor and jnihlisher. He obtained a controlling interest in the Journal, which he sold in 1902, and was ahroatl in 1903-5, during which time Governor Ouild appointed him police com- missioner for the City of Boston. He was reappointed by Governor Foss in 191 1 and recently reap])ointed by Governor IMcCall. l^artmouth College honored Air. O'Meara with the A.M. degree, and Boston College conferred the LL.B. degree upon him. He is a lecturer at Harvard on police adminis- tration and is a member of the Algonquin, Exchange, Press an{ the Corporation of tlie Massacliiisetts Institute of Technology, past president of the Bos- ton Society of Civil Engineers, president of the Engineers Clul), director of the Ten- nessee Eastern Electric Co. and of the Massachusetts Trust Co., and trustee of the ^^'inchester Savings Bank. Mr. IMain's of- fices are at 201 Devonshire Street. He was married Noveml)er 14, 1883, to Elizalieth F. Appleton and resides in \\'inchester. He has always taken tleep interest in the affairs of the cities in «hich he has made his home, and in 1887-8-9 was alderman of Lawrence, Mass., and in i8qi was a meml)er of the School Board and trustee of the Public Li- brary in the same cit\-. From 1896 until 1907 he was a member of the ^^'ater Bnard of Winchester. CHARLES F. HALE Charles F. Hale, who is the founder and proprietor of the largest and best equipped furniture house in Dorchester, was burn at 'CH.ARLES F. U.\LV. the founder of the American branch lieing Charles Evans Hale, who located in Cali- fornia early in the eighteenth century. His sons removed to .Alachua County, Florida, about twelve miles from Gainesville, in 1732, and it was in this locality that Mr. Hale was born. In 1890, five years after completing his schooling, he came to Boston and began his career in the hotel business. He later entered the mercantile line and now has a comj)letel\- stocked warehouse that extends from 132 to 138 Park Street, Dorchester. He is a real estate auctioneer and has sold man\- valual)le parcels of land. He also acts as constable, having accepted that office at the request of political friends. Mr. Hale is an active Republican, a thirt\- second degree Mason, a member of the Mystic Shrine, the Elks, Odd Fellows and the Boston City Club. He was formerly a sergeant in the Ancient and Honorable Ar- tillery Co. of Massachusetts and still retains membership in that famous organization. His city offices are at 10 Pemberton Square. He resides at i \\'aldeck Street, Dorchester. Gainesville, Florida, December 12, 1865, and was educated at the Gainesville Uni- versity, from which he graduated in 1885. Mr. Hale comes from old English ancestry, The old Tremont Theatre, which stood on the site now occupied by the Tremont Temple, was first opened in 1835, in which year Charlotte Cushman matle her debut. It was also the scene of Fanny Kemlile's first Boston appearance and the place of first production of o])era in lioston. C. J. H. \\()(JDBURY (deceased) C. J. H. ^\'oodbury, who was consulting engineer and secretary of The National Association of Cotton Manufacturers, was born in Lynn, Mass., May 4, 185 1, and was educated at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He was a direct descendant of John \\'oodl)ur\-, one of the leaders of the Dorchester Bay colony, who settled at Cape .Ann in 1623, and the family has since that period taken part in the affairs of the colony, province and commonwealth. Mr. Wood- bur\- began ])ractice in the city engineer's office in Lynn in 1871 and since that time he had figured prominently j.iiJiis profession, receiving for his work on mill construction 198 THE BOOK OF BOSTON the Alsatian Medal of the Societe Indiis- trielle de Mulhouse for 1893, and for the preparation of the Insurance Rules on Elec- tric Lighting, the John Scott Medal, upon reccnimendation of the Franklin Institute. The annual medal of the National As- sociation of Cotton Manufacturers was awarded t(T him in iQio for his work on the Bi1)liogra- phy of the Cotton Manufacturers, and in 1893 Tufts Col- lege conferred the degree of A.M. upon him. In 1906 Union College hon- ored him with the Sc.D. degree and c. J. H. WOODBURY two vcars later he received the same degree from Dartmouth College. During his active career he had been engineer and vice-])resident of the Boston Mutual Fire Insurance Co., and as- sistant engineer of the American Telephone and Telegraph Co. He was a member of the various engineering societies and institutes and several leading clubs of New York, Boston and Lynn. Mr. Woodbury died on March 20, 19 16. DESMOND FITZGERALD Desmond Fitz- gerald was born in Nassau, N. P., May 20, 1846, and was Ijrought to Provi- dence, R. I., in 1849, receiving his education at the Phillips Academy. He was Assistant Secretary of State of Rhode Island and private secre- tary to General Burnside, after which he studied DESMOND FITZGERALD engineering with Cushing & DeWitt and then engaged in rail- road construction in the West. He was chief engineer of the Boston & Albany R. R., 1870-73, and after being connected with the Boston W'ater Works from 1873 to 1903, was Consulting Engineer in manv important public and private enterprises. He has served on a number of governmental, state, and municipal commissions. He was called to the Philippines in 1904 to report on the water supply, sewage system and docks for Manila. He was Chairman of the Massa- chusetts Topographical Survey Commis- sion, and later a member of the Metropoli- tan Improvement C(.)mmission, reporting on the docks of Europe and preparing a plan for the docks at Boston Harbor. One of the most important of his works was the improvement of the cjuality of Boston's water suppl}-, in which he did much pioneer work. EDWARD E. Edward E. Babb, BABB and sole member of the firm of E. E. Babb & Co., dealers in school supplies, at 93 Federal Street, was born in Melrose, October 20, 1859. He .started the present busi- ness in 1885 with a capital of $50 and has made it the largest concern of its kind in New England. Mr. Babb is a director of the Liberty Trust Co. and is a trustee of Pine Banks Park, which lies between Melrose and Mai- den. He is a mem- ber of the Boston Athletic Association, Mel- rose Club of Melrose, Merrimac Valley Country Club of Lawrence, and is Past President of the Amateur Athletic Union of the United States. Mr. Babb's ances- tors were among the early settlers of Ports- mouth, N. H. EDWARD E. BABB TIIK ROOK OF BOSTON l CHARLES S. SARGEANT CHARLES S. SERGEANT Charles S. Sergeant. vice-i)resi(lent i>f the Bostcin Elevated Railway Co., was hcirn April 30, 1852, at Northamptun, ]\[ass. lie entered the service of the First X a t i t) a a 1 liank wf I^asthanipti m in 1868, rising U> the jinsitinn I if teller. I'"r(ini iSjj until I S-6 he was cijn- ueeted with rail- road and iron com- panies in Michigan and returning I'last in that ^■ear Ijecame c h i e f clerk and a u (1 i t (J r of the Eastern Railroad. In 1883 he asso- ciated with Charles ]Merriam, who was fis- cal agent of several railroad and land com- panies and in 1888 was appointed auditor and later second vice-president and general man- ager of the West End Street Railway. In 1897 he became second vice-president and ill 1900 vice-president of the Boston h'le- vated Railway Co. He is a member of the I'L.xchange, Algonquin, St. Botolph, Country and Engineers Clubs. Mr. Sergeant is a great-great-grandson of Reverend John Sergeant, who was in 1735 a missionary to the Stockljridge (Mass.) Indians. FRED B. COLE Fred B. Cole, who is an authority on e(|uipment and construction and general mill engineering work, was born in Kingston, Mass., August 13, 1867. He was educated in the public schools of Kingston and at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, graduating as a mechanical engineer in June, 1888. After receiving his degree he became an instructor at the Institute, but resigned after a few months to acce])t a position with the Thompson-Houston Co., now the Gen- eral Electric Comi)any, in Lynn, Mass. His next position was with E. D. Leavitt, designer of machinery for the Calumet & llecla Mining Company. In 1892 he en- tered the employ of F. W. Dean, and en- gaged in the work of designing and testing engines and boilers for special purposes. When Chas. T. Main became a partner of Mr. Dean, under the firm name of Dean & Main, he added a mill engineering depart- ERED B. Clll.L nient to the business, and Mr. Cole, who remained with the new tirm, took up mill engineering work as Mr. Alain's as- sistant, continuing until its dissolution. When Mr. Main, in 1907, entered busi- ness on his own account. Air. Cole engaged with him as principal assistant engineer, in which position he now is. He has Iieen largely responsiljle for the design and con- struction of the steam power plants en- gineered b\- the firm, as well as several complete industrial plants. Mr. Cole resides in Winchester. He is descended from old Plymouth stock. Gov- ernor Bradford being one of his ancestors on the paternal side, while the progenitor of the maternal lirancli was Francis Cook. Mr. Cole is a member of the .\merican Societv of Mechanical Engineers and the Ensiineers Clu]>. THE BOOK OF BOSTON I Fifty Years' Recollections of the New England Metropolis CHAPTER XIII PUBLIC AND NOTABLE BUILDINGS Boston's Many Monumental Edifices, Municipal, State and Federal — Notable Churches — Collegiate and Other Institutional Structures I HE oldest of Boston's public buildings is the Old State House. Its site at the head of State Street (originally King Street and, as its name suggests, in the early days the main street of the old town) was long the civic centre of Boston. Here stood the first Town House, built in 1657, on Boston's earliest market- place. Burned in 1711, it was rebuilt a year later, but was again burned in 1747- Whether any part of the Town House of 1657 was incorporated in the building of 1712 does not appear. But the present structure dates back to at least 171 2, for the walls of the second Town House are those of the existing building. It was oc- cupied by the courts and the legislature of the Colony and of the Province. After the revolution it became the first capitol of the Commonwealth, the General Court meeting here until the completion of the present State House on Beacon Hill. Then it re- verted to town uses ; when Boston became a ■city it was for a while the City Hall and the post office. Since the former was established in School Street it was let for private purposes; within it was sadly altered and the hands()me, picturesque •exterior was marred and mutilated; some of the original external features were shorn off, a rude mansard roof gave a third story for revenue purposes, and large business signs shockingly disfigured the ex- terior on all sides. In 1882 the increasing o public regard for historic landmarks led to a careful restoration of the building both within and without, and the present condi- tion very closely reproduces the original aspect. In 1909 the old-time aspect of the exterior was further enhanced by the re- moval of numerous coats of paint, bringing to view the original red Ijrick. In front of the building, when the Stamp Act excite- ment was at its height, the mob burnt the stamped clearances. In 1768 the British troops were quartered in all parts of the building except the Council Chamber. In the Council Chamber James Otis made his great protest against the writs of assistance. On March 5, 1770, the "Boston Massacre" occurred in front of the building. The British commanders held their council of war here during the Battle of Bunker Hill. The Declaration of Independence was read from the balcony in 1776, as previously the death of George II and the accession of George III had been proclaimed. In 1778 the Count d'Estaing was received here by Governor Hancock; here the State constitu- tion was drawn up and the convention met to ratify the United States constitution. In 1789 Washington stood on the balcony and reviewed a long procession. On Oct. 21, 1835, Wendell Phillips was here sheltered by Mayor Lyman from a pro-slavery mob. In the restoration the lion and unicorn of the British arms, that had been burned publicly on the celebration of independence, were replaced on the east front, and latterly they were reproduced in copper. With the TTIF. BOOK OF ROSTOX 201 restoration tlie liuildinsj; al)o\'e tlie first floor was leased to the Bostoniaii Society, which here maintains an invakiable museum of an- ti(|uities relating to Boston historx". Later the l)asement was utilized for the State Sta- tion of the Washington Street Tunnel and the Devonshire Street Station of the East Boston Tunnel. Then, with the perfected restoration, the municijial and commercial c fifices in the first story were vacated and the entire interi- r a])ove the l)asement given ever t:) the Bcstunian S(iciet\'. The latter trinit\' nf pulilic Iniildings that pla\'ed great parts in the birth of the natinn. Faneuil Hall was built in 1740 and given to the town by Peter Faneuil, a wealthy merchant of t)ne of the refugee Huguenot families, for a town hall and market-house. The interior was burnt out in 1761 and reljuilt the next vear. hi 1X05 the I)uilding was much en- larged ami improved. A few years ago a general renovation was undertaken with the object of diminishing fire risks, and the wooden belfr\- was duplicated in copper. Dr(j:vin£ by H . Louis GUoson THE OLD HISTORIC FANEUIL HALL LOOKING EAST. THE TOWN MEETINGS AND DEBATES HELD HERE DURING THE REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD GAVE THE HALL ITS FAMILIAR NAME, THE "CRADLE OF LIBERTY." (jUINCY MARKET BUILDING SHOWING BEYOND in turn gave the use of the two west rooms for the fascinating collection of the Boston Marine Museum, organized by A. Wads- worth Longfellow and associates. The second oldest of Boston's public buildings is Faneuil Hall, the "Cradle of Liberty." With the Old State Hou.se and the Old South Meetinghouse, we have a The large hall, seventy-eight feet square, has a gallery on three sides, added in 1806, when the hall was doubled in width and height. It is hung with many portraits of public men. The originals of most of these were so valuable that they have been re- moved to the Museum of Fine Arts for safety and replaced by copies. The town 202 THE BOOK OF BOSTON meetings were held here ; the demonstra- tions previous to the Revohition gave a great impetus to the movement for inde- pendence. Ever since, it has been the great place for popular gatherings; any group of citizens has the right to call a public meet- ing here, free of cost, on request to the city authorities. Here Wendell Phillips made his first appearance as an orator in behalf of the anti-slavery movement. During the siege of Boston Faneuil Hall was used as a playhouse: a play written by General Bur- goyne, "The Blockade of Boston," with British officers as actors, was broken up at its first and only performance by the news that "the Yankees are attacking our works in Charlestown." The funds for rebuilding in 1 76 1 were partly raised by lottery. The gilded grasshopper weather-vane on the cupola was copied from one on the London Royal Exchange. On the floor above the hall is the armory of the Ancient and Hon- orable Artillery Company, with a museum of Revolutire an- nexation to Boston : the one in Jamaica Plain replaces Curtis Hall, the town hall of \Vest Roxl:>ur\- before annexation. The City Hospital on Harrison Avenue makes a monumental effect from its ap- proach from the west, its facade and dome on the axis of the view from ^^^ashington Street through Worcester Square. Here, and in several large adjacent structures, it houses one of the most important public hos- pitals in the United States. Its Emergency Branch, facing Ha}inarket Square, is in architectural eft'ect on that commanding site similar to that of its predecessor, the orig- inal Ijrick terminal statinn of the Boston & Maine Railroad. Another hospital Ijuilding of im])ortance is that of the Massachusetts General, on Blossom Street, designed bv Bulfinch. But by far the most imposing antl lieautiful of medical structures is the marble group of the new Harvard Medical School on Longwood Avenue, its handsome court, on the axis of Louis Pasteur Avenue, making noble eft'ect in the vista from the Fenway. Other architecturally fine pulilic buildings of this class, massed in this neigh- borhood, are the buildings of the Flarvard Dental School, the Children's Hospital, the Peter Bent Brigham Hospital, the Collis P. Huntington Memorial Hospital, and the Hospital for Animals erected as a memorial to the late George T. Angell, founder of the Massachusetts Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. Not far away, fac- ing the Fenway, is the marble Forsyth Dental Infirmary for Children. This build- ing, with its rare foreground of the Fenway landscape, makes a fine pendant for the great marble building of the ]\Iuseum of Fine Arts, near by. The architect of the Museum is Guy Lowell, who was awarded the honor of giving final expression to the elaborate Studies of museums and galleries of art in all the leading cities of Europe made by a distinguished group of advisory architects appointed for the task when the removal from the Copley Square location to the new site was decided upon. Mr. Lowell's de- sign for the colonnaded front on the Fen- way, the extension Iniilt for the galleries of paintings provided by the munificent gift of Mrs. R. D. Evans as a memorial to her husband, represents a great advance over that of the Huntington Avenue fai^ade. The interior of the Museum is a model of convenient and artistic planning based upon a scientifically logical classification and ar- rangement. The halls, galleries and corri- dors are designed with a fine impressiveness. The arrangement of the various collections is twofold. On the main floor are the dis- tinctively "show" exhibits in the best sense of the word — the cream of the collections in the way of beauty, value and general in- terest attractively displayed in harmonious environments that set them forth to the best advantage. In the Ijasement are arranged the more strictly "study" collections, where they are easily accessible for research work and special examination. In various re- spects the Museum is one of the leading in- stitutions of its kind in the world — a rank attained ])urely through the individual ef- forts of persons interested. In certain fea- tures the Museum leads the world, as in the art of the Far East, represented by the Morse collection of Japanese pottery, the Fenellosa collection of old Japanese and Chinese paintings, and the rich collections of Japanese and Chinese art presented by Dr. Sturgis Bigelow. The Museum is also said to have the finest collection of casts from the antique possessed by any institu- tion of its kind ; while in the departments of classic sculpture and in painting, of old masters and of modern art, the representa- tion is unusually rich. In contrast with the Museum of Fine Arts stands, not far away, the exceedingly plain exterior of Fenway Court, the famous Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum in the Fenway, which incidentally includes the city residence of its founder, Mrs. John L. Gardner. But the marvellous beauty of the interior, with its magnificent collections — including not a few of the world's master- pieces housed about a semi-tropical court — is enhanced by this external severity. Fenway Court has for neighbors some TTTF. BOOK OF BOSTON' 205 iiiijjortant educational institntii ms numu- nientally hnused. Practically adjacent is the distinguished group of public-school build- ings built for the Girls' Latin School, the Boston Normal School, and the liuihhng for the "model" grammar school serving as an adjunct to the Normal. This group, so beautifulh hanni nious in its develojinient. is notable ftjr the fact that the three units Pasteur .\\enue and the I'enwav, is the im- posing editice of the High School of Ldm- merce. designed in collegiate Gothic bv the associated architects, C. Howard \\'alker and Kilham iK: llopkins. The remarkable list of public and quasi-public institutions facing on the Fenway ma\- l)e closed with a mention of tlie retined fai,"ade of the Massa- chusetts Historical .Societ\- at the corner of OLD CORNER BOOK STORE, CORNER OF THE BUILDING AT THE LEFT were assigned respectively to three promi- nent firms of architects : Peabody & Stearns, Maginnis & Sullivan, Coolidge & Carlson. And, instead of each firm asserting its own individuality in the work entrusted to it, tliey all joined in studxing the problem as a whole, with the result of a beautiful unity in design. On the Fenway, lieyond h\'nwav Court to the westward, stand the two main buildings of Simmons College, an institu- tion for the vocational training of young- women along the lines similar to those estab- lished in the Drexel Institute of I'hiladel- lihia. Peabody & Stearns are the architects. A little further on, at the corner of Louis Dra-.tiitg hy 11 Loiii;_CUa^on SCHOOL AND WASHINGTON STREETS, WITH THE "hip" ROOF Boylston entrance, and its harmoniously tlesigned next-door iieighl)or, the building of the Massachusetts Medical Liljrar}-. In connection with the Fenway neighbor- hood, mention should be made of one of the most distinctive of Boston's landmarks as seen from the Fens, enhanced by its diverse effects as it composes itself with the surrounding masses of liuildings accortling to the point of view: the great dome of the Christian Science Church, designed liy Charles Brigham. The building itself is somewhat over-llorid in its rich or- namentation and is not ]iarticularl\ well- proportioned. r>ut these shortcomings lind 206 THE BOOK OF BOSTON ample compensation in the admirable char- acter of the dome. And the building itself is interesting and well justifies the creation of the garden that keeps the view unim- peded from Huntington Avenue. This is the "Mother Church" of the Christian Sci- entists. Hence for historical motives the original edifice, designed in a rather tame romanesque, contrasting crudely with the contiguous new part, has been preserved as being the first temple devoted to tlie doctrine. The most monumental of modern Boston church edifices is Trinit}-, on Copley Square, where Phillips Brooks was the rector until his elevation as bishop. This is the most celebrated church designed by H. H. Richardson, the eminent architect who started the vogue in which the romanesque st\'le was held in the last quarter of the nineteenth centurv. The suggestions for Trinity were derived from Spanish roman- esque types. It is related that since at the time the funds availalile would not admit the development of the facade as he desired, Richardson purposely made it as unsatisfac- tory as possible in order to assure its ulti- mate completion — a work that was carried out liy his successors : Shepley, Rutan & Coolidge. On the Back Bay, in this immediate neighborhood, are to be found several other notable examples of ecclesiastical architec- ture. Two of these face Berkeley Street : the First Church, at the corner of Marl- borough Street, designed by Ware & Van Brunt (also the architects of the Society of Natural History's building and of its neigh- bor, the Rogers Building of the Massachu- setts Institute of Technology, on the open space enclosed by Boylston, Newbury, Berkeley and Clarendon Streets). The lo- cation of the Governor \\'inthrop statue be- fore this church is more appropriate, and shows it to better advantage, than upon its original site in Scollay Square, where its dedication was a feature of the celebration, on Sept. 17, 1880, of the 250th anniversary of the settlement of Boston. It was modelletl by Richard S. Greenough. The Central Church at the corner of Newbury is the work of Upjohn, celebrated as the architect of Trinit}- Church, New York. The grace- ful spire, an exceptionally beautiful ex- ample of English Gothic, is called Upjohn's masterpiece, possessing a certain delicate individuality lacking in his spire of Trinitv. The new Old South, at the corner of Boylston and Dartmouth Streets, was de- signed by Cummings & Sears. Like Trin- ity, since 1875 it has been a conspicuous element of Back Bay architecture. Its handsome tower is a landmark from many directions, particularlv in the vista down Boylston Street from as far away as the Common. From certain points of view it compares finely with the Public Library, serving as a campanile in relation to that structure. In this landmark Boston has a notable example of a "leaning tower." It appears that this was due not to any settle- ment of the foundation, but to a curious error in construction. It is related that one day, when the work had been carried to a certain height, the architect, J\Ir. Cummings, was at hand in his supervisory duty; the builder, referring to the tower, asked what he should go by as a guide in the perpen- dicular. Looking about the neighborhood, the architect noticed a high chimney on the Chauncy Hall School, then near by on Boylston Street. "You may as well go by that chimney," he said. But it turned out that the chimnev was almost imperceptibly out of plumb. So, when the tower was finished, it proved to be quite perceptibly out of plumb, and leaning southward. At the corner of Commonwealth Avenue and Clarendon Street is what is now the First Baptist Church, built originally for the old Brattle Square Church, a Unitarian Congregational society. This was designed by Richardson prior to his work on Trinity. The architect's strong individuality is shown in the celebrated frieze of this tower, with its colossal figures in low relief. This work was responsible for the famous colossal fig- ure of "Liberty Enlightening the World," in New York Harbor. Richardson was a fel- low student with Bartholdi at the Ecole de 208 THE BOOK OF BOSTON Beaux Arts in Paris, and the two became intimate. When Richardson conceived this frieze he sent for Bartholdi to do it. And while here Bartholdi became so enthusiastic for America that he was inspired to design his "Liberty." Of all the public l)uildings erected by the City of Boston, the Public Library stands at the head as the most beautiful. Its noble charm abides unabated, and it still ranks as one of the most beautiful monumental buildings in America. It was at the instance of a num1)er of the foremost Boston archi- tects that its design was entrusted to McKini, Mead & White ; a competition for the work had proved unsatisfactory, and it was feared that in some way it might be given into un- worthy hands. Mr. McKim gave to the task his individual attention and it is marked throughout with its exquisite taste. In its serene nobility and poetic gracious- ness it suggests a glorious musical work by a masterly composer. Being a world classic in architecture it has been described too many times to warrant a review here. Suf- fice it to say that Bostonians are beginning to appreciate their possession and to admire the judgment of Mr. Samuel A. B. Abbott, to whose foresight we owe so much, as ex- pressed elsewhere. From the inception to the completion of this classic structure, the construction was looked after by a board of five trustees, of which Samuel A. B. Abliott was president. All were men of the highest standard of integrity, and it Avas thovight the original appropriation for the work would be am- ple in their hands, but when it was found that nearly three times the amount of the first estimate would be required, Mr. Ab- bott, as the directing spirit of the board, was censured in all quarters. None ques- tioned his honesty — that was beyond re- proach — but it was thought his ideals had led him into useless expenditure. No one knev\' that Mr. Abliott was giving to the city a building that is the most beautiful in the world devoted to literary purposes, but when it came to be realized that he had created an artistic palace that wnuld endure for centuries, public sentiment changed, and at this late da\' those who fcrmerlv con- SAMUEL A. B. ABBOTT EX-PRESIDENT OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES CF THE BOSTON PUBLIC LIB.^ARY demned are now loud in praising his un- selfish and painstaking work. During his membership on the board, wdiich dated from 1879, ''^ "'i* li'* 'I'"! *^o keep the library up to the standard established by preceding boards, the members of which Avere all eminent men, and eventually place it on the same plane as the British Museum. The lil)rary did at one period rank second, Init it has now fallen to fourth place. Mr. Abbott fought this deterioration, which was Ijrought a1)out by a desire to popularize the library at the expense of its scholarh- en- vironment. Not being successful, Mr. Ab- bott resigned, and has lived long enough to see the people of Boston recognize the Public Library as his creation and to con- sider it a lasting monument to its creator. Another monumental library building is the Boston Athenaeum on Beacon Street, be- tween Park Street and Tremont Place, its rear windows pleasantly overlooking the THE ROOK OP^ BOSTON 200- Granarx' ljiii"\'iiig-gi"iiuinl. It dates from 1849, the Athenanim itself incorporated in 1807. It is the second great library in Bos- ton and the largest private library, nnniber- ing between 200,000 and 300,000 volumes and valuable art collections. The architect of the present bniUling was Edward Cabot. \'ery recently the building was enlarged by the adtlition of two new stories and com- pletelN' rebuilt within, in a thoroughly fire- proof manner. It was a masterly ])iece of reconstruction, carried out with extraurdi- ai)]>nipriate original feature, not at all gro- tesque, or incongruous with the classic qual- ity of the design, are the heads of animals in bold relief carved on the keystones of the windows. The Boston Society of Natural History was founded in 183 r. Another important building of an essen- tially educational character is Horticultural Hall, erected by the Massachusetts Horti- cultural Society at the corner of Pluntington and Massachusetts .\venues early in the Twentieth ("entur\-, the handsome granite- ^ " "^ ii I I \iL,JU:^m 4» -i Ji9' "*jk HORTICULTUR.\L HALL nary fidelity to the dignified beauty of the original interior. The hall on the second floor is an exact duplicate of its predecessor. The new part, on the fifth floor, is the gen- eral reading-room, with a fine barrel-arch ceiling. With all its newness and substan- tiality, the continuity with the old interior, so rich in historic associations with the days of Emerson, Holmes, Lowell, and Long- fellow, seems unbroken. The Natural History ^kluscuni at Boyls- ton and Newbury Streets, dating from 1864, was the first monumental buikling com- pleted on the Back Bay lands. Its refined and dignified design, the work of Ware & \'an Brunt, was carried out in brick and brown sandstone with notable success. An building at Tremijnt and linnnlield Streets, having been outgrown. The architects were Wheelwright & Haven. Here are held the finest horticultural and floricultural exhibi- tions in the Ibiited States. The main ex~ hibition hall was designed with special reference to its purpose, its floor on a level with the ground and admitting the bringing and placing of plants with the least trouble. The Massachusetts Horticultural Society, founded in 1821), is the richest organization (if the kind in the world, achieving that en- viable rank through its fortunate estaljlish- ment of the pioneer nio(k-rn nu'al cemetery at Mount Auburn. Boston has long been the centre of horticultural interests in the United States, and the activitv of this so- 2in THE BOOK OF BOSTON ciety has been a main factor in assuring that distinction. Boston's musical Hfe, wherein in many respects the city stands preeminent in Amer- ica, is largely centred about three buildings in this neighborhood. On the opposite ■corner of Huntington and Massachusetts Avenues stands Symphony Hall, the succes- .sor of the historic Music Hall, down town, as the home of the Boston Symphony Or- chestra, endowed by Major Henry L. Hig- ^inson, and a world-renowned organization. Symphony Hall was designed by McKim, Mead & White. Its acoustical properties are perfect. educational plant of the Boston Young Men's Christian Association. Among its notable features is the swimming-pool, one of the largest and best in the country — sup- plied with water from an artesian well. Farther out on the avenue is the fine group of the Wentworth Institute, devoted to vocational training in the mechanic arts. Also in this neighborhood stands the plain brick building that houses the Medical and Dental Schools of Tufts College. The executive and central administrative activities of the Commonwealth of Massa- chusetts are mainly concentrated in the State House on lieacon Hill, originally se- 4 /' i ^^^i m . N. H I^^ljti"" 1 ^^T^^^«H^^^^^H^^B^^^^^^^^^w' RI^^^B Ittflftisf^^M B if"'""^'i AQUARIUM CITY POINT The same praise is given to the fine audi- torium of the Boston Opera House, a little farther along on Huntington Avenue, de- signed by Wheelwright & Haven, and one of the best arranged and constructed theatre buildings in the new world. On the opposite side of the avenue, a little beyond Symphony Hall, stands the building of the New England Conservatory of Music, the leading institution of the sort in America — also designed by Wheelwright & Haven. Here is the fine auditorium of Jordan Hall, the gift of Eben D. Jordan to the Conservatory. Close by, a large plain building of brick houses the magnificent philanthropic and cured for this site by the action of the town of Boston in purchasing for $4,000 the Hancock pasture and conveying it to the Commonwealth. Here the "Bulfinch front," as the part designed by Charles Bul- finch is now called, was erected in 1795. Then in 1853-1856 the "Bryant addition" ( Gridley J. F. Bryant, architect) consider- ably enlarged the building on the north. Later, the extensive "anne.x" (Charles Brigham, architect), arching Mount Vernon Street and prolonging the building to Derne Street, covering the site of the granite Beacon Hill reservoir of the Boston Water \\\irks, had the unfortunate result of sadly impairing the proportions of the building. THE BOOK OF BOSTON 211 This part was added in 1889-1895. Now, more happily, the problem of restoring the historic character of the original interior and adequately planning harmonious wings, was lately given into cunipetent hands. The original, or Bulfinch. part has thus been strengthened and so far as practicable made fire-resisting, while its beautiful old features — Doric Hall, the okl Senate chamber, the with the cxce]itinn nf a large auditurium, or room for legislative hearings, in the base- ment of the east wing, are devotetl to office purposes. It seems likelv that ultimately yet another new wing to the State House will be added for the accommodation of the State Library and the Supreme Court as an L of the annex, which would naturally en- tail a change of the latter fmni \'ellow to k. " " " SI 35 1J 35 " n :J 3! !i u » " " !1 !! ., „ ,. 51 ?3 :: n « - - AS S»»J,3 llJJXU u i,3j n a n a u uji !|^Jit*rr':' """",g^'^ "^^ ^Sr ^™' "^ KtaaSs- BOSTON YOUNG MEN S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION BUILDING old Hal! of Representatives, and the chamber for the Governor and Council — have either been restored most painstak- ingly or preserved in their original aspect. Jn charge of a special board of architects (Robert D. Andrews, R. Clipston Sturgis and William Chapman) the new marble Avings have been designed in harmony with the Bulfinch front, the latter ])ainted white to agree with the marble, as in the case of the capitol at \\'ashington, while the re- planning of the grounds has assured a dig- nity and a quiet beauty that gives for the first time a landscape setting in harmony A\ith the environment. The new wings, white by replacing the lirick with a surfac- ing of marble. The approach to the State House is at present flanked by a statue of Daniel Webster by Hiraiu Powers, erected bv the Webster Memorial Committee in 1859, and by a statue of Horace Mann by Emma Stebbins, the colored sculptor, a gift from Massachusetts teachers and school children. Before the entrance to the east wing stands an equestrian statue of General Hooker of the Civil War (an honor to "Fighting Joe," scathingly condemned by Charles Francis Adams, the younger, in his autol)it)grapliy ) by French and Potter. In the grounds on tlic east side is a reproduc- 212 THE BOOK OF BOSTON tion of the first Independence monument in the conntrv. designed hv Bnlfinch and erected on the summit of Beacon Hill in 17QO-1791. Near by are statues of Charles Devens (general in the Civil War antl later judge), by Olin L. Warner, and of Nathaniel P. Banks ( former governor member of Congress, etc.), by H. H. Kit- son. In the Doric Hall is Sir Francis Chantrey's marble statue of Wa.shington, the gift of the Washington monument com- mittee in 1857, and the marble statue of Gov. John A. Andrew, by Th(jmas Ball, erected in 1871. Tal)lets near the Wash- ington statue commemorate Charles Bul- finch and record the preservation and re- newal of the State House. On the walls are portraits of various governors of the Com- monwealth. Beyond is the Rotunda, or "Memorial Hall." Here are preserved the battle-flags of Massachusetts regiments in the Civil War. Here also are busts of vari- ous governors of Massachusetts and a beau- tiful memorial group in bronze by Bela L. Pratt, commemorating the nurses of the Civil War, erected by the Army Nurses As- sociation. In four panels above are mural paintings depicting events in Massachusetts history : "The Pilgrims on the Mayflower" and "John Eliot Preaching to the Indians," both by Henry Oliver Walker, and "The Fight at Concord Bridge, April 19, 1775," and "The Return of the Colors to the Cus- tody of the Commonwealth, December 22, 1875," both by Edward Simmons, a native of Concord. The last is notable as depict- ing a historic scene in front of the building within which is the picture itself. The mural painting in the Senate staircase, by Robert Reid, depicts another historic scene in Massachusetts history : a scene in the Council Chamber of the Old State House representing "James Otis making his Famous Argument against the Writs of Assistance in the Old Town-House in Bos- ton, in February, 1761." Among the treas- ures in the State Library most precious is the famous Bradford manuscript of the "History of the Plimoth Plantation." The national government is represented in Boston architecture by onl)- two pulilic buildings of monumental character. First of these is the Federal Building, occupying the block formed by Devonshire, Milk and Water Streets and Post Office Square. Its beginning dates from 1870. Its architec- ture, an infelicitous attempt in French Renaissance, has been termed "Mullet- escjue," its designer, Mullet, having been supervising architect of the treasury at the time. It is a contemporary of the still worse Federal Building in New York. It is of Cape Ann granite. The part facing on Devonshire Street, which then included only about half of the facades on Milk and A\'ater, was finished externally, with the ex- ception of the roof, at the time of the Great Fire of November 9-10, 1872. This great fire-proof mass served to arrest the advance of the flames, thus saving the section about State Street. The burning of the buildings ti) the eastward gave a good opportunity for the extension of the Federal I'.uilding; hence Post Office Square was laid out by the city for the sake of giving an effective frontage on that side. The two marble groups by Daniel C. French, "Commerce" and "In- dustry," give distinction to this faqade. The ground floor and basement are occu- pied by the Post Office; the stories above by the United States Sub-treasur)- and the Federal Courts. The United States Customhouse, on McKinley Square, India Square and State Street, dates from 1847. The original building, long colloquially known as "the Stone Fort," was an admirable example of the adaptations from classic styles in vogue in those days. The architect was Ammi B. Young. When it was built it was very ap- propriately the monumental feature of the water-front, the land now occupied by the great granite State Street block not having then replaced the open dock adjacent to Long WHiarf. Its transformation, whereby the Customhouse became Boston's all- dominating landmark, dates from 1900. The original customhouse building was retained practically in its entirety, the beautiful old rotunda, with its columns and domed ceiling reproducetl as the entrance hall of the new building. The best and THP: l^OOK OF BOSTOX most practical feature ni the new custom- house is its efficiency in tlie transaction of lousiness, this having- been achieved by the substitution of perpendicular transit for lateral locomotion, thus avoiding; the neces- sity for long walks in going from depart- ment to department. The character of the new building as a landmark is indicated bv fringed bv pointed durnu'r windows, gives it an luiusual appearance. Its erection on this site was made possil)le by the public spirit of Henry M. Whitney, the founder of Bos- ton's consolidated and electrified modern system of local transit. The Boston Chamber of (/nmmerce is a ver\- (lid and substantial institutinn. It is THE MOST TRAVERSED SECTION OF BOSTON COMMON, SHOWING FAMOUS OLD PARK STREET CHURCH (DATING FRO.M 1809), TWO SUBWAY ENTRANCES, CHARACTERISTIC OF MODERN BOSTON, AND THE STATE CAPITOL AT THE LEFT the circumstance that it is seen by incoming passengers from Europe from as far away as Boston lightship, well out of sight of land. It commands a magnificent view over a wide extent of coast and far into the in- terior, including the mountain masses from Wachusett to Monadnock and beyond. The height of the tower is four hundred and ninety-five feet, eight inches. Near by, on India Street, is the building of the Boston Chamber of Commerce, built in 1902. Its architects were Shepley, Rutan & Coolidge. It is of light granite; its semi-cylindrical form with conical roof, the third in line of descent from the one bearing this same name which was founded some time between the years 1793 and 1904. It has over one thousand members, repre- sentative of the grain and produce trade especially, of the transportation interests, and of many manufacturing and mercantile lines. It owns and occupies property valued at several hundred thousand dollars and is in a prosperous condition financially. The Chamber worthily represents the rank and name of Boston among the business centres of the world. It has always been progres- sive and influential in maintaining Boston's commercial interests. 214 THE BOOK OF BOSTON FIRST NATIONAL BANK OF BOSTON BUILDING OF THE FIRST NATIONAL BANK OF BOSTON FEDERAL, FRANKLIN AND CONGRESS STREETS The First National Bank of Boston has a capital of $5,000,000, siu'plus and undivided profits of $12,596,085.22, and deposits of $109,413,188.83. The officers are: Daniel G. Wing, president; Clifton H. Dwinnell, Downie D. Muir, Bernard \V. Traiford, Palmer E. Presbrey, Francis A. Goodhue, ( )laf Olsen, vice-presidents; Bertram I). Blaisdell, cashier; George W. Hyde, Edwin R. Rooney, William F. Edlefson, assistant cashiers, and Stanton D. Bullock, auditor. Incorporated as a national bank in 1864. THE BOOK OF BOSTON 21S BOSTON SAFE DEPOSFF AND TRUST COMPANY BOSTON SAFE DEPOSIT AND TRUST COMPANY BlILDING FRANKLIN, DEVONSHIRE AND ARCH STREETS The Boston Safe Dejiosit and Trust Com- pany has Ijeen in active business since 1875. The Company has a paid up capital of $1,000,000. The officers of the Company are : Charles E. Rogers(_in, president, \\ il- liani II. Wellington, vice-president, William C. \\ illiams, vice-president, and Ceorge 1'-- Coodspeed, treasurer. 216 THE BOOK OF BOSTON JOSIAH O. BENNETT Josiah O. Bennett, capitalist, was born in Somerville, Mass., November 14, 1854, and was educated at the Somerville High JOSIAH Q. BENNETT School. He began his business career March i, 1871, as a messenger for the Maverick National Bank, and was entrusted with duties of continually increasing im- portance until he arose to the position of cashier in 1879. He continued in this office until 1898, when he was chosen president of the Mercantile Trust Company, resigning in 1913 to devote his entire time to his private corporate interests, which are many and varied. He is president and director of the Athol Gas and Electric Co., secretary-treasurer of the Boston Brick Co., secretary of the Boston Woven Hose and Rubber Co., president of the Cambridge Electric Co., the Fresh Pond Ice Co., Marl- borough Electric Co., Marlborough-Hudson Gas Co., Metropolitan Ice Co., Purity Dis- tilling Co., Westborough Gas and Electric Co., Weymouth Light and Power Co., and director of Goepper Bros. Co. and the Metropolitan \\'harf Trust. He is a mem- ber (if the Exchange Club of Boston, Colonial Club of Cambridge, and the Bel- mont Springs Country Club of Waverly. On the paternal side Mr. Bennett is of Eng- lish extraction, both families having settled here previous to the Revolutionary War, several of the memljers serving in the Colonial Army. JOHN N. COLE Beginning his Inisiness career in Andover in 1878, John N. Cole became in rapid se- (|uence newspaper publisher, legislator and financier. He was born at Andover, Noveml:)er 4, 1863, and was educated in the public s c h o o 1 s. At the age of twentv-five he was publisher of the A n d o v e r To7i.'iisiuan, in 1S96 he had secured con- trol of the Law rence Telegram. and in 1910 of tlu- Fibre ami Fabric of Boston. Mr. Cole , f JOHN N. COLE was a member of the Massachusetts Legislature from 1902 until 1908 and was Speaker of the House in 1 906-7-8. He is treasurer of the Andover Press, treasurer of the Andover Realty Co., and president of the Joseph M. Wade Publishing Company. At present he is chairman of the Boston Industrial Develop- ment Board and a trustee of the Andover Savings Bank. His clubs are the Boston City, Boston Press, Meadowbrook Golf, and the Andover. He is a member of the Masonic Fraternity, the Grange, the Odd Fellows and Knights of Pythias. His offices are at 7 Water Street and his home is in Andover. THE BOOK OF BOSTON MERCHANTS NATIONAL BANK 217 ^/ ^|wi f ■■PI SI a Si ii ■Pill:.. Sijif 1^ s? jaj 0k ifll ^■ MERCHANTS NATIONAL BANK BUILDING, 28 STATE STREET Tlif Merchants National Bank has a cap- ital stock of $3,000,000 and deposits of $65,208,923.89. The officers of the com- pany are: Eugene \'. R. Thayer, president; Alfred L. Ripley, lirst vice-president; Cliarles B. Wiggin, Orrin (i. Wood. A. P. Weeks, Edward H. Gleason, David M. Os- l)orne, Horatio G. Curtis, vice-presidents; and Frederick C. \\'aite, cashier. It was incorporated as a national bank in 1864. 218 THE BOOK OF BOSTON WILLIAM M. PREST WILLIAM M. PREST William M. Prest, attorney-at-law and for- mer president of the Paul Revere Trust Co., was born in Blackburn, England, February 22, 1862. He was educated at Wes- leyan Academj' and Amherst College, graduating from the latter in 1888 with the degree of A.M. He obtained the LL.B. degree from the Boston University L a w School in 1891 and was admitted to the Bar the same year. He was elected president of the Paul Revere Trust Co. in 1913, and under his direction the deposits increased over 100 per cent. Mr. Prest is still in active practice, with offices at 27 State Street. He is a member of the Boston City Club, the Boston Athletic As- sociation, trustee of the Wells Memorial Association and Wesleyan Academy, and a director of the State Street Trust Co. Mr. Prest was appointed a memlier of the Bos- ton Excise Commission on August 3, 1916. WILLIA^r G. SHILLABER William G. Shillaber was born in Boston March 13, 1851, the son of Jonas Green and Caroline M. (Patten) Shillaber. With the exception of a few years when, as a latl, the family home was at Sanbornton, N. H., he has lived in Boston all his life, now resid- ing at 275 Beacon Street. He commenced his business career as a clerk in the employ of the Rumford Chemical Works of Provi- dence, at their Boston office, then under the management of Theodore H. Seavey, and later became their New England agent. His connection with this company covered twenty years. Mr. Shillalier retired from active business several }-ears ago and has since given his time to the care of real estate and as executor and trustee of es- tates, and has been a director in various cor- porations and banks. For thirty years he has been much interested in the North End Savings Bank, as trustee, vice-president, and for the past seven years as its presi- dent. He has held public office but once, by appointment of Mayor Hibbard, he served for five years on the City Hos- pital Board of Trustees. He belongs to various clubs and societies. His hobby may be said to be book collecting, early Ameri- cana and Biljles being especially interesting to him. The estate, 61 Court Street, where his office is, has been in the family since 1783, and Mr. Shillaber is of the fifth gen- eration to occupy the premises. NOAH W. JORDAN Noah W. Jordan, who rose from a medi- ocre position to a commanding place in the financial world, was l)orn in Boston, De- cember 30, 1846, and was educated in the public schools. He began his business career with the Suffolk Bank in 1863 and was connected with the National Bank of the Republic from 1864 until 1 88 1. From there he went to the American Trust Company as vice- president, was elected jiresident in 1900 and made Chairman of the Board of Directors in 1907. He is a director of the Columbian National Life Insurance Co., the American Trust Co., the Boston and Worcester Electric Co. and the Great Northern Power Co. Mr. Jordan is a mem- ber of the Country, Algonquin and Exchange Clubs and the Boston Athletic Association. NOAH VV. JORDAN THE BOOK OF BOSTON 219 CAMDRIDGEPORT SAX'IXGS BANK AXU 11AR\ARU TRUST CU.MPANY The handsome huilding at 689 Massachu- setts Avenue, which is one of the most im- posing in Cambridge, is occupied jointly by the Cambridgeport Savings IJank and the Harvard Trust Co. Frederic W. Tilton is president of tlie The Harvard Trust Company has as its president \\'alter F. Earle ; vice-presitlent, Edward D. Whitford. and treasurer, Herl)ert FI. Dyer. The company has a capital of $200,000 and surplus and undivided profits of nearly HOME OF THE CAMBRIDGEP :)RT SAVINGS BANK AND THE HARVARD TRUST LJMl'ANY first named institutiank has a Guarant)' F'und of $329,080; surplus $108,075.53, and deposits amounting to $6,706,938.05. a quarter million tlollars and deposits amounting to $2,665,106.34. It acts as ex- ecutor, trustee and administrator, and is equi]5ped with the most modern safe deposit vaults and storage rooms. The Board of Directors are : Walter F. Earle, William W. Dallinger, \\'arren H. Dunning, Frederic W. Tilton, .\lbert M. Barnes, Edward D. Whitford, J(jhn H. Corcoran and Edward J. I'.randon. The com])any's banking and vault facilities are complete in every detail. 220 THE BOOK OF BOSTON WALTER S. Walter S. Glidden, banker and commis- sion merchant, was born in Pittston, Me., April 30, 1856, the son of Daniel and Jo- WALTER S. GLIDDEN hanna ( Dudley) Glidden. He was educated in the public schools and at a Inisiness college. At the age of thirteen he Iiecame a printer's apprentice on the Kennebec Re- porter, and coming to Boston in 1872, was employed in Frank Woods' printing shop. He was subsequently with E. F. Stacey in Faneuil Hall Market, with W. H. Gleason on Shawmut Avenue and with C. E. Bailey as manager. After this he organized the firm of W. S. Glidden & Co., which dealt in meats in the Blackstone Market. He dis- posed of this business in 1876, and became manager of N. E. Hollis & Co., which posi- tion he still retains. Mr. Glidden's interests are many and varied, yet despite the time required to look GLIDDEN after these, he is interested in philanthropic work, antl a portion of each day is devoted to the charitable institutions with which he is connected. He is president of the Charlestown Five Cent Savings Bank, Contractors' Mutual Liability Insurance Co., J- H. Whiton «& Co., Hinckley Rendering Co., Sands, Furber & Co., and L. A. Johnson & Co. He is vice-president of the Mutual Protective Fire Insurance Co., sole owner of the E. T. Barrett Co., Faneuil Hall Market, director of the Beacon Trust Co., of which he is a member of the execu- tive committee, director of the Winter Hill Co-operative Bank, the Massachusetts Fire and Marine Insurance Co., J. V. Fletcher Co., of Faneuil Hall Market, New England Dressed Meat and Wool Co., Sturtevant & Flaley Beef & Supply Co., and the Swift Beef Co. He is president of the Winchester Home for Aged Women, the Hunt Asylum for Destitute Children, and trustee of the Somerville Hospital and the Somerville Home for the Aged. He was a member of the Governor's Council of Massachusetts from 1908 until 191 1, and is a 32nd degree Mason. At the present time he holds member- sliip in the Ijoston Chamber of Commerce, the Boston Produce Exchange, the Indepen- dent Order of Odd Fellows, the Algonquin and Belmont Country Clubs of Boston, and the Central of Somerville. In politics he is a Republican, but beyond membership in the Governor's Council, has never held a pulilic position. His home is in Somerville, Mass., and his business address, 5 1 North Market Street. THK BOOK OF BOSTON 221 BOWEX TUFTS Bowen Tufts, who at a cuniparatively early age has risen to a position uf promi- nence in the financial workl, was born ^^^^^^^^^^^^ June 17, 1884, at ^^^PP|5^^^^^^^| Somerville, Mass. ^^V -JHIM^^^H ^^ ^^'^^ educated in ^B _^ ^ii^^B^ '^f Somerville, and ^W Y^^ '^'^ '""'•'^'- position Bj*' ^ was with tlic firm ^■"~" k of Jose, i'arkcT X; ^^^^^ ^^^^^ Cership in the Ex- change, Engineers, Belmont diuntry, and Boston Yacht Clubs and Masonic Fraternity. r BOWEN TUFTS J.\MES JACKSON James Jackson, secretary of the State Street Trust Company, was born April 21, 1 88 1, in Boston, and received his prepara- tory education at the Groton School, Grot o n , ^lass., after which he en- tered Harvard Col- lege and grailuated in 1904. One year I later he became as- sociated A\ilh the banking tirni of Lee, Iligginson &: Co., re m a i n i n g with that well- kuDwn house imtil he was chosen vicc- prcsidi-nt nf the j\M,^ j.\cKsox |K^,i j,jeverc Trust Co., a position he retained until amalgama- tiiin with the State Street Trust Company. Mr. Jackson conies of old New England ancestry, the founder of the family in America being one of the first settlers of Newburyport. He is a memlier of the Somerset, Tennis and Raccjuet, and several other clubs, and is active in the Good Gov- ernment Association. STATE STREET TRUST COMPANY 3 J STATE STREET 222 THE BOOK OF BOSTON ALLEN A. BROWN I was first attracted to Allen A. Brown by his intense interest in music and the drama. This was mam- vears as;o, at a time ALLEN A. BROWN when he conducted a stationery store on State Street, and the devotion he then showed to musical and dramatic affairs has never waned, but has grown stronger with the passage of years, until now he is rec- ognized as an authority and has, in the in- tervening years, worked assiduously to create interest in these arts. He has con- tributed largely to make accessible such works as will Ijenefit students and all others, and his deep interest is manifested by his visits to the Public Library, to the musical and dramatic departments of which he de- votes three days each week. Mr. Brown was born in Boston July 26, 1835, and re- ceived his preliminary education in the ])ublic schools of that city and in Roxbury. He afterwards entered Harvard University, from which he graduated in 1856, with the A.B. degree. Two years after leaving col- lege he became a clerk in a State Street stationery store, and with that irrepressible force that has marked his entire career, rose to ownership and continued in the business for many years. He was subsecjuently ap- pointed trustee of a large estate, and his selection for this important position led to other work along the same lines, until he finally decided to retire from commercial pursuits and devote his entire time to the work that had come to him unexpectedly and unsought. At the present time, at the age of eighty, he is contemplating retire- ment from all business connections and de- voting his remaining years to pleasure and rest. Mr. Brown was never married. He is the son of Nathan and Ann (Haggett) Brown, and comes of an old English stock. His forbears settled at Salem and Ips- wich in 1635 and figured largely in Colonial history. He is interested in sev- eral commercial enterprises, in the direc- tion of which he is most active, being president and director of the Buzzards Bay Electric Co., Vineyard Haven Gas and Electric Light Co., and the Vineyard Light- ing Co. Mr. Brown is a member of the Harvard Musical Association and formerly held membership in several similar organi- zations, from which he resigned. His ac- tivity demanded that he should be a factor in these associations, but the pressure of private business was such that he could not devote sufficient time to them, and rather than he considered a drone, he relinquished membership. The culmination of Mr. Brown's activities along art lines was when he announced his intention of presenting to the Public Library collections of works on music and the drama. No expense was spared by him in selecting these collections, and the works now on the shelves of the Public Library bear silent testimony to his voluminous knowledge of the subjects and his generosity in making the selections. Mr. Brown is also intensely interested in philanthropic work, and his charities, vhich are of a private nature, have been many and most liberal. His offices are at 27 School Street and he resides at the Hotel Clifford, 25 Cortes Street. THE BOOK OF BOSTON' 223 HORNBLOWER & WEEKS HORNBLQWER & WEEKS BUJLDINC BOSTON. MASS. t S S i fl^i^i^ THE HORNBLOWER & WEEKS BUILDING At the ciiriier of Congress ami Water Streets, on the site where A\'ilHain JJnyd Garrison first ])uhHslie(l The Liberator m 1 83 1, stands the new 1 Idrnhldw er iV Weeks l)nil(hn_<,^ ereeted in 1908. The Iniilding is a modern six-story stone strncture, with steel frame and hglit Bed- ford limestone facings. The ontside has Ijeen treated with simplicity, the object heing to attract attention not bv an abnndance of decoration, but rather by its absence. The building presents a structure of well propor- tioned lines and spaces which depend for their artistic effect upon symmetry, with oid\- the corniced top bearing any extensive ornamentation. The main entrance is at 50 Congress Street, and the wlmle building is designed with es])ecial attention to lighting and ventilation facilities. The Company has offices in Boston, New York and Chicago. 224 THE BOOK OF BOSTON OTIS W. HOLMES Otis \y. Holmes, efficiency expert, operat- ing under the name of O. W. Holmes Co., was born in Milford, Mass., February 6, OTIS W. HOLMES 1870. He was educated in the public and high schools of his native city, but his real knowledge was gained by hard experience that fitted him for the particular line of work that has been his life study — that is, efficiency in relation to mechanical prodttcts from the raw material in the factories to the finished commodity. Mr. Holmes is an auditor and accountant, but pays little at- tention to this work except in cases where it aids production. He is a skilled machinist, having started with the Draper Company in 1886, and his work is almost entirely along the line of mechanical economics and inven- tive engineering. In this connection he has done some of the most important work in the largest manufactories of New England, formulating plans and erecting special ma- chinery to reduce cost and ofttimes making successful alterations on machines that were unsatisfactory and i)uzzling to the build- ers themselves. Mr. Holmes comes of old New England ancestry. His grandmother Holmes and ex-Governor Claflin were first cousins, and the paternal line was connected with the Clevelands, who founded Cleve- land, Ohio. He is a member of the Boston Chamber of Commerce, Boston City Club, Boston Rotary Club, the Hunnewell Club of Newton, the Society of Arts of the Massa- chusetts Institute of Technology. He is also a member of Fraternity Lodge F. & A. M. of Newtonville. Mr. Holmes is a Repub- lican in politics but joined the Progressives in 191 2. He was Delegate to the National Progressive Convention in 19 16. His offices are at 15 State Street. BOSTON MUTUAL LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY BUILDING 77 KILBY STREET A rapidly growing company, established for the mutual protection and prosperity of the citizens of Boston and New England. THE ROOK OF BOSTON T) ly JOHN HANCOCK MUTUAL LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY The John Hancock ]\Iutiial Life Insur- ance Coinpau)-, named after the Revohi- tionary jiatriot, John Hancock, was incor- porated l)y tile State of Massachusetts, April 21, 1862. It was I)acked liy a guaranteed capital of $100,000, which was retired alimit the original building; a view is given here. It o|jerates in eighteen States, with a large nienibershij) of policyholders. At the close of business on December 31. 10 L^' there were shown assets of $127,361,388.95, lia- liilities of $119,631,183.67, and unassigned,. ■*■■ - ^-H*. ?ii- '^ '^r T. ■^1 "r-. B W ra 71 13 '■^, *vt^:i n >i V 75 lilt ri K n JOHN HANCOCK lUIlAL LI] I. IX^lltANCE COMPANY 1UIII>IN'C ten years later. The first office of the com- pany was at 41 State Street, Boston, and the Company received the certificate of the Insurance Department tn issue pnlicies on December 8, 1862. ( )n Februarv jt,, 1891, the Company moved to its in\n build- ing, 178 Devonshire and 35 Federal Streets, remaining in these (|uarters ever since. A new building has been added to or .safety funds of $7,730,205.28. The pay- ments to policyholders which the Company has made since its organization, together with the accumulated reserves now held for the lienefit of present policyholders, equal the sum of $262,378,375. It is one of the largest life insurance com]ianies in the coun- try, has no capital stock, and is o])erated solely in the interests of its polic_\holders. ■226 THE BOOK OF BOSTON BOSTON INSURANCE COMPANY /: BUILDING OF THE BOSTON INSURANCE COMPANY CORNER KILBY AND MILK STREETS The "Boston Marine Insurance Company" Avas incorporated in 1873 to conduct an ex- 'Clusively marine business. In March, 1886, the Company was authorized to write fire insurance, hut not until April, 1896, was fire miderwritint^- actually begun. In April, 1898, the name of the Company was changed to the "Boston Insurance Company," by delet- ing the word "Marine," that its name might the better correspond with the increasing field of its operations. AutimKjbile and Tourist Baggage insurance also forms a part of its business. The need of more room for expansion resulted in the erection of a new building, of polished granite and limestone (as shown in the aljove cut), and u])on its completion in April, 1914, the Company moved to its new quarters. From the time of the organization of the Company, Mr. Ronsom B. Fuller has held the office of President and still continues in that position, he having secured the incor- poration, and to his efforts the success of the Company may be attributed. THE BOOK OF BOSTON Fifty Years' Recollections of the New England Metropolis CHAPTER XI\' EDUCATIONAL AD\ ANT AGES OE BOSTON Development of the Learxed Ixstitutions, Colleges, Art and ^Iusic Schools — Ltbrarh;s that Have I-Ikotght Boston Wide Recognition as a Great Educational Centre YT jP^C^^^ ^I ^^' advancement oi the hi^jher educatinnal institu- tiiins in the past halt cen- tur\- has liad a marked effect upun the Cit}-'s standing as an educational centre. Fifty years ago there were luit two higher institutions in the Cit\', and these were both very young. There were notable libraries, learned societies, and literary in- stitutions which gave Boston its fame for culture; but these were small in numljer and not of large growth. The two higher educational establishments were the Massachusetts Institute of Tech- nology in the Back Ba}\ and the Roman Catholic Boston College at the South End. The storv of the rise and rapid progress of the Institute, or "Tech." as it is fondly called — one of the earliest technical schools in the countrv and todav the foremost institutiou of its kind — is one of the fascin- ating chapters of Boston's educational his- tory. Before building on the "New Lands" was liegun, and the establishment here of the City's finer institutions was agitated, an association of gentlemen who called them- selves the "Conmiittee of Associateil Insti- tutions of Science and Art," was formed to secure from the State a grant of land in this (|uartcr for buildings for various in- stitutions, among them the Boston Society of Natural History and the ^Massachusetts Horticultural Society, representing the in- dustrial and fine arts, the purpose being to institute a Conservatorv of Art and Science. This movement was made in 1859. Al- though it was not successful, the Legislature declining to grant the petition for land, it led directly to the establishment of the In- stitute of Technology. The next year, i860, following the rejection of its petition, the Committee of Associated Institutions gave its endorsement to a memorial from Pro- fessor William B. Rogers in the establish- ment of "a School of Applied Sciences, or a comprehensive polytechnic college, fitted to equip its students with the scientific and technical principles applicable to industrial pursuits." The Rogers memorial also failed, in the Legislature of i860. Then Professor Rogers outlined to the Committee a definite plan for the formation of an Institute of Technology having "the triple organization of the Society of .Vrts, a Museum or Con- servatory of Arts, and a School of Indus- trial Science and Art." This the Committee most heartily forwarded in cooperation with a committee at large composed of twenty representative citizens. Professor Rogers was made chairman of the latter committee, antl as a result of his energetic action, an act of incorporation was obtained from the Legislature of 1861, and a grant of land secured for the buildings of the new insti- tutions: and also for a building for the old institution, the Natural History Society, dating from 1831, then occu])ying with its Museum and Liljrary the building on ]\Iason Street, now housing the Boston School Board. ( )f the ground granted, Ijounded by Boylston, Berkele}', Newbury, and Claren- 228 THE BOOK OF BOSTON don Streets, the Natural History Society was given the easterly one-third, and the Insti- tute the remaining two-thirds. The Natural History Building was the first to be erected, ■ — in 1864. Tech was organized with Pro- fessor Rogers as president immediately after the charter was obtained : the Society of Arts being first formed in 1862, and the School of Industrial Science first opened in 1865 (in the Mercantile Library Liuikling then on Summer Street), so that the insti- tution was well under way when the main building — the present Rogers Building of old-time dignity — was finished and read)- for occupancy in 1866. The first class, compris- individuals, one of the chief benefactors being Doctor William J. Walker of New- I)ort, Rhode Island, who also was a generous giver during his lifetime and Ijy his will to the Natural History Society; while in 1863, the Legislature had granted it a third of the annual income received from the fund created under the Act of Congress giving public lands to the States in aid of instruc- tion in agriculture, mechanic arts, and mili- tar\' science and tactics, the condition lieing that the Institute should provide for instruc- tion in military tactics. Early the Rogers Building was outgrown: other buildings in the neighborhood were occupied ; and in WILLIAM BARTON ROGERS FIRST PRESIDENT OF TECH Who had courage to go ahead with the Rogers Building when he had only fifteen students RICHARD COCKBURN MACLAURIN today's PRESIDENT OF TECH Who has financed the new Technology and has maintained its Educa- tional Standards ^^^^^^B^^^*^ ■ f f f iff if f ^1* ■ ■•■ ' ^^^H liiilllil iiiiii , i^^^B 1 THE NEW TECHNOLOGY ON THE CHARLES RIVER PARKWAY, CAMBRIDGE ing a half dozen young men, was graduated in 1868. Thereafter the growth of the in- stitution A\as marvellously rapid. It was favored from the start bv liljeral aid from 1884 the Walker Building, named for the generous donor of Newport, was added to the Institute's grounds. Professor Rogers lived to enjoy the full fruition of his noble TIIK BOOK OF BOSTON 229 work, and he tlied, in June, 1882, literally in harness, within his Ijeloved institution (and on the very day and hour of the grad- iiation of one of the largest classes it had sent out), Ijefore a distinguished audience, just as he was beginning the deliver)- of his annual address. The Institute had then come to embrace the School of Industrial Science, devoted to the teaching of science as ap- plied to the various engineering professions, as well as to architecture, chemistry, metal- lurgy, physics, biology, and geology ; the his success(_)r as jiresident, ljr(_)Ught the in- stitution Ijy rapid strides to an unrivalled position; Henry S. Pritchett, who followed (ieneral Walker, continued its wise develop- ment : while under the administration of the ])resent presitlent. Richard C. Maclaurin, Tech, now surpassed Ijv no other school of the kind in the world, erected its new home, the "great white city," on the banks of the Charles, Cambridge side, in the heart of the picturesque Charles River IJasin, the group of white buildings stretching along '^Ht0^^ •m^ .V *>:^r* V -*in-»,, ^•r' r-^y-r BOSTON COLLEGE, UNIVERSITY HEIGHTS, BOSTON Lowell School of Practical Design, estab- lished in 1872, by the trustees of the Lowell Institute for the purpose of "promoting in- dustrial art in the United States" ; and the Society of Arts, the latter holding meetings semi-monthh', and pul)lishing its Pr(\)ceed- ings annually. The Institute, opening in Feb- ruary, 1867, with seven pupils, registered at the time of President Rogers' death nearl\- a thousand. Professor Rogers retired from the otifice of president in 1870, and was succeeded by Professor John D. Runkle, but in 1S78 he was reappointed to the posi- tion. The Institute is fittingly called his monument. General Francis A. Walker, the river side for more than an eighth of a mile. The splendor of the picture which the "white city," with its pillars and domes, pre- sents, is seen from the heights of Beacon Hill, looking down quaint Pinckney Street. The Institute was enabled to undertake this great work through the sumptuous gifts that came to it after the fiftieth anniversary of its founding, April, 191 1, from alumni and other benefactors, a total of seven mil- lion, five hundred and thirty thousand dol- lars. At the fiftieth anniversary the Boston ])lant comprised, besides the Rogers and Walker Buildings on the Institute's original plot, the Engineering Building, on Trinity 230 THE BOOK OF BOSTON Place, built in 1889, and its neighbor, the Henry L. Pierce Building, of later date, provided for in the will of Henr}' L. Pierce, who died in 1896; the Workshops, with the quarters of the Lowell School of Design, the latter erected in 1885, on Garrison Street; and the Gynniasium and Drill Hall, on Exeter Street. The roll of students of the Institute in 19 15 had reached the impressive total of I goo. markable for elaborateness of design and richness of interior; the college was severely plain with no attempt at architectural dis- play. In the course of time the growing institution outgrew the South End establish- ment, and at length a new plant of hand- some structures on a handsome site, near the Brighton District, just over the Newton line and overlooking the Chestnut Hill res- ervoir, was erected, and removal made to BOSTON UNIVERSITY THE COLLEGE OF LIBERAL ARTS ON THE LEFT Boston College was founded in i860 by the Fathers of the Society of Jesus, to be conducted by them. In 1863 it was incor- porated by the Legislature with power to "confer such degrees as are usually con- ferred by colleges in the Commonwealth, except medical degrees." Its buildings were of a notable group on Harrison Avenue be- tween East Springfield and Concord Streets, — the Boston City Hospital on the East side of the avenue, the Church of the Immacu- late Conception and Boston College on the West side. Both church and college were completed in 1 860-1 861. The church is re- "University Heights," as the site was fit- tingly named, in 1914. During the last year of the 'sixties Boston University was chartered, and, with abun- dant means contributed by rich and generous Methodists, it had started into operation early in the 'seventies a full-fledged uni- versity, with its academic department, and graduate and professional schools, several of the latter ready made. There were the Col- lege of Liberal Arts, for both sexes, organ- ized in 1873; the School of All Sciences — the Graduate School — organized in 1874; the Theological, Medical, and Law Schools THE BOOK OF ROSTOX 2M and the ScIuhiIs of ^lusic and of Oratory. The School of Theology was the first de- partment to be established, which was ac- comijlished by the simple process of taking over an old institution, the Boston Theologi- cal Seminary, dating back to 1839, one of the oldest schools of the Methodist Episco- pal Church. Later in the year 1872, the School of Law was openetl. Then in 1873 the departments were completed with the es- profcssional schools were scattered in vari- ous parts of the City. In less than a decade the College of Liberal Arts had quite out- grown its contracted cjuarters, and in 1882 the trustees had erected a main University Building for its occupation, and as the universit}' headquarters. This University Building was on Somerset Street (now the home of the Boston Lodge of the Order of h.lks ), and occupied the site, and utilized the T}IE YARD Ai liAR\AKD. LAMUKIDOE, MASS. THIS WORLD FA.MOIS UNIVERSITY, REALLY A BOSTON INSTITUTION, IS LOCATED IN THE ADJOINING CITY OF CAMBRIDGE tablishment of the College of Liberal Arts, the School of Oratory, and the School of ^Medicine ; the latter the Homeopathic Medi- cal College connected with the Massachusetts Homeopathic Hospital, at the South End. The College of LiJjeral Arts and the uni- versity headquarters were at the outset cstal)lished in a s])acious old-time dwelling- house then on Beacon Street, nearly opposite the opening of Bowdoin Street; while the side walls, of the old Somerset-Street I5ap- tist Church, — the descendant of the First Baptist Church, long known in its day as "Dr. Neale's Church" — the Reverend Rollin H. Neale, its minister for forty years, — and famous for its spire, which, from the heights of the site, reached the tallest in town. The new building \vas formally named "Jacob Sleeper Hall," in honor of jacol) Sleeper, one of the three founders, or 232 THE BOOK OF BOSTON the original corporators, of the university, — Lee Claflin. Jaco!) Sleeper, and Isaac Rich, the last named its greatest benefactor DR. SAMUEL S. CURRY ONE OF boston's well-known educators who left by his will his entire estate, after the payment of certain other bequests and claims, from which the institution realized, instead of a million and more, about seven hundred thousand dollars, the property hav- ing depreciated through the "Great Fire" of 1872. With the erection of the University Building, or about that time, the Law School, which had started in rooms on the South side of Ashburton Place, occupied the Mount Vernon Church building on the North side; while the Theological School became sumptuously housed on Mount Ver- non Street in the block of two heavy stone mansions erected in the 'fifties for the brothers, John E. and Nathaniel Thayer, the eminent merchants, and benefactors of Harvard College. In 1914-1915 the stone Chapel, in connection with the school, was erected in the deep yard of the mansions, facing Chestnut Street. In 1908 the Col- lege of Liberal Arts and the University headquarters moved into a new University Building, or Jacob Sleeper Hall, on the Back Bay, on Boylston Street, adjoining the Boston Public Librarv. This was the former building of the Harvard IMedical School, remodelled and enlarged, which the university purchased upon the Medical School's removal to its new quarters, the impressive group of buildings on Longwood Avenue beside the Fens. In 19 13 the Col- lege of Business Administration was added to the university's professional schools. The first president of Boston University, William F. Warren, retired in the fullness of 3'ears and at the height of the prosperity of the institution, when he was made Presi- dent Emeritus. His successor was Doctor William E. Huntington, now dean of the Graduate School ; and Doctor Huntington was succeeded by the present president, Doctor Lemuel H. Murlin, under whose ad- ministration the growth and usefulness of the universit}- continues prosperously. The enrollment of students for 1916 numbered twent\'-six hundred. In 1873 the Massachusetts Normal Art School was established by act of the Legis- lature, primarily as a training-school to qualify teachers to carry out the provisions of a law passed three years before, making free instruction in drawing ol)ligatory in the public schools in cities and towns of the State of over ten thousand inhabitants. While a training-school was its specific ob- ject, however, it also aimed to provide for high skill in technical drawing, and for in- dustrial art culture : and was opened to stu- dents other than teachers. It was a State institution with a Boston flavor. Professor Walter Smith, an Englishman, coming from London with a reputation as a superior art instructor, was made the director, or prin- cipal, of the school. At that time Professor Smith was director of drawing in the Bos- ton public schools. Beginning in a small way, the institution, under Professor Smith's masterly hand, tleveloped rapidly. Its first quarters were the upper floor of a dwelling- house in Pemberton Square, just turned over for business uses. These quarters were soon outgrown and removal was made to larger ones in a building on School Street. THE BOOK OF BOSTON 233 Soon the School-Street quarters were out- grown, and another removal was necessary. This was made to the South End, where a whole house was occupied. This house was a local landmark known as the "Deacon House," from the lamilv for win mi it was originally built, in the 'fifties: a villa of brick, an earl_\- exemplar in this country of the French-roof style of architecture, frcm designs of a French architect, M. Lemoul- nier, set in a large enclosure bounded by three streets, with scitiare entrance lodge, stable, and other outbuildings. The Dea- con Hcuise in its turn was soon out'jrown. between him and the Board of \'isitors representing the Board of Education, and a long investigatiiiu having been made before a committee of the Legislature, he retired. His successor was Otto Fuchs, who had been assistant professor of drawing in the United States Naval Academy ; and Pro- fessor Fuchs in turn was succeeded by (ieorge H. Bartlett. The school has become one of the largest of its kind. In iSSo the St. John's Theological Sem- inary, Roman Catholic, was founded, and in 1885 opened to students. Its secluded grounds comprise a beautiful estate, for- >l.MM!..N^ LULLLOL Meanwhile in 1879, the State had set aside a lot in its part of the "New Lands," on the Southwest corner of Exeter and Newljury Streets, for a building for this school, and in 1 886- 1 887 the structure was erected and occupied. This is the present well-designed Normal Art School Building, now out- grown. The State Board of Education, under whose direction the school works, is talking of the need of a larger and more nuxlern structure, so that the school may soon remove to a spacious new site on Com- monwealth Avenue, near Cottage Farm, there occupying handsome new Iniildings. Walter Smith remained the ])rincipal of the school till 1882, when difficulties having arisen merly a country seat in the Brighton dis- trict on Lake Street, consisting of many acres of parti;ill\- wiKuletl land. Its building, of massive walls and turrets, a quadrangular structure, in the Norman style of architec- ture, has been pronounced proljably unsur- passed for its purpose in this ccnintry. In 1899 Simmons College, for women, to pro\ ide instruction in stich "branches of art, science, and industr}-" as "best calculated to enable its pupils to acquire an independent livelihood," was chartered, and shortly was o])ened to students. This beneficent insti- tution was provided for in the will of John .Simmons, a riost t Henry W. Savage in 1900 and was made manager of the business in 1905. The Inisiness w a s incorporated January i, 19 14, and Mr. I'urington was elected presi- dent and treasurer, a position he still holds with offices at 129 Tremont Street. He is a member of the Harvard Club, Boston City Club, Boston Chamber of Commerce and the Loyal Le- gion. His residence is in Brookline. FRANK H. PURINGTON JOHN C. SPOFFORD A WELL-KNOWN ARCHITECT WHO HAS DESIGNED MANY PUBLIC BUILDINGS, INCLUDING THE ADDITIONS TO THE STATE HOUSES OF MAINE AND MASSACHUSETTS THE BOOK OF BOSTON 241 JOHN CAL\TN SI'OFFORD John C". Spnft'ord, arcliitect, was Imni in Webster, Androscoggin County, Me., No- vember 25, 1S54, the son of Phineas AI. and Mary Ellen ( Wentworth ) Spofford. He was ethicated at llie ?^b)nnionth, ^Maine, Academy, \\'esleyan Seminary, Kents Hill, Maine, and the Maine State College. He enteretl the oftice of Hem-\- J. Preston, ar- chitect, in 1879, and was draftsman for Stiirgis & Bingham from 1881 to 1886. He was a member of the firm of Spofford & Bacon, 1887-8; Brigham & Spofford, 1888- 92; Bailey & Spofford, 1898-1900; and Spofiford-Eastman, 1904-8, since which time he has practiced alone. Mr. Spofford has been architect for many pulilic buiklings, including fjrigham & Spoff(jrd's addition to the Maine and Massachusetts State Houses, City Halls of Augusta, Lewiston and Ever- ett, Elks Home, State Armories at Salem, Chelsea and Maiden, Keany S<|uare Build- ing, Hotel Wadsworth, Hotel Princeton, Masonic Temple, Augusta, Coos Countv (N. FL ) Court House and man\- churches and apartment houses. Mr. Spoft'ord was a member of the Massachusetts Legislature in 1905 and was a member of the Everett School Committee for four years. He is a member of the Massachusetts Real Estate Exchange, Everett City Planning Board, Allston Development Association, Odtl Fel- lows, and a member of the Masonic Frater- nity. His offices are at 15 Ijeacon Street. G. HENRI DESMOND G. Flenri Desmond, of the firm of Des- mond & Lord, architects, was l)orn in W'atertown, Mass., February 22, 1876, and \\as educated in the puljlic schools. He studied architecture in the office of a well- known firm, and after thoroughh' mastering every detail by association with leading- architects, began business for himself in 1907. Some of the important work he has executed are the State Capitol at Augusta, Me.; the Fidelity Building, Portland, Me.; the Chapel at Poland Springs, Ale., for Hiram Ricker & Sons; the Steinert Build- ing, Providence, R. I.; Elks Building, IVovi- dence, K. I.; the Franklin Scjuare House, Boston; the Chelsea 'J'rust lUiilding, the HENRI DESMIIND engine houses and water department build- ings in Chelsea, after the destructive con- flagration in that cit\'. Fie has also planned various office buildings and is at the [iresent time engaged in work for the Boston Park Department, and is also liuilding the New High School at Portland, Me. Mr. Des- mond is a member of the ISiiston Art Clul), the Point Shirlc\' Llub, the Cumljerland Club of Portland and the Boston Real Es- tate Exchange. He was married August I, 1903, to \'asti Hollis, of New York. They have one son, George Henri Desmond, and reside at the corner of Braemore Road and Commonwealth Avenue, in a house of Mr. Desmond's own designing. His busi- ness address is 15 Beacon Street. Trinit\- Church, Copley Square, is one of the richest examples of ecclesiastical archi- tecture in the countrv. 242 THE BOOK OF BOSTON RALPH A. CRAM, LITT.D., LL.D. OF THE FIRM OF CRAM AND FERGUSON, ARCHITECTS EDWARD J. BREST Edward J. Brest, real estate dealer, was born in Uxbridge, Mass., December 29, 1868, and was educated in the public schools there and at the W e s 1 e y a n Acad- eni}-, ^\'ilbraham, Mass. He began his liusiness career as a real estate tlealer and builder in Bristol, R. L, hut now operates in Boston, with offices at 2"] State Street. Mr. Brest is treas- urer of the Boston Shoe Company. He was at one time auditor of the town of Uxbridge, Mass., moderator of Bristol, R. L, and postmaster of that town for four years. He is a Re- publican in politics and makes his home in Topsfield, Mass. EDWARD J. PREST HAROLD FIELD KELLOGG Hardld Field Kellogg, who enjoys a high reputation as an architect and designer, was born in Boston, January 26, 1884. He graduated from Harvard in 1906 and at the Ecole des Beaux Arts, Baris, in 1909. He has Ijeen employed b_\- the State as ar- chitect at the North Reading and Lake- ville Sanitaria, de- signed city hos- pitals at Bl}-inouth. Brookline, Gard- ner, Taunton, and built the Roxbury Boys' Club, the Duxburv Vacht harold field kellogg Club and many residences. He was Art Editor of the Flarvard Blustrated Maga- zine, has illustrated for Houghton Mifflin Co., and exhibited at the Faris Salon. He is a meml)er of the Boston Society of Ar- chitects, Harvard Club, Architectural Club and the Societe des Architects diplomes par le Gouvernement Fran^ais. His offices are at 141 Milk Street. JOHN THOMAS HOSFORD John Thomas Hosford, real estate oper- ator, was born in Limerick, Ireland, Decem- ber 23, 1868, and was brought to America b}' his parents in infancy. He was educated in the public schools and began his business career with Henry W. Savage. He was in charge of a department for Mr. Savage for three years, and in 1893 organized the firm of Hosford & Williams. Since 19 13 he has operated under his own name with offices at 85 Devonshire Street. He is a director of the Massachusetts Fire & Marine Insurance Co., and as a member of the Committee of 100, and the Executive Committee of the Charter Association aided in the fight to secure the present city charter. He was Chairman of the Executive Committee of the Citizens Municipal League for one year, a member THE BOOK OF BOSTON 2U (if tlie Executive Cuniniittee of the Good Government Association, ami ])rcsi(k'nt of the Roslindale Citizens' Association for two years. He is a member of tlie ]5oston Chamber of Commerce, the ^Masonic Frater- nity, the Boston City Club, Unitarian and Highland Clubs of West Roxbury. ALEXANDER SYLX'ANUS PORTER (deceased) Alexander S. Porter, the orij^inator of the trust form of (jwuership, who died on Octolier i, 1915, was born at Coal's Mouth, Mrginia. August 2~,. 1840. He was educated at the Pinkerton Academy at Derry, N. H., and the English High School ('57). In i860 he entered his father's office and in 1869 started in the real estate Inisi- ness for himself. His most notable trans- action was the organization of the Boston Real Estate Trust and the financing of the Exchange Building, for which lie raised the sum of $3,000,000. He was at one time president of the Boston Real Estate Ex- change, president of the Society for Preven- tion of Title Forgeries, and president of the ^Massachusetts Infant Asylum. He organized the Boston Storage \\'are- house Co. and other important enterprises. He negotiated many large sales, among them being the Scollay Building and the Deacon and Chandler estates. He was the author of "Changes of \'alue in Real Es- tate'' and other historical jiajjcrs, and was a mcmlier of the Bostonian Society, the Countr\- and Uni(_in Clubs. It is a fact that at the present time there is a greater activity throu.ghout Bcxston in all kinds of real estate than for a number of years past. Along Ijoth the North and South shores summer homes have ])ractically occu- pied the entire stretch of land and the de- mand for desirable lots has been most pronounced, for there is no state in the "Union that has a more attractive sea coast than Massachusetts. FRANKLIN H. HUll-HINS, ARCHITECT 6 BEACON STREET ALBERT J. LOVETT Alljert J. Lovett, who acts as trustee and agent for several estates and is engaged in the real estate and insurance business, was born in Somerville, Mass., August 16, 1866. He graduated from the Chauncv Hall School in 1SS5 and entered the office of Howard Stockton, who was at that time treasurer of several corporations. Later he entered the office of his father, Joshua Lovett, at 265 AX'ashington .Street, who was associated with \\'illiam Sohier, a lawver, who devoteil his time to the management of his own and the family estates. L^pon the death of his father Mr. Lovett succeeded to the business, which he now conducts at 33 State Street. He comes of New England ancestry, antl the family is said to have descended from Richardus de Louet, who came into England with Wil- liam of Normand}- in 1066. The name was Anglicized, and John Lovett, a descendant of Richardus de Louet, who was born in England in 16 10, founded the American branch of the family, coming to Massachu- setts in 1639 and settling at Cape Ann Side. 244 THE BOOK OF BOSTON LOREN D. Loren D. Towle, who has, in a few years, risen from a position of comparative oh- scuritv as a smaH real estate broker to LOREN D. TOWLE that of leading realty operator in the city and state and possibly in New England, was born March 25, 1874, in Newport, N. H. He was educated at the public schools and graduated in 1892 at the high school in the place of his birth, also at Eastman Business College, Poughkeepsie, N. Y., completing his studies there in 1893. He began his business career the same year as a clerk with a Boston house, and three years later entered the real estate field as Ijroker, con- ducting a small but lucrative business in that line until 1902. Having acquired a wide and comprehensive knowledge of real estate conditions and values, he determined to en- large his fields of endeavor and become an active operator. Since 1902, he has been one of the most active and aggressive deal- ers in realty in the State. His energies, while not confined entirely to this city, were bent on handling Boston down-town busi- TOWLE ness properties, and in the fourteen years that have intervened since he quit the bro- kerage business he has luiught and sold on his own account many of the most desirable properties in the Inisiness district and resi- dential holdings in the Back Bay district that range in value from $10,000 to $1,000,000. He has also erected many buildings that have materially added to Boston's reputation for commodious and sanitary structures ; besides several mer- cantile buildings, the nine-story Publicity Building, at 40-44 Bmmfield Street, and the twelve-story Newport Building at 60-68 Devonshire Street. Several imposing struc- tures at Coolidge Corner also bear testimony to Mr. Towle's activity. j\Ir. Towle is a director of the Inter- national Trust Co., and of the Boston Real Estate Exchange and Auction Board. His forbears were among the earliest settlers of New England, the American l)ranch of the family Ijeing established by Philip Towle, who came from England in 1657 and settled in Hampton, N. H. He is a Republican in politics, but beyond serving as a meml)er of the Board of Aldermen of Newton in 1910 and 191 1 has never sought political preferment. He is a member of the Boston Chamber of Commerce, the Mas- sachusetts Horticultural Societ}', the Bos- tonian Society, Commonwealth Country Club, the Hunnewell Club of Newton, the Newton Golf Club, Dalhousie Lodge, A. F. & A. M., Newton Royal Arch Chapter and the Gethsemane Commandery of Newton. He was president of the Newton Improve- ment Association in 191 1 and 1912. Mr. Towle was married June 2S; 1899, to I\Iiss Helen M. Leland of Sangerville, Maine. They have two daughters. His offices are at 68 Devonshire Street, Boston, and he resides at 215 Franklin Street, Newton. THE BOOK OF BOSTON Fifty Years' Recollections of the New England Metropolis CHAPTER XV MUSIC AND THE FINE ARTS Boston's Early Supremacy in Musical Taste and Culture — The Systematic Cul- tivation OF Pure Music from the Start of the City's Musical Develop- ment — Beginnings of Classical Orchestral Music — The Handel and Haydn Oratorio Society — Early Facilities for the Higher Musical Education — Founding of the Boston Symphony Orchestra and of the "Pops" — The City's Leadership in the Fine Arts Fifty Years Ago and Now 1 T the beginninjj of the half ]) centurv of wliich we are ^i,l^^j treating, Boston was occu- s}^ I)\-ino- an assured position jK^'p^CJ^t'/ \vith respect to musical to that of taste and culture superior anv other American cit\'. During the Civil War the cause of pure music had waned in commi:)n with many other interests. Still within that period there was something to enjoy in the chamber con- certs by resident artists, ()f win mi the citv could boast not a few. At the close of the war the revival was prompt, and therefrom through the latter half centur\- the develop- ment of the higher musical interests con- tinued as l)ef(ore. and the city's leadership as a musical centre sustained. From the beginning the cit\''s cultivation of music was of the highest grade. It was the s_\-steniatic culture of music for music's own sake. It began with orchestral music, and the pioneer in the movement was a German. Pie was one Gottlieb Graupner, a German musician and piano-forte teacher, wlio had come to Boston in 1798 and made the town his ado|)ted home. In 1810 or 181 1 Graup- ner formed a "Philo-harmonic Society" composed of his musical friends. These comrades met informalh- on Saturdav eve- nings in a little music hall which Graupner had estaldished in his little house on Frank- lin Street, and practised Ha\-dii's s\'m- phonies and other classical music merelv for the gratification cif the performers. It was a small orchestra of players, and mostly of amateurs, for at the time of the organiza- tion of the "Philo-harmonic Societv" there were said ti) have been not half a score of ])ri:)fessionals in the town. The Philo-har- monic afterward expanded somewhat and gave ciiiicerts in jniblic halls. It is known to have been in existence as late as Novem- ber, 1X24, when a concert by the society was announced, at the Pantheon (jii Boyl- stoii Square. In 181 5, on ]\Iarcli thirtieth, B(iston's fine oratorio society, the Handel and Haydn, was founded. Its material was largely drawn from the choir of the Park-Street Church, which was reiiciwned in the town for its musical excellence ; from the Philo- harmonic Orchestra, and from the few English organists and chuir ration of the return of national peace with the end of the Civil War, the second, an International Peace Jubilee. The scheme of the first Jubilee, when broached, which in- volved an orchestra of one thousand and a chorus of ten thousand, and the erection of a "Colosseum" to accommodate the per- formers and an audience of upward of fifty thousand, took the public's breath away. It was almost universally jironounced chimeri- cal, while musical critics roundly ridiculed it. But the ardent, magnetic, enthusiastic, emotional Gilmore succeeded in l)ringing to his support a group of influential Boston merchants, chief among them Eben D. Jor- dan, and put the affair through magnifi- centlv. At the ojiening, on June fifteen, i86cj, in the presence of a vast audience, in- cluding many invited guests of distinction, Mr. Gilmore lifted his baton over his great orchestra and great chorus, whose first note was accompanied by the boom of cannon on the Common, fired by electricity from the huge "Colosseum" on the "New Lands," in what was then called St. James Park, a little east of where the present Copley-Plaza hotel stands ; and the simultaneous ringing of all the bells of the city. The International Juljilee, following in 'seventy-two, was the most stupendous of Gilmore's conceptions, and was carried through as magnificently as the first one. For this a huger Colosseum was erected with a seating capacity of one hundred thousand ; the orchestra was aug- mented to two thousand, and the chorus to twenty thousand ; foreign talent was largely drawn upon ; and the great military bands of the European nations, England, France, German}-, were brought out, their services being given liv their governments through the solicitation of President Grant. This greatest of all popular musical festivals then on record was opened on June seventeenth, and continued through eighteen days. These monster Jubilees were musically im- portant principally on account of their wide stimulating effect, and the introduction to American audiences of some of the finest European l)ands and solo artists. Mr. Gil- more wrote a book, entertaining and, in pas- THE BOOK OF BOSTON 249 sages, amusing, giving his own account of the two affairs, in which he took tiie public into his confidence with great frankness. Genial, amiable, proud Gilmore! He was the favorite of newspaper men. I came to know him agreeably in the 'seventies. He was nettled by my free-hand review of his book, but only for a moment. It was a de- light to see him at the head of his band in a great street procession. He played the cornet like an artist. The latter years of the half century Subsequently it joined to itself a female choir and took uj) larger works. In 1877 appeared the Cecilia, of mixed chorus, per- forming the larger works of the best com- posers, usually with the assistance of an orchestra. In 1879 — the Arlington Club, of male voices, cultivating the part-song and allied music, the field abandoned by the Boylston Club after its first few seasons. In 1879 — '^he Euterpe Society, formed on the same general principle as that of the singing clubs. In its first series of concerts SYMPHONY HALL HOME OF THE BOSTON SYMPHOiNY ORCHESTRA formed the era of musical clubs, supported entirely by the fees of members. The sing- ing clubs, engaged the services of the best conducting talent, because of inestimable benefit as training schools for the chorus singers, mostly amateurs. Their perform- ances, too, served to refine the public taste and develop a high standard of choral nuisic. In 1 87 1 was formed the Apollo Club, com- posed of male voices, which ultimately de- voted itself almost entirely to vocal music of the light class. In 1873 the Boylston Club, comprising a luale chorus to sing part- songs and similar music, was organized. only classical chamber nuisic by small com- binations of stringed instruments was pre- sented, and the best players of Boston and New York were engaged. A new awakening of interest in orchestral music came in the latter 'seventies and early 'eighties. In 1879, with the organization of the Philharmonic Orchestra, Bernard Lis- termann attempted the establishment of yearly courses of concerts. The next year he organized the Philharmonic Society with professional memljers and subscription mem- bers, the latter bearing the expenses, to suc- ceed, or sustain, the Philharmonic Orches- 250 THE BOOK OF BOSTON tra. Then the next Aear, 1881, came the estal)lisliment of Major Henrv L. Higgin- son's Boston Symphony Orchestra. Now, in its thirty-fourth year, we have a book by that accomplished Hterateur, M. A. DeW. Howe, published, happily, on Mr. Higginson's eightieth birthday, November eighteen, 1914, the authorized and intimate story of the rise of his band of players, and its development into the most accomplished orchestra in the world, conceived in Mr. Higginson's young manhood when a student of nuisic abroad, founded, and sustained by him alone — the dream of his life brought to complete fulfilment. Mr. Howe's story is based on material furnished by Mr. Higgin- son, and is essentially Mr. Higginson's own account. It tells of the early work of up- building the orchestra l)y the first con- ductors, Georg Henschel in his three years' service, and W^ilhelm Gericke through his first term of service. It was Mr. Gericke who really made the orchestra, forming it from an engaging band of clever musicians, l)Ut undisciplined, into the perfected organ- ization working in harmony under the one leader. The story of the work of the band under the conductorship of Mr. Nikisch and Mr. Paur; Mr. Gericke's second term, 1898-1906, and Dr. Muck, is all covered in interesting detail by Mr. Howe, with amus- ing revelations here and there of the free- dom of the critics and other "outsiders" with advice as to the way the institution should be run. It appears that Mr. Hig- ginson's method from the beginning was to make the conductor the master of the or- chestra's personnel, of its programmes, and all the details of the concerts, while the busi- ness management of the Ijand's affairs was entrusted to administrators whom he chose. Thus no small credit for the perfection of the orchestra artistically and its business-like conduct is due to Mr. Higginson's admi- rable musical sense and business acumen. The "Pops" — popular concerts by a part of the orchestra, of airy music, running through the early summer months, with a mild dash of bohemianism, the audience sit- ting about little tables at which light drinks and lighter edibles are served, — were insti- tuted in the latter 'eighties, to become a unique Boston institution. With the abandonment of the Boston Music Hall the Symphony Hall on the Back Bay was erected, and this became the per- matient home of the Boston Symphony Or- chestra, of the "Pops," and of the Handel and Haydn Society, where its oratorios are given. Later the Boston Opera House was erected farther out on the avenue which the Symphony Hall faces, an institution largely fostered by the late Eben D. Jordan, and permanent grand opera was established, with the presentation of operas by Boston's, own organization through the regular sea- sons. The opening of the great European War in 1914 had a crushing effect upon this enterprise, and the performances were aban- doned, temporarily, as first supposed. At length, however, in January, 19 16, Mr. Jor- dan sold the Opera House, and its trans- formation into a regular theatre was con- templated by its new purchasers. Mr. Eich- berg's Boston Conservatory, after an honor- able and useful career, came to an end in the 'nineties, not long before Mr. Eichberg's death. Under the guidance of Ralph L. Flanders, general manager, and George W. Chadwick, musical director, the New Eng- land Conservatory continues the greatest in- stitution of its kind in the country, embrac- ing now sixteen separate schools. After the death of Dr. Tourjee, it was reorganized and its administration placed iipon a sub- stantial basis, under the control of a board of trustees, with Carl Faelten as director. Crawford's statue of Beethoven, which, after the passing of the Boston Music Hall, was shifted about, for a time resting in the entrance hall of the Boston Public Library, now embellishes the entrance hall of the present Conservatory l)uilding, on Hunting- ton Avenue, near Symphony Hall. The Great Organ, alas ! was permitted to be sold, and to ]mss to humble uses. The cultivation of the Fine Arts in America, notably of portrait painting, was earliest liegun in Iloston. There were "limners" established in the town in Colony days. A portrait of two children of Robert Gibbs, a rich merchant who lived on Fort THK I^OOK OP' BOSTOX 251 Hill, painted in Boston and hearing" date of 1670, is extant. In 1679 or 1680 a portrait of Increase Mather was painted here. I'eter Pelham, who came from England about 17J4-17.26, is the earliest Boston painter of whom we have most knowledge. He was more of a copper-plate engraver than a painter, and has been called the founder of copper-plate engraving here ; liut he is known to have painted ])ortraits of a few Boston worthies. He is most distinguished in local art histor_\', perhaps, as the step- father of John Sitigleton Co])ley. He was a versatile school teacher, and established, if not the first, one of the earliest schools in the town in which painting was taught. The school was begun in his dwelling "near the Town Dock." al)out or ])efore 1734. The "curriculum was ex]iansive, emliracing reading, writing, arithmetic, dancing, paint- ing, and needlework. P'elham married the widow Copley in Ma\', 1747. when John Singleton Copley was a lad of nine, and the united families made their home in Lindall Row (about where E.xchange Place now is ) , "against [opposite] the Quaker meeting- house." Contemporary with Pelham was John Smiljert. the first distinctly profes- sional painter in Boston. He came to Amer- ica, at Newport, Rhode Island, in ij2(). with others (among them Peter Harrison, after- ward the architect of King's Chapel ) in the train of Bishop, then Dean, Berkeley, who had that beautiful dream of founding a university in the New World for teaching _\duth the arts and sciences along with the training of Indians and missionaries. Smibert was to have served as professor of painting and architecture in the faculty of the institution. He was a Scotchman, and had developed into a jiainter of portraits from a painter of coaches, in London. His Boston painting included a large number of portraits of Boston ministers, judges, and other dignitaries. His immediate successor as chief portrait painter in Boston was Jona- than Blackburn, who set u]) his studio here a }ear before Smibert's death ( w liich oc- curred in 1 751) and remained in the town fifteen vears. It is said that about fiftv of his Boston-painted ])ortraits are e.xtaut in or about the city. John Singleton Copley (1737-1815) was tile first native-born Boston painter (unless John Greenwood, said to have been born in Boston ten years before him, is to be counted). He was of Irish parentage, and I)oth of his parents came from Countv Lim- erick. His mother was "S(iuire Singleton s" daughter. .\t about the time of his birtli in Boston, Jul}' third, \y^^j. his father, Richa'"d Copley, died in the West indies. He \\as a born artist and was making creditable sketches when a little fellow. He was not seif-taught, as iias been stated in some of the biograpliies, but was trained by his step- father, Pelham. He Ijegan making por- traits after Pelham's death in 1751, and when he himself was a lad of fourteen. In 1755, Washington, when visiting Boston, sat to him for a miniature. The next year he achieved local fame with a portrait of General Brattle in the uniform of a British officer. Thereafter he devoted himself ar- dently to the study of his art, painting dili- genth'; and it was not l', to paint in his young boyhood, and at thir- teen he had so taught himself that he re- ceived orders for portraits. At seventeen he was in England, struggling for an edu- cation and the cultivation of his art. After two years he returned to America, and for a year painted here with slight success. Then he went again to England, sailing in the last ship that left Boston before the blockade in 1775. In London he became a pupil of West's, attended Reynold's lectures, and studied anatomy. By 1785 he had left his master and set up a studio of his own. His success was remarkable. In 1792 he suddenly left his London work, and again returned to America. First he settled in New York and painted there with satisfac- tory results. Then he moved to Philadel- phia, thence to Washington, and finally es- tablished himself permanently in Boston. This was his home for more than twenty years, till his death in July, 1828. He be- came Boston's best portrait painter. His home and painting room through his latter years were on Essex Street, near Edinboro Street. His grave is in the old burning- ground on Boston Common, unmarked, but its location is indicated by a tablet, in the form of a palette, attached to the fence alongside the broad path leading toward Park Square. Stuart's portraits of Wash- ington — the typical likeness by which the artist is most popularly known, — are numerous. The head is in the Boston Athenjeum. Portrait painting remained the only branch of art cultivated by Boston artists till about the 'twenties. Then landscape work was ventured, then painting of his- torical subjects. Earliest among the painters of the latter branch was Washing- ton Allston. Though a native of South Carolina (born in 1779), he was educated at the North, — at Newport, Rhode Island, and at Harvard College; and he was most particularly identified with the development of Boston art. He first came to Boston in 1809, after a few years in Paris and Rome studying anatomy and modelling in clay; and opening a studio on the same spot where Smibert had painted eighty years before — on Court Street between Brattle Street and Cornhill — painted portraits like his con- temporaries, for a year or so. Then he re- turned to Europe, and spent several years in England painting historical subjects, re- ceiving prizes from the British Institution for several of his pictures of this class; and beginning his greatest work, unfinished at his death — "Belshazzar's Feast." In 1818 he returned to Boston, and here and in Cambridge was his home through the rest of his life. He first established his studio at this time in a barn on an old estate near the corner of Pearl and High Streets, and resumed his historical painting. In 1831 he removed to Cambridgeport, and set up his home and painting room in a house on the corner of Magazine and Auburn Streets, which is still pointed out to the visitor as a treasured landmark from its connection with Allston. Here he died suddenly on the evening of the ninth of July, 1843, "sinking down in his chair and falling asleep," after a hard day's work on the un- ending task of his "Belshazzar." This un- finished canvas is now in the Museum of Fine Arts. The first attempt at an art gallery was THE BOOK OF BOSTON 253 made in 1823. when the Boston Athenjeum opened to artists its collection of works of art, then chiefly comprising a valuable lot of casts of the most celebrated statues of an- tiquity, given to the institution by Augustus Thorndike. In 1827 the first regular ex- hibition of painting and sculpture was opened to the public, and thereafter these exhibitions were held every year till the es- tablishment of the Museum of Fine Arts in the community a love and knowledge of art. Sometimes these exhibitions were given by local organizations of artists and art patrons. As early as 1826 the room containing the casts was open to artists de- siring to draw from them. When the Mu- seum of Fine Arts was established most of the Athenaeum collection was transferred to its galleries. Organizations of artists and of art pa- A READING ROOM IN THE ATHEN/EUM, LOCATED IN THE RECENTLY ADDED UPPER STORIES OF THIS FAMOUS BOSTON INSTITUTION in the 'seventies. During this period the Athen;cum art galleries ranked with the best in the country. Many valuable works of art became its permanent property, either by gift or purchase, and these, together with new works by local artists and pictures from private collections in the city and else- where often deposited here, made most at- tractive exhil)itions. It has been said, and trul}-, that the annual exhibitions held in these galleries through more than forty years did more than anything else to foster trons for the advancement of art among the people began in the 'forties. In 1842 the Boston Artists' Association was formed, with Washington Allston as its first presi- dent, and for three years this organization gave exhibitions in "Harding's Gallery," then at No. 22 School Street. In 1852 the New England Art Union, organized under the leadership of Edward Everett, Franklin De.xter, and others of similar standing, for "the encouragement of artists and the prcj- motion of art," began giving free exhibi- 254 THE BOOK OF BOSTON tions of contemporary art in its own gallery, on Tremont Row. This flourished, how- ever, only for a little while. In 1854 the Boston Art Club was formed, with a mem- bership of twenty persons, nearly all of them professional artists, and studio exhibitions of the work of members were given at irregular intervals. Meanwhile, in 1850, the first free school of drawing in Boston was established by the beneficent Lowell Institute. It was open to l)oth sexes, and continued uninterruptedly for twenty-eight years, with excellent re- square being entered from Washington Street through an arched passageway. This chapel was originally a lecture room formed from an L of the hotel. In 1846 it was remodelled for the use of the Lowell Institute, and thereafter the Institute lec- tures were given in its hall till 1879, when its career closed. With the loss of its rooms here the life school came to an end. It was superseded by the School of Drawing and Painting in connection with the Museum of Fine Arts, established in 1876. Fifty years ago there was a colony of Drawing by H . Louts Gleason HARVARD GATE — HARVARD COLLEGE suits. It was the first art school in the coun- trv to adopt exclusivel}' at the beginning and continue throughout the course the principle of drawing from real objects only — from the "round," and not from copies or flat surfaces. For a quarter of a century ^^'illiam Hollingsworth was the competent and beloved head of this famous life school. It was established in the old "Marlboro Chapel." which stood in the cobble-paved scjuare in the rear of the Marlborough Hotel, long on Washington Street, nearly opposite the head of Franklin Street, the Boston artists, numbering a hundred and more, most of them advancing toward fame. Not a few of them had done service in the war. With the return of peace the revival in the fine arts was quick, like that in music. The art quarters, or the studios, at this time were principally in the old Mercantile Library Building <>n Summer Street, and the new Studio Building on Tremont Street. Some of the older artists were accustomed to eke out their irregular incomes by teach- ing art to amateurs, at alluringly low rates. I remember seeing a transparency illumi- THE ROOK OP^ BOSTON ^,1,-) iiated 1)V an huniMe candle, protruding from tlie front of a Tremont-Street building an- nouncing "Art Taught, at Fifty Cents a Lesson." Of the notable artists coming forward in the 'sixties, and later in the 'seventies and "eighties, I recall with pleas- ant memories (T do not undertake to name them chronologically) : \\'illiam Morris Hunt, who came to Boston in 1863; Walter M. Brackett, dean of the Boston artists, painter of fine game-fish, now (1916) in his ninet\-fifth year still painting, an orig- inal member of the Ijostcm Art Club, si>me- ers ; W. F. Halsall, George S. W'asson, W. F. Lansl, W. E. Norton. Painters of figures and genre: I. M. Gaugengigl, Clement R. Grant, George R. Basse, Jr. Portrait painters: Frederick P. Vinton, J. Harvey Young, George Munzig, Edgar Parker, Otto Gundmann, Mrs. Sarah \V. Whitman, Robert W. Vennoh. Sculptors : Thomas Ball, in the 'sixties modelling his great equestrian statue of Washington, in the Public Garden; Martin Milmore, in the latter 'sixties at work on his Arm\- and Navv Moinimcnt on Boston Common, com- MlStUM OF n.NL ARTS, HUNTINGTON A\ENUh. time its president, of late years the receiver of a comi)limentary dinner l)y the club on his recurring birthdays ; John J. Enneking, famous of landscape painters, who estab- lished himself in Boston in 1864 or 1865, and whose completion of fifty years of "talented and conscientious work as a Bos- ton painter," in 1915, was celel)rated in March by the unusual ceremonv of a com- ])limentary breakfast tendered him bv the artists of the city. Among other landscape painters: Thomas Allen, F. Childe Hassam, John B. Johnston, D. Jerome lihvell, J. Appleton Brown, H. \\inthrop Peirce, A. PI. Bickwell, J. Foxcroft Cole, George Iniller. Landscape painters who also ex- celled as painters of animals : F. W. Rogers, .Alexander Pope, Scott Leigh ton, Thomas Robinson, Albert Thomjison. Marine paint- pleted and dedicated in 1877; Truman H. Bartlett. later, Bartlett's son, Paul; Daniel C. French ; Miss Anne Whitney, the sculp- tor of the Samuel Adams statue in Adams Square, set up in the 'eighties, of Harriet Martineau, and of " Leif, the Norseman," the latter at the junction of Commonwealth and Massachusetts Avenues. Water col- orists : Ross Turner, T. F. Wainwright, C. W. Sanderson, T. O. Langerfelt, Charles Copeland, Edmund Garrett, Henry Sand- ham, Philip Little, Miss Elizabeth Boot, Miss Ellen Robljins, S. P. R. Triscott. The sculptors: Bela L. Pratt, Frederick Mac- Monnies, Cyrus E. Dallin, and the Kitsons • — Henry H. and his wife Alice Ruggles Kitson, — Charles 11. Woodbur}-, the distin- guished marine painter. Miss Grace Geer, miniatures, jxirtraits, and landscapes, are 256 THE BOOK OF BOSTON of the 'nineties and the opening twentieth century. The founding of the Boston Museum of Fine Arts in 1870 was a long and most im- portant step toward the popular promotion of art. The original building was placed on what became Copley Square, the site now covered by the Copley-Plaza Hotel. It was designed to comprise four sections sur- rounding a square interior court. It was double its original size, while extensive im- provements were made in various parts, at a large expense met by subscriptions of gen- erous citizens. John H. Sturgis was the architect of the original building, and Stur- gis and Cabot of the enlargement and im- provements of 1890. The institution from its creation has been wholly dependent for maintenance upon private liberalit}', the only gift from City or State being the land Dra'xing by II . Louis GUason BEACON STREET IX FRONT OF THE STATE HOUSE, THE SHAW MEMORIAL ON THE LEFT. THE OLD MANSIONS ARE BEING PARTIALLY REMOVED TO MAKE ROOM FOR A NEW STATE HOUSE WING. CINN & CO., PUBLISHERS, OCCUPY BUILDINGS ON THE RIGHT composed of brick, the front facing Copley Square decorated with elaljorate terra cotta pieces representing two allegorical composi- tions — "The Genius of Art" and "Art and Industry," presented by figures in relief — and the heads of Copley, Allston, Crawford, and other artists identified with Boston. The first section was completed and the Mu- seum opened to the public on the third of July, 1876. Three years later the fa(jade on Copley Square was finished; and early in 1890 the building was increased to nearly which the original building occupied. It is managed by a board of thirty trustees, upon which are represented the Boston Athe- naeum, the Massachusetts Institute of Tech- nology, and Harvard University. Also, members ex officiis are the mayor of the city, the superintendent of the public schools, a trustee of the Lowell Institute, the president of the trustees of the Boston Public Library, and the secretary of the State Board of Education. The Museum is open every day in the year, except the THE BOOK OF BOSTON 257 Fourth of July, Thanksgiving Day, and Christmas. Admission is free on every Sat- urday and Sunday and on pubHc hoHdays. On other days the entrance fee is twenty- five cents. The original building was super- seded by the present stone structure of classical style marked by extreme simplicity and dignit}-, on Huntington Avenue, farther out in the Back Bay quarter, erected in 1909. The noble extensii)n at the rear, facing the Fenway and the park of the Fens, the gen- erous gift of Mrs. Evans, was added in 19 1 3. Guy Lowell was the architect of this Improvement League, gives especial char- acter to the entrance court. With the founding of the Art Museum in 1870 the liciston Art Club reorganized and enlargetl, and its gallery then estab- lished became a ])lace of popular exhibitions. The St. Botolph Club, organized in 1880,. established an art gallery at the outset, and its exhibitions have since been given at in- tervals through the winter and spring sea- sons. To the galleries of these clubs admission is by ticket obtained through members. Of small permanent free collec- lAKKAl.LT STATl'E I.N MAKINIL PARK second Museum, its general .scheme em- bodying the result of three A'ears' study of the museums of Europe and of modern muscology by an advisory committee com- posed of a number of artists and architects in connection with the director and the Mu- seum staff. It stands today one of the rich- est museums of its class in the country. In one department, that of Chinese and Japa- nese art, its collection is the largest and finest in the world. Cyrus E. Dallin's fine sym- bolic statue, "The Appeal to the Creat Sjjirit," secured as a public monument through the efforts of the Metropolitan tions, those in Faneuil Hall and in the Old State House, composed of historical por- traits and paintings, are interesting. Finally, with the wholesome progress of art, our favored city is protected from the affliction of mediocre displays of out-door art in statue or building through the opera- tion of the Art Department of the City of l)0st(in. This body, a board of commis- sioners, established by Legislative act in 1898, is empowered to pass upon, approve or reject, any work of art offered to or pro- posed by the city. No work of art can be- come the property of the city without the 258 THE BOOK OF BOSTON approval of this department. All contracts ■or orders for the execution of any painting, monument, statue, bust, bas-relief or other sculpture for the City must be made by this board acting by a majority of its members, subject to the approval of the mayor. The board may also be requested by the mayor or by the city council to pass upon the de- sign of any municipal building, bridge, ap- proach, lamp, ornamental gate or fence, or other structure to be erected on land belong- ing to the City. The commissioners number five. They are appointed by the mayor, without confirmation, selected from lists, each of three persons, submitted liy the trus- tees of the Museum of Fine Arts, the trustees of the Boston Public Library, the trustees of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the Boston Art Club, and the Boston Society of Architects. The mem- bers serve without pay. This commission was preceded by a smaller one, with less power, established in 1890. Before the creation of the art department the majority vote of the City Council fixed the standard of out-door art in the City's l)ublic places. This accounts for some abom- inations with which the City is afflicted. Ignaz M. Gaugengigl, the well-known artist, was born at Passau, Bavaria, January 16, 1855, and was educated in Munich, Avhere he graduated from the Gymnasium, and afterward became a student at the Academy of Fine Arts, under Professor Raab and Prof. William Diez. He later studied the old masters and when only a student received a commission frnin the King of Bavaria, painting for him "The Hanging Gardens of Semiramis." He came to the United States in 1880, and since residing in Boston, has executed some notable work. His best-known paintings are: "An Affair of Honor," "The Duef," "The Refugee," "Adagio," "After the Storm," "The Revenge," "The First Hear- ing," "Incredulity," "The Amateur," and "Surprise." In recent years Mr. Gaugen- gigl has devoted his time to portrait work, and has made life-size paintings of the following well-known gentlemen : T. IGNAZ M. GAUGENGIGL Jeff'erson Coolidge, Sr., T. Jefferson Coolidge, Jr., Dr. Henry P. Bowditch, Dr. Cheever, A. Lawrence Rotch, William A. Gaston, ex-Secretary of State Robert Bacon, one of Dr. Reginald Fitz for the Harvard Medical School, and Ezra Ripley Thayer, dean of Harvard Law School, etc. Mr. Gaugengigl has handsomely appointed stu- dios and galleries at 5 Otis Place. He is a member of the St. Botolph, Tavern and Paint and Clay Clubs, and the School Com- mittee of the Museum of Fine Arts, the Guild of Boston Artists, Marine Museum, Bostonian Society, and the National Acad- emy of Design of New York. Boston has afforded the field for some famous architects — nultinch, Richardson, and others of scarcely less aliility and repu- tation, and it has numerous examples to show' off the work of some of the best men in the profession this country has produced. Trinity Church and the Public Library are buildings unsurpassed of their class in America. These and many other fine structures have set the Hub's architectural standard high. THE BOOK OF BOSTON 259 ALEXANDER STEINERT Alexander Steinert, who has probably (lone more than any other single individual in Boston to advance the musical art here ALEXANDER STEINERT and cater trcrman Society and trustee of the South V.nd Music School Settlement and the Boston Music Sclniol .Settlements. ]\Ir. Steinert was married, June 6, 1889, to Bessie Shuman, the union Ijringing three sons, Russell, Robert and Alexander .Steinert. lie resides at 401 Comnion\\e;dth Aveiuie, Boston, and has a beautiful summer home at Hospital Point, Beverh', Alass. 260 THE BOOK OF BOSTON NEW ENGLAND CONSERVATORY OF MUSIC NEW ENGLAND CONSERVATORY OF MUSIC The New England Conservatory of Music, incorporated in 1870, is the largest and best equipped school of its kind in America. It has always offered the best of facilities in all branches of musical educa- tion, and since removing to its new building GEORGE W. CHADWICK, DIRECTOR NEW ENGLAND CONSERVATORY OF MUSIC on Huntington Avenue it offers advantages perhaps unrivalled elsewhere. The school has no endowment, aside from provision for a few scholarships. Its charter prohibits it from being conducted for profit and the present surplus is being applied to reduce the indebtedness. The annual attendance approximates three thousand, coming from all parts of the country. George W. Chad- wick, the director, is a composer and or- chestral conductor of international reputa- tion. The late Eben D. Jordan, until his recent death, was president of the Board of Trustees, which is composed of many prominent men of Boston and elsewhere. Ralph L. Flanders is general manager. The Conservatory is admirably located in the art and educational section and is one of the greatest institutions of its kind in the country. In its entrance hall stands the statue of Beethoven by Crawford, originally in the old Music Hall. MASONIC TEMPLE This handsome light granite building of the present modern type of architecture stands on one of the most expensive sites in the city of Boston — the corner of Tremont and Boylston Streets, facing the Common. It was built in 1898-9, and is the second Masonic edifice erected on this corner. It is the headquarters of the Grand Lodge of Massachusetts, and houses thirteen Blue Lodges in addition to a number of higher Masonic bodies. The ground floor is entirely devoted to business purposes. 262 THE BOOK OF BOSTON MORGAN L. COOLEY MORGAN L. COOLEY PRESIDENT OF COOLEY & MARVIN COMPANY, PUBLIC ACCOUNTANTS AND ENGINEERS, TREASURER OF THE BOSTON CITY CLUB, ETC. Of representative citizens who are factors in the commercial and industrial life of Bos- ton, it is pleasing to recognize Mr. Morgan L. Cooley, president of Cooley & Marvin Co., public accountants and engineers, with offices in the Tremont Building. Mr. Cooley is a certified Public Account- ant, both of Massachusetts and New York, and is a member of the Massachusetts Bar. He is treasurer of the Boston City Club, a director of the School of Commerce and Finance, and a member and auditor of the 'I'HK HOOK OF l^OSTOX 263 Boston Chanil)cr (if I'dinnifrcc. lie is also associated with tlic management of the lex- tile I'rinhiets ('(inipany and the iMilelity Management Corporation. His compan\' is cnntinuouslx' retained by incUviihials, partnerships and cor])orati ns, not enter the Union Army as Comman- der of the Fortv- fifth Massachu.setts Regiment. Colonel Codman served in the State Senate and the lower house of the Legislature and was ;i candidate for Mayor of Boston in 1878. He had been a life-long Kepublican but renonnced those principles when James (j. Jilaine was nominated for the Presidency, and in 1890 was an In- dependent Democratic nominee for Con- gress. He has been president of the Board of Overseers of Harvard Universitv, the Mas-sachusetts State Homeopathic Ho.s- l)ital, tlie lioston Provident Association, and is a member of the ALas.sachusetts Histori- cal Societv and the Union Club. COL. CH.\RLES R. CODMAN 268 THE BOOK OF BOSTON BENJAMIN P. CHENEY (deceased) Benjamin P. Cheney, who was one of the pioneers of transcontinental railway travel and the originator of the present efiticient express system, conceived the plan for the gigantic transportation business he after- wards organized while driving a stage coach in the first half of the last century. He was born at Hillsborough, N. H., August 12, 1 81 5, the son of Jessie and Alice (Steele) Cheney, who were of early New England ancestry. His great-grandfather. Deacon Tristam Cheney, was one of the early set- tlers of Antrim, N. H., and his grandfather, Elias Cheney, served four years in the Rev- olutionary \\'ar. At the age of ten vears, Mr. Cheney was out of school and working in his father's blacksmith shop. Two years later he was working in a store at Francis- town, and at the age of sixteen was driving the stage between Nashua and Exeter. The following year he had the route between Keene and Nashua, driving fifty miles each day, and retaining the position until 1836, when he was sent to Boston to act as agent, at 1 1 Elm Street, which was the old-time centre for the northern stage routes. He was only twenty-two years old at this time, and six years later the plans he had formu- lated when a boy were consummated in the establishment of Cheney's Ex|)ress. Always ambitious and possessing the faculty of looking ahead, Mr. Cheney saw the possi- bilities of the express business, and brought to his new enterprise the indomitaljle energy that had sustained him during his long years of poverty and struggle. The line he first founded was between Boston and Montreal, and the route was over the Boston & Lowell Railroad as far as Concord, N. H., thence by stage messenger to Burlington, and from there by boat to Montreal. In 1852, he bought the express business of Fisk & Rice, and gradually absorbed other lines until he formed the United States & Canada Express Co., which covered the northern New Eng- land States, with nian\' branches. This great business, which had developed from an insig- nificant beginning, was conducted under Mr. Cheney's name for thirty-seven years, when it was merged into the American Express Co., of which the founder continued the largest owner and of which he was a direc- tor and treasurer until his retirement from active business. Mr. Cheney had previously acquired an interest in the "Overland Mail" to San Francisco, in the Wells, Fargo & Co. Express Co., and in the Vermont Central Railroad. These varied interests led to his connection with early western railroad en- terprises and he was one of the pioneers of the Northern Pacific Railroad. Air. Cheney's various enterprises had brought him a large fortune, and at a later ])eriod he invested largely in the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad and liecame pr(jminently identified with the San Diego Land & Town Co., and he was for many years a director of these companies and of the American Loan and Trust Co. from the time of its organization. Mr. Cheney occupied a fore- most place in the commercial world, and his reputation for business integrity was na- tional. His death, which occurred July 23, 1895, was a cause of deep regret and sorrow to his associates and friends in the many states where he was popularly known. Mr. Cheney was a member of the Boston Art Club, and in 1886 he presented to his native state a bronze statue of Daniel Webster, designed by Thomas Ball, and this imposing art work stands in the State House Park, Concord, N. H. He was married June 6, 1865, to Eliza- beth Stickney Clapp, the union bringing five children, four of whom are still livmg. He resided on Marlborough Street in the Back Bay district, and had a summer home at Wellesle_y, the grounds of which extended nearly a mile along the banks of the Charles River, and it was one of the most beautiful and best kept estates in that location of magnificent homes. benjamin p. cheney (deceased) Capitalist and Railway Contractor, who constructed many Transcontinental Railroads and established an Express System that covered the New England States and several points in Canada. See opposite page. SEARS BUILDING The Sears Building which stands at the corner of Washington and Court Streets, was built in 1868, and has the distinction of being the first office building in Boston to install an elevator. The building has also been the home of many notable banks and institutions. THE BOOK OF BOSTON Fifty Years' Recollections of the New England Metropolis CHAPTER XVI ACCOINTANCY Its Okicix, Okvelopment axd I-'i'tuke A'v Robert Py.uirt. B.C.S.. C.r.J. ^yj^^^l"^? CCOUNTANCY ina}- he de- tiiied as the liody of prin- ciples from which rules ailapted to the systematic .y( expression of business ac- tixities luav he drawn. From its earliest stages of development, the art has always stood in close relationship to the trade and ])arter nf the world, suggest- ing the onlv means from the most primi- tive forms of organized societ\', down thriles; whereas the work of the accountant, in addition to the foregoing, is also in the highest degree analytical : investigation, verification, scrutiny and scientific interpre- tation of the facts pre.sented by the book- kee])er, forming the subject matter to which the judgment and experience of the accountant may be addres.sed. Although popularly appraised as a utili- tarian ;uid ])erha])s prosaic subject, nuich of interest may still be written, descriptive of the infinite variety of devices and forms that have marked the progress of the art through- out the centuries — its history linking the ])resent with the mo.st distant records of the p;ist — leading the mind in retrospect back to transactions deciphered from the Cuneiform Inscriptions of the Persian Em- pire, 3500 V>.C.. to accounts of traffic, bank- statements, calculations of interest, and de- tails of elaborate svstems of taxaticjn left 272 THE BOOK OF BOSTON by the Egyptians, as well as to the use of the stylus and tablets of clay associated with the commercial supremacy of Assyria and Babylon — relics of the age that beheld the building of the pyramids, and the rise and fall of Tyre and Sidon, renowned emporia of the Ancient East. Downward through the corridors of time the steady development of the science may be traced, in touch always with the activities of manufacture and commerce, reflective of the ever increasing industry of the nations — expressive of the span that extends from the days of our worthy prototypes, the Scribes, to the present era of dictographs, multi- graphs, comptometers, etc. ; indispensable ac- cessories of the amazing degree of efficiency that now obtains throughout the marts of the civilized world. The origin of accountancy synchronized undoubtedly with the very beginnings of in- dividual and intertribal exchange, and it may therefore be assumed that the first re- corded sale for money, viz : the conveyance of the field and cave of Machpelah to Abra- ham for four hundred pieces of silver, was after all but incidental to the established usages of that remote period. The scriptural story of the division of the flocks and herds of Laban by Jacob at the well — familiar among the many instances of barter referred to in the Bible — the conduct of the great public granaries, building oper- ations and irrigation systems of Egypt, and the scores of commercial records, hoary with age, now lying in the vaults of the British Museum — are enduring witnesses of the an- tiquity of our profession, and suggestive of the vast manufacturing, mining, metal-work- ing and trading pursuits of the Babylonians, Assyrians and Hebrews, emphasize signifi- cantly the well established claim that the history of Commerce and Accountancy is in a large measure the real history of civilization. The public practice of accountancy in cer- tain form was recognized in England as early as in the reign of William of Normandy, and true to the national instincts of the peo- ple, it has since held a strongly entrenched position in the economic life of the nation. The field for general practice, however, has been very considerably broadened dur- ing the eight hundred odd years that have rolled into space since the introduction of the "Domesday Book," in 1066, and the organization of the Royal Treasury, or Ex- chequer, about a century later — from both of which sources we may arrive at a very fair appreciation of the status of account- ancy in those days, and consequently of all subsequent progress. Strange as it may seem, the "Duties and Responsibilities of Auditors" were pretty clearly defined and understood in England almost four hundred years ago — as may be gleaned from the "By-Laws" of the Pew- terers' Company dated in 1564, E. G. — ■ "Order for the Awdytours" : — ■ " Also it is agreed that there shall be foure awdytours chosen every yeare to awdit the Crafte accompte and they to paruse it and search it that it be parfect. And also to acconipt it, correct it, and allowe it so that they make an ende of the awdet thereof between Mighelmas and Christmas yearely and if defaute be made of ffenishinge thereof before Christmas yearely every one of the saide awdytours shall pay to the Crafte boxe . . . a pece." The extent to which the contents of the "Crafte-box" were augmented on this oc- casion has not been stated, but the general tone of the provisions contained in the "order for the awdytours" is one with which the latter day practitioner may not be altogether unfamiliar! The foundations for much of the sub- stantial progress that has since been made in the accounting art in the British Isles, as well as over the world in general in mod- ern times, were laid during this period ; and remarkable as that advancement has been, full credit for the production of the first svstematic manual of instruction upon the subject must not he withheld from the Ven- erable Italian Friar, Luca Paciolo, whose epoch-marking book — the first to set forth amply the principles of the double-entry system of accounting — was published to- wards the close of the fifteenth century. Although it was alleged by contemporary writers that the double-entry system had been followed in Italy for upwards of two THE BOOK OF BOSTON 273 liiiiidred years jirevinus to tlie advent of the Friar's celelirated book, and even as far back as in tlie time of Julius Cassar, the fact remains that the basis of all sulisequent de- velopment in every branch of the science was then given in concrete form to the world ; liringing us, as far as the statement and elaboration of principles are concerned, dinvn to the complexities of our own essen- tiall}' varied and broadened practice. Other authors have, of course, in the in- terim added substantially to the literature of the subject, but for generations afterward, their productions were visually in the form of translations, and not infrecjuently pref- aced as "after the form of A'enice." An interesting book by one John Gough ap- peared about a century later, entitled "A Profitable Treatyse called the instrument or boke to learn to knowe the good order of the keepyng of the famous reconyngs called in Latin Dare and Habere, in English Debit' r and Creditor." John IMillis of Southwark, another auth'T of repute, ]M'inted a book in whicii the preface ran as follows: — " I am but the renuer and reviver of an auncient old copie, printed here in London the 14 of August 1543, collected, published, made and set forth by one Hugh Oldcastle, Schoelmaster, who by his treatyse then taught Arithmetikc and his boke in Saint Ollaves Parish and in Mark Lane." A Still later text-book, remarkable for its thoroughness, was published in London in 1547, entitled "A notable and very excellent work expressyng and declaryng the manner and forme how to kepe a boke of accomptes or reconynges." Accountancy literature, always popular with the English, has undergone consider- able change since 1547, and it may be said in passing, as an illustration of the interest that is now taken in the subject, that the publications of the last twenty years, good, bad and indifferent, outnumber several times the combined product of all previous ages in the history of the profession. Addressing ourselves finally to the mod- ern practice of the science, and to the com- manding position that it occui)ies in the economic life of the nations of todav, little can be written that is not perhaps already (|uite well known to the majority of readers. Aside from the radical advance in technique that may lie noted in the preparation of financial documents and reports l)y qualified experts, demonstrative of the broati range of professional training that is now required, and of the high standards of perfection to which the science has been brought within recent years, there has been developed by the stupendous magnitude of modern manu- facturing operations, a degree of efficiency in accounting procedure, system building and cost finding, far in advance of anything- that the world has ever seen. Aflequate accounting provision for the conduct of undertakings demanding colossal aggrega- tions of capital operated I)y veritable armies of office men, statistical, financial and cleri- cal, enter daily into the problems confronting- the accounting profession of our time. So weighty, indeed, have become the re- sponsibilities entrusted to public accountants, that within the last quarter of a century, legislation affecting directly the professional and moral qualifications of the membership, has found expression upon the statute books of nearly every state in the LTnion, as well as in many other parts of the world. The granting of the C.P.A. degree in Massa- chusetts nia\' be said to e.xact a high order of abilit}' and integrity on the part of the pro- fession, and the experience of recent decades would seem to justify fulh' the jirecauticnis thus taken. The range of service required by the busi- ness public of the present da}' is lioth exact- ing and broad, enil)racing the solution of questions upon matters of accounting pro- cedure and financial policy, that affect for weal or for woe, the immediate guidance and ultimate security of practically every con- ceivable description of business venture — ■ and the claim may not be withheld that in very few of the professions, if in any, is the call for cool judgment, exact knowledge, and unswerving integrity of character, more necessary-. In regard to the future, it may be said that accountancy as a profession, although in several respects still new to the non-business 274 THE BOOK OF BOSTON ■world, may now be looked upon as fairly launched in the eyes of the law ; and that the prospects for expansion seem to be unlim- ited. It has been claimed that there are up- wards of one million separate concerns, cor- porations, firms and individuals in business in the United States at present, exclusive of the dominion and republics to the north and south of us, and it has been conservatively estimated by one (if the foremost statisti- cians in the country that not over ten per cent of the possible field for practice has so far been developed, notwithstanding the fact that commercialism in the broadest accepta- tion of the term is the predominant charac- teristic of the age. The logic and spirit of the times, however, and the general trend of indications point steadil}- to the not distant day when a de- gree of supervision over all financial enter- prise, public, corporate and private, more searching and universal in its a])plication than the past has ever known, will be the watch- A\ord ; and in the light of the conditions anticipated, political and social, as well as economic, a future brilliant with promise for the time-honored profession of account- ancy may well be presaged. CHESTNUT HILL RESERVOIR AND DRIVE THE liooK OF BOSTON 275 KDWIX L. PRIDE, C.i'.A. Edwin L. l^ride, treasurer and directur nf Edwin L. Pride & Co., Inc., Chartered ]'ul)lic .\ccciuntants, wa.-^ born in ilexerly, Mas.s., January 3, 1866, and was educated in the schools of his native vhv. He is a registered pharmacist and spent eiglit \ears of his early life in the drug business. Three years were afterwards devoted to the shoe trade, aiul then he passed the rigid exami- nation prescribed under the laws of the state of Massachusetts and became a I'ublic .Xc- countant. In the twentv-one vears that have interxened, he has been most successful and numbers man\- large manufacturing concerns, corporaticjus, banks and trust companies among his clients, giving employ- ment to scores of accountants, who work under his personal su])ervision. In addition to his interest in Edwin L. Pride & Co., Inc., he is a trustee of the Somerville Insti- tution for Savings and a directr:r of \\'illis A. Pride & Co., Inc. He is a thirty- second degree Mason, a Knight Teni]>lar and Shriner and is a member of the Chamlier of Commerce of Boston, the Chamber of Com- merce of the United States and the Boston Athletic Association. ]\Ir. Pride is a direct descendant of Thomas Pride, of England, who was one of the signers of the warrant to execute King Charles I. He is a Repub- lican in ]iolitics, is married and resides in Somerville. His offices are at 40 Central Street and are especialh' equi])])ed for the business of accountancy. J. EDWARD MASTERS, C.P.A. J. Edward Masters, resident ]3artner ()f the accounting firm of Price, \\'aterhouse & Co., president of the Certified Public .Ac- countants of Massachusetts and member of the Board of Examiners for the Registra- tion of Certified Public .\ccountants, was born in Millville, Pa.. June 18, 1873, and was educated at the W'estown ( Pa. ) Board- ing School. His early life was spent with various mercantile concerns and he entered the accounting ])rofessi(jn in Kjoo in Phila- del])hia. He came to Boston in Kjoy to o])en and This ;iti(in an office for Price, \\ aterhouse & Co., was admitted to i)artnershi]) in 1914. firm has a wide and creditable reput, and is rec( ignized as one of the largest accounting firms in the world, having offices in all of the principal cities of the United States, ]\Ie.xico, Xorth and South .America, Canada and Europe. Mr. Masters is a member of the Ex- change Club, Bos- ton City Club, Brae Burn Country Club, the Economic Club, the American As- '' ''''"''° """""^''■^ sociation of Pul)lic Accountants, and is as- sociated with several church and social clubs and societies. His offices are at 60 State Street. EDWIN SCOTT MORSE Edwin S. Morse, president, treasurer and director of the Edwin S. Morse Company, Inc., public accountants, was born in .Alna, Maine, November 28, 1850. He was edu- cated at the Roxbury Public Schools, and graduated frlican jiarty ha\'e been rec- ognized b\' re])eated recpiests to lieconie a .Senatorial candidate in the district where he resides. Mr. Stanwood comes of old New England ancestrx', his forbears, who settled in (doucester, Mass., in 1652, being prom- 280 THE BOOK OF BOSTON inent in Colonial afifairs. He is married and is the father of five sons and one daughter, three of the boys, Harold E., Francis J., and Augustus T., being associated with him in business, while the two younger sons are at college, where they have made special records in study and athletic events. The daughter is also a student at a Boston insti- tution of learning. ASA E. CHANDLER Asa E. Chandler, certified public ac- countant, was born at Duxljury, Mass., No- vember I, 1862, was graduated from the Partridge Academy in 1880 and in the same year became associated with the Hall Rubber Co., ten years later he became a public ac- c o u n t a n t , now being a Fellow of the Certified Pub- lic Accountants of Massachusetts, Inc., and of the Ameri- can Association of Public Account- ants. Air. Chandler comes of old New England ancestry, being directly descended from the well-known Adams familv. He is ASA E. CHANDLER a member of the Mount Vernon Lodge of Masons of Maiden, Mass. Mr. Chandler's ot^ces are at 19 Milk Street and his residence is in Maiden. W. CHESTER GRAY, C.P.A. W. Chester Gray, certified public ac- countant, was born in Boston, June 22, 1876, and was educated in the public schools and the evening high school, which was supplemented by courses in en- gineering law, ac- count a n c y and finance at the Bos- ton Y. M. C. A. and :\I. N. T. S. He was associated with Harvey S. Chase & Co., and other leading accountants of the city prior to practicing for him- self, and was for a time one of the faculty of the College of Business Adminis- tration of the Boston University. Mr. Gray is a Fellow of the American Society of Public Accountants and the Certified Public Accountants of Massachusetts, Inc. During the Spanish-American war he was quartermaster in the navy. His office is at 68 Devonshire Street. W. CHESTER GRAY HARVARD SQUARE, CAMBRIDGE, SHOWING THE SUBWAY TERMINAL FROM THE HARVARD GATE THE BOOK OF BOSTON 281 GUSTAVUS H. SPARROW (;USTA\'US H. Sl'ARROW. C.P.A. Gustavus H. Sparrow, Certitieel Pulilic Ac- countant, was born in Chatham, Mass., Oc- tober H), 1S76, and was echicated in the l)vil)iic schools of C'iielsea. After completing his schooling" he was f ( ir seven years in the employ of the White Bros. Manu- facturing Co., and served a like perini\-, given at the hiispital, were largeh' attended. When the Medical Schcinl was established it started with endowments amountin"- to John Collins Warren (177S-1856), father to Mason Warren (1S11-1867), who in turn was father to the present J. Collins Warren (1842). The fir.st John Collins Warren was associated w'ith Doctors Jack- son, Gorham, Jacob Bigelow, and Channing in estaljlishing the Massachusetts General Hospital in 181 i. He also established the Xcz^' Eiiijlaiul (niiw the Boston) Journal of Mciliciiw anil Surgery, and founded the \\'arren Museum of Comi)arative Anatomy and i'al;eontolog\' (jn Chestnut Street. He was devoted to the stud\- nf comparative anatomy and pakcontology and founded the Warren Museum of Natural Historv on 286 THE BOOK OF BOSTON Chestnut Street. Dr. \\'arren stood sponsor for the epochal experiment with ether at the Massachusetts General Hospital. Dr. Jacob Bigelow (i 787-1879) was one of the most brilliant figures in the history of American medicine. His talents were mani- fold. He was a born artist, artificer, crafts- man, mechanician and inventor. He took a livel}' interest in everything that was going on about him and was insatialjly curious as to mechanical processes of all sorts. He was a botanist of exceptional accnmplishment and a poet. He was the first Rum ford professor of chemistr}- at Harvard. He originated the project of a rural cemetery at Mount Auburn, to relieve the unh}-gienic conditions of interments in the city l)urying grounds and vaults — the first of its kind in the world. He induced the ^Massachusetts Horticultural Society to undertake the Mount Auburn en- terprise, to its great profit. He designed the plan of the cemetery and was the archi- tect of the gateway. He commissioned the sculptor Martin Milmore to model the mon- ument, "The Sphinx," erected as a memorial to the soldiers of the Civil War buried at Mount Auburn. Dr. Bigelow's paper on "Self-Limited Disea.ses," published in 1835, exerted an immense influence on the medical practice of the day. Dr. Henry Jacob Bige- low was his son. Dr. James Jackson (1777) brought vac- cine virus from London to Boston in 1800. It was he who was instrumental in securing the removal of the Harvard Medical School to Boston. The Boston dentist, Dr. W. T. G. Mor- ton was the prime figure in the great experiment that demonstrated to the world the value of sulphuric ether as an anaesthetic in surgery and revolutionized surgical prac- tice. The an;esthetic properties of both ether and nitrous oxide gas had been known for a long time before, but no advantage had been taken of the fact until, in 1842, Dr. Crawford W. Long, an obscure physi- cian in Georgia, had employed it in his prac- tice, but without attracting more than local attention. It is notable that Dr. ^Morton, whose first e.xperiments with ether had been conducted at Hartford while in partnership with Dr. Wells, a dentist in that city, should also have tested "laughing gas" as a possible means to the ends sought. When Dr. Mor- ton settled in Boston he went about his researches systematically, with a view to substantial profits as well as professional honors. Lie purchased his materials with due precautions from two leading druggists, Joseph Burnett and Theodore Metcalf, and consulted Dr. Jackson at the Massachusetts General as to the proi)erties of ether. Finally he induced Dr. Jackson to conduct a test at the hospital. This took place on a memo- rable dav in Octoljer, 1846, in the presence of eminent physicians and surgeons. The announcement to the world was made by Dr. Henry J. kiigelow at a meeting of the Amer- ican Academy of Sciences on November 3, and six days later before the Boston Society for Medical Imjirovement. It first appeared in print in the Boston Medical and Surgical Journal on November 18. Dr. Morton had given the name of "letheon" to ether thus employed, and for a while it was so called. It was Doctor Oliver Wendell Holmes who first suggested the terms "anaesthesia" and "an;esthetic." Other Boston men distinguished in medi- cal history are Joseph Lovell, born in Bos- ton, December 22, 1788, the first surgeon- general of the United States Army; Henry Ingersoll Bowditch (1808-1892), an ex- ponent of advanced French methods in med- ical practice and a specialist in diseases of the chest and in paracentesis; Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes (1809-1894), a brilliant anatomist and the first to demonstrate the contagious nature of child-l)ed fever; Jona- than Mason Warren ( 1811-1867), a great surgeon; and Henry Jacob Bigelow (1818- 1890), "the autocrat of New England surgery." Boston alone, not to mention the various Greater Boston communities, has something over one hundred hospitals, dispensaries, asylums, and sanatoriums. Some of these are private institutions, maintained either individually or in associated groups by physicians and surgeons, for the sake of car- 'II n-: P.OOK OF BOSTOX 2S7 iui^ for their patients umler their own super- vision, often with the aid of cra:ctni; by II. Louis GUason smallpox; Dr. Otto Folin's work in organic cheiuistry has proved of great value; Dr. Walter B. Cannon has not only done work of exceeding importance in his studies of digestive functions, but his discoveries in re- lation to the adrenal gland and the effect of its secretions upon the circulation of the blood have had momentous results — show- ing, for instance, hcnv the ])romotion or re- tarding of the entrance of adrenal secre- tions into the blood through excitement of the emotions induces valor, rage, fear, ;uid other modifications of human action. which has afllictcd inhabitants of Peru since remote historical times and knig supposed to be an advanced stage of a disease called Oroya fever. The expedition, headed by Dr. Richard P. Strong, professor of tropical medicine at the Harvard ^ledical School, found twi) distinct diseases — the former due to a virus and the latter to a jirotozoan parasite of the red l)lood cor- puscles and endothelial cells, which proved to be a new genus. The expedition demon- strated a method of vaccination against ver- ruga peruviana. Other notable work of the 294 THE BOOK OF BOSTON expedition was in connectinn with the ulcer- ative disease called iita, long supposed a pre- historic form of syphilis or of leprosy, and later of lupus vulgaris. But the expedition found it due to a species of Leishmania. The Harvard Dental School, established in 1868, occupies a handsome new building on Longwood Avenue, adjoining the Medi- cal School. The first year of the three years' course is given in the Medical School in common with the medical students, be- ing identical with the course of the latter. With the second year the students pass over to the Dental School under the instruction of its professors. The Dental School In- firmary is a department of the Massachu- setts General Hospital. The dental students have the privilege of the museum, library and dissecting rooms of the Medical School. The Boston University School of Medi- cine was organized in 1873 on a basis of homoeopathic practice. Its course is for three years. In 1874, by act of the Legis- lature, the New England Eemale Medical College was united with this school. The school building, on East Concord Street, ad- joins the Homoeopathic Hospital, which alifords to the students good opportunities for observation and clinical work. Male students are also allowed to be present at surgical operations performed at the Boston City Hospital, near by. The Tufts College School of Medicine occupies, in common with the Tufts College Dental School, a large and convenient build- ing on Huntington Avenue at the corner of Bryant Street. The School of Medicine was organized in 1893 to meet a demand for the sound training of young men desiring to lie general practitioners in medicine and sur- gery. At the Harvard IMedical School the new conditions had resulted in a training which was too long and expensive for young men of limited means who desired to engage in general practice. As a rule its students aimed at s])ecialization ; all but a small pro- portinii came from the great cities, and it was in the cities that the specialists had their field. Hence the country districts, whose need was for the all-round doctor, were left uncared for. The two institu- tions are not at all competitive ; a most cor- dial relationship therefore exists Ijetween the two faculties. The regular course at Tufts is for three years; a pre- requisite for entrance is a year's academic training at some collegiate institution of recognized standing. At the very start the faculty represented an uncommonly able corps of instruction, numbering some of the foremost and most brilliant physicians and surgeons practicing in Boston, distinguished for their progressiveness. Although special- ization was not aimed at, particular atten- tion was given to certain branches upon which not so much stress had at that time been given at other institutions — particularly pathology, psychopathy and therapeutics. The Tufts College Dental School is the largest in the United States, and the third in point of age. It was organized in 1868 as the Boston Dental College — its purpose "the advancement of dental art and instruc- tion" in it by means of lectures and clinical e.xercises. An excellent library and a mu- seum were soon established, together with an infirmary for the gratuitous treatment of poor persons, who were required to pay only for the gold and other materials used. At a1)out the same time the Tufts Medical School was established, the Dental College was taken over and a great impetus was thereby given to its development along the lines which have placed American dentistry at the head throughout the world. The Massachusetts Medical Society is the oldest State medical organization that has met continuously since its foundation. It was established in Novemlier, 1771, and was incorporated ten years later, its charter signed by Samuel Adams, president of the Senate, and John Hancock, governor. Through its authority to examine candi- dates as to their fitness and certify to the same, the Society has always exerted a pow- erful inlluence upon the practice of medi- cine and surgery in the Commonwealth. The first president was Dr. Edward Augus- tus Holvoke of Salem. It met at first in the THK BOOK OF BOSTON 295 Count V L'tiurtliiiu^c and afterwards in vari- ous other places, until the establishment of the Medical Library, since when it has met in the rooms of that institution. In 1789 the Society was given authority l)y the Leg- islature "to point out and describe such a mode of metlical instruction as might be deemetl requisite for candidates previous to examination." In 1803 the societx' divided the Commonwealth into four medical dis- tricts: the Middle. Southern, Eastern and Western, which later became the basis for the e.xisting district medical societies. The society has issued many valuable publica- tions, dealing with various aspects of medi- cal and surgical practice. enal growth. It was founded in 1875 as the Boston Medical Library Association ; in 1896 the word "association" was dropped from the title. Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes, was its first president. Beginning in two rooms on Plamilton Place, it accumulated four thousand, four hundred and eighty- eight volumes the first year. In 1877 it was incoriKirated. In 1878, when it jiurchased a building in Boylston Place, it had eight tlKiusand volumes. On J^i'iuary 12, 1891, it moved to its handsome new building on the Fenway, next door to the [Massachusetts Historical Societv, named the "Warren B. Potter Memorial ' in recognition of a hand- some l.)equest. Here the meinor\- of the ■*»*». Ai^i^ ^ R e. i % E e E Ifik CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL LOXGWOOD AVENUE, CORNER VILA STREET, FENWAY The Massachusetts Homoeopathic Medi- cal Society had its origin in the Homceo- pathic Fraternity, established in 1840 by physicians of that school who used to meet at the homes of members. In 1856 its mem- bers were incorporated as above. The prin- ciple of Samuel Hahnemann, "like cures like," first influenced medical ])ractice in Bos- ton in i8j;8, when Dr. Sanuiel Gregg of Med ford l)ecame a convert to homteopathv, followed soon after by Drs. Josiah Flagg of Boston, Charles Wild of Brookline, and C. M. Weld of Jamaica Plain. A Boston Homoeopathic Society meets in the IMedical College of Boston University. The Boston Medical Library, a compara- tively young institution, has had a ])henom- liljrary's first president is honored by the name of the stately reading-room, "Holmes Hall." The collections have again out- grown the ami)le quarters here provided and a large extension to the l)uilding has Ijeen ])lanned. The library in 191 5 had grown to eighty-live thousantl, nine hundred and sixt\--three volumes and tifty-eight thou- sand and fortv-hve pamphlets. This growth is due to the fact that the library, being recognized as the natural centre for medical literature in Greater Boston, has absorbed twelve distinct collections from various institutions, including the medical works of Harvard University, the Boston .\then;eum, the Boston Public Library, the ^\'altham Pulilic Librarv, and the medical 296 THE BOOK OF BOSTON libraries of the various medical schools. This principle of library specialization proves of enormous convenience to the med- ical profession, since information sources are now concentrated in one place. In the Forsyth Dental Infirmary for ■Children, Boston has an institution unique of its kind; so nobly beneficent as to deserve ■special attention here. Its founders had lived so quietly, their record in generous philan- thropic activities so modestly withheld from the public eye, that when the announcement of a magnificent charity involving a gift of more than two million dollars was made, it was difficult to obtain an answer to the uni- versal inquiry in the city where they had al- ways lived : "Who are the Forsyth broth- ers?" It appeared that one of the largest and most prosperous of local industries, the Boston Belting Company, had been devel- oped by the four brothers : James Bennett, George Henr}-, John Hamilton, and Thomas Alexander Forsyth — all of whom had re- garded the handsome fortunes their work had earned for them, primarily in the light of a trust for the public good. Seldom have four brothers been so affectionately united in good intent. The inception for this char- ity came from the first of these brothers : James Bennett Forsyth. One day, when in the dentist's chair, he remarked that he de- sired to leave a half million dollars for some public charity and asked what might be a worthy object. The dentist, an old friend, suggested a dental infirmary for children, and set forth the value of such an institu- tion so convincingly that Mr. Forsyth drew up a will to that end. This will was found unsigned. In the meanwhile (ieorge Henry Forsyth had also died, and the surviving brothers, their heirs, agreed not only to carry out the purpose of James Bennett Forsyth to the extent intended, but to am- plify it so generously that, as a memorial to both, they founded the Forsyth Dental Infirmary for Children with an endow- ment of two million dollars, besides the enormous sum, amounting to more than a million dollars, expended upon the erection -and equipment of a building that not only in its uncommon beauty stands a noble memorial nuinument, but in every respect is ideally suited to its purpose. T. P. R. Qra- ham was the architect. In its blending of utility and beauty, the interior is worthy of the classic exterior. All possible means for convenience, comfort, and appliances of the most advanced type, were carefully pro- vided for in the planning. The building and its contents are absolutely fireproof — even wooden furniture was made non-combus- tible. .Scrupulous care has been taken to obtain the utmost hygienic character; to as- sure enduringly up-to-date results, standard- ized equipment was used only where it would meet all possible requirements ; nearly everything was made according to carefully studied special designs. The architectural form gives remarkably complete expression to the main requirement of the infirmary : light — the exceptional window-spacing l)ringing the lofty room occupying the en- tire second story almost under outdoor con- ditions. All children of Greater Boston, either poor or moderately circumstanced, are eligible to free treatment here by a corps of trained dentists, sixty-four working at a time at as many chairs, while there is room for a second row of forty-four chairs to meet growing demands. For the sake of the scrupulous cleanliness demanded, the interior is specially con- structed to that end : all corners are curved, and glazed tile is extensively used in sur- faces of walls and ceiling. This tile work, beautifully designed, includes the art of the Delft and Moravian, and the local Grueby and Paul Revere, potteries. The beautiful children's waiting-room in the basement has mural decorations in richly colored tiles rep- resenting charming legends and fairy tales. Here in the basement is a sterilizing equip- ment where thousands of iniplements are treated at a time, every new patient being provided with a complete tray of fresh in- struments. On the first floor are a room for popular lectures on dental hygiene; a Founders' Room with memorials of the Forsyth family; a museum and laboratory for dental hygiene; rooms for extracting TUK I500K OF BOSTON 297 and aiicxsthesia, the amphitheatre (upper part), wards for patients, and the depart- ment for treating diseases of the ear and throat, so closely related to dental hygiene. Connected with the Infirmary is a Post- graduate School of Orthodontia. This im- portant scientific specialty of dentistry is here taught under conditions nowhere else so favorable. Several new and radical ideas in this field have been introduced. There is having been demonstrated that some of the most serious bodily ills were due to diseases of the teeth and associated parts. Dental hygiene had thus become a most important feature of the schocil sxstem ; (ipportunely this institution has provided for its com- prehensive treatment facilities such as yet exist in no other community. In 1911-1912 the Boston Board of Health hatl found that out of one hundred and eiphteen thousand, tORSVTH Dt.NTAL INFIRMARY FOR CHILDREN, 140 FENWAY a full academic year of instruction and work. The broad curriculum includes all correlative subjects while remaining inten- sive in each branch, and always bearing upon the bodily welfare of the child. The aim is to educate specialists and teachers; the science is taught eclectically. The foundation of the Forsyth Infirmary came appropriately at a time when the j)ublic had only just been made aware of the essen- tial relationship between dental hygiene and the general health of the human l)eing, it seven hundred and eighty-one Boston school children, fift}--one thousand, three hundred and forty had defective teeth, while nearly as many more suffered fnim related trouljles. In the about equal number in the remaining comnnmities of Cireater Boston similar conditions probal)h' obtain. Good teeth mean good health, hence the in- fluence of this institution upon future gener- ations in a great metropolitan community is incalculable, and its founders h;i\e the city's unalloyed gratitude. 2Q8 THE BOOK OF BOSTOX HUGH CABOT, M.D. Hugh Cabot was l>orn at Beverly Farms, August 1 1, 1872. He attended the Roxbury Latin School and afterwards entered Har- DR. HUGH CABOT vard College, graduating in the academic course in 1894, and obtaining the M.D. de- gree in 1898. He was house surgeon at the Massachusetts General Hospital for one year after graduating, and then liegan the prac- tice of surgery. He is at present assistant Professor of Surgery at the Harvard Medi- cal School and chief of a service at the Mas- sachusetts General Hospital. Dr. Cabot's ancestors canie from the Isle of Jersey, the American branch Ijeing founded in New England in the seventeenth centur_\-. He is a member of the St. Botolph Club, the Papy- rus Cluli, the Union Boat Club, the Hasty Pudding Club and the Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity. He is a director of the Journal Newspaper Co., and trustee and member of the executive committee of the New Ene;- land Baptist Hospital. \Miile most active in his work. Dr. Cabot finds time for vari- ous outdoor sports, of which he is very fond. CONRAD WESSELHOEFT, M.D. Dr. Conrad Wesselhoeft, author and writer on medical subjects, was born in Cambridge, Mass., in 1884. His prepara- tory education was received at Brown & Nichols School and at Haubinda, Germany. He took the classical course at Harvard University, and entering the Harvard Med- ical School obtained the M.D. degree upon graduation in 191 1. He is attending physi- cian at the West Department of the Massa- chusetts Homeopathic Hospital ; Editor of the New England Medical Gazette and In- structor in Pharmacology at the Boston University Medical School. Dr. Wessel- hoeft is a member of the Harvard Club of Boston, the .-Esculapian Club of Boston, the Massachusetts Homeopathic Medical So- ciety and the American Institute of Home- opathy, and is an Associate in Research of the Evans Memorial. In addition to his medical work. Dr. Wesselhoeft has con- tributed to numerous medical journals and is the author of "History of Digitalis Ther- apy in Heart Disease," "A Study of the Action of Ouim'ne in ]\Ialaria," "History of Malaria and Quinine," "The Standardi- zation of Digitalis" antl "The Therapeu- tics of Scarlet Fever." He resides at 535 Beacon Street. The Arnold Arboretum has enriched in- calculably the horticultural resources of the United States by the introduction of new varieties and species of trees and shrubs. CHARLES M. GREEN, M.D. Dr. Charles M. Green, obstetrician and gynecologist, was born in Med ford, Massa- chusetts, December 18, 1850. He is of old New England ancestry, and his medical education was obtained at Harvard. He has served as professor in the Harvard Medical School for many years, in the hospitals of Boston, and is a member of many medical, historical, and patriotic societies. He served five years on the School Committee of Bos- ton, and for over thirty-four years in the Massachusetts Volunteer Militia. He re- sides at 78 Marlborough Street. THE BOOK OF BOSTON ->oo FRANK ELLSWORTH ALLARD, MA). Dr. PTank I'JlswDrtli Allard. nie(jical di- rector of the Boston Mutual Lite Insurance Company, was born in Wheelock. \'t.. DR. FR,\XK ELLSWORTH ,\LL,\RD Marcli 14, 1S62. Since his graduation froni Dartmouth College in 1885, and before and since obtaining his ALD. degree from the Boston L'niversity School of Medicine, Dr. Allard has filled many positions of impor- tance in the educational field, has lectured extensively and has prepared many articles on preventative medicine and public health subjects. He was principal of the Boston Farm School 1S85-9: principal of the Maiden Evening School, 1889-97: he was house surgeon of the Massachusetts Home- opathic Dispensary for one year and superin- tendent of the Chardon Street Dispensary 1892-8. He was instructor in Physiology at the Boston E^niversity School of !Medi- cine for 19 12 and is now also lecturer at the same institutimi on Physical Economics. Dr. Allard has been medical director of the Boston Mutual Life Insurance Compan_\- since 188S and is examining surgeon of the Casualty Companx- of America. Fie is past president of the American Association of Medical E.xaminers and holds membership in the Massachusetts Society of Examining Physicians, Boston Homeopathic ^Medical Society, Massachusetts Homeopathic ^ledi- cal Societ\', American Institute of Hmne- (ipathy. Eta Eta Chapter, Sigma Chi, Bos- ton City and Art Clubs. Dr. Allard was married in Norwich, \'t., May 15, 1888, to Ada Eliza Booth, and they have one daughter, Beatrice Allard, A.B., Mt. Hol- voke College, 1915. Dr. .Mlard's success in his profession is the result of close ap- plication and hard work. He was left an orphan when two years old, after which he lived with his grandparents until he was eighteen years old, working on the farm and event ualh' earning his way through high school anil college. His offices are at yy Kilby Street and 419 Box'lston Street. No city in America can excel Boston in educational facilities. It has produced ])hysicians of world-wide celel)rit}-, and the high re])Utation of its hos])itals, which are unsurjiassed in e(|uii)ment and management, is due to the excellence of the medical statf, which include physicians of international repute. SAMUEL JASON M INTER, ^l.D. Dr. Samuel J. ]\Ii.xter was born in Hard- wick, Mass., in 1855, and after graduating from the Alassachusetts Institute of Tech- nolog}' and Harvard Medical School, took uj) the ])ractice of medicine in 1879. He has Ijeen assistant in anatomy, assistant demonstrator, instructor in surgery, and assistant in operative snrger}- at Harvaril, and has Ijeen lecturer at the same institution since 1903. Fie is consulting surgeon at the ^Massachusetts General Hospital and the Massachusetts Charitable Eye and Ear In- firmary. He is a Fellow of the American Surgical Association, American Academv of Arts and Sciences, antl memlier of the American Medical Association, ]Massachu- setts Medical Society and the Societe In- ternationale de Chirurgie, Paris, France. Dr. Mixter's office is at 180 Marlborough Street, Boston. 300 THE BOOK OF BOSTON MYRON L. CHAMBERLAIN, M.D. UK. M. L. CHAMUl-RLAIN' Dr. M. L. Chamberlain was born in Greenwich, Mass., on September 22, 1844. He fitted for college at New Salem Acad- emy, but abandoned a prospective Harvard College education to enlist as a recruit to the loth Massachusetts regiment, but was 'I'lli: 15()()K OF BOSTON 301 discharged liecause of ill luvilth in 1S62. After the recovery of his health he began to study medicine and attended tlie Berk- shire Medical College, the Medical Depart- ment of the University of Maryland, and the Bellevue Hospital Medical College, from which he was graduated in 1867. On the 6th of February, 1865, after an examination at the State House I)y Surgeon-General Dale, Surgeons McClaren and Townsend, C. A. Dana, assistant Secretary of War, ap- pointed Mr. Chamberlain a medical cadet in the regular army. He received an honor- able discharge in the spring of 1S66, having been retained in service until all other cadets had been tlischarged, and having been sta- tioned at the Dale General Hospital, Worces- ter, and the Hicks General Hospital, Balti- more, yU\. Dr. Chamberlain came to Bos- ton in 1878, after seven years of practice in Southbridge, Mass., and two years of study and travel abroad, and, without prestige and almost without friends, quickly accjuired, and still holds, one of the most desirable practices in the city. He comes of an illus- trious ancestry. Fie is descended in the sixth generation from Lieut. Nathaniel Fel- ton, "The Patriarch of Old Salem," who came from England in 1633, and who was the direct ancestor of the late President Fel- ton of Harvard College, and his wife, Mary Skelton, the daughter of Rev. Samuel Skel- ton, the first minister of the first church of Salem, wh(T came from England on the sec- ond voyage of the "Mayflower" in 162Q, having left his native country because of persecution inv his non-cunfiirniilw l'"rancis Higginson accompanied him and l)ecanie teacher in the church. The Colonial author- ities granted Rev. ]\Ir. Skelton for his sacri- fices two hundred acres of land, on which now stands Danversport. Dr. Chamber- lain's great-grandmother, widow Katherine Deland, was the first jiublic school teacher in the north precinct of Salem, and the Peabody Historical Society recently erected a granite and bnmze memorial t(.) Irt ;iu(l to mark the site of the house in which was held the school. He is also the sixth generation froi hn Proctor of Salem, the witchcraft martyr. The old house of Nathaniel Felton still stands in Peabody, formerly a part of Salem, and has been occupied by a Nathaniel Felton in direct descent, continuously, until two years ago, when the last Nathaniel Felton died, and it is still the home of the latter's sister, Mrs. Gould. (Jther descendants of Na- thaniel Felton went, as original .settlers, to New Salem, Mass., and were instrumental \\ith others in obtaining financial assistance from the State to build the New Salem Acadeni}-, the first to receive State aid, and which is still flourishing. It has been the alma mater of very many Chaml)erlains and Feltons from its first session down to the present day. Dr. Chaml)erlain comes of a medical family. His father. Dr. Levi Chamberlain, practiced medicine in Massa- chusetts forty years; a brother. Dr. George Felton Chamlierlain, practiced forty-seven years, and another br(jther. Dr. C}rus Na- thaniel Chamberlain, practiced forty-eight years, four of which were spent as Surgeon, U. S. v., in the Civil War; the latter was selected by the General Court of Massachu- setts from all the surgeons who went to the war from Massachusetts, to build and take charge of the Dale General Hospital at Worcester, Mass., in 1865. This serves to show Dr. Chamljerlain's sturdy New Eng- land ancestors, but the family history is traced a long time back. A memlier of the titled family, de Tankerville, influential then and now, and having large estates down to the present time in the valley of the Loire, in France, went to England as an ofticer at the time of the Norman Conquest and was made chamberlain to the king. He ailopted Chamberlain as a family name, and his de- scendants continued its use thereafter. Dr. Chamberlain is a member of the Mas- sachusetts ^Medical Society, the Boston Med- ical Library ;uid the American Medical Association. He has been an occasional contributor t(_) medical jiublications and is the originator of a new idea in surgerv, and an apparatus to make it eft'ective, which have proved their worth b)- the sa\ing of several human lives. 302 THE BOOK OF BOSTON GEORGE HAMLIN WASHBURN, M.D. Dr. George H. Washburn was born May 2, i860, in Constantinople, Turkey, the son of George and Henrietta Loraine (Hamlin) DR. GEORGE H. W.ISHBURN Washburn. The father was a clergyman who was a recognized authority upoti ques- tions connected with the politics of South- eastern Europe, and was decorated with the Order of St. Andrew by Prince Alexander of Bulgaria and the Order of Civil Merit by Prince Ferdinand. Dr. Washlmrn lived abroad the greater part of his time up to 1878 and received his preparatory education at Robert College, Constantinople. Returning to this country he entered Amherst College and graduated A.B. in 1882. Harvard conferred the M.D. degree upon him in 1886, since which time he has practiced in Boston. He is professor emeritus of obstetrics at Tufts College Med- ical School, late visiting gynecologist to St. Elizabeth's Hospital and consulting surgeon, Free Hospital for Women. Dr. Washburn is a member of the American Medical Asso- ciation, the Massachusetts Medical Society, the Boston Obstetrical Society, of which he was formerl}' president, the Delta Kappa Epsilon Fraternity and the Congregational and University Clubs. Dr. Washburn was married September 22, 1887, to Anna M. Hoyt, of Auburn, N. Y., the union bringing four children, Mrs. Anna Loraine Hall, of New York; George Edward Washburn, of Proctor, \'t. ; Arthur H. Washburn, a teacher at Robert College, Constantinople, (jf which his grandfather was president; and Alfred H. Washburn, who just graduated from Amherst College. He resides at 377 Marlborough Street and has a summer home at Manchester, Mass. There is no citv in the entire country better equijiped for expansion than Boston. SAMUEL A. KIMBALL, M.D. Dr. Samuel A. Kimball was born August 28, 1857. in Bath, Alaine. He graduated from Phillips (Andover) Academy, 1874; Yale College, 1879; Harvard Medical 1 School, 1882, and Boston Lhiiversity | School of Medicine in 1883. He began practice in Mrl- rose, Mass., in 1883, but removed to Boston in iSSn, and has since prac- ticed here continu- ously. Dr. Kim- ball is descended | from Richard Kim- ball, who came to this country in 1634. He is a member of the Massa- chusetts Homeopathic Medical Society, the International Hahnemanian Association, the Society of Homeopathicians and the Delta Kappa Epsilon Society. He resides at 229 Newbury Street. He was married October 17, 1883, to Belle C. Trowbridge of Port- land, Maine. There are two children, John H., born in Melrose May 6, 1886, and Joseph S., l)orn in Boston May 20, 1889. DR. SAMUEL A. KIMBALL THE ROOK OF BOSTON M):^ DR. SETH F. ARNOLD SETH FENELON ARNOLD, M.D. Dr. Seth F. Arnold was born in Wcstinin- .ster, Vt., Decemljer 21. 1878. The family is of English origin, the American branch being established in 1640, at Had- dani. Conn., the founder being (Jiie of twenty to take a grant of land from the King of Eng- land. Dr. .\rnold was educated at the Kimball U n i o n Acailemy, Meriden, X. H., class of ] 896 ; Vermont Academy, Saxton's River, \'t., class of 1899, and after- wartls attended the Rose Polytechnic Institute, Terre Haute, Ind., for nearly three years, with the class of 1903. He was graduated from Tufts l"ol- lege Medical School in 1908 and has since practiced in Boston. He was a member of the Boston City Committee 1906-7, the Bos- ton City Council 1908-9, and of the Massa- chusetts House of Representatives in 1910. Dr. Arnold is a member of the Sons of the American Revolution, American Micro- scopic Society, Mercantile Library Associa- tion, Sigma Nu and Phi Chi Fraternities, the Massachusetts Repuljlican Club and the Lincoln Club of Boston. His address is 92 Huntington Avenue. WHJTA^r :\IERRITT CONANT, :\LD. Dr. William M. Conant, one of the well- known surgeons of the city, was born Jan- uary 5, 1856, in North Attleboro, Mass., the son of Ira M. and Mary F. (Bassett) Conant. His preliminary education was at the Bridgewater (Mass.) Academy, Phil- lips (Andoverj Academy, and Adams Academy, Ouincy, Massachusetts. He en- tered Harvard College for the classical course and graduated A.B. in 1879, ^"'^l ^^''^^ WILLIAM PHILLIPS GRAVES, M.D. Dr. William Phillijjs Graves was Ixirn in Andover, Mass., January 29, 1870, the S(jn of William Blair and Luranah Hodges DR. WILLIAM P. GRAVES ( Copeland ) Graves. The immediate mem- l)ers of Dr. Graves' family are noted among New England's professional men. The father, William Blair Graves, was for many years professor of natural sciences at Phillips Academy, Andover, instructor in mathematics at Amherst and professor of mathematics and civil engineering at the Massachusetts Agricultural College, while the brother, Llenry Solon Graves, was for- merly professor of forestry and director of the Yale Forest School and is Chief Forester of the L^nited States. Dr. Graves was educated at I'hillii)S Academy, Andover, graduating with the class of 18S7. He took the clas.sical course at Yale and received the A.B. degree in 1891. Lie afterwards entered the Llarvard ^Medical School, receiv- ing the M.D. degree in 1899. Dr. Graves was a teacher in the Hill School, Pottstown, Pa., for four years previous to studying medicine. 1 le began practice in Iloston in 1900, and has since filled many iinpjrlant positions in the hospitals and colleges of the cit\-. He was chosen surgeon-in-chief of the Free Llospital for Women in 1907; pro- fessor of gxnecology at the Harvard Med- ical School in 191 1, and is constilting physi- cian for Boston Lying-in Hospital. Fie is a member of the American Medical Associa- tion, American Association for Cancer Re- search, the Massachusetts Medical Societw American (iynecological Society, the Skull and Bones, of Yale, St. Botolph, Flarvard, Tennis and Racquet, Country and Boston Athletic Clul)s. He was married October 10, 1900, to Alice M. Chase of Boston. His address is J44 Marlborough Street. Dr. Graves is author of "C,raves' Gynecology," a textbook published in 1916. HOWARD W. NOW'ELL, M.D. Dr. Howard \\'. Nowell, who has de- voted much time to pathological research, \\as born in Merrimacport, Mass., May 16, 1872. He w a s graduated fro m Lyndon (Vt.) Col- lege, and the fol- lowing year took a course at the Mas- sachusetts College of Pharmacy. He studied medicine at Boston University, from which he was „^ „^„.^,^„ „, ^„,,.^^^ graduated in 19 11. Dr. Nowell was Instructor of Pathology at Boston L^niversity School of Medicine 1911-13, and professor at the same in- stitution i9i_:;-i5. Fie was Pathologist at the Massachusetts Homeopathic Hos- ])ital 1911-13 and Special Pathologist for the Evans Memorial for Preventive Aledi- cine antl Clinical Research. In 1913 he puli- lished a report of research work on cancer. He is a meml)er of the Boston City Club, the ^Masonic Fraternity, the I. O. O. F., American Institute of Homeopathy, Massa- chusetts Surgical and Gynecological Societ\-, Massachusetts Homeo])athic ]\Iedical So- ciety and the Boston Medical Society. He resides at 535 Beacon Street. DR. ELIZA T. RANSOM THE BOOK OF BOSTON' ,^07 ELIZA TAYLOR RANSO^L ^^LD. Dr. Eliza Taylor Ransom, specialist in mental and nervous diseases for many years, was the first jihysician in the United States to estalilish a Twilight Sleep Maternity Hos- ])ital devoted solely to testing out this method of Dammerschlaf in Aiuerica. Dr. Ransom was born in Ontario, Canada. She was edu- cated in the New York State public schools and is a graduate of the Boston University ScIkjoI of ^Medicine, post graduate of Johns Hopkins ^ledical School, New York Post- Graduate School, the Polyclinic, Harvard and the Neurological and Pathological Insti- tute of New Ycjrk. Her medical degree was conferred 1)\- lloston L'niversit\' in 1900. Dr. Ransom began practice in 1902, at ^y;^ Com- monwealth Avenue, Boston. She was first vice-president of the Homeopathic Medical Society in 1903 and 1907, and is at present medical examiner for the Equitable Insur- ance Co., the Employers Liability Corpora- tion and Jordan, Marsh Co. Dr. Ransom began life as a teacher in a country school in northern New York, at $3.00 per week. Later, after graduating from the Oswego Normal School, she taught in the town of Pepperell and Westboro, as Principal of the Grammar School and was also instructor in the Lyman School for Boys. After teaching in public schools of Boston and Brookline, she relinquished that \\i irk for the study of medicine and later she became lecturer in the chair of Histokjgv at the Boston L'niversity ]\Iedical School, which she held for several years. She is a mem- ber of the Copley Society, Women's I'oliti- cal Equality Union, National Suffrage As- sociation, Women's City Clul), Canadian Club, Women's Municipal League, Twen- tieth Century Medical Clul), Massachusetts Homeopathic Medical Association, the New England Twilight Association and the Wo- men's National Association. She is the mother of two beautiful daughters, hence her interest in the recent highlv scientific and humane delivery of the coming genera- tions. The Twilight Sleep Maternitv Hos- pital, which Dr. Ransom conducts at 197 Bay State Road, is a thoroughly equipped mo(lern maternity institution. In the treat- ment of cases by the Freiberg method. Dr. Ransom has been highly successful and is considered buth locally and' at large by the profession and by the laity as a pioneer as well as a jiroficient and persistent demon- strator of the best method }-et extant for the deliverance of the race, presenting as is claimed by its atlherents, the method above all others for reducing the present high death rate of infants at birth. It eliminates birth palsies responsible for many of our crippled and deformed children, and renders to feminine humanity a service incompa- rable and yet unapproached Ijy any other known method. 308 THE BOOK OF BOSTON A. WILLIAM REGGIO, M.D. Dr. A. William Reggio, who has for the past four years specialized in surgery, is one of the younger practitioners of the city. DR. A. WILLIAM REGGIO Dr. Reggio was born in Germany in 1886, the son of Andre C. Reggio, trustee of the Carney estate, and grandson of Nicholas Reggio, who was an old Boston merchant, and at different times United States Consul to Smyrna, Turkey and Italy. Dr. Reggio received his preparatory education in Eng- land, Germany and Switzerland, and upon his return to Boston finished at the Volk- mann School, whence he entered Harvard University for the classical course, and graduated in 1908. He then matriculated at the Harvard Medical School and was awarded the M.D. degree in 1912. He also graduated from the Massachusetts Hospital in 1 91 4, and at the present time is a gradu- ate assistant at the same institution. He is a member of the Tennis and Racquet, Har- vard (Boston and New York) and ^Escula- pian Clubs, the Harvard Musical Associa- tion, the Massachusetts Medical Society, the American Medical Association and the Bos- ton Medical Librarv Association. Dr. Reggio was married May 12, 1914, to Marian Shaw, daughter of Charles T. Lov- ering. His office is at 40 Fairfield Street, Boston. GEORGE S. C. BADGER, M.D. Dr. George S. C. Badger was born in Boston, May 31, 1870. His preparatory edu- cation was received at the Boston Latin School. Yale conferred the A.B. degree upon him in 1892 and the A.M. in 1894. Entering Harvard Medical School, he grad- uated in 1897, cum laude, with the M.D. de- gree. He began the practice of medicine in Brookline, afterwards removing to Boston, and now resides at 48 Hereford Street. Dr. Badger is Instructor in Medicine at the Harvard Medical School, Visiting Physician to Out-patients of the Massachusetts Gen- eral Hospital, Physician to the New Eng- land Baptist Hospital and a Member of the Advisory Committee on School Hygiene of the Boston Public Schools. He holds mem- bership in the Yale Club of Boston, Har- vard Club of Boston, Graduates Club of New Haven, American Medical Associa- tion and the Massachusetts Medical Society. He was married June 15, 1900. to Grace DR. GEORGE S. C. BADGER M. Spear of Cincinnati and they have two children, Sherwin Campbell Badger, born August 29, 1901, and Virginia Badger, born February 15, 191 1. Dr. Badger's summer home is in Cohasset. THE BOOK OF BOSTON Fifty Years' Recollections of the New England Metropolis CHAPTER XVIII BOSTON'S WOOL TRADE A World Leader in this Industry — A Trade Fortunate in Attracting the Most Energetic and Reliable Merchants By Henry A. Kidder fi^ ROM the earliest times, Bos- ton stands forth jire-emi- nently as the leading wool market of the country. Amid all the changes wrought in financial and commercial circles, the shifting centres of industrial productii:)n, rmd the niarveluus growth of the West and South, no other city or communit}- has been able to wrest su- premacy from Boston's wool trade. Deter- mined efforts have been made from time to time, notably by New York and Chicago, to tlivert the business so successfully and profitably carried on here, liut without suc- cess. Boston still magnificently leads in 1)oth the volume of wool sold and its value when expressed in terms of money. With the exception of London, l)efore the war, it is the most important wool market in the ^\■orld, and through all the changing years has maintained its relative control of both the handling of the domestic clip and the im- ])ortation of foreign wools necessary to make up the deficiency where the domestic supj)ly falls shiirt. It is possil>le that even after the war it ma}- pass London in the race for world supremacy. Years ago, a shrewd observer saitl of the Boston market : "There is no other wool market in the world where a man can see so much wool in a day as he can in Boston. There is no other wool market in the world where a man can buy so much wool in a 1 r factors ill the marketing of tlie doniestic clip from year to year. It is still true that the country waits for Boston to fix prices, before selling the new clip wool. Australia, South America, New Zealand, the Cape Colony, and in fact all countries in the worUl where wool is raised for export, are drawn upon for supplies. The extent of Boston's control of the wool trade may be measured by the annual statement of receipts and shipments, as con- tained in the statistical reports of the Bos- ton Chamber of Commerce. Average re- ceipts for ten years past have been over three hundred and twenty millicjii pounds, the extremes ruiuiing from two hundred and twenty-five million, (jne hundred and thirt\-seveii tlmusaiid pounds in 1913 to four hundred and twenty-nine million, six hundred and fifteen thousand pounds in 1915- The receipts of wool for the years 1914 and 191 5 were as follows: Domestic Foreign Total Pounds Pounds Pounds 1914 190,730,629 144,145,401 334,876,030 1915 181,700,678 247,914,385 429,615,063 An average annual turnover of over three hundred and twenty million pounds, which at an estimated average of twenty cents a pound would amount to over sixty-four mil- lion dollars each year, commands attention and explains in part why the wool trade re- ceives so much consiileration from banks and other financial institutions. \\'hile Boston has the ideal location, as regards nearness to New England mills, her control of the wool trade is based on a more solid foundation than this. It is the high character, the integrit\-, and the enterprise of her wool merchants that has kept the power and trade here for nearly a century. Present methods of purchasing, grading, warehousing and merchandising wool are the result of the experience of three genera- tions of active wool men. To say that the present generation of wool merchants worthily sustains the traditions of the trade for financial standing, liusiness integritv and correct methods, is merely to repeat what is widelv known and recognized in the business life of the country today. An illuminating testimony as to the honesty of purpose of the trade is found in the statement that sales of wool are made largely on verlml con- tracts, and that few written orders are found necessary to move so large a volume of wool from year to year. Years ago were formulated the principles which have dominated the trade, and the wool merchants of the prosperous period preceding the Civil War established the wool business on a stalile foundation from which it has never been shaken. Association with such men was the school in whicli the latter dav merchants were trained, and it is this training which makes them the power they are today. Any story of the wool trade would l)e incomplete without some reference to such men as William riilted and, also, of the presence t)f ;i very o])jectionab!e s])iral burr. In i8(>5, Mr. Pratt went to Buenos Aires in an endeavor to find soiue means of avoid- ing the burr and to estalilish standard grades that wiiuld suit tlie various consumers in the American market. Mr. Pratt's efforts were successful, and while benefiting the entire trade of the L^nited States, resulted in the establishment of what has since been known as the "Pratt Standard (irades" of Argen- tine wools, ;md tlie registered trade mark, "D. S. P. " with the grade number below, is now recognized as forming a standard of value in the .\merican market. While in South America Mr. Pratt fonued a connection with Alessrs. Engelbert Hardt & Co. of Buenos Aires, Montevideo, and Punta Arenas, one of the twentv-eight oversea firms whose parent house is Messrs. Hardt & Co. of Berlin, of which Fjigelbert Hardt, Es(|., is the senior jiartner. .V com- munity of interests was soon rec(.ignized, and the connection becaiue closer, and for man\ \ears Daniel .S. Pratt & Co. have been sole agents in the Lnited States and Canada for Messrs. Engelbert Hardt & Co., as well as for the .Vustralian houses of Messrs. G. 1 lardt & Co., Melljourne, Sydney and Bris- bane. This great chain of houses, in addi- tion to the exportation of wool ;ind other pr(jducts, each has a large im])ortatiou busi- ness, sup]ilying their local markets with the \arious ipialities and kmds of I'"iU'opi';ni mill ])roducts. l-"or more than twent\- \ears tluw have worked together in i)erfect accord, with the 316 THE BOOK OF BOSTOX DANIEL S. PRATT FOUNDER OF DANIEL S. PRATT & COMPANY sole purpose of doing the best that can be done for the interest of the American clients. In 19 lo, Daniel S. Pratt, Jr., was ad- mitted to partnership by his father. He was born at Wellesley Hills, April 15, 1875, and after being educated at the schools in the place of his birth, entered the employ of the John Hancock Life Insurance Co., and rose from a mediocre position to that of head of a division. During his years of service with the insurance company, his father had labored to imbue him with a knowledge of the various points of the wool trade, with the view of admitting him to partnership, and when that action was finally taken the son was equipped with a learn- ing that had been unconsciously acquired through his nightly talks with the father and THE BOOK OF BOSTON DANIEL S. PRATT, JR. OF THE FIRM OF DANIEL S. PRATT & CO. hy assistint;- him tn translate the various cablegrams that came to their home after the close of l)usiness hours. Mr. Pratt, Jr., looks after the outside department of the firm and has been very successful in selling \vo(]]s and olitaiiiing importing orders. He is a member of the 1^'nion I'.oat Club of Boston, the Wellesley Country Club and the Maugus Club of Wellesley Hills. He is greatl\- interested in canoeing and is a mem- ber of the American Canoe .Vssociation, which fosters racing and encourages the sjiort in everx' way. He has lieen active in the Association's work, lilling its various official positions for inan\- \-ears. The of- fices resi(lent of the new company. In 1912, Mr. Harry Hartley retired from active busi- ness and the firm became Hartley & Co., consisting of Mr. Erank Hartley, William A. English and Jnhn 11. ( )'Brien. Upon the retir.al of Mr. l""rank Hartley in 1913 the firm assumed its present title. John H. O'llrien, the other member of the firm, was born in New Brunswick, N. J., and graduated from the Asbury Park, N. J., schools in iS()S, and like Mr. English began his business career with Mr. P'red Hartley in i()Oi. He remained in this connection until i<;o<;. when he became associated with Harry Hartley & Co., and eventually a member of the ])resent firm, lioth Mr. Eng- lish and Mr. O'lirien, in their long appren- ticeship to the wool trade, learned every de- tail of the business, so that when they finally emljarked in the trade on their own account they were thoroughlv e(|uip|)ed t(_) cope with everv detail of the business, and their suc- JOHN H. O HRIKN cess is entirely due tn a thornugh knowledge of the product they handle and a perfect faniiliarit\' with trade conditions in this countr\' and abroad. JACOB F. BROWN OF THE FIRM OF BROWN & ADAMS 285 AND 297 SUMMER STREET THE BOOK OF BOSTON 321 JACOB F. BROWN Boston, which is conceded tu he the largest wool market in the United States, has no more representative and progressive house than Brown & Adams, whose opera- tions in wool extend to every country where that conimodity is produced or consumed in the manufacture of cloth. The firm oc- cupies the large huilding, 269-79 Summer Street, which is seven stories high and is used as a warehouse, executive offices, head- (|uarters of the large sales force and for testing purposes. Other warehouses which are essential for the firnrs large operations are located at 285-297 Summer Street and on Boston Street, in South Boston. Jacob F. Brown, senior member of the firm, was born in Newburyport, Mass., August 30, 1862, and was educated at the Brown High School, located in the city of his birth. Upon leaving school, he entered the employ of A. M. Flowland & Co., in iX7(). This firm was engaged in the wool business, and in the six years that followed his first emplo\'ment he had mastered the details of the business, and in 1885 became a wool broker. He continued in this line until 1892, when he organized the firm of Brown & Adams, which sor)n Itecame an important factor in the trade and is now recognized as one of the largest wool houses in the world, handling every variety of wool. In addition to his interest in the firm of Brown & Adams, Mr. Brown is a direc- tor of the National Shawnuit I5ank, vice- president and director of .S. Slater & Sons, Inc., and trustee of the estate of Horatio N. Slater. He is a member of the Algonquin Club, Brookline Country Clul), New York Yacht Club, Fastern Yacht Clul), the Boston Yacht Club, and is an e.x- president of the Boston Wool 'i'rade Asso- ciation. Mr. r.rown is very fond of yacht- ing, and his oftice walls are adorned with paintings of .ships and yachts. He is a son of Jacob Bartlett and Anna Augusta (b'itch) Brown, and was married April 2i^, 1892, to Mariette Starr Seeley of New York, the union bringing one daughter. GEORC.F W. BENEDICT George W. Benedict, secretary and treas- urer of the Boston Wool Trade Association,, born in Boston, August 13, 1862, educated GEORGE VV. BENEDICT in the pulilic schools .and English High Schotjl. from which he graduated in 1880. One }ear later he entered the wool house of Denny, Rice & Co. , of which his father was a member. He was later adiuitted to partnership, the firm be- coming Denny, Rice & Benedict. This Iiusi- ness was liquidated in 1904, and Mr. Bene- dict became a purchasing and selling agent for wool, tops, and noils, and representative of prominent varn spinners. He has filled his present position with the Wool Trade Association since mi i . !Mr. Benedict is descended from Richard Warren, who came over on the "Mayfiower," and is a mem- ber of the Union Club and Society of May- flower Descendants. He married, October I, 1 89 1, Anna Louise Bull, of Ouincy, Illi- nois, and has two daughters and one son. Boston Common was first laid out in 1634, as "a place for a trayning field," and for "the feeding of cattell." I" THE BOOK OF BOSTON AYRES, BRIDGES & CO. Samuel Loring Ayres, senior member of the house of Ayres, Bridges & Co., was born in Norfoli<, \'a., September lo, 1874, and was educated at the Polytechnic In- stitute, Brooklyn, N. Y. He began his busi- ness career in New York in 1892, and four- teen years later joined Samuel W. Bridges in the formation of the present firm. Mr. Ayres is a member of the Dedham Country and Polo Club, Boston Yacht Club, Boston Wool Trade Association, Harvard Musical Association, American-Asiatic Association, and the India House, New York. He is vice-president and director of the China- American Trading Co., of Tientsin, China, and was president of the American Cotton Waste Exchange in 19 15 and 1916. Samuel A\'. I'ridges, of Ayres, Bridges & Co., was born in Brooklyn, N. Y., Jan- uary 28, 1874. He was educated in the Polytechnic Institute in that city and began his business career with the English im- porting house of Robert Crooks & Co., where he remained until the firm of Avres, Bridges & Co. was formed. Mr. Bridges is a descendant of Ednuind Bridges, who settled in Massachusetts in 1632. He is president and treasurer of the China-Ameri- can Trading Co., a director of the Queens- liury Mills, a member of the Boston Cham- Ijer of Commerce, Biiston \\'ool Trade As- sociation, Boston Cotton Waste Associa- tion, Asiatic Society of New York, and the Hunnewell. Commonwealth Country, New- ton Golf, Tedesco Country and Brae Burn Country Clubs. The firm of Ayres, Bridges & Co., whose Boston offices are at 200 Summer Street, is engaged in the importation and exporta- tion of cotton and wool. It has branches in New York and Philadelphia, with con- nections all over the world, and also con- trols cotton waste mills at Chicopee, Mass. SAMUEL W. BRIDGES In 1909 Mr. Ayres and Air. Bridges estab- lished "The China-American Trading Co." to handle large growing interests in the China trade. The offices of the company TIIK 1U)()K OF BOSTON' office; and GO-IO.VNS of the CHINA-AMERICAN trading CO.. TIENTSIN, CHINA are located at Tientsin and it is tlie onl\- American house liandling the same class of business. L. O. IMcGuwan, formerly of Boston, is managing director of the Tien- tsin house and the liranches in Shanghai and Ilarhin. The offices and gi:)-do\vns of the conipanx' are all modern brick and con- crete construction and the United States troops are quartered in part of the go- downs. ALFRED AKFRO^'F) Alfred Akeroyd, broker in wool, whose knowledge of that protluct was gained while an apprentice witlT ]. Akeroyd & Co., of Bradford, Englanil, where he was l)orn May 21, 1N75, is m )w located at 228A Summer Street and has been unusuallv successful w i t h the New England trade. Mr. Ake- royd came to this country in i<^93 and was hrst em- ployed as a sales- man with (1. W. i'atton 1^ Co., (_)f l'hiladel])hia. After two years with this hrm he went to South Africa as buyer for Keen, Sutterle & Co., and upon his return to the Quaker City, became a woi}l broker there. He came to Bo.ston in 1907 and en- gaged in the same line, being of the third generation in the wool liusiness. He is a member of the Brae JUirn Countrw b'pis- copalian, City and Victorian Clubs. Al.t Kll) AKhROVD LOTTIROT' & BENNETT The Imsiness of Lothrop & Bennett was estal)lished by Mr. Sidney Clementson. who was born in Demerara, British (iuiana, Sep- tember 25, 1850, the son of Hon. Flenry Clementson. He was one of the pioneers in the busi- ness of purchasing- wool in Australia, on order, for mills and dealers in that product in the United States, and conducted the busi- ness with success f o r twenty - liw years. He retired on August I, KJ07, after forty rears in the wool business, and was succeeded by the ])resent fn'm of Lothro]) & Bennett, Mr. Lothrop ha\ing been assiK'iated with him for t\vent\-seven years and Mr. Bennett, in Melbourne, for tliirteen \ears. The jiresent tirm is one oi the largest in its line of business. .SIDNEY CLEMENTSON 324 THE BOOK OF BOSTON JOHN G. John G. \\'right, merchant and philan- thropist, who died at his home in BrookHne, January 31, 1912, was born in Lowell, JOHN G. WRIGHT (DECEASED) Mass., July 29, 1842, the son of John and Janet ( Wilson ) Wright. For over one hun- dred years Mr. Wright's ancestors were prominent in New England affairs, his grandfather, Duncan Wright, together with his elder brother, Daniel, having introduced chemical bleaching in this country early in the nineteenth century. On the maternal side he was a nephew of Alexander Wilson, the distinguished ornithologist. The Weights came to the United States from Scotland in 1812, and established the first carpet factory in this country at Medway, Mass. The family later removed to Lowell, where Alexander Wright established the Lowell Carpet Company. John Gordon Wright entered the employ of the Bigelow Carpet Co. at the age of twelve and re- mained with that company for three years. He then attended the Lancaster Academy, WRIGHT and upon finishing his studies was in the employ of Patterson, Eager & Co., Boston, for one year, resigning his position to be- come paymaster of the Clinton Carpet Co. Receiving an advantageous offer from the Lowell Machine Shops, of Lowell, he spent four years with that concern in making up machinery costs, and then entered the wool business in New York City as the associate of Samuel Lawrence. He came to Boston in 1866 as a member of the firm of Law- rence, Wright & Co., but severed this con- nection in 1884 to enter business alone. He soon became known as the largest individual ini])<:)rter of wool and was aljout the first merchant in the trade to specialize in and import the Australian fleece. He was also a large and early importer of South Ameri- can wool. During his entire business career Mr. Wright was known and respected for his many philanthropies and his con- sideration for his less fortunate fellow man. He was a member of the Boston Chamber of Commerce, of which he was a director, and the Exchange. Commercial and Boston Art Clubs. He was a trustee of the Episco- ]ial Theological School of Cambridge, to \\hich he gave a new library Iniilding, and a meml)er of the Board of Directors of the Home Savings Bank. Mr. W^right had been ill for some time previous to his death and, realizing his approaching end. carefully ar- ranged for the continuance of the business, naming his nephew, John G. Wright, 2nd, and Howard Atwood, who had been asso- ciated with him for many years, as his suc- cessors. In pursuance of Mr. W^right's final instructions, the business was incorporated Novemljer i, 1912, Mr. Atwood, who has a most comprehensive knowledge of every phase of the trade, 1)ecoming president and treasurer of the company, which is known as John G. Wright & Co., Inc., and John G. Wright, 2nd, who had just completed a col- legiate course, its vice-president. The old offices of Mr. Wright, at 620 Atlantic Avenue, were retained and the business is conducted along precisely the same lines that brought the founder success. THE BOOK OF BOSTOX M5 F. LUCAS SUTCLIFFE F. Lucas Sutcliffe, resid-ent partner of the Fiiglish house of Sutcliffe & Co., dealers in wool, was horn in Halifax. iMi^land. L'nited States and Canada. The Boston offices of Sutcliffe & Co. are located at 263 Summer Street and the executive offices and warehouses are located at Halifax, England. LUCAS SUTCLIFFE October 16, 1885, and was educated at Marlborough College, England. Mr. Sut- cliff'e came to the United States in 1907 as a representative of the parent house antl opened an office in Boston, where the wool interests of the L^nited States are centred. He was brought up in the wool trade and was thoroughly conversant with every phase of the business before leaving the land of his birth and in consequence has l)een highly successful in the American field. He is fond of all outdoor sports. He holds membership in the Boston Athletic and Corinthian Yacht Clubs and the Manu- facturers Club of Philadelphia. The house of Sutcliff'e & Co. was established in 1828 and the senior member of the firm is Thomas Sutcliffe, father of F. Lucas Sut- cliffe. English and all kinds of foreign wools are handled and the English house has a large trade in every foreign country where wool is used, while the Boston house sells to consumers throughout the entire The first newspaper in America was is- sued in Boston on April 24, 1704. It was called the Boston A'c-a's-Lcttcr, and its founder was John Campbell, and its first nunilier may yet be seen in the library of the Alassachusetts Historical Society. H. DAWSON & CO. H. Dawson & Co., wool brokers with of- fices at 200 Summer Street, is one of the most active firms in the various wool centres of the workl. It was founded in England in 1892, as Hick, Martin & Drysdale, be- coming, six years later. Hick, Dawson & Co., and, in 1898, H. Dawson & Co. The main office is at 74 Coleman Street, Lon- tlon, the Boston house being established in order to keep in closer touch with the American markets. The business extends to all the large wool-producing and wool- consuming centres at home and al)road, the firm collecting wool in all the countries of production and distributing the same in every important seat of woolen manufactur- ing industry. Branches are maintained at 10 Booth Street, Bradford; 7 and 8 Byram Arcade, Hutldersfield; 18 Rue du Brou, Verviers; 200 Summer Street, Boston, U. S. A. ; Malcolm Lane, off George Street, Sydney; Russels Buiklings, Dunedin; 172 Manchester Street, Christchurch; Bernardo de Irigoyen, Buenos Ayres. The firm's clientele among j)roducers and consumers is a large and representative one, and it issues a periodical circular in which the existing conditions of the market are re- viewed. It keeps the consumer posted on the market outlook and gives figures show- ing the quantities of "held over" wool from colonial sources. The firm has collecting agencies in Australia, New Zealand, Argen- tine, South Africa and Patagonia, ami its perfect organization makes it a leader in the trade. ?26 THE BOOK OF BOSTON JOHN L. FARRELL Juhn L. Farrell was Jxirn in Dorchester, Mass., March 28, 1865. He was echicated in the piibhc schools of Boston and Ijecame associated with a New Y( irk wool concern, in 1882. Three years later he returned to Bos- ton and began busi- ness on his own ac- ciiunt, specializing- in carpet wools and acting as agent for di imestic receivers of foreign carpet wools and iov ship- pers in T u r k e y , Russia, France and England. His busi- ness has increased to large proportions during the thirt}' years he has been engaged in it, and he has com- mercial dealings with nearly all the users of carpet wool in this country. CHARLES F. AX^ERY Charles F. Avery, doing business under the name of Mauger & Avery, was born in New York City March 25,' 1847. In 1862 he entered the employ of Walter Brown & Co., wool merchants. New York. In Jan- uary, 1873, with Nicholas Mauger, who re- tired in 1904, he formed the firm of Mauger & Avery, wool Ijrokers. Branch offices were established in Boston, Chicago, Providence and Philadelphia, but owing to illness of Mr. Avery, these were eventually discontinued, with the exception of the Boston office, which was taken in charge bv Mr. Avery JOHN L. FARRELL in 1884, and where the Ijusiness has steadily developed. Mr. Avery comes of distin- guished Colonial ancestry on both paternal and maternal sides. He is descended from AVilliam Avery of Dedham. Mr. Avery is president of the Boston Wool Trade Association, is president of the Albemarle Golf Club, and a member of several other clubs. He is junior warden of St. John's Episcopal Church, Newtonville, and served the city of Newton on the School Commit- tee for six years, and on the Board of Alder- luen for three terms. EDWARD B. CARLETON Edward B. Carleton, wool merchant, was born in Boston October 20, 1857, and was educated at the Dwight School, graduating in 1873. One year later he entered the wool trade, and previous to found- ing the firm of E. B. Carleton & Co. in 1896 was for seventeen }' e a r s C( nnected with the Nonantum Worsted Co. He is now sole jiroprietor of E. l'>. Carleton & Co. with ofiices at 620 At- lantic Avenue, and handles all grades of foreign and having a large clientele EDWARD B. CARLETON domestic wool among the New England manufacturers. He is a Repul)lican in politics, and is a mem- lier of the Boston Wool Trade Association and the Algontpiin Club. THR TUX)K OF ROSTOX WILI.IAM M. WU(JI) The American WUdlcn Co., mie df tlie greatest industrial concerns in this cnunlrx-, was organized 1j\'. and un(|uestinnal)ly owes its phenomenal success to William M. Wood, whose keen foresight and great executive aliilit\' were develoi)ed by a necessitated con- tact w ith the business world from early hoy- hood. Air. W'ood is a native New Knglander. lie was horn in E- rounded out the eighteenth century successfully, grew steadily during the nine- teenth, and the first quarter of the twentieth century finds the concern one of the largest in its line. Consolidation was recently ef- fected with the Smith Co., producers of pulled wool. From the primitive business establi-shed over 140 years ago, has grown a concern with a capitalization of $500,000, and a trade that extends to every state in the union and throughout the entire world. The present officers of Winslow Bros. & Smith Co. are: Frank C. Allen, president; Alarcus M. Alder, vice-president, and Philip L. Reed, treasurer. The executive offices are located at 248 Summer Street, Boston. CONVERSE BUILDING Situated at the corner of Milk and Pearl Streets. It is a ten-story steel frame building with basement. The exterior is of brick with stone trimmings. The entrance is at 101 Milk Street 332 THE BOOK OF BOSTON LEWIS PARKHURST, TREASURER OF GINN & CO. LEWIS PARKHURST Lewis Parkhurst is an American of the old school, the kind of man who has been found at the post of danger or responsibility throughout the history of this country. Born at Dunstable, Massachusetts, July 26, 1856, his early days were spent on a farm. He is seventh in direct descent from Ebe- nezer Parkhurst, who came to this country from England in about 1690, settling at Dunstable. Two of his ancestors were in the Revolutionary War, and others did their share in the advancement of the struggling Republic. His father was Thomas Park- hurst, and his mother was Sarah Wright. The Wrights also were of the early pioneers. The Parkhursts were in moderate circum- TIIF. I^OOK OF BOSTON ^^^ stances, and, as an aid to his sujipurt and education, Mr. I'arkhurst worked on a farm and at various other odd jobs in his youth, lie prepared for college at Green Mountain Academy, South \\'oodstock, \'ermont, teaching school winters. On leaving the academy he entered Dartmouth College, and was graduated in 1878 with tlie degree of A.P). The experience in teaching gained in his undergraduate years at Woodstock, Reading and Weston, \'ermont, Province- town, ^lassachusetts, and Hanover, New Hampshire, led him to embrace this pro- fession as a definite vocation. Opportunity lay near at hand and Mr. Parkhurst served as principal of the High Street Grammar School in Fitchlnirg, Massachusetts, for two years. The next year found him acting in a similar capacity in the High School of Athol, ^Massachusetts, followed I)y five years as principal nf the Winchester (Massachu- setts) High School. Mr. Parkhurst has li\ed in ^\'inchester since that time, a period of thirty-four years. In 1886 he relin- quished teaching for business, becoming con- nected with the agency department of Ginn and Company. His marked ability soon brought him to the attention of the firm, and he was admitted to partnership in 1888. Since that time he has had special charge of the luanufacturing and liusiness adminis- tration. The Athenaeum Press of Ginn and Cfjmpany, said to be one of the l)est erjuipped printing establishments in the countr\-, has been built and developed in accordance with ]\[r. Parkhtirst's carefully thought out plans. Mr. Parkhurst has al- ways taken a deep personal interest in edu- cation, and has devoted much time to help- ing various educational institutions. He has served on the Winchester school cnni- mittee, and was chairman of the committees which supervised the construction of the Mystic and High School buildings in that town. In 1908 he was elected an alunuii trustee of Dartnicmth ( Ullcge, with the hun- orary degree of A.M. Five years later lie was honored with another term, and in 191 5 made a trtistee for life. He is chairman of the college's Committee on Business Ad- ministration and has guided its l)usiness affairs intu channels that have made the in- stitution one of the best organized in the United States. Mr. and ]Mrs. Parkhurst gave the college its administration building — Parkhurst Hall — in 1912. as a memorial to their son, A\'ilder, who entered with the class of 1907, but died at the l>eginning of his sophomore year. !Mr. I'arkhurst is the author of "A \'acation on the Nile.'' pub- lished in 1913, which recounts the incidents of a journey to I\g}'pt. He has been an ex- tensive traveler, both for business and pleas- tire, having visited every state in the Union, Canada, Culia, Mexico and the European continent several times. As a representative to the General Court in 1908 from the twentv-seventh Middlesex District, Mr. I'arkhurst served as a member of the joint Senate and House Committee on Railroads. He has held various other posts of a similar character, and has been a leader or sup- porter of numerous public undertakings. He has acted as a trustee of the Winchester Public Library, a mcmtier of the water board, chairman of the committee on annual appropriations and the committee on im- provement of waterways. He is now presi- dent of the Repul)lican Club of Massachu- setts. Mr. Parkhurst was married at \\'es- ton, A'ermont, November 18, 1880, to Miss Emma J. Wilder. They have one son living, Richard Parkhurst, a member of the se- nior class of Dartmouth College. Mr. Park- hurst's clubs include the I'niversity, Union, Art and City Clubs of i'.oston, the Winches- ter Countrv Club and the Megantic F'ish and Game Club. 334 THE BOOK OF BOSTOX TIMOTHY SMITH TIMOTHY SMITH Timoth}' Smitli, merchant, was born in Eastham, Mass., May 28, 1835, and was educated in the public schools and at academies at Or- leans and North Bridgewater, Mass. At the age of seventeen he be- came clerk for a mercantile concern and after five years engagetl in business for h i m s e 1 f at llardwich and later at Roxbury, where he has continued since August 8, 1862. He has been president of the r i m o t h y Smith Co., which has conducted a department store at 2267 Washington Street since its incorporation in 1901, vice-president of the Peoples National Bank, member of the New England Dry Goods Association, of which he was first president, and auditor of the Boston City Missionary Society. Mr. Smith resides in Roxbury and his office is at the corner of Washington and Vernon Streets, Roxbury, Boston. CHANDLER & CO. The firm of Chandler &Co., 151 Tremont Street, is one of the few in Boston to ap- jjroach the century mark. The business was first founded in 1817, by Messrs. Johnson & Mayo. The successors to this firm were Mayo & Hill, and then George Hill & Co. assumed the business, the partners being George Hill, Edward \\'yman, Edward \\'. Capen and \\'illiam F. Nichols. George Hill & Co. was succeeded by Chandler & Co., Mr. Hill withdrawing and the business being- continued by John Chandler and the remaining partners. In 1887, the business passed into the hands of William H. Capen, William H. Flanders and Frank W. \\'_\-man. Mr. Capen and Mr. Flanders dying, the firm of Chandler «S: Co. was in- corporated in 1905 with Frank W. Wyman, president and treasurer, and Charles F. Bacon, vice-president. The business was originally established to cater to the high- est class of trade, and in this regard the house has never deviated from the original intention during any part of its long and successful career. Chandler & Co. carry the finest lines of dry goods, women's ap- parel, and carpets and rugs, and the entire service and environment shows the dignity and refinement that conies through long years of service. In the manufacture of books, Boston has always been the foremost American city. Much business has come to it in this industry through its literar}- prestige. PHILIP A. GREEN Philip A. Green, treasurer, director and general manager of the William C. Jones Co., was born in New York City, October 6, 1882, and was educated in the pub- lic schools of Bos- ton. He served a thorough a]i])ren- ticeship in the cot- ton waste l)usiness. in office work in | the mill and as a salesman on the road, before he reached his present | important position. He is a member of the B el m o n t Country Club, is a - thirty - second de- ■'""•"' '^- '^'^'^^'^ gree Mason and a Shriner. The William C. Jones, Ltd., was organ- ized in England forty-two years ago. The Boston l)ranch was opened here in 1908 and incorporated in 19 14. Cotton waste only is handled and the English house has mills and offices at Manchester, while the Boston Company maintains a mill at New Bedford. The offices are at 200 Summer Street. THE BOOK OF BOSTOX PATRICK A. O'CONNELL Patrick A. O'Cnimell, wlm is j)r(iniinent in the social and business circles of Boston, was born Februarv 13. 187-', in Lawrence, PATRICK A. O CONM 1.1 Mass. He was educated in the jniblic schools of the city of his birth and Ijegan his business career with a dry goods house in Lawrence, and came to Boston over twenty years ago. His first association in this city was with William Eilene Sons & Co., of which he l)ecame vice-president. He Avas later treasurer and general manager of James A. Houston d)., and eventually bought the controlling interest in the busi- ness of the E. T. Slattery Co., of which he wns made president and treasurer, and is now the sole owner. In addition to this interest, Mr. O'Connell is a director of Andrew Ryan, Inc., of New York City. He is a member of the Board of Investment of the Union Institute for Savings and of the Faculty of Business Administration of Bos- ton L'niversitx', where he assists in laying out the courses and lectures on business organ- ization and s|)ecial topics the executive oftice at 40 State Street, it main- tains a permanent office at 507 Eifth Av- enue, New York City. The Albert D. How- lett Co. pays the closest attention to "the grooming of a home," and every effort is made to secure harmonious color schemes. character of the compan_\-'s work and the extent of the territory covered can ])e gath- ered from a partial list of the work done. This includes, the Boston City Club, New England Trust Co., Boston Safe Deposit and Trust Co., Boston Athena-um, Oliver Ditson Building, Boston : and the Charles H. Ditson P.uilding, New York City; the Waitt & Bond factory, the Rockefeller Institute, New York City : the Naumkeag Cotton Mill, Salem, Mass.; Hotel Stanley, Estes Park, Colorado; Hotel Kimball, Springfield, Mass. ; Travelers Insurance Building, Hart- ford, Conn. ; Nurses' Home, Albany, N. Y. ; 33,S< THE BOOK OF BOSTON W. H. McElwain Factor}-, Manchester, N. H. ; Salem Five Cent Bank, Salem, Mass.; State Armory, Springfield, Mass., and palatial residences at Rye, N. Y. ; Tarrytown, N. Y. ; Braintree, Mass., and Syosset, Long Island, etc. There is no point in the United States too far away for the Albert D. Howlett Co. to cover, and no contract too large to be successfully handled. The Itest workmen only are employed and the entire work is personally supervised by the most competent artists, so that the smallest detail, which sometimes appears unimportant to the lav luind, receives careful attention in order to produce pleasing, restful anil harmonious •effects. Strangers are attracted to Boston through its homelike atmosphere, the civility of its •citizens and the courtesy of its tradespeople. THE PUREOXIA COMPANY The Pureoxia Company, which manufac- tures high grade beverages and makes a speciality of ginger ale, was organized in 1899 with a capital of $100,000. The plant is located at no Norway Street, and is equipped with the latest improved machin- ■ery for the production of goods of absolute purity, under the most improved hygienic conditions. The best materials and distilled water only are used, and the reputation of the I'ureoxia products has largely increased the company's sales during recent vears, the trade territory now covering the entire New England States. Speedy autos are used for cjuick delivery in Boston and the nearby points. The entire equipment suggests clean- liness of the highest order, and the sanitary production and excellence of service have made many private families constant users of the goods. The products of the Pureoxia Company include ginger ale, flavored beverages, dis- tilled water, mineral waters and water dis- tilling apparatus. The officers are : Harry A. Edgerly, President and General Man- ager; Joseph B. Crocker, Treasurer; and Arthur L. Despeaux, Assistant Treasurer. THE ATLANTIC WORKS Boston's access to the sea has been respon- sible for much of the city's growth and prosperity. It has played its part in the commercial development of New England as well as of the city itself. The harbor led to the first settlement and has been perma- nent in its influence in centering upon its shores some of the greatest industries of the new world. The business of the manufac- ture of marine goods has always been an extensive feature of the city's industries. The shipping and transportation interests which have their home in Boston have natu- rall}' created a demand for sea-going ma- terial, which has been fully met by a number of responsible companies that have grown as the demand developed. The Atlantic Works, builders of marine engines and boilers, was established in Bos- ton sixty-three years ago by five mechanics, Abishai Miller, Oilman Joslin, Mark Googins, James A. Maynard and \\'illiam C. Hibbard. The organizers had very little capital, yet despite this handicap, the works became, within ten vears, the leading con- cern in its line in Boston, and has main- tained that position since. The plant occupies about five acres of ground fronting on Border, Maverick and New Streets in East Boston, and the cor- poration also controls the East Boston Dry Dock Co. plant, which adjoins it and occupies about six acres. In addition to the construction of marine engines and boilers, the Works make general steamship repairs and employ between three hundred and fifty and fnur hundred luen. The trade territory covered is wholly domestic and mostly local, and the annual turnover amounts to about five hundred thousantl dollars. The present officers of the company are : Fred McOuesten, president; Alfred E. Cox, treasurer and general manager; Edward P. Robinson, superintendent ; and Joseph M. Robinson, purchasing agent. The board of directors is composed of these four and \\'illiam B. loslin. 1'HF, BOOK OP^ BOS'l'OX 3,^9 HER.MAN L. BEAL Herman L. Beal, presideiu and irca.snrtT of the P'oster Rubber Co., was l)orn in Bos- ton, Mass., November 14, 1862. He was HHKMAN L. BL.\L educated in the public schools of Boston and at the Bryant & Stratton Commercial Col- lege. The Foster Rubber C, the lioston Athletic .\ssociation. Engineers Club, the Wo, idlaud (lolf Club and the Cliambcr of Commerce of .\nierica, and inanv other social and fraternal nrganizations. CAPT. FRANCIS HAWKS APPLETON Cajitain b'rancis 1 lawks Appleton, presi- dent of the F. 11. .\]ipleton & Son, Inc.. manufacturers of reclaimed rubber, was born in Jersey City, .\ugust 4, 1854. He was educated at the public schools and at the Pennington Seminary, Pennington. N. J. Upon the completion of his schooling he be- came a salesman for the Murjjhy Varnish Co., of Newark, N. J., and was finally made manager of the Boston branch of that com- pany. Flaving his own jimcess for the rec- lamation of rubber, he estaljlished the pres- ent business in 1898, and now has a factory at Franklin, Mass., with offices at 185 Sum- mer Street, Boston. Captain Appleton en- joys the distinction of having been twice re- ceived by King George V of England. On the first occasion he was one of the three delegates who visited Marlborough House to ainiounce to the king his election to the An- cient and Honoral)le Artillery Companw The king acce])te(l the courtesy and became suc- CAHT. FRANCIS HAWKS APPLETON cessor to his f;ither, b'.dward \"ll, in honor- ary nienibcrshii). ' I*-' ^^as again received by the king in lyij. when tlie Ancients visited 340 THE BOOK OF BOSTON Buckingham Palace. The king inspected the company which Captain Appleton com- manded, and the two were photographed side by side. Captain Appleton was mar- ried, September 30, 1874, to Ida C. Cook of New York City, and they have one son, Francis H. Appleton, Jr., who is associated with his father in business, and a grandson, Francis H. Appleton, 3rd. Captain Apple- ton is a 32nd degree Mason and a member of the Aleppo Temple. He also holds mem- bership in the Chamlier of Commerce, the Algonciuin Club, the Point Shirley Club, of which he is president, the Boston City Club and the Boston Athletic Association. BIRGER GUSTAF A. ROSENTWIST B. G. A. Rosentwist, Royal Vice-Consul of Sweden at Boston, was born in Bjuf, Sweden, April 26, 1868. He has studied at the Royal Insti- tute of Technology, Stockholm, S w e - den, and the Uni- versity of Gottin- gen, Germany. Mr. Rosentwist is a de- scend a n t in the eighth generation from John Twist, of English ances- try, who was born in Germany in 1638 and settled in Swe- den. The progeni- tor of the family was ennobled by King Karl XI of Sweden in 1695 and the name changed to its present form. Mr. Rosentwist is a chemist and is now a mem- ber of the firm of Rosentwist & Corner, importers of and dealers in dyestuffs and chemicals, at 26 India Square. He is con- nected with several other commercial con- cerns. He was decorated Knight of Royal Order of Vasa ist Class by the late King Oscar II of Sweden in 1907. He is a member of the Board of Directors of the Swedish Chamber of Commerce of the U. S. A., New York, American-Scandi- BIRGER G. A. ROSENTWIST navian Society, the Swedish Charitable So- ciety, Masonic fraternities, Boston City Club, Algoncjuin, Engineers, Boston Yacht, Hoosic-Wliisick Country Clubs and Bos- ton Athletic Association of Boston and the Cityklubben of Stockholm, Sweden. He is also Honorary President of the Swedish Charitable Society. In the Granary Burying-ground between Beacon and Park Streets are the tombs and graves of governors of the Colony and Com- monwealth, and of Samuel Adams, James Otis, John Hancock, Paul Revere, Peter Faneuil, the parents of Benjamin Franklin, •with many others of distinction or interest. JOHN JOYCE Vice-President of the Gillette Safety Razor Company In the early days of the development of the Gillette Safety Razor, progress was much hampered by the lack of funds to conduct the necessary experiments. After many discouraging experiences, when it seemed at times as though the undertaking must be abandoned, the inventor, Mr. King C. Gillette, was so fortunate as to meet and interest in his idea Mr. John Joyce of An- dover, Mass. Mr. Joyce was immediately convinced that there was a wonderful field for an article such as this, and the outgrowth of his belief was the enterprise that is now capitalized for thirteen million dollars and whose ramifications extend the world over. It requires more than an ordinary quality of courage to capitalize an idea to the ex- tent of mau}^ thousand dollars, but so firm was Mr. Joyce in his belief that the article was practical and would revolutionize the tedious process of shaving, he never doubted as to its viltimate success. That the Gillette Safety Razor is a suc- cess is "known the world over," but com- paratively little is known of the man whose foresight and business acumen is largely responsible for the marvelous business that has been Ijuilt up from this invention. 'I'llI-: IU)()K OF BOSTON ,U1 JEROME JONES From an obscure clerkship in a ccmntry store, Jenmie Jones has risen to tlie presi- (lenc\- of tlie Jones, McDuffee i^ Strattim JEROME JONES Co., one of the largest and nmst prominent crockery, glass and chinaware firms in the United States. He was l)orn at Athol, Worcester County, Mass., October 13, 1837, and after being educated in the public schools became a clerk in a store and post office in Orange. Upon coming to Boston in 1853, he served an apprenticeship with Otis Norcross, and after receiving a thor- ough training, filled positions of constantly increasing importance which resulted in his being admitted to partnership at the age of twenty-four. He was the European buyer for fifteen years. Upon the retirement of Mr. Norcross to become Mayor of Boston, in 1868, the firm became Howland & Jones, and upon Mr. Howland's death in 1871 the present partnership was formed, since being incorporated. During his business career Mr. Jones has been interested as director and vice-president with several fin;uicial in- stitutions, and held menibershi]) in many trade associations. He was one of the orig- inal meml)ers of the New England Tariff Reform League, a member of the Thursday Club of Brookline, and also holds member- ship in the I'nion. .\rt, Country, Algonquin and Unitarian Clul)S of Boston, and the Bos- ton Chamljer of Commerce. He is a di- rector of the Boston Safe Dejxjsit and Trust Co., and vice-president of the Home Savings Bank and honorary chairman of the Mari- time Comnuttee of the Chamber of Com- merce. GEORGE T. LEIGH George T. Leigh, vice-president of the John Leigh Co., contractors and dealers in cotton waste with a large plant at 241 A Street, South Boston, was born in I\Ian- chester, Englantl, in 1884. He was edu- cated in England and came to the United States to look over the business of John Leigh, Ltd., the i)arent house. Eight years ago when the Boston branch was started he took up his residence jiermanently here and became vice-president and principal GEORGE T. LEIGH owner of the comjiany which was incorpo- rated in 1912 with executive offices at 200 Summer Street. He is a member of the 342 THE BOOK OF ROSTOX Boston City Club, the Boston Athletic As- sociation, the Eastern Yacht Club, the Que- quechan Club of Fall River, the National Association of Cotton Manufacturers and the Chamber of Commerce. John Leigh, Ltd., the parent house in England, was estab- lished by John Leigh, who is Chairman of the Board of Directors, with John Leigh, Jr., and George T. Leigh as directors. The concern is the largest dealer in cotton waste in the world, its markets extending to nearly every country. The elder Leigh started in business forty-five years ago in Oldham, England. He possessed excellent executive ability and keen business judgment, and under his careful and wise guidance the small business expanded until the annual sales now run into millions of dollars, while the house owns, controls and operates many large cotton mills throughout England. The English house sells its product all over the world, while the Boston firm confines its efforts to the United States and Canada. GURNEY HEATER MANUFACTURING COMPANY The company was organized under the Massachusetts Laws in 1884. Its executive offices have always been located on Frank- lin Street, in Boston, and the growth of the business has necessitated placing branch of- fices and distributors throughout the com- mercial centres of the United States, and also in various countries of the world. The Gurney Company is the pioneer in the manufacture of steam and hot water heat- ing apparatus in the United States, and its product has become a household word and recognized as standard throughout the coun- try. It has always been the effort of the company to be the leader in the industry, and much of its marked success is attribu- table to the high standard adopted and to the use of only the best grades of material wrought by the highest skilled labor for which New England is famous. The plant, covering twenty-three acres, is located at Franiingham, Mass., where every modern device for the making of its products is in- stalled. The officers are : Edward Gurney, president ; William T. Isaac, vice-president and general manager, and Alfred G. Merser, secretary and treasurer. Mr. Isaac, the ac- WILLIAM T. ISAAC tive head, has been connected with the com- pany for the past twenty-four years, filling the various offices in the organization up to that now held by him. FAIRBAMKS Mouse, OEOHAM nil. ical c(l^tllll riianilic-r of Commerce, the Commercial Chih, the Jlos- tonian Society, tlie lirookline Historical Society, the lUinker Hill ]\[omiment Asso- ciation, the Eastern Yacht Cluli. the Ciiuntr\- Club of ]5rookIine, the Home Alarket Club, the Norfolk Club and other ors^anizations. ]'>ut though Mr. \\'hitm;in lias ;i wide ac(|uaintance and is sought on many jjulilic occasions, his tastes and inclinatiims are domestic and he finds his chief hajipiness in his l)eautiful llrookline home. Mr. Whitman was marrieil un the ii;th nf January. 1865, to Jane Dole Hallett, a native of I'oston, but a descendant of distinguished Loyalist families who left Xew ^'ork in 1783 at the close of the \\ ar of the Revolu- tion and settled in St. John, New Brunswick. Mr. and Mrs. \\'hitman have had eight children, of whom four sons anr,l'.Rr DN'SART. H.C.S.. C.I'. A. Riilicrt Dxsart. H.-iclicli ir of C'niiinu'rcial Science. Certified Pul)lic .Xccnuntant. Coun- selor ami Special Lecturer at the Pace Insti- tute of Accountancx', Trustee of the Depart- ment of Statistics for the Cit\" of i'.oston, and a writer on financial and ecunoniic sub- jects, is a grandson tif the late Robert Dysart. Architect, of Xew Prunsw ick. Can- ada, and eldest son of the late .Xndrew Kntx l)\sart and l-".tta Miriam, daughter of the late Honorable R(ibert C'utler. for many years a member of Parliament in the Cana- dian House of C'linmins. .Mr. Dysart is a descendant i n the ])ater- nal side of a Xornian famil\- who settled in England at the time of the Conijuest ; and through his mother is (jf did W-w b.ngland and United lMn])ire Loxalist ancestr\-. trac- ing directh' from the Reverend Dr. Samuel Cutler, one of the first ( )rtho(lox clergxinen to the Massachusetts 15ay Colony, and F.lie- nezer L"utler, the Royalist, who accompanied the British .Arms to Canada at the outbreak of the Revolutionar\' War. His earlv eilucation was received in the public schools of his native province, sujjple- iiiented b\' sjjecial graduate courses taken in Accountanc}'. Commerce, Economics and I-'inance at the University of St. Joseph's College, one of the (jldest seats of learning in Eastern Canada. While a student at this institution, he was also graduated from the advan.ced courses given in I-'ngiish llelle- Lettres, Rhetoric, History and Mathematics. I'rior to the foregoing collegiate courses, he attended the Roy.al .Military Schocjl at Fredericton. Deciding updU a linanci;il career, he en- tered the offices of the \eteran .State Street .\cconnt;uit and .\uditor. .\ndre\v .Stewart. (.l'..\.. where he remained for sever. il years, in close touch with the \er\ excep- tional range (.)f i ippurtunities .afforded for the ac(pii-.ition of that breadth of experience. ;ind S(]un(lne>s of i)rofessional training, so essential to the success of the C( insulting ])ublic accountant of the ])resent da\'. He stibse(|tientl\' o])ened offices of 'lis own. and has been favored with a large practice, lieing the audUor tor upwards of two humlreil and tift\ millions of xested cajjital. in addition to the general prac- tice of accountancw including periodical ,'ind special inxestigatioiis and audits for banks, trust companies, manufacturers, directors, creditors' coninn'ttees. municipali- ties, trustees in probate. bankru]itc\' and es- tate aft'airs. etc.; he is also extensively en- gaged, with the aid of a permanent staff of assistants, on constructixe and cost ac- counting : numbering among his clients man\- of the largest manufacturing, trading and textile Corporations in the countr\-. His Jjoston offices are located in the L'nion Hank P.uilding at 40 .State .Street, with branch oftices in Xew \'ork City and in .St. John. Xew 1 Brunswick. Besides memliership in several literar\- .and charitable organizations, he is a mem- ber of the American .Academ\- of Political Science, the I'lostoinan .Sucietx. the (,'opkw Society, the .American Mathematical So- ciety the St. John ( iun ( lub, the Boston City (lull, the Cana :i motor Imat clulis are also fostercil, ami there is an admirable United Shoe Ma- chinery r.and. The .\thletic Association publishes a creditable monthly magazine en- titled "The Three Partners" — the three be- ing Capital. Labor and the Public, gi\ing accounts of sporting events and United Shoe news. An industrial training school for boys, relays from the high school of Beverl}-, is conducted in the factory. The l)ovs are taught in detail at the machines and in various departments, under the direction of instructors, and receive pav for their ^\■ork, anil ultimate! v thev mav l)e graduated into the factory as regular hands. The school is carried on bv the companv in con- junction with the City of Beverly and the State of Massachusetts. The standard of work throughout this factory is classed as high ; and the content- ment of the workers, together with the atl- vantages of its situation and perfected sani- tarv conditions, marks it, in the judgment of factor}- experts, fcjreuMst among the liest tx'iie of twentieth centurv industrial estab- lishments. The statement is officialh- made that the wages ]);u(l here average higher than those ])aid in any other factory of equal size in Massachusetts. Sidne_\' \\'ilmiit Winslow, the president and the head since its establishment, has been termed the guiding genius of this great concern. He was particularly the guiding genius in its evolution. It was through his initiative that the three separate companies were united into the one organization, and that under such union the shoe manufac- turing industr}" was standardized; while the development of the model Beverly in- stitution, together with the great prosperity of the organization, is to be attributed solel\- to the remarkable ability of Mr. \\'inslow and the officials in association with him in the company's directorate. lie was the son of a shoemaker, and himself had been a shoemaker and later a shoe-machine maker, familiar by experience with ,ill the details of shoe manufacture and of shoe machinery. He is a native of ("ape Cod and of the best of Pilgrim stock. He was born in lirewster, September 20, 1854. son of Freeman and I.ucy II. ( Rogers I Winslow. ( )n the ma- ternal sitle he is descended from Thomas Rogers, who came out in the "Mayflower" in i6jo, while on the father's side he is direct from Kenelm \\ inslow, brother of Edward Winslow of the first comers, who was the third go\ernor of the Phiiiouth colony and i)ne of the original settlers of Marshfield. Freeman \\'inslow was first a shoemaker, or Cobbler, mi board a whaling ship. When he forsook the sea he opened a village shoe- making shop of his own, and here the boy, Sidney, got his first lessons in the trade. He attended the grammar and high school at Salem, and. ui)on graduation from the latter, entered the father's factory. He re- mained here fourteen years, doing all sorts of work, from pegging heels at first to run- ning one machine after another, liis last service being as foreman of the stitching- room. When he first began work in the Salem factor\- onl\- the McKa}' sewing machine for attaching soles to u])pers had been invented, and that had but recently lieen introduced. \\ hile foreman in the stitching-room he be- came imjiressed with the vital importance of shoe machinery in the development of the lioot and shoe industry, and especiallv with the serious disadvantages under which manufacturers labored because of the niul- tijjlicity of companies controlling the vari- ous machines in performing the different o]ierations necessary in making shoes. Mr. Winslow was impressed with the economic wastefulness of the \arious small companies that were striving anicnig themselves for the business of shoe manufacturers, with the re- sulting loss both to labor and capital. His first venture in shoe machinery making was in connection with a machine invented by his father, who was a man of great inven- ti\e talents. This was the Xaumkeag buf- fing machine. "Sir. Winslow secured a con- trolling interest in this machine in 1883, .•md still holds it. -Subsequently he was at- tracted to the hand method lasting machine, invented by Jan l'"rnest Matzeliger, a shoe worker of l.ynn, in 1883, which was de- .^56 THE BOOK OF BOSTON signed to perform a delicate operation that, from the beginning of shoe machinery, had always been done by hand. Its inventor, after securing the patent, had neither the capital nor the business experience to make it commercially practical and, although others became financially interested, it did not become a commercial success until Mr. Winslow, perceiving its possibilities, in 1892, associated with himself men of or- ganizing capacity and pecuniar)- resources, and put it on a paying basis. In the mean- time other lasting machines had come on the market, each adapted to make a particu- lar type of shoe. All of these machines were finally gathered into the possession of the Consolidated and AIcKa\- Lasting Ma- chine Company, of which ^\'allace F. Rob- inson became president and George W. Brown treasurer and general manager, while Mr. ^^'inslow was active in the direc- tion of its affairs. Machines for perform- ing the various other operations in making- shoes were still in the hands of numerous separate companies. By degrees, however, several of the smaller concerns had gone out of business, and by 1899 the making of shoe machinery had centered in the three companies subsequently consolidated, through the initiative of ]Mr. Winslow, in the United Shoe Machinery Compan\-, with a directorate composed principally of lead- ing New England and New York business men ^Ir. Winslow is an indefatigable worker, arriving at his office early and leaving late. Yet, with all his business interests, he finds time for wholesome relaxation. He is a devotee of chess and an enthusiastic tennis and golf player. He is a connoisseur in paintings and has collected many art treas- ures, which adorn his home. His club as- sociations are with the Commercial, Algon- quin and Boston Chess. He was married in 1877 to Miss Georgiana Buxton, daugh- ter of George Buxton of Peabody, and the children by this union are Sidney W., Jr., Lucy, now Mrs. Hill; Mabel W., now Mrs. Foster, and Edward H. Winslow. George \\'ashington Brown, vice-presi- dent of the United Shoe Machinery Com- pany, was 1)orn in Northfield, Vermont, August 30, 1841, the son of Isaac Washing- ton and Sylvia Elvira (Partridge) Brown. His ancestors were among the earliest of the sturdy pioneers who journeyed, after the Revolutionary \\'ar, from Connecticut to A'ermont, the forbears of a race whose rep- resentatives have been prominent in all branches of intellectual and commercial ac- tivity. He was educated in the public schools and the Newbury (Vermont) Sem- inary, and at the age of eighteen entered the emplo)' of the \"ermont Central Rail- road shops at Northfield. In 1865, he be- came a member of the firm of Hyde & Brown, grocers, and, in 1867, formed a partnership under the name of McGowan & Brown, dealers in hardware. In 1869 he entered the service of the Central Pacific Railroad as auditor of its motive power de- ]iartment, with headcjuarters in Sacramento, California. In 1871 he returned East and liecame a salesman in the employ of the \Mieeler & Wilson Company. His diligence and ability led to rapid advancement and, in 1876, he was made general manager of the company's New England business. In 1892 Mr. Brown resigned to become general manager and treasurer of the Con- solidated Hand Method Lasting Machine Company, and, under his management, the resources and standing of the company so developed that it became the prime factor in the union of the different busting machine companies in a new company known as the Consolidated McKay Lasting Machine Company, of which Mr. Brown was made treasurer and general manager. Under his direction the important divisions of the sh: e manufacturing industry served by this com- ])any were developed and organized as they had never been l^efore. When the United Shoe Alachinery Company was organized in 1899, Mr. Brown was made treasurer and general manager of the company, and l)r(jught to it experience of the highest order. In 1909 he resigned as treasurer 'ihp: book OI" i^ostox ,1,-1/ and <;fiu-ral manager, and since tlu-n lias l)een a vice-president (if tlie c III SixliTii Itiiililliii.',, of Kfiiirorft-il < '.oni-ri'tr < '.011,^1 riK-lioii. with Floor S|»;n-i* of M2I. 0(111 Sqiiar*- KimM. iir o\it 21 \*t€*s Maniirafluriiij; Itiiildin^s. 112(1 F«-el l.oim. Mi K«*fl >\ i«l«-. Four Floors l'o\*»T Molls*- I Id \ tit Ft. K(|ui|>|mmI Willi Tlirt'r Korks l)ri\,-n l>> <>.*> Indlli-tion Motors. Caiiarily Kan::iii:z IVoItl .3 11. I*, (o T."* II. I*. F.arh Founilr> :l')ll Fill l.oii:; \ l(l<)Fi'i'l « idi-. ( :a|iaiil >. .~>(l Ions ol ( last iims |M'r lla\ <:a|ia.il> ol l>r<>|> For:;.- Iliparl iiiinl . MI.IXIK I'i.i 0\<-r 2I.(I(KI Ma<-liin<-s Slii|i|ii- iIk- <',oni|iany \nniially lliiililinus lli-al*-il li\ I lol - \ ir Sy sl«-in During ( lolil ^ «-alli<-r. anil lilt- Sanii' Fans Su|>|>ly < '.olil Vir Ihiritii^ llol Wt-ather \ i-nlilal*-(l Mftal l.orki-rs for ^iirkni(-n's IJotlli-s. F.ai-ll >^orkitiaii lla«illu His lnili>i(liial l.oi-kf-r ailfl Key Iii4li\iilnal Wash lliisins anil Sliowi-r Itallis in >^ ash Itooins Tnili-I Kooiiis. \(ash Kooiiis. Hath Koonis anKoiii<-n Fiii|ilo> i-i-s. with Vfatron in Altf-nilanrn All Toiirt Koonis an- \ i-nt ilal<-il liy hMiaiist Fans of Siii-li Si/.i- and Spi-t-d as to < Jianui- tin- Vir K*«'ry 'rwflve Minuti^ Fully F.«iiii|i|M-(l hani-r^i-nry llospital w it li 'rraini-d \tli-ndanl inOharu*- Itt-stuiirant with Si-atiiiu: Caiiai-ity for h.'id Forl> -I lir<-«- l*ri%iit<- IIooium for Invfiilors* 1 si- r.lubhniisf- for Fniploy i-i-s with l-loor Spai-i- of 0>*-r I I. (MM! Sqiiarr I-*-*-! and a 'l'«-n- \.-r«- Kit-Id for \lhl«-lit- SfMirl iuti*a 35S, THE ROOK OF BOSTON SHERMAN W. LADD (deceased) Shoe Machinery Expert Sherman W. Ladd was born in Holder- ness, New Hampshire, September 27, 1855, and was descended from Samuel Ladd, who SHERMAN W. LADD (dECEASEd) came from England to Plymouth County in 1643. His father, Hale Moulton Ladd, and his ancestors, Jesse and Herman Ladd, were inventors. Mr. Ladd was twice married. First, to Lilla H. S. Jackson, and second, to Mary, daughter of Charles and Alargaret Stowell of Medford, Mass. He was a member of the Union Club of Beverly and the Beverly Board of Trade. ]\Ir. Ladd was a natural mechanical genius. He was always even in childhood, handy with his knife in whittling out different articles, and pos- sessed that mechanical genius whereby, in later years, he was able to conceive and then develop into first-class mechanical shape different kinds of mechanism. He was an invaluable man for reducing inventions to practical commercial shape, and his specialty was designing and constructing shoe ma- chinery. Early in life he was associated with ]\Ir. Louis Goddu in making different kinds of shoe machinery, notably the Standard Screw machine for attaching the outsoles of boots and shoes by a screw- threaded wire. This machine had a success- ful career and was well known to shoe manufacturers throughout the United States. He also was associated with An- drew Eppler, of the Eppler Sewing Machine Co., in improving, designing and manufac- turing welt sewing machines. In 1888, he became associated with Cliarles S. Gooding, mechanical engineer, in the designing and improving of the Matzeliger lasting machine for the Hand Method Lasting Machine Co. of L}-nn. Several patents were taken out by Mr. Gooding and Mr. Ladd on the improved lasting machine. The first machine was built and successfully operated in a shoe fac- tory for a year and a half. Subsequent to. his association with Mr. Gooding, Mr. Ladd entered the employ of the Consolidated Hand Method Lasting Machine Co., invent- ing and building new machines during the dift'erent changes in location and in name of the companies which succeeded said com- pany and finally developed into the LTnited Shoe Machinery Co., with which concern he remained until his death. During this time he invented and took out patents upon twenty-six dift'erent mechanisms, the dates covering a period extending from 1890 to October, 191 1. Between 1903 and 1909, Mr. Ladd, in addition to inventing, improving and superintending the construction of a large variety of shoe machinery, was en- gaged in building and perfecting manufac- turing plants, for the United Shoe iMachin- ery Co., in France, England and Germany, and from 1909 until his death in 191 1, he resided in Beverly and Montreal. THE BOOK OF BOSTON vSQ C'1IARL]-:S S. (iOUDlN(;, M.E Expert in Shoe AIachixery Charles S. Gooding was born in Brook- line, Mass., June 22, 185S, and was educated in the Brookline Public Schools, graduating CHARLES S. GOODING froni the I'.rookline High ScIkhiI with honors at the age of sixteen. He passed his examinations for the Massachusetts Institute of Technology immediately, and graduated as Bachelor of Science in Me- chanical Engineering at the age of twenty in the class of '79, of which he is secretary and treasurer. Soon after graduating from Tech he went to Pittsburgh, Pa., in the employ of the P. C. & St. L. Railway. Subsecjuently he was engaged to take a posi- tion as Professor of Mechanical Engineer- ing in the H. C. C. L Institute of Charleston, South Carolina, where he started a Mechan- ical Engineering department with night classes for mechanics who could not attend the (lav classes. Resigning from his position in Charles- ton, Mr. Gooding returned to Boston and started a Mechanical luiginecring office at 8g Court Street, in January, 1883. Two years later lie moved to School Street, where he has continued the practice oi Mechanical Engineering, the soliciting of patents and as an expert in ])atent causes for the past thirty years. During that time, he has designed and sui)erintended the building of large numbers of machines of dilTerent classes (jf invention, including shoe machin- evy, textile machiner\-, printing machinery, and special machiner\- of man\- kinds. For a number of years Mr. Gooding made a specialty of designing shoe machinery and, in association with the late Sherman W. Ladd, designed and patented the first ma- chine that the parent company of the United Shoe ^Machinery Co., viz., the Hand Method Lasting Machine Co., put on the market, this machine being known as the hand method lasting machine. During his business career, ^Ir. Gooding has invented and patented a great many machines and devices and has had United States patents issued on forty-two of these inventions. Mr. (iooding is of English ancestr\', the American branch of the family having been established by George Gooding, who came to New England in the seventeenth centurw He died in 1701 and is buried at Dighton, Alassachusetts. On the paternal side Mr. Gooding is directly descended from John Howland, who came over in the "May- flower." With the exception of four years, Mr. Gooding has resided in Brookline dur- ing his entire life. He was married there in 188 1 to Cora Adeline Haven, and has three daughters, all of wliom are married and li\e in that beautiful suburlx He is a Republican in jiolitics and is a member of the lioston City Clul), the Ameri- can Sociel}' ol Mechanical Engineers, the .\merican Association for the Advancement of Science, the .American Patent Law Association, and the Bostcjn Chamber of Commerce. 360 THE BOOK OF BOSTON S. A. WOODS MACHINE COMPANY The S. A. Woods Machine Co. is one of the oldest manufacturers of woodworking machinery in America. The original com- HARRY CR-\XE DODGE |)an\- was formed in 1S54 liy Snlomun A. Woods. In 1873 the company was incor- porated under the name of the S. .\. Woods Machine Co., with Solomon A. \\'oods as ])resident. Under his management the com- pany grew rapidly and extended its line of manufacture. In 1907, on the death of Solomon A. Woods, his son, Frank F. Woods, succeeded to the presidency of the company. In 191 2 Frank F. \Wiods sold his interest in the company to H. C. Dodge and C. W. H. IMood, the former then be- coming the jjresident of the company, and the latter its vice-president. Under the new management a broader Inisiness policy was inaugurated and its line extended. The company has for years enjoyed a reputation of making a very high grade of machinery, and recently has extended its field of busi- ness to include the most prominent lumber- ing sections in all parts of the world. The plant of the company, which is situated on Damrell Street, South Boston, is one of the largest machine shops in New England. Ouite recently they made extensive additions which will ultimately give them as large a capacity as any plant in the world, in heavy planing-mill machinery. Harr}- Crane Dodge, president of S. A. Woods Machine Co., was born in ^^'(>burn, Mass., October ^r, 1 88 1, and was educated at the Boston Latin School and Harvard University. He is a .son of Frank F. and Nellie ( Crane ) Dodge, and his ancestors on Ijoth the pater- nal and maternal sides were among the early New England colonists settling at Newbury- port and in the vicinit)' of Plymouth, re- .spectively, aljout 1635. Mr. Dodge began his business career in 1904, as a salesman for S. A. Woods Machine Co., in the snuth- eastern district. He was made southern manager, with headcjuarters at New Orleans, in Ti)o8: general sales manager at I'xiston in i(;ii, secretary the same >ear. and became CHARLES W. H. BLOOD president in October, iyi2. He is a memljer of the Boston Art Club, Boston Athletic As- sociation, Harvard Club of Boston, Boston Press Club, Commonwealth Country Club, and the Seminole Club of Jacksonville, Fla. THK BOOK OF BOSTON ,^61 C \\ . H. ]!lr>(i(l, wliii tills tin- ilual jxisi- tion of vice-presitlent and treasurer of the compaii}', was born in Kalamazoo, ^Michigan. July j,o, 1864. After a j^reparatory train- ing in the ])ul)lic schools he entered Cornell L'niversity, from which he graduateil in iS(;i with the M.l-l. degree. Upon taking up his residence in Boston, he became asso- ciated A\ith S. .\. \\'oiids as a mechanical engineer, and ujjon the incurpiiratinn ol the compan}- was elected its \ice-president, eventually becoming one of the owners of the ])lant by purchase, with Mr. Ddtlge, i>f I'rank ¥. Woods' interest. Mr. Blood, in adilitinn to acting as vice-president and treas- m"cr, is general manager of the plant, his training and experience making him familiar with ever}- phase of machinery ccmstruction. He is a member of the American Societv of }ilechanical Engineers, the I'.iistun Athletic Associatii.n, the Biiston Art ( "lub and the Masonic fraternity. HERBERT T,. SITERAI \X Herliert L. Sherman, president of the New England Bureau of Tests, Inc., is a graduate of the ^Massachusetts Institute of Technolog\-. He was burn in Kingston, Mass., Novemljer 11, 1881, and, after grad- uation in 1902, entered actively upnii the practice of his profession. He was em- ])loyed for a short time as assistant chemist for the Massachusetts State Board of Health and head chemist for the Helderberg Cement Company of Howes Cove, N. \'. He opened a laboratory in Boston in 1904 in general chemical work, both consulting and analytical, and made a specialty of the test- ing and inspection of structural materials, ]irincipally cement and concrete. In Ajjril, 0)r4, he consolidated his interests with the .New luigland interests of the Pittsljurgh Testing Laboratory and foun ]•:. r.ADCKR & SONS CO. Erastus Beethoven Badger, the subject <>t this sketch, was born on the first day of October. 1828, at tlie home of his parents on Hanover Street, at the north end of the citv. Shortiv afterward his father moved to Fort Hill, where the son spent his early years. Flis grandfather. I'aptain i ),iniel Hadgcr. was a rising ximng merchant, having a number of vessels in the Africa and h'ast Indies trade. At the age of forty- fnur vears, he cimtracted fever while Imarding one of his vessels on arrival from the coast of Africa, this causing his death. He was also deei)l\" interested in military affairs of the day, being captain of one (jf the com- panies organized l)\' order of the (iovernor to protect the City of Boston during the War of 1 812. His father, Daniel B. Jkulger, was a ship- ping broker, located on Custnm House Street, opposite the old Custom 1 louse. The son. Erastus B. Badger, being l>riiught u]) in full sight of Boston Harbor, then full of all kinds of sailing vessels, and accus- tomed to visiting them with his father, be- came thoroughly accpiainted with the various rigs of ships, barks, brigs and schooners, and could climb the masts and handle the rigging, having his mind fjn a seafaring life. He became intimately acquainted w ilh nian\- captains and mates, and at the age of 14, his one longing was to go to sea. He made a bargain with Captain Cross of the Brig "Attilla," also another with Captain Meas- ury (if the Brig "Xerious" — buth \essels regular packet.s — to the West Indies — but in l)oth instances his father intervened. He was accustomed to go on the news boat then stationed at India Wharf, its duty being to visit all vessels arriving in port, and reporting to the exchange. This he found most interesting and exciting. His father having frustrated his attempts to go to sea, he could often he found nn the ])ilot boat "Phantom," with Captain bihn ( )li\'er. In this instance his father again intervened, and on April 8, 1844, the sun cnnnnenced his apprenticeship with the firm uf Rice & Jenkins, as coppersmith, at the junctiim of Merrimack, Traverse and I'ortlantl Streets. His wages averaged two dollars and twenty- five cents per week. Being the youngest boy in their employ, he was obliged during the first two years U> ci]>en the factory, start the fires at a very early lidur (about 5:30), go to breakfast, and then return fur the day. At the age of twenty-one years he was mas- ter of hydraulics, which in those early days gave a large amount of business to the concern. On February 22. 1854, Mr. Jenkins hav- ing left the business, a ])artnership was formed to continue the business under the name. Rice, Hicks c(lucatf(l in the pul)lic schools and passeil tlie Harvard examinations, but, owing- to a serinus illness, did nuld produce twenty tons of grease and eighty tons of fertilizer. He is also the discoverer of hydrated cellulose acetate, which is non- intfammable and transi)areiU. 'Ibis pr(.nluct is largely used for a varnish on aeroplanes, and in the manufacture of artificial silk and moving picture films. Mr. Miles is a mem- ber of the Society of Chemical IndustrN', the American C'hennCil .Society the Dry Salters t'lub of Boston, the Royal Society of Arts, I'.ngland, the 'S'ale Club, Boston Chamber of ('ommerce and Huston .Societv of Arts. 366 THE BOOK OF BOSTON SWIFT-McNUTT COMPANY The Swift-McNutt Co., the largest con- cern engaged in building-wrecking in New England, was formed l\v the consolidation FRANCIS H. SWIFT of the Swift Contracting Co. and the tirni of Roljert R. McNutt, Inc. These two companies had for a long time been en- gaged in the same kind of work, and real- izing that a comliinatiiin would large]\- increase the etifectiveness of each organiza- tion, they formed the new company with R. R. McNutt, president, and Francis H. Swift, treasurer. Since the consolidation the Ijusiness has grown wonderfully and the company does about ninet}-tive per cent, of all the wrecking in the cit\'. The work is not confined to New England, as the firm has completed large contracts in Kentucky and other states in the Union. The firm has established a reputation for the careful execution of large contracts and has recently completed the demolition of the old Hotel Pelhani, on the corner of Boylston and Tremont Streets. This Ijuilding, on one of the busiest corners in Boston, was taken down in the very short time of sixty days and presentetl many dif- ficulties, but the site was cleared within the time specified, and the work of erecting the new building was started promptly )jy the general contractors. Through the em- ployment of skilled foremen and its well- organized sales department, giving a quick market for material, the Company is enabled to meet conditions, no matter how difficult, and to complete the work with little delay and with safety to their employees and the general public. The Company maintains in- surance for the protection of the owner of the property, the public at large and their own employees, and their standing and rep- utation is such that they are al)le to file a Ijond in any amount to insure the faithful performance of their contract. In the course of its Ijusiness the Compan\- has been obliged to find a market for such material which would appear difficult to dispose of, and, as an outgrowth of this experience, ROBERT R. MCNUTT has established an appraisal department which can give a value on almost anything, having in mind the prompt disposal of same THF. ROOK OF ROSTOX 367 for casli. This department is used 1)\' man_\ w 111 1 have collateral to dispose of other than securities, and has proved a most effective instrument through which to realize. To facilitate the work, storage yards are k)cate(l all over Boston, one being located on Summer Street, one on Dorchester Ave- nue. South Roston, one at Massachusetts Avenue and Magazine Street, and two on Rroadway. Cambridgeport. These are all used for storage purposes and do away w ith long hauls. The Compan_\- ojierates its own saw mill for the purpose of turning out marketable stock from sizes not so easy to sell, and it is bv these methods that it is en- abled to make prompt delivery of all orders. b'.lston & Swift and the Swift Contracting Co. Mr. Swift is of Pilgrim ancestry, his family first settling in Cape Cod and later removing to New I'edford. He is a luember of the Harvard Club of Boston, the Elks, ^lasonic fraternitx and chilis in Xew York and New Bedford. ROBERT R. McNUTT Robert R. McXutt. president of the com- pany, was born in Xo\a Scotia. January i6, 1877, and was educated in the schcjols of that countrw He came to the Cnited States in 1895, locating at Lowell, where he lie- came foreman for a firm of contractors. He INDIAN REFINING COMPANY, G EOKl.KTOWN. KENTUCKY, WHICH WAS RECENTLY DISMANTLED BY THE S WIFT-MCNLTT CO. The Swift-McNutt Co. is capitalized at $50,000 and the annual turnover i.> $500,000. giving employment to from 300 to 500 hands, most of whom are American born of Irish descent. The offices are lo- cated at 70 Devonshire Street, where all the details (jf the work are looked after. A branch ( ffice is maintained in Providence. R. J. There are local representatives also in most of the large cities of Xew luigland. FRANCIS H. SWIFT Francis H. Swift, treasurer of the Swift- AlcXutt Co., was born in New Bedford, Mass., June ist, 1880, and was educated at the Milton Academ\- and flarvard College. -After c(jnii)leting his education Mr. Swift went to Pittsburgh, Pa., in the employ of the W'estinghouse Manufacturing Co., but returned to Boston shortly afterwards and became a partner in the firm of A. A. Elston & Co., the concern e\enluall_\' becoming later organized the firm of R. R. ^IcXutt, Inc.. in Boston, which made a specialty of house-wrecking. Like his partner, Mr. Swift, he is thoroughh' familiar with every branch of the business, having had many years of exjierience in the line, and is with- out a peer as an organizer in the contract- ing business. He is a ]\Iason, member of the Cottage Park Yacht llub. and various other societies and organizations. The initiative in forming a stock ex- change in Boston was taken October 13, 1834. and the start was made with thirteen members, who assessetl themselves $100 each. The 13th of October and thirteen original members ! Financiers were evi- dentlv not sujierstitious in those days, and the growth of the exchange and of Ijoston as a financial centre, in the eighty-two years that have intervened, show that they had no occasion to be. 36S THE BOOK OF ROSTOX JOSEPH P. MANNING COMPANY Joseph P. Manning, president of the Joseph P. Manning Co., was born in Ire- land, January 8, 1866. He is the son of jnsi:PH p. MANNING Jdhn and I-'Uen ( Dolan ) }*Ianning, and, I)e- ing brought to America in 1871, was edu- cated in the public schools of South Boston. He has been engaged in the wholesale to- bacco business since June 30, 1881, at which time he entered the employ of James Ouinn. He became partner in the business in 1894, and continued this association until 1899, when he became a member (if the firm of McGreenery & ^Manning, 24 Fulton Street. In 1913, Mr. McGreenery retiring, the busi- ness was continued under its jiresent title, and the large building was soon found in- adequate for the rai)idl_\' growing business. In addition to his interest in the firm of Joseph P. ^Manning Co., of which he is president and treasurer, Mr. ^Manning is a director of the Commonwealth Trust Co., the Federal Trust Co., and Greenlaw Manufac- turing Co., and is secretary of the Board of Trustees of the Boston City Hospital. He is independent in politics and is a member of the Algoncjuin, Boston Press, Boston Ath- letic Association, Boston Art, ami the Wol- laston Golf Clubs. Mr. Manning was married July 11, 1900, to Katherine M. O'Donnell of Boston, and has three children, Mildred, Katherine and N'irginia Manning. JAMES F. LOGAN James F. Logan, vice-president and assist- ant treasurer of the Joseph P. Manning Co., was born in Jersey City, N. J., February i. 1872, and was educated at St. Mary's School in the city of his birth. In 1888 he became an employee of the Western Lhiion Telegraph Co., four years later becoming associated with the wholesale tobacco firm of lames FORMER LOCATION OF THE JOSEPH P. MANNING CO. 24 FULTON STREET Ouinn & Co. In 1898, he again became an employee of the telegraph company, and in 1905 returned to the wholesale tobacco busi- TIIF. BOOK OF BOSTON 36^> ness witli tlie hrin (it .Mc( irec-iKTv & Man- ning, whicli later liecaiiie the Joseph P. Maniiini;- (_'<>. Mr. Los^an is a son of Michael and Mary ( Bray | Loj;an, and on lanuarx' 20, 1892, lie was married to Mary A. }ilannin£r. tn v. manning CO., 49ST0 51: atianhc a\knii; The Joseph P. Manning Co. is the largest house in the United States in its line, with one exception. It was the first commercial concern in Boston to adopt automobiles for delivery service, and now uses fourteen motor trucks, with a garage in South Bos- in case of breakdowns or other acciilents. When the business had outgrown the old building at 24 Fulton .Street, which had eighteen thousand, six hundred feet of floor space, the company selected the structure at 500 Atlantic Avenue. This site takes in 370 THE BOOK OF BOSTON the l)uilding from 498 to 512 Atlantic Av- enue. It is three stories and a basement, with thirty thousand feet of floor space, JAMES F. LOGAN every inch of which has been utilized. The principal business done by the house is tobacco, cigars, cigarettes and pipes, and some idea of its magnitude can be gleaned from the fact that the annual turnover is five million dollars, the number of employees is one hundred and fifty-six, and the annual sales of briar and fancy pipes is a quarter million dollars. The daily sale of cigarettes amounts to one million, five hundred thou- sand. The building required for the tran- saction of this immense business has been fitted up with every modern contrivance for rapid handling and shipment of goods. The executive offices are beautifully furnished, while rest and lounging rooms have been prepared for the comfort of the many customers. Many streets in old Boston had Ijeen named for London streets, but after the Revolution the citizens made haste to change most of these names for others of a more republican flavor. CHARLES W. SHERBURNE CHARLES WILLIAM SHERBURNE Charles W. Sherburne, who was during his lifetime interested in many commercial enterprises, was born in Boston, October 13, 1839. He was edu- cated in the public schools and began his business career with the old \'er- mont and Canada Railroad. He later entered the railway supply business w-ith W i 1 1 i a m s, Page & Co., and after a short time with this concern organized the firm of Sherburne & Co., manufacturers of railroad and contractors' supplies en April i, 1863. Mr. Sherburne was a picneer in the develop- ment of many of the greatest improvements in railroad construction, maintenance and operation. He was also president of the Armstrong Transfer Express Co., the Star Brass Mfg. Co., and was a director of the Armstrong Dining & News Co. He was a member of the Algonquin, Exchange, East- ern Yacht and Corinthian Clubs and the Beacon Society. He died Maj' 6, 191 5, leaving one son and two daughters. The son, Charles H. Sherburne, succeeded his father in his various enterprises. D. WHITING & SONS The firm of D. \\'hiting & Sons was established in \\'ilton, N. H., by David \Vhiting in 1857, and is now conducted by Isaac S. Whiting, John K. ^\■hiting, David Whiting and Charles F. Whiting. The business consists in the sale of milk, cream and Initter throughout Greater Boston, and in the purchase of milk and cream throughout New England. The main plant and oft^ces are at 570 Rutherford Avenue, Boston. THK HOOK OI" HOSTOX 371 THE AMERICAN TOOL AXl) MACHINE COMPANY The American Tool and Maciiine Com- ])any. w liose large jjlant at Hyde Park, Mass., gives employment to between three MKLVILI.E H. BARKER (DECEASED) and f(inr luinett and has twi> chiklren, a boy and a girl, llis winter home is at 17 Stratford .\\enue, Melrose, and his summers are sjjcnt at South 1 Ian- son. His Inisiness address is 743 l!o\lston Street, Boston. The car shown herewith, Avhich is Ijeing driven b}- Mr. ^Maguire, was one of the first manufactured by the I'ierce Conipan}-. It had no reverse, and although of ])rimitive construction and in striking Cf.ntrast to the mechanically perfect and beautiful cars turned out b}' the company to-da_\', was one at the best then in existence and it was the stepping-stone of .Mr. Ma- guire's success. j.X.Ml'.S 1 lames V. Bliss, senii of James Bliss & Co., the late James liliss, -\pril 7. 1X47. The tirm has always done a large busi- ness in all shi]) sup- p 1 i e s. Mr. I'.lis^ was formerh' jiresi- dent and director of the Roxl)ur\- and the Highland Co- i"])erative l)anks of i\oxbur\- Crossing, lloston. He is a nieml)er of the B.os- ton Art, I'"-xchange, Boston Chy. and b'conomic I'lubs, the Boston Cham- ber of Commerce, the tal)Ie -Mechanics .\ssoc LibrarN' .Association, o dent for three years, ; Scottish Rite .Masonic ])ublican and was for of the Massachusetts tati\es for Ward T business address is 91 ■■, IddSS ir member of the tirm founded in i'^32 b)- was born in lioston jA.\ll...i F. BLISS Massachusetts Chari- iation, the Mercantile f which he was jiresi- ;uid all the York and bodies. He is a Re- tw 1 1 _\ears a member House of Re])resen- weh'e, Bostiin. His Broad .Street. FL «3te. I •■ i^' »». -- '■ RKVKKK BKACH, I.OOKIN<; TO\V.\RD THE CITY OF I.YNN 374 THE BOOK OF BOSTON George W. GEORGE W. Armstrong, who organized the Armstrong Transfer Company, and buih up the most complete transfer system GEORGE W. ARMSTRONG (DECEASED) ever operated in New England, was born in Boston, August ii, 1836, the son of David and ManaHa (Lovering) Armstrong. The founder of the American branch of the fam- ily was one of the original Scotch settlers of Londonderry, N. H., whose ancestors were of the Clan Armstrong who dwelt on the "Debatable Land" of Scotland near the Eng- lish border, and who emigrated to the North of Ireland, and from there to Amer- ica. The maternal ancestry was descended from Governor Edward Winslow. Mr. Armstrong was educated in the Bos- ton Public Schools, but was forced to leave school and go to work by reason of the serious illness of his father. He became a penny-postman, with the whole of South Boston as his district, and was next em- ployed on the South Boston Gazette, the Sunday Nc7i's, and as a newsboy on State Street. The olistacles encoimtered at this period were enough to deter and discourage ARMSTRONG the average boy, but instead they imbued Mr. Armstrong with determination that brought success. This was at first meager, but he persisted until he rose to a commanding .position in the business world. Mr. Arm- strong's father died in the autumn of 1851, and the following March he became a news- boy on the Boston & Albany Railroad, con- tinuing in this work for nine years. He was then successively employed on the road as brakeman, baggage-master, sleeping car conductor and conductor on the regular train until he was made manager of the news service of the Company. He resigned this position to become half-owner of the restaurant and newsroom in the Boston & Albany Statical, and in 187 1 sole owner of the business. He had previously purchased King's Baggage Express and organized the Armstrong Transfer, adding passenger coaches to the service. In 1882, with the co-operation of Edward A. Taft, he estab- lished the "Armstrong Transfer Company," becoming president, with Mr. Taft as gen- eral manager. The news business of the Fitchburg Railroad, of which Mr. Arm- strong became owner in 1869, was extended over the entire Hoosac Tunnel line in 1877, and he was in addition proprietor of the news business over the Eastern Railroad, the restaurants and newsrooms in the Boston station and along the line at Portsmouth, Wolfborough Junction and Portland. He also owned the restaurants and newsrooms on the Boston & Albany line at South Framingham, Palmer, Springfield and Pitts- field. Mr. Armstrong was a man of wonderful executive ability. He possessed unusual perspicacity, probably inherited from his Scottish forbears, and was constantly ex- tending his system in most profitalile sec- tions. At the time of his death, which occurred June 30, 1901. his newsboys were upon every train leaving Boston, and he owned and personally controlled the dining and newsrooms on the Boston & Albany, the Boston & Maine, the Fitchburg and Old Colony systems. THK BOOK OF BOSTON M r> Mr. Arnistri.ing was niarrii.-il I~)cci.'nilHT lo, 1868, to Miss Louise Marston of Bridgewater, X. H., who died February 17, 1880. His second wife was Miss Flora E., daughter of Dr. Reuben Greene of Boston. He was the father of three children, Mabelle, Ethel and George Robert Arm- strong. Mr. Armstrong was noted for his strict integrity. He was aggressively pro- gressive, lieing deeply interested in the ad- vancement of Boston's interests, and his death was universally regretted by a large circle of friends and business associates. CHARLES EDWARD OSGOOD Charles E. Osgooil, president antl direct'jr of the C. E. Osgood Company. 744-756 Washington Street, was Ixirn Ma_\- 21, 1855, in Rt).\bur\-, Mass. He attended the Ri i.\Iiur\' |)ul)lic and Latin schools, and in 1875 became as- sociated with his father in the auc- tion and commis- sion business at 17O Tremont Street, and from this busi- ness gradually de- veloped the largest credit furniture house in New Eng- land. The founder oiARLKs E. ns(;noD ,,f ^\^^, busiucss re- tired in 1889, since which time C. K. Osgood has been in direct control. He is a member of the Harvard Congregational Church, the Masonic Fraternity, Odd Fellows, the An- cient and Honorable Artillery Co., City Club, and about twenty-five other social organi- zations. He is a director of the Boulevard Trust Co., the Wizard Co. of Mass., and was the first president of the Home Fur- nishers Association of Massachusetts. He resides in Bro(jkline, and has a beautifid summer estate on Lake Massapoag, .Shanm, Mass. The C. E. Osgood Company also maintain branches in Cambridge and East Boston. JAMES lillNNEY MUNROE James P. Munroe, i)resident of the Mun- roe Felt and Paper C(j., was born at Lex- ington, June 3, 1862, and was educated at the Massachusetts Institute of Tech- nology, graduating in 1882. Until 1889 he was secre- tary to the Facult}-, and since i8()7 has been a life member (now also secre- tary) of the Cor- ])oration of the Institute. Mr. Mun- roe comes of illus- trious Scottish an- cestrv, and since beginning his busi- ness life in 1889 has l)een actively engaged in civic work. He has written books and magazine articles and has deHvered many pul)lic addresses on educational and historical themes, has aided in securing legislation for the develop- ment of education, and is a strong advocate of vocational training. He has also been active in stimulating public appreciation of the seriousness of the proljlems involved in feeble-mindedness and blindness, being chair- man of the Massachusetts Commission for the Blind. He is a member of many social clubs, educational societies and commercial bodies, in a number of which he has served as president or other officer. JAMES p. MUNR'E 376 THE BOOK OP' BOSTON HOWE & ERENCH A Brief History of One of the Oldest and Most Prominent Wholesale Drug AND Chemical Houses in New England One of the largest and most prominent concerns in New England doing business as importers and wholesale dealers in industrial drugs and chemicals is the house of Howe & French. The business had its beginning in 1834, and in 1842 the original firm was operating at 49 Blackstone Street, under the name of Crocker & Badger, whd were suc- ceeded in 1849 'jy ^- I'l- Badger. Two rears later, John C. Howe, a brother-in-law iif Mr. Badger, who for several years pre- viously had served as a clerk in the business, was admitted to partnership, the firm be- coming C. EI. Badger & Com])any. In 1859, after the death of Mr. Badger, John J. French l.iecame a partner in the business under the firm name of Howe & French, which has remained unchanged since, and at this time the business was conducted at 69 and 71 Blackstone Street. The firm was highly successful during the period of the Civil War and the years following, achiev- ing a position of great prominence in the trade as importers of shellac and manufac- turers of isinglass, earning a reputation that extended from coast to coast. In 1879 the business was removed to 107 ]\Iilk Street, where it remained for many }ears. On January i, 1909, the large buildings at 99 and loi Broad Street, corner of Franklin Street, were secured, and the offices and warerooms have since been located there. John C. Howe, the last survivor of the old Howe & French finiL died in the fall of 1 90 1. The business was incorporated in 1904. The president, Clarence P. Seaverns, and the treasurer, William D. Rockwood, were boys in the employ of the original Howe & French firm, Mr. Rockwood having been connected with the business since 1884, and Mr. Seaverns since 1889. Both were Ijorn in Boston, of old New England ances- try, and were educated in the public schools of the city. The vice-president of the Com- pany, Mr. INIilton S. Thompson, is a native of New York and a sraduate of the School of Mines of Columbia University. Prior to his connection with Howe & French, Mr. Thompson had been identified with the drug and chemical trade and later w ith the cellu- loid manufacturing industry. These gentle- men are closely identified and affiliated with several large manufacturing enterprises in Boston and neighborhood, and with many of the banks, clubs and trade associations. Their interests are all centered in New Eng- land generall}', and in Boston particularlw and individually and as a firm the}- are al- wa\'S active in any movement that will ad- vance the city's position as an industrial and commercial centre. The firm of Howe & French is capitalized at one hundred thousand dollars, and the annual business transacted considerably ex- ceeds one million dollars. About fifty per- sons are enipl<:n-ed, most of whom are native New Englanders. The trade territory cov- ered includes the whole of New England, and the chief products, industrial chemicals, are sold to the various textile mills, tan- neries and man}- other industrial plants. While the firm is essentially a local distrilj- utor, handling pharmaceutical and manufac- turers' su])plies, they specialize chemicals, shellac, gums, waxes and solvents of all kinds \\hich are sold throughout the United States and Canada. Under the present management the jiercentage of increase in output has l)een large, due entire]}' to the personal supervision of the executive heads, who have gathered around them a trained corps of able and practical assistants. Every detail of the business is carefully looked after and prompt shipments, standard prices, hig-h-grade goods, courteous treatment and strict business integrity have made Howe & P'rench factors wherever drugs and chemi- cals are sold. The luiildings occupied by the firm are large and light, and are especially adapted for the quick handling of the goods carried in stock. aHLTON S. THOMPSON, VIL I,-PRESIDENT WILLIAM D. ROCKWUUU, TREASLRER 31 ^^^ a -a _.J!1 Ja 69-71 DLACKSTONE STREET 99-101 BROAD STREET OLD AND NEW BUILDINCS OF HOWE &;iRE\ar 378 THE BOOK OF BOSTON ELIAS GALASSI Elias Galassi, president and treasurer of the Galassi Mosaic and Tile Co., was born in Italy, July 20, 1875, and was educated in ELIAS GALASSI local schools of the place of his birth. He came to America in 1892 and was employed by Sharpless & Watts in Philadelphia. He afterwards became associated with the Mur- dock Parlor Grate Company of Boston, es- pecially in executing the contract for the mosaic and tile work in the Public Library and State House in Boston, eventually be- coming the firm's superintendent. In 1910 he began business for himself, and since that time has executed some of the most impor- tant work in New England and in other States throughout the Union. For the most prominent public and private buildings, it is worth mentioning the extension of the Massachusetts, New Hampshire and Maine State Houses; the Portland, Maine, City Hall, and City Hall Annex, Boston, Mass. ; also completed, recently, work of its line in the new Armory Building, Commonwealth Avenue. They have and are doing all the prominent lunch rooms in the city, also sub- way stations and work of its character in the New Institute of Technology, Cam- bridge, Mass. The Galassi Mosaic and Tile Co. is equipped to do the largest work any- where in the United States, and to show how far afield it goes in the execution of its work, it is worthy to mention that the com- pany successfully executed the contracts fi r the Denver, Colorado, Post Office Building; the new High School, Montclair, N. J.; the Young Men's Christian Association Buik'.- ings in Springfield, Mass., Hartford, Conn., and W'insted, Conn., and the n;w Court House at Albany, N. Y. All this work was executed in the highest st}le of art, and was commended by architect, builder and general i)ul)lic. The works rf the company are at 5 Ash Street, and the offices are located at 127 Federal Street. Shipbuilding was one of the earliest trades practiced to any extent in New Eng- land, and the reason for this was plainly the necessity for trade which arose as soon as the hardy Pilgrims and Puritans were able to forsake the soil and spend some of their time in other pursuits. CHARLES F. STODDER The success of Charles F. Stodder, presi- dent of the India Alkali Works, is unques- tional;)ly due to persistent application and continuity of purpose, two traits inherited from rugged New England ancestry, who were among the settlers of Hingham in 1642. As a young man Mr. Stodder, in 1885, became manager of the India Alkali Works, and eight years later president and general manager, still filling the dual position. He is an authority on heavy chemicals and is especially interested in "Savogran," a widely known material manufactured by the company. Mr. Stodder is a man of striking per- sonality and is popular with l)usiness and social associates. He is a member of sev- eral societies and has one son, Clement K. Stodder, who is a Senior at Harvard. THE RnOK OF BOSTOX 379 \\AKRI-:\" J;R()'1 The BiTi'LiT \\'arren Brothers Comjiain-, with its ex- ecutive offices in Boston and with a large manufacturing plant and lal)oratorv situ- ated on Potter Street, East Canihridge, was organized in the }ear 1900 1)\- the seven sons of the late Herbert M. Warren of Newton, Mass. (Albert C, Herbert M., Henry J., George C, Frederick J., Walter B. and Ralph L. Warren), the father being one of six brothers celebrated in their time as associated as far back as 1S47 in lines of business analogous to that of Warren Brothers Company, and as inventors of the gravel roof. One of the (jlder generation was the first to pump oil from wells to railroad through a pijie line, the ])oint to which he delivered the oil to the railroad being then known as "Warren Landing," now the city of Warren, Pa. The chief business of Warren Brothers Company is the manufacture, laying and sale of the pavement known as "Bitu- lithic," constructetl under patents issued to the late Frederick J. Warren, president of the Warren limthers Company from its organizatii;>n until his death in February, 1905- ]\Ir. Freilerick J. Warren's early training had been in the refineries owned by his father and uncles, and these associations were the stepping-stones which led his in- ventive mind to the discovery of a solution of the inherent defects in the pavement with which he was familiar. He had travelled extensively and it was only natural tliat he should see in his invention, which combined some of the features of the tar macadam and of the sheet asphalt, a resulting pave- ment that would to a high degree retain the good cjualities of each of these types and overcome man}- of the defects. Bitulithic is defined in Webster's New International I)ictionar\- as "designating a kind of paving, the main Ixnly ni which consists of broken stone cemented together with bitumen or asphalt." Bitulithic is distinctly different from "HERS COMPANY HIC I^.WEMEXT (ither f(.irms of asphalt ])avement, in that the wearing surface is composed of a com- bination of crushed stone, varying in size from about one incli to impalpable powder, the several sizes being so proportioned that each receding size is used in the c|uantity re(iuired to fit the voids or air spaces be- tween the jireceding coarser particles of stone. The result of this gradation is that the "mineral aggregate" thus produced is within ten \kv cent, i.if the density of solid rock. The "mineral aggregate" is heated to a temperature of about 300 de- grees F., mi.xed with pure asphalt (also in a heated condition) in such quantity as to coat each and every particle of stone and thoroughI\- fill the remaining voids. After the proportions have been determined, "the mineral aggregate" is passed through a ro- tary dryer, from which it is carried b\- an elevator and through a rotary screen which separates the material into several differ- ent sizes. The jiroper proportiims l.)v weight of each of these sizes is secured by the use of a "multiljeam scale" and the exact re- quired amount is weighed out into a "twin pug" rotary mixer, where it is coml_)ined with the bitulithic cement accurately weighed in proper proportions. The mixer is then dumped, while hot, into carts or trucks and is then hauled to the streets, spread and thoroughly rolled with a heavy steam roller. Upon this is spread a flush coat of special bitulithic cement, thoroughly seal- ing and waterproofing the surface. There is then applied a thin layer of finely-crushed stone, which is rolled into the seal coat, making it gritty and thereby affording a good foothold for horses and a surface upon which automobiles will not skid. The advantages claimed for the Bitu- lithic pavement over the standard .sheet asphalt pavement or any of its modifica- tions, such as the so-called asphaltic con- crete pavement, are: Creater stabilit\- and consequent durability, better foothold, greater resiliency, more thoroughly water- jjroof and therefore more sanitary. 380 THE BOOK OF BOSTON REUBEN GLEASON Reuben Gleason, sole surviving partner of R. & E. F. Gleason, undertakers, of 335 Washington Street, Dorchester, was born in REUBEN GLEASON Boston, August 13, 1846, and was educated in the public schools. The business of which he is now head was established in 1862, by his eldest brother, Sarell, with whom he was associated. The founder of the business died in 1879, and the firm became R. & E. F. Gleason, the latter being another brother, who died in 1903. During his career as an undertaker, Mr. Gleason has conducted funerals for many of the best known people in Dorchester and Milton, and has per- formed similar service in various parts of New England. His estaljlishment is one of the largest in Greater Boston, and the ecjuip- ment includes four auto hearses, two auto- moliiles for mourners, several horse vehicles, and an apartment for chapel purposes. Mr. Gleason is eighth in descent from Thomas Gleason, who was born in Sulgrave, Northampton Co., England, in 1607, and who settled in Watertown in 1640. Air. Gleason is a veteran of the Civil ^\'ar, hav- ing gone to the front with Co. I, 42nd Mas- sachusetts Volunteers. He is a member of the Grand Army of the Republic. FRANK S. ^\'ATERMAN The undertaking establishment of J. S. Waterman & Sons, Inc., has as its presi- dent F"rank S. Waterman, who, in the thirt}-- seven years he has been identified with the I)usiness, has worked indefatigably to make it one of the leading establishments in its line in the country. Mr. Waterman was l)orn September 18. 1862, in a modest house at 2326 Washington Street, on the site of the present magnificent warehouses and of- fices, where his father, Joseph S. Water- man, established the luisiness February 21, 1859, and lived in the dwelling above his workroom on the ground floor. Mr. Waterman was educated in the public schools and in the ]5r\ant & Stratton Com- mercial College, after which he became con- nected with his father's business. E^pon the FRANK S. WATERMAN death of the founder, in 1893, the business was continued under the same name by Mr. Waterman and his brother, George H., who Till-: r.OOK OF BOSTON 381 (lied in ic;i I, It lias since liccn incurporatcd, willi Mr. \\'at(.-rnian as president, and he has as associates liis nephew, Jusepli S. \\'aterman, 2nd. and his sun, Frank S. Waterman, During; his term as execu- tive head of the concern, Mr. Waterman has introchiced many innovations, which have resulted in the most efficient management and prdduced features that have Ijeen copied by many other concerns in the same litie. The system, as introduced liy Mr. Water- man, gives careful attention to the well- being and advancement of the employees, and this has produced individual and col- lective elficiency of a high order. Mr. Waterman attended the Cincinnati School of Embalming in 1882, and he holds the first diploma ever issued to an embalnier. He has served in the Massachusetts \^olun- teer Militia, is a member (if the Mas(_)nic F'raternity, Odd Fellows, Knights of Pythias, Mystic Shrine, Ancient and Hon- orable Artillery Cdnipanv', lioston Chamber of Commerce, lldstdii Cit\- Club, Massachu- setts F"uneral Directors' Ass(jciation and many other (irganizatiuns. The firm has had charge of the funeral of some of the ntost noted persons in recent years, and its estalilishment on Washington Street in- cludes an elaborately fitted-up chapel for mortuary purposes. Boston nuist long be memorable among the great cities of the world as the place of the historic Tea Party. The earliest im- porters of tea came to this port, and Bost(jn, notwithstanding the extension of the busi- ness through the growth of the country, still retains her prominence in the tea trade, and this city is one (jf the largest distriljuting centres for tea. The B(jston hospitals and homes for the aged and infirm are unsurj)assed in manage- ment and equipment by any city in America. CORNHILI., A FAMOUS BOSTON THOROUGHFARE. HOME OF THE OLD BOOK STORE CULTI\ ATKU BY THE "boston literati" OF THE DAY. LOOKING EAST FROM COURT STREET O CO d o o H U < 5 K H Oi O .J < O THE HOOK OP^ F.OSTOX \\AL\\URT11 AlAXLTACTURING COMPANY C. C. WALWORTH DECEASED The \\'al\v(.)rth Manufacturing Ci:impan\-, cne of the largest imhistrial CDUcerns in New England, was established in New York in 1842 b}- ^lessrs. J- J. Walworth and Joseph Nason under the firm name of "AX alwdrth & Nason." A year later a Boston plant was established by Mr. J- J. Walworth under the name of "J. J. Wal- worth & Company." hi 1872 the business was inc(irpcirated under its present title (Walworth ^lanufacturing Company) with Air. J. J. Walworth as president, Alarshall S. Scudder as treasurer and C. C. Wal- worth as tnanager of the mechanical de- ])artment. In the following }ear Mr. C. C. ^\'alworth was elected vice-])resident and yiv. E. C. Hammer succeetled Mr. Scud- der in 1875 as treasurer, wlin in turn was succeeded by Mr. George H. Craves in 1886. From 1880 to 1908, I\Ir. (leorge 1!. Little served as vice-president and was suc- ceeded by Mr. Charles C. Hoyt. who had been for some time a director of the coni- pany. Mr. Theodore W. Little was elected vice-president in 1913. Mr. J. J. Walworth retired as president in 1891 and was fol- lowed by Mr. C. C. Walworth until his death in 1894, at which time Mr. Wallace L. Pierce was elected president, and held the office until 1913. Mr. Howard Coon- ley, a successful Chicago manufacturer, was at this time offered and accepted the ofifice of president. The ])lant, originally located in Cambridgeport, was moved in 1882 to City Point, South Boston, where it now tccupies thirteen acres of land, bordering I n the reserve channel, and served with an industrial railway connecting with the N. \., X. H. & H. Railroad. There is now in the variijus buildings including the gray inn and malleable foundries and drop forge shdp. about 525,000 scj. ft. of floor space, and in busy times al)out 1,300 men are employed. The success uf the business A\as largelx- due to the ingenuity and abil- ity of Mr. C. C. Walworth, who was a pi: neer in his line and the first to develop a range of sizes and weights for valves and fittings. He invented and built the first machine for doing multiple work; was the first one t(j develop a satisfactorv radiator for steam heating purposes and was a power in the development of tools for the steam fitting trade. The company's products con- sist of cast iron, malleable iron, brass and steel valves and fittings fur all purposes; A\alw(jrth die plates, pipe cutters, Stillson w renches, taps and reamers, etc. The com- I)any also are large fabricators of pipe and pil)e Ijends, and cater particularly to high- pressure ])(iwer ])lants. The e.Kecutive offices are located at the works at First and O Streets, City Point, with branch stores at 142 High Street, Boston; 19-21 Cliff' Street, New York City, and 220-222 North Desplaines Street, Chicago, 111. Foreign branches are located in London, Paris, Bremen, Brus.sels and Johannesburg, with sales offices at Los Angeles, Cal. ; Dallas, Te.xas; Buenos .Aires, Argentine, Sydney, Australia, and Havana, Culja. THE BOOK OF BOSTON Fifty Years' Recollections of the New England Metropolis CHAPTER XIX THE BAR OF BOSTON Some of the Leaders of the Legal Profession of the Past Whose Brilliance and Learning in the Law Have Made the City Known in the Courts of State and Nation — Old-Time and Modern Customs SHE first practicing attorneys in Boston had a hard time of it. They were Thomas Lechford and Herbert Pel- ham, both London-bred to the law. Both after a few years retnrned to England, disgusted, and Lechford wrote a book on his melancholy experiences. Lechford, of Clement's Inn, came to Bos- ton in 1637. He found attorneys discoun- tenanced here, though not actually forbid- den. A prisoner or suitor might plead his own cause, or a friend might appear in his behalf, but not for a fee. Lechford, for going to a jury and pleading with them out of court, was "debarred from pleading any man's cause hereafter unless his own, and admonished not to presume to meddle be- yond what he shall be called to by the Court." Thereafter the ilnhappy lawyer en- deavored to maintain himself as a scrivener, and he obtained some employment from the magistrates. But it profited him little. "I am forced," he writes, "to get my living by writing petty things which scarce finds me in bread ; and therefore sometimes I look to planting of corn, but have not yet an house of my own to put my head in, or any stock going." It was not until 1701, in Province times, that attorneys were recognized as officers of the Court. They were required to take this oath before practicing: " You shall do no falsehood, or consent to any to be done in the Court, and if you know of any to be done you shall give knowledge thereof to the justices of the Court, or some of them, that it may be reformed. You shall not wittingly or willingly promote, sue, or procure to be sued, any false or unlawful suit nor give any aid or consent to the same. You shall delay no man for lucre or malice, but you shall use yourself in the office of an attorney within the Court to the best of your learning and discretion, and with all good fidelity as well to the Courts as to your clients." The same act in which this form of oath was prescribed fixed the fee to be allowed an attorney. In the Superior Court of Judi- cature it was to be twelve shillings; in the Superior Court of Common Pleas, ten shil- lings. By an act of 1708 parties were pro- hibited from employing more than two at- torneys, and no attorney was to refuse his services provided he were tendered the legal fee. Benjamin Lynde was the first Massachu- setts-born law)er to be regularly educated to the profession, and it has been asserted that he was the first trained lawyer on the bench. Though born in Salem, and making that town his residence through the larger part of his life, his legal service was connected almost wholly with Boston. He was grad- uated from Harvard College in 1686, and in 1692 went to London, where he became a student at law in the IMiddle Temple. In 1697 he was called to the bar. The same year he returned to Massachusetts with a commission as advocate general of the Court of Admiralty of Massachusetts, Con- necticut, and Rhode Island; and established Tin-: r.noK ()i-~ bostox 3S5 himself in Boston. In 1699 he married a Salem lady and removed his residence again to Salem. He was appointed a judge of the Su|)eri()r Court nf Judicature in 17 12, and in 1729 was matle chief justice. He retired from the bench in 1745, and died in 1749. His son, IJenjamin Lynde, Jr., born in Salem in 1700, graduated frdui Harvarel in 1718, and educated to the law under his father's direction, and an uncle's — Colonel S. I'.rown — also became a judge, and suc- ceeded his father on the Superior l)ench. He was first appointed, in 1739, a justice of the Inferior Court of Common Pleas for Essex County. Then, in the }ear of the elder L\nde's resignation from the Superior bench, 1745. he was made a justice of that court, and in 1769 was elevated to the chief justiceship. He resigned in 1771, and was subsequentl}' appointed judge of probate for Essex County, which berth he held till his death, in 1781. The Lyndes, when living in Boston, — Simon, land speculator, father of Benjamin, senior, antl the two Ben- jamins, father and son, resided at the old West End, on the lane which Ijecame Lynde Street, named for the family. Jeremiah Gridley, who flourished in the law between 1742 and 1767, has been called the 'leather of the Boston Bar." Born in Boston in 1705, graduated from Harvard, 1725, Gridley first studied divinity and taught a Boston school. Then he became an editor, founding the IVcckly RcJicarsal in 1 73 1, more purely literary than any of its contemporaries, w hich ran for a year. After- ward, when he had liegun the practice of law, he edited for a while the Aiiicrkan .][tuja.::inc ami Historical Chronicle started up in 1743. During almost all of his career at the bar he occupied the position of attor- ney general. In 1761 he acted as king's at- torney in defending the ^^'rits of Assistance, with his former pupil, James Otis, against him. As a lawyer he is described as "of a daring and fearless spirit. " Possessed of extensive and accurate learning he became one of the most eminent lawyers of the Province. His ofifice was a favorite place with students of talent and ambition. Among his pupils, besides (_)tis, who became distinguished in the profession, were (Jxen- bridge Thacher, William Cushing, Ben- jamin Prat, afterward chief justice of New York, John Adaius. He urged upon them above all else the thorough study of the law. "Pursue the study of the law rather than the gain of it," he counselled John Adams; "Pursue the study of the law rather than of the briers, but give your main attention to the study of it." Before Gridley, and as eminent, was John Read, his predecessor in the attorney gen- eralship. James ( )tis characterized Read as the "greatest common lawyer the country ever saw." Knajip, in his "Biographical Sketches of Eminent Lawyers," spoke of him as "the pride of the bar, the light of the law, and chief among the wise, the witty,, and the eloc|uent." He was a Harvard graduate, 1697, and, like Gridley, first studied divinit}'. He took up the study of law after preaching some time acceptably ^ and was admitted to the bar about 1720. He was chosen attorney-general three years, after, and served in that station till 1735. He was a memlier of the General Court for several years from 1738, and was the first lawyer chosen to that body. He was one of the counsel for the Province in its contest with Rhode Island over the boundary line. He died in 1749. Davis, in the Suffolk County History, ranks him as "probably the ablest law_\er in Massachusetts before the Revolution." So late as 1 768 there were 1 jut eleven bar- risters in Boston, or Suffolk County, and the whole number in the Province was only twenty-five. The eleven Suffolk barristers^ as enumerated 1)\' Davis, were : Richard Dana, Benjamin Kent, James Otis, Jr.,. Samuel Fitch, William Read, Samuel Swift, Benjamin Gridley. Samuel Ouincy, Robert Auchmuty, and Arthur Cazeneau, of Bos- ton, and Jonathan Adams of Braintree. After 1768 thirty more were called in Mas- sachusetts, of whom five were of Boston : Sampson S. Blowers, Benjamin Hitchborn„ William Tudor, Perez Morton, and William Wetmore. No barristers were called after 1789. 386 THE BOOK OF BOSTON The title i)f barrister appears to have been first used in the Province courts by Thomas Newton, who came to Boston from Eng- land, in 1688, then a young man, and began practice here; in 1691 he was the prose- cuting officer in the "witchcraft" trials in Salem. Thereafter the title was used occa- sionally by the elder members of the bar for nearly three-quarters of a century. Then, in 1 76 1, the Superior Court determined that three years' probation in a lower court was necessary to become a barrister. In 1766 this term was extended. In 1782 the Su- preme Court was authorized to confer the degree of barrister-at-law. This, however, was done only for a short time. None was conferred after 1784. The term barrister was abolished in 1806 and that of counsel- lor was recognized for the first time by the Supreme Judicial Court. In 1836 the dis- tinction between counsellor and att(irney was abolished. No specific requirements for admission to the bar, beyond the oath prescribed in the law of 1 701, seem to have been established by the Court, no definite term of study re- quired as a qualification, till 1781, when this entry appears on the records of the Superior Court of Judicature : " Whereas, learning and literary accomplishments are necessary as well to promote the happiness as to preserve the freedom of the people, and the learning of the law when duly encouraged and rightly directed being as well peculiarly subservient to the great and good purpose aforesaid, as promotive of public and private justice; and the Court being at all times ready to bestow peculiar marks of approbation upon the gentlemen of the bar who, by a close application to the study of the science they profess, by a mode of conduct which gives a conviction of the rectitude of their minds, and a fairness of practice that does honor to the profession of the law, shall distinguish themselves as men of science, honor, and integrity: Do order that no gentleman shall be called to the degree of Barrister until he shall merit the same by his conspicuous bearing, ability, and honesty; and that the Court will, of their own mere motion, call to the Bar such persons as shall render themselves worthy as aforesaid; and that the manner of calling to the Bar shall be as follows: The gentleman who shall be a candidate shall stand within the Bar, the Chief Justice, or in his absence the senior Justice, shall, in the name of the Court, repeat to him the qualifications necessary for a Barrister-at-law; shall let him know that it is a conviction in the mind of the Court of his being possessed of these qualifica- tions that induces them to confer the honor upon hi;ii; and shall solemnly charge him so to conduct himself as to be of singuFar service to his country by exerting his abilities for the defence of her constitutional freedom; and so to demean himself as to do honour to the Court and Bar." The next year, 1782, the act establishing the Supreme Judicial Court gave this Court authority to regulate the admission of attor- neys as well as the creation of barristers- at-law. Long before the estal)lishment of the rule by the Superior Court in 1781, however, the student who could be competent for admis- sion to this bar, and to take a leading posi- tion in the profession, was, or felt, obhged to follow a pretty elaborate course of read- ing. John Adams, in his Diary, relates with picturesque detail his interview with Gridley when he came to town to prepare for admis- sion to the Suffolk bar, and the tasks which the "Father of the Boston Bar" set for him : " 24. [October] Tuesday [1758]. Rode to Boston; arrived at about half after ten; went into the Court House and sat down by Mr. Paine at the lawyer's table. I felt shy, under awe and concern; for Mr. Gridley, Mr. Prat, Mr. Otis, Mr. Kent and Mr. Thacher were all present and looked sour. I had no acquaintance with anybody but Paine and Ouincy, and they took but little notice. However, I attended court steadily all day, and at night went to consort with Samuel Ouincy and Dr. Gardiner. There I saw the most spacious and elegant room, the gayest company of gentlemen, and the finest row of ladies that ever I saw. [Adams at this time was twenty-three]; but the weather was dull, and I so disordered, that I could not make one half the observations that I wanted to make. " 25. Wednesday. Went in the morning to Mr. Gridley and asked the favor of his advice what steps to take for an introduction to the practice of law in this county. He answered, ' Get sworn.' Ego. ' But in order to do that, sir, as I have no patron in this county' — G. T will recommend you to the Court; mark the day the Court adjourns to in order to make up judgments; come to town that day, and in the mean time I will speak to the bar; for the bar must be consulted, because the Court always inquires if it be with the consent of the bar.' " Then Mr. Gridley inquired what method of study I had pursued; what Latin books I read, what Greek, what French? What I had read upon rhetoric? Then he took his commonplace book and gave me Lord Hale's advice to a student of the common law; and when I had read that, he gave me Lord C. J. Reeve's advice to his nephew in the study of the common law. Then he gave me a letter from Dr. Dickins, Professor of Law at the L'niversity of Cambridge, to him, pointing out a method of studying the civil law; then he turned to a letter he wrote to Judge Lightfoot, Judge of the .'\dmiralty in Rhode Island, directing to a method of studying the admiralty law. Then Mr. Gridley rtMbhKTO.N SQUAIU., LOOKING NOKTH, THE COURT HOL'SE OX THE LEFT AND OFFICE BUILDINCS ON THE RIGHT, LARGELY TENANTED BY LAWYERS AND COURT OFFICES 388 THE BOOK OF BOSTON run a comparison between the business and studies of a lawyer, a gentleman of the bar in England, and those of one here: A lawyer in this country must studv common law, and civil law, and natural law, and admiralty law; and must do the duty of a counsellor, a lawyer, an attorney, a solicitor, and even of a scrivener; so that the difficulties of the profession are much greater than in England. ' The difficulties that attend the study may discourage some, but they never discouraged me.' (Here is conscious superiority.) ' I have a few pieces of advice to give you, Mr. Adams. One is, to pursue the study of the law rather than the gain of it; pursue the gain of it enough to keep out of the briers, but give your main attention to the study of it. The next is, not to marry early; for an early marriage will obstruct your improvement; and, in the next place, it will involve you in expense. An- other thing is, not to keep much company, for the application of a man who aims to be a lawyer must be incessant; his attention to his books must be constant, which is inconsistent with keeping much company. In the study of law, the common law be sure deserves your first and last attention; and he has conquered all the difficulties of this law who is master of the Institute. You must conquer the Institute. The road of science is much easier now than it was when I set out; I began with Coke- Littleton, and broke through.' I asked his advice about studying Greek. He answered, ' It is a matter of mere curiosity.' " After this long and familiar conversation we went to Court, attended all day, and in the evening I went to ask Mr. Thacher's [Oxenbridge Thacher] con- currence with the bar; drank tea and spent the whole evening — upon original sin, origin of evil, the plan of the universe, and at last upon law." Adams describes the ceremony of his in- duction as an attorney by the Superior Court, in 1761 : " 14. [October, 1761] [Samuel Quincy] and Superior Court. It is since I began the study three years since I was [1758] ... Mr. Gridley right hand and said, ' M rose up; then he bowed I walked out." Saturday. Brother Quincy I were sworn before the now more than five years of the law; and it is about sworn at the Inferior Court, rose up and bowed to his r. Quincy,' when Mr. Quincy to me, ' Mr. Adams,' when Then Mr. Gridlc}- made a speech com- mending the accompHshments and character of the two young candidates; Benjamin Prat followed with a few words of similar nature ; then the oath was administered ; then the two shook hands with the meiubers of the bar present, "received their congratu- lations, and invited them over to Stone's to drink some punch, where the most of us re- sorted and had a very cheerful chat." When, in 1806, counsellors were for the first time recognized, these rules were atlopted by the Supreme Judicial Court for admission to practice : " (1) No attorney shall do the business of a counsellor unless he shall have been made or ad- mitted as such by the Court. (2) All attorneys of the Court who have been admitted three years- before the sitting of the Court shall be, and are hereby made, counsellors, and are entitled to all the rights and privileges of such. (3) No attorney or counsellor shall hereafter be admitted without a previous examination. (4) The Court will from time- to time appoint from the barristers and counsellors a competent number of examiners, any two or more- of whom shall examine all candidates for admission to practice as counsellors or attorneys, at their expense; and whenever a candidate shall upon ex- amination be by them deemed duly qualified, they shall give a certificate in the form following. . . . (5) If after an examination the examiners shall refuse- such a certificate as aforesaid, they shall be required to give a certificate of their refusal, and the candi- date may appeal from the decision of the examiners to a justice of the Court, who will thereupon ex- amine him and either confirm or reverse the decision of the examiners; and in case of a reversal, the candidate may apply to the Court for admission. ... (8) The following described persons shall be candidates for examination and admission to the bar as attorneys, that is to say — firstly, all who have been heretofore admitted as attorneys in any Court of Common Pleas in the Commonwealth, and who at the time they shall apply for examination shall be in regular practice therein; and second, all such as have, besides a good school education, devoted seven years at the least to literary acquisition, and three years thereof at the least in the office and under the instruction of a barrister or counsellor practicing in the Court." The next year, 1807, these rules were amended by the provision that "all gentle- men proposed by the bar for admission as attorneys of the Court before the establish- ment of the rules regulating the admission of attorneys published in March, 1806, may be admitted as attorneys of the Common- wealth in the same manner as they might have been before the establishment of said rules." In 1810 the Court repealed the rules of 1806 and substituted a new set. The principal features in this set related to can- didates having a liberal education and regu- lar degree at some college. Such were to have studied in the office and under the in- struction of some counsellor of the Com- monwealth for three years; after that, he was to have been admitted an attorney of the Court of Common Pleas for the county in which the counsellor with whom he had m} THE BOOK OF BOSTON studied dwelt, — having first been recom- mended by the bar of that county to the Court of Common Pleas as of "good moral character, and as suitably qualified for such admission" ; and after that, was to have practiced "with fidelity and ability" in some Court of Common Pleas within the State for two years; and then should be recom- mended by the bar for admission as an attorney of the Supreme Court. Also, pro- vision was made for the admission of col- lege-bred students studying in the offices and under the instruction of attorneys of the highest Court in other States. In 1836 pro- vision was made by law for examination for admission to the bar of "any citizen of the Commonwealth, or any alien who had ex- pressed his intention pursuant to law to be- come a citizen, of twenty-one years of age, of good moral character," and such citizen "might become an attorney after three years' study, and on the recommendation of an attorney." When the first Bar Association was formed is not known. It appears to have been dissolved some time between the dates of 1 76 1 and 1767. In January, 1770, the second Bar Association was organized, at a meeting of leading barristers and attorneys at the Bunch of Grapes tavern. The rules of this Association regulated admission to the bar. One of the rules was that no member should receive a student in his of- fice without the consent of the bar. It was further voted, "That in all cases when a gentleman shall be proposed as a student who has not had a college education he shall always undergo an examination by a com- mittee appointed by the bar previous to his admission as a student." And further, "That all students of colleges out of the State be not admitted to the bar until they shall have studied one year longer than those educated at Harvard University." While the entries in the "Record Book" of this Association, now preserved in the Mas- sachusetts Historical Society's library, end with the year 1805, it is Mr. Davis's opinion (Suffolk County History) that the organ- ization continued till 1836, when the amend- ments in the Revised Statutes seemed to render its existence no longer necessary. After its dissolution no other Bar Associa- tion was formed in Suffolk County till 1875, when the present "Bar Association of the City of Boston" was instituted. This was organized on the tenth of June, 1S76, with the following officers, all representative members of the local bar : Sidney Bartlett, president; Henry W. Paine, William Gas- ton, William G. Russell, vice-presidents; Richard Olney, treasurer; Albert E. Pills- bury, secretary; Ebenezer Rockwood Hoar, Horace C. Hutchins, Gustavus A. Somerby, Robert M. Morse, Jr., Henry M. Rogers, executive committee; Richard H. Dana, Jr., Charles R. Train, Seth J. Thomas, George O. Shattuck, Walbridge A. Field, Robert D. Smith, Thomas L. Livermore, J. Lewis Stackpole, Samuel A. B. Abbott, Moses Williams, Jr., judicial committee. The ob- jects of the Association, as officially defined, are "to promote social intercourse among the members of the bar, to insure conform- ity to a high standard of professional duty, and to make the practice of law efficient in the administration of justice." In the pur- suit of these objects the Association regards it its duty upon occasion to procure the ex- pulsion from the bar of lawyers guilty of professional misconduct, and in all proper ways to sustain the pure and able adminis- tration of law. The presidents after Sidney Bartlett have been : Judge Benjamin F. Thomas, E. Rockwood Hoar, William Gas- ten, William G. Russell, Causten Browne, Judge John Lowell. Among the large names at the Boston, or Suffolk, bar at periods in the first half of the nineteenth century were: Francis Dana, the first Judge John Lowell, Harrison Gray Otis, Theophilus Parsons, Samuel Sewall, Benjamin Austin, Samuel Dexter, Christo- pher Gore, James Sullivan, Daniel Webster, Jeremiah Mason, the Curtises, — George Ticknor and Benjamin Robbins, — Lemuel Shaw, Peleg Sprague, Henry F. Durant, Rufus Choate. Webster's office was in a building on the lower corner of Court and Tremont Streets. THK BOOK OF BOSTOX 3Qt He rtrst entered the law office of Christopher Gore, then in Scollay's Building. He had come to Boston a young man fresh from tlie country. Gore moved his admission to the bar in 1805, in the Court of Common Pleas, and, according to the old custom, made a brief speech in commendation of his pupil. "It is a well-knriwn traditinn," says pears to have been unwilling to repeat the words of Mr. Gore's address." I\Ir. Web- ster then returned to New Ham])shire, and soon became a leader of the bar there. But in a few years he was back in Boston, and became permanently a citizen of Boston in 1816. Although he practiced somewhat in the State, his chief business was in the ANOTHER VIEW OF THE SUFFOLK COUNTY COURT HOUSE, PEMBERTON SQUARE AT THE EXTREME LEFT AT THE END OF THE STREET APPEARS THE ELKS CLUB George Ticlvnor Curtis in the Life of Web- ster, "that on this occasion Mr. Gore pre- dicted the future eminence of his young friend. What he said has not been pre- served, but that he said what Mr. Welister never forgot, that it was distinctl)' a predic- tion, and that it e.xcited in him a resolve that it shiiuld nnt go unfulfilled, we have upun his own autliuritN', althnugh he ap- United States Supreme Court. Before that tribunal all his greatest efforts were made. Theophilus Parsons came to Boston from Newlniryport in 1806 with a high reputa- tion. John T. Morse (Memorial History of Boston ) describes him as a master of prize and admiraltv law. He never used a brief, says Morse, trusting with perfect con- fidence to a nienmrx' of extraiirdinar\- tc- 392 THE BOOK OF BOSTON nacity. Chief Justice Isaac Parker ( 1814- 1830) thus pictured him in argument: "He put (ine foot on his chair, and, with an elljow en his knee, leaned over and l^egan to talk about the case as a man might talk to a neighbor at his fireside." He achieved bril- liant successes. He followed Francis Dana in the chief justiceship of the Supreme Court, upon Dana's retirement in 1806, and served from 1806 till his death in 1813. Jeremiah ]\Iason came to Boston from New Hampshire in 1832, then over sixty years of age, having reigned almost supreme at the New Hampshire bar. Long before his removal to Boston he had served with distinction, a Federalist, in the United States Senate. Here in Boston he shared with Webster the leadership of the bar. He retired from general practice in 1840, but •continued the business of a consulting law- yer in his office till his death in 1848. He was massive in mind and body. This story illustrative of his physical presence is told. Once when riding through the upper and then narrow part of Water Street in the chaise in which he always rode, and crouch- ing down as was his hal)it so that his real Tieight was not disclosed, he met a team •coming up. It was of course necessary that either Mr. Mason or the driver of the team should back out of the way. Mr. Mason ordered the driver to back in a somewhat peremptory manner, which the driver re- sented, returning the compliment bv telling the old man to back himself. After some words of a not very friendly character, Mr. Mason, getting a little angry, began to straighten up, much to the dismay of the driver, who at last exclaimed, "For God's sake, mister, don't uncoil any more, I'll get out of the way!" Of the brothers Curtis, Benjamin Rob- bins, the elder, born in Watertown, 1809, graduated from Harvard, 1829, and trained for his profession in the Harvard Law School antl in lawyers' offices, was admitted first to the Franklin County bar, and began practice in Connecticut Valley towns — Greenfield and Northfield. Returning to Boston in 1834, he was then admitted to the Suffolk bar, soon to be classed with its lead- ing practitioners. He became Judge Curtis in 185 1 with his appointment to the United States Supreme bench. He served on the bench till 1857, when he resigned. A decade later he was conspicuous as one of the counsel of Andrew Johnson in the im- peachment trial of 1868. He received the honorar)- degree of LL.D., from Harvard (T852) and from Brown ( 1857). His son, Benjamin Robliins, Jr., born in Boston in 1855, dul}- graduated from Harvard, 1875, then from the Harvard Law School, and finishing ofif with study in a Boston lawyer's office — Albert ^Mason's, afterward Judge Mason, chief justice of the Superior Court, — and admitted to the bar first in Plymouth County, 1878, was a worthy successor of his father, though on a much lighter scale. He was a lecturer in the Boston University Law School for a few years from 1881 ; and in 1886 he became Judge Curtis, of a lower court, the I\Iunicipal of Boston. He died prematurely in 1891, when he was preparing for larger service as a general practitioner. I knew him well and respected him. He was a sober-minded man, taking life seri- ously and in a most gentlemanly way. He was concerned in various wholesome local and political reforms. George Ticknor Cur- tis, born in W^atertown, 1812, Harvard graduate 1832, admitted to the Suffolk bar, 1836, practiced many )'ears in Boston, and in a wider field than his brother, Benjamin Robbins. At length he moved to New York and there extended his reputation. He pub- lished numerous books, but is best known from his "Life of Daniel Webster." Lemuel Shaw, who became Chief Justice Shaw of the Sujjreme Judicial Court, and served with high distinction for thirty years — fmm 1830 to i860— native of Barnstable, born in 1781, graduating from Harvard 1800, after leaving college an usher in a Boston public school, and a "newspaper man," as assistant editor of the Boston Gazette, a student in a Boston law office and finishing his studies in New Hampshire, was first admitted to the l)ar in that State, in 1804. Later the same THK BOOK OI-' ROSTOX ,^93 _\car, IiMwcxcr, he returned to Massachusetts aiul was admitted to the l)ar of this State, at I*i\niouth. Soon estahhsliinj^ liiniself in Boston he I)ecaine cears longer. He died at his home in Chestnut Street, Beacon Hill, in 1880, at the age of eighty-seven. LIenr\- Fowle Durant was among the eminent jur\- law\ers nf the Suffolk Ijar of his da_\-. His birth name was Henry Wells Smith, son of a law\-er, \Villiam Smith, and was ])i)rn in I laiiuN'er, Nev\' Hampshire, in i82_>. His father, hciwever, moved to Ldwell, ^L^ssachusetts, when Henry was an infant, and that cit\' was his home till after liis career as a lawyer had begun. He was graduated from Harvard in 1841, studied law with his father and with ijenjamin F. I'.utler, and was admitted to the Aliddiese.x bar in 1843. He removed to Boston in 1847, and his brilliant recortl was achieved at the Suffolk bar. His name was changed when he was practicing here, bv act of the Legis- lature in i85r. The foundation of a fortune was laid in his practice, and this fortune was increased through business association and ownership of an iron mine. In 1863 upon the death of a beloved son, he aban- doned law and devoted himself to serv- ice in the Orthodox Church. In 1863 he emerged from retirement to tlefend the cause of Edward Everett against the City of Chariestown, which, in establishing the Mystic W^ater Works, had overflowed the most of Mr. Everett's country seat on the pond's brink in ^\'inchester ; and he dis- played in this case all his old arts. With his fortune he founded Welleslev College, first opened in 1873. He died in Wellesle\' in 1881. Rufus Choate was the most ])ictures(|ue, fascinating, amazing figure at the Suffnlk bar during the }cars of his practice in Bos- ton, which were the latter years of his life. J le had established his reputation as a fore- 394 THE BOOK OF BOSTON most advocate in Essex County, his birth- place, where he began practice, first in Dan- vers, but soon after in Salem. It has been said that while practicing at the Essex bar no client of his was ever convicted in crim- inal proceedings. These clients were of all classes, and charged with every variety of crime. People began to say, says John T. Morse, that he was the scourge of society ; that behind his ;tgis crime could flourish uncontrolled. Mr. Morse recalls the amus- ing story first told, I think, in Judge Parker's "Reminiscences of Choate," as il- lustrative of the faith of criminals in him. He was cross-examining a government wit- ness, a seaman who was testifying against his comrades charged with stealing money. The sailor had said that Choate's client had instigated the theft. "What did he say?" asked Mr. Choate; "tell me how and what he spoke to you." "Oh," replied the sailor, "he told us there was a man in Boston named Choate who could get us off even if we were caught with the money in our boots." The courtroom echoed with the roar of laughter. ]\Ir. Choate showed no sign either of amusement or displeasure, but continued with even tranquillitv as if nothing peculiar had happened. He was called the magician of the bar. His elo- quent flights, his imagery, pathos and humor were marvellous. His demeanor and bear- ing in the courtroom Judge Parker thus pictures : " It was a model of gentlemanly deference. He took his seat in the most modest, unassuming way. Indeed, he never did any thing which had the appearance, to use the vulgar phrase, of ' making a spread.' If, as sometimes happened, the opposite counsel was a young man, the manner of the youth would indicate that he was the greater man of the two. Even when the evidence was in and Mr. Choate came into Court, on the morning of the argument, pressing his way through the thronged bar and the crowded aisles, he came with no bold warranty of supremacy and success in his manner. He would slide deferentially into his chair, sling off several of his innumerable coats, pile up his papers before him, rub his hands through his tangled hair, push his little table slightly away, rise and say something to the Judge which seemed the beginning of a low conversation, but which you afterward discovered was a ' May it please your Honor,' then turn to the jury with a trite remark or two — the intent crowd would settle a little — and then in a few sentences more, ere anybody was aware of it, he would be sailing up into the heaven of pathetic adjuration, and bearing you along with him, like a stately balloon swinging steadily upwards, far away in the air." The manner of his appeal to the jury, which began long before his final argument, indeed when he first took his seat before them and looked into their eyes, Judge Parker vividl}- describes : " He generally contrived to get his position as near to them as was convenient, if possible having his table close to the bar, in front of their seats, and separated from them only by a narrow space for passage. Then he looked over them and began to study them. Long before the evidence was in, either by observation or enquiry, he had learned the quality of every one of them. ... I saw him once in an argument walk straight up to a juryman and say, ' Sir, I address myself to you. I will convince you now, if you will give me your attention '; and then he proceeded to launch upon him a fiery storm of logical thunderbolts to conquer or paralyze what he saw was his deadly hostility." His sudden bursts of humor and wit helped him in everv stage of the cause, says Judge Parker. Often they would "kindle up such a sympathetic conflagration of glee all over the courtroom that the dry case seemed to take a new start from that mo- ment, and the lawyers looked up as if they had taken a sudden draft of fresh air." His htunor was novel in its odd, eccentric association of very opposite ideas. The following anecdotes, two of many examples of his scintillating wit, perhaps best illus- trate this distinctive qualit\-. On one occa- sion, in seeking to keep out the evidence of a certain witness, he exclaimed, "This wit- ness's statement is no more like the truth than a pebble is like a star!" The queer- ness of the comparison provoked a smile, but on he went, — "or a witch's broomstick like a banner stick." This climax produced great shouting. The other story : In a rail- road case, where a carriage had been run over at a crossing, he was showing that the company could not have had any look- out. "They say," he cried, "the engine driver was the lookout. The engine driver the lookout ! Why, what was he doing at this mument of transcendent interest? [The moment of passing the crossroad.] What was the lookout doing? Oiling his ptmips, they say — oiling his pumps, gentlemen of Till-: IU)()K Ol-' BOSTON ,^J5 tlu' jurx! a tliiiii; lie had im nmrc- Imsiness to 1)0 diiing' than lie hail la br meriting an I'/'/V /'()(-;/( of Icccnty-foiir liins:" The courtroom roared. The effect was decisive; the case was his. Choate was highly cultivated in literature as in law. He was one of the most learned men at the Suffolk bar. As John T. Morse says, he was a scholar steeped in the litera- ture of ancient and modern da\s. He was mouth at sixteen. After his ^raduatiim in 1819 he was a tutor in the college for a year. Then he came down to Cambridge and attended lectures at the Law School for a short time. iS_>i he went to \\'a>hing- ton and .studied in the office of William Wirt, then United States attorney-general. Returning to Massachusetts the next year, he finished his legal studies in Ipswich and Salem; and in iS_'3 he was admitted to the 1.11.1 Ml if VIEW OF BOSTON FROM CUSTOM HOUSE TOWER, SHOWING BACK BAY. CHARLES RIVER WITH ITS BRIDGES, AND THE GOLDEN DOME OF THE CAPITOL a precocious child. When he was a little fellow of about six it has been said that he could repeat fmni memory a large jiart of "Pilgrim's Progress." Ijefore he was ten, we are told, he had exhausted the resources of the library in his native town — the little town of Essex, where he was born in 1799. At ten he began the study of Latin with the local minister. He was fitted for college at Hampton .\cadeni_\-. and entered Dart- Essex bar. He died at Halifax, July thir- teenth, 1859, when on his return voyage from luirope. whither he had gone in the hope of recovering his health, which had lie- come shattereil. Mr. Choate received the LL.D. from \-a\l- in 1844. from Dartmouth and Harvard in 1845, and from Amherst in 1848. The bronze portrait-statue of Choate in the great hall of the Court House, bv D. C. Ereiich, is an excellent likeness. 396 THE BOOK OF BOSTON In Chapter Two 1 named a nuniljer of the leading lawyers of the Boston of tifty years asfo. Several of these were further to distinguish the SulTolk l)ar in the second half of the nineteenth century. To this list should be added such names as Horace Gray, Elias Merwin, Charles Levi Wood- bury, the brothers Crocker — Uriel and George G. — Frederick O. Prince, John E. Hudson, Robert R. Bishop. Judge Gray made his reputation first as the re])orter of the decisions of the Supreme Judicial Court, to which position he was appointed in 1854; his sixteen volumes of Reports cover the period from 1854 to i860. He first l)ecame a judge with his appointment in 1864, — a justice of the Supreme Court whose reports he had taken; he became chief justice in 1873. His appointment as an associate jus- tice of the United States Supreme Court came ten years later, or in 1882. Judge Gray's house here in Boston was in that favored quarter of Mt. Vernon Street, on the brow of Beacon Hill, where the row of broad-breasted houses, sumptunus in pro- portions, is set back from and above the public sidewalk with aristocratic reserve. Elias Merwin, associated with Benjamin R. Curtis till the latter's apointment to the United States Supreme bench, became one of the foremost of patent lawyers. He was sometime professor of equity in the Boston University Law School. Hudson and Bishop were of the group of students, all of whom in succession were to come to rank with the leaders at the bar, who finished off their legal studies in the office of the emi- nent Peleg W. Chandler, t'/^.. Oliver Wen- dell Holmes, Jr., to become a justice of the United States Supreme Court; James B. Thayer, later of the Chandler firm — Chand- ler, Shattuck and Thayer — and finally be- coming the head of the Harvard Law School; Hudson, Bishop, and Benjamin Kimball. Hudson became a member of the Chandler firm in the latter 'seventies, when it was changed to Chandler, Ware ( Darwin E. Ware of pleasant memory), and Hudson. He it was who drafted the charter of the American Bell Telephone Company; be- came the company's first general counsel; then was made general manager of the com- pany, and abandoned law practice; in 1887 was chosen vice-president of the company, and in 1889 its jiresident. ]\Ir. Bishop be- came a judge, appointed to the Superior Court in 1888. After the Civil \\'ar. Gen. Benjamin F. Ikitler moved his law offices from Lowell to Boston and liecame a prac- titioner at the Suffolk bar with all the en- ergv, audacit}-, and conspicuousness that characterized his military and political career. His offices were also political headquarters during his various runs for jiublic place ; here were arranged those plans which ultimately brought him to the height of his ambition — the governorship of the State, overcoming the bitter and re- lentless opposition of the hitherto most influential leaders of the Republican and Democratic parties, with each of which he associated himself, one after the other, to attain his end. The lawyers' offices fifty years ago were no such elegant quarters as those of even the average lawyer of today. The more eminent the lawyer, the more modest his office. For many years the lawyers' of- fices clustered about the near neighborhood of the Courthouse, then where the City Hall Anne.x now is. Court Street from Scollay Square to Washington Street might well have been called Lawyers' Row. \Vhen Pemberton Square was changing from a select residential cjuarter to a place of liusiness offices, lawyers' offices predom- inated here. As the half century advanced, the com- forts of the lawyers' offices increased; and the Suffolk Bar grew to large and influen- tial proportions. It is claimed that at pres- ent there are over three thousand members in good standing. Naturally, leaders appear in the present generation as in those of the past. There is much to fascinate the bright- est minds through an honored career at the Bar, and many of our best youths enter the profession. There is a splendid representa- tion of the various branches on the follow- ing pages. TTIE RC^OK OF BOSTON 307 HON. HENRY K. 15RALEV Henrv Kint; I'.raley was horn in Roches- ter, Mass., March 17, 1850, son of Samnel Tripp and Mary A. ( King) Braley. So far HON. HEXKV K. BRALtV as can Ije ascertained he is a descendant of John Braley, a disciple of George Fox, who settled in Portsmouth, R. I., in 1693. On his mother's side he numbers among his an- cestors the Douglasses and Kings of Pl\ni- outh Count}-. He was educated in the com- mon schools, at Rochester Academ\- and, after graduating from Pierce Academy, Middleboro, Massachusetts, he taught school in Bridgewater, during which time he studied law and was admitted to the Bar at Plymouth, October 7, 1873. He entered u])olster, who was for several years Justice of the Roxbury Munic- ipal Court. Judge Wilfred Bolster was educated at the Roxlmry Latin School, Har- HON. UIl.FKKD BOLSTKK yard College and H.arvard L;iw .School, olitaim'ng the degrees of A.L., .\.M., and LL.l!., with high honors. He began prac- 398 THE BOOK OF BOSTON tice in 1891 and was appointed to his present position in 1906. Judge Bolster is one of the Board of Governors of the Boston City Clul), a member of the American Institute cf Criminal Law and Criminology, the Economic Club and the Abstract Club. He was a member of the Boston School Board for three years, and in 191 1 was Chairman of the Commission on Sufifolk Inferior Courts. The great law schools of Boston have made the Bar of that city superior in its requirements for leadership to that of the tisual American metropolitan centers. HON. HENRY W. BRAGG Hon. Henry \\'. Bragg, who has been honored with many positions of trust dur- ing his long professional career, was born in Holliston, Mass., December 11, 1841, the son of Willard and Mary Matilda (Claflin) Bragg. He was educated at the ]\Iilford and Pittsfield high schools, finish- ing with collegiate courses at New York University and Tufts College. He grad- uated from the latter institution in 1861 and studied law in Natick, in the offices of Hon. John W. Bacon and Hon. George L. Sawin. He was admitted to the Bar in Oc- tober, 1864, in the Middlesex County Su- perior Court, and began practice in Charles- town in January, 1865, opening an office in Boston in 1868. He was City Solicitor of Charlestown from 1867 until 1870 and Special Justice of the Charlestown Munic- ipal Court from 1870 until 1886. He was Master in Chancery in Middlesex County from 1869 until 1874 and has filled the same office in Suffolk County since 1874. He was Justice of the Charlestown Municipal Court from 1886 until January, 19 14, when he resigned. Judge Bragg has been a member of the Massachusetts State Board of Bar Examiners since 1903 and solicitor of Warren Institution of Savings of Charlestown since 1867. He is a member of the Masonic Fraternity, Past Master of Faith Lodge, Charlestown, a director of the American Humane Societ\- and holds meml_)ership in the L'niversity, Boston Art, Curtis, Taylor, Oakley Country and Ab- stract Clubs, the 99th Artillery of Charles- town, the Zeta Psi Fraternity, the Order of the Coffee Pot, and is an honorary member of the Boston Bar Association. Judge Bragg was married in Milford, January 11, 1866, to Ellen Frances Haven. HON. ROBERT ORR HARRIS Hon. Robert O. Harris was born in Bos- ton May 8, 1854. He is descended from Arthur Harris, who settled in Roxbury in 1640, and Governor Bradford, John Alden, Richard Warren, Francis Cook, John Wins- low and others of the Pilgrims who came over in the "Mayflower." After a thorough preparation he entered Harvard and gradu- ated in 1877, afterwards studying law at the Boston L^niversitv Law School and in his HON. ROBERT O. HARRIS father's office. He was District Attorney of the southeastern district from 1893 until 1902, a judge of the Superior Court until March i, 1911, a memlier of the Massachu- setts Legislature in 1899 and the National THE BOOK OF BOSTOX 3Q9 House of Representatives from the Four- teentli District in the 62nd Congress. Mr. Harris is a member of the University, Har- vard and Boston Cit_\- Chihs and of the I'i Eta Fraternity. HON. charlp:s :\i. hruce Hnn. ("haries M. ilruce, justice <>i tlie First District Court of Eastern Middlesex, was born in Aslitabula, Ohio, November 2>S, 1863. He was edu- cated in the gram- mar schools of Ashtabula and Bos- ton, the Roxbury Latin School and the ])Oston Univer- sity Law School. J 'revious to enter- ing the Law School he was with the Boston, Lowell & Concord R. R., and after admission to the I'ar, took up the active practice of his profession, his offices now being located at 84 State Street. Judge Bruce was appointed Special Justice of the First District Court of Eastern Mid- dlesex by (iovernor Greenhalge in 1893, and was appointed Justice of that Court by Gov- ernor Bates in 1903. He is a member of the Pjoston Art Clul), Boston City Clul). Bos- ton Yacht Club, Middlesex Clul), Lincoln Club anil of the Masonic F'raternity, Blue Lodge, Chapter, Council and Cuimmandery. HON. THOM.VS P. RlLl'.Y Hon. Thomas P. Riley, Special Justice of the Maiden District Court, was born in Medford, Mass., July, 1876. He was edu- cated at Seton Hall College and graduated from the Boston L^niversity Law School in 1899, obtaining the .\.]',.. A.M., and LL.i*.. degrees. He began ])raclice in 1900 and is now in general practice, with offices in the Treniont P.uilding, Boston, and Court Build- HOX. CHARLES M. BRUCE ing, Maiden. He was re])resentative in the (ieneral Court in 1908-9 and 10, and was ap- ])ointed to the Alalden judgeship in i(>ii. He was chairman of the Democratic State Committee in 19 12- 13, and First As- sistant .\ 1 1 o r n e \- General of the Stat( in 1914. He is no\< a memljer of tlu Massachusetts Gas and Electric Light Commissioners. He is a luember of the Middlesex and Massachusetts Bar Associations, Bos- ton City, Press and Clover Clubs, Elks, Eagles, Knights of Columbus an( (^rder of Hibernians. HON. THOMAS P. RILEY Ancient HON. HARRY C. FAP.YAN Hon. Harry C. Fabyan, Special Justice of the Municipal Court of the City of Bos- ton, District of Brighton, was born in Port- land, Me., June 15, 1870. He graduated from Bowdoin Col- lege in 1893 and from the Boston University L a w j School in 1896. He was admitted to the | Suffolk County Bar the saiue year and has practiced since that time in Boston with offices at 31 Milk Street. In ad- dition to his legal and judicial duties. Judge Fabyan is president of the Brighton F~ive Cents Sav- ings Bank. He is a member of the Boston P.ar Association, the Appalachian Mountain Club, and the Commonwealth Country Club. He is married and resides in Briijhton. HON. 1L\RRY C. FABYAX 400 THE BOOK OF BOSTON HON. JOSIAH S. DEAN Hon. Josiah S. Dean was born in South Boston, May n, i860, the son of the late Hon. Benjamin Dean, a former member of Congress. He was educatetl in the Boston public schools, and after a year at the Massa- chusetts Institute of Technology studied law in the offices of his father and attended the Boston University and Harvard Law Schools, being admitted to the Bar in 1885. He served as a memljer of the Boston Common Council in 1891 and 1892, was appointed Special Justice of the South Bos- ton Municipal Court in 1893, was a member of the Board of Aldermen in 1897, and was appointed License Commissioner for the City of Boston in July, 19 12. HON. JOSIAH S. DEA N He is a member of the Boston Art Club, the Boston Bicycle Club, Boston City Club, the American, Massachusetts and Boston Bar Associations, and the Masonic Fra- ternity. He married, in 1888, May L. Smith, and and has four sons. HON. JAMES H. FLINT ASSOCIATE JUSTICE OF THE DISTRICT COURT OF EASTERN NORFOLK HON. WILLIS W. STOVER Hon. Willis W. Stover, special Justice cf the Municipal Court, Charlestown District, was born March 19, 1870, in Charlestown, Mass. He took a special course at Har- vard in 1889-90 and graduated LL.B. from the Boston University Law School in 1896. He was admitted to the Suffolk Bar the same year and in 1899 organized the law firm of Stover & Sweetser, with offices in the Kimball Building. Judge Stover is a commissioner of sinking funds in Everett, where he resides ; is a trustee of the Charles- town Five Cents Savings Bank ; is Colonel of the Fifth Regiment of Infantry, M. V. M., and has served for three years as com- mandant of the Training School of the Na- tional Guard of Massachusetts. He served in the Spanish-.Vmerican \\'ar as captain of Co. A, Fifth Massachusetts Infantry, LT. S. v., and is a member of the United Spanish War \'eterans, of which he was commander- in-chief in 1900-01. He was commander of the Massachusetts Commandery of the Naval and Military Order of the Spanish- American War in 1913-14 antl is a memljer THK lU)OK OI- P.OSTOX 401 of the Massachusetts Society, Sons of the Revolution, the Masonic Fraternity and the Army and Navy Club of Washington, D. C. ]ie was married October y, 1901, to AHce lleswick. of Maiden, Mass. HOX. JOSEPH A. SHKF.HAX Hon. Joseph A. Sheehan, \\li() has been a Special Justice of the Municipal Court of the City of ]!ostcn since 1913, was born in this city, X'ovember 16, 1873. His pre- ]iaratory education was received at the English H i g h School, and his le- gal training was at the Boston Univer- sity school, from which he received the LL.l). degree in 1897, and the de- gree of master of laws (LL.M.) in 19 16. He was ad- mitted to practice in 1897. and has since practiced in Boston with offices at 53 State Street. He was a member of the School Committee of Boston in 1905- 06. Judge Sheehan is a director of the Massachusetts Societv for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, member of the Ameri- can and Massachusetts Bar Associations, the Bar Association of the City of Boston, the Massachusetts Catholic Order of Foresters, Boston Catholic Union and the .*>t. A'incent de Paul Society. He was married in 1914 to Stella Gertrude Lomljard of Boston. JOSEPH J. FEELEY Joseph J. Feeley, attorney, was born in Boston, May 7, 1862, and after preparing at the Boston Latin Scliool, graduated LL.B. from the lioston University Law School in 1884. He took special courses in scientific subjects at the Massachusetts In- stitute of Technology, and after admission to the liar in 1884, ])racticed in Boston. He has served as counsel for \arious towns in HON. JOSEPH A. SHEEHAN Norfolk Count}- and for several manufactur- ing concerns. He was trial justice of Nor- folk County from 1886 until 1890; assistant district attorney of Norfolk and Plymouth counties from i8()o until i8()4, and a mem- ber of the Ancient and Honorable Ar- tillery Co. since 1896. He is a mem- ber of the Ameri- can, Massachusetts, Norfolk and Boston Bar Associations, ex-president of the Alumni Association of the Boston L^ni- versity Law Scln^ol and the ^Masonic l-'raternity. holding membership in tl.e Blue Lixlge, Chap- t e r Commandery and also the Shrine. Street. JOSEPH J. FEELEY His office is at 95 Milk HOX. ED\\'ARD L. McALANUS Hon. bMward L. McAlanus, Special Jus- tice of the First District of South ]\liddle- sex, was born in Xatick, Mass., Decemlier 22, 1866, and re- ceived his legal training at the Bos- ton University Law School, graduating LL.B. in' 1 891. He was admitted to the Suffolk Counts- Bar the same year and from 1893 to 1902 was attorney for the Claims De- partment of the West End Street Railway. He was in ])ri\-;ite practice, with offices in Bar- risters Hall when Governor Foss appointed him to his present jxisition in uju. He was a member of the M.'issachusetts Legis- l.-iture in 1904-5 and 6. Judge McManus is the Jlar he het^an prac- tice in FrankHn, Mas s., associated I w i t h George W. Wiggins, a n d in 1898, seven years later, lie was appointed to the Justiceship which he still holds. He came to Boston in i<>oo. Jutlge Doe is a Repuhlican in politics and is active in the counsels of his party. He is a trustee and memher of the Investment Committee of the Benjamin Franklin Sav- ings Bank at I'Tanklin. His offices are at 209 Washingtiin Street, Boston, and he re- sides in Eranklin, Mass. HON. ORESTES T. DOE HON. Hon. E. E. MARK SULLU'AN Mark Sullivan, formerly as- sociate justice of the Third District C(]urt of l^ssex, was born in Ips- wich. ]\[ass., Octo- ber 12, 1878. He was educated in the ublic schools tjf jiswich and grad- uated from the Planning High School there in 1896. He after- wards attended Bfiston College and, ol)taining the A.B. HON. E. MARK SULLIVAN degree m 1900, studied law at the Harvard Law School for two years. He was admitted to the Bar in 1903 anil began practicing in Beverlv, Mass. Jn June, 1907, he was appointed Assistant United States District Attorney, but re- signed his position (Jcterii kI. PATRICK B. KIKRNAN 410 THE BOOK OF BOSTON HON. WILLIAM A. MORSE Hon. William A. Morse, attorney, with offices in the Equitable Building, was born Julv 2"/, 1863, in Boston, and was educated HON. WILLIAM A. MORSE at ^Martha's \'ineyard, Alass., and in the law schools of Boston. Upon admission to the Bar he began practice in this city in 1886 and is now interested in many insurance and other corporations as counsel and director. As a trial lawyer he has figured in many im- portant cases. He was of counsel for the es- tate of Mrs. Mary Baker Eddy in the contest over her will. Acted as counsel for the defense in the Richeson case and success- fully defended the widow of Admiral Eaton, who was charged with the murder of her husband. Air. Morse is a Republican in politics and represented the county of Dukes in the Alassachusetts House of Represen- tatives in 1893. He served as Senator from the Cape district during the sessions of 1895-6-7 and 8, the last two years being a memljer of the joint Judiciary Committee. While in the lower house he was chairman of the Harbor and Pu1)lic Lands Committee and a meml)er of the Committee on Insur- ance. Mr. Morse is a member of the Masonic Fraternity, the Boston Yacht, Boston City, Boston Press and the Elks Clubs. He was married October 2, 1883, to Florence B. Daggett, of Martha's Vineyard, who died June 7, 1916, leaving two sons. This publication promises to be of great value within a score of years. Copies of it will be at a premium as the years make its pages into history. GEORGE A. O. ERNST (deceased) George Alexander Otis Ernst (l)orn No- vember 8, 1850; died June 13, 191 2) spent his childhood in Cincinnati, Ohio, but fin- ished his education at school in Boston and at Harvard College, where he took his A.B. degree in 1871. He later studied at the Harvard Law School, and began an active and general practice of law in Boston in 1875, continuing it until his death. He mar- ried Jeanie Clarke Bynner in 1879, and was the father of a son, Roger, and a daughter, Sarah Otis, who married Edwin Hale Ab- bot, Jr., of Cambridge, Mass. The significant features of Mr. Ernst's puljlic life were, in chronological order (i I his service in the Massachusetts Legislature in 1883-84, when he served on important committees and aided effectively in the pas- sage of the first Civil Service Reform Law ; (2) his service on the Boston School Com- mittee in 1901-1903, when he led in the fight to free the schools from politics; and (3), most important of all, his service as a member of the original Finance Commis- sion, appointed in 1907, whose unremitting labors resulted in the exposure of much inefficiency, favoritism, and corruption in the city government, and led to the adop- tion of sweeping amendments to the city charter in the interest of civic betterment. The original drafting of those amendments was done by Mr. Ernst. In 1910 he was appointed director of the Bureau of Mu- nicipal Research, and, among other services while so acting, prepared for the Finance Commission a valuable History of the Pulj- lic School Svstem of Boston. tup: book of boston 411 HOX. JAMES WILSON GRIMES Hon. James Wilson Grimes, lawyer, financier and legislator, was born in Hills- borough, N. H., November 21, 1865, at- HON. JAMES \V. GRIMES tending the schools there and completing his classical education at Phillips ( Andover ) Academ\-. He then entered the Boston University Law School, from which he grad- uated in 1890. He was admitted to the Bar in Iowa the same year, and returning to Bos- ton in 1 89 1, began active practice here. Mr. Grimes became interested in politics early in his career and served three years in the lower branch of the Massacliusetts Legisla- ture and three years in the Senate. While serving on the last named bod\- lie was a meml)er of the Judiciary Committee and Chairman of the Street Railway Commit- tee, beside taking an active part in all the important legislation that came before the two houses during his }ears of memljership. He w^as also a member of the Republican State Central Committee in 1910, 191 1, 191 2, and in 19 13 was a candidate for nom- inaticjn for Congress from Middlesex. IMr. Grimes is vice-president and direclur of the First National Bank of Reading, ^Mass., where he resides, and is a director of the Hillsborough Electric Light and Power Co., and president and director of the \'ictory Webbing Company, and an incorporator of the Blackstone Savings Bank, Boston. He is a meml)er of the ^lasonic Fraternity, the Odd Fellows, the Grange, the Meado\\i)rook Golf Clul) of Reading, the New Hampshire Historical Society, the Loyal Legion, the Sons of Veterans, the Republican Clul) of Massachusetts, the Middlesex Club and the Boston and Middlesex Bar Associations. Flis offices are at 6 Beacon Street. HON. ASA P. FRENCH Asa P. French was born at Eraintree, }klass., January 29, i860. After prepara- tion at the English High School, Boston, Adams Academy, where he won the Adams gold metlal, and Thayer Acad- enn', he entered Yale and graduated A.B. in 1882. Fie studied law at the Boston L'niversitv Law School and in the office of bis father. Judge Asa French, and was admitted to the Bar in 1885. He was district attorney of the Southeastern '""'■ '^'^'^ ■"■ ''"''"^"^ District of Massachusetts from 1902 to 1906, and LTnited States Attorney for Mas- sachusetts from January, 1906, to Novem- ber, 1914. He is a director of the Norfolk Mutual Fire Insurance Co. of Dedham, ^Nlass., president of the Tremont Tru.st Co. of Boston, trustee of the Randolph Savings Bank, of which he was formerly president, and trustee of Thayer Academy, Braintree. Mr. French is president of the Norfolk County Bar Association, deputy governor- general of the Society of Mayflower De- scendants, and a member of several leading chilis. ]. OTIS WARDWELL THE BOOK OF BOSTON 41,1 J. OTIS WARDWELL Of the leadinj;- nienil)ers of the les^al fra- ternity it has been my pleasure tti meet and associate with, J. Otis \Var(l\veIl stands among the foremost in my recollection. Mr. W'ardwell is identified with a num- ber of large pulilic utilities of Boston and the State of Massachusetts and has led in the organization of many of them. He was born in Lowell, Mass., March 14, 1857, the son of Zenas C. and Adriana S. Wardwell, who in i860 moved to Groveland, Mass. After passing through the George- town High School and the New London Acadeni}-, he studied law at the Boston Uni- versity Law' School and was graduated in 1879, being admitted to the Essex County Bar the same year. He settled in Haverhill in 1879 and formed a partnership with Henry Nelerton Merrill. He soon became interested in politics and was elected to the Republican State Committee in 1884, serv- ing as a member for twenty-five years, three of which were as secretary. In 1887, he was elected to the Legislature, being Republican tloor leader for four years of the five he was a member. He was twice a candidate for Speaker Ijy the Re])ublican caucus, being defeated for the nomination by only two votes in i8(_)i, after one of the most bitter contests in the history of the State. Dur- ing his time as memljer of the Legislature, he was Chairman of some of the most im- portant committees, among them being the Committees on Elections and Mercantile Affairs. He was also a member of the com- mittee that investigated the charge of cor- ruption in the division of the town of Bev- erly, and was chairman of a committee that investigated similar charges in the incor- poration of certain elevated railways in the city of Boston. After leaving the Legislature he moved to Boston and became identified with a num- ber of I'ul)lic Service Corporations, as coun- sel for the Industrial lin[iro\einent Co., which controlled the street railways in the Merrimac \'alley. He carried through tlie Legislature a Consolidation Hill uniting the Lowell, Lawrence and Haverhill street rail- wavs, one of the first long distance trolley lines in the country, and for many years was its general counsel. In 1891, he brought to success the consolidation of the Ih'ockton street railways and of the Lynn and Boston and Salem lines, which were owned Iiy the North Shore Traction Co. The following year he became general counsel for the Edi- son Electric Illuminating Co., of Boston, and still retains the position. He was counsel for the Bell Telephone Co., of Boston, in its contest to increase its capital stock to $50,000,000, which bill was vetoed l)y Gov- ernor Greenhalge. He was also counsel for the New York Central Railroad in its con- test for the right to lease the Boston & Al- bany Railroad, counsel for the Boston Con- solidated (ias Co., and the Massachusetts Pipe Line Co., for the consolidation of all the gas properties. He was counsel for the Association of Massachusetts (las Lighting Companies and the Electric Lighting Asso- cation of Massachusetts. He became gen- eral counsel of the Boston Elevated Rail- road, which in 1896 leased the West End Railway Company and the subways, and amended the Meigs Charter for elevated railways in the city of Boston. In Novem- ber, 1903, Mr. Wardwell formed a jiartner- ship with I'^verett W. Burdett and Charles A. Snow under the firm name of Ikirdett, AVardwell & Snow. In 1905 this firm was changed liy the admission of Hon. William H. Motjd}-, then Secretary of the Navy, be- coming Moody, Burdett, Wardwell & Snow. < )n the appointment of Mr. Moody as a Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, December 17, 1906, Judge Moody and Mr. Snow retired, Mr. W'ardwell and Mr. Burdett continuing as Burdett & Ward- well. Frederick ]\Ianley Ives and Sheldon E. Wardwell were admitted to partnership in June, 19 12, under the name of Burdett, Wardwell & Ives. In these various enter- prises Mr. Wardwell was very active and soon became nationally known as a lead- ing corporation lawyer. Mr. Wardwell's and his associates' energies are devoted to corporation law. 414 THE BOOK OP^ BOSTON ROLAND H. SHERMAN Roland H. Sherman, who is an attorney for numerous large estates and corpora- tions, and active in the trial of causes both ROLAND H. SHERMAN in the civil and criminal courts, was born in Lawrence, Mass., November 30, 1873, and was educated at Dummer Academy and Boston L^niversity Law School, obtaining the LL.B. degree from the latter upon graduation in 1896. After admission to the Bar he began practice in Lawrence, where he was a member of the legal firm of Bradley & Sherman, subsequently becoming senior member of Sherman & Ford, and finally of Sherman & Sherman, covering a period of nine years in the city of his liirth. Desiring to widen the field of his activity, Mr. Sher- man came to Boston in 1905 as a member of the legal fraternity of Coakley & Sher- man. This partnership was eventually dis- solved and Mr. Sherman organized the firm of Sherman & Hurd, now located in the Pemberton Building. He is a Republican in politics and was, for six years, assistant district attorney of Essex County, in which position he made an enviable record as a capable and conscientious official. Mr. Sherman comes of an illustrious ancestry. He is a lineal descendant of Roger Sherman, one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence, and numbers among his family connections the late General William Tecumseh Sherman, who became famous by his "March to the Sea," and was afterwards commander-in-chief of the Army of the L^nited States, and the late Hon. John Sher- man, who framed the celebrated "Sherman Law." His father, Hon. Edgar J. Sherman, was a judge of the Massachusetts Superior Court for over twenty years. Although a comparatively voung man, Mr. Sherman has attained prominence in his chosen pro- fession and won distinction in the field of military activity. He served in the Spanish- American War, first as lieutenant in the 8th Massachusetts Infantry, and then as aide-de-camp on the staff of General Waite, commandant of the 2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, ist Army Corps, and was finally made Judge Advocate of the 3rd Division, ist Army Corps, retiring from the service with the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel. He is now Judge Ad- vocate General of the Spanish War Vet- erans, a member of the Naval and Military Order of the Spanish-American War, So- ciety of Foreign Wars, Sons of Veterans, the Masonic Order, the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks and the Sigma Alpha Epsilon Fraternity. Mr. Sherman was married April 5, 1898, to Alma C. Haerle of Indianapolis. They have five children, Julie P., Edgar Jay, 2nd, Roger, Nancy, and Roland H., Jr. Their home is in Winchester on the shore of Mystic Lake. THE BOOK OF BOSTON 415 HON. ARTHUR H. WELLMAN Arthur H. Wellniaii, who despite his large legal practice has found time to devote to the activities of business, was liorn at East HON. ARTHUR H. WELLMAN Randoljih, now IIi)ll)r(iok, Octoljer 30, 1855. He was educated at the Newton Schools and Amherst College, delivering the valedictorx' at the latter in 1878. He studied law at Harvard and Boston University Law Schools, graduating from the latter summa cum laude in 1882. He served as City Solic- itor of Maiden and professor of et|uity jurisprudence and e(|uity pleading at the Boston University Law School, was a mem- Iier of the Legislature 1892 to 1894 and of tlie Senate in 1895. He is a director of the Ames])ury Electric Light Co., trustee of Central Massachusetts Light and I'ower Co., director of White River Railroad Co. and the Maiden Trust Co., president of the Maiden Hospital, vice-president of the Wey- mouth Light and Power Co., president of the Board of Ministerial Aid of Massa- chusetts, and is a meniher of the Boston and American Bar Associations, Congrega- tional Club, Maiden Historical Society and the Masonic Eratemity. Tllo.MAS WILLI. \.M I'ROCTOR Thomas \\ . I'roctor was liorn in Hollis, X. IL. Xo\eniber 20, 1858, and was edu- cated at Lawrence Acadenn-, ( iroton, ^lass., and Dartmouth College. He studied law in the office of Hon. John H. Hard\- and at the Boston Universit\- Law School. He was admitted to the Bar in 1883 and one year later was made clerk to the district attorney of Suffolk County, later becoming a member of the legal firm of Hardy, Elder & Proctor. He was appointed second assistant district attorney for the Suffolk district in 1866 and then to the first assistancy. In 1891 he be- came assistant solicitor of the city's law department, but resigned in 1894 to resume regtilar practice, being now a member of the firm of Xason & Proctor. He is a member (if the Boston Bar Association, Countr\-. THONLXS W. PROC ruR University and Curtis Clul)S, the Beacon So- ciety, and is a trustee of the Hamilton As- sociation, the Newton Free Library, and the Newton Savings Bank of Newton, Mass. EDWIN A. BAYLIiY THK I^OOK OF BOSTON 41' Edwin Allen Bayley, la\v\er and legis- lator, was born in Jamaica Plain, Boston, Mass., Jnly 30, 1862, the son of Edwin and Vesta (Capen) Barley. He is a descend- ant, in the fuurth generation, of Brigadier (ieneral Jacol) Ba\ley, who served with dis- tinction in the French and Indian and Revo- Intionary Wars, fountled the Town of Newbury, Vt., in 1762, and held very prom- inent and important offices during the early history of that State. The paternal Ijranch of his family was founded in America l)y John Ba}ly, who came from Englaiul in 1635 and settled in that part of Amesbur\ , Mass., now known as Salisbury Point. His earliest maternal ancestor in this country was Barnard Capen, who came from Eng- land in 1630, and who was one of the ear- liest settlers of Dorchester, Mass. Mr. Bayley received his preliminary education in the public and private schools of New- bury, Vt., and at St. Johnsbury (Vt.) Academy, from which he graduated with high rank in 1881. While at the Academy he was one of the editors of the "Academy Student," the school paper, and was one of the speakers at graduation. He pursued the regular classical course at Dartmouth College, graduating with the degree A.B., in the Class of 1885. During his college course he served as president and treasurer of his class, was a director of the athletic association, a member of the Delta Kap])a Epsilon F'raternity and of the Phi P.eta Kappa Societ}', delivering at Commence- ment one of the two philosophical orations assigned for scholarship, ranking next to the salutatory. For a short time after le taught a private school in graduation Newbury, \'t., and then engaged in the mortgage loan business in Dakota, l)Ut not being satisfied with the future of that busi- ness, he decided to stud}' law, and, in 1889, entered the Law School of lioston Uni- versity. There he completed the regular three-year course in two years, graduating in the Class of 1891, with the degree of LL.B., lUtKjua citiii hiiitli-. and while EDWIN ALLEN BAYLEY at the Law School he served as president of his class. He was admitted to the Suf- folk County Bar in 1891 and to the L-nited State Courts in 1898. In 1892, Mr. Bayley and John H. Colby, one of his classmates at Dartmouth, asso- ciated themselves together for the practice of their profession in Boston under the firm name of Colby & Bayley, which con- tinued until the death of Mr. Colby in 1909. In his practice, Mr. Bayley is strong, force- ful and thorough. His energy and his en- thusiasm are his marked characteristics, and he has earned a well-deserved success. Since 1892 he has resided in Lexington. where he has taken a leading part in public affairs, serving as a member of the school committee, liljrary trustee, moderator of town meetings anti general town counsel. He is counsel, clerk and a trustee of the North End Savings Bank of Boston, a mem- ber of the Board of Trustees of St. Johns- burv Acadenu', where he prepared for col- lege, and is the permanent secretary of his college class. He has served as president and secretary of the Bailey-Bayley Famih' Association, to the work of which he has added great value by his genealogical re- search and writing. He has also served as president of the General Alumni Associa- tion of Dartmouth College, and has prepared and delivered several historical and ^le- morial Day addresses. He holds member- ship in the Middlesex Bar Association, Mas- sachusetts Conveyancers Association, the DartuK luth Club, Boston City Club, Boston Chamlier of Commerce, Republican Cluli of Alassachusetts, ^Middlesex Club, A'ermont Association of Boston, X'ermont Historical Society, Lexington Historical Society, Old Belfry Club of Lexington, and is an asso- ciate member of the George G. Meade Post 119, G. A. I\., of F,exington. His religious affiliations arc with the Orthodox Congre- gational Church. In politics ^Ir. Baxley h;is always been a Rei)ubHcan, and in 1909 and again in 1910, when he was reelected without an opposing vote, he was a member of the ALassachusett.-v 418 THE BOOK OF BOSTON House of Representatives, where his sound judgment and ability as a speaker and de- bater won for him a place among the ablest members of that body. To him more than to any one else is due the credit for the enactment of the measure known as the "Safe and Sane Fourth of July" law which ended the mainifacture and sale in Massa- chusetts of death-dealing firecrackers and bombs, and in recognition of his leadership in this matter, Governor Draper presented him with one of the pens with which the bill was signed. As a member of the Commit- tee on Railroads, he was a close student of all transportation questions affecting the in- terests of the Commonwealth. He drafted and urged the passage of the first bill for a tunnel connecting the North and South stations in Boston, and his speeches on transportation matters were among the ablest heard in years on Beacon Hill. The following are some of the current news- pa])er estimates of his work as a legislator : "Bayley is one of the leaders in the House, one of its best orators." "He is of a class of men rarely found, ain fortunately, willing to give their time and their splendid talents to the service of their iellows in public service." "He has shown himself one of the ablest and most fearless and aggressive legisla- tors that has sat in either branch of the Massachusetts Legislature for many years ; he, like all strong men, possesses deep con- victions, and one is sure to admire and re- spect him." "Representative Bayley has won for him- self an enviable reputation as one of the really powerful men in the affairs of State legislation." During Mr. Bayley's first legislative term the Massachusetts State Board of In- sanity contracted for land near Lexington Center on which to erect an asylum. Mr. 3ayley aroused the citizens to an apprecia- tion of the disadvantage of such a location and led in the successful efforts which pre- vented its fulfillment. For this important service he received a public vote of thanks in town meeting. In connection with the celebration of the 150th anniversary of the settlement of the Town of Newbury, Vermont, held in Au- gust, 1912, Mr. Bayle}' planned and secured the erection of a large and impressive granite monument, suitably inscribed and prominently located on the village common to commemorate the life and public services of his distinguished ancestor, General Jacob Bayley above referred to. The monument was dedicated as a part of the anniversary e.xercises and Mr. Bayley delivered the dedicatory address. Mr. Bayley was married June 15, 1892, to Lucia A., daughter of Doctor Eustace V. and Emily (Tenney) Watkins, of Newbury, Yt., and they have one daughter, J^Iarian Vesta Bayley. Mr. Bayley has always been fond of horses and until the advent of automobiles, his chief out-of-doors recreation was horse- back riding and road and speedway driving; he has now, however, become an enthusiastic automobilist. Mr. Bayley has, for many years, been a great admirer of Daniel Webster, maintaining that no other one American has stood preeminent as a lawyer, an orator and a statesman, and it has been one of his pastimes to collect portraits of Webster, until today he has the largest collection of Websterian ])ictures ever gathered to- gether, and his law offices are also a Web- ster picture gallery. Mr. Bayley believes that the liest prepara- tion for success is as broad and thorough an education as possible ; a determination to be honest and fair with one's self and others; a purpose to do one's best earnestly and enthusiastically and a willingness to work and not shirk. THK BOOK OF ROSTOX 41Q HON. GUY W. COX (niy W. Cox, of the legal firm of Butler, ■Cox, Murchie & Bacon, was born in Man- chester, N. H., January 19, 187 r. Dart- sachusetts Bar Association, the Ijcjston Bar Association, the Social Law Library, and the L'niversity, New Hampshire, Wollaston and Repul)lican Clubs. His offices are at 77 Franklin Street. HON. GUY \V. COX mouth College conferred the A.B. degree upon him in 1893, and A.^L in 1896. The same year he graduated magna cum laude from the Boston University Law School. Since admission to the Bar he has practiced in Boston, specializing in life insurance, street railways and gas companies. For many years Mr. Cox was interested in city and state politics, and held many positions of trust. Fie was a member of the Boston Common Council in 1902, Representative from the loth Suffolk District in the Mas- sachusetts Legislature in 1903 and 1904, and Senator from the 5th Suffolk District in 1906 and 1907. He also served as Chair- man of the delegates to the National Tax Conference in 1907, and Chairman of the Commission on Taxation for Massachusetts in 1907. Mr. Cox is a trustee of the Boston and Worcester Electric Companies, and vice-president and trustee of the Merriniac \'alley Electric Company. Fie is a member of the American Bar Association, the Mas- HI.KI.ls K. BAILEY IIOLLIS R. BAILEY Frouiinent among the able lawyers of Boston is Hollis R. Fjailey, son of Otis and Lucinda Aldcn ( Loi-ing ) Bailey, Ijrith of English stock, the paternal 1) r a n c h having lieen estab- lished in America l:)y James Bailev. who settled in Rowley about 1640. John Bailey of the second generation perished in the ex- pedition a g a i n s t Canada in i6i)o, and Samuel Bailey of the fifth genera- tion was killed at the battle of F)un- ker Hill. The ma- ternal side ilates from 1635, when Thomas Loring settled in Hingham. The mother was also a direct descendant of John Alden. Mr. Bailey was born February 24, 1852, at X^orth Andover and received his preparatory education at Phillips (Andover) Academy. He graduated A.B. from Harvard in 1877, obtaining the LL.B. degree in 1878, and the degree of A.AL in 1879. He was admitted to the Bar in 1880, since which time he has figured in much important litigation. He is a member of the Massachusetts Bar Association, the Boston Bar Association, the American Bar Association, and Chair- man of the State Board of Bar Examiners and of the Board of Commissioners for the Promotion of Uniformity of Legislation in the United States. He was married Feb- ruary 12, 1885, to Mary Persis Bell, daugh- ter of ex-Governor Charles H. Bell of Exeter, N. H. 420 THE BOOK OP^ BOSTON WILLIAM R. SCHARTON William R. Scharton of the law firm of McVey, Scharton & McVey, 40 Court Street, was born in Aarau, Switzerland, WILLIAM R. SCHARTON November 15, 1874. At a very early age, accompanied by his mother he came to the United States and settled in Virginia. He received his preliminarj' education at Monticello Military Academy, subsequently entering Yale University and completing his legal education at New York L^niversity Law School. At the termination of his law studies he commenced practice in Hartford, Connecticut, but also maintained an office in New York City, having been admitted as a member of the Bar of both Connecticut and New York. In 1905 he removed to Boston and has since continually appeared before the courts of Massachusetts. Mr. Scharton's practice, while embracing practically the whole field of the law. has in a great measure been confined to criminal and probate cases and he has conducted a number of important trials. The one case, however, with which his name is more closelv identified than all others is the fa- mous Russell case in which he appeared as counsel for "Dakota Dan." This case pre- sented one of the strangest situations ever brought to the attention of a judicial tri- bunal. The case involved a question of identity between two individuals, each claim- ing to be Daniel Blake Russell of Melrose, Mass., and the heir to the large Russell for- tune. The case occupied 164 trial days and 140 witnesses were examined. The finding of the court was against Mr. Scharton's client and in favor of the so-called "Fresno Dan." By a judicial adjudication the Russell case was terminated, but one strange feature has never yet Ijeen satisfactorily explained, and that is, why if Dakota Dan was found to be an "impostor and perjurer," that no criminal action was ever undertaken against him even though every effort was made both by Mr. Scharton and Dakota Dan, himself, to have the latter indicted in order that a jury of twelve men might determine the question as to the legitimacy of the claimant's identity. The Russell case resembled the famous Tichbourne case tried in England, except that the English courts followed out their decree to its logical conclusion by punishing criminally those whom they had legally ad- judicated criminals. Dakota Dan Russell's rights were never determined by a jury. Mr. Scharton resides in Reading, Mass., where he owns and occupies the extensive Patricia Farm, and where he forgets his legal cares by diverting them to the raising of fancy fowl. EVERETT WATSON BURDETT Everett Watson Burdett, senior member of the law firm of Burdett, Wardwell & Ives, was born in Mississippi of Northern parents, April 5, 1854. His earliest ances- tor in this country was Robert Burdett, who came from England and settled in ISIalden, Mass., prior to 1653. Graduating from the Boston University Law School in 1877, Mr. Burdett began practice, in 1878, in Boston, in the office of Charles Allen, afterwards a Justice of the Supreme Judicial Court. He then served for a time as Assistant L^nited TUK BOOK OF BOSTON 421 States Attorney for the District of Massa- chusetts, but since 1881 has devoted himself exclusively to private practice. He has acted as general counsel of the Alassachu- EVERETT \V. bUKUETT setts Electric and Gas Association since its organization in 1889, and of the National Electric Lighting Association since 1909. He has also been counsel for the Boston Edison Companv f(ir inan\- years and for many other pul)lic service companies in Massachusetts and elsewhere, inclu WEST SPRINGFIELD STREET, BOSTON HON. CHESTER W. CEARK Chester \\'. Clark, lawyer and legislator, was born in ( Ihjver, \'erninnt, and was edu- cated at the Orleans Eilieral Institute. \'er- HON. CHESTER VV. CLARK niont, and the l'hilli|)s (Exeter) Academy. After the cnnipletidu of his studies in law, he was admitted to the Alassachusetts bar, March u. 1S78, and shortly afterwards to the United States district and circuit courts. He has practiced in Sutifolk and AEddlesex Count}- ciiurts and has maintained offices in the E(juitable Building. Air. Clark was a member of the Massachusetts House of Re])resentatives in 1901, serving on the committee on the judiciary. During the years 1904, 1905, 1906, he was a member of the State Senate and acted as chairman of the joint committee on the judiciary and as chairman of the joint committee on pub- lic lighting. In committees and on the floor of the Senate he strongly advocated, and was largely instrumental in the adoption of the act relating to the identification of crim- inals by the aid of finger prints; the act re- lating to the release without arraignment in court of persons arrested for drunkenness; the act i)roviding for the enlargement of the court house in Boston by increasing its height instead of taking land and construct- ing a se])arate building; and the act provid- ing for the so-called sliding scale of the price of gas in the city of Boston. He also served as a member of the legislative committee ajipointecl to revise and consolidate the Pub- lic Statutes of Massachusetts in 1901. 424 THE BOOK OF BOSTON HOMER BAXTER SPRAGUE Homer Baxter Sprague, educator, lec- turer and author, is descended in direct line from William Sprague, one of the three HOMER BAXTER SPRAGUE 33 Spragues who founded Charlestown, Mass., in 1628. He was born in Sutton, Mass., Oct. 19, 1829. He was educated at Leicester, where he was valedictorian in 1848, and at Yale, where he was class valedictorian and graduated A.B. in 1852, and A.M. in 1855. He studied in the Yale Law School in 1853-4, '^"'^1 afterwards at Worcester. He was principal of the \Wircester High School, 1850-61. He practiced law liriefly in New Haven, but relinquished it to enter the LTnion army. He raised two companies, and was succes- sively commissioned Captain, Major, Lieut. - Colonel, and Colonel. He was wounded in battle, and was a prisoner of war from Sep- tember, 1864, to Feljruary, 1865. Thence- forward he devoted himself exclusivelv to educational matters ; became principal of the Connecticut Normal School ; House chair- man of Committee on Education in the Connecticut legislature ; professor of rhet- oric and English literature in Cornell Uni- versity; i)rincipal of the Adelphi Academy, Brooklvn ; head master of the Girls' Hi^h School, Boston; founder and first president of the earliest summer school, the Martha's Vineyard Summer Institute; president. Mills College; president of the L'niversity of North Dakota ; professor. Drew Theological Seminary; president American Institute of Instruction; president of the North Dakota Teachers' Association ; first president of the Boston Watch and \\'ard Society; member of many fraternities, including Psi Upsilon, Scroll and Key; Grand Senior President of Alpha Sigma Phi; Yale Phi Beta Kappa, Pilgrim Societ}-; formerly director Amer- ican Peace Society, now Massachusetts Peace Society. He is author of many pub- lished essa}s, lectures, and volumes, and has annotated many masterpieces. He was awarded the degree of Ph.D. by the Uni- versity of New York in 1873; LL.D. by Temple University, anil again by the L^ni- versity of North Dakota in 1916. CHARLES HOMER SPRAGUE Charles Homer Sprague, lawyer, was burn in New Haven, Conn., July 21, 1856, the son of Homer B. and Antoinette E. (Pardee) Sprague. He was educated at the Adelphi, Brookl}'n, N. Y., and studied law in New York City, afterwards graduating LL.B. from the Boston University Law School. He has been engaged in the practice of law in Boston since 1878, and was a memljer of the Newton, Mass., Board of Aldermen in 1895-96. IMr. Sprague was married August 11, 1877, to Jennie Starbuck of Cincinnati, Ohio, the union brinsfing: two children, Genevieve B., now Mrs. Everett W. Crawford, and Starbuck Sprague. He is a member of the Ameri- can, Massachusetts and Middlesex Bar As- sociations, Mercantile Library Association, the American \\'hist Association of which THE BOOK OF BOSTON 42 S CHARLES HOMER SPRACIE he was fiirnierly president, aned a leading part in advancing the interest of trade and commerce in the city. NATHAN HEARD Nathan Heard, senior member of the prominent jiatent law firm of Heard, Smith & Teiinant, furmerly Crosliy & Gregory, graduated in 1893 at Worcester PoU- technic Institute. Holds degrees of B.S., LL.B., LL.M. and M.P.L. He is a member of the liar of the Massa- chusetts and United States Supreme Courts and has been for many years in active i>ractice ii the Federal Courts, particularly in pat- ent and trade mark cases, u]Kin winch he is a recognized NAIllAN HIIAKU authority. jMember of Exchange and lioston City Clubs, Cosmos C'lub of Washington, Tuesday, Eight O'clock and Civic Clubs of Newton, Boston Chamber of Commerce, Appalachian Moun- tain Club. American and Boston Bar Asso- ciations, .\lderman of Newton 1910-1912. ^Married Florence W ilbelinina Ruggles of Halifax, Nova Scotia, and has four chil- dren. Office, Old South BuiUling. LYON WEYBURN THE BOOK OF BOSTON 427 LYON WEYBURN Lyon Weyburn, lawyer, born October lo, 1882, son of S. Fletcher and Flora (Lyon) Weyburn; descendant of W'eybournes, bar- onets, of Kent Ctmnty, England, and of Boston 1648, large propert)' owners; mater- nal forbears early residents of Boston (grandfather of Revolutionary ancestor buried in old Roxi^ury Cenieter\). Mr. Weyburn married Miss Ruth Anthony of Boston, daughter of the late S. Reed An- thony, of Tucker, Anthony & Co., bankers. Mr. Weyburn received his A.B. from Yale in 1905 and his LL.B. from Harvard Law School in 1908. He was admitted to the Massachusetts Bar in 1907, and began practice in the offices of the late ex-Governor Jdhn D. Long and Alfred Hemenwaw He is director and president of the American Core-Twine Company, cordage manufactur- ers, and is counsel and director in a number of corporations ; was Legislative Counsel for the Boston Charter Association in 1912 and in 1913; counsel for the Boston Chamber of Commerce on fire hazard be- fore the Boston City Council ; counsel in charge of the New England Milk Inves- tigation; author of "The Importance of the Dairy Industry to the Citizenship of New England"; speaker on the 'subject at the Twentieth Century Club of Bos- ton and mass meetings in New England ; speaker on Eire Prevention at mass meeting in Faneuil Hall, presided over by Governor Walsh on the anniversary of the Great Bosttjn Fire; former member of executive committee Citizens' Municipal League, com- mittees of Good Government Association and committees of Boston Chamber of Commerce; official delegate American Eu- rfipean tour, 191 1 ; member organizing com- mittee International Congress of Chambers of Commerce, Boston, 1912; official dele- gate International Congress of Chambers of Commerce, Paris, France, June, 1914. Mr. Weyburn is a member of the Ameri- can Bar Association, Boston liar Associa- tion, Boston City Club, Boston Harvard, New York Yale, Boston Yale, .Xlgonciuin, Eastern Yacht, and Norfolk Hunt Clubs. His Boston home address is 113 Cimimon- wealth Avenue. His law offices are at 53 State Street. WILLIAM E. McKEE William E. McKee, who in addition to his legal practice, is interested in several in- dustrial corporations, was born in I'iqua, Ohio, and received his prcparatc^ry educa- WILLIAM E. McKEE tion in the High School at Scranton, Pa. A few years later he came to this city and entered the Boston LTniversity Law School. He graduated ctoii laudc in 1909, and was admitted to the bar the same year. He be- gan practice in the law offices of Melvin O. Adams and Henry Y. Cunningham, and was subsequently connected with the office of Harvey N. Shepard. Since 19 13, he has had his own office, in conjunction with Lyon Weyburn, in the Exchange Building, 53 State Street. During his student days he was elected secretar\- of his class at the Bos- ton L"niversit\' Law School; in 1910 he received the degree of LL.M., and was in- structor at the same institution during 1910- 1912. He was president of Ward 10 Good 428 THE BOOK OF BOSTON Government Association in 19 13. He is a RejuibHcan in politics, is a Mason, hailing from Aberdour Lodge of Boston, and holds membership in the Chamber of Commerce, the Boston Credit Men's Association and the Gamma Eta Gamma fraternity. He resides on Centre Street, Newton, Mass. From the lawyers of Boston have been drawn Presidents of the United States, Foreign Ministers and Ambassadors, Mem- bers of the Cabinet, Justices of the Su- preme Court of the United States and mem- bers of many important commissions. IRVIN JilcDOWELL GARFIELD Irvin McDowell Garfield, son of Hon. James A. Garfield, twentieth President of the United States, was born in Hiram, Ohio, August 3, 1870, and was educated at St. Paul's School, Concord, N. H., Williams College, A.B., '93, and the Harvard i Law School, LL.B., '96. He was ad- mitted to the Bar in 1896 and en- tered the offices of Proctor & Warren, l)ccoming a partner in 1901, since which time the firm has by successive changes become Warren, Garfield, White- sides & Lamson, specializing in corporation work, particularly street railways. Mr. Garfield is vice-president and director of the Guantanamo & Western R. R. Co., director of the ^\'innisimmet R. R. Co., and of Bos- ton and Chelsea R. R. Co. He is treasurer of the Suiinyside Day Nurery and was ap- pointed b}' Governor Draper a memljer of the corporation and trustee of the Peter Bent Brigham Hospital from 1909 o 1915 and was reappointed by Governor A\'alsh from 1915-1921. His offices are at 30 State Street. IRVIN M. GARFIELD HON. WILLIAM F. WHARTON Hon. William Fisher Wharton, who was Assistant Secretary of State, of the United States, under the late Hon. James G. Blaine, during the Harrison administration, was born in Jamaica Plain, Mass., June 28, 1847. He also studied law in the oftice of John Codman Ropes and John C. Gray, was graduated from Harvard College in 1870, and from the Harvard Law School in 1873, and, after a two j^ears' tour of Europe, took up the practice of law in Boston. He was a member of the Common Council from 1880 to 1884, and a representative to the Massachusetts Legislature from 1885 until 1888. In 1889, he was appointed by Presi- dent Harrison, Assistant Secretary of State, of the United States, serving from 1889 until 1893. Mr. Wharton is one of the most successful lawyers at the Suffolk County Bar. At college he won honors in Greek and Latin and in ancient history. He has been a frequent contributor to legal lit- erature, and edited and annotated the last edition of "Story on Partnership." He is a member of the Middlesex, Somerset and City Club corporations. Mr. Wharton was married October 31, 1877, to Fanny, daughter of William Dudley and Caroline (Silsbee) Pickman of Boston. By this union there was one son, William P. Whar- ton. His second marriage, contracted some years after his first wife's death, was to Susan Carberry Lay, on February 10, 189 1, the children being Philip, and Constance \\'hartun, now Mrs. Henry St. John Smith of Portland. Mr. \\'hart()n's offices are at 50 State Street. THE FAMOUS ADAMS HOUSE IN QUINCY THE BOOK OF BOSTON" 429 HON. GEORGE HOLDEN TINKHAM George Holden Tinkham, attcinu-y, wlm has been for many years active in city, state and national politics, was born in Bos- HOX. GEORGE H. IINKIIAM ton, Octolier 29, 1870. He was educated at the Channcy Hall and Hopkinson schools and was graduated from Harvard College in 1894, and attended the Harvard Law School. He was admitted to the IMassachu- setts Bar in 1899 and has practiced his pro- fession alone since that time, with offices in Barristers Hall. Mr. Tinkham, besides the active practice of law and the manage- ment of several large estates, of which he is trustee, has also been very active in poli- tics. He was a member of the Bostoit Com- mon Council in 1897 and 1898, the Boston Board of Aldermen in 1900, in 1901 and in 1902, and in 19 10 he was elected to the Massachusetts State Senate, and served in that body for three terms. While a mem- ber of the legislature he was identified with some of the most important and atlvanced legislation during the term of his service. He is the author of the second part of Sec- tion 22 of the National Federal Reserve Act, forl)iddiiig directors, officers and em- ])loyees of national Ijanks from profiting through transactions made by their banks; of the ^lassachusetts statute for the preven- tion of industrial accidents and occupational diseases ; of the system of the State Com- mission Control of "small loan" makers; of the amendment to the Massachusetts Con- stitution giving authority to the legislature to submit a law by referendum to the peo- ])le of the entire state; of the ^lassachusetts Commission on Economy and Efficiency; of the present twenty-five-year "subway" leases in the City of Boston, and introduced into ^Massachusetts the s}-stem of licensing and inspection of farms to insure a pure milk sujji)ly. Air. Tinkham's years of ex- ])erience in legislation and his legal training led to his selection as a representative of the 64th Congress from the iith Alassa- chusetts district on November 3rd, 1914. Air. Tinkham is a member of the Society of Mayflower Descendants and many of Bos- ton's clubs and fraternal organizations. He is president of the \Vashington Home and director of the Federal Trust Company. JAMES W. SPRING Tames \\'. S])ring, memlier of the Suffolk Count v Bar, was burn in Boston, Decem- lier 15, 1876. He was educated in the pulilic schools and deciding upon a legal career, entered the Harvard Law School. He graduated in the Class of '97 with the LL.B. degree, and after admission to the Bar, became connected with the legal firm of Long & Hemenway, of which Hon. John D. Long, then Secretary of the Navy, was senior mcmlier. Mr. Spring afterwards ])racticed his profession alone and now has offices in the Treniout Building. His legal work is of a general character and he has appeared in man_\- important cases. Mr. Spring is a Republican in ]>olitics but has never sought or held ])ublic office. He is a member of the L'nion Club, Harvard Club of Boston, Harvard Club of New York, Ab- stract Club and the New England Historic Genealogical Society. He resides at New- ton Centre. 430 THE BOOK OF BOSTON HON. JAMES w. McDonald Hon. James W. McDonald, who is promi- nent in Boston's legal circles and in the social and political life of Marlboro, where HON. JAMES VV. McDONALD he resides, was horn in that city May 15, 1853, the son of ]\Iichael and Jane McDon- ald. After graduating from the High School he pursued his education under pri- vate tuition and then entered upon the study of law, and, passing the necessary examinations successfully, was admitted to the Middlesex Bar. He began the practice of his profession at once in his native town and was chosen Town Counsel of Marlboro, and upon the incorporation of the city was appointed City Solicitor, in which office he served continuously for twenty-four years. He was also a member of the School Com- nn'ttee for twelve years. He was elected to the Massachusetts House of Representa- tives in 1880, and served on the committees on liquor laws and constitutional amend- ments. He was a member of the State Senate in 1891, from the Fourth Middlesex District, and was chairman of the commit- tee on manufactures which reported the original municipal lighting act. He was also a member of the committees on constitu- tional amendments, probate and insolvency, the special committee on congressional re- districting, and the special committee which sat during the recess on the forming of a general city charter and which reported a bill adopted by the Legislature of 1892. L'pon his reelection to the Senate in 1892, Mr. McDonald served as a member of the committees on judiciary and as chairman of the committee on constitutional amend- ments and on the special recess committee on the revision of the judicial system of the State. After the expiration of the legisla- tive session in 1892, Mr. McDonald was appointed chairman of the Board of Gas and Electric Light Commissioners; after serving two years on this Board he resigned to resume the practice of law, and was the Democratic candidate for Secretary of the Commonwealth on the ticket of 1893. In 1896 Mr. McDonald was appointed Justice of the Police Court of Marlboro, over which he still presides. He has also held the office of Trustee of the Massachusetts Train- ing Schools since 1905. Mr. ^McDonald's offices are in the Sears Building and he still makes his home in Marlboro, where he has resided since his birth. An important part of Mr. Mc- Donald's law practice has been in cimnection with municipal and public service corpora- tion matters. WILLL-VIM HENRY BROWN William H. Brown, attorney, of 30 State Street, was born at Ashland, Ky., October 24, 1859, the son of Daniel and Anna Maria (Abbott) Brown. He was educated at the Bridgewater Nor- mal School (four years) and afterwards entered the Boston University Law School, from which he graduated (ciiiii laudc) in 1886. He was admitted to the Bar the same year and began practice at once at 85 Devon- shire Street, Boston. THE ROOK OF BOSTON 431 HON. JOHN JOSEPH HIGGINS The life story of John J. Higgins slioukl l)e an inspiration for every struggling boy in the country. Briefly told, it illustrates HON. JOHN ]. HIGGINS how courage and determination will over- come all obstacles. He was born in the North End of Boston, May 17, 1865, and at the age of seven was working as a breaker ])oy in a Penns\lyania coal mine. Two j-ears later he was emplo_\-ed in Boston and, losing his parents when he was ten )ears old, was sent to work on a farm in Madljury, New Hampshire, for his board and clothes, being allowed to attend the district school during the winter term. In the fall of 1S84, he went to Exeter and worked his way through Phillips Academy, graduating in 1887. The following fall he entered Har- vard Law School, and graduated in 1890 with the degree of LL.B. He began the practice of law at once in Boston and was associated with the late Richard Stone from 1892 until 1906. In 1892, Mr. Higgins moved to Somerville, where he served three years as alderman, the last year as presitlent of that body and ex-officio member of the School Coston. Fie also holds membership in the Odd I"el- lows. Knights of Pythias and the Delta Tail Delta and the Phi Delta I'hi l-'raternities. 434 THE BOOK OF BOSTON ARTHUR ELMER DENISON (deceased) Arthur E. Denison, who died May i8, 19 lo, was one of Boston's best known law- yers and one of Camljridge's most highly ARTHUR E. DENISON (dECEASEd) respected citizens. He was born in Burke, Vermont, December 5, 1847, "I'^d was edu- cated at the Westl^rooke Seminary and Tufts College. He graduated from the latter with the B.A. degree in 1869 and had the M.A. degree conferred upon him in 1907. While .a student at Westbrooke he enlisted in the U. S. Army, April 8, 1864, and after three months service in Kittery, Maine, was mus- tered out with the rank of sergeant. He resumed his studies in the fall of 1865 and .after graduation he founded and became the first cashier of the Norway (Vt.) National Bank. Resigning this position he went to Portland, Me., and studied law in the office of Hon. Wirt Virgin, later an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of Maine. After admission to the Maine Bar he came to Boston and continued practice here until the time of his death. Mr. Denison came •of old New England stock and was the son of Lucius and Adelaide (Hobart) Denison. He married Ida E., daughter of Dr. Ward E. Wright of Cambridge, the union bring- ing two children, a daughter who died, and Arthur W. Denison, who was associated with his father in legal work. Mr. Denison was a member of the Masonic Fraternity, University Club, Colonial Clulj, a trustee of Tufts College and past president of the Universalist Club of Boston. Arthur W. Denison, son of Arthur E. and Ida (Wright) Denison, was born in Cam- l)ridge, Mass., December 3, 1878. He graduated from Harvard in 1903 and the }ear following entered the law offices of Denison, Drew & Clarke, of which his father was senior member. Mr. Denison now practices alone at 68 Devonshire Street. He is a member of the Corinthian Yacht, Economic, Harvard and University Clubs, and of the Pi Eta Societv. As early as 1624 a cargo of fish was shipjied liy the Puritans from Boston to England. BOYD B. JONES Boyd B. Jones, lawyer, was born in Georgetown, Mass., October 13, 1856. He graduated A.B. from the New London Lit- erary and Scientific Institute in 1874 and the Boston University Law School conferred the LL.B. degree upon him in 1877. He be- gan practice in Haverhill, Mass., where he resides, in 1877, and in Boston in 1897. He was assistant district attorney of Essex County for one year, and City Solicitor of Haverhill for the same period. He served as a member of the Massachu- setts Ballot Law Commission for three years, and in 1897 President McKinley appointed him United States Attorney for the District of Massachusetts. Mr. Jones is a member of the law firm of Hurlburt, Jones & Cabot, with offices at 53 State Street. TIIR BOOK OF BOSTON 4,vS UlLLIAM HEXKI IKKSU LAWYER 244 WASHINGTON STREET HON. EDWARD LAWRENCE LOGAN Hon. Edward L. Logan, Justice of the Municipal Court, South Boston District, was 1m. ni in Boston, January 20, 1875, the son of Lawrence J. and C a t li e r i n e M. ( O'Connor ) Logan. After thorougli preparati< )n at tlie B (I s 1 11 n L a t i n Sclidol, he gradu- ated A.B. from Harvard U^niversity in 1898 and from tlie Harvard Law School witli the LL.B. degree, in 1901, afterwards taking a post-grad- uate course. He has HON. EDWARD L. LOGAN i,^.^,„ j,., practice iu Boston since liis an to the I'.ar in T901 and in addition has l)een vcr)- active in political and military circles. Judge Logan was Sergeant-Ma j or of the 9lh Regi- ment L'. S. A'lilunteers iu the Sj^anish- American War. He was afterwards Ser- geant-Majcjr of the 9th Regiment, M. V. ]\L, and being elected Second Lieutenant of Companv A, of that regiment, rose to the ciimmand of the cnni])an\' and then l)ecame Maiiir and finally Cdlonel of the regiment, which he c(.immanded during the Mexican troubles in 19 16. He was aide-de-camp on the staff of Governor Draper, with the rank of Captain in 1909-1 9 10, and has been a member of the State Armory Commission. Colonel Logan was a member of Boston Common Council in 1899- 1900, of the Massachusetts House of Representatives in 1901-1902 and of the Senate in 1906. He was appointed Special Justice of the IMunic- ipal Court, South Boston District in 1907, and has filled the jiosition since that time. He is a director of the Old South Trust Co., the South Boston Savings Bank, the Hibernia Savings Bank, and hokls member- ship in the Harvard, L^niversity and City Clubs. His offices are in Barristers Hall. WhI.U A. ROLLINS LAWYER 305 SHAW.MLH DANK lUTI.DINi; FRED L. NORTON THE BOOK OF BOSTON 43/ FRED L. NORTON Fred L. Norton, who is one of the best known and most successful practitioners at the Suffolk bar, was born in W'estlield, JMass., November 24, 1865, the son of Lewis R. and Harriet N. (Fletcher) Norton. His preparator}' education was received in the public and high schools of Westfield, after which he entered Amherst College. Grad- uating in 1886, he was selected as a member of the Phi Beta Kappa Society and as a commencement speaker. He took a post- graduate course of one year at Johns Hop- kins University and then studied law at the Boston University Law School, from which he graduated with the LL.B. degree. He was admitted to the liar in 1889, and at once entered the office of William B. French in lioston, at the same time beginning the prac- tice of his profession on his own account. Mr. Norton was associated with Hon. Wil- liam M. Butler from i8g6 imtil 1907, since which time he has practiced alone, with of- fices in the Tremont Building. His practice is of a general character, and he has con- tlucted many civil and criminal cases in the various courts of Suffolk and the other counties of the Commonwealth. Mr. Norton is a Democrat in politics and is a member of the Boston City Club, the Twentieth Cen- tury Club, the Boston Congregational Club, the Appalachian ^Mountain Club and the Chi Phi fraternity. He was married, T""e 16, 1897, to Mary R. Russell, who died July _', 191 1. He resides in Brookline. BENTLEY WTRTH WARREN After studying law under Hon. Thomas P. Proctor and at the Boston University Law School, Bentley W'irth Warren was ad- mitted to the Bar and is now senior mcmlier of the legal firm of Warren, Garlicld, Whitesides & Lamson. He was born in Boston, April 20, 1864, was educated at the Boston Latin School and at Williams Col- lege, from which he graduated A.I'., in 1885. He ^\■as a meml)er of the IMassachu- setts House of Representatives in 1891-92 and of the Civil Service Commission in 1903-05. He is president of the Winnisim- met R. R., trustee of the Worcester Rail- ways and Investment Co., director of the East Middlesex Street Railway Co., the Boston & Revere Street Railway Co., the State Street Trust Co., the Boston & Chelsea R. R. Co., and the Boston Morris Plan Co., and trustee of the I'righton Five Cent Savings Bank, Williams College and Brim- mer School (Boston). His clubs are the Union, Ll^niversity, Country and Boston City, and the L'niversity of New York City. The Medical schools of Boston have de- veloped that science imtil this city leads the c(juntry in the men devoting their lives to that pnifession. JOSEPH F. WARREN Joseph F. \\'arren, senior member of the law firm of Warren, Burt & Palmer, was born in Foxborough, Mass., October 6, 1872, the son of Henry G. and Eliza (Wilber) Warren and grandson of Judge Ebenezer Warren, a brother of General Joseph Warren, who was killed at the battle of Bunker Hill. He was educated in the] Foxborough High School, and he af- terwards entered Boston Universit}- Law School, from which he graduated '°^^-''" ''• "•■^■^'<'-'' cum laude in i8(;() with the LL.B. degree. He was admitted to the Bar the same year and has been in active practice in Boston since. ]\Ir. ^^'arren is a member of the Masonic Fraternity, the Boston Chamber of Commerce, Appalachian Mountain Club, Bar Association of the City of Boston, the Mas- sachusetts Bar Association, Boston Univer- sity Ahunni Association. He was married September 15, 1904, to Maud Battelle IVIowry of Walpole, Mass. His offices are at 50 Congress Street, Boston. 438 THE BOOK OF BOSTON RALPH SYLVESTER BARTLETT Ralph Sylvester Bartlett, lawyer, was born April 29, 1868, in Eliot, Maine, the son of Sylvester and Clementine (Raitt) RALPH S. BARTLE'IT Bartlett. He gradnated from Berwick Academy. South Berwick, Maine, in 1885, received the A.B. degree from Dartmouth College in 1889, and the A.M. degree from the same institution in 1892, The L.L.B. degree was conferred upon him by the Bos- ton University Law School, from which he graduated magna cum laude in 1892. He was admitted to the Suffolk bar the same year, and to the United States courts in 1894. He was associated in practice with former Governor William E. Russell from 1892 until the latter's death in 1896; since that time he has been engaged in the prac- tice of his profession in Boston, with offices at 53 State Street. Mr. Bartlett is eighth in direct descent from Richard Bartlett, who emigrated from Sussex, England, and set- tled in Newbury, Mass., in 1635. He is a member of the University, Dartmouth, Mid- dlesex and Economic Clubs, Sons of the American Revolution, New England His- toric Genealogical Society, Theta Delta Chi. Society, Phi Delta Phi Society, American Bar Association, Massachusetts Bar Asso- ciation, Bar Association of the City of Bos- ton. Mr. Bartlett served in coast defence duty during the Spanish-American War in 1898, with the First Corps Cadets, M .V. M, He was an active member of this organiza- tion from 1894 until 1903, and now holds honorary and veteran meml>ership. He re- sides at 139 Beacon Street, Boston. Boston was not lightly named "The Hub."' Workl tourists today can well appreciate why it is entitled to this distinction. ROBERT J. BOTTOMLY Roljert J. Bottomly, whose law office is at 161 Devonshire Street, was born Decem- lier 30, 1883, at Worcester, Mass. He was- educated at the W'orcester Classical High School, Am- herst College, and Boston LTniversity Law School, ob- ta i n i ng the A.B. and A.AL degrees | from Amherst, and the LL.B. and J.B. from Bos- ton University. He was admitted to the Ear in 1909, and has since been in general practice. For several years '*°'''''''' '■ bottomly he has been Secretary of the Good Govern- ment Association and Secretary of the Bos- ton Charter Association. In 191 2 he was Executive Secretary of the Fifth Inter- national Congress of Chambers of Com- merce. Mr. Bottomly is of old New Eng- land ancestry. He is a member and one of the founders of the Boston City Club, a director of the City History Club and of Denison House, a member of the National Municipal League and the Pan-Americani Societv of the L^nited States. THE HOOK OF BOSTON 43>^ JAMtS t. MCCON.NELL JAMES E. .McOJXXELL James E. McConnell of tlie legal firm of McConnell & McConnell, Tremont Ijiiild- ing, was born in North Ailams, Mass., April 22, 1866. He grad- uated from Holy Cross College in 1886 and from the Boston University L a \v S c h o o 1 i n 1888, after which he began practice in Fitchburg, but removed to Boston in 1905. Mr. Mc- Connell is a Demo- crat and was candi- date for Lieutenant- Governor in 1896 and for Attorney General in 1908, also serving as Chairman of the Massachu- setts Commission on Pensions in 1914. For many years he was Supreme Advocate of the Knights of Columl)us, is a member of the Executive Committee of the Massachu- setts Bar Association and various Chamber of Commerce Committees. His clubs are the Boston City and Wollaston Golf. HENRY \\'ALTON SWIFT Henry W. Swift, counsellor at law, whi) has for years been prcjininent in municipal, state and judicial affairs, was born Decem- ber 17, 1849, at New Bedford, Mass. Fie was educated at the Friends Academy- of New Bedford, rhillijis Exeter Academy, Harvard College and the Harvard Law School. He was admitted to the Suffolk County Bar in June, 1874, and has since been active along various lines. He was a member of the Boston Common Council in 1879 ^'""J 1880, a member of the Boston School Committee in 1881, a member of the Legislature in 1882, was appointed a member of the Board of Harbor and Land Commis- sioners in 1 89 1 and was chairman of that board for about three years. He was ap- pointed United States Marshal in 1894 and served for about four and one-half years. He was for one year lecturer on Sales at the- Harvard Law School, during an illness of Professor ^^'illiston. He is now Reporter of Decisions of the Supreme Judicial Court, having assumed the duties of that office on January i, 190 1. Since that time he has l>roduced forty-seven volumes of the Massa- chusetts Reports, namely, 177 Mass. to 223 Mass., inclusive. Mr. Swift is a descendant of William Swift, who came here from England in 1630, and his maternal ancestry includes many men who were prominent in Colonial history. He has an office for his private practice at 50 State Street, and is a memljer of the Somerset and L^nion Clubs. The Park system of Boston includes 30 miles of picturesque river banks, 12 miles of delightful .seashore, 79 miles of beautiful boulevards and over 50 miles of woodland roads. JOSEPH W. McCONNELL Joseph W. IMcConnell, attorney, of the firm of McConnell & McConnell, was Imrn in North Adams, Alass., June 17, 1877. Fie graduated fro m Williams College in 1898 and from the Boston University Law Sell ool in 1901. After ad- mission to the Bar | he ]) r a c t i c e d in Fitchburg, Mass., for two years, and removed to Bost( m April, 1905, form- ing his present con- nection and engag- ing in the general practice of his pro- fession. Mr. Mc- Connell is a Veteran Lieutenant of the 9th Infantry, Massachu- setts X'olunteer Militia and a memlier of the \\'(>(Klland Golf Club. His offices are in the Tremont I'.uilding, and he resides at 14 Cbamblet Street, Dorchester. JOSEPH \V. MCCONNELL the 1st Corps Cadets, 440 THE BOOK OF BOSTON DANIEL J. CALLAGHF.R DANIEL J. GALLAGHER Daniel J. Gallagher, who since admission to the Bar has been active in legal and po- litical circles, was born in Newton, Mass., August 31, 1873. He was educated in the schools of Water- town, Boston Col- lege and Boston LTniversity L a w School. He was ilass orator at the Boston College in 1892 and winner of the prize oifered by the Fulton Debat- ing Societ}'. He was the youngest man to receive the A.M. degree at the Bos- ton College in 1894 and delivered the master's oration. Fie was admitted to the Bar in 1895 and has appeared successfully in several criminal and nuirder cases. He also received the largest verdict ever awarded in Norfolk County in a suit for personal injury. Mr. Gallagher was appointed an assistant to Dis- trict Attorney Pelletier, February 28, 19 16. He is a member of the Catholic Order of Foresters and State Deputy of the Knights of Columbus. He was a memlier of the Democratic State Central Committee from 1896 to 1898, and is the organizer of the ^'B. C. Home Night," the chief annual event conducted by the Boston College Alumni Association. EDMUND H. TALBOT Edmund FI. Talljot, attorney at law, of 35 Congress Street, was admitted to the Suffolk Bar in 1888 and has since been en- gaged in the general practice of the law, with special attention given to mercantile, banking and trusts. He is a director and counsel of the American Glue Company, director of the International Trust Company, Potter Drug and Chemical Corporation, Robinson Brothers & Company, Chester Kent & Com- pany, Indexical Soap Co., and trustee of several large estates in Boston. GEORGE A. SWEETSER George A. Sweetser, of the law firm of Anderson, Sweetser & Wiles, was born in Saugus, Mass., November 2t,. 1872, and was educated in the puljlic schools of Saugus and Mai- den, Mass. After a short business I experience in one | of the large Bos- ton corporations, he I was admitted to the [ Bar in 1901, and has since been in active practice in I Boston. Mr. Sweet- 1 ser has given par- ticular attention to corporation law and to trial work. Mr. Sweetser is a director and clerk of the E. T. Slattery Company, 154 Tremont Street, Boston; a director and treasurer of the Edward Bryant Company, 213 Central Street, Boston ; and is a director of the ^\'ellesley Cooperative Bank and the Welles- ley Publishing Company, of Wellesley, Mass. He resides at Wellesley Hills, Mass., and was Chairman of the Board of Select- men of the Town of Wellesley from 1907 to 191 1. He is a member of the American Bar Association, the Boston Bar Associa- tion, the Norfolk Bar Association, the Bos- ton Chamber of Commerce, the Academy of Political Science of the City of New York, and the Theta Delta Chi Fraternity. He is a member of the IMaugus and the Nehoi- den and A\'ellesley Clubs, of Wellesley, Mass., and of the Boston City Club of Bos- ton, Mass. His offices are at 84 State Street, Boston. GEORGE A. SWEETSER UK ROOK OF BOSTON 441 HON. WILLIAM B. LAURENCL IIOX. WILLIAM 11. L.WVRENCE Hon. \\'illiani B. Lawrence, lawyer and legislator, was Ixirn in Charlestmvn, Mass., X(iveml)er i6, 1856. Lie graduated from the I'oston Latin Scliiiiil in 1875, .\.i'). from Harvard in iSjf) and LL.ll. fr(ini 1 lar\ard L'ni- \iT>it\' Law School in iSS_>. He was achnitted In the I'.ar i the following year and has since prac- ticed in lioston. Mr. Lawrence was a meniher of the AI a s sac h u s e 1 1 s House of Represen- tatives in 1891-2 and of the Senate in 1893-4. He is a trustee of the Medfurd Savings Bank and has been jiresident of the Cajie Cdd Pilgrim Memorial .\ssiiciation since 1912. He is a thirt\ -third degree MasdU and a memlier of the I'niversity and ( onimercial LIuIjs. His offices are at 18 Tremont Street. PIERPONT L. STACKPOLE Pierpont L. Stackpnle, attnrney. was horn in Brookline, February 16, 1875, the son of Stephen Henry and Julia ( Faunce) Stack- ])ole, who were of English and Welsh an- •cestry. He attended Colgate .Academy and ■Colgate L'niversity at Flaniilton, N. Y., and then entered Harvard College, graduating in 1897. His legal studies were at the Har- vard Law School and were completed in 1900. He was admitted to the Bar the same year and immediatelv became associ- ated with the legal tirm of J. P.. & H. F.. \\'arner. which eventually assumed its pres- ent title of Warner, Warner & Stackpole, with offices at 84 State Street. Mr. Stack- ])nle is interested in several corporations, and he holds membership in the I'niou, 'Tennis and Racquet, and other clubs. HON. WILLI. \.\1 W. CLARKE Hon. William W. Clarke was born in (Iroton, Mass., March lu, 1870. He at- tended the iniblic schools previous to enter- HON. « U.LLVM W. CLAKKK ing Harvanl College and afterwards the Harvard Law School for two years. Mr. Clarke was admitted to the Bar in 1895. He has no associates and his practice was of a general character until about three years ago, when he took up corporation work and has since .specialized in that line of his pro- fession. In addition to his legal work Mr. Clarke is interested in several corporations. He is a director of the Bay State Pumj) Company, president of the Columbia Mutual F'ire Assurance Com])any of Boston and president of the American Oil Company of New England. He is interested in the de- velopment of oil fields at Jamestown, R. L, where wells are being drilled, a deposit of heavv paraffine oil having been discov- ered in that locality. In politics he is a Democrat and was a member of the Massa- chusetts House of Representatives in 1904 and of the State Senate in 1907. being a member of the E.xamining Committee of 442 THE BOOK OF BOSTON the Boston Public Library \\hile in the Senate. He was also a member of the special committee appointed by the House and Senate to consider relations between employers and employees. He was mar- ried February 7, 1907, to Alice Agnew Doyle. His offices are at 75 State Street. HON. CHARLES J. BROWN Hon. Charles J. Brown was l)(irn in Bos- ton June 29, 1874, and was educated at the pul)lic schi;ols and the Young ]\Ien's Chris- t i a n Association. Lie studied law in the office of Hon. Jdhn L. Bates and was admitted to the Bar in 1900. He has been in active practice since, with the exception of the }ears 1903-4, when he was sec- retar\- to < loverm ir Jjates. In 19 10 he was appointed to the East Boston District Court and is now senior jus- tice. He is a Re]niblican in politics, a mem- ber of the Knights of Columbus, the M. C. O. of F. and is a trustee of the Sumner Sav- ings Bank. His offices are in the Tremont Building and he resides in W'inthrop. J. ALFRED ANDERSON The obstacles that a foreign-born citizen of the United States encounters are man}-, and success along any line of endeavor is worthy of record — hence the story of J. Alfred Anderson's career. He was born in Uleaborg, Finland, December 16, 1880, and was educated in the public schools of Viborg, Finland, and at the Berkeley Preparatory School, after coming to the United States in 1895. While engaged in mercantile pur- suits, six years of which were spent as Land- ing Passenger Agent of the Cunard Steam- ship Co., he was, in 1907, admitted to the Boston LTniversity Law School. He also studied in the V. M. C. A. Law School. He began to practice law in Boston in Febru- ary, 1911, and in June of the same year HON. CHARLES J. BROWN J. ALFRED ANDERSON received the LL.B. degree from the law school. The following year he organized the legal firm of Anderson, Carney & Peter- son, with offices at 209 Washington Street, and has been very successful, specializing in Federal Court practice and being counsel in important cases in the New England States, New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Ohio. This achievement will seem more remarkable when it is known that Mr. Anderson could not speak a word of English a score of years ago. His adaptabilit)' is such, however, that during his connection with the Cunard Company, he overcame all linguistic difficul- ties and conducted business for that line in at least ten different languages. He attained legal prominence soon after admission to the Ijar by his activity in jjrosecuting acci- tlent cases. ^Ir. Anderson was one of the organizers of the Eastern Finnish Temperance League, which now has a large meml:)ership. He also organized a large number of Finnish workingmen's associations, and is a leader in all the Finm'sh activities in the Eastern States. TlIK BOOK OF BOSTON 443 HON. RICHARD S. TI^ELING Hon. Richard S. Teeliiii;', attnnicy-at-law, was Ixirn in Charlestown, l)ecenil)er 2(), 1878, and has always resided in tliat chs- IIOX. RICH.\RD S. TEELING trict. He was educated in the Bunker Hill Oramniar School, Boston Latin School and linstcm College, from which he was graduated in 189c) with the degree of A.B. He then attended the Boston University Law School from which he received the degrees of B.L. and J.M., upon his graduation in 1904. He at once began the practice of law after his admission to the ISar, and al- though (jue of the vounger memliers of the profession, Mr. Teeling has proven himself well alile to liandle cases that usually er of the Knights of Columbus, Bos- ton City Club, the Catholic L'nion and the Savin blill ^'acht Club. His offices are in the Treniciut iUiilding. JAMES M. GRAHAM 444 THE BOOK OF BOSTON FRANCIS M. CARROLL Francis M. Carroll, who, in addition to his large legal practice, has been active in many civic Ijcttcrment movements, was Ijorn at FRANCIS M. CARROLL Ware, Mass., March u, 1875. He was educated at the Boston University, olitain- ing the A.B. degree in 1897 and A.M. in 1899. He was admitted to the bar in 1903, and has since been actively engaged in prac- tice, being now a mem1)er of the tirm of Carroll, Flye & Nunn, with offices in the Newport Building, 68 Devonshire Street. Previous to taking up active practice, ]\Ir. Carroll taught school from 1897 until 1902 and was principal of the Ware High School. He was trustee of the Medfield State Asylum from 1907 until 1910. Mr. Car- roll is a member of the American Bar Asso- ciation, the Massachusetts State Bar Asso- ciation, the Boston Art Club, the Wollaston Golf Club, the Bostonian Society, the Beta Theta Pi Fraternity, and the National Cham- ber of Commerce, of which he is a member of the Committee on Fire Prevention. He is a Democrat in politics, and always takes part in the activities and counsels of that party. JOHN E. EATON JOHN E. EATON John E. Eaton, senior member of the firm of Eaton & McKnight, attorneys, 45 Milk Street, was born February 26, 1871, at Truro. N. S. He was educated at Acadia College, WOlfville, N. S., .•mtl after w a r d s graduated f r o m Harvard L'niver- sity in 1S93 and Harvard L a w School in 1896, ol)- taining the degrees (.t A.B. and LL.B. He was admitted to the Bar in 1895 one year before his graduation from the Law School, in 1896 he fnrnied a law partnership with luhvin T. McKnight under the style of Eaton S: ^McKnight, and the firm has re- mained unchanged since. Mr. Eaton is a director of the ( iuaranty Trust Co. of Cam- bridge, the Hyde Park Trust Co., and the Melrose Trust Co. His clubs are the Bostnn Cit\- and the Highland of West Roxbury, of which he is vice-president. Mr. Eaton was married March 20. 1897, to Anna M. Hathaway, and they have two children. Ruth Hathaway Eaton and John Edgar Iviton, Jr. h:i)WARD HUMPHREYS PALMER Edward H. Palmer, member of the law firm of Emery, Booth, Janney & \'arney of Boston and New York, was i)(jrn in Boston. Shortly after the death of his father, Ed- ward Dorr Griffin Palmer, who was a well know physician, he was educated in the schools and universities of France and Ger- manv. Upon his return to this country he graduated LL.B. from the Harvard Law School in 1894. He was admitted to the New York Bar and the Suffolk County Bar in 1895. and is also a memlier of the Federal Bar. The Sorbonne, Paris, France, con- ferred the S.B. degree upon him in 1890. THE I^OOK OK BOSTON' 445 After practicing- for some time aldue in Bos- ton, he was for six years one of the patent attorneys in the Patent Department of tlie United States Machinery Co. He became EDWARD H. PALMKR associate\v associated with him. He is engaged in general practice and is trustee and general counsel for the Em- ])loyers' Liabilitx' .Assurance Co., of Lon- don, b.ngland, counsel for several large cor- ])orations, member of the Council of the Bar .Association of the City of Boston, and of the I'.xecutive Committee of the .American Bar .Association, trustee of the Massachusetts General Hospital, the Society for Promot- ing Agriculture, treasurer of the Harvard Loan Fund, member of the Sinking Fund Commission of Newton, the A'isiting Com- mittee of the -Arnold .Arboretum and Bussey In.stitution, the ALassachusetts Charitable Society, the Harvard, Tavern and E.xchange Clubs of Boston, Harvard Club of New A'ork, and ]iresi(.lent of the Union C lulj of Boston. .Almost with the settling of Boston there were supplementar\- and inferior Courts, but f I ir many years there was no Bar. Not until 1701 were attorneys recognized as officers of the Court. In that year thev were required to take oath before being- allowed to pr.'ictice. 446 THE BOOK OF BOSTON ROBERT GARDNER McCLUNG Robert Gardner McClung was born in Knoxville, Tenn., July 3, 1868. His father, Franklin Henry McCIung, was a prominent ROBERT G. MCCLUNG merchant of the Southwest. Flis great- grandfather, Charles ]\lcClung, was a member of the Tennessee Constitutional Convention of 1796; and, as a member of the committee appointed for that purpose, drafted the first Constitution of Tennessee. One of his ancestors was James White, who was a captain of North Carolina Militia (1779-81 ), in the Revolution, and was the f:, under of Knoxville, Tennessee, in 1791. The lantl having been granted to him by the state of North Carolina, he settled upon the site of the future Kmixville in 1786; but it \\as five vears later that the land was sur- veyed, and sold in lots, and the name Knox- ville given to the town in honor of General Henry Knox, who was Secretary of War un- der President \\'ashington. In 1813, as briga- dier-general of East Tennessee Militia Vol- unteers, he accompanied General Jackson in the expedition against the Creek Indians. His mother was a daughter of Adam Lee Mills, of St. Louis, who, as a young man, fought under General William Henry Har- rison in the battle of Tippecanoe; was the first president of the Boatmen's Bank of St. Louis, the oldest Itank in Alissouri ; and is said to have established the first mail line west of the Mississippi River. Through his father's mother ( a daughter of Calvin Mor- gan, a merchant and landowner of Knox- ville, Tennessee ) he is descended f re mi James Morgan, who landed in Boston in 1636, and settled in Roxbury, Mass., but in 1649 removed to New London, Conn. From James Morgan were descended, also, Edwin D. Morgan, the Republican "War Gov- ernor" of New York; General John Hunt Morgan, the daring Confederate cavalry officer; and John Tyler Morgan, for thirty years L^nited States Senator from Alabama (T877-1907). From Miles Morgan, who. according to a historian of the Morgan family, was a brother of James Morgan, and who landed at Boston in 1636, and in the same year settled at Springfield, Mass., Junius Spencer Morgan, the London and New York banker, was descended. Also, through his father's mother, he is de- scended from John Emerson, the first Emerson graduated at Harvard College (1656), and the first minister of Gloucester, Mass. ; and from Samuel Symonds, Deputy Governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony (1673- 1 678), whose daughter Ruth married John Emerson. From John Emerson and from Deputy Governor Symonds were de- scended, also, Samuel Phillips, a founder of Phillips Academ}-, Andover, ]\Iass. ; John Phillips, founder of Phillips Exeter Acad- emy, Exeter, N. H. ; John Phillips, first mayor of the City of Boston ; W'endell Phillips ; and Phillips Brooks. From Joseph, a brother of John Emerson, Ralph Waldo Emerson was descended. A brother, Lee McClung, was treasurer of Yale L^niversity (1904-1909) and treasurer of the L'nited States (1909-19 12). The subject of this sketch is a graduate of Phillips Academy, Andover (1886), Yale College (1891), and the Harvard Law- School (T894). He was admitted to the TIIF. BOOK OF BOSTON' 447 Suffolk County Bar, Scpteinljer 12, 1893. For two Aears (1894-1896) he was in the office of Jolm D. Long and Alfred Hemen- wav. F"or several years his practice was general ; Init he now specializes in the law of propertv, and his work consists largely in drawing wills, trust indentures, and sim- ilar legal i)apcrs, and in settling estates. In politics he is an indoi)cndent Republican. In college he was a meniher of the Psi Upsilon Fraternity. He is a member of the Boston Bar Association ami of the i'niversity Club of Boston. His office is at 6 Beacon Street, and he resides at 24 Marlborough Street. Boston leads the nation for the excellence of her hotels and restaurants, when jirices are taken into consideration. FRFD H. CII.F Fred 11. tiile, attorney-at-law and inven- tor of the (iile Monocycle Engine, was born at Alfred, Maine, June 7. i860, the son of .\lbion Keith Gile, I \\ ho was a member I f the Maine Legis- lature and who [tilled, at different I times, nearly every office in the town of Alfreil and the |('ounly of York, land was also the pioneer grow er of I c ra n be r r i e s in Maine. .Mr, Gile was educated at Bow (loin C'ollege and the L'niversit\- of Michigan. He began his business career at Buffalo, X. ^'., in 1882 and is now engaged in the practice of law at 6 iieacon Street. Fie is president of the C.ile Engine Cori)oration and Chair- man of the Board of Directors of the (iile ^Monocycle Engine ( o., :i subsidiar\' con- cern. He is a luember of the I'si \J Fra- ternity. Air. (iile was man-ied August 8, i88r, to F'annie M. Lincoln, of Brunswick, Me. He has three sons and two daughters. I'.DWIX UTIS CIllLDS l'".dwin ( ). Childs, attorney-at-law, was born in Xewton .Vugust 10, 1876. He re- ceived the A.B. degree upon graduating from Harvard in 1890) and olitained the LL.B. degree in i9(.)i from the Bos- ton L'niversit\' Law School. He is a Republican anc served as Mayor of Newton, Mass., in 1914-15 and has been reelected for '16 and '17. Mr. Childs' practice is general in charac- ter and he main- tains a Boston office at 405 Sears Build- edvmn o. child-, ing. He is a mem- ber of the Middlesex Club, the Harvard Clul). the Nonantum Athletic Association, the Pi Eta Society and the Epsilon Pi F^'ra- ternit\-. Mr. Childs is also a member of the Elks, the Betsy Ross, N. E. O. P., the Ancient Order of United Workmen, the Heptasophs, Knights of Pythias, and is a Mason of high standing, lielonging to Blue Lodge, Cha])ter, Council, Conimantlery and the Scottish Rite bodies. GEORGE A. SALTMARSH George A. Saltmarsh, attorney-at-law, comes of fine old English ancestry. His first American ancestor was Thomas Salt- marsh, a captain in the Ro\al Navy, who settled in Charlestown, Mass., early in the eighteenth centur)-. Mr. Saltmarsh is the eklest son of (iilman and Harriet Emeline (Robertson) Saltmarsh, and was born in Bow, N. H., October j8, 1858. He at- tended the ])ulilic schools of Bow and Con- cord, the seminar}- at Tilton. and took two rears' ])rivate instruction under the late Amos Hadley, Ph.D. Mr. Saltmarsh then entered Dartmouth College, from which he graduated with honors in 1884, recei\'ing the 448 THE BOOK OF BOSTON degree oi A.B. In 1885 he entereil the Boston University Law School and grad- uated in 1887 with the degree of B.L. Short!}' after graduation lie was achnitted to GEORGE A. SM.T.MARSH the Suffolk Bar, and in 1906 to the New Hampshire Bar. Soon after his admission to the Bar, Mr. Saltmarsh opened an office in Boston, since which time he has practiced his profession with great success. For ten years Mr. Saltmarsh was associated with Sherman L. Whipple, the eminent lawyer, but he now practices his profession alone. Since 1900 Mr. Saltmarsh has resided in Winchester, with a summer home near Con- cord, where his family spend several months of the year. Mr. Saltmarsh is an attendant of the Con- gregational Church. He is a member of the Palestine Lodge of Everett, Royal Arch Chapter Commandery, Knights Templar and of the Massachusetts Consistory of Boston, in which he has attained the thirty-second degree. Mr. Saltmarsh married in 1890, in Ever- ett, Mass., Miss N. Gertrude Soulee, daugh- ter of David A. and Lucy M. (Rogers) Soulee of Everett. Five children have been born, Sherman Whipple, George .\l)bott, Jr., Lucy Marguerite, and Roger Walcott, and Harriet Gertrude, who died young. ROBERT H. O. SCHULZ Rol)ert H. O. Schulz, memljer of the Norfolk County Bar, was Ijorn in Boston, April 7, 1866, and was educated in the pub- lic schools. He read law in the office of W. E. L. Dillaway in Boston and w ith Charles A. Mackin- tosh of Dedham, also ob t a i n i n g a course of study at the Boston Univer- sity Law School. He was admitted ti > the Bar in 1888 and started to prac- tice law in Ded- ham, suljsequently removing to Bos- ton. His offices are '^^""'^ "• °- ^'^"'"-^ in the Tremont Building. Mr. Schulz is a Repuljlican and was for nine years Assistant District Attorney of the southeastern dis- trict. He has also served as Town Moder- ator of Dedham. Mr. Schulz has worked alone during the greater part of his legal career and his practice is of a general char- acter. He is a director of the W. F. Schrafft & Sons Corporation, and in 1893 was married to Louise N. Schrafft, a daugh- ter of the founder of the company. They have two sons and one daughter. JAMES R. MURPHY James R. Murphy, member of the Suffolk Bar, was born at Boston, July 29, 1S53, the son of James and Catherine Murphy. He was graduated from Georgetown Univer- sity, A.B., in 1872. Loyola College, A.M., in 1873, and Boston University, LL.B., in 1876. For three years he acted as in- structor in Latin at Loyola College, Balti- more, and Seton Hall, New Jersey, at the THE BOOK OF BOSTON 449 same time taking up the private study uf law. In 1873 he entered the ottiees of Judge J. (i. .\l)hott and Benjamin Dean in F)()ston. and was aihuitted to the bar at the JAMES R. MURPHY close of the same vear. lie liegan jjractice alone, along general lines, his clientele in- eluding many well known building con- tractors. He has been counsel in many im- portant cases, among which were the Fru murder case, the Florence Street murder case, and the first important suit instituted under the new Employers' Liability Act. In politics he is a Democrat, although he has never sought preferment along those lines. He is a member of the Catholic church, and took an active part in the organization of the Young Men's Catholic Associations and the Catholic Alumni Association. He holds membership in the Catholic Union and the Royal .Arcanum. Mr. Murphy was mar- ried in Maryland, November 22. 1881, to Mary Randall, and they have two daughters. His otitices are in the new Niles I'.uildinp-, and he resides at the Hotel Buckminster. In 1830 the boot and shoe industrv was acknowledged as a leading one in Boston. ( 11ARLF:S EDWIN STRATTUN Charles E. Stratton was born in Boston November 17, 1846, and educated at a pri- vate school, at the (juinc\' (Iranimar and B o s t o n Latin Schools. He gradu- ated from Harvanl in 1866, and after- wards entering the 1 1 a r \- a r d L a w School received tlu- degree of LL.l'.. in 1868. He was ad- mitted to the Bar in 1869 and at once took up the general ])ractice of his pro- fession, ,-uid in ad- (liti( m h a n d 1 i n g numerous trust eSflteS l-lIAKI.hN I.IJWIN STKATTON Mr. Stratton was one of the organizers of the ^ oung Mens Democratic Club of Massachusetts, serving as its ])resident from i8()3 until 1896. He was for many years a member of the Board of Park Commis- sioners of the Citv of ISoston and served as chairman thereof for twelve }ears, 1896- 1 908. CHARLES E. HELLIER C'harles E. Ilellier, lawyer, who has many corporate interests in addition to his large law practice, was born in Bangor, Maine. July 8, 1864, the son of Walter Schermer- horn and F.unice Blanchard ( Bixb)- ) Hellier. On the ])aternal side he is descended from John Hellier, who came to Bangor from Devonshire, luigland, in 1824. The mater- nal ancestors were Puritans, who came to New England in 1630, 1637 and i')44. Mr. Hellier received his preliminary education at the Bangor High School, graduated from A'ale in 1886, and after a semester course at the University of Berlin, entered the Boston L^niversity Law School, from which he graduated LL.B. in 1890, completing his legal studies in the ofifice of Robert M. Morse. Shortly alter his admission to the bar he became interested in the development of railroads ;ind coal fields in Kentuckv. He 450 THE BOOK OF BOSTON is president of the Dig Sandy Co., which owns one hundred and thirty-three thousand acres in the Elkhorn coal fields of Pike County, Kentucky ; president of the Elkhorn Coal & CHARLES E. HELLIEK Coke Co.; a director of the Mitchell Coke Co.. and the Allegheny Coke Co. He is also interested in many industrial and commer- cial companies. :\Ir. Hellier served as a member of the Citizens' Examining Com- mittee, Boston Public Library, and is at present a member of the American Academy of Political and Social Science; the Massa- chusetts Horticultural Society, the Massa- chusetts Society of Natural History, Uni- versit\' Clulj of I5oston, University Club of New York, and the Graduates Club of New Haven. Mr. Hellier was married, July 8, 1886, to Mary L. Harmon of New Haven, Conn. His offices are in the Equitable Building, and he has residences at 105 Beacon Street and Marion, Massachusetts. In New England, during Colonial days, the practice of law was not given a very high place among the pursuits of men. LOUIS C. SMITH Louis C. Smith, of the legal firm of Heard, Smith & Tennant, was born at Mid- dlefield, Mass., March 3, 1870. He was educated at the Worcester (Mass.) Polytechnic Insti- tute, ranking third I in his class, and | being one of six who received prizes for scholarship. He spent seven years as examiner in the patent office at Washington, dur- ing which time he studied law at the | National University Law School, from ' which he received louis c. smith the degree of LL.B. in 1895 and LL.M. in 1896. He took a special course in patent law at the Law School of George Wash- ington University, receiving the M.P.L. de- gree in 1897. With this th(_irough equip- ment he came to Boston and formed his present connection. LAWRENCE A. FORD Lawrence A. Ford, lawyer, was born in Newton, Mass., September 21, 1874, the son of William Henry and Bertha (Mahan) Ford. His classical education was ob- tain e d at Holy Cross College, from w h i c h he graduated A.B. in 1895. Harvard Law School con- ferred the LL.B. degree upon him in 1898, and after ad- mission to the Suf- folk Bar he began practice in the of- fice of G a s t o n. Snow & Saltonstall. and was admitted lawrence a. ford THE BOOK OF BOSTON 451 to partnership in the linn in 191 2. Mr. Ford is a Democrat in poHtics and is a mem- ber of the American I5ar Association, the Bar Association <>{ the City of Boston, the Essex County Bar Association, Elks, Knights of Columbus, and the Harvard Club of Boston. His offices are at ^^ Con- srress Street and he resides at Beverlv. Mass. FREDERICK ADAMS TENNANT l'>ederick A. Tennant, of the firm of Heard, Smith & Tennant, patent attorneys, was born in Riplex', Chautauqua Count\-, N. v.. May 18, 1 87 1. He is a graduate of Cornell University and of the National Law School and George Washing- ton Universitv of Washington. D. C. He became an as- sistant examiner in the L'nited States I'atent Office, Au- gust 18, 1895, and was Assistant Com- missioner of Pat- ents from 1909 un- til June 15, 1913. Mr. Tennant was furmerh' a member of the Faculty of the Natii;nal University Law School. Although born in New York State he is of old New I'.ngiand ancestrv. descend- ing from the Ailams family, nf which Presidents John Adams and John Uuinc}- Adams were members. His clubs are the Boston Cit\- :uiil the University, of \\'ashington, D. C. His cffices are in the ( )ld South Building. BERNICE J. NOYES liernice J. No}-es, [latent solicitor, was l)orn in .\])ington, February 23, 1863, the son of Henry and Mary Ellen (Faxon) Noyes. He is the ciglith in descent from the originator of the .\merican branch of the fann'lv, whu settleii in Newburxpurt in 1631. }ilr. Noyes' immediate pri igcnitors FREDERICK A. TENNANT have always resided in Abington, his grantl- father, great-grandfather and great-great- grandfather, all surnamed Daniel, having been residents of that town. Mr. Noyes was educated in the ])ublic schools and by private teachers, and at the age of seven- teen vears he entered the office of a patent soliciting iirm. Two years later he was ajipearing in cases before the Patent Of- fice, and luning learned every detail of the work began business for himself in 1802. The thoroughness of his work soon bn night him a large clientele and he nnw conducts patent catises for some of the larg- est corporations in the State. Mr. Noyes is a menilier of the firm of Noyes & Harri- man, with offices at 40 Court Street, his partner being a member of the P>ar, who looks after the legal end (if the business. He is a member of the City Club and the Boston Society of Electrical Engineers. His residence is in West Roxbury. MARSLLALL PUTNAM THOMPSON Marshall P. Thoiups(jn, lawyer, was l)orn January 24, 1869, in Lawrence, ALass. He received the A.B. degree from Dart- mouth College in 1892 and he grad- uated from Har- vard Law School in 1897 with the degree of LL.P).. jiracticing in Bus- ton since. Mr. T h o m p s o n has been connected with m a n \' important cases relative to corjiorative man- agement and or- ganization, h a s acted frequently as Receiver, Auditor, ^'a'^shai... p. tho.mpson IMaster and Arl>itrator. He has delivered luimerous public addresses and was lecturer on Private Liternational Law at the Amos Tuck .Schoiil of Dartmouth College in 1901-2 and is a menilier of the Massachu- 452 THE BOOK OF BOSTON setts Bar Association, Delta Kappa Epsilon Fraternity, Harvard Cluli, Sons of the Revo- lution, Sons of the American Revolution, Society of the War of 1812, Loyal Legion, Society of American Wars, Reserve Corps 7th Co., Coast Artillery M. V. M., Bos- tonian Society and the Dartmouth and Re- publican Clul)S. His offices are at 15 State Street. CHARLES AIANDE\-1LLE LUDDEN Charles M. Luclden, lawyer, was born in Dixfield, Maine, November 3, 1863. He graduated from Tufts College with the de- gree of A. B. in 1886 and from Har- \ard L^niversit}-, Law School in the class of 1889 with the A.M. and LL.B. degrees. He w as admitted to the Bar in 1889, and has since practiced in Boston, making a specialt}' of cor- poration law. Mr. Ludden comes of English ancestry, the American CHARLES M. LUDDEN Jjrauch of thc fam- ily being established at Braintree in 1687. One of his uncles, Luther H. Ludden, was a prominent lawyer of Oxford County, Maine, and another, Mandeville Ludden, also a lawyer, was mayor of Lewiston, Maine. His brother Forest E. Ludden is a lawyer of Auburn, Maine, and his brother William E. Ludden is a lawyer with offices in Boston. Mr. Ludden is a member of the L^nitarian Church and is a Republican. He was City Solicitor of Waltham 1890-97, and President of the City Council of Aledford 1906-7. His offices are in the Congress Building, Boston. Boston was a pioneer in the development of electricity as a motive and lighting power and her capitalists have millions employed in street railways and lighting plants about the countrv. HARRY E. PERKINS HARRY E. PERKINS Harry E. Perkins, attorney-at-law, with offices at 43 Tremont Street, is a native of Georgetown, where he was born December 8, 1873. After a_ preliminary educa tion in the puljlic- schools and at Dummer Academ\ . he entered Bostim Lniversity, from Mhich he graduated C. L. A. in i8()5. He then took up the study of law at I Harvard Law Sch(.)(il, and receiv- ing his degree inj 1898 was admitled] to the Bar and be- gan practice in the office of Hiram P. Harriman. Mr. Perkins is treasurer of the Board of Trustees of the Carleton Home, Georgetown, and is a member of the Beta Theta Pi Fraternity. He is a Re])ublican in politics and resides at 58 East Main Street, Georgetown. ARTHUR J. WELLINGTON Arthur J. Wellington, of the legal firm of Wellington & Page, was born in Arling- ton, julv 21, 1 87 1. He graduated magna cum laude from Harvard in 18941 and received his law degree from I the Harvard Law School in 1896. Upon admission t ) the Bar in 1897 he began practice in the office of Nason & Proctor and in I 1900 organized the | present firm. Mr. Wellingtim is a Repuljlican and I was a member of the Legislature in arthur j. Wellington THE BOOK OP^ BOSTON" 45,? 1905-6. He is a trustee and CDUiisel fi>r the Arlington Five Cents Saving Bank antl has heen trustee of the Robbins Library of ArHngton for twelve years. He is a mem- ber of the Harvard Club, Boston City Club, Massachusetts Reform Cluli, of which he is secretary and treasurer, the Conveyancers A.ssociation and the Boston and Middlesex l^)ar .Associations. THOMAS HUNT Thomas Hunt, of tlie firm of Castim, Snow & Saltonstall, was Ixirn in New Or- leans, La.. Se]nenil>er 8, 1866, the son of (arlctiin llunt, a lawyer, Aleml)cr of Congress and 1 )can of Law Fac- iill\ (if the L'niver- sit\' of Louisiana. His grandfather. Thomas Hunt, was an eminent surgeon and 1 'resident of the L'niversity of Louisiana. Mr. 1 hint prepared f 1 >r college at Phillips ( Exeter) Academy and graduate tl from Harvard Col- lege in 1887. He grailuated from the Harvard Law School in 1890 and began practice in the office of Robert M. Morse. He was for seven years associated with the late Solomon Lincoln. Mr. Hunt now devotes himself exclusivelx' to trying and arguing cases. He has general charge of the litigation of his firm and has often appeared for the Boston & Maine Railroad, the Boston Elevated Railway Co., the National Shawmut Bank and the Boston Consolidated Gas Co. He tried and won the Rantoul divorce case. He argued, ftir the Boston Elevated Railway Co., the case involving the constitutional cjuestion of its right to occupy land under the Boston Com- mon for a subway station. Mr. Hunt is a director of the East Boston Gas Light Co. THOM.HS Hl'NT and the Elkhorn lHal and Coke Co. His clubs are the L'nion and ILarvard of Bos- ton, and the University of New York. He resides at 44 Mount X'ernon Street and in summer at S\\am|)scott. GILBERT A. A. PE\'EY Gilliert .\. A. iV-\ey, attorne\-at-law, was born in Lowell, Mass., August 22, 1851, and was educated at the Lowell High School and Harvard Col- lege. He studied law in the office of Sweetser & Gard- ner, and was ad- mitted to the Bar in 1876. Lie was as- sistant counsel fi^r the Boston & Maine R. R. under Col. John H. (leorgf, was master in the famous Russcl! will contest case, was City Solic- itor of Cambridge for seventeen \ears. and assistant district attorney of Middlesex County for three xears. He is a member of the Cambridge and Colonial Clu1)s of Cambridge, the Masons, Odd Fellows, Bap- tist Social L'nion, Trade Association of Cambridge and member nf the council and chairman of the committee on Grievances of the Middlesex Bar Association. His offices are in the I'emberton Building, Boston. MARCELLUS COGGAN Marcellus Coggan, senior member of the legal firm of Coggan, Coggan & Dillaway, who is one of the oldest lawyers at the Suffolk Bar, was born in P.ristol, Maine, September 7, 1847. He was educated at the Lincoln Academy, New Castle, Me., and Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Me. After graduation he was a teacher at Nichols Academy, Dudley, Alass., for seven years and was principal at Dudle\- .\cademy from GILBERT A. 454 THE BOOK OF BOSTON 1872 until 187Q. lie read law in the office of Child & Powers, Boston, and was admit- ted to the bar in 1881, remaining with his preceptors until 1886, when he formed a partnership with the late Judge Schofield, under the firm name of Coggan & Schofield, which continued until 1896. Mr. Coggan then practiced alone until 1900, when his son, M. Sumner Coggan, became his part- ner. In March, 1910, Linus C. Coggan, another son, was admitted to the firm, and in i(>i2, George L. Dillaway became an asso- ciate and the firm assumed its jjresent title. Mr. Coggan's practice is of a general char- acter and included in it is consitleral)le cor- poration work. He was mayor of Maiden in 1886 and 1887, and was chairman of the Maiden School Board for two years. He is a member of the Masonic Fraternity, the Odd Fellows and the Knights of Pythias. Mr. Coggan was married November 26, 1872, to Leulla B. Robbins, and in addition to the two sons who are associated with him in jiractice, has one daughter — Florence B. Coggan. His offices are in the Tremont Building and he resides in Winchester. GEORGE LEWIS WILSON George L. Wilson was born on June 16, 1870, on the edge of the Miramichi Timber Portage, in Fredericksburg. York Count}-, New Brunswick, Canada, the son of George and Mary (Bird) Wilson. He graduated from the University of New Brunswick with the A.B. degree in 1888, afterwards studying law and beginning practice in Fredericton in 1892. Following a visit to the Canadian West, he came to Boston, February ist, 1897, and was immediately admitted to practice on motion before the Supreme Judicial Court. He established his present offices in the fall of 1913. Mr. Wilson is a meml)er of the American Bar Association, Bar Association of the City of Boston, the Masonic Fraternity and the Wollaston Golf, Boston City, and the Belmont Springs Country Clubs. He was married October 2, 1900, to Adeline Eunice Durham of Belmont, Mass., who died Au- gust II, 1901, leaving no issue. He was married the second time October 28, 1903, to Margaret Elinor Henderson of Arling- GEORGE L. WILSON ton, Mass., and has three children. George Lewis, Jr., aged 10; Mary Elinor, aged 8, and William Malcolm, aged 4. He resides in Belmont, Mass., and has his offices at 15 State Street, Boston. IMr. Wilson's practice, while general in character, is mainly confined to corporation and probate matters, in which, as in trial work, he has been successful. The last decade has shuwn a steady growth of the industries of Boston, and the present outlook in business circles is very bright. This condition of affairs has been brought about, in a very large measure, by the present tendency of Bostonians to in- vest their mone\- in home industries. It can no longer be said that Boston money is con- stantly going to different sections of the United States to build up various enter- prises, to the detriment of our local progress. THR HOOK OF BOSTON' 455 EDWARD M. MOORI. EDWARD M. .MOORE F.dward M. Moore, nicnilicT of llie lecal o finn nf Russell, Moore & Russell, was bom in Lawrence, Mass., November 23, 1870. lie was educated at the Boston Latin School and ILirvard L'ni- versit}', receiving the degrees of A.B. ni 189J and LL.B. in 1895. .Vfter ad- mission to the Bar lie became asso- ciated \vith Russell & Russell as junior clerk and was ad- mitted to partner- ship in 1903. Mr. .Moore is a Repub- lican in politics, is a member of the llarvanl Cluli of Boston, director of the Asbestos Protected Metal Co., and John Roberts & Son I'ajier Co. His cf^ces are at 2^ State Street and his residence, 60 Pembroke Street, Newton. THOMAS HASTINGS RUSSELL Thomas H. Russell, lawyer, was l)orn August 31, 1874, in Newton, Mass., the son of Charles F. and Mary S. ( Ba.xter ) Rus- sell. Fie is de- scended friim John H o w 1 a n d , who came over in the ■' Mayflower." and Capt. Samuel Has- tings of the Revo- 1 u t i o n a r y army. ^Ir. Russell's pre- l)aratory education was received at the 1! o s t o n L a t i n Sciiool and his clas- sical course at Har- vard, which gradu- ated him X.W. in the Class of i8(/). His legal studies were at the Boston L'ni- versity School of Law, from which institu- tiiin he received the LL.l'.. degree in i8<;i;. .Mr. Russell is a member of the legal firm of Russell, Moore & Russell, with offices at -'7 State Street. He holds memltership in the Bar Association of the City of Boston, the Masonic Fraternity, the Princeton Golf, and Boston City Clubs, the Board of Direc- tors of the Boston Young Men's Christian Association, is treasurer of the Central Con- gregational Church, trustee of the Brazer Building, and trustee cjf the Northeastern College. ARTHUR II. RL'SSELL Arthur 11. Russell of the legal firm of Russell, Aloore & Russell began his career as a partner in the firm of C. T. & T. H. Russell, organized in 1845 with office, at 27 State Street and f (J r o \- e r | sevent}' xears con- ducted by members | of the same familw Mr. Russell was | l)orn in Ijoston. De- cember I. 1 85V. and was educated at the Boston Latin School, Amherst College and the | Law School of the University of Bos- ^^„ TT„ • , ARTHUR II. RUSSELL ton. JHe IS counsel for many large commercial interests and has acted for the Canadian Government in certain international questions. Mr. Rus- sell is a son of Thomiis 11. Russell, who, at the time of his death in 1911, was Nestor of the Boston Bar. and is descended from William Russell, who settled in W'atertown in 1645 '"itl Colonel Sanuiel Hastings of Revolutionary fame. Air. Russell is a mem- ber of the Boston City. Calumet and Mon- day Clubs of ^\'inchester and an original member of the Universitv Clul) of Boston. THOMAS H. Rl'SSELL Al.iy I. 1822, Boston was incorporated. |ohn Phillips, father of Wendell Phillips, was the first mayor. 456 THE BOOK OF BOSTON- WALTER ALEXANDER LADD Walter A. Ladd, attorney-at-la\v, was horn in Charlestown, Mass., April lo, 1872. lie is a great-great-great-grandson of the WALTER A. LADD famous Paul Revere and also great-great- great-grandson of Captain Isaac Baldwin, a memher of Colijnel Stark's regiment who was killed at the hattle of Bunker Hill. Mr. Ladd was educated in the puhlic schools of Boston and then entered the Boston Uni- versity Law School, graduating in the class of 1897. He was admitted to the Suffolk bar, August 3, 1897, the United States Cir- cuit Court, January 24, 1899, and the United States Supreme Court, ]VIay 2, 1910. Mr. Ladd's practice is a general one, and despite his activity he has found time to write and edit \'olume II, Index Digest of Massachusetts. He is president of the New England Auto Service Company, and he is also a member of the Massachusetts Bar Association, Somerville Bar Association, Boston L'niversity Law School Association, Faith Lodge A. F. & A. M.. St. Paul's Royal Arch Chapter, Orient Council, R. & S. M., Cceur de Lion Commandery, Knight Tem- plars, Sons of the American Revolution and the Bunker Hill Monument Association. Mr. Ladd's offices are in the Old South Building, and he resides in Somerville. In appearance, in customs and in manners, Boston has changed marvelously during the past half century ; and a great, far-reaching, imposing modern city has taken the place of the bustling, quaint, picturesque town of a hundred years ago. HON. JAMES HENRY \AHEV Hon. James H. \'ahey, senior meml>er of the legal firm of Vahey & Casson, was born in Watertown, Mass., December 29, i87r. His education was received in the \\'aterto\\ n public and high schools and the B o s t o n | L'niversity L a w School, from which I he graduated cum | 1 a u d e with the | LL.B. degree in | 1892. After ad- mission to the Bar I he l)egan jiractice fur himself in 1893 and has since that time tried man}- no- table cases, several of which were capital. Mr. Vahey has been a member and chairman of the School Com- mittee and member and chairman of the Board of Selectmen of Watertown, was a delegate to the Democratic National Con- vention, 1904; a member of the Massachu- setts Senate, First Middlesex District, in 1907-8, and the Democratic cancUdate for Governor in 1908-9. He is a member of the American Bar Association, Massachusetts Bar Association, Boston Bar Association, Middlesex Bar Association, Social Law Li- brary, Boston Citv Club, Knights of Colum- bus, A. O. U. W.', A. O. H., and the Chari- table Irish Society. His offices are at 18 Tremont Street. HON. JAMES H. VAHEY THE IU)()K OF BOSTON 457 WALTER HERBERT FOSTER \\'alter II. Foster, o been admitted [to all the U. S. Courts, including the Supreme Court. Air. Blanchard was inarried April 21, 1884, to Mary A. iSkally of Boston. The\' have three JOHN H. BL.ANCHAKI) childreu, Hugh C, who is associated with his father in the firm of Blanchard & Blanchard, William H. and Marguerite E. Blanchard. Mr. Blanchard is a member of the Knights of Pythias, the Elks and the Wellington Cluli. His offices are in the Pemberton Building. WILLIAM REED BIGELOW William R. Bigelow of the legal firm of Moulton, Loring & Bigelow, was born at Natick, Mass., February 10, 1867, receiv- ing his preparatory education in the public schools and graduating fro m Harvard College, cum laude, in 1889. Harvard Law- School conferred the LL.B. degree upon him in 1892, and being admitted to the Bar the same year he began prac- tice in the office of Strout & Coolidge, afterwards practic- ing alone until he formed his present connection. Air. Bige- low has conducted many important cases in corporation work. He was admitted to practice in the Supreme Court of the United States, December 20, 1899. He is descended from John Bigelow, an early settler of Watertown, whose marriage to Mary ^\'arren was the first recorded there. His offices are in the Old South Building. WILI,I.\.\1 R. BIGELOW Boston is the world's greatest leather market, outranking in the value and extent of its trade in this staple all other cities. One of the great aids in estalilishing Boston as a leather market was the fact that fish oil for the dressing of the hides was very plenti- ful and easily obtained. ALPHONSO ADELBERT W\'MAN .\l])hons(i A. Wxnian, lawyer, was born in West Acton, Mass., January 29, 1862. the son of Oliver C. and Caroline ( Chand- ler) Wynian. He was educated at Phillips Exeter Academy and Har- vard College, ob- taining the A.r>. degree upon grad- uation in 1883. After studying law and admission to the Bar, he began practice in Boston in 1885 and has been active in the various branches of his profession since that time, giving especial attention to corporation matters. He is a Republican in politics and was an Alderman in Somerville, where he still re- sides, in 1908. 1909 and 1910. He is a direc- tor of the E. L. Patch Co., manufacturing chemists. Air. \\'\nian was married in 1886 to Laura Aldrich, of West Acton. His offices are in the Old South Building. ALPHONSO A. WVMAN THK BOOK OF BOSTOX 401 \\II.I!l'R ]IO\VARD roWKRS \\ illmr 1 Inward Towers is desceiuled from the Poers who figuretl in luiglish his- tory. The name LePoer was anghcized by William the Cnn(|ueror, and the American WILBUR H. POWERS Iiranch was established by Walter Power, who came from Essex, England, and landed at Salem, Mass., in 1634, and settled in what is now the town of Littleton, Mass. The sons of Walter Power added the "s"' to the name. Ekler John White was Mr. Powers' first ancestor in this conntry on his mother's side. He helped to found Cam- liridge, and was elected on its first Board of Selectmen in 1634 and 1635. Later he moved to Hartford, Conn., was one of the founders of that town and a recognized leader in civic affairs. Li 1659 he removed to Hadley, Mass., and was one of the founders of that town and served as repre- sentative in the ( ieneral Court of Massa- chusetts. Captain Joseph Ta\lor, Mr. Powers' maternal great-grandfather, was in all the Indian and Colonial wars, and in the War of the Revolution was aide-de-camp to General Stark. I'lzekiel Powers, Mr. ^\'ilbur Powers' great-grandfather, was one of the first settlers of Croydon. X. IL, w;is its largest landow'ner and wealthiest man, and was a magistrate of the town under King George HL ^lajor Abijah Powers, Mr. Powers' grandfather, was a luember of the Poard of Selectmen of Croydon, X. H., for many years, represented the town in the State Legislature three times, and served in the War of 181 2 as Captain and Major. I-'dias I'owers, father of Wilbur Powers, was a farmer ami land surveyor, born May i, 1S08, and died January 29, 1891. He was a Count}' Comiuissioner and Justice of the Peace and of the Quorum. \\'ilbur Howard Powers was born Janu- ary _>2, 1849, in Croydon, X. H. His early life \vas S])ent on a farm, but being aml)i- tious to (jbtain an education he graduated from Kimball L'nion Academy, Meriden, X. H. Relying wholly upon his own eliforts for a collegiate course, he found a friend in Ruel Durkee, — the Jethro Bass of Winston Churchill's novel, "Coniston" — who agreed to finance him to the extent of sixteen hun- dred tlollars, but Mr. Powers was obliged to borrow only si.K hundred and seventv dol- lars from his benefactor, for he earned the rest of his college expenses by his own ef- forts. He received the tlegree of A.B. from Dartmouth College in 1875; A.M. in 1880, and LL.B. from the Boston L^niversitv School of Law in 1878. In 1879 — January 22 — he began the practice of law at 13 Pem- berton Sipiare, Boston. From that time on his life has l)een filled with man_\- and grow- ing activities in various lines of service, ])rofessional, political, social and educational. He has been counsel for several towns and railroads, and is executor antl trustee of several very large estates. He represented Hyde Park in the Legislature three succes- sive years, 1890-1892; was a member of the Republican State Committee, 1893-1894, and was a presidential elector, casting his vote for AIcKinley in 1897, and filled luanv official positions in Hyde Park. Wliile a member of the Legislature he had charge of many important measures, and his conspicu- ous service made him the acknowledged 462 THE BOOK OP' BOSTON floor leader on the Repuljlican side of the House in the latter part of his legislative experience. He has been an active member of the United Order ui the Golden Cross, National Fraternal Congress of America, Roval Arcanum, Delta Kappa Epsilon. Masons, Society of Sons and Daughters of American Revolution, Boston City Club, Colonial Club of Cambridge, Waverly Club of Hyde Park, of which he was president for manv vears. Point Independence Yacht Club, Dartmouth Alumni Association, Alunuii Association Boston University School of Law, and president of the Asso- ciation, 1 905- 1 906; Kimball Union Acad- emv Alumni Association, also president; the Republican Club of Massachusetts, and president National Fraternal Congress of America in 19 13. ]\Iay I, 1880, he was married to Emily Owen, and they had two children, Walter Powers, who is a lawyer, and Myra Powers, who died March 4, 1916. His first wife died in 19 12, and on May 17, 19 14, he mar- ried Lottie I. KoehJer, nee Mills, and now resides in Brooklint , IVIass. ALFRED LITTLE WEST Alfred Little West, attorney, who is a member of the legal firm of Tinkham, Chit- tenden & West, with oftices at 27 State Street, was born January 29, 1874. He was educated in the public schools and the Boston Latin School, graduating in 1893 and l)ecoming engaged in mercantile pursuits the following year. He subse- quentlv studied law and was admitted to practice in 191 1. Mr. \\'est"s maternal ancestors were of old New England stock, four male mem- bers being officers in the Revolutionary War. He is a Republican in politics, and holds membership in the Central Club of Somer- ville, the Knights of Pythias, Elks and the Masonic Fraternitv. CLARENCE W. ROWLEY CLARENCE W. ROWLEY Clarence W. Rowley, who is a prominent member of the Boston Bar, was born May 19, 187 1, at Edgartown, Martha's Vine- \ard. He studied law in the oiSce of \\\ B. Gale, teach- ing night school in 1890-91 while pur- suing his studies. He was admitted to | the Bar February 10, 1893, after- 1 wards passing the examinations that permitted him to j)ractice at the Bar of the United States District and Circuit Courts, the United States Court of Ajipeals and the L^nited States Supreme Court. His offices are in the Old South Building. WILLIAM GOODWIN RENWICK William Goodwin Renwick, attorney, was born of American parents in Berlin, Ger- manv, January 10, 1886. He was educated at the Pomona Col- lege in California and Harvard Law School, received the A.B. degree from the college in 1907, and the LL.B. from the Law School in 191 1. He began practice alone in 19 1 2, along general lines. He is coun- sel for the Massa- c h u s e 1 1 s State Automobile Asso- ciation and is the legal representative wiluam >.. .ar in 1884. Air. Searle makes a s|)ecialty of customs and revenue practice, and his lirni h;is the largest business in this line in New iuigland. He is a Rei)ublican in politics and holds memliershi]) in the lirookline Countr\- L'hib, .\lg. from PI a r van! Law School in i8<;3. I Ic was admitted to the Bar and began practice in New- York City the same y e a r. Returning to Massachusetts he was made Second Assistant Attorne\- General of the State in 1894, and Assistant Attornex General in 1898. He resigned in 1903 to take up pri- vate practice, and l)ecame a member of the firm of Knowlton, Hallowell & Hammond. Upon the death of Mr. Knowlton in 1902, the firm became Hallowell & Hammond, and since 191 1 has been Mayberry, Hallowell & Hammond. Lie was City Solicitor for Med- ford, Mass., 1902-6. He is a member of the American, Massachu.setts and Boston Bar AssociatitMis and the L'nion and Coun- try Clubs, llis ofifices are at 20 Pem1)erton Square. IAMi:S M. HALI.OWKl.L 468 THE BOOK OF BOSTON HON. ELMER L. CURTISS HON. ELMER L. CURTISS Hon. E. L. Curtiss. of the legal firm of French & Curtis.s, was horn in Der1)v, Conn., June II, 1861, and was educated in the puh- lie schools and the Bridgewater Nor- mal School. He graduated in 1884, lauglit school for light years and filled the position of Superintendent of Schools for six >-ears. He tutored liiniself in law'and was admitted to the liar in 1898. Mr. ( "urtiss was elected ti) tlie Massachu- setts Legislature in 1908 and was a member of the Committee on Metropolitan Affairs which framed the Boston Charter. He has been a Civil Service Commissioner since 1909 and is a member of the Masonic Fraternity, the Odd Fellows and the Wom- pateeck Club of Hingham, of which he was president for two years. His offices are at 89 State Street. ARTHUR BLACK Arthur Black, attorney-at-Iaw, was born in Troy, N. Y., December 3, 1880. After a preparatory education he entered Harvard College for the classical course and .gradu- ated with the Class of 1903. He then entered the Harvard Law School and was the recipient of the LL.B. degree upon graduation in 1906. After admission to the Bar he began prac- tice in Boston and has remained here ever since. Mr. Black ])ractices independently, and the character of his legal work is of a general nature, specializing in no particular line. His offices are at 53 State Street and he resides in \\'inchester. MARK STONE Mark Stone, lawyer, 43 Tremont Street, was l)orn in Neumark, Prussia, August 8, 1857, and brought to Boston when one and a half years of age. He was educated in the Boston elementarv grammar schools and English High School, being awarded the P'ranklin medal by the latter upon grad- uation in 1874. While acting as confiden- tial bookkeeper for a Boston house he studied law and was admitted to the Bar in 1906. He is a member of the Masonic Fra- ternity, Odd Fellows, Royal Arcanum, For- esters of America, the Independent Order r]'nai B'rith, and is secretary of the Home for Jewish Children and secretary for the past fifteen years of Temple Ohahei Shalom. HERBERT S. AVERY Herbert S. Avery, who is the attorney in charge of the Boston Claim Department of the London Guarantee and Accident Co., Ltd., was born in Plymouth, Mass., September 15, 1883. He was edu- cated at the Plym- outh High School. Bost<:)n L^niversitx College of Liberal Arts, and the Bos- ton LTniversity Law School. He was admitted to the liar August. 1909, and practiced with Dickson & Knowles from that time un- til 19 1 3, when he resigned to accept his present position. Pre- vious to taking up the study of law, Mr. Avery filled a clerkship with the N. E. Tele- phone & Telegraph Co., later becoming a stenographer for William Filene's Sons Co., and subsecjuently assistant superintendent of employees for the same firm. HERBERT S. AVERY Many historic spots throughout the city have been designated permanently by placing of bronze taljlets. THE BOOK OF BOSTON W) FREDERICK MAXLi:\ I\ ES Frederick Mauley Jves, of tlie legal tirin (if I'.urdett, Wanlwell &• Ives, was born in Salem, Mass., January 5, 1880. His ])re- paratiiry educatiim was received in the jiuMic schddls of Salem, after which le entered Harsard L'niversity, and in 11)11' won t h e " r.iiwdiiin I'rize " fur an essa}' im "Constitutional As- ])ects of the Acqni- sitiiiii I if I'dreigii 'l"erritiir\- l)v the Cnited States." lie was awarded the A.l'i. degree in H)or FREDERICK M. ,V.^ .^,,,, j,^ ', ,^^q . j,,..^,,j,_ ated from the Harvard Law School, LL.Il. Mr. Ives is a member (if the liar of Massa- chusetts, State and Federal Courts and of the United States Supreme Court. Fle has been principal!}' engaged in the trial of cases for the Edison Company of Boston and the Boston Elevated Railway. He has Feen Moderator of the town of Winchester for the past five years and is a member of the Harvard Club of Boston, the Boston City Club, Engineers Club antl the Massa- chusetts Club. FREU JUV Fred Joy is descended from an old Xew England family that settled here in 16,^5, liis first .\inerican ancestor being Thomas Joy, who was architect and builder of the F'~irst Town House, that stood on the site of the present Old State House. Mr. Joy ■was born in Winchester, Jul_\- 8, 1859, and graduated from Harvard in ]88i. He studied law, and being admitted to the Bar in 1884 began jiractice in I'mston, where he has since been located. He had served as a Re])ublican in both branches of the State Legislature, and has been most suc- cessful along legal lines. He is a director of the Cutting lar Co.. the Cnited States F'a.stener Co., and other cor])orations, and a trustee of the Winchester Savings Bank. Mr. Joy holds membershij) in the Harvard Club of I'.oston and Xew ^'ork City and the I'niversitv Club of Boston. He resides at Winchester and his offices are at ()5 Milk Street, Boston. ■raduated A.B. from The first crv for the protection of .\nier- ican industries was raised in Charlestown in 1811 in connection with the manufacture of moroccan leatlier. S. HEXRY HOOFER S. Henr\- Hooper, law \er, was Ijorn in Boston, July 29, 1853, of old Xew luig- land ancestry. He Ilarvar(.l in 1873 and from the Har- \ard Law School in ]iSj8; was promi- nent in athletics in college and there- after. Fie has prac- ticed in B o s t o n since 1880 and was admitted to the U n i t e tl States Courts in 1882. Mr. Hooper has been identified with much imjiortant litigation in State and Federal Courts. He was president of lloojier. Lewis & Co., a corporation, from 1900 mitil ii)iJ, dur- ing which period he paid more attention to the stationery business than to law prac- tice. He compiled the list of l)ankrupts in the District of Massachusetts, August i, 1898, to July 31, 1905. His clubs are the A^arsity (Harvard) and the Annisquam ^'acht. Mr. Hooper married June 7, 18S8, Annie Heywood Lord of Boston. The\' have three children, viz. : Linzee Sewall, Dorothy and John Sewall IIoo])er. His offices are in Barristers Hall and his home in Hingham, Mass., at the old famih home- stead, "The Cirange." S. HEXRY HOOPER 470 THE BOOK OP' BOSTON GEORGE WTNSLOW WIGGIN George W. \\'iggin, attorney at law, was l)orn in Sandwich. N. H., March lo, 1841. He was educated in the puliHc schools, at the Friends Board- nig School, Provi- dence, R. I., and at the ]'hillii)S (Exe- ter ) Academy. He a fterwards read law ;n the office of the 1 Inn. Samuel War- ner, and was admit- ird to the Norfolk I Ounty Bar in i^j2. He began practice in Franklin a n d subsecjuently ( )pened a Boston (,ffice, being at the ce:.rgi; «. wuu.in present time located in the Tremont Building. Mr. ^^'iggin is descended from Samuel W'insley, one of the first settlers of Salisbury, Mass. He was for ten years moderator of the town meet- ings in Franklin, and has officiated as com- missioner in many cases for the elimination of grade crossings. JEROME J. PASTENE Jerome J. Pastene, president of the As- sociation of Italian ^Members of the Massa- chusetts Bar, is attorney for some of the largest Italian firms in the United States and Italy and has many in- u-rests in Boston idmmercial con- cerns. He was Ijorn in this city Decem- ber 31, 1 87 1, and after a preparatory course entered the I loston University ,aw School, from w hich he graduated _ , cum laude in 1897. ^ I le was admitted to jEKOME J. pASTtNE tlic Bar thc same year. Mr. Pastene is interested in the P. Pastene & Compan\-, Incorporated, T. Dex- ter Johnson Co., tiie Talbot Avenue Auto Station, and W. H. Brayton Co. On De- cember 31, 191 1, ^Ir. Pastene was married to Florence I. Labelle of Boston. He is a thirty-second degree Mason, a member of the Cora Temple, A.A.O.N.M.S., the Royal Arcanum and the Boston Italian Club. His offices are at 18 Tremont Street. SAMUEL HALL WHITLEY Samuel H. Whitley, lawyer, was Ijorn Feliruary 15, 1881, at Plattslnirg, N. Y., the son of Samuel J. and Jennie (Hall) Whitley. He is a descendant of the Pa\'n f a m i 1 \- >■■ \ " Mayflower " ;ui- cestrv, and many of his ])rogenitors were soldiers in the Revolutionarx Army and figured prom i n e n 1 1 y in C o 1 o n i a 1 afi^airs. ]\lr. Whitley was educated at Platts- burg High School, Brown Universitx, and graduated from the Harvard Law School in 1906 SAMUEL H. WHITLEY He was admitted to the Bar the following year and began prac- tice at once, specializing in probate work and corporation investigation. He is a member of Phi Delta Theta Fraternity, Paul Revere Lodge of Masons, the Boston Scottish Society, and served three years in the Cadet Corps, M. V. M., and is now a memljer of the Veteran "Corps. His offices are at 15 Beacon Street. GEORGE FOX TUCKER George F. Tucker, lawyer and author, was born in New Bedford, Mass., January 19, 1852, and was educated at the Friends Academy, New Bedford, the Friends School, Providence, and finally graduated THE BOOK OF BOSTON 471 from JJrtjwn University, Pruviilencc, in 1873. After studying law and admission to the ]!ar, he began practice in New Bedford in 1876, removing to Boston in 1882. He has specialized largely in wills and corpora- tions, having written legal works on both sul)iects and collaboratetl with Dr. Wilson on International Law. He is also the author of a work on the ^lonroe Doctrine and a novel entitled "A (Juaker Home." !Mr. Tucker is of the seventh generation of Quakers in this country. He is an Inde- pendent Democrat in politics and was on the SchcKil Committee of New Bedford in 1881 and a meiuber of the Massachusetts Legisla- ture in 1890-91 and \)2. He is a memljer of the Authors Club, and the R(i\al Societies Club of Londi.n. His ifhces are in Bar- risters Hall. HENRY T. RICHARDSON Henry T. Richardson, lawxer, was born in Chicago, 111., December 26, 1871. He was educated in the pulilic schools of ?\Ias- sachusetts, and was admitted to the Suffolk Bar in Jan- uarw 1893. begin- ning i)ractice at once. He has been in general practice since that date. Air. Richardson is a member of the Bos- ton Cit\- Club, a trustee and former president of the ^Mercantile Library Association, mem- Ijer and one time ])resident of the Boston Congregational Club, a meml)er of the American. Massachusetts and Norfolk Bar Associations and one of the Council of the latter. He is married and has five chil- dren. His offices are in the Kimball lliu'ld- ing, iS Trenmnt Street. He resides in Erookline. HENKV T. RICHARDSON SHI'.LDOX l'".. W \R1)\\ l-.Ll. Sheldon ¥.. W'ardwell, attorne\', was liorn at Haverhill, Mass., in 1882, and after jirej)- aration at St. Paul's School, Concortl, New Hampshire, he en- tered Yale and graduated with the degree of A.B. in 1904. The Har- vard Law School conferred the LL.B. degree upon him at graduation in 1907, after which he went to AW'ishington as sec- retary to Hon. ^\■iI- liam H. M ood \- , Justice of the Su- preme Court of the United States. Re- turning to I'.oston in 1909, he became asso- ciated with the legal department of the Bos- ton Elevated Railway Co., and one vear later entered the office of Burdett, W'ard- well & Ives, of which his father, |. C)tis Wardwell, was a partner, and in i()i2 he became a member of that firm. He is a meml)er of the Massachusetts and Federal FJars, the ISoston Athletic Association, En- gineers, Harvard, Oakley and Country Clubs, the ^'ale Club of New York City, the ^Metropolitan Club of Washington, D. C, and the Massachusetts Club. SHKI.DON E. WARDW hi.L When the first liar Association was formed is not known. It a])pears to have been dissolved some time between the dates of 1761 and 1767. In January, 1770, the second Bar Association was organized at a meeting of leading barristers and attorneys at the Bunch of Grapes Tavern. The rules of this association regulated admission to the I'.ar. ( )ne of the rules was that no member should receive a student in his office with- out the consent of the I'.ar. 'i"he present "Bar .Association of the City of Boston" was organized on June 10, 1876. 472 THE BOOK OF BOSTON AN ATTRACTIVE VIEW OF THE COURT OF THE BOSTON PUBLIC LIBRARY BUTLER ROLAND WILSON Butler R. Wilson, lawyer, was born in Atlanta, Ga.. July 22, i86r. He obtained the A.B. degree in 1881 and the A.M. in 1884 from the At- lanta L^niversity, ami graduated LL.B. from the iloston University School of Law in 1884. He was ad- mitted to the Suf- i"i ilk Bar the same \ car and has prac- iiced in Boston -nice with offices at S4 School Street. I le has been a Mas- ter in Chancery since 1901 and is a member of the American and Massachusetts Bar Associa- tions, the American National Red Cross BUTLER R. WILSON Association, director of the Boston Home for Aged Colored Women, secretary of the Boston Branch of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, secretary of Board of Directors of the Har- riet Tuliman House, member of the Speak- ers Committee of the Eord Hall Lecture Courses, member of the Executive Commit- tee of the South End Improvement Asso- ciation, an Odd Eellow and member of the Massachusetts Republican Club. Greater Boston is a big industrious hive; the core of New England ; one of the busiest factory districts of the Globe; a great trade and money centre and port ; conspicuously a city of piled-up wealth, financial means, and i)ower. It is the second American port and is next to New York as a Iianking centre. It is well named the "Hub." "HE BOOK OF BOSTON 473 JOSEPH P. FAGAN Joseph P. Fagan, who has since admis- sion to the Bar in 1899 1)een associated with James E. Cotter in the general practice of law, was born at Dedham, Mass., January i, 1878. He was educated at the public schools and at the E n g 1 i s h EI i g h Schoiil, afterwards entering the Boston L' n i V e r s i t y Law School, from which he received the EL.B. degree upon graduation in 1898. Since beginning practice he has been JOSEPH P. FAGAN eugagcd in impor- tant litigation, relating principally to cor- porate and commercial law. He is a direc- tor of the Coffin Valve Co., and is a memljer of the Boston City Club, Commonwealth Country Club, Young Men's Catholic As- sociation, and the Knights of Columbus. His office is in the Sears Building. EDWARD O. HOWARD Edward O. Howard, attorney, of 53 State Street, was born March 11, 1852, at Winslow, Kennebec County, Maine. He attended the Water- ville Classical In- stitute, now Coburn Institute; Colby University, n o w Ciilb}- College, and Bowdoin Ci)llege, graduating f r o m the latter in 1874. He began the prac- tice of law in Fair- field, Me., in 1877, I)ut removed to Bos- ton in 1880, and has continued his legal work here since. EDWARD o. HOWARD Mt. Howard is de- scendetl from John Howard, who came from England about 1635 and settled at Bridgewater. On the maternal side he numbers among his forbears William Bas- sett, also from England, who settled at the same New England town in 1621. He is a member of the Dirigo Club of Dorchester and the Zeta Psi Fraternit\'. In the good old days of our grandfathers there used to be a great deal of hand weav- ing, but now that is all gone, and the clatter and rattle of textile machinery is to be heard within the walls of many a heavily Iniilt brick building in and around Boston. AUSTIN M. PINKHAM Austin M. Pinkham, of the legal firm of Pinkham, Chittenham & West, 27 State Street, was born in Gloucester, Mass., Oc- tober 2, 1871. He was educated at the Boston Latin School, Harvard College and the Boston Luiiversit} Law School. Upon graduation fro m the latter in 1897, he was admitted to the Bar and began practice at once. After practicing alone for several years he organized the present firm and is now engaged in AUSTIN M. PINKHAM corporation work, freciuently conducting cases in the Supreme Court of the various New England States. Mr. Pinkham is at- tornev for the American Express Co., mem- ber of the Boston City Club, Chamber of Commerce, and the Central and Clarendon Clubs. He is a member of the Board of Aldermen of Somerville, the Somerville Planning Board and of the Covmcil of Fifty of the City Planning Board of the State. 474 THE BOOK OF BOSTON LOUIS L. G. DE ROCHEMONT LOUIS L. G. DE ROCHEMONT Louis L. G. de Rochemont, lawyer, was born November 29, 1872, in Portsmouth, N. H. His education was received at the Portsmouth Hi g h School, Harvard College, and the Boston University Law School, his graduation fro m the last named in- stitution being in 1894. After ad- mission to the Bar he took up the prac- tice of commercial and corporation law. He was a resi- dent of Chelsea at this ]) e r i o d and served that munici- pality as City Solicitor for eight years. Mr. de Rochemont is of French Huguenot an- cestry on the paternal side, and his maternal progenitor was a member of the Nutter family, who was one of the first settlers of the town of Newington. He is a member of the B. A. A., Boston Press Club, and the Calumet Club of Winchester. His offices are at 15 State Street. ARTHUR NOBLE RICE Arthur N. Rice, who in addition to legal work is interested in several commercial enterprises, was born in Boston, October 4, 1878. He graduated from Harvard College in 1900 and from the Harvard Law School in 1904. After admission to the Suffolk Bar, he began practice alone in Boston, and has offices at 50 Congress Street. Mr. Rice has a clientele that includes individuals and corporations in both criminal and civil prac- tice. He comes of old New England ances- try, his grandfather having been the late ex-Governor Alexander Hamilton Rice of Massachusetts, while his maternal forbears also figured in the early history of the State. Mr. Rice is treasurer and director of the Albany Clay Products Co.,, president and director of the Monarch Pool Mining Co., and was formerly second vice-president and director of the Swift Contracting Company. He is a Repul)lican in politics and is con- nected with many organizations. Among these are the Massachusetts Bar Association, the Boston Bar Association, the Nevada Bar, Harvard Club of Boston, Harvard Club of New York, Society of Colonial Wars, the Tennis and Racquet Club of Bos- ton and the Delta Kappa Epilson Fraternity. He is unmarried and resides at 13 West Cedar Street, Boston. Boston Common, one of the greatest as- sets any city could have, is located in the very heart of the town. It is a solace to the eyes, feet and bodies of thousands every day. Its present extent is forty-eight and two-fifths acres. GEORGE L. DILLAWAY George L. Dillaway, lawyer, was born November 12, 1870, in Natick, Mass. After a preparatory education he graduated from Bowdoin College in 1898 and from Harvard Law School in 1901. He is in active practice before the State and United States Courts. Mr. Dilla- way comes from old New England ancestry, being de- scended from Wil- liam Dillaway, who was a trooper in King Philip's War in 1675. ^J^r. Dilla- way is married and resides on Dillaway Mass. He is a member of the Converse Lodge, the Bear Hill Golf Club of Wake- field, the Order of the Eastern Star, the Wakefield Republican Town Committee, the Zeta Psi Fraternity, and has for a long time l^een a vestrvman of Emmanuel Episcopal Church, Wakefield. GEORGE L. DILLAWAY Street, Wakefield, THE BOOK Ol' BOSTON 475 VINCENT BROGNA VINCENT l',R()(;XA \'iiicent Brogna, legislator and lawyer, was l)orn in Italy, May 14, 1S87, and was educated in the pulilic schools, the English High School and the Boston Univer- sit\' Law School. He graduated cum laude from the lat- ter in 1908 with the LL.B. degree. He was admitted to the 15ar previous to his graduation and has otiices in the Tre- mont Building. Mr. Brogna is a Demo- crat in politics and was a member of the Legislature in 1912-13 and '14. He was again elected to the House in 19 16 and is a member of the Judiciary Commit- tee. He was appointed a Master in Chan- cery by Governor Foss to succeed the late Judge Dewey, and is the youngest man ever appointed to that (piasi judicial positiim. WALTER BRUCE GRANT Walter B. Grant, who has attained a na- tional reputation in connection with his legal work, was born in Alilwaukee, Wisconsin, March 21, 1859. His preparatory education was received in the public schools of Derry, N. H., Lawrence, Mass., and Washington, D. C. He was principal of a school in Falls Church, Va., in 1881-1882, and then entered Columbian College, Washington, D. C. While pursuing his legal studies at the Co- lumbian College Law School he filled a law clerkship in the U. S. Pension Bureau and was legal adviser of Committees in the 5tith Congress. The University conferred upon him the degree of LL.B. in 1884, and of LL.M. in 1885. He was admitted to the Supreme Court of the District of Colum- bia. May 15, 1885, and to the Supreme Court of the L^nited States, January 28, 1889. He removed to ALissachusetts two \ears later, and upon admission here took uj) the practice of his profession in Boston. In September, 1910, Mr. Grant was appointed counsel for the L^nited States in the Cha- WALTER B. GRANT mizal .Arbitration Case, which fi.xed the boundary line lietween the United States and Mexico under treaty between the two countries. Mr. Grant is president and di- rector of the American Tube Works, and is a member of the Masonic Fraternity, the Phi Kappa Psi Fraternity, and of several clubs. He is descended from Peter Grant, who came to New England from Scotland in 1652, and settled in Boston and later in York Co., Me. His maternal forbears were Scotch-Irish, and were among the early settlers of Londt)nderrv, N. H. He was married August 28, 1889, to Lue E. Tripp. His offices are in the Old South Piuildinsj-. The first man in I'.oston who reallv called himself a lawyer was Thomas Lechford, who was educated for the B.ar in England. The lawyers of Boston today hold an en- \ialile position throughout the United States, and the civilized world. 476 THE BOOK OF BOSTON FRANK M. ZOTTOLI The descendant of an illustrious Italian ancestry, Frank M. Zottoli was born Sep- tember 20, 1872, in Serre di Persano, Prov- FRANK M. ZOTTOLI ince of Salerno, Italy. After a partial traininc^ in the elementary schools of his native land, he came to Boston with his parents and received his preparatory educa- tion in the public schools and the Latin High School of Boston. He then took up the study of law at the Boston University Law School and graduated in 1899 with the LL.B. degree. He was admitted to the Bar immediately after leaving the University and began practice at 27 Tremont Row in 1900. His adaptability and unceasing en- ergy soon brought a large clientele, and in the years that have intervened he has de- fended twenty-five persons charged with homicide, of which number he succeeded in securing nineteen acquittals. Three of these cases were tried in other States, and in one of them the Chief Justice, Hon. L. A. Emery of the Supreme Court of the State of Maine, speaking of Mr. Zottoli said : "We have reason to be grateful to the eminent counsel who has come here from Boston to defend his compatriot, and for his labor, vigilance and faithfulness in the defence of this case." This unusual record fixed Mr. Zottoli's status as a criminal lawyer of more than ordinary ability. He does not, how- ever, confine himself to this class of work, having a general practice and appearing f re- cjuently in the civil courts and acting in nu- merous cases as counsellor. The energy that marks Mr. Zottoli's actions along legal lines is illustrated in two cases where the time record for speed was broken. One of these was the obtaining of a pardon for a client twenty minutes after the petition had been filed with Governor Foss, and the other was the securing of a divorce decree within twenty-four hours of its return day. Mr. Zottoli is a Democrat in politics, and was appointed Bail Commissioner of the County of Suffolk in 1906, still holding the office by reappointment of the Justices of the Su- perior Court. Mr. Zottoli's ancestors were all professional men. His paternal grand- father, Raffaele Zottoli, was Secretary of State when General Colleta was vice-King of Sicilv. The maternal branch is descended from the ancient Dell '/Vquila family, which owned and governed the Province of Bene- vento. Many of the male members of this illustrious family were magistrates and pro- fessional men, who figured pronnnently in politics and the social history of their coun- try. Some years ago Mr. Zottoli moved his private office to 240 Hanover Street, in a district where he has a large practice, which is by no means confined to his own countrymen, many English-speaking people being numbered among his clients. Mr. Zottoli was married in 1903 to Fillipa j\I. Nobile, and has one son, Anthony G. R. Zottoli. THE BOOK OP^ BOSTON 477 HENRY E. HURLBURT. Jr. After being educated at St. Pauls School, Concord, N. H., Harvard University and Harvard Law School, and obtaining the A.B. and LL.B. de- grees from the last two named institu- tions, Henry F. Hurlburt, Jr., be- gan tlie practice of law September, 1905, with the firm of Hurlburt, Jones & Cab(.>t, of whicli his father is seninr member, and was admitted to part- nerslii]) in Januar}-, 191 1. H i s w o rk during his ten } ears HENRY F. HURLBURT. JR. r ,.• 1 1 of practice has been the trial of causes defending various cor- porations and individuals, ]iri>ininent among which is the Bay State Street Raih\ay Co. Mr. Hurlburt is a member of the Harvard, Matigus, Wellesley Country and Railroad Clubs. His home is at Wellcsle}' Hills and his ofifices at 53 State Street. GEORGE L. :\rAYBERRY Born in Edgartown in 1859, George L. Mayberry received his preparatory educa- tion in the public schools of his birthplace, and after taking the classical course at Harvard entered the Boston Univer- sity Law School for legal training. He graduated from the Law School in JS85 ami was atl- mitted to the Bar the same year. He began practice in Boston and A\'al- tham and jjecame Citv Solicitor of the last-named city GEORGE I.. MAYBERRY f""'' y^^^^^S hltcr. and in 1891 was elected Alayor. He was reelected the following year and again in 1898, 1899, and 1900. Mr. Majberry has handled some of the biggest law cases tried in the Commonwealth in recent years, and he is recognized as one of the leading cor- |)oration law\ers of the city. Benjamin Lynde was the first Massachu- setts Ijorn law\er to be regularly educated to the profession, and it has been asserted that he was the first trained lawyer on the bench. He was a])pointed a judge of the Superior Court of Judicature in 1712 and in 1729 was made chief justice. He retired from the bench in 1745 and died in 1749. JOHN FREDERICK NEAL John F. Neal, lawyer, was born in Dover, N. H., September 21, 1874. He graduated from Harvard College in 1897 and from the Harvard Law School in 1900. His graduation from Harvard was ma,^- na cum laude with | the A.B. degree am he received honor- 1 able mention for his proficiency in ])hi- losophy and his- torv. He has been actively engaged in general legal prac- tice since 1900. Mr. Neal comes from I Col(inial and Revo- lutionary ancestr)-, '""" ''■ '"'■'''■ his forbears being among the early settlers of Dover and Portsmouth, N. H. He is a member of the Masonic Fraternity, being Past Master of Mount Vernon Lodge, of Maiden, and associated with various bodies of the order. He also holds membership in the Bostcjn City Club and the Kernwood and University Clubs of Maiden. His offices are in the Tremont Building and he resides in Maiden, Mass. 478 THE BOOK OF BOSTON WILLIAM M. NOBLE WILLIAM M. NOBLE William M. Noble, senior memljer of the legal firm of Noble, Davis & Stone, 53 State Street, was born at Springfield, Mass., February 27, 1865, and was educated at the Chelsea High School and spent a year in private study of classics after graduation. His legal studies were at the Boston University L a w School, from which he graduated LL.B. in 18S8. After ad- mission to the Bar he was for some lime in the office of Sherman L. Whip- ple, after which he began practice alone. He organized the present firm ten years ago, his associates being former employees. Mr. Noble's practice is general and he has been very successful. He is trustee of the Newton Centre Savings Bank, and a mem- ber of the Massachusetts, L^nited States and California Bar Associations. CHARLES A. McDONOUGH Charles A. McDonough, lawyer, was born ill Dcdiiam. Mass.. February 18, 1872, and was educated in the public scho(jls. He studied law with ludge Henry ^'\'. Bragg, with whom he has shared of- lices at 18 Tremont Street, since his ad- mission to the Bar, Vugust 8, 1893. His practice is a general one and he acts as counsel for a large number of commercial and manufacturing cor- CHARLES A. MCDONOUGH pOratlOHS. Lie IS deeply interested in historic and eco- nomic subjects and holds membership in the American Bar Association, Massachusetts Bar Association, Bar Association of the City of Boston, Bostonian Society (Life Member), Academy of Political Science, New York, American Economic Associa- tion, Boston Economic Clul) and the Bos- ton Citv Club. The first steps to organize a bank clearing house for Boston were taken in 1855. Boston is still the distributing centre of two great lines of industry — boots and shoes, and wool. The firms representing these lines refuse to }-ield Boston's supremacy. RALPH E, JOSLIN Ralph E. Joslin was born at Hudson Au- gust 26, 1864. He was educated in the public schools there and at Tufts College, which conferred the A.B. degree upon him inl 1886. He after- wards entered the | Boston University Law School, from | which he graduated LL.B. in 1888, and supplemented h i s legal tramuig l)V reading law in tbi- office of his father. James T. Joslin. with whom he \\a> associated after being admitted to the Bar in 1889. '"''■"' ""■ ■'°^"^' Mr. Joslin comes of old New England an- cestry, both the i)aternal and maternal branches being established here in 1635. He is a member of the Theta Delta Chi and the Phi Beta Kappa Fraternities, the Calumet Clul) and the American, Massachusetts and Middlesex Bar Associations. He is a Mason and an Odd Fellow. He has been a resident of \\ iuchester since 1900. THE BOOK OF BOSTOX 479 HENRY FRANCIS Hl'RLBURT Henry F. Hurllnirt, lawyer, was horn in Boston June 29, 1854. He was educated in the schools of Hudson, Massachusetts, and Cornell Uni- versity. He studied law in the offices of I'lUrliank >.K; Lund, r.tistiin, and was admittetl to the Bar in iNjj, lies^innin;; practice in Lynn. 1 le was District Attorney of Essex County from 1883 until 1889 and in 1897 removed to i '.I )Ston and f oriued a partnership with Bo)-d B. Jones, who HENRY F. HURLBURT ^^..^g ^^ ^J^^^f ^i,„p U. S. Attorne}- for Massachusetts. The firm subsecjuently became Hurlburt, Jones & Cabot, with offices at 53 State Street, and is engaged in general and corporate practice. Mr. Hurll)urt holds membership in the Al- gonquin Club, Beacon Society, Boston Art Club, Eastern ^'acht Club aiul Countr\- Club. in 1878, finishing his legal studies in the (iftice of Brooks, Ball & Storey. He was admitted to the Suffolk Bar in 1879, and has been engaged in active ]iractice in Bos- Precisely as "Wall Street" or "Thread- needle Street" represents a power rather than a thoroughfare, so "State Street" is kufjwn to the world in a financial rather than a geogra])hical sense. It has become a s\no- n_\'m for financial Boston. JOHN TYLER WHEELWRKTIT John T. Wheelwright, who, in addition to his legal practice, has l)een active in the affairs of the State and City, was Imrn at Roxbury, February 20, 1856, the son of George William and Hannah Ci. (Tvler) Wheelwright. He was prepared for col- lege at the Roxbury Latin School and grad- uated from Harvard, with the A.B. degree, in 1876. He entered the Harvard Law School in September, J 877, in the second vear class and olitained the LL.l!. degree JOHN T. WHtELWRIGHT ton since that time, being now a member of the firm of Wheelwright & Codman, with offices at 19 Milk Street. Mr. Wheelwright has filled several non-elective offices. He was chairman of the Board of Gas and Elec- tric flight Coniniissii iners of Massachusetts in 1894, and from 1896 to 1900 was assist- ant corporation counsel of the City of Bos- tun. He was acting Park Commissioner of the city in 1897 and 1898 and, during Gov- ernor RusselFs term, was on the .staff of that official as quarter-master general, with the rank of colonel, and is now a member of the Council of the Massachusetts State De- l)artment of Health. Mr. Wheelwright is a directiir of the George W. Wheelwright Paper Co. lie was married (\-tober 19, 1907, to Mabel (leL. Merriam, at Washing- ton, D. C, and has one son, Merriam Wheel- w right, who was born July 30, 1908. He resides at 14 West Cedar Street, Boston. 480 THE BOOK OF BOSTON HENRY C. SAWYER HENRY C. SAWYER A foremost interpreter of insurance law in New England is Henry C. Sawyer, of the legal firm of Sawyer, Hardy, Stone & Mor- r i s o n , who was born in Fitchburg, Mass., January 24, 1878. He was edu- cated at the public schools and at the Boston University Law School, from which he graduated magna cum laude in 1899. He was admitted to the Bar the same year and was Assistant Dis- trict Attorney for the Northern Dis- trict from 1910 un- til 1912 and has been a professor of law in the Boston University Law School since 191 1. He is counsel for the Employers' Liability Corporation, Ltd., the Zurich Gen- eral Accident & Liability Co.. the Fidelity & Casualty Company of New York, and the Hartford Accident & Indemnity Co. He is a member of the Masonic Fraternity, the Lexington Country and Vesper Country Clubs, Yorick and Aurora Clubs, and the American, Boston, Massachusetts and Mid- dlesex Bar Associations. JOSEPH T. ZOTTOLI Joseph T. Zottoli, who has been very suc- cessful as a trial lawyer at the Suffolk County Bar, was born in Italy, September 30, 1880, the son of Anthony L. and Car- mela (Del Aciuila) Zottoli. He was brought to Boston by his parents when quite small and was educated in the public schools and the Dorchester High School. Entering the Boston University Law School, he took the full legal course and graduated cum laude in 1903, with the LL.B. degree. He was admitted to the bar the same year and began practice Avith his brother, Frank M. Zottoli, at 2-] Tremont Row. This associa- tion continued until 1909, when Mr. Zottoli started alone at 43 Tremont Street, where he still has his offices. He is an active trial lawyer, and his practice is mostly criminal. JOSEPH T. ZOTTOLI Mr. Zottoli conies of a famil}- well known in the legal circles of Italy. His uncle, An- tonio Zottoli, ex-mayor of Salerno, is still practicing at the age of ninety years. He is a member of the Dorchester Club, the Savin Hill Yacht Club, the Independent Order of Red Men and the Knights of Pythias. He is a Republican in politics, but has never held office. Mr. Zottoli resides in Dorchester. Up to the end of the first quarter of the nineteenth century the business of Boston was almost entirely commercial in its char- acter. Its wealthy and successful merchants were shipowners and importers ; but at about that time the business of manufacture re- ceived an impetus, and those merchants who had been importers of merchandise from England, France and other European countries, began to enter upon the work of domestic production. THE BOOK OF BOSTON 481 ARTHUR E. BURR ARTHUR ELLINGTON BURR Arthur E. Burr, attornev-at-law, was born in Boston, July 23, 1870. His prepara- tory education was at the Boston Latin School, after which he entered Har- vard. He gradu- ated ii: 1 891 with the degree of A.B., iiiai/ua cum huide, and i)l)tained his LL.B. from the Harvard L a \v School in 1894. He has practiced in Boston since and now has offices at 15 Congress Street. ^Mr. Burr was a member of the Massachusetts House of Repre- sentatives in 1915 and 1916, serving on the Judiciary and Election Laws Commit- tees. He is a member of the Massachusetts Bar Association, the Brae Burn Countr\-, City, University and Harvard Clubs of Boston, the Massachusetts Club, the Repub- lican Club of Massachusetts and the IMasonic Fraternity. He was married April 17, 1899, to Emily Frances Sturtevant of Hyde Park, Mass., and the\' have one son, Sturtevant Burr. WILFRED H. SMART \\'ilfred H. Smart, who is one of the successful younger members of the liar, was born in Dorchester, N. H., April 22, 1883. His classical education was obtained at Dartmouth College and his legal training at the Harvard Law School. After com- pleting his studies, and admission to the Bar, he entered the law office of Powers & Hall, and after one year with those well- known attorneys, organized the legal firm of Smart & Burns, with offices at 8 Winter Street. Mr. Smart is secretary of the Bos- ton Alumni Association of Dartmouth Col- lesre and is a niemlier of the Dartnunitli and Harvard Clubs of Boston, the Middlesex Club and the Belmont Springs Country Liub. He was married at the end of his junior )ear in college to Rachel G. Smith, of Meredith, N. FI. J. WESTON ALLEN J. Weston Allen, lawyer and legislator, was born in Newton Flighlands, April 19, 1872, the son of Walter Allen, formerly editor of the Bos- ton Adi'L-rtiscr. Mr. Allen graduated from Yale in 1893 and from the Har- vard Law School in 1896. He has since been engaged in the practice of the law, during ten years in association with ex-Governor John D. Long. Fie has served as a member of the Board of Directors of Lasell Seminary, >■ "■'^"™^' '^'''■'=^' the Board of Trustees of the Roe Indian Institute, and vice-chairman of the Boston Indian Citizenship Committee. In 1912 he- was engaged in the investigation of land and timber frauds among the (Jjib\va\' In- dians and in 1913 he made an investigation of conditions among the Five Civilized Tribes in Oklahoma and the Navajos in New Mexico and Arizona. In 19 15 and 1916 he was a member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives, in the latter year serving as a member of the special com- mittee of the Legislature ujion the consoli- dation of Commissions. The cit}"'s residential sections equal any in America and the handsome homes on Commonwealth Avenue, Beacon and Alarl- borough Streets, compare with those in anv of the exclusive localities of other cities- \\here wealth and culture congregate. 482 THE BOOK OF BOSTON JAMES L. PUTNAM James L. Putnam, of the legal firm of Putnam, Putnam & Bell, was bom in Cam- bridge, Mass., February 20, 1872. His preparatory educa- tion was at Noble's School, Boston, after which he en- tered Harvard Col- lege and graduated in the classical course, afterwards oljtaining the de- gree of LL.B. from the Harvard Law School. Upon ad- mission to the Bar he entered the of- fices of Russell & Putnam in 1895, JAMES L. PITNAM j^^J j-j^j Jjeej-^ QOU- nected with that firm and its successors since. The offices of the firm are at 60 State Street, Boston, and 48 Wall Street, New York City. ARTHUR H. DAKIN Arthur H. Dakin, lawyer, was born in Freeport, Bl., April 27, 1862. He graduated from Amherst, A.B. in 1884, and received the A.M. degree in 1887. He studied law at the Harvard University L a w School. In 1887 he was admitted to ihe Bar and now practices at 6 Bea- con Street. His commercial c o n - nection includes the I guano Land and Mining Co. and the Menominee Water C o m p a n y. He holds membership in the L^niversity ■Club of Boston, Universitv Club of New He has for vears York, Cosmos Club of Washington, D. C, Union Boat Club, Oakley Country Club, Boston City Club, Amherst Alumni Asso- ciation and the American Society of Arts and Sciences. He was married October 20, 1903, to Emma Frances Sahler of New York, and has two sons. JEREML\H A. TWO:^IEY Jeremiah A. Twomey was born in Bos- ton June 9, 1865, and received his education in the public schools, lieen connected with the Bankers Life Insurance Co. of New York as an assistant manager, and with the Co- 1 u m 1) i a National Life Insurance Co. of Massachusetts in the same capacity. Mr. Twomev has also been a Con- stable of the City of Boston for twelve years and is jiroprietor of the Massachusetts Constables Exchange, 47 Court Street. He is a Democrat in politics and holds membership in the Knights of Columbus, Hibernians, Order of the Alham- lira, the American Legion and the Ninth Regiment, \'eteran Corps, ]\I. V. M. JEREMIAH A. TWOMKV ARTHUR H. DAKIN Paul's bridge at milton 483 a THE BOOK OF BOSTON ELMER JARED BLISS Elmer Jared Bliss was born at Wrentham, Mass., August ii, 1867, and was educated at the public schools in Foxboro and Edgar- ELMER JARED BLISS town, Mass. After preparing for college at the Edgartown High School, he decided to go into business immediately, and entered the employ of Brown-Durell Co. of Boston, and went on the road as a salesman. While traveling in their interests, he was seriously injured in a railroad wreck, but, contrary to expectations, he recovered. The compensa- tion for his injuries, awarded him by the railroads, netted him $1,500, and gave him an opportunity to make a modest start in developing a new selling plan that would revolutionize shoe retailing, which he had clearh' worked out in his own mind during the period of convalescence. From that $1,500, and an idea, grew the Regal Shce Company. It started with a single store on Summer Street, Boston, in 1893, and spread throughout the country and the world, until, today, there are four Regal factories and more Regal stores and agencies than there were dollars in the original investment. Mr. Bliss' idea was to have a factory dupli- cate the styles he purchased of the most ex- clusive high-grade custom bootmakers in this country and abroad — and get them into the hands and on the feet of the consumer — - in the shortest possible time and at the least expense. Mr. Bliss foresaw that improved facilities in transportation would bring the consumer nearer the maker, and after per- manent outlets for distribution were estab- lished in the principal cities, the first national pulilicity campaign in the shoe liusiness was started in the magazines and metropolitan- dailies, which gave Mr. Bliss an opportunity to explain direct to the consumer the merit of the new plan and product. The force and originality of this campaign made his- tory in the shoe trade and Ijecame familiar to the public as the chain of stores increased. The origin, growth and development of the- Regal Shoe Company to its present enor- mous proportions of plant and product is a monument to the enterprise, ability and in- tegrity of the man who conceived the idea of selling direct from factory to foot, and duplicating- st}-les, at a moderate price, that were formerly considered the exclusive- property of the custom bootmakers. ]\Ir. Bliss, who is the chief executive and !Man- aging Director of the Company, although known as the "Human Dynamo" among his I)usiness associates for his tremendous ac- tivit\- and tireless energv, is the most modest and unassuming member of the entire staff. He shrinks from notoriety and dislikes per- sonal pulilicitv, and has repeatedly refused to all(.)w his name to lie used for any political office — state or national. Personally, ]\Ir. Bliss, though extremely quick mentally — in- stinctively so — is deliberate and polished in manner, quiet and affable in speech. He is as magnetic among his numerous friends as he is dynamic among his business associates. It is not to be supposed, however, that prac- tical business is all that interests ^Ir. Bliss. As is generally the case with great organ- izers, 7'c-rsatilitv is one of the qualities which enaliles him to understand and put to best use the a1)ility of others. He is equally fond of outdoor exercises and is as vigorous at play THE BOOK OF BOSTON 483 b as he is strenuous at work — an enthusiastic horseman and yachtsman, and it is charac- teristic of the man that he rides his own horses and sails his own yachts, and always lieads for the deep sea or the woods, almost invariably accompanied l)y ]\Irs. Bliss and the children. In 1901, Mr. Bliss married Lena Harding, daughter of I'hilander and Lena (Tinker) Harding, a lineal descendant of Abraham and Elizabeth Harding, who landed at Salem, Massachusetts, on the good ship Abigail, in 1635. They have two chil- dren, Elmer Jared, Jr., and Muriel Harding. An interesting sidelight that reveals the character of the man occurred at the time of the earthquake in San Francisco. Mr. Bliss was en route to the Pacific Coast when he first heard that the fire had destroyed the entire city. His first thought was for the lielpless, homeless little ones. He stopped off at Los Angeles, bought all the available supplies, organized an expedition which he headed, and took them with him in auto- mobiles over the road to San Francisco. Mr. Bliss started the first movement to ]irovide food and clothing for the babies in the stricken districts, .served with the local committees and took prompt action in telegraphing every Regal store in all the large cities to gather and forward food and supplies for the babies. Mr. Bliss has been president of the Massachusetts Society of Industrial Education and director of several large banking institutions. His genius for organization made his adminis- tration as president of the Boston Chamber of Commerce notaltle. A j^rominent mem- l)er of the Eastern Yacht Club, he won his laurels as a real sailor when he sailed his ^•acht, Vcnona. to victor)- in the notable race from Marblehead to Bermuda in 1908 — • lashed to the wheel. He is a member of the Country Club of Brookline, Massachusetts, the Norfolk Hunt Club, the Algoncjuin Club, the Lotus and Mid-day Club of New York. yir. Bliss is a man of broad views, and widely read, and although starting in busi- ness after he had fitted for college, he has distinguished himself as a leader in educa- tive and civic affairs, and is one of the few prominent Ijusiness men who have been asked to lecture in the Harvard School of Business Administration. Active in public life, though never a candidate for public oftice, he gives without stint his practical co- operation in pul)lic aft'airs, proving the real virtue of broad and patriotic citizenship in making government more efiicient and effectual for the welfare of all. iSriS^^ A VIEW IN FRA.NKLIX PARK THE BOOK OF BOSTON Fifty Years' Recollections of the New England Metropolis CHAPTER XX HOW BOSTON IS FED A Remarkable Growth of Restaurants and General Catering Establlshments Has Made the City the First in the Country in Feeding Its Citi- zens — Many Hotels and Restaurants Illustrated H OSTON has long been cele- brated for good feeding. Its markets are uncom- monly well and choicely stocked. Food prices, per- haps, range somewhat higher than in other great centres of popu- lation, the city being farther from the sources of supply for many staples. But then the quality is higher. "Boston wants the best," it is said, "and is willing to pav for it." And can afford it, too, it might be added, since the wealth per capita and the average earning-capacity are greater here than in any other metropolitan city in the world. Dealers in meats in the West will tell you that the choicest cuts are invariably sent to Boston. A New England man who became a high official of one of the great railway systems of the Far West was once asked what things of the home land he missed the most. "Fresh fish and music," he replied, "and when I go to Boston I make it a point to indulge to the limit in both." Boston being the second fishing-port of the world and the great centre of the fresh-fish trade for the United States, no better place to indulge one's appetite for good fish could well be found in this country. The fish- trade is extraordinarily well organized for meeting the wants of the rest of the country from this point. The fastest freight-train in the world, running daily between Boston and New York, is known as the "fish- freight," or "Flying Fisherman," the bulk of its west-bound consignments consisting of fish from this market. Boston has the reputation of having the best popular restaurants in the United States — superior in food, service, and equipment. The proportion of showy es- tablishments for extravagant dining is small indeed as compared with New York. But the average of public eating-facilities ranks higher than elsewhere. As in other great cities, the high-class restaurant patronage largely goes to the great hotels, whose local trade often compares in importance with that from visiting guests. The cosmopolitan character of Boston's population is reflected in the numerous foreign restaurants, where the characteristic cooking of various countries may be en- joyed : German, French, Italian, Greek, Syrian, Armenian, and Chinese — not to mention the many where Hebrew characters at the entrance indicate that the orthodox requirements of Jewish immigrants from Russia and Poland may be satisfied within. The Bohemian, or semi-Bohemian, patron- age of the city largely goes to the Italian, French and German restaurants. Various standard dishes of the respective nationali- ties have met with such popular favor that the}- have become standard features of the menus of favorite native estalilishments, as well. Cosmopolitanism, indeed, has affected in no little degree the character of Boston's restaurant life. The local dishes of national reputation, such as Boston baked beans and brown bread, fish-balls, hulled corn, and "New England boiled dinner," are by no means so predominant as strangers may expect to find m 4'4' . li 3 a 3 COPLEY-PLAZA HOTEL, COPLEY SQUARE, OPPOSITE PUBLIC LIBRARY HOTEL SOMERSET, COMMONWEALTH AVENUE 486 THE BOOK OF BOSTON them. But they may be had in excellent quality. One local institution that includes New England in its name deserves mention as the uncommonly successful result of a great philanthropic organization of women to demonstrate the possibility of healthful cookery at moderate cost. Its restaurant at the old West End, in its simplicity and pleasant informality, has a social charm that might be called a Puritan Bohemianism. Ijasis of a cooked-meats business. Then there are the numerous "tea-rooms," cosy and artistic, with deliciously dainty menus of homelike character, as in refined families. These tea-rooms are largeh' the enter- prises of women : ladies of cultivation and skilled in dainty home cooking, who thus have found profitable vocational opportuni- ties. They might be called the twentieth century successors of such pleasantly re- y^ K^ CiJ I till HOTEL PURITAN, 390 COMMONWEALTH AVENUE This institution supplies the lunches for the Boston high schools. An establishment, with its high standard of culinary excellence, its air of unpreten- tious refinement, and its rigidly enforced "no-fee" rule, has been so successful as to have become the centre of an important chain of restaurants distributed over the city ■ — its specialties in such wide favor that an important mail-order business has been built up with them. Other popular restaurants of high quality have been developed from a membered establishments as "Mrs. Vin- ton's," or the old-fashioned "Mrs. Haven's" on School Street, where Henry Wilson, Governor Rice, and other notables used to go for their frugal bowls of bread and milk; or later, "Mrs. Atkinson's" of Newspaper Row, out of whose profits two or three theatres were built. Finally there are the hundreds of quick- lunch places all over the city — their standard of quality and neatness well above the average of similar establishments elsewhere. L_ j^^AJ^trf^y fS r^'' "-'■^' ' ■ ""' - '("■UIV \ J^ ».- - #«^ A ■ ■ ■ . .^ If ■■ ■*~'- «*-»-■ »-• IW- te VVi- fc,w ^„- V^. ( fc-«( kl.( kikll b. , Vv*ri, ■'-//'/ ^' ' *■' ' *M *"'( ^'^\ ^' '^^*^'' ►» Yk-« v-«= V •• V- ^^ r™ pj«=' r«- r*^ ^ — »WS.- r- r ■ r ■ r ■ r • r-*- » — /) ^ ^^ ■ ~ ■ ' ■ '■ " !■ V li iittii inii) (I iTfllJL'':! dfi 'II, '.I, o i cr:ii| CI IB CI 1 'I cm cm' 111 cut " ' nil; I rrip:i n fel n ! I ; ' r ■ ri r ■ rni r r 1 1 1 n ! r'r ri n ^*- \t\\ \n II I III It II \ till I !' r« M H IL L Jlu liS^il^L liMk Jjf»' «5p.' i^|r*' <«? *H*ta!-jfrl/ M 488 THE BOOK OF BOSTON One of these, its name a household word, ahliough immensely profitable, has not been tempted to "branch out," but from a modest beginning has expanded to enormous dimen- sions on the spot : a marvel of organization — milk, coffee, etc., carried like water to every part in pipes of block tin. ]Most of these quick-lunch places are in "chain-systems," variousl}- designated: from "sandwich- depots" (an evolution from the old-time the oven. Every restaurant is thus kept free from kitchen odors. Remarkable economies result from purchasing for so many units all under one management. All middlemen are thus eliminated; supplies in huge quan- tities are bought on most favorable con- ditions direct from manufacturers and producers — foreign articles being directly imported from various parts of the world. These quick-lunch houses of various sorts, HOTEL BRUNSWICK, BOYLSTON STREET, FACING COPLEY SQUARE "beanery" ) to the "cafeteria" — with various devices for assuring the quick ' and eco- nomical service that makes for low cost and low prices. One of these quick-lunch sys- tems has twenty-five restaurants scattered throughout the city, besides others in other New England cities : Springfield, Worcester, Lynn, Lowell, etc., and one of the city's most successful caterers has recently in- vaded Canada with marked success. All baking and cooking for the chain is done in one great central establishment — two bak- ings a day, to assure pastry, etc., fresh from found on every hand in all parts of the city, are object-lessons in culinary neatness ; spotless white interiors, glittering with tile, tastefully and simply decorated, and ap- jietizing in aspect. Mention has lieen made elsewhere in this volume of the old-time hotels, where men of note met nightly and where the original clulj life of Boston was inaugurated and fostered. Most of these old houses have disappeared in the relentless march of im- provement, l)ut a few that still remain have kept alireast of the times antl, having lieen THE BOOK OF I'.OS'l'OX 4sy modernized, favorably compare with tlie houses of later construction. Particularly is this the case with the Adams House on Washington Street. During the long years of its existence it has successfully met every changing condition and its interior and cuisine have al\va\s l)een of the best. class entertainment is the historic Revere House, which up to a little more than a quarter century ago was the place of en- tertainment of many famous men and W(jmen of the world. Of the hotels erected tluring the last decade, greater attention has been ])aid ti) architectural effect, and they AUAMS iioisi;. WASHINGTON STREEI The Llelle\ue, on lieacon Hill, atlmirablx' located, with a handsome dining-room and commodious lobby, is another of the older houses that has retained popularity, through good management. Still another old house that has preserved its reputation for first- ecpial in beauty antl appointment the lead- ing hotels in the largest cities of the coun- try. Most of these are located in the Back ISay district, where wide avenues and hand- some buildings make a beautiful environ- ment. The hotels in this section are: the 490 THE BOOK OF BOSTON Copley-Plaza, an inipusing house on Copley Sfjuare ; the Hotel Puritan on Common- wealth Avenue, the Hotel Somerset on the same thoroughfare, the Hotel Brunswick on Boylston Street, facing Copley Square, the Oxford on Huntington Avenue, and the Canterbury on Charlesgate, West, the lessees of the last-named two also con- Like the hotels in the Back Bay and other of the districts of the city, it is conducted along the most approved lines. The Hotel Napoli, on Friend Street near Washington, makes a specialty of Italian cooking, and its large dining-rooms are crowded nightly with diners who come from ever\- section of the citw CASTLE SQUARE HOTEL EUROPEAN PLAN THREE BLOCKS FROM BACK BAY STATION FACING TREMONT, BERKELEY AND CHANDLER STREETS ducting the Hotel Nantasket at Nantasket Beach. The Hotel Victoria, at Dartmouth and Newbury Streets, is another of the newer hotels that is popular and well pat- ronized. Centrally located is the Castle Square Hotel, a commodious and well- ai)pointed house. Opposite the South Sta- tion is the Hotel Essex, which is most con- veniently located for incoming travelers. Many of the hotels in the Back Ba}- dis- trict are strictly family hotels, while others have both permanent and transient guests. The Hotel Somerset numbers some of the \\ealthiest families in the city among its per- manent patrons, and the Puritan, Brunswick and \'ictoria also cater to the same class. There is probably no city in the country where better accommodations are provided. THE ROOK OF BOSTON 401 .MARCIANO Dl PLSA ALFRED DI PESA Tlie Hotel Na])(ili, located at 84 Friend Street, is patronized 1)_\' I'.oston's most fasti- dicius diners. It has tun dining rooms with a seating- capacity of 600 and a specialty is made ni a daih" lunch, which the manage- ment claims is the higgest and best served in Boston tor the money. A iablc d'hote dinner is also served in the evening, and anything outside the regular dinner can be ordered a la carte. During the afternoon and evening jjopular and classic selections are rendered bv an excellent orchestra. Onlv the HOTEL NAPOLI Ijest fo.jdstuffs are served and the cuisine and service are perfect. The proprietors • f the Hotel Napoii are Afarciano Di Pesa and Alfred Hi Pesa, his son, both of whimi were Ixirn in Italy. The father was born in 1847, and came to P.oston in 1883. He was first engaged in commercial ])ursuits, afterwartls jjecoming proprietor of the old Hotel Italy in North Scpare. Twelve years ago he assumed charge of the Friend Street hotel, which was greatly run down. Good management and excellent service soon 492 THE BOOK OF BOSTON brought a large clientele, and it is now one of the best known and most popular dining resorts in the city. Alfred Di Pesa, junior member of M. Di Pesa & Son, was born in 1877. He was educated in Boston schools and graduated from the New England Con- servatory of Music in the class of 1899, and then joined his father in the management of the hotel. The elder Di Pesa has the distinc- tion of being the only Italian postmaster ever appointed in New England, being thir- teen years in charge of the North End sub- station, which was discontinued when the large station on Hanover Street was built. THE HOTEL VICTORIA ?5 HOTEL VICTORIA IN THE HEART OF THE BACK BAY DISTRICT While the city is well provided with hotels and restaurants of all kinds, the Hotel Vic- toria has been especially noted, for many years, for the high-class character of its management and particularly for the excel- lence of its cuisine. Only the highest qual- ity of food is served in its cafe and private dining rooms, and this is one of the pre- dcminating features of the hotel. The em- ployees are courteous and willing and it would be hard to find better service in any of the larger hotels in the city. This fact is shown by the large number of business men, who, with their families, make their home in this hotel, where the managers do everything necessary to make hotel life as homelike as possible. It also caters to the commercial traveler and travelers in general, and every modern convenience possible has been in- stalled by the management for the comfort, pleasure and safety of its guests. As in all other branches of Inisiness in Boston, proprietors of hotels strive to outdo each other, with the result that Boston peo- ple and visitors to this city who are com- MAIN DliNING ROOM, HOTEL VICTORIA pelled to resort to hotel life receive a material advantage, and for the same reason the hostelries of this city have more than a local reputation, it extends world-wide. The Victoria, which has a quiet, refined and homelike atmosphere, is located at the corner of Dartmouth and Newbury Streets, in the heart of the Back Bay district, one Ijlock from Copley Square, neighboring the Pul)lic Library, Museum of Art, New Old South and Trinity Churches, the State House on Beacon Hill, Faneuil Hall, and all places of historical and of literary inter- est are easily reached, while the shopping and theatre districts are also within walking distance of the Hotel Victoria. It is conducted on the European plan and is very accessible for automobilists. Automobiles seating five and seven pas- sengers, with thoroughly reliable and com- petent drivers may be obtained by applying at the hotel office at any time of the day or night. Mr. Thomas O. Page is the hotel manager and treasurer of the Hotel \^ictoria Company. THE BOOK OF BOSTON 493 The Jlutel Xantasket is lucated at the Nantasket Beach Reservation on the South Shore — a charming- summer resort of over twenty-five acres. The hotel is controlled In' the Metropolitan Park Commission and is leased to and managed by Messrs. Stearns HOTEL CA.NILKBUKY, CHARLESGATE WEST The much talked of Fenway is one of the most admired features of Boston, and it is in this attractive section that the H(itel Canterbury is located, on Charlesgate \\'est. The hotel is ad- miral)l\' ci inducted and has been very successful from the day of its opening al)out twelve \ears ago. HOTEL NANTASKET, NANTASKET BEACH, MASS. and Pretto. It is a splendid sea-side hos- telry with a dining room that seats about one thousand persons. Nantasket Beach is famous for its fine bathing facilities and is easily accessible from Boston by either train or steamboat. The Hotel Oxford, 46 Huntington Avenue, is pleasantly located in one of the m(«t desiraiile, artistic sections of Boston. It is but a step from the hotel to the Pul)lic Library, Copley Square and Trinity Church. The Back Bay station of the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad is just around the corner, and trolley lines radiate in all directions from Huntington Avenue. MOTEL OXFORD, 46 HUNTINGTON AVENUE 494 THE BOOK OF BOSTON CAPTAIN RODEN S. HARRISON Captain Roden S. Harrison, the present proprietor of the historic Revere Honse, was born in Tottenham, England, the third son of Reverend David J- Harrison, rector of Liulgvan, Cornwall, England. He as- sumed the lease of the Revere House in No- vember, 1906, and immediately inaugurated a policy of progressive- ness that has once more made the old hotel a popular resort. He made many changes and im- provements in the in- terior of the liuilding, among which is the Per- gola, a dining room crea- tion that is most popular and pleasing. It rejire- sents a forest of massive trees with clinging vines and refreshing foliage, \\ith backgrounds of paintings of woodland scenery. Four fountains with concealed lights give the room a most fairylike appearance. The Revere CAPTAIN RODEN S. HARRISON House has been a famous resort for over three-quarters of a century, and has enter- tained some of the most eminent men and women of the last century. These included Daniel Welister, the Prince of W'ales, Grand Duke Alexis, Jenny Lind, Patti, Parepa, Christine Nelson, King Kalakawa, Empercr Dom Pedro, General Grant, while President, and many other notables. Captain Harrison is very fond of all out-door pursuits. He is a devoted equestrian, and is owner of the Rodendale Farm, at South Billerica, Mass., the raising of thor- He has one of the finest herd of Ayrshire cattle in the country and, in addition to propagating this strain, raises thoroughbred Berkshire pigs and high-class hackney and coach horses. He is the owner of "King Jo," a handsome dark mahcigany bay stallion that has won many blue ribbons at various shows throughout the different states, in competition with some of the best horses in the country. Captain Harrison resides at ^Vinthrop Highlands. which is given over tc oughbred stock. The paper mill Avas until very recent years found almost wholly in New England where it is still the dominant factor in the ])aper business. THE REVERE HOUSE TllK I'.OOK OF BOSTON' 405 ARTHUR P. Anhur P. Pearce, surviving mem1)er of the tirin of A. Tomfohrde & L'".. conducting the cafe and restaurant, 45 to 51 ("ourt ARTHUR P. PEARCE Street, was l.)orn in (iernianw Marcli 28. 187 1. He was brought to Boston in in- fancv. 1)y his parents, and was eckicated in the pu1)lic schools here. At the age of eleven \'ears he entered the enii)loy of his two brothers, who conducted a grocery and ])rovision store in Sotith Boston, under the firm name of Pearce Brothers. He saved enough from his earnings to buy a third in- terest ill this firm and successively' bought the shares of his hnithers until he became sole proprietor of the store. On November 2, 1898, he was married to Caroline M., only daughter of the late A. Tomfohrde, and sold his business in South Bnston in urder to become associated in business with his father-in-law in the business which he now owns and manages. In 1907, Mr. Tom- fohrde admitted ]\Ir. Pearce to partnership. This ])artnership continued until the time of Mr. Tcmfohrde's death, September 18, 1910, when, under tlie terms of the will, Mr. PEARCE Pearce became trustee of the estate and owner of the business. He is a directiinis, wliicli owe their great success t<> the trachtiniial idea of cuhivated service, well- cooked, delectable tOnds and an envirdnnient of quiet and refinement, were fminded in 1847 by the late Ca])tain Marstim. He had been a sailor in early life, but, becoming tired of the sea, became a partner of a man named Berry, in an eating house then con- ducted in a little shanty "on the dock side" of Commercial Street, near the old Balti- more Packet Pier. The place had a seating ca])acity of fifteen people. In 1S48, ]Mr. Perr\- sold his interest to .\lmon Sampson, the firm becoming Marston & Sampson, the little eating place meantime having gained a reputation for absolute cleanliness and wholesiime, 1 ild-fashii nied cooking. A Imild- ing was erected for them in 1849 on Com- mercial Street with a seating capacity of sixty. Four years later a branch was estab- lished at 13 f^rattle Street, and George P. Marston, an elder brother of tiie founder, became a jiartner. The business was re- moved to 2" P>rattle Street in Decenil)er, 1854, and has been conducted there since that time. In 1835, circumstances com- pelled the relinquishment of the Commercial Street restaurant, and the entire business was consolidated at 27 Brattle Street. George P. Alarston retired from the firm in 1866, Captain Russell Marston conduct- ing the business alone until 1870, when Howard Marston, his son, and Joshua Backus were admitted to partnership under the firm name of R. Marston & Co. One year later Mr. Backus retired, and the busi- ness was carried on by father and son until Captain Marston's death in 1907, when Howard Marston became sole proprietor. The business was incorporated February, 1913, when his son, .Shirley Marston, be- came associated with the management. In 1857, the store at 25 Ilrattle Street was con- nected, and 29 was added in 1881. In 1893, two floors of the building. 17 and _>i Han- over -Street, were made part of the immense RESTAURANTS restaurant and the Brattle Street dining room was enlarged. In 1895, a part of 33 Hanover Street was added, and a women's luncheon was established. This was popu- lar from the start and now has a seating capacity of two hundred and fifty. In 1903, a branch was opened in the JeiYerson Build- ing, 564 Washington Street, with a rear entrance on Harrison Avenue, which is open from 11 A.^f. until 3 p.m. Another branch \\as opened at 121 Summer Street in 1905, and the restaurant at 81 Devon- shire Street was opened to the public in 1910: this, like the Washington Street branch is open from 11 a.m. until 3 p.m. In all these restaurants an air of quiet and refinement is noticeable. They are all hand- S'lmelv iitted up and the l)est food onlv is served, with scruinilous cleanliness and at a fair price. In 19 12, the Company, by the nnrchase of Imildings on Purchase and Hisrh Streets, increased the size of their food manufacturing plant until now it is one of the largest in New England, and their cele- brated products are handled under the luost sanitary conditions. Sales counters for food to carry home are established in all their ])laces, and a special department for sending parcel post orders has been opened at 165 High .Street, where also, is located their most recentl}' titted up luncheon room for men and women. To meet the requirements of many patrons in the vicin- ity of the Subway Station at Massachusetts .\venue, a restaurant was opened in 1914 at 1070 Boylston Street, and at 1302 Beacon .Street, Coolidge Corner, Brookline, a small shop has been recently opened for the sale of their food products. Every branch of the Marston equipment is as perfect as modern hygienic construction can make it, and the management spares no expense that will bring to the guests the best and most cleanly oI)tainal)le. It is this liberalit}- that has made ".Marston's" famous, not alone in Boston, but throughout the whole of New England. 502 THE BOOK OF BOSTON COBB'S LUNCH DEPARTMENTS CoblVs lunch departments, which had their origin a qnarter of a century ago with the estaljHshment of Cobb's Spa at 107 CHARLES M. LITTLE PRESIDENT COBb's LUNCH DEPARTMENTS Court Street, have so grown in popularit_y that they are now the best patronized in the Scollay Scjuare district. Rapidly increasing business necessitated additional space, and large and correctly appointed dining rooms were estaljlished at 75 Court Street, with additional entrances at 83 and 85 Cornhill and 8 Brattle Street. A lousiness men's lunch was also located at the last address. The main dining rooms have a seating capac- ity of two hundred and twenty-five, and are located on the second floor. They are in charge of competent foreladies and assist- ants, and a large menu, consisting of all varieties of foods, is provided, both read\- to serve and cooked to order. The dining- rooms are open for breakfast, dinner and supper, and many specialties are arranged. The business men's lunch is the largest in- dividual, cpiick service luncheim counter in Boston. Many prominent business and pro- fessional men are numbered among the regu- lar patrons. Large cjuantities of wholesome and nutritious foods are al\va}-s on hand, and the quickest service in the city is guar- anteed. The Spa, at 107 Court Street, is the pioneer quick service lunch counter of Bos- ton, and it was here that Cobb's lunch de- partments originated. At the main dining room there is a ladies' parlor or rest room provided with every modern convenience. A smoking and wash room has also been provided for the gentlemen patrons. The main kitchen, where all foods are prepared and later distributed to the various dining MAIN DINING ROOM, COBB S RESTAURANT THE BOOK OF BOSTON 503 rooms and lunclieon counters, is in charge of a competent chef, who has been in tliis department for many }ears. He thoroughly 0^ 1 « ^^^H W 1^ ^H^ J i fi COBB S BUSINESS MEN S LUNCH understands the art of blending foods that gives them a flavor of home cooking, and only the best materials that the market af- fords are used. The pantry room, from which all orders are distributed to guests, contains the best ecjuipment that can be pro- vided for containing all foods to be served. The baking department is located on the top floor of the building. Pure food and good ventilation add immeasurably to its sanitary environment. Pies, puddings, and other pastry, are made from the firm's own recipes, antl all the mincemeat is prepared on the premises, while the green apples, ])um[)kins, squashes and other vegetables are brought direct from the farm. A high horse i)ower motor, with a capacity of displacing thirty thousand culiic inches of air a minute, is used to keep the kitchen perfectly ventilated. Gas is em- ployed exclusively for cooking purposes, thereby eliminating all dust and ashes. The kitchen floor is of concrete, and the w^alls are brick with a plastered ceiling. All orders are sent from the dining room by the pressing of a button through an annun- ciator system, thus securing speed and ac- curacy. re hard to lind better service in any city in the country. They have been the favorite meeting-places for social, patriotic and ]iolitical organizations, and manv fa- mous men have been entertained at banquets held in their dining halls. HARRY S. KELSEY Harry S. Kelsey, organizer and jiresident of the Kelsey Co., which operates the Wal- dorf Lunch system, was born in Claremont, N. H., Alarch 26, 1879. Fie was educated in the public schools and at the W'esleyan Academy, beginning his business career in Springfield, Mass., in 1904. From one small establishment. Air. Kelsey expanded the business rapidly, and Inially organized the Kelsey Co., of which he became presi- dent and Samuel L. Bickford, vice-presi- dent. 1"he executive offices of the com- ])any are at 44 Bromfield Street, and it \v\\\ ri])crates a chain of sixty lunch rue mis 504 THE BOOK OF BOSTON through New England. Twenty-three of these are located in Boston and Cambridge and are popular for the quality of food HARRY S. KELSEY served and the sanitary arrangement of the dining-rooms and kitchens. A complete baking plant and laundry are maintained, and in Itoth of these necessary apartments absolute cleanliness prevails. Mr. Kelsey is a thirtv-second degree Mason and a member of the Shrine, the Boston City Club, Belfry Club, Lexington, and several other social organizations. He is heavily interested in real estate in Springfield and in Boston and has ,a farm at Lexington which he conducts along scientific lines, and maintains a herd of choice imported cattle. He is very proud of his agricultural achievements and finds relaxation from his many business cares by getting "back to the soil." SPAL'LDING'S SYSTEM The lunch and restaurant business car- ried on under the name of Spaulding's System was established fourteen years ago by Dana E. Spaulding. Mr. Spaulding was born in Maine and was educated in that State. Deciding to enter business for him- self, he came to Boston, and with no knowl- edge whatever of the preparation or pur- chase of foods, started his first lunch at 228 Tremont Street. He met with almost im- mediate success, and from this modest be- ginning soon had several restaurants in different parts of the city, eventually selling all but two, and to these he gives his per- sonal attention. They are located at 1024 Boylston Street and 329 Massachusetts Avenue. These are both models of elegance and sanitation, the Massachusetts Avenue rooms being more ornately decorated, and of later establishment. Mr. Spaulding, personally, superintends the kitchen, where the best foods purchasable are prejiared. Special attention is paid to all details, and the fact that both restaurants have a large female clientele is a guarantee of cleanli- ness, good cooking and pleasant and re- fined surroundings. The bvisiness done by Spaulding's System is large and steadily At the noonday and evening DANA E. SPAULDING hours both restaurants are crowded, many residents in the neighborhood dining there regularly. THE ROOK OF BOSTON 505 COBB'S TEA COMPANY The coffee and tea rooms at tlie corner of Cornhill and Court Streets is one of the city's unique institutions. It was estab- lished in 1883 in connection with the retail store, where the highest grades of tea and coffee are handled, and has developed into one of the most popular and best patronized resorts in the city. A branch, conducted along the same lines, has recently been estalj- lished at ioqa Summer Street. In speaking of the original character of the coft'ee antl tea rooms, a patron recently said: "It's the only place in the country where a lady can stand at the bar and order a drink with the utmost propriety." Stanley W. Ferguson is general manager of the company's busi- ness and David T. Kingston, store man- ager, with Claude R. Tabor as assistant. M. F. COTTRELL COMPANY One of the Ijest-appointed down-town restaurants is that known as Cottrell's Res- taurant at 19 Exchange Street, immediately oft' State Street, and in the heart of the financial district. The president of the M. F. Cottrell Co. is :\Iillard F. Cottrell, who was born in Belfast, Maine, I'ehruary 26, 1 85 1. U]ion the com])letion of his school- ing he followed the sea for twenty years and then came to Boston and started an eating- house on Niirth Market Street. His suc- cess led to the leasing of the present build- ing, which has a frontage of 65 feet, and it was fitted up with every modern appliance under Mr. Cottrell's supervision, the first and second floors and basement being oc- cupied as a dining-room, kitchen and for storage purposes. Everything has Mr. Cot- trell's personal attention. COBB S TEA ROOM ^06 THE BOOK OF BOSTON HIRAAI RICKER & SONS The Late Hiram Ricker and the Modest Beginnin'gs of the Ricker Interests ^^ , I ! ! »TT1 i jf' -; ■"*«*:,.. ; MANSION HOUSE. 1797 ■^1? '':^' THE LATE HIRAM RICKER THE SPRING, 1795 Many of the favorite resorts of Boston people are located in that wonderful sum- mer land — Maine. Rest, recreation and pleasure are lieing sought in that delightful climate of pure air and clear skies by a greater number of people each year, and now that the curative waters at Poland Spring have been so firmly established, that charming resort has much to offer. Poland Spring and the House of Ricker make a strong appeal to me for I have in mind one the pleasantest journeys of my life when, some twenty years ago, I was called there to "write them up," and tlie years which have intervened since that time have only confirmed what was then written. I find at that time the following sentence which contained fact and prophecy then, and Avhich is being reduced to facts only toda>'. "The Rickers of Poland Spring, now world famous, have Ijuilt up their great business interests from Lilliputian beginnings, and have covered their noble ancestral hill — the forest farm of a century ago — with the magnificent structure which indeed l)ecomes it 'as a crown l^cometh a king's head.' Sturdv, rugged, New England stock, inljred in the soil, hard-working, persistent, ener- getic, alert, enterprising. The extension of Poland Spring will go steadily on, while the water continues its beneficial work ; and in the fullness of time when the control falls into the hands of the sons of Hiram Ricker's Sons, it will have become indeed a noble in- heritance, a monument of sturdy enterprise and sagacity." Brieily that is the secret of the commercial side of this world envelop- ing business, founded upon the sturdy in- tegrity of its pioneers and maintained by the enterprise and sagacity of this wonder- ful famil\-. To mv kniiwledge the proprietors of no similar Ijusiness in America, or the world in fact, can trace so perfect a lineage as that of the present firm of Hiram Ricker's Sons. The Ricker family descends from the feudal and knightly Riccars of Saxony down through the years to Jabez Ricker, who was the first of the name to occupy this present site. This was in 1794, and he in turn was succeeded by his son, Wentworth Ricker — the "Wentworth" being a family name handed down through the generations, and he in turn gave over to the late Hiram Ricker whose name has become world fa- mous, and who was the father of the present generation. Hiram Ricker was born No- vember 17, 1809, and attained the ripe and honored age of eighty-four. Hiram Ricker was the discoverer of the curative cjualities of the Crystal Spring. His name will be long remembered by the thousands who visit the resort each year. The superb hotels and recreation resorts that now add fame to the name of Ricker, and the Poland Water which finds a market in almost every corner of the glolie, are held in great favor bv Bostonians. TT{E l^^OOK Ol" P,()S'I"()X 507 (iKORCE ir. WALKER GEORl.E H. WALKER President of the Walker-Gordon Laboratory Co., 1106 Boylston Street, and the Walker Lithograph & Publishing Co., .Wb to 402 Newbiirv Street George II. Walker estahli.-^hed l)u>ine.ss headquarters at Eo.ston in 1878 and founded and developed the two companies of which lie is now president. \\'alker-Gordon Milk Lahoraliiries ami depot are ulcerated in Bos- ton, New York, Philadelphia, lialtimore, Cleveland, Detroit, St. Louis, Washington, Lrooklyn, Atlantic City, Jer.sey City, Lake- wood, Princeton. Trenton, West I-lnd, and London, England. \\'alker-Gor(lon Alilk is alwaxs pro- duced from cows ownetl and cared for l.)y this company. It is clean, safe, uniform and unchanged. AX'alker-Gordon ^Modified Milk is one of many thousands of coml)ina- tions of milk constituents alwa\s made from \\'alker-(rordtin Milk on ph\-sicians' prescriptions onlv. The Walker Lithograph & I'uhlishing Co. is fully equipi)ed with modern machinery for all kinds of printing. Mr. Walker is now erecting a fireproof building, 388 to 394 Xewhury Street, to i)rovi(le for the in- creasing demands on the pulilishing plant. WALKER-CORDON LABORATORY CO. Farms in New Jersey, 2200 acres, half way between New York and Philadelphia, where Walker-Gordon Milk is produced for delivery in .New York, Philadeli>hia, and the New Jersey shore resorts. Princeton College Buildings and Carnegie Lake showing in the distance SOcS THE BOOK OF BOSTON FRANCIS S. The dairy business conducted by Francis S. Cummings in West Somerville, which has grown to large proportions under his per- SILAS L. CUMMINGS WHO ESTABLISHED THE CUMMINGS DAIRY IN 1872 sonal supervision, was established in 1872 by his father, Silas L. Cummings, in East Lexington. Francis S. Cummings was born in Lexington, June i, 1880, and after at- tending the public schools. High School and a business college, became associated with his father in 1900. The Inisiness was re- moved to Davis Square, and the father dving in 1909, Mr. Cummings assumed full con- trol of the plant. One wagon was ade- quate for delivery in 1872 and when the founder died, four were being used. At the present time 15 wagons and two trucks are necessar}-, and this large increase is directly the result of Mr. Cumming's personal ef- forts. Outgrowing his old quarters, he erected a commodious plant at 534 Boston Avenue, opposite Tufts College station, in 191 5, and installed the most modern appa- CUMMINGS ratus for scientific sterilization and the handling of the product along approved hygienic lines. Mr. Cummings obtains his milk from White Mountain farms, one of the best milk producing sections in New England, noted for its fine grass, good spring water and germless air. The milk comes to the Tufts College plant by the fastest trains on the B. & M. Railroad, which insures abso- lutely pure milk to the consumer. Mr. Cum- mings is a Mason, belonging to the Somer- ville Blue Lodge, Chapter, Council and the Coeur de Lion Commandery of Charlestown. He also holds membership in the Aleppo Temple, A. A. O. N. M. S., and the Odd Fel- lows fraternity. He is treasurer of the Lan- caster Milk Co., organized to secure fast service in the transportation of milk from producing centres to distribution plants. Mr. Cummings is of old New England an- cestr\-, being descended from Isaac Cum- mings, the founder of the family in Amer- ica, who settled at Iiiswich in 1630. FRANCIS S. CUMMINGS PRESENT OWNER OF THE CUMMINGS DAIRY THE BOOK OF IK)STOX 509 DAIRY AND PAjT LL KIZINo PLAN I Ml- hKA.NCls New England is the great paper-manu- facturing district, and Boston is the office and seHing centre for most of the big con- cerns in that Inisiness in the Northeast. The city also has a very heavy jobbing trade, with sales all over the United States. Ex- porting is carried on to some extent, too, particularly to England. Some of the larg- est firms in the United States, making fine book and plate paper are in Boston, and many people are employed in this industry. It is only natural that Boston, which has so long held enn'nent place in the intellectual progress of the countr}-, should be promi- nently engaged in the publishing of school books. It is, in fact, one of the greatest centres of that business in the Union, and in the publishing of books for the higher grades Boston certainly leads at the present time. The pre-eminence that Boston has ob- tained in the business of publishing and sell- ing books, is the natural result of having OLD SHIP CHURCH AT HINCHAM, BUILT 1680 ON ROUTE OF THE BAY STATE STREET RAILWAY' within and arnund her bnundaries, men whose names stanil at the head of the au- thors of America. Boston's publications, both book and periodical, have from the early d.ays of the first settlement been among the foremost in the countrv. 510 THE BOOK OF BOSTON H. P. HOOD & SONS Any work attempting t(i show Boston's progress, in the last half century, would be incomplete without reference to the efforts of H. P. Hood & Sons to give the city a "germless milk." As conceded by scien- tists, the cow is a producer of bacilli, and The business of H. P. Hood & Sons was founded by H. P. Hood, who nearly a quarter of a century ago collected milk in Derry, New Hampshire, and shipped it to Boston dealers. The output was about a carload a day and the product of an indiffer- FOUNDER AND PRESENT OFFICERS OF H. P. HOOD & SONS milk an effective germ carrier, contributing largely to adult ailments and infantile mor- tality. By the "Hood method," as per- fected by seventy years of scientific research, the danger lurking in this household neces- sity has been eliminated and the work of the city's inspectors made easy. ent character, there being no scientific super- vision at that time. Despite the founder's limited capital, the business developed rap- idly, and with the increase came a deter- mination to improve quality, with the result that the intervening years have been narked by "Hood's" leadership in every movement THE lU")OK OF BOSTON 51 T to obtain pnrity. Tlie work of improve- ment was slow and toilsome. It began with the physical examination of the cow, the feed antl tlie care in the pasture ami the provision made for winter keep. The clean- liness of stable and stalls was also consid- ered, and only choice farms, rich in pastur- age and notable for good healthy stock, were selected for the supply. Then labora- tories were established where methodical testing was done, and the Hood company became the pioneers in making bacteriologi- cal and chemical tests — methods that have since been adopted by every progressive city in the country. It was the first company to adopt a thorough system of cleaning, scour- ing and sterilizing cans, bottles and all other receptacles, and also the first tn use the hygienic carrier, which is filled and capped by automatic machinery and goes into the home absolutely clean and free from jxillu- tion. When scientists discovered that milk was ofttimes laden with Ijacteria and pro- duced epidemics oi t\phoid and scarlet fever, "Hood's" met the situation Ijy in- stalling a complete pasteurizing plant, and this method is always used in treating its products without extra cost to the consumer. Every measure has been taken to safeguard the public. The Hood stations, which are models of cleanliness, are always open to the public for inspection and the salesmen are awarded premiums for personal tidiness and habits and for the care of the horses and wagons used in the delivery service. The company also organized a shareholding plan for employees. The stock, with a par value of ten dollars, has voting power and is re- deemable at an increase of twenty-five per cent, in case of the death of the holder. The organization has a council made up of representative route salesmen fmm the vari- ous stations and three members selected by the company. The Council meets each month for the adjustment of matters af- fecting the employees and the corporation. Its findings are submitted t(j the Board of Directors for final action. H. P. Hood & Sons have been awarded nineteen certificates of (|uality at difi^erent dair\nien's exhil)iti<)ns for excellence of milk, cream and butter jjroduced and handled. The officers of the company, un- (juesti pher J. Whitman, William J. O'Brien, .Vlhert E. Watts. Maurice P. Shaw, Her- bert F. Phillips. John Burns, Jr., Francis J. O'Hara, Jr., Alvin G. Baker, aiul Albert F. Henry. Up to this time the fish ])ri>ught tUL;'ht from the skippers at the capiog of the pier, the bu_\ers shouting their bids to the incoming boat. The individual dealers i)aid when they gut around U> it, and the skipper delivered his fare hap- hazard. The I'^xchangc, under the management of ^^'illiam K. Beardsle\-, an .\lban\' Pailmad Wharf. J Jul the wharf could not be niatle any larger and not much cleaner. The Board of Health objected to the old pier, and finally things reached the point where either the dealers must find a new site or give up the fish business. Cooperating with the Conunonwealtli, the dealers formed the Boston Fish Market Corporation, and undertook to build under the super\-ision of State engineers, at South Boston, next to the Commonwealth Pier, the biggest and most sanitary fish pier in the world. Jn ]\larch. 1014, the\' moved into their new quarters. BOSTON FISH PIKK man. changed all this, reducing chaos to system. ]>idding was done, as it is done to- day, within specified hours on the floor of the Exchange. The skipper gets his money from the Exchange the minute he accepts the bid, and the dealer is guaranteed that he will get the fish he bought in the condition contracted for. Thus the Exchange put the relations between the wholesaler and the fisherman on a business basis. The Boston Wholesale Fish Dealers' Credit Association, organized through Mr. Beardsley a few years later, has placed the dealings of the retailers and wholesalers 011 the same sound basis. Business continued to increase at T I'igures are tiresome. Let it lie enough that the pier is an entire city in itself. At the end stands the Administration Build- ing, where the Exchange and commission dealers have offices. Up the pier from this in two long parallel rows are the wholesale fish stores. They are each three stories high, of uniform red brick with stone trim- mings. Thev are finished inside with con- crete floors and water pipes, and each is equipped with a special fire hose outfit, which is used nightly to flush out every inch of the place. A broad avenue in the centre of the pier, between the rows of stores, is reserved for teruning, while the - night at his home, 36 Pinckney Street. He was seventy-one years old. For the past 3'ear he had been in failing health, but was not taken seriously ill till al)out two months ago. At various times in his career Mr. Bacon was editor-in-chief of the Boston Ad- vertiser, the Boston Globe, and the Boston Post, and had been connected with other newspapers. Of late he had been editor of the "Book of Boston,"' with an office at 112 Water Street. Mr. Bacon was born in Providence, R. L, October 20, 1844, the son of Henry Bacon and Eliza Ann (Munroe) Bacon. His father (the son of Robert Bacon of an early Cape Cod family) was a Universalist clergyman and editor, who died in Philadel- phia when his son was twelve years old. Mr. Bacon came of old English and Scotch ancestr}', and on his mother's side was a descendant of William Munroe of Scot- land, who settled in Lexington in 1660. Later memljers of this family fought in the battle on Lexington Green, at the beginning of the Revolutionary war. ^fr. Bacon's early education was gained in i)rivate schools in Providence, Philadel- phia and in Boston, finishing at a private school in Foxboro (of which James L. Stone was principal) where young men were fitted for college. \\"ell prepared for college, Mr. Bacon decided not to enter, but to begin at once a literary career, first en- gaging in newspaper work at the age of nineteen, when he became connected with the Boston Paih' Adi'crtiser as a rei)orter under Charles Hale, who was editor. Mr. I'.acon remained there for several years and resigned to take the editorship of the Illiis- tratcd Chicago Neil's, an enterprise which enjoved a Ijrief, yet rejmtable, career. From Chicago Mr. Bacon returned East, and in 1868 became identified with the New York Times, successively as assistant night editor, night editor, and managing or news editor. In 1872 Mr. Bacon, because of ill health, resigned his position and returned to Boston and here he re])resented the Times as its New England corresixmdent. Event- uallv he returned to the Boston Adi'criiser and became its general news editor. In 1873 Mr. I5acon was chosen as the chief editor of the Boston Globe, and for five vears conducted that paper as an inde- pendent journal, resigning in 1878 upon a change of policy. He then returned to the Advertiser as managing editor. When Ed- ward Stanwood, in 1883, resigned as chief editor of the Advertiser, Mr. Bacon came into full editorial charge of that paper, as Mr. Stanw(_)od's successor. Later Mr. Ba- con organized the staff of the Evening Rec- ord for the Advertiser corporation. In Jan- uarv, 1886, when the Advertiser passed into new hands and its policy was changed, ]\Ir. Bacon retired, and in May of that year was made chief editor of the Boston Post, when that paper was purchased by a number of men who, in politics, were kn( i\\ n as In- dependents. Lender Mr. Bacon's editorship the paper addressed itself to the best citizens of the community. When, in 1891, the control of the paper was sold, Mr. Bacon retired and he since had Ijeen engaged in general journalistic and literarv work. For many years he was the writer of a Boston letter to the Springfield Republican and had been editor of Time and the Hour. In his work as an author, j\Ir. Bacon's books have included various historical works relating to lioston and New England. Among these were "Boston Illustrated," "Bacon's Dictionary of l^joston," "Boston of Todav," "Walks and Rides in the Coun- trv R_',-) ton Daily .-idi'rrtisrr. under Charles Hale. After a few years he went to Chicago to take charge of the Illustrated Ncivs. From Chicago, \\ lien tlie A'i'Ti'.s- suspended jnihHcation, 'Mr. Bacon returned East to New York. In 1872 he returned to I'.oston l>ecause of ill health and again became connected with the Advertiser. After a year on this pub- lication he went to the Boston Globe as managing editor. In 1878 he again returned to the Advertiser as managing editor, and in 1883 he was made editor-in-chief. In 1886 he went to the l\->st as editor-in- chief, holding the position till 1891. In 1897 he became editor of Time and the Hour, remaining there till 1900. He was also the author of various vol- umes and historical works relating to Bos- ton and New England. Among these were "Boston Illustrated," "Bacon's Dictionary of Boston," "Boston of Today," "Walks and Rides in the Country Round About Bos- ton," "Historic Pilgrimages in New Eng- land," "Literary Pilgrimages in New Eng- land," "Boston : a Guide Book," and "The Connecticut River and the A'allev of Con- necticut." THE JOURNAL Edwin M. Bacon, for many years one of the most prominent newspaper men of Bos- ton, died last night at his home, 36 Pinck- ney Street. He was seventy-one years old. At various times in his career he was editor-in-chief of the Boston Globe, the Boston Post and the Boston Advertiser. Of late he had been editor of the "Book of Bos- ton," with an office at 112 Water Street. A wid(jw and a daughter survive him. The Post "Many at the Fiinend of Baeon" Men prominent in civic and journalistic life gathered }'esterday afternoon in the home of Edwin Munroe Bacon, 36 I'inckne}' Street, to pay their last tribute to the author and newspaper man who at different times held the highest positions on three Boston newspapers. The funeral services, planned by Mr. Ba- con during his last illness, were extremely simple. There were no pall bearers and no music. Floral tributes were only from mem- bers of the family and a few of the closest friends. The body, also in accordance Avith Mr. I'acon's wish, was taken to IMt. Au- burn crematory for cremation. "He saw tlie doors opening I)ef(}re him in his last illness, and his desires, almost apologies for causing even the slightest trouble, were characteristic cif the man," de- clared the Rev. Edward A. Horton, former pastor of the Second L'nitarian Church, and a lifelong friend of Mr. Bacon, in his eulog\-. A poem written Ijy M. J. Savage was read by the Rev. Mr. Ilorton. Prayers com- pleted the brief ceremony. I\Ir. Horton spoke feelingly of his long friendship with the former editor-in-chief of the Post. "His conscientiousness was the granite foundation of his character," declared Mr. Horton. "It gave him convictions, and when asked for his ojjinion, he told it read- ily. He was sincere in all things. "Our friend declared only a short time ago that a true Bostonian is one who is con- scientious, is firm in his convictions and is a lover of old New England. Mr. Bacon had these attributes, giving him a firm in- dependence. He did not compronuse. "Fie had an enthusiasm in his work, and ne.xt to his love of his home and friends he prized his joy in his work. Wherever were his pen and desk and book was his happi- ness. "He did not lose himself in scholastic pur- suits, yet kept in touch with them. Always was he with a noble cause. He recognized safe and sane channels for the uplift of luimanitv. "'idle man we mourn had coiupassion and ap])lied to human weaknesses the brotherly hand. He was for levelling up and not down. He was one who believed the world 526 THE BOOK OF BOSTON could be bettered and tbat the Almighty had provided for it." Mr. Horton referred to 'Mr. Bacon as a man with a "good-will heart." He declared that the wife, daughter and friends of the dead man must not mourn his loss, but be joyful because it had been given them to know such a man. Editors at Service Among those who attended the service were J. E. Chamberlin, editorial writer of the Boston Evening Transcript ; Nathan Haskell Dole; Lindsay Swift, editor of the Boston Public Library publications ; George F. Babbitt of the Boston Herald; Robert Lincoln O'Brien, editor of the Herald; C. W. Barron, editor of the Boston Nczvs Bu- reau; Henry C. Merwin and Edwin L. Sprague. Governor McCall, who was an intimate friend of Mr. Bacon, planned to attend the funeral service, liut was unavoidably absent. He sent his sympathy to the wife and daugh- ter of Mr. Bacon. After cremation, the ashes will be held at Mt. Auburn until more clement weather, and will then be buried in Saco, Me. The name of Edwin M. Bacon is one which will live in the history of Boston journalism. He participated in the news- paper business in this and other cities of the country for more than half a century, and held many responsible positions. He began his newspaper work on the Boston Daily Advertiser, as a reporter, when nineteen years old. Then, in succes- sion, he worked as an editor of the Chicago Illustrated Nczvs, night editor and manag- ing editor of the New York Times, return- ing to the Advertiser in 1872 for a year. Then he went to the Globe as managing edi- tor, and after five years became managing editor of the Advertiser. He was made editor-in-chief of the paper in 1883. His connection with the Post was made in 1886, when he became editor-in-chief, a position he held five years. He was editor of the Time and the Hour from 1896 until 1900. During his newspaper work and after re- tiring from the game, Mr. Bacon wrote nine books, the last, "Rambles Around Boston," being pul)lished last year. For a year he has Ijeen in failing health, but his illness did not become serious until two months ago. Mr. Bacon retained his interest in news- paper work and civic affairs until the hour of his death. The last article by him to be published in a Boston newspaper was written December 13, 1915. It was an able argument urging voters to go to the polls and elect the Citizens' ticket. EDWIN MONROE BACON* A cherished friend lies here asleep today. After the hours - K 397 Brazer Building 42 Brennan, James H 239 Bridges, Samuel W 322 Brigham Hospital, Peter Bent 290 Brigham Hospital, Rofjert Breck 290 " Britannia " in Boston Harbor 79 Brogna, Vincent 475 Brown, Allen A 222 Brown, Hon. Charles J 442 Brown, George W 353 Brown, Jacob F 320-321 Brown, James 267 Brown, William H 4M) Bruce, Hon. Charles M 399 Brunswick Hotel 488 Bunker Hill Monument 143 Burdett, Everett W 420-421 Burgis Map of Boston in 1729 29 Burr, .Arthur E 481 Butler, Hon. Willi.im .M 409 Cabot, Dr. Hugh 298 Cambridgeport Savings Bank 219 Cangiano, ."Mphonse 465-466 Canoeing on the Charles River 282 Canterbury Hotel 493 530 THE BOOK OP' BOSTON Page Capitol of Massachusetts 21 Carleton, Edward B 326 Carney Hospital 290 Carroll, Francis M 444 Casas, W. B. de las 190 Castle Square Hotel 49U Cathedral of the Holy Cross 177 Central Congregational Church 175 Chadwick, George W 260 Chamberlain, Dr. M. L 300-301 Chamber of Commerce 69-72,213 Chandler, Asa E 280 Chandler & Company 334 Charitable Eye & Ear Infirmary 289 Charles River Bridge 32, 81 Charles River Esplanade 289 Chase & Co., L. C 336 Cheney, Benjamin P 268-269 Chestnut Hill Reservoir and Drive 274 Child, Richard W 422 Children's Hospital 295 Childs, Edwin Otis 447 China-American Trading Co 323 Christ Church 139 Church Green 53 City Hall 48, 202 City Hall Annex 181 City Hospital 287-289 Clapp, Robert P 433 Clarke, Hon. Chester VV 423 Clarke, Hon. William W 441 Clementson, Sidney 323 Cobb's Lunch Departments 502-503 Cobb's Tea Company 505 Codman, Col. Charles R 267 Coggan, Marcellus 453-454 Cole, Fred B 199 Cole, John N 216 Common, Boston 213 Commonwealth Avenue 404 Commonwealth Pier 82 Conant, Dr. William M . . 303 Concord Battle Field Memorial 141 Congress and Milk Streets 38 " Constitution " in Boston Harbor 42 Converse Building 331 Cooley, Morgan L 262-263 Copley-Plaza Hotel 171,485 Copp's Hill Bur>'ing-ground 133 Cornhill Street 381 Cottrell Company, M. F 505 Court House 391 Court, Public Library 472 Cox, Hon. Guy W 419 Cram, Ralph A 242 Crystal Lake 304 Cummings Dairy 509 Cummings, Francis S 508-509 Cunard Company 78 Currj', Dr. Samuel S 232 Curtiss, Hon. Elmer L 468 Pustom House 63, 211 Page Dahlquist, Theodore W 263 Dakin, Arthur H 482 Dalton House, Captain James 38 Dawson & Co., H 325 Dean, Hon. Josiah S 400 De las Casas, William B 190 Denison, Arthur E 434 de Rochemont, Louis L. G 47-1 Desmond, G. Henri 241 Dever, John F 192 Dillaway, George L 474 Dodge, Harry C 360 Doe, Hon. Orestes T 403 Donovan, Hon. James 192 Dudley Gate at Harvard College 483 Duggan, John A 190 Dysart, Robert 348-349 Eaton, John E 444 Ebann, Dr. C. Deletang 304 Edwards, Truman G 278 Elder, Hon. Samuel J 406 Elks Home 119 Elliott, Richard P 4.S9 Enneking, John J 255 Engineers Club 124 English, William A 319 English & O'Brien 319 Ernst, George A. 410 Esplanade, Charles River 389 Essex Hotel 487 Evans House 49 Exchange Coffee House 57 Fabyan, Hon. Harry C 399 Fagan, Joseph P 473 Fairbanks House, Old 342 Fallon, Hon. Joseph D 403 Faneuil Hall 40, 201 Farragut Statue, Marine Park 257 Farrell, John L 326 Feather Store 25 Feeding Ducks in Franklin Park 151 Feeley, Joseph J 401 Fenway, The . 89 Fire of 1872 66 First Baptist Church 169 First Boston Town House 20 First Church 165 First Church of Christ, Scientist .... 172-173 First Congregational Church 168 First National Bank of Boston 214 Fish, Charles H 194 Fish, Frederick P 406 Fish Pier 82, 515 Fitzgerald, Desmond 198 Flint, Hon. James H 400 Floating Bridge 101 Floyd Lunch Company 496 Ford, Lawrence A 450 INDEX 531 Page Forsyth Dental Infiriiiary 296-297 Fort Hill 48, 60 Foster Rubber Co ii'i Foster, Walter H 457 French, Hon. Asa P 411 French, John J .'"" Franklin Park 155, 483 Franklin Street 53, 58, 59 F'rog Pond, Public Garden 159 Frothinghan), Randolph 422 Galassi, Elias 378 Gallagher, Daniel J 440 Garfield, Irvin M 428 Garland, Francis P 457 Gaugengigl, Ignaz M 258 Gile, Fred H 447 Gillette Safety Razor Co 340 Gilman, Arthur 90 Ginn & Company 332-333 Gleason Pulilishing House 55 Gleason, Reulien 380 Glidden, Walter S 22(1 Globe Optical Co 511 Glunts, James D 281-282 Gooding, Charles S 359 Gould, Amasa C 463 Graham, James M 443 Grant, Walter B 475 Graves, Dr. William P 305 Gray, W. Chester 280 Great Boston Fire 65 Green, Dr. Charles M 298 Green, Philip A 334 Greenhood, Benjamin H 465 Gridley, Jeremiah 385 Grimes, Hon. James W 411 Gurney Heater Mfg. Co 342 Hale, Charles F 197 Hall, William Franklin 281 Hallowell, James Mott 467 Hancock Mutual Life Insurance Co., John . . 225 Harbor views 14, 183 Harris, Hon. Robert 398 Harrison, Captain Roden S 494 Harvard Gate 254 Harvard Medical School 291-293 Harvard Monument, John 133 Harvard Square 281) Harvard Trust Company 219 Harvard Yard 231 Havens, George W 238 Haymarket Square 101 Heard, Nathan 425 Hellier, Charles E 449-450 Higgins, Hon. John J 431 Hill, Donald M 432 Hollander & Co., L. P 335 Holmes, Dr. Oliver W 286 Page Holmes, Otis W 224 Home for Aged Men 423 Home of the Boston Lodge of Elks 119 Hood & Sons, H. P 510-511 Hooper, S. Henry 469 Hoosac Tunnel '1 Hopewell, John 336 Hornblower & \\'eeks 223 Horticultural Hall 209 Hosford, John T 242 Hotel Bellevue 487 Hotel Brunswick 488 Hotel Canterbury 493 Hotel Essex 487 Hotel Nantasket 493 Hotel Napoli 491 Hotel Oxford 493 Hotel Puritan 486 Hotel Somerset 485 Hotel Victoria 492 House of the Har\.ircl Club 117 Howard, Edward 473 Howe, John C 377 Howe & French 376-377 Hewlett & Co., Albert D 337 Hunt, Hon. Freeman 404 Hunt, Thomas 453 Hurlburt, Henry F 479 Hurlburt, Jr., Henry F 477 Hutchins, Franklin H 243 Irish, William H 435 Isaac, William T 342 Ives, Frederick M 469 Jackson, James 221 Jackson, Dr. James 286 Jackson, Hon. James F 407 John Hancock Mutual Life Ins. Co 225 Johnson, Arthur S 192 Jones, Boyd B 434 Jones, Dr. Everett 303 Jones, Jerome -^41 Jones Ltd., William C 334 Jordan, Noah W 218 Joslin, Ralph E 478 Joy, Fred 469 Joyce, John 340 Joy's Building 134 Julien House 57 Kellogg, Harold F 242 Kelsey, Harr>- S 503-504 Kiernan, Patrick B 409 Kimball, Dr. Samuel A 302 King's Chapel -57 King's Chapel Burying-ground 133 Ladd, Sherman W -^58 Ladd, Walter A 456 532 THE BOOK OF BOSTON Page Lafayette Mall 132, 147 Lake in the Public Garden 91 Lawrence, Hon. William B 441 Leigh, George T 341 Leveroni, Hon, Frank 402 Little, CM. 502 Logan, Hon. Edward 1 435 Logan, James F 368-370 Lothrop \- Bennett 323 Lovell, Dr. Joseph 286 Lovett, Albert J 243 Lowell, John 445 Ludden, Charles M 452 Lyall, George 277 Lying-in Hospital 289 Maclaurin, Richard C 228 Magrath, Dr. Geo. B 304 Maguire Co., James W 372 Main, Charles T 196 Manning Company, Joseph P 368-370 Mansfield, Gideon M 281 Marston Restaurants, The 500-501 Marvin, Winthrop L 347 Masonic Temple 261 Massachusetts General Hospital .... 285, 288 Massachusetts Homoeopathic Hospital . . 290-291 Masters, J. Edward 275 Mather, Increase 32 Mayberry, George L 477 McCall, Gov. Samuel W 188 McClung, Robert G 446 McConnell, James E 439 McConnell, Joseph W 439 McDonald, Hon. James W 430 McDonough, Charles A 478 McKay, Donald 82 McKee, William E 427 McManus, Hon. Edward 1 401 McNary, Hon. William S 193 McNutt, Robert R 366-367 Merchants Exchange 49 Merchants National Bank 217 Metropolitan Railroad Co 110 Middlesex Fells 156 Miles, George W 365 Mixter, Dr. Samuel J 299 Moore, Edward M 455 Morse, Edwin S 275, 276 Morse, Hon. William A 410 Morton, Dr. W. T. G 286 Meyer, Orlando C 276 Munroe, James P 375 Murphy, James R 448-449 Nantasket Hotel 493 Napoli Hotel 491 Page Nawn, Harry P 99 Neal, John Frederick 477 Nelson, Julius 458 New England Bureau of Tests 361 New England Conservatory of Music .... 260 New England Fish Company 516-517 New England Hospital for Women 290 New Old South Church 163, 167 New TechnologN- 228 N. Y., N. H. & Hartford Ry 108-109 Nickerson, Augustus 278 Noble, William M 478 Noodle's or Maverick's Island 85 North Station 109 Norton, Fred L 436-437 Norwood, Hon. C. Augustus 432 Nowell, Dr. Howard W 305 Noyes, Bernice J 45 1 O'Brien, John H 319 O'Connell, Patrick A 335 O'Connell, His Eminence, William, Cardinal . . 176 Old Brattle Street Church 162 Old Brick Church 57 Old Corner Bookstore 126, 205 Old Fairbanks House 342 Old Feather Store 25 Old Granary Burying-ground 132 Old National Theatre 50 Old North Church 141 Old Ship Church 509 Old South Church 50 Old South Meetinghouse 136 Old State House 1 O'Meara, Stephen 195 Osgood, Charles E 375 Overlook at Franklin Park 155 Oxford, Hotel 493 Palmer, Edward H 444-445 Park Square 57 Park Street Church 145,21.^ Park Street View 11 Parker House 48 Parker, Wilder & Co 336 Parkhurst, Lewis 332-333 Pastene, Jerome J 470" Paul Revere House 36 Paul Revere Map of Boston 31 Paul's Bridge 482 Pearce, Arthur P 495 Pemberton Square 387, 393 Perkins, Harry E 452 Perkins Institute for the Blind ... 86, 146, 235 Perkins, Col. T. H 96 Pevey, Gilbert A. A 453 Phillips, Benjamin 463 Phillips, John 43 Pinkham, Austin M 473 Piper, Henry A 278 Plymouth Rock 147 INDEX 533 I'opc, Col. Albert A 264-266 Porter, Alexander S 24,? Post Office 39 Potter, Henry Staples 364-365 Powers, Leland T 236 Powers, Hon. Samuel L 405 Powers School of the Spoken Word . . . 236-237 Powers, Wilbur H 461 Pratt & Co., Daniel S 31.S-317 Preface 6 Prest, Edward J 242 Prest, William M 218 Pride, Edwin L 275 Proctor, Thomas W' 415 Public Garden 47, ,S7, 153, 157 Public Library 52, 207, 472 Pureoxia Company, The 338 Purington, Frank H 239 Puritan Hotel 486 Putnam, James L 482 Quincy House 49 Quincy, Josiah 44 Ranney, Fletcher 459 Ransom, Dr. Eliza T 306-307 Ratigan, Thomas H 238 Reggio, Dr. A. William 308 Renwick, William G 462 Revere Beach 83, 373 Revere House, The 494 Revere House, Paul 134 Rice, Arthur N 474 Rich, Albert F 517 Rich, Isaac 55 Richardson, Henn,- T 471 Ricker & Sons, Hiram 506 Riley, Hon. Thomas P 399 Roberts, Leonard G 408 Rockwood, William D 377 Rogers, William B 228 Rollins, Weld A 435 Rosentwist, Birger G. A 340 Rowley, Clarence W 462 Rueter, Conrad J 466 Russell, Arthur H 455 Russell, Thomas H 455 St. Botolph Club 122 St. Elizabeth's Hospital 289 St. John's Theological Seminary 233 St. Mary's Infant Asylum 289 Saltmarsh, George A 447-448 Sawyer, Henry C 480 Sawyer, Hollis H 277 Scenes on Bay State Street Ry 105 Scharton, William R. . . 420 School Street 51 Schulz, Robert II. 448 Scollay Square of 1910 187 Page Searle, Charles 1' 467 Sears Building 270 Seaverns, Clarence P 377 Second Church .^■'i. 164 Sergeant, Charles S 1'''' Sheehan, Hon. Joseph A 401 Sherburne, Charles W 370 Sherman, Herbert 1 361 Sherman, Roland H 414 ShiUaber, William G 218 Simmons College 233 Smart, W'ilfred H 481 Smith, Louis C 450 Smith, Timothy 334 Somerset Club 50, 120 Somerset Hotel 485 South Station 107 Southard, Hon. Louis C 464 Sparrow, Gustavus H 281 Spaulding, Dana E 504 Spaulding System 504 Spoffard, John C 240-241 Sprague, Charles H 424-425 Sprague, Homer B 424 Spring, James W 429 Stackpole, Pierpont L 441 Stanwood, Charles E 279 State Street 34, 35 39, State Street Trust Company 221 Stearns, Hon. George M 464-465 Steinert, Ale.xander 259^ Stinson, Alvah L 458 Stock Exchange '3 Stodder, Charles F 378 Stone, Edward C 464 Stone, Mark 468 Storer, Oscar 433 Stover, Hon. Willis W 400 Stratton, Charles E 449 Suffolk County Court House 391 Suffolk Law School 234 Sullivan, Hon. E. Mark 403 Sullivan, Hon. Michael H 404 Sullivan, Patrick F 97 Summer Street 185 Sutcliffe, F. Lucas 325 Swampscott Scene 160 Sweetser, George A 440 Swift, Francis H 366-367 Swift, Henry W 439 Swift-McXutt Co 366 Symphony Hall 210,249 Talbot, Edmund H 440 Taylor, Edward 1 467 Teeling, Hon. Richard S 443 Temple, Adath Israel 266 Tennant, Frederick A 451 Thompson, Marshall P 451 Thompson, Milton S 377 Tinkham, Hon. George H 429- ^34 THE BOOK OF BOSTON Page Tomlhorde Cafe 495-496 Towle, Loren D 244 Town House 34 Train, Enoch 80 Tremont Street 40 Tremont Street Mall 42 Trinity Church 171 Tucker, George F 470-471 Tufts, Bowen 221 Tufts College 294 Tuttle, Lucius 110-111 Twomey, Jeremiah A 482 Ulrich, Dr. Helmuth 304 Union Club 120 University Club 122 United Shoe Machinery Co 350-357 United States Custom House 212 United States Hotel 49 Vahey, Hon. James H 456 Victoria Hotel 492 View from Cupola of State House 46 View from Custom House Tower 395 Vitelli, James A 408 Waldorf Lunch System 503-504 Walker, George H 507 Walker-Gordon Laboratory Co 507 Walker, Henry L 194 Walker Lithograph & Publishing Co 507 Walsh, Ex-Governor David 1 191 Walsh, Joseph P 425 Walton, David H 497 Walton Lunch System 497-499 Walworth Manufacturing Co 382-383 Wardwell, J. Otis 412-413 Wardwell, Sheldon E 471 Warren, Bentley W 437 Page Warien Brothers & Co 379 Warren, Dr. John 285 Warren, Dr. Joseph 285 Warren, Joseph F 437 Washburn, Dr. George H 302 Washington Elm 137 Washington Statue 153 Washington Street 43, 75, 103 Waterman, Frank S 380 Wellington, Arthur J 452-453 Wcilman, Hon. Arthur H 415 Wentworth Institute 234 Wesselhoeft, Dr. Conrad 298 Weyburn, Lyon 426-427 West, Alfred L 462 Wharton, Hon. William F 428 Wheelwright, George W 336 Wheelwright, John T 479 Whitley, Samuel H 470 Whiting & Sons, D 370 Whitman, William 343, 347 Widener Library at Harvard 127 Wiggin, George W 470 Wiggin, Joseph 466 Wilson, Butler R 472 Wilson, George L 454 Winslow Bros. cS: Smith Co 330 Winslow, Sidney W 351 Women's City Club 124 Woodbury, C. J. H 197, 198 Wood, William M 327-330 Woods Machine Co., S. A 360 Wright, John G 324 Wyman, Alphonso A 460 Young's Hotel 49 Young Men's Christian Assn. Bldg 211 Zottoli, Frank M 476 Zottoli, Joseph T 480 H 451 85 il ^ <^ *^^^' "^ .J ::^!rv. ■•^. _.v" ''i^^^\ ^^c*^' ^:^ ^•l^^ -'> *^ '.1 o ^^ .^ .0' \r ... "^ M-^ J^^^K c ♦ *■" "^^ t- /\ ' ^'c- .!i" ^ ^\/.. V^^-/ \-^'\»»^ v---"^'-/ \-^^\,*' %-•... ,,.' -m^: \,/ .•^■, %/ .-^^^ \./ .• . ^'^•, >/^. 01 -o. , • '\ '. "^ A^ V '-n* ,^ ♦ .-^^"-^ * -f -o<^ 'f'^O^ 3pV\ %>'-..•',/ ^'^^'Z *^/^-\/ % ....%o^ ^,.^ ■% ^ * /\ ■•••^ .**"*-^, •w /\ '• y^*-. %v ,0^ ,v.-?^;'^ Oo V' HECKMAN BINDERY INC. 1985 N. MANCHESTER, ^S»^ INDIANA 46962