\'" -^^. 't.o^ .-f'' &^ ■^ ,^'"*. -:l OFFICE OF INDIAN AFFAIRS THE OFFICIAL CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. (^ALHOUN WHILE INDIAN AGENT AT SANTA FE AND SUPERINTENDENT OF INDIAN AFFAIRS IN NEW MEXICO COLLECTED MAINLY FROM THE FILES OF THE INDIAN OFFICE AND EDITED, UNDER ITS DIRECTION, BY ANNIE HELOISE ABEL WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE EL- ii Charle.s K. (iardiier, " Dictionary of All Officers iu II. S. A.," p. 533. INTRODUCTION. XIII tarnished his record and, in his time, at least, that was a singidarly rare experience in the United States Indian service. The reasons for Calhoun's appointment were undoubtedly mainly political and his official correspondence offers a certain surprise and, withal, a certain disappointment because that thing was so. The new agent, and the first ever sent from Washington to Santa Fe forsooth, had practically nothing to sa}^ about the remarkable Indian civilization of the southwest. He seems not to have been even remotely interested, scientifically. His letters are all strangely lack- ing in references to scenery, to archaeological remains, to interesting- Indian customs, or to evidences of previous Spanish occupation. Thej^ are likewise lacking in more than a vague and occasional reference to the presidential administrative plans for New Mexico Calhoun was most certainly sent to Santa Fe for a purpose but what the real purpose was does not appear. Somewhere, no doubt, and very probably in the confidential files of Interior, War, or State department, there are papers that hold the secret. It is unfortunate that the limited time allowed for collecting the Calhoun corre- spondence did not permit the ransacking of all government archives for the years 1849, 1850, 1851, and 1852. Enough is told in the letters now printed to convince even the most casual reader that more might have been told and very probably was; for James S. Calhoun was a ready writer and a highly intelligent man. He was in the close confidence of men like Ewing. Crawford, Iverson, and Dawson. One noticeable thing about all the Calhoun letters is the com- plaint of inadequate support from Washing-ton. The Indian Office was evidently quite unprepai-ed to enter upon the task that legiti- mately fell to its lot of taking charge of the Indians of the south- west, and Congress had other things seemingly more vital to attend to. Calhoun's career, both as Indian Agent and as Superintendent of Indian Affairs was one long fight with corrupt local political influences; but he surely did his best to make bricks without straw. His closing days were sad. He left Santa Fe a sick man and he died on the plains. There is something yqvj pathetic in the thought that he carried his coffin with him. Evidently he half expected never to see Georgia again. In William Walker's Journal, under date of July 2, 1852, this entry is given : ^ " The corpse of Gov. Calhoun, who died on the road from Santa Fe to Kansas was bro't in for burial. He is to be buried with Masonic Honors. AVhat train bro't the remans in is yet unknown." The family believe him to have been buried at Independence, Missouri. ' Connelley, " The Provisional Government of Nebraska Territory," p. .353. XIV INTEODUCTION. The text of the Calhoun and rehated correspondence as here printed calls for a few explanatory remarks. As nearly as possible all docu- ments have been presented just as they appear in the files, with all mistakes in syntax, capitalization, punctuation, and so forth, uncor- rected. One exception to exact reproduction is found in the use of the caret, which has not been inserted on the printed page, although found in the originals in connection with all omissions and inter- lineations. Another exception, equally minor in character, is in the form of a few irregular abbreviations, the form of the original having been slightly changed to suit the requirements of the typesetting machines. Objections to the strict ad literatim procedure offered themselves when it came to a copying of letter-book records. Such records are ■ of course merely copies of official correspondence. They often abound in errors, due to the ignorance or carelessness of copyists. So numer- ous and so unwarranted, indeed, were the mistakes in spelling that the editor had misgivings about reproducing them. The rule for making exact transcripts had, however, been laid down and could not, even under sucli adverse conditions, be Jegitimatelv depai-ted from. JAMES S. CALHOUN. OFFICIAL CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. [CALHOUN TO CLAYTON/] Ante Room, Apl 3, 18Jt9. Sir, It is now probable that I may leave for Georgia on to-morrow morning.- And as I conceive it of great importance to have a Copy of all the Laws of the United States to take with me to New Mexico will you pardon me for enquiring, again, whether you can, with propriety, furnish them to me, together with Disurnell's Map, 1616? Respectfully J. S. Calhoun. [Related Correspondence.] [In connection with the establishment of the Santa Fe Ageacy, the two de- partmental letters here subjoined are instructive] 1 B. I. A., M. L., Marcb and April, 1849. Presumably this letter was addressed to John M. Clayton of Delaware who served as Secretary of State under President Taylor from March 7, 1849 to July 22, 1850. 2 This was preparatory to his taking up his work as United States Indian Agent at Santa F6. Upon the recommendation of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs [O. I. A., Report Book, No. 6, pp. 65, 14&-148] and at the direction of the President, acting under the discre- tionary power vested in him by the 4th section of the Act of .Tune .30, 1834, the Indian Agency at Council Bluffs had been transferred to Santa F6. The Act of June 30, 1834 was "An Act to provide for the organization of the depart- ment of Indian Affairs " and its 4th section reads as follows : " * * * And the President shall be and he is hereby authorized, whenever he may .ludge it expedient, to discontinue any Indian Agency, or to transfer the same, from the place or tribe designated by law, to such other place or tribe as the public service may require * * *." [4 U. S. Stat, at L., p. 736.] The immense territorial acquisition, ro&ulting from the Mexican war, called for a re- organization of the Indian service [see Medill to Marcy, November 30, 1848, O. I. A., Report Book, No. 6, p. 65] ; but Congress failed to make the necessary provisions for the same and, as a last resort, the method of agency transfer was called into requisition. The preliminary details of the transfer were quite complicated. Under existing law, the number of agencies was limited but that of sub-agencies un- limited. There were two Council Bluffs Indian establishments, a suhagency on the Iowa side of the Missouri River, accommodating " the united nations of Chippewa, Ottawa and Pottawatomie Indians," and an agency on the Nebraska side, at Bellevue. accommo- dating the Otoes and Missourias, the Pawnees, and the Omahas. Under the provisions of the Treaty of 1846 [Kappler, 11:558] "the united nation of Chippewa, Ottawa and Pottawatomie Indians " agreed " to remove to their new homes on the Kansas River, within two years from the ratification of the treaty." This discontinued the " Council Bluffs Sub-agency " and made it possible for the Indian Ofiice to meet the new needs of the Southwest by reducing the " Council Bluffs Agency " to a subagency and, that done, completing the number of agencies by erecting one at Santa F6. 5021—15 1 2 CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. [ewing to medill"^] Depaetment of the Intebioe March 29th mO. Hon. Wm Medill Commissi Ind. Affairs Sib The President directs that the Indian Agency at Council Bluffs be removed to Santa Fe. You will. make out an order of removal accordingly. And you will prepare a Commission for James S. Calhoun of Georgia to be Indian Agent at Santa Fe. Very Respectfully Yours T. Ewing Secy [ewing TO MEDILL 2] Department of the Interior Washington S April 1849. Sir You may allow to the Indian Agents at the Salt Lake, in California and at Santa F6, in New Mexico, one year's salary in advance, each, and their travel- ling expenses from Saint Louis to the place of rendezvous. The necessary In- terpreters may be allowed $300. each, and perhaps even that is too small for the agency at Santa Fe. For contingencies, presents «&c. $1000. each, may be allowed and a reasonable sum for procuring the necessary statistical information. Similar proportionate amounts may be advanced to the Sub Agents at San Joachim and the Rio Gila, respectively. You will please also place in the hands of the Agent at Santa Fe $300, to be applied in searching for and obtaining the Mexican boy I wish this branch of the service to be well cared for, as the future action of the Department in our Indian Affairs depends upon its accuracy and extent. Very respectfully Your Obedient Servant T. Ewing Secretary William Medill Esq Commissioner of Indian Affairs ^0. I. A., Santa F6 Agency, I 175. 2 O. I. A., Salt Lake Agency, I 193J. CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 3 [MEDILL' TO CALHOUN.'] Office Indian Affairs. April 7th, 1849 Calhoun Esqr James S Indian Agent. Santa Fe. Sir: I have the honor to enclose, herewith, a commission constituting- you Indian Agent at Santa Fe, to include the Indians at or in the Adcinity of that place, and any others that may hereafter be desig-^ nated by this Department.^ Your compensation will be at the rate of $1500 per annum, in full of salary and all emoluments whatever, to commence as soon after the execution of your bond as a notification can reach the person now holding the appointment and receiving the salary, advising him of the change which has been made in the location of the Agency and of the discontinuance of his services and salary. I enclose also the form of a bond to be executed by you in the penal sum of $5000, with two or more sureties, whose sufficiency must be certified by a United States District Judge or District Attorney. So little is known here of the condition and situation of the Indians in that region that no specific instructions, relative to them can be given at present; and the Department relies on you to furnish it with such statistical and other information as will give a just and full understanding of every particular relating to them, embracing the names of the tribes, their location, the distance between the tribes, the probable extent of territory owned or claimed by each respectively, and the tenure by which they hold or claim it; their manners and habits, their disposition and feelings towards the United States, Mexico and whites generally and towards each other, whether hostile or otherwise ; whether the several tribes speak different languages, and when different, the apparent analogies between them, and also what laws and regulations, for their government, are necessary, and how far the law regulating trade and intercourse with the Indian tribes, 2. copy of which I enclose, will, if extended over that country, properly apply to the Indians there and to the trade and intercourse with them and what modification if any, will be required to produce the greatest degree of efficiency. You are authorized to employ one Interpreter, permanently, by the year, and such others from time to time as you may find necessary 1 William Medill of Ohio served as Commissioner of Indian Affairs from October 28, 1845 to June 30, 1849 inclusive. See O. I. A., Receipts for Salaries, Employees of Indian Office. 1846 to 1852. - O. I. A., L. B., No. 42, pp. 17-19 ; Special File, No. 2G. ^ Calhoun's was a recess appointment. His qualifications for the position of Indian Agent at Santa F6 were probably his military experiences in the Southwest, his familiarity with the reg^ion, and his acquaintance with tlie Georgia delegation in Congress. 4 CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. in the discharge of your duties. As the hiw limits the compensation of interpreters to $300 per annum, that amount cannot be exceeded; but in the case of those employed temporarily, you will engage their services on the best terms you can and employ them for as short periods & as seldom as possible consistent with a proper discharge of your duties. You will be allowed a horse for yourself & one for your interpreter to be held as public property and accounted for as such. As you will doubtless avail yourself of the military escort ^ which will leave St. Louis shortly, funds will be placed in the hands of the Supt. of Indian Afi'airs at that place to be turned over to you.- The remote position of the scene of your operations has induced the Secretary of the Interior to authorize an advance of one years salary to yourself and your Interpreter together with other sums for other objects as follows viz : One years salary for yourself $1500.00 One years salary for your Interpreter 300.00 Pay of additional Interpreters 200. 00 Contingent expenses, including Presents to Indians, purchase of two horses, forage for the same, house rent, fuel, stationery, eolieetion of statistical information &c &c, together with your travelling expenses to your agency 1500.00 For the release of such Mexican captives ;.s may be found among the Indians and for which demand may be made on the government of the United States 300.00 $3, 800. 00 It has been represented to the Department that there is a Mexican boy in captivity among the Indians either in New Mexico or Cali- fornia, and for whose release the Mexican Minister has made a demand on this government but as the Department is as yet unac- quainted with the particulars of the case it W'ill be made the subject of a special communication to you, as soon as they can be ascertained. After obtaining all the information you can collect wdth regard to any captives you will report their names, ages, whether they are Mexicans or Americans, the length of time they haA'e been held in captivity, and if they are Mexicans whether they were taken prior to the termination of the war and treaty with Mexico or subsequently. In dispensing Presents to the Indians you will be as economical as possible and confine the disposition of them to cases where some important end is to be accomplished. 1 See order of Secretary of War, p. 5. 2Ewing to Medill. April lli, 184!), O. I. A.. St. Louis Supi-riiiteiideucy. I 120-2; L. R., No. 36, April 12, 1849: Medill to Superinteudent D. 1). Mitchell. April 12. 184!>, L. B., No. 42, p. 33. CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 5 You will report directly to this office and will lose no opportunity of doing so, as it is extremely desirable that the Department be kept well advised of the state of affairs in that region. I enclose blank forms to guide you in rendering your accounts, which must be done quarter yearly or as nearly so as possible. In rendering your accounts you will account for the money placed in your hands under the following heads of appropriation, viz: Pay of Superintendents and Indian ngents $1500.00 Pay of Interpreters 500.00 Contingencies, Indian Department 1800. 00 $3, 800. 00 I enclose copy of a communication ^ from Charles Bent Esq,* Governor of New Mexico, in which you will find a good deal of information that will be useful to you. W. M. P. S. I enclose a copy of the late treaty with Mexico, and also copies of the reports of Messrs Fremont,^ Emory,* Abert^ and Cook.« [Related Correspondence,] [order or SECRETARY OF AVAR.] [The following letter, recorded in A. G. O.. M. B. No. 29, pp. 129-130. shows that the War Department made timely provision for Calhoun's transportation:] Adjutant General. The following persons engaged in the public service in California and Oregon, are to be furnished by the proper Staff Officers with transportation and sub- sistence during their journey to their destination, viz: John Wilson, Indian, Agent, for California, with his family. James Collins, Collector at San Francisco. Jas. S. Calhoun. Indian Agent at Santa Fe. These gentlemen will furnish to the Quarter Master and Commissary, a list of persons attached to the public service under them, for whom also, transpor- tation and subsistence will be supplied. Arms will be issued to those of the party who may require them — to be turned over to an officer of the Army on reaching their destination, and the subsistence furnished under this order, is to be paid for at Government prices. 1 rrobably the letter to Medill printed on pages 6-9. -Charles Rent was the man whom General Kearny appointed, under recognised authority, governor of New Mexico upon Ihe occasion of his own departure for California. Sop Bancroft. Illetory of Arizona and Now ^le-vico, p. 441. Governor Bent was assassi- nated by insurgents at Taos, January 19, 1847. See Twitchell, Leading Facts of New Mexican History. II, pp. 2.S3-2.'^5 and notes. ■'' Fremont. .T. «'. K(>poit of tlie oxiiloriii" lOxpodition lo tlie Rocky Mountains. House Doc, 28th Cong., 2nd Sess., No. 166. * Emory, Lieutenant-Colonel W. II.. Notes on a Military Itoconiioissance from Fort Leavenworth to San Diego, 1846—47. House Ex. Doc, 30th Cong., 1st sess., No. 41, and Senate Ex. Doc, 30th Cong., 1st Sess.. No. 7, pp. .5-416. ^ Abert, Lieutenant .1, W., Report of his Examination of New Mexico, 1846, 47. House Ex. Doc, 30th Cong., 1st Sess.. No. 41, pp. 417-54S. « Cooke, Lieutenant Colonel V. St. George, Report of Iiis March from Santa F6 to San Diego, Ibid., pp. 551-563. 6 COEKESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN". A suitable escort from the Army will be fiiruisiied for the protection of the pa rties. Geo W Crawford. Secret ary of War. War Department April 3d. 18J,9 [bent to MEDILL.^] Santa Fe New Mexico yov 10th IS'/G. Sib Having been appointed by Brig Genl Kearney, Governor of the Terry of New Mexico, and by virtue of that appointment ex officio. Superin- tendent of Indian Affairs, for said Territory, it becomes my duty to lay before you the following information in regard to tlie different tribes of Indians inhab- iting and frequenting this Territory First: I will mentioned the Apaches or Jicarillas a band of about 100 lodges or about 500 souls. The Jicarillas have no permanent residence, but roam through the northern settlements of New Mexico.— They are an indolent and cowardly people living principally by theft committed on the New Mexicans, there being but little game in the country, through which they range, and their' fear of other Indians not permitting them to venture upon the plains for Buffalo. Their only attempt at manufacture is a species of potter ware, capable of toler- able resistance to fire, and much used by them and the ^Mexicans for culinary purposes. This, they barter with the Mexicans for the necessaries of life, but in such small quantities as scarcely to deserve the name of traffic. The preda- tory habits of these Indians render them a great annoyance to the Mexicans Second : The apaches proper who range through the southern portion of this Territory, through the country of the Rio del Norte, and its tributaries, and westward about the headwaters of the river Gila. They are a warlike people, are about 900 lodges and from 5000 to 6000 souls; know nothing of agriculture or manufactures of any kind but live almost entirely by plundering the Mexican settlements. For many years past they have been in the habit of committing constant depredations upon the lives and aft property of the inhabitants of this and the ad.1oining territories and states from which they have carried off an incredible amount of stock of all kinds The only ai'ticle of food that grows in their general range is the Maguey plant and that spontaneously and in very small quantities. Several bands of the Apaches have for several years past received a bounty of so much per diem per head, from the Government of the state of Chihuahua, but still without having the intended effect of preventing them from plundering the inhabitants. Third : The Navajoes are an industrious intelligent and warlike tribe of Indians who cultivate the soil and raise sufficient grain for their own con- sumption and a variety of fruits. They are the owners of large flocks and herds of cattle, sheep, horses and mules and asses. It is estimated that the tribe possess 30000 head of horned cattle 500.000 sheep and 10.000 head of horses mules and asses, it not being a rare instance for one individual to possess 5000 to 10000 sheep and 400 to 500 head of other stock, and their 1 Found in the Archives Division of the Adjutant-General's Office and in a book bearing the following memorandum : Old Book No. I. Bound as No. 5, Dep't New Mexico, A. G. O. It is to be found on pp. 25-33. CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 7 horses are said to be greatly superior to those raised by the Mexicans. Most of their stock has been acquired by marauding expeditions against the settle- ments of this Territory. They manufacture excellent coarse blankets and coarse woolen goods for wearing apparel They have no permanent villages or places of residence, but roam over the country between the river San Juan on the north and the waters of Jila on the south. The country between these two rivers is about 150 miles in width, consisting of high table mountains difB- cult of access and affording them as yet effective protection against their enemies. Water is scarce and difficult to be found by those not acquainted with the country, affording another difficult natural safeguard against invasions. Their numbers are variously estimated at from 1000 to 2000 families or from 7000 to 14000 souls. The Navajoes so far as I am informed, are the only Indians on the continent having intercourse with white men, that are increasing in numbers. — They have in their possession many prisoners, men women and children taken from the settlements of this Territory whom they hold and treat as slaves. The Moquis are neighbours of the Navajoes and live in permanent villages, cultivate grain, and fruits and raise all the varieties of stock. They were for- merly a very numerous tribe in the possession of large stocks and herds but have been reduced in numbers and possessions by their more warlike neighbours and enemies the Navajoes. The Moquis are an intelligent and industrious people, their manufactures are the same as those of the Navajoes. They number about 350 families or about 2450 souls. The Y utas inhabit the country north of the Navajoes and west of the north- * ern settlements of this Department. They number 800 lodges and about 4000 to 5000 souls. Their range extends from Navajo Country in latitude about 35° to 40° North. Their range of coiMitry is very mountainous and broken, abound- ing in wild game, deer, elk and bear, which serve them for food and raiment. They are a hardy, warlike people, subsisting by the chase, and several bands of them have been carrying on a predatory war with the New Mexicans for the last two years and killed and taken prisoner many of the people and driven ' off large amounts of stock. Since Genl Kearney's arrival, these Indians have ) sued for peace, and measures are now taking to effect a permanent treaty. The Cheyennes and Arrapahoes range through the country of the Arkansas and its tributaries on the north of this Department. They live almost entirely on the Buffalo, and carry on a considerable trade, both with the Mexicans and Americans, in Buffalo robes, for which they obtain all the necessaries not derived from the Buffalo. They are a roving people and have for many years been on friendly terms with the New Mexicans. The Arappahoes number about 400 lodges 2000 souls. The Cheyennes 300 lodges 1500 souls. East of the mountains of New Mexico, range the Comanches, a numerous and warlike people subsisting entirely by the chase. Their different bands number in all, about 2500 lodges or 12000 souls. They have been at peace for many years with the New Mexicans but have carried on an incessant and destructive war with the Department of Chihuahua, Durango and Coahuila from which they have carried off and still hold as slaves a large amettftt number of women and children, and immense herds of horses, mules and as.ses The Kayuguas range through a part of the snnie country and are similar in their habits and customs and are considered a more brave people than the Comanches. They number about 400 lodges or 2000 souls Below I give you a tabular statement of the population of the tribes of In- dians ranging the country within the Territory of New Mexico and on its 100 lodges 500 souls 8-900 do 5500 do 200 do 1400 do 600 do 3000 do 1000 do 7000 do 350 do 2450 do 2500 do 12000 do 400 do 2000 do 300 do 1500 do 400 do 1600 do 8 CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. < borders, made up from the most reliable information I have been able to obtain during a residence of many years in New Mexico and its vicinity , Apaches or Jacarilla Apaches proper I'utas (Southern) Yutas (Grand & Yu-uinte rivers) Navajoes Moguls Oamanches Kayuguas I Cheyennes Arappahoes Total 36, 950. 1 You \A'ill perceive by the above statement that since New Mexico has become a Territory of the United States nearly 40000 Indians will fall under the im- mediate sui^erintendence of the U. S. Government, and it becomes a subject , of serious inii)ort, how the numerous and savage tribes are to be controlled and managed. And as it becomes my duty by virtue of my office to lay before you all the information I possess, in regard to these tribes of Indians, I will also 1 venture to make a few suggestions for your consideration — Agents and subagents are absolutely necessary for the regulation and con- trol of the various tribes of Indians above named. A very desirable effect might be produced upon the Indians by sending a delegation from each tribe to Washington. They have no idea at this time of the power of the United States and have been so long in the habit of waging war and committing depredations against the Mexicans with impunity, that they still show a disposition to continue the same kind of warfare, now that the Territory is in possession of the United States I am convinced that a visit to our capital of some of the principal men of each of these nations, would secure future peace and quiet to the inhabitants of this Territory. I would also suggest the propriety of sending with this delegation of un- s civilized Indians, a deputation from the ' Pueblo ' or civilized Indians who are by law citizens of this Territory and of the United States very They compose a considerable portion of the population of New Mexico and if excited so to do might cause a good deal of difficulty here A small expense in this matter on the part of our Government, now, might be the means of avoiding blood shed hereafter. You are doubtless avi^are that presents of goods are indispensable in all friendly communications with Indians. I would respectfully suggest the neces- sity of Goods of that kind or the means wherewith to purchase them, being placed at the disposition of the Superiuteuclent of Indian Affairs for this Territory. I deem it highly necessary to establish stockade Forts in the Yuta and Nabajo countries with sufficient troops to keep these in check, and from mak- ing their long accustomed inroads upon the Territory, one also at some suit- able point on the Arkansas River, for the purpose of protecting travellers, be- tween this Territory and Missouri and the settlements that may extend in that direction, and from the Indians of that vicinity Another establishment of the kind should be located in the Southern part of this Territory to serve as a safeguard against both the Apaches and Mexicans, who it may be confidently expected, will continue to make inroads upon the COKEESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. " 9 Territory from that quarter for many years to come I neglected to mention in the proper phice that Col A. W. Doniphan received orders from Genl Kearney before leaving the Territory for California, to march his regiment against the Navajoes. Overtures of peaces had been made to them without effect. They have continued their depredations up to the time Genl Kearney, after leaving Santa Fe wrote to me, advising that full permission should be given to the citizens of New Mexico, to march in independent companies against these In- dians, for the purpose of making reprisals, and for the recovery of property and prisoners. In conformity with his suggestion, I issued a proclamation to that effect. Cor Doniphan left here a few days ago with his command for the Nabajo Country and I feel confident, that with the aid of the auxiliary war parties, he will soon compel the nation to sue for peace, and to make restitution of property and prisoners taken since the entrance of American forces on the ISth August last In conclusion I earnestly solicit your full and particular instructions on the subject of the trilies of Indians referred to in this communication, at your earliest convenience, by so doing you will greatly oblige. Your obedient Servant [Charles Bent?] Honble Medill Commissioner of Indian Affairs. [CALHOUN TO CRAWFORD.'] ^ Chattanooga Tennessee April 17 181^9 Sir Before leaving Washington, I understood you to say, you would cause to be issued the necessary orders for the Transportation, arms &c I would require in going to Santa Fe — The Commissioner of In- dian Affairs, I suppose now ^ of your department, called upon me for the information necessary to justify orders. I gave it to him^ eight less than I Avill have with me — Fourteen are now here — and six are to join me at St Louis — This morning while at breakfast in Dalton Georgia, I received a letter from Genl. John Wilson,* Indian Agent at Salt Lake, informing me that it was necessary I should " address a paper " to each particular Bureau, making known to them what will be absolutely necessary — The foregoing is written for the purpose of explaining to a'ou why I have sent to the different Bureaus the requisitions alluded to 1 George W. Crawford of Georgia must have been the recipient of this letter since he smcocflfd Wm. L. Marcy of New York as Secretary of War and entered upon the duties of the office, March 14, 1849. - A. G. O., Files, C 86 of 1849. See also entry for April 27, 1840, in A. G. O., R. L. R., No. 69. 3 The Home, or Interior Department, had been created under Act of March 3, 1849 (9 U. S. Stat, at L., 395), and the Office of Indian Afifairs had been transferred, as a Bureau, to it from the War Department. (See sec. 5.) * John Wilson had been appointed United States Indian agent at " the Salt Lake, California." He travelled across the plains In the summer of 1849, at about the same time Calhoun did, and his account of the journey is highly interesting. It is found In his letter to Secretary Ewing under date of December 22, 1849. O. I. .^., San .Joachim Sub- Agency, W 420. IV COERESPONDEISrCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. above — and under the impression that Genl. Wilson has misappre- hended the matter — I go to St, Louis with all dispatch — where I hope to hear from you I am Sir With great respect Your obt Svt James S. Calhoun Secty of War Indian Agent Washington City at Santa Fe. [CALHOUN TO EWING.'] Chattanooga Tennessee - April 17, 181^9 Sir I am here on my way to St Louis, and will speed forward with all practicable despatch — I have with me, fourteen persons — all told — four females among them of my family — Six others will join me at St. Louis — From Independence I shall have with me twenty bold & enterpris- ing adventurers — several of whom served in the war against Mex- ico — as Volunteers under my command ^ — these young gentlemen will do faithful service in Mexico — For them I desire arms &c «S;c — I have asked for rations and transportation for Baggage for twenty, not less than fourteen — the number now with me — I would be glad to include the gentlemen refered to above — for I regard them as abso- lutely necessary to the entire success of my efforts to discharge my duties in New Mexico — The Commissioner of Indian affairs, Col. Medill — required of me a memorandum of the number of my family before I left Washington, to the end, as I understood, to have the necessary orders issued from the proper Bureaus — I gave the number twelve two others have come with me — I mention these matters to say this morning at the moment of my departure for this place, I received a letter from Genl. John Wilson, saying it was necessary to address separate papers to each Bureau — for arms &c, rations and transportation — I have done so in general terms — I have only to inquire whether it would be im- proper to cause orders to issue in general terms to the proper officers 1 Thomas Ewing of Ohio was appointed first Secretary of the Interior Department. President Taylor nominated him and he served from March 7, 1849 to July 25, 1850. Members of the Ewing family were very largely interested in the Santa F6 trade. 2 O. I. A., Santa F6 Agency, C 300. 3 In connection with this somewhat obscure matter, the letters on pages 11-1.3 are elucidating. CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 11 to furnish arms — transportation & rations upon my requisition to such only as should be present — I hope to hear from you at St. Louis — Wishing you entire success in the administration of your depart- ment — I have the honor to be Yr obt svt James S. Calhoun [ Related Corresp ondence. ] [mARCY TO JONES.^] Washington City. Decemher 10' iS.}7. Jones. John A. Esq Milled geviUe, Georgia. Sir, I liave received your letter of the 24' ultimo respecting tbe appointment of Capt. J. S. Calhoun to the command of the Georgia Battalion. The appoint- ment of the officers of the battalion rested, under law, entirely with the Gov- ernor of Georgia. Captain Calhoun had several times tendered to this Depart- ment his services to raise volunteers, and had been recommended by letters from the Hon. W. T. Colquitt, A. Iverson, John H. Lumpkin and Seaborn Jones, speaking highly of his character, intelligence, influence and military zeal. On this account when the next requisition was made on the State of Georgia, the following paragraph was added with regard to Captain Calhoun. "As pressing application has been made to accept a regiment proposed to be raised by Captain J. S. Calhoun of your State, it is deemed not improper for the Department to apprise you of the fact and to express a wish, as he has seen service, that it may not be inconsistent with your views to aid in bringing liini into service again with this battalion. ^'ery respectfully. Your Obt Serv W. L. Marcy Secretary of War [CALHOUN AND OTHERS TO 2] CUERNAVACA. MEXICO March 29th. JS-'fS. Sir, The uiKlersigned desiring to continue in the Military Service of the United States, and from an association in said service, having the fullest confidence in each other, and beleiving the best interests of the country may be promoted thereby, they respectfully submit, should it be deemed advisable by the Presi- dent of the United States, to raise an additional Mounted Rcffiment, for New Mexico — the Californias — or any other place. Volunteers or Regulars, ih^y pledg- ing themselves, within ninety days after the disbanding of the Volunteers now in service, to raise and have ready for effective service, a full regiment for one. two, three, four, or five years — as may be desirable — lA. G. O., M. B., No. 28, p. 166. =A. G. 0., Files, Inclosuros of P 2^0 of 1S4S. 12 CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. This tender, or suggestion, is made, upou the sole condition, that the under- signed are to be the three principal Chiefs, in the order in the order in which their signatures are hereunto appended— To you we are each known — Col Iverson will speak to you in behalf of Capt Goulding— Capt. Hamilton— the son of your old friend, Dr Hamilton of Cass County, you will remember. Lt. Col. Calhoun and Capt. Goulding have been in service, now, near two years.— This is Capt. Hamilton's first campaign: but tee think we understand the duties of the positions we ask to be assigned to us, and that we can discharge them with credit to ourselves, and with benefit to the country — We respectfully request you to make known to the President of the TTnited States the contents of this communication, and, we have the honor to be Your very obt. Servts. J. S. Calhoun Lt. Col Comdg. Mtd. Bat. Geo. Vols. E R Goulding Capt Comdg Camp "A" Mtd Bat Geo Vols C V Hamilton Capt. Comdg Corny. "5" Mt. Batt. Ga Vols. [HARALSON TO THE PRESIDENT^] Ho Reps. U. S. J2th May ms. Sib, As the best means of complying with the request in the last paragraph of the accompanying communication I forward to you the paper as I received it. With great respect &c. H. A. Haralson The President of the United States [mARCY TO HARALSON ^] War Department. Washington August 21. tSJfS Sir, The President referred to this Department your letter of the 12" of May, enclosing a proposit'on of the oflicers of the Georgia Mounted Batt.-ilion, to recruit a battalion for service in California. At that time it was not known precisely what arrangements would be adopted respecting the force to be em- ployed in the Western territories and no satisfactory answer could be given to the offer. You are now aware that there is no necessity or authority for the employment of an additional volunteer force. Very respectfully, Your Obt Serv W. L. Marcy Srcrctdrii of War Hon H. A. Haralson Lagrange, Geoiigia. ~* lA. G. O., Files, P 256 of 1848. 2A. O. O., M. R.. No. 28, p. ?,7o ; Inclosure of P 256 of 1848. CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 13 [CALHOl'N TO THE SECRETARY OF WAR ^] Columbus, Georgia yon: 25th 1S',S. Sir. It occurs to me, tlint a Mounted Regiment of Dragoons will be required, at no distant day, for service in New Mexico and California. This is to repeat, what I have said to you, and to others, that in sixty d:iys. if not in less time, I can raise a Regiment. One thousand Strong, and desire to engage in that Service — In order to render siich a Regiment effective, and not to interfere with existing arms of the public defence, I am inclined to the opinion, it should be, to a certain extent. indei>endent in its organization, so far as all its officers are concerned — This will secure harmony, and if it can be so organized, we are ready to enlist for two. three, four, or five yeai-s — ready to assume an armed occupation, and to range it the country named in every direction — Capt, Gouldiug, who again unites with me in this tender of our survices. agrees with me, that a Battalion could be put en route for New Mexico and California in less than sixty days. With great respect. Your obt Servt, • J, S. Calhoun late Lt. dn. Comdg Mtd. But. (leo. Vols. Skc'rktary of War Washington City. [mARCY TO CALHOUN "] War Dep.\rtmf.nt, Washington, Deer. 7. 18-',S. Sir, In reply to your letter of the 25. ultimo I have the honor to state that the Executive has no authority to accept the services of the regiment which you offer to raise for service in California. Very respectfully Your Obed. Servt, W. L. M.\rcy — Secretary of War Calhoun, J. S. Esq, Columbus, Georgia. [CALHOUN TO MEDILL, ] [May 17. 1^40. the riuliaii OfHco ivcoived a coiiiuninication witli- out date from Calhoun, It covered his official bond and a notice that K. B, Alexander and D. McDoiii>:ald would he his sureties. It was sent to the Secretary the day of its receipt. See II. Bfe. No. 6 p. 178 and L. B. Xo. 42, p. 237. It was returned with objections. May 18. 1849. O. I. A. Santa Fe Agency. I 230. Ewino's objections were embodied by Brown in his letter of July 1<>, 1840. L. B. Xo. 42, p. 237.] 'A. (i. O.. Files, O 4:iT of I S4S, -A, (i. O.. M. H,. Xo. -JS. p, -404, 14 COREESPOXDEXCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. [CALHOUN TO CRAWFORD,'] Camp six miles west of Kaw kivj:k May 2%d. 181^0. Sir This is the fourth day we have been at this place and the third of the halt by order of Genl. Brooke - — Wliy it is so, we can not tell. We have rumors of Canadian outbreaks, that possibly may require to be looked to by the military arm of our Government — We also have a rumor in our Camp that Indian hostilities against Americans New Mexicans and all emigrants have been commenced by the Apaches, Nabojos, Comanches & others combined — The truth in rela- tion to the foregoing matters, is better known at Washington than here — Upon this subject I addressed a note to the Secty of the In- terior commenced on yesterday — Will you see the Secty ? The foregoing is promised that I may say, as early as Decemher 18Ji7 — I offered my services to raise a mounted regiment to serve East, West, North, or South for two, three, four, or five years.^ I renewed the proposition twice in March 1848 and again in August 1848 — and now I mention it again in view of the possibility that cir- cumstances may prevent my executing the wishes of the Administra- tion in the capacitj^ in which I go to New Mexico — I do not wish to be idle, and so I have said to Mr Ewing by the mail that will convey this to you — Should troops be desired, such as I have alluded to I beg to say, that the tide of emigration will favor an early filling up of such a regiment — On the subject allow me to say, the troops I desire to raise it is desired should have an independent organization — Volunteers if you please, subjected as a matter of course to the rules & regulations of the service. In this way I can raise a large force, and secure for New Mexico a desirable population — I will now add the impression is, a larger number of troops will be wanting in New Mexico and Calafornia than the Government can send there from the Army as now organized^ — I regret the idea is so prevalent, that desertion Avill thin the ranks to an unusual extent. Take the foregoing suggestions for what you may think them worth, and remember, if I cannot be profitably employed in execut- ing the commands of the government in New Mexico, with the per- mission of those who have the power to grant the authority, I can, and will, at an early moment raise a regiment — one thousand strong — 1 a. G. O., C 122 of 1849. See also entry for .Tune 11, 1849. A. G. O., R. L. R. No. (50. 2 George Mer -er Brooke who rendered distinguished service in the second war with Great Britain ;inil also in the war with Mexico. He died, March 9, 1851. * The only dot^umentary evidence of this, extant in the United States archives, seems to be the letter i)f Secretary of War, W. L. Marcy, to .John A. .Tones of Milledsevillc, Georijia, December lo, 1847, M. B. No. 28. p. HiB. COERESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 15 have it duly organized — put in motion — and which shall render as good service as any troops to be found anywhere — I am dear Sir Your very obt Svt James S. Calhoun. Hon. Secretary of War Washington City D.G. [CALHOUN TO MEDILL.'] 28 M. W. OF Ft. Lea\^n worth May 2If, 18^9. Sir, I write only to repeat what I addressed to you two or three days ago, that we are still halted at this point, awaiting orders from Genl. Brooke, from whom we have no certain intelligence as to his arrival — and when he does arrive, in consequence of the feebleness of our oxen, our progress must be slow. For obvious reasons this state of things is to be regretted, for I apprehend it is important that I should be at Santa Fe at the earliest practicable moment. I am with great respect Your obt. Servt. J. S. Calhoun In. Agt. Santa Fe. To the Commissioner of Ind. Aff. This note was written to the Sec. of the Int before I remembered it should be addressed to you. J. s. c. [BROWN TO CALHOUN/ &C.] Office Indian Affairs July 13, 18Ji9. Circular to Agents c& Sub Agents of Indian department. Sir: I herewith inclose you forms for a census of the Indian tribes of the United States, which you are requested, with the aid of your interpreter, to fill up for the Indians under your charge, and return to this office at the earliest possible time. It is desirable to do this 1 O. I. a., Santa F6 Agency, C 317. 2L. B., No. 42, pp. 2.S1-232. 16 CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. without alarniino- the prejudices of the tribes, and with this view to give it, as much as possible, the air of an ordinary business trans- action, in which it is their interest, as it is believed on all hands to be. to give you every proper aid. The object has been much misappre- hended heretofore by portions of the tribes, and in some instances, by the Agents. But the general success of the measure, and its absolute importance to a correct understanding of the condition of the tribes and the just and ready administration of their affairs, is such as to induce the office to press it, to completion. Were it otherwise how- ever, the act is imperative, and makes it the duty of every agent to exert himself to the utmost. These forms have been prepared for the most advanced class of tribes, and such queries are inserted as to bring out all the requisite classes of facts wanted for the investigation. To do this efficiently and well the statistics of ''families ■' have been called for. But it may be impracticable to extend this degree of scrutiny to tribes who are still simply in the hunter state — who rove a great part of the year from place to place, without fixed habitations and who have, in fact few or no animals and little or no agriculture. In the latter case, it will only be necessary to denote the facts or deficiencies in the forms, crossing or dashing the blanks in the queries; but still giving as many details as you can, to enable the department to judge of the true state, condition and prospects of the tribe. It is recommended in all cases, where the returns by faTnilies cannot be given, and estimates are resorted to, that you take up the tribe by its natural village, bands or divisions under separate chiefs, which can be afterwards concen- trated for the whole tribe. It is seldom that the number of lodges cannot be given, even in the wildest bands, and from those who re- ceive annuities the old pay rolls & schedules cannot fail to afford some important light. * It is the duty of all the subordinates about your Agency, and of persons in the pay or countenance of the government, to aid you in these investigations. But the department relies chiefly, for success. upon your personal influence with the Indians and your ability and promptitude in secondino- its views. O. B. [BROWN TO CALHOUN.'] Office Indian Affairs July 16. 18Jf9. Calhoun Esq Jas. 8. (Ind Agt. Santa Fe) care of D I) Mitchell Esq. St. Louis Mo Sir: I have had the honor to receive your official bond as Indian Agent at Santa Fe. On examination I find it is defective in several particu- 1 L. B., No. 42, p. 237. COERESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 17 lars — viz: The omission to fill in the names of the sureties in the body of the bond, the date of its execution and of the oath of office — and also the official character of the officer who certifies the sufficiency of the security — These defects must be supplied and I therefore en- close the form of a new bond to be executed by you and forwarded to this office with as little delay as possible In the meantime the bond forwarded bv vou will be retained and placed on file O B.i [CALHOUN TO MEDILL.'] No. 1. In Camp near Santa Fe July 29 m9 Sir. You are already advised of my departure from Ft Leavenworth on the 16" of May, and I have now to inform you that we reached Santa Fe on the 22d of the present month, having been employed in marching forty nine days: our halting days numbering nineteen, the greater portion of which was six miles west of Kaw River, in obedience to an order issued by Genl, Brook to Col. Alexander com- manding the Troops. This you will perceive is the eighth day in camp at this place, not having been able to procure quarters else- where. I have the promise, however, of an adobe building at the enormous rent of $100 pr month, to which an additional expenditure must be made to americanize it so that it may be inhabited with any degree of comfort. This excessive rent I was compelled to submit to, or remain in camp. All the buildings in Santa Fe are of mud, with floors and covering for the roof of the same material. Until our Government established a saw mill, near this place, sawed lum- ber could not be had at any price. Since then, it has been sold as high as $80 pr M. The foregoing statement of facts is submitted to the department to explain the apparent tardiness of n^y movements and the extrava- gent, if not unusual and unreasonable expenditures to be incurred, and altogether unavoidable in Santa Fe. Before the meeting of the ensuing Congress I hope to be able to communicate to the depart- ment information more precise and in detail on this subject. While en route, and during the few days I have been in camp here, I have omitted no opportunity, that has offered to procure such informa- tion, as might enable me to execute discreetly, the important trusts confided to me by the President of the United States. ' The obstacles \^ 1 Orlando Brown was Commissioner of Indian Affairs from July ], 1849 to June 30, 1850 inclusive. See 0. I. A., Receipts for Salaries, Employees of Indian Office, 1846 to 1852. 2 O. I. A., Santa F6 Agency, C 338. 5021—15- 2 18 COKEESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. to be overcome in adjusting our Indian relations in New Mexico, and its borders, are of a much more formidable character than has been anticipated. At and near the Arkansas Crossing, we found several thousand Indians of various tribes assembled, awaiting the return of Mr. Fitzpatrick^ from Washington.^ Their expectations in rela- tion to presents to be received by them, on the return of Mr Fitz- patrick, were so extravagant as to cause emigrants, and others to have fearful apprehensions on account of those, who were expected \ to be on the plains after the 15 of July, the day named by the Indians for the return of Mr Fitzpatrick. Being ignorant of Mr. Fitz- patrick's authority to enter into stipulations ^ with these Indians, j and his means to quiet their expectations, I did not feel at liberty i to communicate with them in my official capacity. The Arapahoes, Cheyennes, Keoways, Comanches & Utahs were the principal tribes in lodges at the Arkansas Crossing. It will be readily perceived, if I it were practicable at this time to visit the tribes in this territory, I and in its borders, the influence which a government agent should exercise over being, guided chiefly by animal instincts would be j completely ineffective, were I to attempt it without definite infor- , mation in relation to what Mr Fitzpatrick may have accomplished. Without visiting them, the information, precise, and definite, which I am instructed to lay before the Department cannot be accurately gathered. Yet the nearest possible and reliable approximation shall be transmitted at an early day. The Pueblo Indians, it believed are entitled to the early, and especial consideration of the government of the United States. They are the only tribe in perfect amity with the government, and are an industrious, agricultural, and pastoral people, living principally in villages, ranging North and West of Taos South, on both sides of the Kio Grande, more than two hundred and fifty miles. By a Mexican statute these people, as I am informed by Judge Houghton * of Santa Fe, to whom I am greatly indebted for much valuable information, were constituted citizens of the Kepublic of Mexico, granting to all of mature age, who could read and write the privilege of voting. But this statute has had no practical opera- tion. Since the occupancy of this territory by the government of the United States the Territorial Legislature of 1817 passed the follow- 1 Thomas Fitzpatrick, Uniterl States Indian Agent for the upper regions of the Platte. See Thwaites' Early Western Travels, XXl : 192, note. In 1848, Fitzpatrick made an interesting report on the Indian tribes along the Santa F€ trail. It is published as an accompanying document to the Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs for 1848. 2 See Brown to Fitzpatrick, August 16, 1849. L. B. No. 42, pp. 294-296. 3 Thomas Fitzpatrick in conjunction with Superintendent D. D. Mitchell negotiated the Treaty of Fort Laramie, 1851, for the protection of the routes of travel to California and Oregon. See Kappler, Indian Affairs, Laws and Treaties, II, pp. 594-596. * Under the Kearny regime in New Mexico, or the so-called Kearny Code, Joab Houghton had been appointed one of the three .iudges of the superior court. See Bancroft, History of Arizona and New Mexico, p. 426, n. 21 ; also. House Doc, 29th Cong., 2d sess.. No. 19, p. 26, and Senate Ex. Doc, 32d Cong., 1st sess., No. 71, pp. 4-5. COEEESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 19 ing- act — which is now in force, Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the Territory of NeAV Mexico. Sec. I. That the inhabitants within the Territory of New Mexico known by the name of Pueblo Indians^ and living in Towns or Villages built on lands granted to such. Indians by the laAvs of Spain or Mexico, and conceding to such inhabitants certain land and privileges, to be used for the common benefit, are severally hereby created and constituted, bodies politic and corporate, and shall be known in law by the name of the " Puebla de (naming it) and by that name they and their successors shall have perpetual successions, sue & be sued &c &c. These Indians are anxious to have schools established amongst them and to receive agricultural information, which if granted on a liberal scale, could not fail to produce marked and beneficial results, not only upon them, but upon all of the tribes of the territory. So soon as it may be attempted with propriety, it is my intention to visit the principal villages of this tribe that I may from personal obser- vation ascertain their true state and condition, and from them glean such information as they may be able to afford in relation to other tribes. At present it is the opinion of Col. Washington,^ the Mili- tary commander of this division, that any attempt to conciliate the tribes who have caused the recent and present troubles in this terri- tory, would have a very injurious tendency. The Indians presuming upon their knowledge of safe retreats in the mountains, and our entire ignorance of all avenews, except established military roads and well known trails, are not to be subjected to just restraints until they are properly chastised. When they shall feel themselves so chastised, thev will sue for peace, and it is respectfully suggested, that the government of the United States ought to be prepared to meet them without delay. It may not be amiss to invite for a moment the atten- tion of the Department to, perhaps, the very gravest subject connected with our Indian affairs in this territory. There are wandering tribes, who have never cultivated the soil, and supported have themselves alone by depredations. This is the only labor known to them. The thought of annihilating these Indiana can not be entertained by an American public — Nor can the Indians abandon their predatory incursions, and live and learn to support themselves by the sweat of their own brows unsustained by a liberal philanthropy — This subject — I humbly conceive, should engage the^ earnest and early consideration of the Congress of the United States, 1 Lieutenant Colonel John Macrae Washington assumed the duties of military governor in New Mexico, October 11, 1848. He fought in the war with Mexico and was promoted for gallant conduct at the battle of Buena Vista. Several of his letters relative to New Mexican affairs arc published in House Ex. Doc, 31st Cong., 1st sess., No. 5, Pt. 1, pp. lOi-11.5. 20 COEEESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. for it is respectfully submitted, that no earthly power can prevent robberies and murders, unless the hungry wants of these people are provided for, both physically and mentally. I am, with great respect Your obt. Servt James S. Calhoun Indian Agent S. F. Col. Medill Comr. of (&c. [CALHOUN TO MEDILL ^] Xo. -2. Santa Fe, New ^Iexico. August 15. 1849. Sir. I had hoped by the mail of to-day to have transmitted to you some agreeable intelligence — the Utah Indians promised to come in for the purpose of sueing for peace, they have disappointed us. On to- morrow we leave for the Navajoe territory, intending to return by way of the Utah Country. The Indians, generally, are in bad temper — the number of Troops are not sufficient here to keep upon them a proper check, and In- fantry are useful only to protect posts— stations — and property. Mounted troops are the only military order of this country that can be effectively used against the Indian tribes of this remote region. Col. Washington goes in person in command of the expedition. With great respect I am Your obt servt James S. Calhoun Indian Agt. Santa Fe Col. W. Medill. Comi' of Afs (&c i [CALHOUN TO medill ■'] Xo.3. Santa Fe, Xew Mexico. Sej)tr25th.m9. Sir: With this note I transmit to you a copy of a treaty.^ the character of which will be elucidated bv a reference to it. 1 O. I. A., Santa F^ Agency, C 346. 2 0. I. A., Santa Fe Agency, C 356. Filed in File-box, "Treaties, Copies." Also to be found, printed, among the documents transmitted to Congress along with President Taylor's Message, January 21, 1850 (see Richardson, Messages and Papers of the Presi- dents, V, pp. 26-30) in answer to House Resolution, December 1, 1849. (House Ex. Doc, 31^' Cong., 1st sess., No. 17, p. 202.) 3 McLaws' commnnicatiou to Ker February 3, 1850, A. G. O., Old Book. No. 2. p. 22. gives some idea as to how the terms of the treaty were complied with. COERESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN, 21 With GoA'ernor Washingrton^ and others I returned to Santa Fe on the afternoon of the 23d instant. Durinji the expedition against the Xavajoes my health was all that I could desire ; but I am seriously threatened this morning, resulting, as I suppose from occupying a room where the air is more confined than I have been accustomed to of late. T trust, however, my re- cuperative energies will come to the rescue in time to enable me to make you a more elaborate report before our mail is ordered to the United States. I have no communication from the Department of the Interior of a later date than the 14th of May last. Is it possible that no plan can be adopted to remedy the want of mail facilities of which we now complain? I am, With great respect, Your obt. Servt. James S. Calhoun, Indian Agent, Santa Fe. W. Medill. Esq.. Com'' of Indian Affairs, Washington city P. S. The great canon, which we have spelt " cheille " in the treaty, is pronounced " chey ". I am not at all satisfied as to the cor- rect spelling, nor have I yet met with any one who could enlighten me in reference thereto. J. S. C. [Inclosure] COPY OF A TREATY. BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND THE NAVAJO TRIBE OF INDIANS. The following acknowledgements, declarations, and stipulations have been duly considered and are now solemnly adopted and pro- claimed by the undersigned : that is to say, John M. Washington, ^ Colonel Washington seems to have taken charge of the original of the treaty. See this letter : Office Indian Affairs, February 16th, 1850. Hon. Thomas Ewing Secretary 0/ the Interior. Sir: On the 0th of September last, a treaty was made with the Navajo Indians in New Mexico, by Col. Washington, and ,1. S. Calhoun. Indian Agent, a copy of which was sent by the latter to this office. — The original, it is presumed, was sent by Col. Washington to the War Department, as the treaty is published with the documents accompanying the late annual report of the head of that I>epartmcnt. I would respectfully suggest whether application should not be made for it to be laid before the Senate by the President, as in the case of all other treaties with Indians. Very &c O. B. [O. I. A., R. B., No. 6, p. 279.] 22 CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. Governor, of New Mexico, and Lieut. Col. Commanding the troops of the United States in New Mexico, and James S. Calhoun, Indian Agent, residing at Santa Fe, in New Mexico, representing the United States of America, and Mariano Martinez, Head Chief, Chapitone, second cheif, on the part of the Navajo Tribe of Indians. 1 The said Indians do hereby acknowledge that by virtue of a treaty •entered into by the United States of America, and the United Mexican States, Signed on the second day of February in the year of our Lord, Eighteen Hundred and Forty Eight at the city of Guadalupe Hidalgo by N P Trist of the first part, and Luis G. Cuevas, Bernardo Conto, and Migl Atristain of the second part, the said tribe was lawfully placed under the exclusive jurisdiction and protection of the Govern- ment of the said U States, and that they are now, and will forever remain under the aforesaid jurisdiction and protection. That from and after the signing of this Treaty, hostilities between the contracting parties shall cease, and perpetual peace and friendship shall exist, the said tribe hereby solemnly covenanting that they will not associate with, or give countenance or aid to any tribe or band of Indians, or other persons or powers who may be at any time, at enmity with the people of the said U States: that they will remain at peace, and treat honestly and humanely, all persons and powers at peace with the said States, and all cases of agression against said, Navajoes by citizens or others of the United States, or by other per- sons or powers in amity with the said States, shall be refered to the Government of said States, for adjustment and settlement. 3 The Government of the said States having the sole and exclusive right of regulating the trade and intercourse with the said Navajoes, it is agreed that the laws now in force regulating the irade and intercourse, and for the preservation of peace with the various tribes of Indians under the protection and guardianship of the aforesaid Government, shall have the same force and efficacy, and shall be as binding, and as obligatory upon the said Navajoes and executed in the same manner as if said laws had been passed for their sole benefit and protection : and to this end and for all other useful purposes, the Government of New Mexico, as now organised, or as it may be by the Government of the United States or by the legally constituted authori- ties of the people of New Mexico, is recognised and acknowledged by COKEESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 23 the said Navajoes; and for the due enforcement of the aforesaid laws, until the Government of the United States shall otherwise order, the territory of the Navajoes is hereby annexed to New Mexico. The Navajo Indians hereby bind themselves to deliver to the Military authority of the United States in New Mexico, at Santa Fe New Mexico, as soon as he or they can be apprehended the murderer or murderers of Micenti Garcia, that said fugitive or fugitives from justice may be dealt with as justice may decree. All American and Mexican captives, and all stolen property taken from Americans or Mexicans, or other persons or powers in amity with the United States shall be delivered by the Navajo Indians to the aforesaid military authority at Jemez, New Mexico on or before the ninth day of October next ensuing that justice may be meted out to all whom it may concern, and also all Indian Captives and stolen property of such tribe or tribes of Indians as shall enter into a similar reciprocal treaty, shall in like manner, and for the same purposes be turned over to an authorized officer or agent of the said States by the aforesaid Navajoes. Should any Citizen of the United States or other person or persons subject to the laws of the United States, murder, rob, or otherwise maltreat any Navajo Indian or Indians, he or they, shall be arrested and tried and upon conviction shall be subjected to all the penalties provided by law for the protection of the persons and property of the people of the said States. The people of the United States of America shall have free and safe passage through the territory of the aforesaid Indians, under such rules and regulations as may be adopted by authority of the said States. Jn order to preserve tranquility and to afford protection to all the people and interests of the contracting parties, the Government of the United States of America will establish such military posts and agencies, and authorize such trading houses at such time, and in such places as the said Government may designate. 24 COEEESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 9 Relying, confidently, upon the justice and the liberality of the afore- said Government and anxious to remove every possible cause that might disturb their peace and quiet, it is agreed by the aforesaid Navajoes that the Government of the United States shall at its con- venience, designate, settle, and adjust their territorial boundaries, and pass and execute in their territory, such laws, as may be deemed conducive to the prosperity and happiness of said Indians. 10 For and in consideration of the faithful performance of all the stipulations herein contained by the said Navajo Indians, the Gov- ernment of the United States will grant to said Indians such dona- tions, presents, and implements and adopt such other liberal and humane measures as said Government may deem meet and proper. 11 This treaty shall be binding upon the contracting parties from and after the Signing of the same. Subject only to such modifications and amendments as may be adopted by the Government of the United States, and finally, this treaty is to receive a liberal construc- tion at all times, and in all places, to the end that the said Navajo Indians shall not be held responsible for the conduct of others and that the Government of the United States shall so legislate and act as to secure the permanent prosperity and happiness of said Indians. In faith whereof we the undersigned, have signed this treaty and affixed thereunto our seals in the valley of Cheille this the ninth day of September in the year of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and forty nine. J M. Washington Bvt. Lt Col. Comg. (&c. James S. Calhodn Indian Agent, residing at Santa Fe, his Mariana Martinez x mark Head Chief his Chapitone X mark Second Chief COEEESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 25 J. L. Collins James Conklin Lorenzo Torez his Antonio x Sandoval mark his Francisco x Josto, mark Governor of Jemez. Witnesses H. L. Kendeick. Bvt. Maj. U.S.A. J N. Ward. Bvt. 1st Lt. 3d Infy. John J. Peck. Bvt Major U.S.A. J. F Hammond Asst. Surgn. U. S. A. H. L. Dodge. (Jai)t. Comdg Exit Rgs Richard H. Kern. J. H. Nones, 2nd Lieut 2d Arty Cyrus Choice. John H Dickerson 2 Lt 1st Artillery W E. Love John Gr Jones. J. H. Simpson 1st Lt. Corps Top. Engr. [Belated correspondence] [Mclaws to KER.'] Head Quarters 9" Mil Department Santa F6 New Mexico Feby S, 1850. Captain I have the houor herewith to acknowledge the receipt of your communica- tion of the 29" of Januavy which was laid before the Colonel Commanding for his consideration & he directs me to reply. A copy of the treaty made last September with the Navajos will be sent you. It is sufficiently comprehensive to shew the policy to be pursued with that tribe. They have not complied with the terms of that treaty which the Colonel intends exacting from them before entering into a new one. A. G. 0., Old Book, No. 2, p. 22. 26 COERESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. Should any parts of the tribe be disposed to establish Pueblos, seperate from the rest; come under our protection and thus relieve themselves from the consequences of hostile acts by the Balance of the tribe — Such propositions can be received. But the actual consummation of a treaty will only be made through the Indian Agent, or some other regularly deputed person, after, all the conditions have been duly considered Sandoval, Chief of the Pueblo Navajos, has called & paid his respects to the Govenor The other points of which you make mention in your letter will be acted on, at some future time Respectfully Your obdt servt ' LMcLaws 1 Lieut 7 Infy AAA Genl Captain C Ker Commanding CihoUetta. [CALHOUN TO MEDILL/] No. 4. Santa Fe New Mexico October 1st. 1849. Sir, You were advised by my note of the 15th of August last, that on the ensuing day, we were to leave on an expedition^ against the Navajoes, with the intention of returning through the Utah coun- try. Governor Washington was so obliging as to extend to me an invitation to accompany him, which was readily accepted. Our rendezvous was Jemez, an Indian Pueblo, fifty seven 47/100 miles from Santa Fe, as indicated by Major Kendrick's ^ Viameter, and in a direction nearly due west. We marched from Jemez on the 22d. of August for the Canon of Cheille, the capitol Spot of the Navajo tribe of Indians, and by them supposed, or rather, reported to be entirely impracticable of approach by an American army. Passing over an exceedingly rugged country, checkered, occasionally, by beautiful, fertile and extensive valleys, and encamping sometimes where we could not obtain wood, water, or grass, we pitched out tents, in a corn field, in the Canon of Cheille, on the evening of the 6th day of September, last, apparently to the utter amazement of several hundred Navajoes. who, during the evening, and until a treaty was concluded with them, 1 O. I. A., Santa F6 Agency, C 357. Published in Annual Report Commissioner of In- dian Affairs, 1849, pp. 994-1002. * Washington's letter descriptive of this expedition and dated September 25, 1849, Is to be found In House Ex. Doc, 31st Cong., 1st sess.. No. 5, Pt. 1, pp. 111-112. See also Crawford to Ewing, March 6, 1850. * Henry Lane Kendrlck. CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 27 continued to occupy the surrounding heights, dashing with great speed from point to point, evidently in great perturbation. It is proper here to mention an incident that occurred on the east side of the mountain range from Cheille. On the afternoon of the 30th of August we encamped near ex- tensive corn fields belonging to the Navajoes, in the Valley of Tunicha, where we were met by several hundreds of their tribe. They asked for permission to confer with the Governor, which was conceded to the chiefs. The Governor frankly stated to them that his purpose was to chastise them for their bad conduct, in committing murders,* and stealing horses, sheep, and every thing else they could put their hands upon. The Chiefs replied that law- less men were to be found everywhere, that such secreted themselves during the day, and prowled about at night — that their utmost vigilance had not rendered it possible for the Chiefs and good men to apprehend the guilty, or to restrain the wicked; but, that they were ready to make every possible restitution by returning an equal number of animals stolen, returning certain captives, and delivering the murderer, or murderers of Micente Garcia, to be dealt with as justice might decree. In short, they were ready to submit themselves and their interests to the authorities of the United States, as the best means of securing the prosperity and happiness of all concerned. A skeleton of a treaty, in substance the same as the treaty concluded at Cheille, was immediately submitted, and thoroughly discussed, and agreed to ; and certain Chiefs named to accompany us to Cheille, the residence, so far as he has one, of the Head Chief, and the seat an of the supreme power of the Navajo tribe of Indians — As earnest of their intentions, they delivered to us one hundred and thirty sheep, and some four or five mules and horses. This accomplished, orders were given to prepare to resume our march. In the mean time, the Indians were all permitted to descend from the heights, and to oc- cupy a level space, commencing within fifty paces of the Governor's Quarters — The actings and doings of the parties were duly explained to them by a long and noisy harangue from a Navajo. They were further informed, that a certain horse, which was pointed out to them, was the property of a Pueblo Indian then present, and that the horse must be delivered to the proper owner at once. The fact of having stolen the horse was not denied, but a statute of limitation was suggested by the reply, that the horse had been rode back to the country from where the animal was taken, and that, that was the time to have claimed him, and ended by the enquiry why he was not then claimed — This conversation was reported to Governor Wash- ington in the presence of several Chiefs, who were distinctly notified by him, that he required the immediate delivery if the horse — The 28 COERESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. Chiefs, among them, the Senior Chief on the east side of the before- mentioned mountain range, left the Governor's tent, as was sup- posed, to instruct their jDeople what they should do. The Governor having waited a sufficient length of time without the return of a sin- gle Chief, or any report from them, ordered a small detachment of the guard to proceed to the crowd, with instructions to the officer of the guard, to demand the immediate surrender of the horse, and walked out, in jDerson, to superintend the execution of the order — The demand not producing the desired effect, Lieut Torez, the officer of by the Governor the guard, was directed to seize the horse and his rider, and to bring them before him. The moment the guard was ordered forward, every Navajo Indian in the crowd, supposed to number from three to four hundred, all mounted and armed, and their arms in their hands, wheeled, and put the spur to their horses ; upon which, the Governor ordered the guard to fire. The Senior Chief, Narbone, was left lifeless upon the ground, and several others were found dead in the vicinity. The Indians did not attempt to fire until their own and our forces were scattered, when feeble efforts to kill and cut off small parties were unsuccessfully made. Except the killing of a few horses, and the loss of a few mules, we sustained no injury. The distance from Santa Fe to Tunicha, is one hundred and ninety eight 99/100 miles. In pursuance of orders previously given wc marched, during the afternoon of that day, about six miles in the direction of Cheille, and encamped adjoining Cornfields belonging to Narbone, the Chief killed at Tunicha. During the same afternoon, and every day there- after on our march to Cheille, Indians of the tribe would come within hallowing distance, and renew expressions of their desire for peace, and of their intentions to comply with the terms which their Chiefs had agreed to. On the evening that we entered the Caiion of Cheille, we were again spoken to from the heights, when it was announced they were ready to comply with the Governor's demands; and, as the Governor did not order a halt, they said, the Governor did not want peace or why persist in going into the Caiion. The Governor ordered our Indians, who were talking to the Navajoes, to be silent. we and quietly entered the much talked of Caiion. 284, 08/100 miles, from Santa Fe; rich in its Valleys, rich in its fields of grain, and rich in its vegetables and peach orchards. Water at this season of the year may be had in any desirable quantity by digging a few feet, and wood in abundance, pine, juniper, and cedar, a few miles off. The qii: iitity of water that runs through and under tlie snr- COKRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 29 face of the Canon is immense; and in many places, above Cheille, there is a bold and continuous stream of pure water; but as it leaches the debouching point, the earth becomes quite porous, and the water sinks a few feet. Early on the day after our arrival at Cheille, the Head Chief of the tribe having ascertained by what process he could approach the Governor, presented himself at Head Qrs (Quarters), heard the demands of the Governor, and after a rather long talk, pledged him- self to a compliance, and appointed the second day thereafter as the time to consummate the agreement. At the appointed time, the Head Chief with the second, appeared and announced their readi- ness and their full authority, to redeem the pledge of the Head Chief; at the same time, bringing forward 104, Sheep, 4 mules & horses, and delivering four Captives. Mexican Captives delivered. 1 Anto Josea about 10 years old, taken from Jemez where his parents now live, by the Navajo, who delivered him. A flock of Goats & Sheep were stolen at the same time. He says he was well treated. 2 Teodosia Gonzales, twelve years of age, was taken about six years ago, from a corral near the Rio Grande, where he supposes his parents now live. He was stolen while herding Goats, but no effort was made to take the Goats. He was well treated. Marceito, eighteen j^ears of age, was taken from Socorro. He Icnows nothing of his parents, nor how long he has been captive. He has evidently been a captive many years, as he has entirely forgotten his native tongue. The novelty of a home, as explained to him, seemed to excite him somewhat. Josea Ignacio Anane, became a prisoner seventeen years ago, taken, when quite a boy, by a roving band of Navajoes. at Tuck- alotoe. His parents then lived at Sante Fe, where he supposes they now reside. He is the fortunate possessor of two Avives, and three children, living at Mecina Gorda, (Big Oak) north of Cheille two and a half days travel. He was originally sold to an Indian named Waro, to whom he yet belongs. I do not think he is under many i-estraints, for he prefers most decidedly to remain with the Navajoes, notwithstanding his peonage. Subsequently at Zunia the Navajoes brought to us. Manuel Lucira taken from Del Mansiiia two years since, while herding sheep. The Indians took only such sheep as was needed at the moment. He is about fourteen years of age, and has been sold several times, and badly treated, by flogging &c. His parents are said to be living near the place where he was stolen from. At the same time a brother of Manuel's was taken; but he was returned last 30 CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. year. These Captives except the one so fortunately married ha\'c been placed in the hands of the friends and acquaintances of their parents. The treaty, a copy of which I have already addressed to you, having been duly executed, on the 10th of Sept, we marched for Zunia, distance 106/ 17/100 miles, in a South eastern direction, instead the of returning by way of Utah country. Governor Washington, previous to marching from Santa Fe, ordered about three hundred mounted troops into the Utah country, for the purpose of repressing disturbances, checking depredations, and to recover lost and stolen property. Two of the companies were ordered, if practicable, to effect a junction with the troops under the Governors immediate is command before they reached Cheille. It matter of regret, that this could not be done. The Governor having no reliable information as to what had been done against the Utahs ; and hearing what was believed to be true, and which proved to be false, that the Apaches had entered Zunia, killed a number of its inhabitants, and drove off a great many horses, mules, and sheep, changed the route of his return march, as before stated. The Pueblo of Zunia contains, in my opinion, more than 500, Indians, a hardy, well fed and well clothed race, and their location being more than 200, miles, from Santa Fe, and 130 m, from Albur- querque, on a good road in every respect, now growing into favor as the best route to California, are subjected to various annoyances from Navajoes, North and north west, and the Apaches South & south east. But what is shockingly discreditable to the american name, emigrants commit the grossest wrongs against these excellent Indians by taking, in the name of the United States, such horses, mules, and sheep, and grain as they desire, carefully concealing their true name, but assuming official authority and bearing. A wrong of this kind had been perpetrated a few days previous to our arrival there. About the same time, the Navajoes descended from the mountains, and made an unsuccessful attempt to drive of a number of sheep &c. and A battle ensued, several Navajoes are said to have been wounded, and one, whose undried flesh was food for Carrion Crows as we passed his remains, was left dead on the field, within half a mile of the village. The inhabitants of this Pueblo gave us a hearty recep- tion, manifesting their gratification in the most uproarious, wild, and indescribable manner, offering to us large quantities of fruit and bread; all of which was becomingly received. Passing over a distance of 88, 30/100, miles, wild in its mountains and caiions, beautiful and rich in its extensive valleys, highlands and CORRESPONDENCE OP JAMES S. CALHOUN. 31 lowlands, affording superior grazing, the purest and most delightful water, excellent pine lumber, and a superabundant supply of the finest rock, limestone, and Plaister of Paris, for building purposes, we We encamped in the Valley of Laguna on the afternoon of the 19th inst, within view of the Pueblo of that name, containing some 400 inhabitants. The outrages committed against these Indians by emigrants to California, and others, are as frequent and as flagrant as those mentioned of Zunia. Indeed the last outrage was of an infinitely more aggravated character. Near the hour of 12. m. the day not remembered, the Valley was entered and sheep and other things demanded, to which the Governor of the Village replied, no sheep could be furnished at that hour, as their flocks were regularly, every morning, sent off that they might graze during the day. The emigrants, if such they were, assuming official importance, in their anger, threatened to lynch the Alcalde, tied the Governor and in that condition carried him from his home, Laguna, to Zunia the next Pueblo west. The distance between Laguna and Alberquerque is 46, 84/100 miles. The road between the two places is good, water scarce and bad, with but little timber, and less grass, — no settlements and no cultivation after passing east from Laguna six miles on the road to Albuquerque. About ten miles N. W. of Laguna there is a small Spanish village called At one of these points, I venture to say, our government should establish a military post, and I understand, Governor Washington will station, at an early day, two companies in that neighborhood. The Navajoes and Apaches are exceedingly troublesome in that neigh- borhood. At, or near Sandia, an Indian Pueblo, some 15 miles, on the road from Albuquerque to Santa Fe, five Mexicans were killed, by a straggling band of Navajoes, and some property taken off on preceding the 24th of the pfeseftt month, the second day after we passed, on our return to Santa Fe. Numerous bands of theiving Indians, princi- pally, Navajoes, Apaches, and Ccmanches, are straggling in every direction, busily employed in gathering their winter supplies, where they have not sown. Not a day passes without hearing of some fresh outrage, and the utmost vigilance of the military force in this country and is not sufficient to prevent murders and depredations there are but few so bold as to travel alone ten miles from Santa Fe. How are these wrongs to be remedied? I answer by a compulsory enlightment, and the imposition of just restraints both to be enforced at the point of the bayonet. You are already advised, if not before by my letter of the 29th bands of July last, that there were wandering of Indians, who did 32 CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. not cultivate the soil, and lived alone by depredations. The language I used, on the occasion alluded to, should have been so modified as to have excepted the sustenance which they derive from their, some- times, successful hunting of Buffaloes, the Bear, Deer, and other game. It is now stated, upon a more intimate knowledge of the various tribes of Indians in this region, that a vast majority of the Apaches and Comanches, live chiefly, by depredations; that they look upon the cultivators of the soil with contempt, as inferior beings, the products of whose labor legitimately belong to power, the strongest arm; and that labor, except in War, and in love, and the chase is degredation; and the man who has not stolen a horse, or scalped an enemy, is not worthy of association with these lords of the woods. The wild Indians of this country have been so much more suc- cessful in their robberies since Genl Kearney took possession of the country, they do not believe we have the power to chastise them. Is it not time to enlighten them upon this subject, and to put an end to their ceaseless depredations. At this moment, above our estahlished Indian country on the Arkansas, these people are com- mitting every depredation within their power, so far up as Bent's ^ Fort. These, with the Navajoes & Kioways are known to be in every section of the territory. Indeed, we are in a state of War, and their disappointment in Mr Fitzpatricks promises is their excuse for their conduct. Concerning Mr F.'s actings & doings, and his promises and authority to act. I am, as yet, wholly ignorant. The Navajoes commit their wrongs from a pure love of rapine and plunder. They have extensive fields of Corn & Wheat — fine Peach orchards, and grow quantities of Melons, Squashes, Beans and Peas, and have immense flocks of sheep, a great number of Mules and horses of a superior breed; they have nothing of the cow kind. This statement, I know, is antagonistical to official reports made by others; but I report to you from personal knowledge, ob- tained during Govr Washington's expidition against the Navajoes. Distance and numbers, by red men. are matters of fact not to be comprehended and understood by Indians of this country, as it is elsewhere. Distance is measured by time, at their pace, which is never slow, and so far as their population is concerned, the Governor of the smallest Pueblo can not accurately, rarely approximately give you the number of its inhabitants. It is still a much more impracticable matter to ascertain the ex- tent of the population of such a tribe as the Navajoes. ^ Bent's Fort was the great stopping place on the north, or Arkansas, branch of the Santa Fe trail. See Twitchell, Leadin? Facts of New Mexican History, II, p. 120 ; Chittenden, American Fur Trade, III, p. 970 ; Kansas Historical Collections, VII, p. 327, note ; VIII. p. 487, note. COEEESPONDENCE 01'' JAMES S. CALHOUN. 33 of their local ef-fefeeH-'4eeftl4iftbifc%tie«H^ the whereabouts, habitations, depending solely upon the seasons of the year and their apprehensions of danger, not one of them having a permanent abid- ing place. Their only houses are mere lodges, scfuare or circular, brought to a point about fifteen feet from the grounds and some- times the outer covering is mud, one room only. The stone walls Avhich are built and inhabited by them are in the shape, or nearly so, of a square, and some times have more than one room from eight to twelve feet, in height, and not one that I saw was covered in anj^ ^vay. The number of Indians of this tribe, I do not think; can exceed five thousand, and they claim from about 35° to 38° north latitude, and 29° to 33° longitude west from Washington. The conflicting claims of the Utahs east and north, to some extent must indent their supposed borders, and they are barred on the South East, Se«th, a nd - W est by special, Spanish and Mexican Grants to their then Cristiano Indian allies; all of whom live in pueblos hold lands in common, the boundaries of which they say are distinctly defined by original grants, now in existence. They complain of many encroach- ments upon their boundaries, and hope the U. S. government will restore them their ancient rights. Wicked men, some americans, but chiefly Mexicans, for their own mischevious purposes, have aAvak- ened the apprehensions of, the Pueblos by declaring the americans would take from them their lands, and remove them to an unknown region. The fears of many on this point, I think I have quieted, by the assurance that the President had no designs of that charac- ter; instead of which, if their population required it, he would add to their grants rather than narrow their limits. But to return to the Navajoes. They derive their title to the country over which they roam, from mere possession, not knowing from whence they came, or how they were planted upon its soil : and its soil is easy of cultivation, and capable of sustaining nearly as man}^ millions of inhabitants as they have thousands. I respect- fully suggest, these people should have their limits circumscribed, and distincth'' marked out, and their departure from said limits should be under certain prescriloed rules, at least for some time to come. Even this arrangement would be utterly ineffective unless enforced by the military arm of the country. These Indians are harch', and intelligent, and it is as natural for them to war against all men, and to take the property of others as it is for the sun to give light hj day. 5021—15 3 34 COERESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. In reference to a majority of the Apaches and Comanches, they should be learned and made to cultivate the soil, and should have prescribed limits, under the rules and regulations, and to be enforced as suggested above. The Pueblos by many are regarded as a tribe. A more decided error in reference to these Indians could not be suggested. The number of Pueblos, each containing inhabitants from 3 to COO, is about twenty, not including the Indians west or south of the Moquies. Of these twenty Pueblos, the languages of at least ten of them, are altogether different, and it is said by some who claim to be judges, in language there is not the slightest analogy existing between any two of them; and they communicate with each other, through the instrumentality of Mexican interpreters, or pantomimic action. The same may be said of the Apaches and Comanches, with the qualifi- cation which follows. I have seen but a few of either of these last named tribes, and I can not say there is as much dissimilarity in their languages as exist with the various Pueblos. As to the number of either of these tribes, I can not even venture a guess; and in reference to the extent of territory claimed by them, no satisfactory information has yet been acquired; nor can it be, until a sufficient number of troops are sent here to afford escorts to those who may be charged with such investi- gations. It may be remarked however, that the Comanches range, principally, between 32° & 3G° N. latitude, and longitude west from AVashington 22° & 27°. From thence west 2 or 300 hundred miles, across the Rio Grande, the Apaches ^ are found, on both sides of the 1 John C. Hays, of San Antonio, Texas, who had been appointed " sub-Indian-agent for the Rio Gila, New Mexico (see Ewmj? to Medill, April 5, 1849, O. I. A., Rio Gila Sub- agency, I 184), reported January 5, 1850, that the Apaches, who "may be said to be the only Indians who live on the Gila in New Mexico," " were shy and hostile with feel- ings aroused against the whites by an attack recently made on them by some Americans employed by the Gov. of Chihuahua expressly to flght Indians. * * * Accompanied by some emigrants, I went into the country of the Gila Apaches, and sought by every means to establish a friendly intercourse with them without success. At one time a few were preparing to come into our camp, and had actually collected within two or three miles of us, but were unfortunately dispersed by a Mexican force of four hundred men, the day before they were to visit us. " * * * From all I have seen and known of the Apaches, they are treacherous, warlike and cruel, and need severe chastisement before they can be made to know the policy of observing good faith with white people. Some of my own companions were killed by them at the very time they were intimating an intention to treat with us. It is exceedingly hazardous for any but large parties to attempt to pass through their country. There is no head chief of the Apache nation. They are scattered in small bands, independent of each other, throughout the southern portion of New Mexico, parts of Sonora, Chihuahua, and along the country of the Rio Grande on both sides of the River down as low as San Carlos. They have made a number of treaties with Mexico, and the different states of Mexico, but never observe them longer than suits their inter- ests, and some portion of them continue a constant war against the Mexicans, which is marked with great atrocity and cruelty. The same want of faith will be practised COEEESPONDEXCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 35 dividing line, between the United States and the United ^Mexican states; and this circumstance will be fruitful of some trouble, be- cause those on either side of the line will charge upon the other, the wrongs they themselves commit. I am not prepared to say, the 11th evils alluded to, would have no existence if the article of the late treaty was reciprocal. The terms by which they hold the country over which they roam, is a mere possessors^ title, which the God of nature has permitted to them; and one tenth of the country would be more than sufficient to satisfy all the wants of a much more consuming people. The dis- no position of the Utahs is rather equivocal. They have committed wrongs recently, against, Americans, proper. These Indians met Col. Beall,^ who had charge of the expidition ordered against them at the same time Govr. Washington marched upon the Navajoes, and agreed to all his demands, an impossibility among them, as I have reason to believe; to witty the restoration of all the Fremont property lost during the past winter. That was out of the question, as a portion of it, as I am informed, has long since been consumed. This fact was seized upon, by worthless Mexicans, to frighten the Indians off; for they made the Indians believe, if every within article was not restored, Col" Beall would cause every one i» his Utahs reach, to be put to death; therefore it was, as I am informed, by Col° Beall, they did not come up at the appointed time, to consu- mate the treaty agreed upon. From the facts herein stated, it must be evident to reflecting minds. 1st That an additional mounted regiment, full and complete, should be in service in New Mexico. I repeat what I have said in a former communication, Infantry are useful only in taking care of public stores, and isolated places, 2nd Without an additional force, not a single interest of the country can be fully protected, 3 Military stations ought to be established at Tunicha, and the Canon of Cheille, in the Navajo country; at. or near Jemez, Zunia toward us, unless as I have before said they be taught to fear us. * * • " (O. I. A., Pao Gila Sub-Agency, H 1160.) At the same time that Hays sent this letter, he tendered his resignation as sub-agent, saying, " The only Indians in my department are the Apaches, and to effect any thing with them requires much tinn', a number of troops, and a large expenditure of money. My inability to be of any service whatever, with the means furnished, compels me to abandon the undertaking." (Extract from letter of January 3, 1850.) 1 Benjamin Lloyd Beall, upon whom the command of the 0th Military Department had devolved in the absence of.Colonel Sterling Price. See Twitchell, Leading Facts of New Mexican History, IL p. 263. 36 COEEESPOXDEXCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUX. and Laguna, and perhaps in other places, in the direction of El Paso, ?nd within the Pueblo region. 4th To every Pueblo, there ought to be sent at once, an Indian ngent, to protect the Indians, and to preserve the character of the United States. Such agents should be continued at each Pueblo for (he next year or two. 5. Unless this is done, emigrants and others, claiming to be officers of the U S; will disaffect these people by their lawless conduct. 6. It is but fair to presume, that in a year or two, such improve- ments in public morals, will take place, as to justify the continuance of most of the agencies, that ought noiv to be in existence in each Pueblo. Just at this moment, the Pueblo Indians, in number 54 who accompanied Governor Washington in his expedition against the Kavajoes are complaining that they are not paid for their services. In New Mexico a better population than these Pueblo Indians can not be found, and they must be treated with great delicacy. The slightest disappointment in their expectations, no matter how created, rhe}' regard as a deliberate deceit practised upon them. If properly cared for and instructed, in all Indian wars, these Pueblos would be very important auxiliaries. Even now, notwithstanding the dis- content mentioned above, at least two hundred of ihem could be I'eadily raised for mounted service; and, if I had the military, com- mand of this territory, I should regard them as necessary adjuncts. In compliance with one of the stipulations of the treaty entered into by Governor Washington with the Navajoes, they are to deliver at Jemez, on the ninth of next month, certain captives and stolen prop- erty. Although they have delivered to us Sheep, Horses, Mules & Captives, as an earnest of their intentions, we do not feel confident that they will comph^ with the terms of the treaty. They may not be there. At the time, and on the occasion alluded to. the Governors, Captains, and Alcaldes of most of the Pueblos, East and north of the Moquies, it is supposed, will be at Jemez. It is my intention to be there too,^ and if permitted, what shall then and there occur, shall be immediately, thereafter, reported to you. 1 Provision, judging from tlie annexed letter, D 53, which was found in a box of mis- cellaneous papers, " Dep't of New Mexico, 1848-49," in the Archives Division of the Ad- jutant-General's Office and for which, apparently there is no Register now in existence, was made for a military escort to accompany Calhoun to Jemez. AssT Adjt General's Office 9 Mil Department Santa F€, N. M"., Oct 30, 49 Sir The Col. Comdg. directs that you proceed at once to Santo Domingo with the det. of Capt Chapman's compy. under your command It is necessary that you be at that place by Saturday evening. From Santo Domingo you will accompany Col. Calhoun, Indian Agent, to Jemez and return to Santa P6 with him Should the supply of subsistence stores which you now haye be exhausted before you return you will get more at Jemez. I am &c Lt O. R. Anderson Comdg det. vols Vallas Orarich Xeic Mo CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 37 The mail leaves on to-morrow morning, and I have not been able, to clay, to complete the labor that belongs to my position — nor have I been able to revise, with care, what I have caused to be recorded in the foregoing pages. It is sincerely hoped, I may yet, and in due time, cure my omissions of to-day. No opportunity, for the trans- mission of intelligence, shall pass me by, without my advising you of my actings and doings, and my whereabouts. I am. With great respect, Your obt. Servt. James S. Calhoun Indian Agent Santa Fe. Col. IVIedill New Mexico Comr. of Indian Affairs. Washington City D. G. [CALHOUN TO MEDILL.^] No. 5. Indian Agency. Santa Fe, New Mexico Octr. 4. 1849. Sir, Without having recovered from the prostration occasioned, as I suppose, by the occupancy of a room more confined than I have been to accustomed of late, I will attempt to-day to cure some of the omis- sions which you will have noted in my communication of the first of the present month. It is with pleasure I bring to your notice several Indians, from different Pueblos, who accompanied Governor Washington in his late expedition against the Navajoes. They", as a matter of course, knew but little, if any thing, about the military discipline of the United States, yet their deportment and bearing was such as to justify high expectations of their effectiveness in expeditions against their implacable enemies, the wild tribes of New Mexico. Of the fifty four Pueblos with us, the following named Indians were the most prominent and influential. From Jemez Francisco Sosto — civil Governor and Alcalde. 1 O. I. A., Santa F^, C 371. S8 COKRESPOXDEXCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. San Felipe Mariano Chavis — AVar Captain. Santa Anna. Salvadore — War Captain Hosea Beheale — Selected Captain to command all the Indians engaged in the expedition. This excellent man, is Avithout official are j)Osition in the Pueblo to Avhich he belongs, and there but few, who have such a decided influence over these people, generallv. Cia Francisco. "War Captain Santo Domingo Quandiego — Civil Governor. These men are all deserving of favorable consideration. When they were about to part with us, to return to their homes, occasion was seized to compliment them upon their gallantry and general good conduct, which was received with lively demonstrations of gratification, and an expression of the desire that the President of the United States should be made acquainted with the estimate in which we held them as men, and as soldiers. In this connection. I may be pardoned, I trust, for commending, in terms of decided praise, Henry Linn Dodge, Captain commanding [I Volunteer Company, also, with us in the late Xavajo expedition. He was at all times, efficient and prompt, and commanded the ad- miration of Governor Washington, as well as others. If I mistake not, Capt. Dodge has a father ^ and brother - now Senators in Congress. It may be useless to add, the officers and soldiers fully sustained American the character of the Army. Zuni is an isolated Indian Pueblo, one hundred and Six miles from the Canon of Cheille — or Cheya— and Eighty eight miles west of Laguna. At Zufu we met with its Governor, Pedro Pino — the Cap- tain of War, Salvadore, and the Alcalde, Mariano Vaca — all intelli- gent men. Indeed, the citizens of this Pueblo, it is beleived, are, in ever}- sense of the word, excellent people, and ought to be immediately protected, as well, against the lawless conduct of emigrants and others, as against the treacherous Navajoes. At Laguna. the men were out gathering pine mass [mast?] — Martio Conchi, the Alcalde, was at home, and done the honors of the Pueblo, and manifested every dis]K)sition to oblige us. This village, and miles another, some ten or fifteen to its south, Aconia. from their locations, will continue to suffer gross Avrongs, until they are pro- 1 Henry L>odge of Wisconsiu. 2 Augustus Caesar Dodge of Iowa. CORRESPONDENCE OP JAMES S. CALHOUN. 39 tected by the Laws of the United States, and the presence of an Agent. I have been kindly furnished with the following statement by the Hon. Joab Houghton, one of the Supreme Judges of this Territory. If the number of Indians, in each Pueblo, was accurately ascertained, I am of the opinion, from actual examinations in the villages I have visited, the aggregate would be more than ten thousand. Be that as it may, it is desirable to know their entire strength, and this can not be done until agencies are duly established. (Here let the statement follow) The Pueblo, or civilized Towns, of Indians of the Territory of New Mexico, are the following. In the County of Taos. Taos Picoris 283 iuhabitauts lu the County of Rio Arriva ' San Juan 500 inhabitants Santa Clara. In the County of Santa Fe, San Illdefonso Xanibe Pojoaqiie 590 inhabitants. Tezuque. In the County of Santa Ana. Cochiti Santo Domingo San Felipe Santa Ana Tia Jemez. 1,918 inhabitants In the County of Bernalillo Sandia Gleta 833 inhabitants. ' In the County of Valencia Laguna Acoma ■' Zunia ISOO inhabitants Opposite El Paso. Socoro Isletas 600 Recapitulation ' Pueblos of New Mexico. County of Taos 283. over 5 years of age Rio Arriva 500 Santa Fe 590 Santa Ana 1918 Bernalillo 833 Valencia 1800 District of Fontero oppo- 600 site El Paso del Norte. 6524 40 COKKESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUX. The above nmneration was taken from the Census ordered by the Legislature of Xew Mexico, convened December 1847, which in- cludes only those of five years of age and upwards. near It is well to remember these Pueblos are located from ten to one hundred miles apart, commencing north at Taos, and running east and west two hundred miles — This statement has no reference to Pueblos west of Zuiii. It must be remembered too, but a few of these Pueblos speak the same language and, so far as a majority are concerned, they are so decidedly ignorant of each others language, they are compelled to call to their aid Sf)anisli and Mexican interpreters — I have not found a single individual in the country, who can render, any one of the languages of the Pueblos, or Xavajoes, into English. The protection of these Indians, in their persons and property, is of great importance. In addition to the obligation which the gov- ernment of the United States has assumed for their protection, it ma}^ be suggested, as a matter of government economy, their property should be protected, and their industry properly stimulated and directed. These people can raise immense quantities of corn and wheat, and have large herds of sheep and goats — the grazing for cattle, generally, is superior, and the reason why they have so few of the cow kind, is to be found in the ease with which they may be driven off by the Navajos, and others. The average price paid for corn in this territory by our government, can not be less than two dollars per bushel — and since I have been in Santa Fe public horses have not received half the forage allowed to them by the regulations of the army. The exorbitant price now paid for corn, and the insuffi- cient quantity grown in this country, and other inconveniences, may be remedied in one 3'ear, certainly in two years. For reasons herein suggested, I venture, respectfully, to say. 1st The Pueblos, for the present, ought to be divided into six or seven districts, and an agent conveniently located in each. 2d Blacksmiths, implements of husbandry — and other implements, ought to be sent to them. Also, some fire arms, powder and lead, and other presents should be given to them. 3d None of the Indians of this territory have a just conception of the American power and strength ; and many of them think, as we have associated with us the Mexicans, for whom they have no respect, we may not have a more efficient government for the protection of the than they afforded to them people here therefore, it is. I add to the recommendations above, the propriety of allowing — or rather, invit- ing some fifteen or twenty of them, and perhaps it would be well to COERESPOXDEXCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 41 select a few other Indians, to visit Wasliington City, at anj' early day, during the Session of the approaching Congress — Unless my powers are enlarged, or other duties assigned me, I may, without detriment to the public service, leave here, for a short period — and if agreeable to the Department, I should be pleased to receive orders to take a certain number to Washington City, as one among the best means of securing order and quiet in this territory. In January, or February, we might with safety take the southern route, by the El Paso, and through Texas, passing by and through the country inhabited by the Apaches and Comanches. We continue to complain that we are without a mail, or proper mail facilities. I am with great respect. Your obt. Servt. James S. Calhoun Indian Agent Santa Fe New Mexico P. S. Since the foregoing was written, I have been informed, an arrangement with a merchant has been effected, by which the Pueblo Indians who accompanied Govr. Washington in his late Xavajo expedition have been satisfied for their services. J. S. C. Col W Medill Corner of Indian Affairs WaaJdngton City D. G. [CALHOUN TO MEDILL.'] No. 6. Indian Agency Santa Fe. October 5th 18^9. Sir. W- Since my letter of yesterday's date, I regret to say, rumors of Indian troubles have increased, and received some confirmation by tlu> murder of a Mexican within three miles of this place. The sur- on yesterday goon who examined the murdered man says he was shot with sixteen arrows in the back, and two in front — that he 1 O. I. a., Santa F6 Agency, C 371. 42 COERESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUX. found arrows upon the ground, and that the trail indicated the number of Indians as unusually large. Several Indians from Ilede- fonso came to me yesterday, also, saying the Xavajos were impudent, troublesome, and dangerous — and that they were in every nook and corner of the country. A few moments since, the Governor and others of Santo Domingo, thirty one miles Avest of Santa Fe, came to give me similar intelli- gence. One ^ of the owners of Bent's Fort, has removed all property from it, and caused the Fort to be burnt ^ — M"". St. Vrain,^ long a citizen here, every w^ay reliable, and intelligent, says a worse state of things has not existed in this country since he has been an in- habitant of it. This fact is sustained by Mr Folger and others, among them, Mr Smith * who will be in Washington at an early day, as the delegate ■' of a convention ^' assembled here on the 24:th of last month, to consider of the public good. The number of discontented Indians in this territory is not small and I regret to add, they are not the only evil people in it. This w^hole country requires a thorough purging, which can be accomplished only by a thorough exploration of every hole and corner in it. The entire country should be immediately examined, and surveyed— and military roads should be opened, and posts and depots established. This policy would render it absolutely necessary to send out one or two additional regiments, mounted, as the surest and only plan of economizing in this branch of the public service — and with this branch, should one or more additional regiments be raised, I should be pleased to be associated, as I have written to you, and to the Secretary of War, heretofore. Governor Washington left for Taos on j^esterday morning to be absent for a few days only — I am arranging to leave for Jemez, on tomorrow, where, it is understood, a number of the chief officials of several Pueblos are to be, on the 8th of the present month. 1 Wm. W. Bent. 2 Kansas Historical Collections, VII, p. .327, note. 3 Ceran St. Vrain, who was " closely identified with the social, official, military, and commercial life of New Mexico." See Twitchell, Leading Facts of New Mexican History, II, p. 121, note. * Hugh N. Smith. B As New Mexico had not yet been organized. Congress refused to accept the credentials of Hugh N. Smith as Delegate. Full information regarding the controversy may be found In Congressional Globe, 31st Cong., 1st S., pp. 94, 279, 1038, 1392, 1394, 1407, 1408, and in Bancroft, History of Arizona and New Mexico, p. 446. •Twitchell, II, p. 209, and notes. CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 43 Col. Monroe ^ has not arrived, no reports of troops approaching from the States, and we are yet without a mail. I am, Your obt, Servt James S. Calhoun Indian Agent Santa Fe, Col. Medill, Comr. c&c. N. M. Washington City [CALHOUN TO MEDILL.'] No. 7. Indlan Agency Santa Fe. New" JNIexico October 13th. ISlfi. Sir, For obvious reasons, my communications to the Department should have been numbered, to remedy the omission, as far as practicable, is now my purpose. Since my arrival at Santa Fe, on the 22nd. of July last, the follow- ing is the order of my letters to the Department. No. 1. July 29th mo. No. 2. August loth. 1849 No. 3. Sejjtemher 2oth 1849 No. 4. October 1st. 1849 No. 5 Octr. 4th. 1849 No. 6 Octr. 5th. 1849 AVill you oblige me so far as to cause the foregoing numbers and dates to be appropriately endorsed on my letters which you will have received before this, my Tth. I am, with great respect. Your obt. Servt. James S. Calmoun Indian Agent Col. W. Medill Santa Fe. Comr. of Ind. Affs. 1 Colonel John Miinroe was in command of the Department of New Mexico, which was the Ninth Military Department. He exercised both civil and military functions which made his administration, like that of his predecessor, Colonel John M. Washington, subject for grave censure and the occasion for serious controversy between the military and the regular civil authorities. 2 O. I. A., Santa ¥& Agency, C 3G8. 44 COKEESPOJSTDEXCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. [CALHOUN TO MEDILL.'] No. 8. Indian Agency Santa Fe. New Mexico. Octoher 13th. 181^9. Sir, My intention to visit Jemez was announced to yon in my letter of the 5th inst. which should have been numbered 6. I reached Jemez on the afternoon of the 7th inst. and departed therefrom, on the morning of the 10th. In the first place, it is proper to state, during my stay at Jemez, not one word of reliable information was received from the Navajo tribe of Indians, who, through their -first and second Chiefs, had bound themselves, by the fifth article of a treaty,^ a copy of which was forwarded to you on the 25th of last month, (No 3) to be there in such a way as to comply with certain stipulations contained in said treaty. A^^iether they failed to be there by design, or were operated upon and kept away by the artful misrepresentations of theives, and robbers, and their associates^ is not yet revealed. It is a matter of no little import, in my opinion, to ascertain the cause of their absence, and I have put in requisition every thing at my com- mand for the purpose of ascertaining the facts in the case. In a very few days, I trust I shall be able to afford you some light upon this subject. AVhile at Jemez I met with the Governors — War Captains — Al- caldes, and other controlling individuals from twelve Pueblos — viz. 12 3 4 5 Jemez — Laguna — Acoma — Santo Domingo — San Juan — Santa 6^7 8 9 10 11 Clara — San Illdefonso — Namba — Pojoaque — Cia — Santa Anna — & 12 Sandia — No information, of a perfectly satisfactory character, can be obtained, as to the number of Pueblos — the number of inhabitants in each — and their respective languages — If, as far as it goes, the information in these particulars, transmitted to you in my letter of the 4th inst. (No 5.) and the statements made to me, at Jemez, by the most intelligent Indians, be correct, there are twenty three Pueb- los east of Zuiii — inclusive — of these, I am informed by intelligent Indians, (5) five use a language in common, without having sprung from a common tribe. Two of these are near Taos — two near Albuf- querque, and one below El Paso. There are six who have a com- 1 O. I. A., Santa F6 Agency, C 368. 2 House Ex. Doc, 31st Cong., 1st sess.. No. 5, Pt. I, pp. 113-115 ; Kappler, II, pp. 583- 585. COERESPONDEXCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUX. 45 mon language, peculiar to themselves, and altogether unknown to others — To seA^en others the same remarks are applicable — as their language differs from all others — Jemez has its own peculiar lan- guage, and so has Zuni — In relation to the languages of the Pueblos of Gleta, Socoro, and Seneco, I have found no one who could give me information upon the subject. It must be remembered, the Indians using the same language are not confined to the same section of country— For instance, of the five Pueblos, first spoken of, Taos and Pecoris are near Taos, seventy five miles north of Santa Fe — Sandia and Isletta are from sixty to eighty miles south of Santa Fe; and another Isleta, near El Paso, more than four hundred miles from the two first named. All the others lie between the extremes mentioned, running west about two hundred miles. The Indians informed me at Jemez, there were seven Pueblos of Moquies. six having a language of their own, and differing from all (first) others, and one the language of the six, before mentioned. The best information I could obtain, in relation to these people, them induces me to locate about one hundred miles west of Zuhi, in an excellent country, through which a road must run to the Pacific. Indeed, it is said, a large number of emigrants selected that route this season. They are supposed to be decidedly pacific in their character, opposed to all wars, quite honest, and very indus- trious — It is said, in years gone by, these Indians abandoned a village because its soil had been stained with the blood of a human being. I deeply regret that I have not been able to visit these, and all other Pueblos in this Country — that I might be able to lay before 3'ou information, of a character, more precise and accurate. The Indians at Jemez, with one Voice, renew^ed their complaints of gross wrongs to which they have been compelled to submit — and the}^ are such too, as require immediate remedial measures — the law- lessness — the outrages of roving associations^ comprising all colors and dialects, can not be seen, and felt, and appreciated in Wash- ington as the truth would sanction—And even here, so much of it comes to our knowledge, we become more indifferent to our own possible fate every day. But a short time since, a band, said to be commanded by an Eng- lishman, well known in Santa Fe, ordered, in the name of the United States, the Pueblo of Laguna to furnish them with twenty five horses, and to call upon the Quarter Master, in Santa Fe, for payment — The order was promptly obeyed, and the Indians do not yet nnder- -tand the contrivance bv which they lost their horses — 46 COEEESPONDEXCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. The frauds and impositions of certain Alcaldes, unknown to their laws, ought not to be endured, if their various statements are correct, and these Indians have not given me one reason to question their Veracity — It is a matter of no moment whether an Indian is in debt or not, a judgement can be obtained against him, which must be paid in cash, or the spirit of the 6th article of the Ordinance of 1787 is immediately Violated — Again; the Prefects, who, to some extent, govern, each, a district, the Alcaldes being subordinate, and their jurisdictions, so far as the Indians are concerned, confined to the Pueblos to which they are appointed, do not, in my opinion, use their authority, whatever it may be, without abusing it. Contributions upon their labor, and frequently property, are made by the law, or laws, which Alcaldes and Prefects munufacture to suit the occasion. Many facts of this character were mentioned to me, that it is useless to record for your reading. There are clever Alcaldes and Prefects in this Territory, who are not to be subjected to the above condemnatory suggestions — To understand the condition of these people, it must not be for- gotten, they hold possession of the lands which they occupy, and till, 2 1 by special grants, from the government of Mexico, or Spain^ The extent of these grants are not well understood here — That checkered throughout the whole country, of which I have any knowledge, old Spanish Villages are yet to be found — inhab- ited by — paying people — almost, in utter seclusion — The extent of the grants and priviledges to the proprietors of these Villages, is not yet known, and the spurious claims will be in proper form in time to meet the legislation of the Congress of the United States — Let me add, these Pueblo Indians pride themselves upon their Catholicism, without having abandoned the queer ceremonials of a very remote and superstitious parentage — and they make no prisoners in war. To the Indians at Jemez, I explained the relation in which they stood to the government of the United States — and to the powers controlling in New Mexico — They were made to comprehend the laws enacted by Congress for the government of our Indian rela- tions — and, as they understood the design and effect of said laws, they foreshadowed a better state of things, and they urged, with much emphasis, the application of these remedial measures to their present wants and necessities — To this end, four of the Pueblos have signified their wish to make a treaty — ^Vhat ought to he done? COREESPONDEXCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 47 In a day or two I mux again have occasion to renew this subject, and will, if possible, condense, and present in one view, all the sugges- tions I have heretofore made in compliance with your instructions to me. I am, With very great respect, Your obt servt. J. S. Calhoun Indian Agent Santa Fe. New Mexico Col. W. Medill Comr. of Ind. Ajfs. Washington City D. G [CALHOUN TO MKDILL.^] No. 9. Sir- Santa Fe. Neav Mexico. Octr. H. ISlfi. It may not be amiss to advise you, that your letter of Instruction, of May the IMh,^ 1849, with accompanying papers is the last and only communication I have received from the Department since my de- parture from St Louis to this place. This information may be im- portant to the Department, inasmuch, as I am aware it was intended to give me special instructions in relation to Mexican Captives, so soon as the Mexican Minister should be more precise in compliance with the terms of the treaty betw^een the respective Governments. Sometime during the latter part of August, while we were out the on Navajo Expedition, a mail was received here, and despatched for Govr. Washington's Head Quarters. The carrier and his guide, were intercepted, killed, and the mail distributed to suit the fancy of the Indians then present, and it is said, they lost eight men be- fore they succeeded in overpowering Mr Charles Malone — the car- rier — and his Mexican guide. These murders were committed about the 5th of September last, near forty miles east of Tunicha, and one hundred and fifty west of Santa Fe, by Navajo Indians — These facts have been elicited by enquiries instituted by Govr. AVashington whose agent returned some eight or ten days since, and encourages the hope, a large portion of ' O. I. A., Sivnta Fe Agency, C 368. - An office lettor of this date has not been found. 48 COKEESPOXDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. the mail may yet be recovered. Let me add, however, by the lost mail, none came to this place to my address : a large package of news- papers were received, and despatched as before said. During m}^ absence at Jemez, a mail was received here, and \)y it, I received nought but a solitary letter from the States. Colonel Monroe is expected in Six or eight days, when it is hoped we may have some intelligence from home. With great respect, I am, Your obt Servt. J. S. Calhoun Indian Agent Santa Fe Neio Mexico Col. W. Meuill Comr. of Ind. Affs. Washington City D. C [CALHOUN TO MEDILL.'] No. 10. Indian Agency Santa Fe. New Mexico. Octr. 15. ISJfO. Sir, Before I proceed to the consideration of the primary objects of this communication, let me first premise, Governor Washington hns afforded me every possible facility in the execution of your instruc- tions of the 7th of April last. Where I have, in nw former letters, (or may in this,) refered to ascertained distances, I am indebted to Brvt. Maj. Kendrick of the Arty, a gentleman of distingTiished merit. Genl. Cyrus Choice, AVilliam E. Love,- and John G. Jones, have accompanied me in all my trips to the Indian Country, and Avere especially useful in the Navajo expedition — During my absence, Mr. John H. Davis had charge of my ollice. and its affairs, and conducted matters to my entire satisfaction. Andrew Lee, and Benjamin F. Lee, both from South Carolina, have rendered me very efficient aid, in various ways, in the dischar.'i'e 1 O. I. A., Santa Po Agency, C 368. 2 William E. Love was Calhoun's son-in-law, he.havinfr married Carolina Louisa, the elder of Calhoun's two daughters. The younger daughter, Martha Ann, married Juo. [1. Davis. COEEESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 49 j of my duties. I may make the same remark of William H. Mitchell, whose general health has, somewhat, interfered with his efficiency. I may here state, I am under increased obligations to Judge Joab Houghton for valuable information, and for pointing out to me avenues, through which I might glean more. I may be pardoned, I trust, for saying, my efforts have been unceasing, and that I have avoided no exposure, either by night or day, in order to comply with your instructions; and, although, the compliance is not precise and accurate in every particular, yet, I am emboldened to say, with such aid, and such assistance, as I have named above, there must be a near approximation to a compliance, where a compliance has been possible; and, that it is sufficiently so, or will be, when this paper is completed, to enable the (lovernment at Washington to legislate, and order wisely in the premises — Recent information has confirmed me in opinions, heretofore, gravely impressed upon my mind ; and, I now the more readily pro- ceed to lay before you a summary, or rather a condensation of the suggestions contained in my previous letters, and such other sugges- tions, and facts^ as may, possibly, serve to some extent, to guide you in the management of our Indian affairs in this country, imder sudi laws as the Congress of the United States may be pleased to enact in relation thereto. On yesterday, or the preceding afternoon, as I am informed, a part of the lost mail, concerning which I wrote you on yesterday, (No 9.) was received by Governor Washington. It appears that Chapitone, the second in rank among the Xavajoes. was found by the Governor and others of Zuni. at Paguati, a small Pueblo belonging to, and about two leagues from Laguna — this oc- curred about the 8th of the present month — Chapitone stated that he and his people had gathered all the stolen property — collected together the captives, and had preparetl themselves in every way, to comply with the terms of the late treaty, and would have done so but for the statements of Mexican traders^ representing that all the l^leblo Indians — the Spaniards from the villages near the Pueblos, and American Troops, were marching to their country for the pur- pose of exterminating them, and taking possession of all that be- longed to them — Under the impressions made by the statements of these traders, they were frightened from their purpose of being at Jemez on the day appointed — It was then he resolved to ascertain from actual observation whether the reports of the traders were true or false— and therefore it was, he was at Paguati — He accom- panied the Zunies to Jemez, sent out a messenger who brought in the recovered portion of the lost mail, and sent word to Governor Wash- ington and myself, that he and others would be at San Isidora on the 5021—15 4 50 COEEESPONDEXCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUX. 28tli or 29th of this month, prepared to comply with the terms of the treaty — These are the facts as gathered by my agents who Avere charged to go out, and enquire into this matter — ■ Sometime about the 5th of this month, at and near the Spanish Vilhige Le Bugarito, not more than fifteen miles north west of Laguna, Navajoes, and others unknow^n, attacked the people of said Village, in the day time, killed two Spaniards, and wounded one, and succeeded in carrying off, as a captive, a woman — This morning an Indian came in from Cochiti, a Pueblo on the west side of the Rio Grande, a few miles north of Santo Domingo, and informed Governor Washington, in my presence, that he and his friends had killed three Apaches the preceding day, overtaken in " the manner " of driving off sheep belonging to their village — He further said, there were a number of Apaches in the mountains be- yond Cochiti, who gave them much trouble by driving off their stock, killing their men, and making captives of their women and children — B^^This Indian, in behalf of the people of Cochiti, asked for munitions of War — The Governor, the Grand Captain, and the Captain of War, from Zuili, an Indian Pueblo, which you will remember is two hundred and one ^^ miles west of Santa Fe, has been with me to-day. These are intelligent, active, and athletic Indians, and stated their grievances with great energy, and were especially vehement and vindictive in their denunciations of the faithlessness of all Nava- joes — they represented, they had been greatly harrassed since we left so their village on the 16th of September last — that where ever they went, the}' were under the necessity of going guarded and armed, and that they had to watch their horses, mules, and sheep, during every hour of the twenty four. m^^These people asked for arms and ammunition, and permission to make a war, of extermination, against the Navajoes. The deputation from Zuiii, also stated, there were five hundred and fifty five able-bodied men in their village, and only thirty two fire arms, and less than twenty rounds, each, for said arms.* They spoke confidently of their ability to protect and defend ^Aemselves against the aggressions of the Navajoes and Apaches, and if per- mitted to form a combination of Pueblos, they could and would ex- terminate these tribes, especially every Navajo who should be so un- to fortunate as be caught south of the high mountains north of the San Juan, a supposed tributary to the western Colorado, provided the Government of the United States would furnish the necessary COKKESPONDENCE OP JAMES S. CALHOUN. 51 fire arms, ammunition, and subsistence. That a combination, as sug- gested above, could accomplish the end so desired t>y them^ admits not of the slightest doubt, notwithstanding the ties existing between the Xavajoes — Utahs, and Apaches, backed as they might be by the Comanches: provided, that Mexicans from either side of the line be- tween the United States and Mexico, and all others, were effectually prevented from the indiscriminate and viscious commerce now open to them, and against which, there seems to be, at this time, not the slightest impediment. While at Zuni, I saw several Mexican traders^ who hailed from various places, all however, on our side of the supposed boundary line between the United States and Mexico, They informed me they had travelled through the Apache Country from the Eio Grande, west, a great distance on the Gila river, in the direction of the Colo- rado. They spoke of the Apaches as good people, who had treated them kindly, which fact is not to be doubted, and although it was true, that these Indians had a number of Mexican captives, they were, nevertheless, friendly with, and peaceably disposed towards States, the people of the United and guiltless of outrages, gen- erally — So long as these wandering merchants are perniitted a free and unrestrained access to the wild and roving Indians of this country, just so long are we to be harrassed by them, and their allies, the of the peace, various bands of robbers, and other disturbers to be found east, west, north, and south, and A^hose agents these mer- chants may be— It is through the medium of these traders that arms and ammunition are supplied to the Indians who refuse submission to our authority — These traders go where the}'^ please without being subjected to the slightest risk; but one, not of the fraternity, dare not advance an inch abroad without risking life and property. Why is it that these trader's have no fears, no apprehensions, and pass in every direction through the country roamed over by the Comanches, Apaches, Navajoes, and Utahs, unharmed in person or property, when these same Indians show by their conduct a determined and eternal hostility to all Mexicans, and others, who remain quietly at home, and whose towns and children, and property of every kind, are unsafe beyond the shadow of their own domicils? The question can not be answered in such a way. as to justify a further toleration of these travelling merchants, who are daily creat- ing much anxiety among, and bewildering many of the Indians of the various Pueblos, by attempting the impression that the Govern- ment of the United States are unable. to hold possession of this coun- try — that the Mexican Government, at this time, has twenty five thou- 52 CORKESPONDEXCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. sand troops marchino-. or ready to march into Xew Mexico for the puriDOse of reconcjuering, and re-possessing the ceded domain; and that extermination will be the fate of all Indians who are found in alliance with, or claiming the protection of the United States: and further, if it were possible, and none but a very wild imagination can think it possible, that the Americans should continue to hold the country, the fate of all Indians is fixed, as nothing will satisfy the American people short of the entire possession of their whole coun- try, and their utter extermination — to this may be added, the crafty misrepresentations of loic'ked priests, aided by the robbing and thiev- ing instincts of others, have also contrived to give circulation to false- hoods of every line, for the purpose of alienating these people, and causing them to beleive the Americans were more heartless and untruthful than their former oppressors, and more insatiable in their purposes upon their property than the banded robbers of the moun- tains — The whole oliject of these people is to keep American settlers out of the country as long as possible; for their presence might lessen the power of some, and throw impediments in the way of others, so as to check their present impositions and frauds upon the Indians, and put an earlier end to their designs upon the lands of this country, in covering the most desirable spots with fictitious grants — I do not pssert, that all these mischeivous people are under preconcerted ar- rangements: but the tendency of their efforts point to a common end — a There is scarcely day passes, that a deputation from some one or more of the Pueblos, does not come to me with statements confirma- tory of what is herein stated, and the facts noted in my jDrevious communications — and the question comes up. ought not some effective remedial measures to be adopted at once? Before I conclude this letter. I will shoAv, what to me, is very plain, the measures that should be adopted for the government of the Indian tribes in this far off region. First then, the Pueblos. You are already ajDprized of the fact, if Ave include the Mochies each only beyond Zuni^these people of various tongues. unknown to respective the tribes of their origins, are to be found in villages, (Pueblos) at uncertain distances from each other, in an extent of country near four hundred miles, square. Their Pueblos are built with direct reference to defence, and their houses are from one to six gtories high, and not one is reached, in the ordinary way, except by COEEESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 53 J adders — these, and all other Indians of this country, send out mounted warriors only — Foot soldiers remain at home, and fight on foot, only when their Pueblos are assaulted. The rapidity of the movements of all Indian warriors — or robbers — ?how the utter worthlessness of Infantry, except to take care of localities and property — To remove and consolidate the Indians of the various Pueblos at a common point, is out of the question — the general character of their houses, are superior to those of Santa Fe — they have rich val- leys to cultivate — grow quantities of corn and wheat, and raise vast herds of horses, mules, sheep and goats — ail of which, may be im- mensely increased by properly stimulating their industry, and in- structing them in the agricultural arts — For the reasons, in an economical point of view, heretofore given, the Government of the United States should instruct these people in their agricultural pur- a suits — they are valuable, and available people, and as firmly fixed in their homes, as any one can be in the United States. Their lands are held by Spanish and Mexican grants — to what extent is unknown — and in their religion, they are Catholics, with a certain admixture of an early superstition, with its ceremonials; all of which attaches them to the soil of their fathers — the soil upon which they came into existence, and the soil upon which they have been reared — and their concentration is not advisable — But, in considering this subject, it must not be forgotten, there are a few old Spanish villages to be found in the vicinity of, per- haps, all the Pueblos — and the extent of their grants and privileges is not yet known, and judicial proceedings, only, can reveal the truth is country of the in relation to these matters — In this way ft^ethe Indian Pueblos checkered, and the difficulties in relation to a disposition of them suggested. Santa Anna, as Maj. Weightman, a gentleman, and a very intelli- in 1843, gent lawyer informs me, decreed that one born in Mexico, was a Mexican Citizen, and, as such, is a voter; and therefore, all the Pueblo Indians are voters — But, still, the exercise of this privilege was not known, prior to what is termed, an election, the last one in this territory — I understand this was a hurried affair, and manage- able voters picked up at what ever place found and this arose from their extreme anxiety to secure the services of an exceedingly clever man, the Hon. Hugh N. Smith as the delegate of certain influential Citizens of this territory — Under this view of the subject, what will you do with them? 5i COEEESPONDEXCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. sooner or later. They must become Citizens. of the United States; and if there was a State or territoiy to be formed immediately west of the Rio Grande. I should not hesitate to say, these Pueblo Indiai'S are entitled to all the rights and privileges of citizens of the United States, as mere voters — As to the rights which it may have been de- signed to confer iii^on them under the 9th. Art. of the late treaty, I venture not an opinion. If Congress must give to this country a territorial government, they must of necessity, include the Spanish, and if there be such, Mexican villages too, that are found in the neighborhood of the Pueblos. If the Pueblo Indians are to be taxed, they are from, their general intelligence^ and prohity as much entitled to select their agents^ as the mass of New Mexico — But, for the present, unless a territorj-, or State, is to be organized on the western side of the Rio Grande, these people should be subjected only, to the laws passed by the Congress of the United State — ^^^The Mexicans and the PueMo Indians, have not one feeling in common — It is a subject of great delicacy, yet, I apprehend, it is easier to dispose of the tribes of roving Indians, than the better, and more civilized Pueblo Indians. In disiDosing of the '' savage " Indians, the most vexatious, trouble- some, and delicate questions will arise from our obligations as re- corded in the 11th Art. of the before referred to treaty — At all hazards, and without reference to cost, the Government of the United States, will, to the letter, and to the spirit, comply with our every pledge, and redeem our every undertaking — It is not necessary- to repeat to you, that the Apaches, although frequently roving east of the Rio Grande, their conceded localities, and the great mass of them, when at home, are to be found on the west side of the aforesaid river — and on both sides of the boundary line between the United States and Mexico, as indicated by the maps, running west, several hundred miles to, or near, the Pimo Villages — Here are to be found a majority of the caiytlces to be delivered up, under the before mentioned treaty — Here are a people, who feed on game, the spontaneous products of the soil, and the fruit of other people's labor. Here it is, the boundary line will present a barrier to the castigations which these Indians should receive — Here you will find about an equal number upon each side of the boundary line, all alike committing depredations; and it may be, we shall be called upon to pa}^ millions on account of the doings of Mexican Aimclies whose bad deeds will be charged to those on our side of the line — the one not being better than the other — Here too, the most delicate questions will arise. How are these people to subsist if you ejfectually check, and stop their depredations ? COEEESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 55 How are you to comply with your obligations under the aforesaid 11th Art. without invading foreign territory? To establish a proper state of affairs in this country, with the States economy which the Government of the United should, and will, ever observe, requires a strong arm — and a prompt arm, guided by an enlightened patriotism, and a generous spirit of humanity — ^^Expend your milJioii no%L\ if necessary, that you may avoid the expenditure of millions hereafter — The Comanches and Apaches, with all the adjacent fragments of other tribes, must be penned up; and this should be done at the earliest possible day. If the Navajoes comply with the treaty as entered into with Gov- ernor Washington and myself, it is beleived the Utahs will ask for a similar treaty — there are strong indications of a disposition to yield upon their part, independent of the course which the Navajoes may pursue. But, suppose these tribes continue to withhold their submission to our authority, and to war upon our interest, it will be absolutely necessary to remove and concentrate these people^ To what localities should these wild tribes be confined? Can the foregoing question be discreetly answered without a thor- ough knowledge of this country? and can such thorough knowledge be obtained without a thorough exploration? I affirm that it can not be done, and without an additional number of mounted troops, such made an exploration can not be at an early day. If I had authority to do so, I could make treaties with all these tribes; and they would comply with every stipulation just so long as you have an arm raised to strike them; and no longer — provided they are permitted to roam as heretofore. But confine them to certain limits — restrict intercourse with them, and instruct them, and compel them to cultivate the soil — When you have thus sub- jugated, and caused them to feel and appreciate your power, then the proper time Mill have arrived when presents, to a limited extent will have a salutary influence in awakening their pride of person, and creating a love, a desire for some of the luxuries of life, for, until a man has reached that point, he has made but a slight advance in civilization. Let it be remembered, the Navajoes have all the tiecessaries of life — and grow large quantities of corn and wheat, raise immense fl tising their enemies. The military force in this territory is not suffi- cient — The liberation of Mrs White and her daughter, is, to me, a matter of deepest concern. But being entirely destitute of the means neces- sary to an efficient and prompt action in the premises, I am left to lament the impotency of my arm, and if the two captives are not to be liberated, it is to be hoped they are dead. An effort must and can shall be made for their liberation, and I regret that I not put it forward at this moment — A purely military effort, in my opinion, can not be successfully made — and I had determined to select an Indian — and a Mexican trader, and send them forthwith in the sup- posed direction of the retreat of the Apaches — offering such induce- ments to them as would secure the end, if that end be attainable; but Col. Monroe designs a move of some kind, and is unAvilling to do so without further and more precise information: and that further information, I apprehend, can not be acquired during this day, and every moments delay lessens the probability of a successful effort. I was, a moment since, in consultation with the Colonel upon this subject, and he is determined to do all in his power to rescue the captives the moment the facts in the case are sufficiently ascertained. Conflicting efforts must not be attempted. I have just secured the services of a mexican trader, who knows the Apaches well, their haunts and trails. This man is well known tc CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 65 respectable people here, as a daring, fearless, and withal, a discreet man — I promised to pay him one thousand dollars, and other gra- tuities, if he succeeds in bringing in to me Mrs White and her daughter — He goes out quietly, but rapidly, as a trader, and if he finds the objects of his search, will doubtless secure them. I made him understandj the same inducements would be held out to other parties, and that the reward should be paid, promptly, to the suc- cessfid and, relying upon the just action of the Government of the United States, I shall most certainly, and cheerfully redeem my every promise in this matter — and I may be pardoned for adding, if the money jDromised was the last cent I could command on earth, and I without the slightest hope of its reimbursement, it should not be the less promptly paid upon the happening of the contingency which induced the reward. In less than one hour from the time I had an interview with this trader he was off, manifesting the greatest confidence in his ability to command success — If I can quietly, and in a way, that can not by the remotest possibility conflict with Col. Monroe's efforts, I will induce other parties to go out, and hope to send another off, in a different direction on to-morrow morning. The sad event at the ' Point of Rocks ' has caused the delay of several of my communications to you — as the Hon, H. N. Smith, the delegate to Congress selected by a convention in this City, had them in charge, and hearing of the murder of Mr White and the male portion of his party before progressing so far as the ' Point of Rocks ' on his journey to Washington City, has returned to Las Vegas. to await further developments — I exceedingly regret the delay on account of the various important suggestions and recommenda- tions contained in my letters, and which I desired you to receive be- fore the President's Message should be sent to Congress, for, if there ever was a time for energetic and prompt action in this territory, this is the time — and the winter should not prevent campaigns — contained in No. 10. BI^^ One word more — If my recommendations, which I earnestly renew, in reference to Agents, and Ordnance and Ordnance Stores should be adopted, a larger number of the troops now in the territory might be usefully and successfully employed in a winter expedition against the Apaches and their allies — B^^Give me four companies of Dragoons, and allow me to organ- ise a force from the Pueblo Indians, with the means to subsist them, and to pay them, and my life for it, in less than six months I will so tiime the Navajoes and Utahs that you will scarcely hear of them again — In such an expedition I should desire authority to conduct it without being controlled by any one in this Department, and no oilier Government ofRcers, except the proper connnanders of the 66 COEEESPOiv^DEXCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. Dragoons — I should desire to select 1113' own Quarter Masters and commissaries, and to give to them such directions as would stimulate to the utmost extent, the energies of the Pueblo Indians — ■ I will add only by adding four companies of Infantry, to guard posts and public Stores — and sending out proper scientific men, that whole time country should at the same be thoroughly explored— The foregoing is respectfully submitted, wdth an earnest request that it be immediately placed before the Chief of the Department, and I have the honor to be, Your obt. Servt. James 8. Calhoun Ind. Agent Col. W. Medill Com. of Ind. Affs. Washington City D. G. [CALHOUN TO MEDILL.'] No. 16. Indian Agency. Santa Fe, New Mexico: Oct. 30. 181^9— '7 o'dk, p. m. Sir, At the last moment, before the closing of the mail for the United States, I ask for permission to say, that I have to-day, sent out three additional parties in search of Mrs White and her daughter — and I have offered to each party, rewards that they hesitated not to say were entirely satisfactory. They did not intimate a desire that the reward for their services should be increased — and I know of nothing more that I can do, as the representative of your department, for the recovery of Mrs White and her daughter — But, I will not sleep ; and or rather attempt if I see wdiat more I may accomplish no matter at what cost, it shall me done. What Col. Monroe has done, if any thing; or what he may design to do, I know not — nor is it my pi'ivilege to know — Yeiy respectfully Your obt Servt. J. S. Calhoun Ind. Agt. Col. W. Medill Comr. of Ind. Affs. Washington City D. C. ^ O. 1. A., Santa F6 Agency, C 368. COEKESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 67 [CALHOUN TO EWING.'] Sa:nta Fe, New Mexico, Noveinber i, 18]^9. Sir: Xot until last evening was I aware of the existence of execu- tive document No. 60, ordered to be published on the 28th of April, 1818 ; otherwise the labor of preparing my communication of the 25th of September last would have been saved, and you the trouble of its receipt. At the time the document was ordered to be printed, I was in Cuernavaca, Mexico, to which fact I attribute my ignorance of the publication. In addition to which, the secretary of state for this Territory could give me no information as to the transmission of copies of the paj)ers to Washington city — such as I forwarded to you. ^^''ith great respect, your obedient servant, J. S. Calhoux Hon. T. EwixG, Secretary of Intenor. Washington city. [CALHOUN TO BROWN."] No. 17 Indian Agency Santa Fe, New Mexico, Now. 1st. 18 ltd. Sir, I am, this moment, in receipt of your communications of the 13th & IGth of July last — the first instructing in reference to a Census of Indian tribes, and the latter enclosing a blank Bond, both of which shall receive my earliest possible attention — This is sent to Las Vegas with the hope of there overtaking the mail that left here on yesterday morning. In great haste. Your obt. Servt. J. S. Calhoun Ind. Agt. Orlando Brown Esqr. Gomr. of Ind. Affs. Washington City D. G. 1 Senate Ex. Doc, 31st Cong., 1st sess., No. 18, p. 226; House Ex. Doc, 31st Cong., ls?t ROSS., No. 17, p. 229. This letter was received by the Indian Office, January 10. 1850 ; see L. R.. No. 37. ^O. I. A., Santa F^ Agency, C 368. 68 COEEESPONDEJs'CE OF JAMES S. CALHOUJST. [CALHOUN TO BROWN.'] No. 18. Indian Agency Santa Fe, New Mexicxj Now. 2nd 18 ltd. Sir, On yesterday, after the departure of the mail which carried my letters for you, numbered from 7 to 17 inclusive, I had an interview with Mr. Barclay, a very quiet, cool, and considerate gentleman, who passed the " Point of Rocks ", subsequent to the murder of Mr. White, and his party. His narration is much more full, and some- what different from that contained in my No. 15, but it is confirma- tory of the horrible facts therein stated. The gentleman named above does not claim to have seen the bodies of Mr. Wliite, or any one of his party. He saw the upset carriage, and several dead bodies, upon which, he dismounted, and those that he examined, were Mexicans — but not yet cold in death— This was after night, and it was deemed advisable to press forward, as their own condition was, supposed to be, one of great peril. From Mr. Barclay's statement, I learn, he subsequently overtook the Hon. H. N. Smith's party, who hearing of the murders at the ' Point of Eocks ' were returning for protection — That some Mexi- can Buffalo hunters, came to the aforesaid fatal spot, before Mr. White's party was completely overwhelmed — that at the moment of their arrival, there were two yet alive, struggling for their exist- the two ence — that they saw them dispatched — and immediately thereafter, the "peace party., of all gangs of the present day., approached them — the Mexican Buffalo hunters, and made the most friendly salutations, and the strongest declarations of friendship. In a few moments thereafter, the war party returned, and with the utmost speed of their animals, circled round them two or three times, and then fired upon them — killing several, and wounding others, how many, they could not tell. It seems, that a lad. not more than twelve years old, whose father, a Mexican, was killed in the last of the two conflicts was, also, places severely lanced in several and saved his life by feigning to be dead — After the party to which he belonged, had made their escape, the Indians retired, he crawled forward as rapidly as possible, and was met, and picked up by the Hon H. N. Smith's party, who imme- ' O. I. a., Santa Fe AgeDcy. C 309. COEEESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 69 diately returned to Las Vegas — The Buffalo hunters, say, distinctly, that Mr. "White and the male portion of his party were all killed, including a colored servant. They say, further, that Mrs White, with her daughter, and a colored female servant, were carried off as captives. The wounded Mexican lad picked up by the Hon, Hugh N. Smith, gives it, as his opinion, that the Apaches, after the murder of White and others, travelled in a North Western direction. Mr. Barclay, from the best investigations he could give the subject, came to the conclusion, they had made for the Caiions of the Red River, in the direction of the Rio del Norte — Neither could have ascer- tained the truth, unless a part of these Buffalo hunters, and the murdering Apaches, belonged to a common association^ having a common end in view, the reward of rapine. The Department must not forget, these Apaches are, by some called Jicarillas — pronounced, Hickorees— that they are, generally, the produce of the amalgamations of the Utahs and Apaches, and that they roam from the mountains south east of the " Great Salt Lake," through the Caiions of the Red River, crossing the Rio del Norte, north of the El Paso, and continuing, westward, to the Pimo Villages, near the junction of the Rio Salina and Rio San Francisco, and not far remote from the junction of these two rivers with the Gila; and many assert they go to the Pacific. They are not considered a numerous hand; but they are bold, daring, and adventurous spirits ; and they saj^, they have never encountered the face of a white foe, who did not quail, and attempt to fly from them. At present, we hear nothing of the Navajoes or Utahs; and the Comanches, of whom we hear any thing, seem to be deliberating, and you may not be surprised at any disasters that may happen here, at any course which events may mark. Without the substitution of a one different policy from the now observed in this territory, rob- beries. Massacres, and assassinations will continue to be the order of the day; and without additional means, and, perhaps, modified in- structions, what other policy than that of quiesence, submission to the disorders which prevail, can be introduced as a corrective of the evils of which we complain. The civil government of this territory is scarcely a terror to evil doers; to prove which. I Avill merely state, that about the close of the day, on yesterday, a man was shot down in the plaza, and during the evening another was knocked down with a rock, and most severely bruised in the face; and a third, about the same hour, was most dangerously stabbed in four or five places, in front and rear; but neither were dead when I last heard from them. At the moment of the transpiring of these occurrences, the Superior Court, the court 70 COBEESPOXDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. for the trial of criminals was in session; and it remains to be seen what will be done with them. Thus it will appear, that while hostile Indians do not greatly fear the military arm of our Government, the civil arm of this Territory does not, nay, can not restrain the vicious from the indulgence of the most horrible crimes. It is said, with what truth, I can not aver, that orders issued from the War Department during the previous administration, directing the Chief of this Military department not to oppose the effort of Texas to take possession of that portion of this territory lying east of the Eio del Norte, and to extend over it her laws, rather than to oppose, to aid in the premises. It is also intimated that the present Sec. of War lias also, given similar instructions. I vouch for neither of these statements, and they are lohispered in private and confidential circles, only, but one thing is certain, the impression which the statements have caused, is a barrier in the way of a more efficient government, that of a state government^ for while the civil officials ruling in this territory are opposed to any other than the present, or such an one as Congress may accord to their sug- are the gestions, there others opposed to precipitating question in con- sequence of the apprehension that the claim of Texas may be sus- tained, and by postponing action in the matter, a forced connection with Texas is rendered less probable. There are other difficulties in the way of a general reformation in at this territory, but I am not liberty to trouble you with a recital of them, suffice it to say, efforts are being made to overcome every difficulty ; and it is hoped, these efforts will be attended with success. The " modified instructions " before mentioned is suggested in ref- erence to the supposed orders emanating from the War Department in reference to the claim of Texas. Similar instructions in behalf of the suffering and oppressed of this territory would greatly facilitate good the establishing of a government. The disorders in this territory could never have been greater, and the correcting hand should be the loved one of the land. Our Indian disturbances are so blended with the civil disorders of this territory, not you can affect the one without the other, either for good or evil — and hence it is, the most searching scrutiny of the most discriminat- ing mind is required to prescribe and direct in this critical conjunc- ture. The evils to be redressed and corrected, and the positive good CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 71 to be accomplished will afford to the most ripe and fruitful minds, full scope and verge enough for the glorious exercise of the most imbounded philanthropy, of traders The constant and unrestricted intercourse with the Indians of this territory is, perhaps, the greatest curse upon it, and so exceedingly pernicious is it, I have ventured to suggest to Governor Monroe, the propriety of extending by Order, the Laws of Congress in relation to trade and intercourse with Indian tribes, over this terri- tory, as a military measure, offensive and defensive, called for by the war demonstrations of the wild tribes. He has taken the subject into consideration, but has given no intimation of the conclusion to which he may, possibly, arrive. In this connection, I have also suggested the recommendations con- tained in my number 10, in reference to the arming the Pueblo In- dians, under rules and regulations to be prescribed. Without the adoption of these two measures, or others that will bring about similar results, you may in vain expect to preserve the peace and quiet of this territory. These two important measures, are commended to the favorable consideration of the frugal, because, instead of additional cost to the Government of the United States, reconmiendation the latter will secure a positive saving, greatly be- yond any outlay that may be rendered necessary by its adoption. B^^The greater security to persons and property, and the addi- tional laborers that would be thrown into the fields of the Pueblo Indians, would operate a saving greatly beyond all expenditures in the production of the solitary article a^tiele of C07m — to say nothing of wheat, and stock of every kind. The records of the War Department will show the vast expendi- tures incurred in foraging horses, mules &c. but it may not be quite so apparent, how many horses have been lost for the loant of forage. In previous communications I have recorded my opinion, that the average price paid for corn in this territory w^ould reach two dollars per bushel, and I venture to say, the adoption of my suggestions would reduce the price of the next crop to less than one dollar per bushel, an event that would not effect injuriously, the profit of the laborer of the fields. In concluding this communication, I must again repeat, that the separate questions belonging exclusively to distinct Departments, are so blended and intermixed, that it is impossible to present for the con- sideration of the appropriate Chief, subject matters over which he has exclusive control, without bringing to his notice, matters pertain- 72 COREESPONDEISrCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. iiig to other Departments, hence the episodical cliaractor of this, and my former conmiunications. I am. With great respect, Your obt. servant. J. S. Calhoun, Iiid. Agt. Orlando Brown Esqr, Comr. of I nil. affs. Washington City D. a. [BROWN TO CALHOUN.^] Office Indian Affairs Nov'. '/, 181i9 Calhoun Esq Jas. S. {agt Santa Fe) care of D. D. MitclieU.^ St. Louis, Mo. Sir: I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 25th September, with a copy of the treaty with the Navajos. made by Col. Washington and yourself, and also of your interesting report, dated the 1st ulto, in relation to the military expedition which led to that treaty, and on our Indian affairs generally in New Mexico. O. B [CALHOUN TO BROWN."] No. 19 Indian Agency. Santa Fe, New Mexico. A^ovr. 7th 1849 Sir, An opportunity will occur to forward letters to the States by way of ' El Paso ', on to-morrow and I seize the occasion to say, as yet, we are without tidings in reference to the poor captives, Mrs White, her daughter, and a colored female servant. A gentleman, with whom I conversed this morning, and who passed the " Point of Rocks " after the late butcheries at that place, arrived here on yes- terday morning. He knew Mr White well — recognized his dead body, and fully confirms all the essential particulars of my previous letter upon this sad subject. That Govr. Washington — I mean Governor Munroe, is making some efforts in behalf of the captives, I do not doubt, but I am with- out information upon the subject. 1 O. I. a, L. B, No. 42, p. 423. 2 O. I. A., Santa F6 Agency, C 399. CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 73 We received information on yesterday, that the Apaches, some fifty miles west, or north west of " El Paso," had fallen upon some twenty five german emigrants from Texas, a few days since, killed seven or eight, and made prisoners of the rest whom they attempted to exchange wath the Mexicans for Apache prisoners, which was declined by the Mexicans. This occurred, it is beleived, on the Mexican side of the supposed boundary line. These are the same Indians pursued some eighty miles, recently, miles by Maj Steen ^ from his post, fifty north on the Rio del Norte. The result of that pursuit is better known at Washington than here. Suffice it to say, the Major was severely wounded, and it became necessary for him to return, although he had driven the Apaches from their positions. But these impudent Indians are frequently near his post, sending him words of defiance, and saying they desire to meet him again in the Canon from which he drove them. Two or three days ago, the Navajoes made a demonstration against the Pueblo of Santa Anna, and succeeded in driving off quite a num- ber of horses, mules, sheep, and other stock. This occurred about fifty miles from this place. USiF" There is evidently, a spirit of discontent manifested by the Pueblo Indians. While under the yoke of the Mexican Government, they were permitted to make reprisals. Not so now. They have applied for permission to do so, and it has not been deemed advisable to accede to their requr.-t. Thus it is, they lose their women and children, and stock, and are remidiless ; and efforts are made by secret agents to induce the belief that a change of Government has not bettered their condition, and finally, they may conclude we are more kindly disposed to the Mexi- cans, and to the roving tribes, than to themselves, the christian Indians. 21^5= Rely upon it — these Pueblo Indians are, generally, a good people, and a useful people, and are entitled to the earliest possible consideration of the Government of the United States. In reference to the wild, or rather, the roving tribes of Indians, their claimed successes have given theui confidence in their martial prowess, and they have never before shown such boldness and dar- ing against Americans. These tribes, it is confidently beleived, are uniting, if they have not already done so, for the purpose of acting in concert, and being well acquainted with the country, it will not be a difficult matter for 1 Enoch Steen of Kentucky, brevetted major for gallant and meritorious conduct in the Battle of Bnena Vista, was, at this time, in command of the post at Dofiana. His re- port of his pursuit of and partial engagement with the band of marauding Apache Indians was referred from the Ninth Military department " to Washington for the consideration of higlier authorities." See Old Book, No. i". pp. 27-2S. 74 COREESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. them to elude the most piercing military e3'e in this territory. Look upon the maps, and see the extent of country over which they roam, and say, whether six hundred troops, of all arms^ about one half Infantry^ are sufficient to check for a moment, these Indians in their irregular mode of warfare ? They are well mounted, and becoming every day, better armed; and should they perfect an arrangement to act in concert, you will have a more formidable foe than our peace loving citizens, will find agreeable, or easy to manage. But sir, economy urges the adoption of a new policy^ — ^The old one should not be continued. Every Indian difficulty, in this territory, should be settled^ and fixed, during the ensuing tAvelve months, and I say, after due reflection, if the present course of policy, or management is to be continued, our troubles and difficulties with these Indians, will not end in twelve years. Posts must he established — the country Tnust he thoroughly scoured and explored; commerce with the Indians must he restricted; and they shoidd he required to remain within certain fixed and well de- ij,ned limits, under pain and 'penalties, that would secui'e the end. or prevent its repitition. I am, dear Sir. Your Very obt. Servt. J. S. Calhoun Ind. Agt. To, Orlando Brown, Esqr, Comr. of Ind. Affairs. Washington City, D. G. [CALHOUN TO BROWN.'] No. 20. Indian Agency. vSanta Fe, New Mexico. Now. 8th 1849. Sir. Your letter of the IGth of July, last, on the subject of my Bond, was received on the 1st day of this month, as you were advised by my No. 17. The Supreme Judge of this territory resides at this place, but he is now absent on his circuit — Besides, I was assured by the Judge some weeks ago, on a business occasion which required an 0-fficial Seal, there was not one in this territory. At the time I received the Bond which you have, from, the hands of Col Medill, I informed him of the difficulty of reaching even in lO. I. a., Santa Fe Agency, C 399. COKKESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 75 Georgia, a United States district Judge, or Attorney — Upon which he stated, the certificate of a Eepresentative, or Senator in Con- gress would be sufficient — therefore it was sent to the Hon. AV. C. Dawson ^ — Senator — to whom I will write by this mail, requesting him to call at your office " without a moments delay " and cure the defects you have pointed out to me. I am, With great respect. Your obt Servt J. S. Calhoun To, Ind.Agt Orlando Brown Esqr Gomr. of Ind. Afs. Washington City D. C. [CALHOUN TO BROWN.-l No. 21. Indian Agency, Santa Fe, New^ Mexico, Now. 8, 1849 Sir, A moment is allowed to me to say, since I wrote you this morning, a deputation from the Pueblo of Laguna, among them its Governor, begging that the laws of the United States regulating trade and intercourse with various Indian tribes, shall be extended over them, and asking that an American shall be sent to remain for their pro- tection. The Governor is the one who was tied by some emigrants on their way to California, and carried to Zuni, as I have heretofore ad- vised you. Of the twenty odd Pueblos east of the Mochies, Laguna is second only to Zuni, and has a population of about nine hundred. My opinion of the importance of an immediate extension of the laws as requested by these Indians has been so often repeated, it would be an unnecessary consumption of time to add another word. I am, With great respect Your obt. Servt. Orlando Brown Esq Comr. of Ind. Affs Washington City D.G J. S. Calhoun, Ind. Agt 1 William C. Dawson, United States Senator from Georgia. » O. I. A., Santa F6 Agency, C 399. 70 COEEESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. [CALHOUN TO BROWN,^] No. 22. Indian Agency Santa Fe, Neav Mexico Novemher 15th. 18Jt9 Sir, On the afternoon of the 13th inst. a mail from the States was received by the Quarter Master, in this City; but it brought to me, neither letter or Newspaper. Notice is given by the Qr. Master, that a mail for the States will be made up this evening, and despatched on to-morrow, by way of El Paso ; and I seize the occasion to note such items of intelligence, for your consideration, as have come to my knowledge since my last number of the 8th inst was forwarded to you. It is with extreme pain that I communicate to you the fact, that not one particle of intelligence has reached us in relation to the fate of Mrs A^^iite, her daughter, and Servant, since their inhuman seizure at the ' Point of Rocks.' Two of my agents, upon whom I have most relied, have not yet returned. A short time since, the Navajoes made a sudden descent upon a small Spa^nsh Village, Cebolletta, about sixty miles west of Albu- querque, and drove off four liorses, one mule, and sixteen oxen. The individual who says he lost this stock, came to see me two days ago, to enquire whether there was a remedy provided for such a wrong. It gave me no pleasure to give him an answer in the negative, which was accompanied by an expression of the opinion, that in due time, some just provision for such wrongs would be provided — this seemed to quiet the excitement under which the complainant labored, especially after my making a memorandum of his alledged losses, and the names of the witnesses to establish the justice of his claim. During our conversation, in quite an agitated manner, he contrasted the i^resent with the former government of this territory. The pre- ceding government permitted reprisals, which is not tolerated now; and like the Pueblo Indians, neither the Spaniards or Mexicans, can see the propriety of this government interdict unless it is the purpose of said government to make an appropriate restitution from its own treasury. The eternal state of war, and reciprocal robbery, under a former government, gave to many, a pleasurable excitement, and afforded to all an opportunity of satisfying their own demands, whether founded in justice, or, in a mere desire to possess other people's property. 1 O. I. A., Santa F<5 Agency, C 391. COERESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 77 J'lie (jiovernment of the United States will be called upon to pay a number of such claims; and the adoption of my suggestions in ref- erence to Agents and Arms for the Pueblo Indians, would put a stop to such claims as will otherwise arise from the depredations of the Navajoes and Utahs — ■ In my number 18. I informed you, I had ventured to suggest to Govr. Munroe the propriety of extending, by a military order, the laws of the United States regulating trade and intercourse with our Indian tribes, over this territory ; and also to furnish for the use of the Pueblo Indians. Ordnance and Ordnance Stores, under certain regulations — both as War measures, offensive and defensive — The Governor declines adopting my suggestions, deeming it more advis- able to await the action of our home government, in the premises — From the Governor, I learned on yesterday, he had ordered mili- tary posts to be established at Cebolletta — the Spanish Village — and Jemez — the first to have a company of Dragoons and the latter, a company of Infantr^y — If an Agent, with arms &c. was established at the pueblo of Jemez, the company of Infantry ordered to that post, could find useful service elsewhere, and the section of country which Jemez covers, would have better protection, because arms, where necessary, could, and would be placed in the hands of mounted In- dians, who could pass from place to place with a most desirable rap- idity — and would render service where Infantry could not — It is proper to state, the intelligence we occasionally receive from the Navajo Country, is designed to convey the idea they will yet comply with the spirit pervading the treaty agreed to at Cheille; and that domestic dissensions alone, has prevented, so far, their ad- herence to the letter of said treaty. It may be so, but who can avouch the fact?— We have frequent messages from the Utahs. They say they want peace, but they can not accomplish impossibilities — that the Fre- mont property was parcelled out to those who found it. and that i'.iost of it has been consumed^ and that the residue has changed i lands so frequently that no human power can gather it into one parcel again — and that the murders, with which they are charged, was subsequent to the murders which they charge upon Lt. Whittle- sey, and thus, they balance that account current — On the 13th inst. a deputation of the Santa Clara, pueblos, visited nie for the purpose of ascertaining the provisions of the laws regu- hiting trade and intercourse with the various Indian tribes under (lie guardianship of the United States. Mexicans, and others have attempted to mislead them upon this subject — After a talk of some length, these Indians begged for an immediate extension of these hiws over them — complained bitterly of the nein policy of being or- dered, controlled, and governed by Alcaldes and prefects, to them. 78 COERESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. heretofore, unknown — a system infinitely more annoying than that of submitting to the mandates of the tyrants who have ruled here un- der the previous government of this territory — These Pueblo In- dians say. the Mexican government demanded what they wished of them: and that they met these demands without expecting, or ever receiving remuneration for the fruit of their labors: but, with the exception of these demands, they were permitted, each, a separate government for every Pueblo — a separate and undisturbed political existence — Of the twenty two Pueblos, east of the Mochies, Sixteen have asked for the extension of the laws which regulated the intercourse with the Indian tribes of the United States prior to the late treaty with Mexico. The other six are located at extreme points, north and south, on the Eio del Norte — and I have not been able to see them. SI^^This I can say, if I now had the authority to make a treaty with these Pueblos, extending the aforesaid laws over them, it could be accomplished Avithout the slightest difficulty; and in doing this, their apprehensions would be quieted; bad men could no longer have in- fluence with them, and they would go to work as good people, and service render important to the Government of the United States— not exclusively as soldiers, but as good honest tillers of the soil— I am. With great respect Your obt. servt. .1. S. Calhoun Ind. Agt. Orlando Bkown Esqr. Comr. of Ind. Affs Washington City D.O. [CALHOUN TO BROWN.^] No. 23. Indian Agency Santa Fe, New Mexico November 16th, 1849. Sir The question, as to the proper disposition of the Pueblo Indians, is now being agitated in this territory, and exceedingly impracticable conclusions are promulged by many who have not well considered the difficulties to be apprehended from their hastily conceived plans, should their execution be attempted. 1 O. I. a.. Santa F^ Agency, C 391. COEEESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. GALIiOUN. 79 Tliere are a few, and at present, but few, who advise tlie immedi- ate blending of these Indiims with the mass of the people of this terri- tory, with common laws, and institutions for the government of all alike — The execution of this plan w'ould in my opinion produce terrible results — . To say nothing of the Mochies, thei'e are east, including Zuhi, twenty Pueblos, proper; and several of these, in consequence of the crowded state of the present Pueblo, have established colonies, or branches of their Pueblos — ■ These various Puebloes have a popula- tion of not less than twelve thousand: and, I am inclined to the opinion, the number is greater. While at Zufii, we did not suppose it had a population exceeding five or six hundred ; but if the state- ments of its Governor, War Captain, and Alcalde, endorsed by Mr F. Brown, an American, are to be relied upon, they actually have five hundred and ninety se^'en warriors. It is scarcely to be presumed that one third of an entire population can be warriors, that is, fit for military service — I therefore, confiding in the statements before mentioned, put down the population of Zuhi at two thousand — Many of their houses are from six to eight stories high. The con- clusions in reference to other Pueblos, are deduced from the facts stated in relation to Zuhi. The number of these Indians is an ele- ment not wholly immaterial in determining the question, what will you do with them ? or, what will you do for them ? The localities of these Indians, are chequered by their own Pueblo-. and old Spanish, and Mexican Villages — The former Government of this territory, having never interfered with their peculiar form of governments, each Pueblo has had, from time immemorial, a separate and distinct political existence— Instances are now occurring of Prefects and Alcaldes extending the operation of some of the laws of this territory over these people — a matter they can not compre- hend, and of which, they daily complain, and beg for releif. Add to this, the fact, they are no longer authorized to make reprisals upon the wild Indians who annoy them so much, and you have the causes of the uneasiness, and the distrust, which they sometimes manifest — Suppose you w^ere, at a breath, to dissipate, and scatter to the winds, their long, long cherished institutions, the only rules, regulations, and laws known to them, do you not perceive inextricable confusion would ensue, if a yet more terrible collision should be avoided; and hence the insuperable objection to the plan suggested, at knist so far as the present moment is concerned. I, by no means, deem it an impracticable matter, to make these people as worthy and useful Citizens as will be found in this terri- tory; but, this is not the labor of a day. The removal and concentration of the Pueblo Indians, is advocated by others. Tlic bare suggestion of this measure to men, at this time, 80 CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. would produce a plirensy, a desperation ot the most terrible charac- ter. But this result, that is, the removal and concentration of these Indians, may be peaceably accomplished in a few years — I am not prepared to recommend the adoption of any measure looking to tliis result — There are many weighty considerations against such a con- centration, which will readily occur to your mind — My own opinions in reference to this subject is recorded in my previous letter, and which I will here, briefly recapitulate. The exact number of the inhabitants of each Pueblo, together with the extent of their territorial grants, should be ascertained; and the conflicting claims, (and there are several) to a portion of their soil, set up by Spaniards and Mexicans, should be adjusted at the earliest possible day — In all cases, where it is apparent the quantity of their soil, having reference to its quality, is not sufficient for the numbers of its inhabitants, the boundaries of such Pueblos should be enlarged. Extend to them the protection of your laws regulating trade and intercourse with the various tribes of the United States, establish trading houses, liberally, give to them agricultural implements, for a few years, allow them blacksmiths, and carpenters, and locate among ize them such agents as will american their laljor, and morality, and you will, at an early day, discover the gratifying fact, that a more upright and useful people are no where to be found; fit to be associ- and to have — ated with, all the rights and privileges, of the body politic, at least, so far as the right of suffrage is concerned; or, it if should be preferable, you may then colonize them, without risk- ing a convulsion. In addition to the various recommendations, which I have sub- mitted in reference to these Indians, I would go one step further, and establish a press among them, which should publish matter, both in English and Spanish — There are those who can read the Spanish, but not one who can read English. This suggestion would afford them a proper facility for the acquiring of our language, and ulti- mately they would give us a written language of their own. I am deeply impressed, and concerned, in relation to the proper training of these people, and their ultimate fate, is a subject that should invite the most searching consideration of the gravest, wisest, and purest men of our land. Whatever the Government may determine to do in reference to the Pueblo Indians, should be done without delay, and in time to have its effect upon the ensuing year; agricviltural products— thi^ is an important consideration, as a hiatter of public economy — CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 81 I apprehend no legislation can take place, in Congress, in time to bring about this desirable result, and therefore it is, I have suggested the propriety of acting under the treaty making authority — In this way the end may be secured — If it be the pleasure of the Government to extend these laws, at once, over these Indians, by a treaty, there should accompany the instructions, orders to furnish the necessary escort and transporta- tion, to such points as it may be necessary to visit — If I am permitted this service, and at the same time I should be allowed to select Vis- itors from the Pueblos for Washington City, in thirty days after the authority shall be received, I would be ready to set out, from the Pueblos below El Paso, for the Seat of Government. Adhering to, and urging the adoption of, my recommendations in reference to confining the Utahs, Navajoes, Apaches, and Comanches, and others within fixed limits, and interposing a suggestion of the impropriety of making presents to these Indians, before they are properly chastised, and subdued, I have the honor to be. Your Very Obt. Servt. J. S. Calhoun, Ind. Agt. Orlando Brown Esqr. Comr. of Ind. A/fs. Washington City. D. C. [CALHOUN TO BROWN.'] No. 24 Indian Agency Santa Fe, New Mexico, Novr. 17th. 18^9. Sir, Before adequate and just compensation can be provided by law, for Indian Agents in, and near this territory, the following facts must be considered — For two weeks, or more, after my arrival here, we were compelled to encamp near the City, before we could procure a house in which to shelter: and then could obtain one only by agreeing to pay the extravagant rent of One hundred dollars per month — which I have since reduced to seventy dollars per month, by submitting to the inconvenience of otherwise disposing of a portion of the premises — 1 0. I. A.. Santa F^ ARoncy, C 391 ; Annual Report, Commissionor of Indian Affairs, 1850, pp. 03-97. 5021—15 (5 82 COEEESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. I offered to purchase the property at Tliree thousand dollars; but the OAvner refused to take a cent less than four thousand dollars. You are apprised that all the houses in this City are built up of adobes — with floors of dirt, and covered by spreading dirt three to six inches thick upon rough boards — ^You w.ll readily conclude, and correctly too, we have dirty, and leaky houses. I have managed to procure rough plank for floors, and have laid them down without being able to get them plained— The value of the lumber, and work in repairing, exceeds two hundred dollars. Plank and scantling, to any considerable extent, can not, as yet, be obtained here, and, except for the Quarter Master's and Commis- sary's departments, there is but little demand for it — The sales that have been effected, have been at prices varying from fifty to eighty dollars per thousand feet — No lumber can be procured here, except the pine, and that of the most inferior quality, being short, knotty, and principally, sap; and this must be brought over rough roads a con- siderable distance — Hence, the price of this kind of lumber will always be extravagantly high — Rock, for building, may be obtained, within two or three miles of this place; and, I am informed, lime rock, in abundance, may be found not more than five miles from Santa Fe. But, in consequence of the materials, which must be transported from the States, and the extravagant chai-^es of laborers and Mechanics, it can not be inferd that houses can be built here as cheap as in the United States. Upon the presumption, there must be a Superintendency, or Agency of Indian affairs, permanently established in this City, I should do injustice to whoever may be the incumbent if I failed to recommend such an appropriation as would enable him to live in quarters some- what comfortable — ^and this would require an appropriation of not less than ten thousand dollars., provided government transportation was used in bringing to this City, the materials that must be brought from the States. Examine the following prices and rates — Lumber from $50. to $80. per 1000 ft. Nails 25^ pr. lb. Brick — none — but good clay — Mechanics — a ration a day $40 to $ per month $600 Houses rent from (six) to $1800 (1800) " year. Wood, pine and cedar, there is no other kind, $3.50 per cord ; and two cords of this wood is not equal to one of Oak & Hickory — COKEESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 83 Blacksmith — daily, a ration, and $40. per month. Shoeing of a horse, all round. $.4 to $6.00 — price. Iron 20^ per lb. Increase demand would increase the Good sound dry corn $2.00 per bushel, and not abundant at that — Wheat, usually the same as corn per bushel Hay and fodder — but little of either $60. per ton. Flour, Bacon, and Pork — none — except at the commissaries — Beef & mutton 8 to 100 per lb- Sugar 250 per lb — Coffee 250 per lb — Tea $1.25 " " — a poor article of gunpowder. Crockery ware, and every thing else, in proportion — Freight from Ft. Independence to Santa Fe, ten to 12 cts. per lb. Common servants, from $10 to $15 per month, and rations — Wood choppers 75 cents per cord, and a ration a day — They can cut a cord, to a cord and a half a day — and then it must be brought from three to five miles from where it is cut. Board $25. to $40. per month — and find your own lodging — and a small room may be obtained, such as it is, at from $8 to 10$ per month — A common pine Bedstead, such as you can buy in the States for $ you can't purchase here, for less than $. For seats, if you aspire to any thing more than a bench, pine lumber is thrown into the shape of a chair, for which you must pay from $2.00 to $2.50 — This will give the best speci- men of furniture to be had here — We are so far from water, we are obliged to have it hauled to us in a waggon — Washing, if well done, $1.60 per doz. Common Interpreter. $50. per month — one that can read and write, receives $75. to $100 per month — The impression here is that the Quartermaster's Bureau, will show cost that the corn bought during the past year more than $2.50 per bushel — and / know, until recently, since July, public animals have not received full forage — and animals lost in consequence thereof, must their value should be added to the price paid for corn — In my former communications, I have shown you how the prices of Corn, Wheat, & Fodder & Hay, may be legitimately reduced — and, also Beef — and how the lives and usefulness of your horses and mules may be prolonged — and that too, without calling off from service to recruit them — and I hesitate not to sav. such a result can 84 CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. not be brought about, for years to come, unless such suggestions as I have made to you, are adopted — To save you the trouble of referring back to my letters, I will state, I have allusion here to the recommended protection of the Pueblo Indians, and properly stimulating and shaping their industry — With the hope that our Government will extend this protection to them, I have already advised them to throw an additional number of laborers into their fields, and increase the products of their soil by increasing the quantity of ground in cultivation. The statement of facts given above, will enable intelligent legis- lators to determine the proper measure of appropriations for this territory, and the compensation that should be given to Indian agents — and with them, I leave the subject. Before committing this subject to Congress, however, I ought to have reminded you, that Escorts are positively necessary in passing from one Indian Pueblo to another, and that we must go unsheltered and unfed unless transportation is afforded in which to convey tents, subsistence, and cooking utensils — even in travelling between Mexican Villages, it would be imprudent to dispense with these precautionary measures. This being the state of things, it will be impossible for a Superin- tendent, or Agent to discharge his full duty unless he can control a Waggon, mules, forage, and a teamster, and subsistence for him. If arms should be deposited in the Pueblos, as I have recommended, Indian escorts, and guides^ can always be procured at the cost of a few presents and subsistence. Trade and Intercourse with Indians. Under this head, it is my intention to present such views as have occurred to me, after a careful examination of the Act of Congress to regulate Trade and Intercourse with Indian tribes, and to preserve Peace on the frontiers. I shall refer onlj^ to such sections as should be, in my opinion, amended. . The Act of June 30th. 1834, Sec. 2. To prevent all irregularity and confusion, and that a full and perfect knowledge of the trade with Indians may be accurately known, and properly controlled, the Superintendent only, should have authority to grant a lice^ise. If there should be no Superin- tendent, the Agent should have the authority — A copy of every license granted, should be recorded, and fees charged for the service, to be paid by the licensed. Sub agents should have the power to suspend trade under a license, but the revoking power should be in the hands of the granting power — Sec. If.. No one but traders., and their assistants and families., should be permitted to " reside " in the Indian Country, except such as may COREESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 85 be in the service of the United States, and their assistants and fami- lies — Hence the necessity of clearly defining the boundaries of each Pueblo. be Sec. 6. There are mischievous persons from whom it would im- jjossible to extract a dollar — Such should not go unpunished. Sec. 7. The Avord '' clothing " in this section may, possibly, include Blankets — and some of the finest in the world, are manufactured by the loild, and other Indians — they make but few, and they are gener- ally, for sale at from five to one hundred dollars each. A kind of carpetting, and other articles are manufactured by them — These jjeople should be properly encouraged. be Sec. 8. Where fines cannot be collected, other penalties should substituted — Sec. 9. I would strike out the words, " Without the consent of such tribe." Sec. 12. There are instances of encroachments, by Spaniards and Mexicans, on lands granted to Indian Pueblos, haciendas have been established, and Villages built up. These questions may be settled hy compromise; in which it may be necessary to vest the legal titles in the Spaniards and Mexicans. Sees. 13, 14. 15, 16. Where fines and penalties can not be collected — let offenders be punished otherwise— Sec. 17. The limit of twehe months is too long — three months is quite sufficient — In the second proviso, I would strike out " three years " and insert three months. See. 20. The exceptions in favor of " The Officers of the United States and troops of the service " — should be extended to all, alike, in the service of the United States. Sec. 23. The derangements in this territory, at the present time, are such as might justify a longer detention " than five days after the arrest and before removal." Sec. 25. After the last word in this Sentence, or Section, I would add, of the same Paehlo, or Tribe. These amendments are required by the localities of the Indians and number of the varied character of a lari.>:ei= persons in this territory. Stringent laws, promptly enforced, are demanded b}^ the temper of the times — Let every process — and every act, be stamped with a promptitude that will arrest the consideration of offenders. The pi'esent organi- ation of the Indians, is not swift enough in its judgements to secure proper order and quiet in the Indian Country of this territory — 86 COERESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. Without a special court for this service. T am not prepared to say, end the suggested, in the last paragraph, can be accomplished. I am, With gi^eat respect. Your obt. Servt. J. S. Calhoun Ind. Agt. Orlando Brown Esq Comr. of Ind. Affs. Washington City D.G. [CALHOUN TO BROWN.'] Xo 25 Indian Agency Santa Fe, New Mexico Novr. 20th. 181(9 Sir, On the 14th of the present month, the Navajoes visited San Isi- doro, and succeeded in driving off a number of Horses, Mules and Oxen — No other mischief was done — It will be remembered, that San Isidoro is a small Spanish Village, about three miles west of the Indian Pueblo. Jemez. and sixty miles west of Santa Fe. It is understood, that during the past month, the Commissary has lost a number of Beeves— and the Quarter Master a number of public animals, the particulars of which I have not been able to ascertain — Bl^^Public expenditures to the extent of the robberies for the present year would nearly, if not quite, have effectually checked these depredations, provided the value of the losses were properly ex- present in pended in conjunction with the military operations ef this territory. Various representations have been made to me by Pueblo Indians of Mexican and Spanish encroachments upon their grants, and it may be, many of these encroachments will be difficult of adjustment — There is no doubt that villages are built upon grounds rightfully belonging to Indian Pueblos — These grounds were seized by those who now occupy them, at a moment when resistance by the legitimate owners was impracticable, and justice to Indians is too often withheld. O. I. a., Santa ¥6 Agency. C 391. COEEESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 87 This subject, at this moment, is the cause of much anxiety and irritation with the Pueblo Indians — I do not hesitate to say, that many of the present possessors, deeming that a lapse of time had perfected their titles, are taunting the Indians with the fact, and at time the same avering that the United States can not redress the wrongs of which they complain: indeed, that the United States feel no concern about the Indians (Pueblos) or they would assist them in making reprisals against the wild Indians for the injuries which they have suffered by them. But a moment since, the Governor, Lt. Governor, and an Indian of less repute, of the Pueblo of Santo Domingo, waited upon me to enter a formal complaint in reference to encroachments upon their planting grounds, and asking for a redress of grievances. I could only reply, their complaint should be immediately laid before the President, who would give instructions as to the course to be pursued — The planting season does not commence here before the first of May, and measures, before that period, should be adopted, pointing to an ultimate adjustment of the question — This course is rendered necessary to prevent collisions at the commencement of the planting season — Perhaps a commission to examine the tenure by which the respec- tive parties hold possession of their lands, with instructions to report all the facts in reference to the complaints made, would releive the present anxiety of the Indians, and throw such light upon the sub- ject as would show the proper course to be pursued. To obtain this information, may require a visit to each Pueblo; and if so, a complete census, and other information desired by the States Government of the United could, at the same time, be ob- tained— I have the honor to be. Your very ol>t. Servt S. Calhoun Ind. Agt. Orlakdo Brown Esq. Comr, of Ind. Affs. Washington City D. C. 88 CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. [CALHOUN TO BROWN.^] No 26. Indian AoENcr, Santa Fe. New Mexico Novr. 30th 18Jf9. Sir, The fate of poor Mrs White is sealed. Maj. (jrier- was in pursuit of the Apaches, as I am informed, and came upon them, so suddenly, as to secure their food, a number of animals, and various articles — Their Lodges were destroyed, six Indians killed, and the body of Mrs White found, yet warm, evidently killed by the Indians — By american soldiers she was laid below the cold sod — The result is such as I feared, and alluded to in a former communication. In reference to Mrs White's daughter and female servant, not one word of intelligence has reached us. are Matters in this territory is in a most deplorable condition — in- finitely worse than you possibly can imagine them, and which, without being an eye witness, you can not realize — The Department will determine whether the expenditures I have incurred in attempting the rescue of Mrs White, her daughter and servant, shall be refunded to me — The amount will not be less than one hundred and fifty dollars, if nothing further is incurred in an attempt to recover the child and servant — ■ (jigr'ln reference to this case, and as a frecedent, I ask for such instructions, as may be deemed advisable by the Department. Matters are growing worse between the Pueblos and Mexicans — and the latter — officials — have managed so artfully, as to embroil the Pueblos of Laguna and Anconia — in reference to their boun- daries — Prefectos, and even Alcaldes, assuming to adjudicate ques- tions of that character; but it is not supposed, if they had the authority, they would ever settle such questions, so prolific in fees, and rank impositions. Scarcely a day passes that complaints are not brought before me of Mexican aggressions — Two deputations are now here, one complaining of a Mexican wrong — the other lodging 'i complaint against another Pueblo in reference to the restraints im- posed upon the locomotive of a woman — I will not trouble you with the details. So far I have managed to keep them quiet, by an assur- ance, in due time, the President would give orders as to the manage- ment of their affairs — 1 O. I. A., Santa F^ Agency, C 391. 2 William Nicholson Grier of Pennsylvania, who was brevetted major for conspicuous service in the Battle of Santa Cruz de Resales. He fought on th<^ T'nion side in the Civil War and, after the Battle of Williamsburg, was promoted to the rank of colonel. Later on he was made a brigadier-general. He died in 1885. CORKESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 89 The people are becoming excited in reference to a State government and I think they will form a State Constitution — Very respectfully J. S. Calhoun Ind. Agt. Orlando Bkown Esq Comr. of Ind. Ajfs. Washington City, D. C. [CALHOUN TO BROWN.'] No. 27. Indian Agency, Sante Fe, New Mexico Now. 30, 18k9. Sir, The enclosed communication from Drs. Robinson and Thomas, will explain the object of this note; and I have but to say if the Government of the United States shall regard it to be an obligation incumbent upon them, to discharge such duties to the Indians of this territory, these gentlemen are eminently worthy of the service they desire to discharge— I think the object a laudable, and proper one; and if I dared to do so, I would urge their appointment in stronger terms. I am. Very respectfully, Your Obt. Servt. J. S. Calhoun Orlando Brown Esq. Comr. of Ind. Ajfs. Washington City D. C. [Inclosure] [robinson to calhoun j Santa Fe N Mexico November 30th 1849 To Col Calhoun Sir. us It has occurred to me that humanity would be benefitted by the tliorough vaccination of the Pueblos under your governn^.ent — The 1 O. I. A., Santa F€ Agency, C 301. 90 CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. fatal and loathsome scourge — for which vaccination is a specific, almost always in its periodical visits to this Country makes it ap- pearance in their villages, where as any one will inform you the mortality is frightful. Their confined and ill ventillated apartments nourish and propagate the poison to such an extent that it is unsafe for the unprotected citizen to go within their atmosphere. We have been informed on creditable authority that small Pox or Varioloid has not ceased to exist in one or the other Pueblos for the last twenty years. In addition to the immediate benefit realized by the Pueblos and our people generally, we may be forgiven for mentioning the inci- dental benefit to the world, which a close observation of the effects of vaccination on Varioloid or small Pox in so large a body of men as the Pueblo nation, must necessarily produce. James D. Robinson M. D. Carroll Thomas M. D. [CALHOUN TO THE UTAH CHIEFS'] Indian Agency, Santa Fe, New Mexico. December 3rd 181^9. Dr C. W. Bowman visits the Utahs by my permission, charged to say, if they are honestly disposed to submit, fully, and uncondition- ally, to the Constituted Authorities of the United States, and the Chiefs will assemble at Abiquin, on or before the 20th day of the present month, a firm and lasting treaty of peace and intercourse may be entered into, by and with the consent of the Supreme Au- thority of New Mexico. The Chiefs must come clothed with plenary powers to the end that every vexed question may be settled. (Signed) James S. Calhoun, Indian Agent. [CALHOUN TO MUNROE.'] COPY OF PAPERS PREPARED EOR GOVERNOR MUNROE. bvJ.S.C. I. A. Head Quari-ers. 9th Military Department. Santa Fe. New Mexico^ 9th December. 1849. "Brvt. Lieut. Col. Charles. A. May, and Genl. Cyrus. Choice, are liereby appointed Commissioners, on the part of the United States Inclosure of No. 28, O. I. A., Santa F^ Agency, C 406. O. I. A., Santa F6 Agency, C 429. CORRESPONDENCE OP JAMES S. CALHOUN. 91 of America, to enter into, conclude, and sign a treaty of peace with the Apache Tribe of Indians, (Signed) John Munroe. Bt. Col. U. S. Army d; Ex. Officio Govr. of the Territory of New Mexico. Head Quarters. 9th Military Department. Santa Fe^ New Mexico. 9th December 181^9. Gentlemen, The accompanying order will show you, the high and important trust of consummating a Treaty of Peace with the Apache tribe of Indians is confided to you — Three copies of a Treaty which this Department requires you will also receive with this letter of instruction — The tribe must be fully represented, and you must be satisfied that the Chiefs with whom you negotiate, have the right, under the usages and customs of said Indians, to bind the whole tribe. You must explain to the Chiefs fully and distinctly, the teniis of the treaty, and that they are required to confine themselves to their usual homes, or localities, and leave only when permission is granted to them. If it should so happen that any portion of their tribe, whom they may have the right to control, shall refuse an instant compliance with the terms of the Treaty, the Chiefs of the tribe shall point out their localities, that the American troops may properly chastise them. You will ascertain, as near as it may be possible, the extent and locality of the Country claimed by the Apaches, and the aggregate number of their tribe, and what portion of them cultivate the soil and raise stock, and the kind of stock. In concluding the Treaty you will cause your Interpreters to sii!ii their names as such, and call as many respectable gentlemen, as may be convenient to witness its execution. I am respectfully Your Obt. Servt. (Signed) John Munroe. Bt. Col. U. S. Army d; Ex Officio Govr. of the territory of New Mexico. To Brevt. Col. Charles A. May U. S. Army Commanding at Socoro. d Genl. Cyrus Choice, Commissioners d'c. 92 COEEESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. [CALHOUN TO THE PREFECT OF ABIQUIN'] DOC B Santa Fe, New Mexico Dec 20 18Jf9. Sir, It is my intention to be in Abiquin - on the 28tli day of this month, for the purpose of meeting such chiefs of the Utah tribe, as may be in attendance at that time. I hope the Chiefs will exert themselves to secure the presence of every Chief that can possibly reach there, for when a treaty is formed, it must be a lasting one, having the full sanction of the tribe. With great respect, Your obt Servt. (Signed) J. S. Calhoun. Ind. Agent. To the, Prefecto, A hiquin NeiD Mexico. [Related Correspondence] [McLAWS to BEALL.s] Head Qt'ARXKRs Mii. Department 8anta Fc'. Dccciiihcr 23d — IS-'/!) Colonel The Indian Agent Colonel Callionn. having engaged himself to meet ihe Eiitaw Indians at Alblquin on the 2Sth. for the pnrpose of entering into a treaty with them — Colonel Munroe directs that you detail an officer and twenty men from your command as an escort for the agent, with instructions to meet him at Chama at the earliest practicable moment. Should circumstance intervene which would render it probable that the command could not reach Chama by the 27th you will send, or give instructions that a special express be sent, to that place in order to notify the agent when it will arrive — If on its arrival at Chama the agent has passed on, the escort will nevertheless proceed and join him, unless he has left contrary instructions. The escort will be absent, perhaps, ten or twelve days will accordingly cause such arrangements for their subsistence to be made, as in your opinion, will enable the above instructions to be carried into effect, with the least possible delay. 1 Inclosure of No. 28, O. I. A., Santa F4 Agency, C 406. - See McLaws to Beall, December 23. 1849. 3 A. G. 0., Old Book, No. 2, p, 11. COEEESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUX. 93 The Expressman (sergeant Pishon) will leave here to-morrow morning, he is expected to reach Taos on the 25th in time for the above detail, to be In readiness & to march for Chama at an early hour on the 26th — . Respectfully Your obdt servt L McLaws 1st. Lt. 7 Infv. A A A Oenl Col. B L. Beall Commanding Don Fernandez de Taos [CHOICE TO CALHOUN.'] SocoRO, New Mexico, 24th Beer. 1849. Dear Sir, I arrived here on the 14th inst. The Indians did not come in according to their appointment, but came into Limatah on the 18th, and got into a drunken frolic. The Alcalde came down and in- formed the Col. and requested permission to take a party of Mexi- cans and arrest them. The Col. refused and at three Oclk. the Col. despatched Capt Humber with twelve men as an escort for them. They arrived here at seven. I requested Capt Humber not to let any act of his create any suspicion with the Indians whatever, that would let them suppose for a moment, that they were to be held as prisoners. On their arrival here, Humber sent for me, I had an in- terview with them. They appeared to be perfectly satisfied, we obtained comfortable quarters for them, and had, a good corral for their animals, with a sufficient guard over them, had rations issued to the Indians, and they were apparently, perfectly satisfied with their situation. I then retired, half past ten Oclk. The Col sent for Capt Humber and ordered their animals to be moved, and their arms to be taken from them, which excited them. The Capt permit- ting them to move their animals, thirteen of them sprang on them, two of and ran off, leaving their party, and eight animals, and all of their baggage. One of those left, was the old woman that came in, and made the appointment to hold a treaty on the twelfth inst. Under the circumstances, we thought it best, to let those two return to their people, under the promise; that they would return, and bring in all of their chiefs and Captains, in twenty days, and make a treaty of peace. They all expressed a great desire to make a peace with the Americans. I am still inclined to the opinion that they will come in if they are not prevented in consequence of some recent depredations, committed by them, a small party of the tribe, about one hundred and forty miles below here; this happened about the time this party came in, and Lieutenant Tyler found the bodies 1 Enclosure of No. 29, O. I. A., Santa P6 Agency, C 406, No. 1. 94 COKEESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. of three discharged teamsters, and buried tliem. They not were yet cold, when found, did not get hold of any of the Indians, though I am told that they obtained all of their Mules & baggage, the I remain here, until twenty days is out. This I write in a great hurry, as the express is waiting. I wrote to you with the in- tention of sending it by Capt Brent, but he left before I could see him. Nothing more, but yours, &c. (Signed.) Cyrus Choice. [BROWN TO CALHOUN.'] Office Indian Affairs, December 28, 181^9. Calhoun, Esq., J. S. Indian Agent, Santa Fe, Neio Mexico. Sir : — I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your several communications, numbered from 7 to 17 inclusive, in relation to Indian Affairs in Ncav Mexico, and the necessity that exists for prompt and effective measures of a military character to put a stop to the continued outrages perpetrated upon our citizens by the Indians of that territory. That portion of them relating to this subject will immediately be laid before the Secretary of War for his information and for such action as the means at his control will admit; and sucli as relate to organization in this branch of the service, and to the proper mode of conducting our intercourse and relations with those Indians will be communicated to Congress for the consideration of that body, and its early action upon the subject solicited. The Department has received with much pain the intelligence of the attack by a band of Apaches upon the party of Mr. White, re- sulting in the murders of himself and others and the capture and carrying off of his wife and child, whose situation as captives among this barbarous and merciless people has excited the most painful solicitude. The Department cannot however but entertam the hope, that through the prompt measures which you have so commendably adopted, and those doubtless also taken by the military, she and her child have ere this been rescued and are now in safety. Should this however not be the case, you will continue to exert yourself to the utmost to effect it, and the military will be required to do the same by instructions which will immediately be sent out by the Secretary of War. The measures you have already taken are approved, as? 1 O. I. A, L. B. No. 42, pp. 492-493. CORRESPONDENCE OE JAMES S. CALHOUN. 95 will be any others you may think it advisable to adopt to delivej- the captives or secure their safety ; early intelligence of which being accomj)lished I need not say will not only afford the highest gi'atifi cation, but relieve the Department as well as their friends and rela- tions from a most painful state of suspense. There not yet having been time for appropriations by Congress for the purposes of the Department in our distant territories, the only mode of obtaining funds to meet the expenses which you have incurred, or may incur, in your efforts to relieve Mrs AVliite, which can now^ be suggested, will be to draw drafts upon this office payable as soon as the appropriations shall have been made. It is presumed that you Vvill find no difficulty in cashing such drafts, as they will of course be very desirable as remittances East. Enclosed is a section of a map ^ of Xew Mexico, embracing, it is supposed, the portion of territory occupied by the Indians, or the greater part of it, on which I will thank you to designate, as accu- rately as ma}^ be in your power, the locations of the several tribes and the extent of country severally claimed by them; and return it to this office by the first opportunity. You will also please to indicate the proper locations for agents and sub-agents, informing the De- partment by letters in detail the number of each class you deem necessary to aid in a proper administration of Indian Affairs in New Mexico, the salaries which should be allowed them, the objects for which expenditures will generally be necessary in connection with the different agencies and the amount that will be required for each. It is hoped that this, and such other information, having a bearing on the object of a proper organization for the Indian branch of the service, will be received in time to be considered and acted upon before Congress rises: so that there will be no unavoidable delay in adopting such a course of policy, and such measures as are necessary to a prompt and effective administration of the affairs of this Department in that quarter. This communication wall be handed to you by Mr. Isaac B. Dunn,^ a brother of Mrs. White, who proceeds to New Mexico as bearer of despatches under an escort furnished by the War Department, but the object of whose journey is to seek to aid in rescuing his sister and her child, or to afford her protection in her destitute and bereaved situation, if their rescue shall have happily been effected.^ O. B. ^ See p. 171; and map {Iso. 2) in pocket. - See Ewing to Brown, December 31, 1849. 3 See Brown to Mason, .January 3. 1850, O. I. .\., L. B., No. 42. pp. 500-501. 9(j COHRESPONDENOE OF JAMEH H. CALHOUN. [CALHOUN TO BROWN.'] No. 28. Indian Agency. Santa Fe, New Mexico^ January Ist^ 1850. Sir, AccompiiiiyiM*,^ Uiis note you will receive the record of a Treaty ^ which 1 concluded with the Utah tribe of Indians, at Abiquin, on the 30th day of the last month. It is proper to remark, these Indians, since last Sepleniber, have frequently manifested a disj)Osition to enter into treat.y stipulations with the United States, and so far as facts have come to our knovvl- ed^^e, theii- conduct lias been unexceptionable, except so far as tlie allowing of Apa(;hes and Navajoes to visit and associate with them. That the wild Indians have attempted a coalition for the purpose of overrunning and ravaging this territory, T entertain not the slight- est doubt. If that purpose is abandoned, or has been defeated, it is I he result of the Utahs influence over the wild tribes. The Apaches and Navajoes have been with the Utahs until a few days since, and three Navajo chiefs left them only, when it appeared they could not prevent the Utah Chiefs from meeting me at Abicjuin. On the 3d of Deceml)ei' last, the Prefect of Abiquin informed Governor Munroe, through the Secretary of State, of this territory, that several Utah Chiefs desired a conference in relation to a treaty of peace — The (Governor was so obliging as to advise with me, and after consultation, I sent to said Chiefs the enclos(Ml communication marked A." Subsequently, ascertaining a sufficient number of Chiefs coidd not assemble by the time mentioned in document A, T sent a runner with a comuiunication to tlu^ Pi-efcct of Abiquin, marked B,* also enclosed. On the day aj)pointed, tlie 28th of De(;ember last, I was in Abiquin, and received the information that the Utah Chiefs were encamped a few miles therefrom, northwest, in their own countrf/^ but would be in during the afternoon of that day, or very early the ensuing morning 'I'lic influence of traders^ and perhaps the three Navajo Chiefs, iK'forc alluded to, prevented their coming in on the 20th of I)eceml)er. During the night of that day, after T had retired, a Chief came in, and begged me to be patient, and that on the 31st of Decem- ber every Utah o-fjir'ud should come to me, that they had removed »0. I. A., Santa F6 ARoncy, C li»(). Sec li'llc-hox, " Troatles, Copies"; See, also, In- closiire No. ;!5. ii Not ratldod unUI Hoptcinbor 1», IMHO. I'or report on, hoo Brown to Ewln^, March 14, \H:,(), p. 98. •■' Soe p. 90. ' Sco I). 92. CORRESPONDEIS^CE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 97 from their encampment near Abiquin and were not at that time, within twenty miles of that place. To my enquiry, this lone Indian replied, there were between twenty five and thirty Chiefs in camp, and the Principal Chief of the tribe would lead them over, and that said Chiefs had full power to repre- sent them. Not crediting the statement as to the distance the Chiefs were from Abiquin, and discovering, as I supposed, the obstacle to be removed, notice was given to a trader that he was suspected, and at the same time, I caused the Utah Chief, then present, to be informed that I would wait until the ensuing midday^ and not a moment longer^ for the Chiefs to come in. By 10 Oclk, on the next morning, they were present, and the enclosed treaty was fully and thouroughly explained to them — Let it be understood, they reluctantly agreed to the 7th ^ article — expressed their utter aversion to labor — and enquired what they would do, to sustain life, if so restricted and Confined. I replied to them, the government of the United States had ever been just and humane — and if they behaved well, would take care of them. In the conclusion, I stated to them, I had no sword to frighten them into terms — that I brought no jrresents to seduce them — and that if they thought they ought not to agree to the terms of the treaty, that I would at the peril of my life, secure them a transit to their own Country unmolested and unharmed — In a few moments their countenances seemed to brighten up, and they declared, they beleived the Presi- dent of the United States would take care of them, and tell them what to do, because he did not authorize his Agents to attempt either force or bribery. It is hardly necessary to add, I gave them nothing — I promised them nothing, but humane treatment, if they complied with the terms of the treaty. What Governor Munroe may authorize, in executing this treaty, is not yet settled — I shall advise the tenvporary appointment of an Agent to reside at Abiquin, until Superior orders are received from Washington City. I am with great respect, your obt. Servant, James S. Calhoun, Ind. Agt. To Orlando Brown Esqr. Comr of Ind. Affs. Washington City D. C. iKappler, 11, p. iiS4. 5021—15 7 98 CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. [Related Correspondence.] [brown to ewing^] Office Indian Affairs, March 14th, 1850. Hon. Thomas Ewing, Secretary of the Interior. Sib: I have the honor to submit for the consideration of the President, and, if he shall think proper, for transmission to the Senate for its constitutional action, two treaties with Indians of New Mexico : one negotiated with the Navajoe tribe, on the 9th Sept. 1849, by Col J. M. Washington of the Army, and J. S. Calhoun, United States Indian Agent at Santa Fe, and the other with the Utah tribe, negotiated by Agent Calhoun on the 13th [30th?] of December last. The circumstances under which the first mentioned treaty was entered into, are set forth in an official desjiatch of Col Washington dated September 25th 1849, communicated to Congress with the President's late annual message, and which will be found at jiage 111 of Senate doi-ument No. 1. of the present Ses- .sion. For information in relation to the other. I would respectfully refer to the report of Agent Calhoun transmitting it. a copy of which is herewith. The provisions of those treaties ai)pear to be judicious and well suited to establish a definite understanding with tlie Indians on the subject of our futui'e relations with them : and. if properly carried out. will, no doiibt. be productive of good results. I would therefore respectfully commend these tre.-ities to favourable consideration. Very &c O. B. [CALHOUN TO BROWN.=] No. 29. Indian Agency, Santa Fe, New Mexico. Jany 3rd 1850. Sir, In consequence of a communication addressed to Governor Munroe, by Col. May, which was placed before me, at the request of the Governor, I drew up the terms of a treaty, and Col. May and Genl. Cyrus Choice were authorized, as Commissioners, to hear what the Apaches had to say, and to make with them a treaty, if the said Commissioners should come to the conclusion, the Apache Chiefs, who might present themselves, were duly authorized to represent the tribe. The accompanying copy of a letter ^ from General Choice, marked No. 1, will give you all the information which has come to this point — that I have seen. Within the last fifteen days, a number of murders have been com- mitted — between this and El Paso — and in the interior South, and 1 O. I. A., R. B., No. 6, p. 291. »0. I. A., Santa F6 Agency, C 406. See File-box, "Treaties, copies." ^ See p. 0.3. CORRESPONDENCE OE JAMES S. CALHOUN, 99 South East. It matters not what others may say, a stronger arm than has yet been here, ought to be in this territory — All is not well — Murders and depredations are occuring daily, and they are of sur-h frequent occurence, we seem to await patiently, our fate. While absent at Abiquin, the Governor of San Ildefonso called to complain that Mexicans, and others, were thrusting themselves into their Pueblos selling spirituous liquors, and creating great mis- chief and trouble with his people, and desiring advice as to what he should do — I have not yet seen the said Governor ; but I beg you for advice in the premises — Pardon me for saying we are as ignorant of the actings and doings in the United States, as w^e were two months ago — We have neither letters or papers — I am, dear Sir, Your obt Servt. James S. Calhoun To. Ind. Agt. Orlando Brown, Esq Comr. of Ind. Affs. ■:]{:\ vn; >• asarfrv .; Washington City, ' • ■ ^ D. C. [CALHOUN TO BROWN.^] No. 30. Indian Agency Santa Fe New Mexico Jany 17th 1850 Sir A mail closes for El Paso this morning and I learn that Gen Brooke has established a monthly mail between that point and San Antonio. Tex. I seize the moment to say, we have a rwmor that our mail for the States, for the 1st of Novr last, is lost, and the carriers killed by Indians.^ If this be true then we are ready to concede the loss of those of the 1st of Deer and 1st of this month — and if so, it will be a matter of the deepest regret to us of this territory. Our Indian troubles ^ are increasing in every direction, I made a treaty with the Utahs on the 30th of last month and since then it is said they have killed seven Mexicans and drove off a large ^ O. I. A., Santa F6 Agency, C 416. 2 Lieutenant Burnsldo was sent out to investigate the attack upon the mail-carriers and his account of the expedition Is given later on, in full, also a copy of the orders under which he acted. = .\s evidence of tins, see the letters from McLaws on pp. 101-102. 100 CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. quantity of Stock, There is no doubt as to the mischief done, but as to the circumstances, and by whom, there is doubt, which I will enquire into, so soon as I can procure a proper escort. We hear of the Apaches, East West and South, more daring and impudent than ever, As earnest, I suppose, of their future good intentions, the Apaches, some eight days ago, sent ten of their women to Col May at Socorro, [who] sent tliem off immediately. The circumstances are not explained to us. The trade and intercourse with the Apaches and Comanches by Mexicans^ Americans, and Pueblo Indians, is rapidly increasing, and until this is checked, we can not hope for the slightest improvement in our affairs. 1 Let the Laws regulating ti"ado &c be extended over these tribes at once. 2 Each tribe should have -fixed limits assigned to them, and there compelled to remain, though the U. S. Govt, should have to support them for a time. 3. The Laws of No. 1. should be extended over the Pueblos, and they divided in such a way as to give to each district an Agent, and each pueblo, for this year should have a Sub-Agent. 4. These Agents should have Ordnance and ordnance Stores, to be used as occasion may require. 5 It is my decided opinion, it would be the best possible economy, to send out two mounted regiments for service here — without them, you can not explore the country, so as to decide discreetly where you should locate the four wild tribes — the Apaches, Comanches, Nava- joes and Utahs — without them, you can not keep the Indians in the limits you may assign them, nor can you prevent an illicit trade and intercourse, and the people of this territory must neither expect safety to their persons or property. night Mr. Hatcher, the guide to Col. Colliers party returned last and gives us melancholy intelligence as to the suffering of emigrants on the road — Something ought to be done for these starving people. Caf)t. Thorn, who had command of the escort, was drowned in crossing the Rio Colorado — also, a dragoon and two Mexicans — There was a death also, from disease — -The balance of the party, went through, in safety. I am admonished I must close. B^^A few Indians ought to be called to Washington. Respectfully J. S. Calhoun Ind. Agt. O. Brown Esqr Comr. Ind. Affs W ashington CORRESPONDENCE OF JAM}5S S. CALHOUN. 101 [Related Correspondence.] [McLAWS TO HOWE.i] Head Quarters 9th Mil Department Decemher 24th 18J,9. Major. I liave the honor herewith to acknowledge the receipt of your communication of the 22nd. with the letter of Don Manuel Armijo enclosed. Colonel Munroe directs, That, if there is a probability of overtaking the party of Apache Indians of which you make mention. You organise immediately a sufficient mounted force, to pursue, and endeavour, to overtake an punish the Indians in the most exemplary manner for their depredation &c, to recapture the prisoners and prisoners carried off. You are authorised to make any disposition of Captain Kers command which you think necessary, to ensure the execution of the above objects. You will forward to Captain Ker, the enclosed communication addressed to him, in which he is notified of the authority granted to you, relative to his command. So soon as the services of Capttiin Ker or his command can be dispensed with, you will order them to return to Cibolletta Your obdt Servt L. McLaws 1st Lt 7 Infv AAA Genl Major Howe Commanding Alhurquerque. i McLAWS TO KER.2] Head Quarters 9th Mil Department December 2J,tn 18^9 Captain. Major Howe, being instructed to make an expedition against a party of Apache Indians & it being probable that a larger mounted force will be re- quired, than he has under his control— Colonel Munroe has authorised him, to make such disposition of the force at your Post (Cibolletta) as he may deem necessary. You will accordingly hold yourself and command in readiness to obey any order, from Major Howe. So soon as your services can be dispensed with, from the expedition now contemplated Major Howe has been inslructed that you return to your Post. Respectfully Your obdt servt L McLaws 1st Lt 7 Infy AAA Qenl Captain Ker Commanding Cibolletta A. G. O., Old Book, No. 2, pp. 11-12. lUUi., p. 12. 102 COREESPONDENCJE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. [Mc,.AWS TO IMAY.'l Head Quarters 9th Mil Department Santa FA New Mexico, January 13th 1850. Colonel. The accompany Department order No. 1 directs that company D 2nd Dragoons be turned over to Tvieut Griffin 2nd artillery with the proper pro- portion, from the squadron, of horses and horse equipage, arras, amunition. accoutrements &c Lieut Griffin will then proceed with the company and take Post at Albiquin Recent Indian difficulties in the northern portion of the Territory require a mounted force to be stationed at Albiquin. and it becomes necessary to detail a company from your command for that service there being no other availaWe mounted force — The Dragoons at Taos have become so much reduced in num- bers that they are barely sufficient to protect the inhabitants in the vicinity of that Post from the constant depredations of the Indians — It was Colonel Munroes intention and desire to retain the squadron under your command. But the necessities of service have rendered the sejieration of that force, at present, unavoidable. But it is hoped that events may so happen, that the squadron, can be again united. Your obdf servt L McLaws 1st Lt 7 Infy A A A Genl Col. May rMcLAWS TO BEALI..2] Head Quarters 9th Mil Department Santa Fe Ne^v Mexico J any 31" 1850. Colonel I have the honor herewith to acknowledge the receipt of your communica- tions of the 29th Colonel Munroe directs me to inform you that one company of Dragoons, under Lieut C. Griffin 2 arty is now at Abiquin He is aware that there is not a sufficient force under your command to accomplish all that you would desire to perform, But there is no disposable force now in the Territory which could be sent to reinforce your command. ^Nlajor Steen's company at Dofiana has been continually in the field. The exigencies ofi service, render it necessary that his present position should be occupied — It is hoped that the company at Abiquin will be sufficient for all purposes, — I have been instructed by the Col. to in- form Captain Judd at Las "Vegas, that the L^ta & Apache Indians are reported to be in large numbers on the Rayado Frontier. Respectfully Your obdt servl L McLaws 1 Lieut 7 Infy AAA Genl Col B L. Beall Commanding Don Fernandez: dc Taos lA. G. O., 01(1 Book. No. 2, p. 17. 2 Ibid, p. 21. CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 103 [CALHOUN TO BROWN.'] No. 31. Indian Agency, Santa Fe, New Mexico. J any 25, 1860. Sir, On the iTtli of the present month, I addressed to you a hastily- written letter, a copy of which is herein enclosed. Since then I have crossed the mountains north, and visited the Pueblo of Taos, and returned last night having been in a continual snow storm for seven days. The Indians of Taos were in a moody and dissatisfied State. They complained of Mexican encroachments upon their Soil, and that the laws hy which they had been governed from time immemorial, were being subverted, and gave as evidence of the latter fact, that their Alcaldes were now appointed by the Government at Santa Fe, instead of the annual elections to which they had been accustomed. They pray for protection, and the extension of the United States Indian Laws over them. I promised to make known to the President of the United States their complaints, and assured them, that in good time, proper reme- dies would be applied. This gave them decided satisfaction. The wrongs to which the Pueblo Indians are subjected, are inconceivable, and ought to be remedied without a moments delay. Mexican Alcaldes, sheriffs &.G &c. appointed by American authority, are demanding just such contributions as they may desire, for their own use — and many of the Pueblos have yielded to these unjust demands, and for which there is not the shadow of a law. The Alcaldes go a step further, and divorce a woman from her husband, whenever it suits their pleasure. On my return from Taos, I found two deputations waiting for advice in reference to these glaring wrongs, and through Governor Munroes orders I hope to arrest a part of the mischief com- plained of. I must repeat, what I have so frequently written to you. that these Indians ought to have immediate protection, or worse evils than any yet experienced, will be witnessed in this territory. B^^ If there can not be immediate Congressional action, I respect- fully submit, that by a treaty, which I can make at once with these Indians, the evils alluded to can all be corrected. There ought to be no delay in this matter. The depredations by the Apache and Navajo Indians, during the past week, have been numerous, and several murders perpetrated. It 1 O. I. a., Santa F6 Agency, C 416. 104 COKliESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. inattei's not what others may say to yon, it is my duty to advise you, tliat our Indian troubles are daily increasing, and our e-fjiciency as rapidly decreasing. i^^Two additional mounted Regiments are absolutely necessary for the proper protection of the interests of New JSIexico, and this w-itl would be conceded by every intelligent individual, if he could see the truth as Ave know it to exist. Many of the Indians are exceedingly anxious to visit the President of the United States, and I am decidedly of the opinion, they ought to be indulged on account of the public good that would necessarily result therefrom. Unless the Government of the United States should bo pleased to give me military employment in this territory, T should be pleased to accompany such a deputation as may be authorized to visit Washington. I am, Sir, With great respect. Your obt. Servt J. S. Calhoun Ind. Agt Orlando Brown Esqr. Comr. of Ind. A/fs. ' W ashington City D.r. [CALHOUN TO BROWN.'] No. :V2. Indian Agency Santa Fe, New Mexico Jany. 25th 1850. ' Sir. Since T forwarded my mail of this morning, in charge of Mr lirent and party, I have had a large number of applications for Licenses to trade with the Kioway and Comanche Indians. As these traders informed me they did not intend leaving for several days, I did not give them the permits asked for. I have frequently called your attention to the pernicious conse- and intercourse quences resulting from the indiscriminate trade ^ permitted with the Indians of this territory — See my letters of the 15th of last October— Novr. 2d. & 7th. The following is an extract from my No. 18. Novr. 2d. 1 O. I. a., Santa F6 Agency, C 429. "The documents on i)i). 107-10*) ilUislrato the various troubles growing- out of the trade with the Indians. CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 105 " The constant and unrestrained intercourse of traders with the Indians of this territory, is, perhaps, the greatest curse upon it, and so exceedingly pernicious is it, I have ventured to suggest to Govr. Munroe, the propriety of extending, hy order^ the laws of Congress in relation to trade and intercourse with Indian tribes, over this terri- tory as a military measure, offensive and defensive, called for by the war demonstrations of the wild tribes. He has taken the matter into consideration, but has given no intimation of the conclusion to which he may possibly arrive." I was authorized On the 21st of November, last, to give the fol- lowing notice, which I caused to be extensively circulated. Indian Agency Santa Fe, New Mexico, November Ust, 18 h9. Licenses, to trade with Indians, will be granted by the undersigned, upon the following conditions, provided ( they are approved by His Excellency, Governor Munroe, Military commander of this Department. Applicants must be citizens of the United States, pro- duce satisfactory testimonials of good character, and give bond in a penal sum not exceeding five thousand dollars, with one or more sureties, that he will faithfully , observe all the laws and regulations made for the gov- { ernment of trade and intercourse with the Indian tribes of the United States, and in no respect violate the same, and that they will not trade in fire-arms, powder, lead, or other munitions of war. Applicants will distinctly state what tribe they wish to trade with, and under a license granted, they will not \ be authorized to trade with others. For the present, no license will be granted authorizing trade or intercourse with the Apaches, Navajoes, or Utahs. James S. Calhoun, Indian Agent. The foregoing regulations having been approved, all traders and others are informed, a non-compliance with the conditions will subject offenders to the penalties due to irregular traders. By calling at my office, the laws mentioned can be examined, and such further information given as may be desired. J. S. C. Nov. 24-2in. 106 CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S, CALHOUN. At the time I issued the foregoing notice, I was not ignorant that the hiws of the United States, regulating trade and intercourse with Indians, had not been extended over this territory, and my object was to arrest the evils — inflicted upon this people by mischievous wandering traders, to such an extent as might be practicable. To Americans and Mexicans, I have taken the responsibility of charging each a fee of ten dollars — $10. This, I supposed for a time, had checked the trade and intercourse ; but not So — for a dozen or more would Club together, select one as Chief, and the whole business would be conducted in his name — Under these circumstances I have issued three licenses — but the num- ber of traders now actually with the Indians, were I have reason t<» beleive, were never greater, and never more injurious to the public the effort tranquility — No one doubts the fact, that notwithstanding to arrest and restrict the trading mentioned, many of the traders da not hesitate to go into the Countries where the Apaches, Navajoes and Utahs are found. This induced me to give the following notice in Spanish as well as English. Indian Agency, Santa Fe, December 16th^ 18^9. In no instance has the undersigned granted a License authorizing trade with the Apaches, Navijoes or Utahs, and with the first and last named tribes he includes the Jicarillas. All trade with these Indians is irregular, and traders are subject to such penalties as may be im- posed by the legally constituted authorities of this Terri- tory. J. S. Calhoun, Indian Alod through our profession with humble grade and lowly rank from which we have striven in vain to elevate ourselves? How dreary is the future to those whose honourable ambition meets with such a return? The past has gained us nothing, what hope have we then for the future, even should our experienced but neglected services be again needed by our beloved Country? Of the three Subalterns of that Battery now living. One has served his Country eleven years, seven of which have been passed in the field or upon distant stations, another nine, and another six years. The junior Lieut F. J. Thomas, was an active participator in the siege and fall of Monterey for which he has never been noticed and it is but fair for us all to Infer, that onr lives devoted to a profession which wo love, might draw lo an linni ilc close amid (he most brilliant successes, to wiiidi we may li:i\e been permitted to be martyrs, but never allowed to hope for rewards while living. On the 12th and l.'itli of Sepr. -17. our Battery was posted on an open road, to open a fire upon the work at tiie C.-iiii;! I'iedad i or S.-ni Antonio > as .i diversion 116 CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. in favour of the attack upon the Castle of Chepultepec. We contended against a I'.attery in position, behind strong fortifications of double our number of Guns in double our calibre. We on both days silenced their fire, dismounted some of their Guns, caused the work to be hastily evacuated, and under this powerful diversion the Castle of Chepultepec was attacked and carried; Each Subaltern here commanded a Gun, our Captain was Brevetted a Lieut. Col. for Chepultepec. five miles off; his Officers were not noticed but the men have received Certificates of Merit for this affair. Pardon, Sir, the plainness, and abruptness of this statement, made at the instance of one who has seen and felt an interest in our position and the neg- lect we have suffered, and which is also essential in the absence of all reports and records at the War Office. With liigh respect, We remain Tour Obt Servts (Signed) Henry B. Judd, F. J. Thomas, Lieutenants 3d. Artillery. The Honourable The Secbetary of War Washinffton City D. C. [brown to shields.^] Fort Adams R. I. June 7th 1830 General : I have the honor to recall myself to your recollection and with this without further preface, to ask your valuable services in seconding my claims upon the government for a Brevet earned as I think at " Cerro Gordo." You may remember that I was in that engagement— that it was with the assistance of the sturdy men of your Brigade we were enabled during the night of the 18th April to place our guns upon the eminence opposite the enemy's works — that the night preceeding the battle was one of hard endurance and labor for the men of your command with whom I was associated in dragging the guns by inches up the mountain — that tlie two guns of Steptoe's Battery were placed upon the crest of the hill without a shovel full of earth in front to cover our thin files from the plunging fire of the ennimy's batters, while the 24 lb gun on our Right was comfortably ensconced behind a parapet built by the sai)pers and miners the previous night — that the next morning you — • the only General Officer I saw then, came up in person to the summit of the mountain and while examining the position of the guns exchanged some words with me while we were preparing for action, and to the effect that we were not to fail to open upon the ennemies heights by 8 O. cloclv — and your own personal observation then & there made can enable you to judge whether steptoes guns had been planted at the post of danger and of honor — I now claim a small share of the credit due for that brilliant, bold feat of arms, in placing our Artillerj' on a vantage ground amidst the clouds, and that in presence and in face of the ennemies batteries — All the officers of artillery who participated in tlie cannonade that followed, were brevetted — except myself, — I am impatient under this unenviable and 1 A. G. 0., S 157 of 1850. COKEESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN". 117 as I think unjust exception^— wliich leaves me alone without distinction and at this late day I ha^e determined to surmount all scruples of delicacy and plead my own cause with that energy and perseverance which ever comes to the assistance of men resolved at all hazards to vindicate themselves in what is just and Right — If upon consideration of my case you deem it worthy of your attention and good wishes I earnestly solicit your intercession with the war department in my favor — You linow general from your past experience, that injustice, slights and neglects must be fatal to the hopes and aspirations of a military man who strives for an honest fame. With many wishes for your continued prosper! tj' and advancement in the high cause before you I remain With high respect & esteem Your ob. svt. Hach Brown ,„ ^ , . c Bvt Capt U. 8. A. lo General James Shields, Hon. Senator from lU. Washington D. C. [brown to JONES.^] Fort Adams R. I. June 8th 1850 General : As the subject of conferring Brevets for services in the late war with Mexico may again be revived and reopened, I respectfully request and invite an exami- nation of my claims to an additional Brevet for the Battle of " Cerro Gordo." No particular report of the operations of Colonel Steptoe's Battery In that in action was made; it formed no part of the Division of General Twiggs, and his report of the action was altogether overlooked — A supplemental paragraph, in vague and general terms of the usual stereo- typed form, which would have applied as well to any other battle as that of " Cerro Gordo ; "' carried with it no convincing proofs and so far from amend- ing only aggravated and made the previous slight more glaring and apparent. Hence it is, I earnestly seek from the Department a more particular exami- nation of my claims for a Brevet for services in the action above referred \o — I have the honor to be Very respectfully Yr. ob. St. Hach Brown Bvt Capt U. 8. A. To Major Genl. R Jones Adj Genl U 8. A. Washington D. G. [STKI'TOK TO JOKES.^] Fort Meade, Fla. June 28 1850 General — At the request of Capt. Browne I have the honor to inclose to you a com- munication received by me a day or two since ; and, also, one from myself to the Secretary of War. lA. G. O., B 354 Of 1850, enclosed in C 63 of 1850. 2 A. G. O., S 341 of 1850, enclosed In C G3 of 1850. 118 CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. It is known to you that my Section at the cerro Gordo, and my Battery on a subsequent occasion, liad the singular misfortune to fight in a different Division from that it S3rved & marched with, and thus to lose the advantage, enjoyed by other Batteries, of a Division organisation. As the only officer, therefore, to whom my subalterns could look, I made, as you will remember, an effort two years ago (at Jalapa) to call attention to their claims for Brevet: may I again solicit your services & kind consideration of their merits. At least I will indulge the hope that the appeal of Capt. Browne will rece:ve your approbation. & successful interposition. To me this is a matter of deep concern. Although conscious that it arises from no neglect on my part, that fact that almost every officer in other Bat- teries received two Brevets, while mine received but one, at most, fills me with mortification and regret I have the honor to be General, with high respect, your obt St. E. J. Steptoe CV// hiiiiiaii powtT ran ilisturh that ri^hl. 'I'ho valiu' of captivos tU'poiul ii|>»mi n^v, si'\, beauty, aiul iisoful- ness. (looil loolvini>' ftMiialos, not liaviii*^ passoil the ''soar ixud vollow leaf," arc \alucil fiom liriv [o oiu> hiiiulroil aiul tll'lv tlollars eaoli. Males, as {\\v\ m;i\ Ix- um'I'uI, one hall" K'ss, iio\iM- moic. Tho cap- tives due to iMi'xiro, 1 .shall not fail to diMiiaiul. 1 lia\t> rotiuirod Garoia's \M\vt\ to hrin-; («> \\\c tlu> foui- captivi's alioady, distiiu'tly, iiuMi(u>iu'd What thoy may do, 1 oaii not tolU- If thoy are hroii«;ht to \\\i\ I will (ako i-aro id' thorn, Althoiinh 1 am without instructions to thai rili'i't, aiul unsustaiiu'd l>y a lawful iMuutmcnt, so as to enforce the atluK" iA' the treaty alluded to, yd. 1 ri'^aiil it as my duty to take I'liait'c i^( siieli t-apli\e.s wluMiexer I I'an {{{^ m> with propriety, und shall rely upon the Meparimeiii to i'eiml>uisi> tt) me the expendi- tures nt«eossarily ineuired in this diil\, so soon as it may have the means of so (h>ini;. 'i\> show tlu^ I'vieiii id" the tiavle in .Me\i<-aii eapti\t's, I need hut mention the fact, that tht* ivioway Indians, residing north of the Arkansas, have just returned from Mexico to their homes, with several caplivos. .Vll will a<4ftH> that this revoltiiiii' trade slu>uld he sto[>[>iHl; hut may not agret^ a-, to the mode of doinj:; so. 1 will merely restjite what I have more than om-e siiooested to you on this subject. Kveiy tribe of hulians shmild he eoiilined io eeitain limits, beyond which tliey Jrvliould not wander. No tribe siiouKI be lov-ait"d within one hundred miles of the lino botwei>n tlu> rniiCil Slates and Mt>\iio. M\ery hoisc and miiU' slu>uld be laken from tlu' Apav-hes, if not fn>m oi lu>r tribes. I'lvtMN tribe shoiihl be made to culti\ato the soil in ordm' to sup- port themselves. 1 am iu>t munindful of the heavy cxpeiulitures such an arrani>o- ment would require, to leave out the iiuostit)ns of humanity and good g,ovori\mont, such an arrangement, in the end, would be an absolute saving (^f money to the T nit od States Treasury — - I will i'i»m'ludo this letter by adding that (uircia informs me, that there are a large numluM- o( wounded Indians among the Apaches, and that tlu^ daughter o( .Mrs AVhito was killoil on the satno day her nu>ther w.as killed. This is w hat the Indians state. I am, \'ery respect fully Ymir obt. Sorvt. J. S. Camuhtn /nd. A(jt. OuuViNoo IhiowN Ksip-. Comr. of Jnd. Afs tfv. COKRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 163 [CALHOUN TO BROWN/] Xo. 47. [Related Correspondence.] [VAN HORNE TO McLAWS.2] Head Quarters Batln. S^ Infantry, Paso del Norte, New Mexico, February 23, 1850. Sir, Yours of 3d Feby. is received. In yours of 28tli Deer. 1849 you say to me " it is hereby directed tbat you sustain tlie civil jurisdiction of the territory of New Mexico, her civil officers and magistrates in the execution of their duties for the protection of their persons and property only, under what is called the " Kearney code," until such time as Texas shall officially assume civil jurisdiction." Major Neighbours has arrived here as Commissioner from the State of Texas, with instructions to assume jurisdiction over all New JNIexico, east of the Rio Grande, to hold elections for all various County Officers &c. The country from Presidio del Norte to 70 miles below this is called Presidio county; thence to San Diego above Don Aiia, El Paso county, thence north is divided into Worth and Santa Fe counties. Mr. White informs me that he has given you the par- ticulars with copies of the papers &c. Major Neighbours is busy holding elec- tions, circulating the Govrs. message, addresses &c. and will in a few days proceed northward. He left Col McCall at San Antonio, waiting for the arrival of recruits from La Yaca, on their way here with him. He brings news of the deaths of Lieuts. Neil and Harrison of Dragoons, the former by suicide, and says Genl. Brooke is ill and has applied for leave. Very Respectfully Tour obedt Servt J. Van Horne B. Maj. 3 Iny Comdg Lieut. L. McLaws, Actg. Asst. Adjt. Genl, 9th Mil. Department, Santa F6 Mr Coons writes me from S. Antonio that Qr. Mr. Babbitt has issued pro- posals for the services of 250 IMexican carts to transport supplies here in the spring 1 The text of this letter has not been found, but the following register entry, taken from O. I. A., L. R. No. 37 gives the substance of its contents. 1S50 May O.I. A. Santa f(? 4o0 J. S. Calhoun IC, Mch. 1850 Reports that the Comm" of Texas are mo\-ing onward to possess New Mexico— and that the New Mexi- cans speak of resistance. In connection with the subject matter of No. 47, the documents on pp. 189, 243, 252, are elucidating and in the highest degree interesting. The special message of President Fillmore, August 6, 1850, (Richardson, V, pp. 07-7.S) furnishes additional facts. »A. G. 0., Pile box, Department of New Mexico, 1850, V5. 164 CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. [munroe to beall and others/] Head Quarters 9 Mil : Dept. Santa Fe, N. M° Mar. 12 1850. Sib, Having been duly notified by Major Robert S Neighbours of his arrival as a commissioner of the State of Texas for the purpose of establishiug the civil jurisdiction of the State over this territory; Your command will observe a rigid noninterference with him in the exercise of his Functions and equally avoid coming in conflict with the Judicial authorities created by that State I am respectfully Your Ob"' Serv' Signed John Munroe Bvt Col. V. 8. Army Comds Dept: To Lt. Col. Beall — Taos Capt. JuDD, Las Vegas Maj. Howe, Alburquerque Col. May, Socorro Maj. Steen, Dona Anna Maj. Van Horne, Opp: El Paso Maj. Henry, San Elizario [SCOTT TO MUNROE ^J War Department August 6th 1850 Munroe, Brevet Colonel J. U. 8. Army Conidg. 9th Military Department New Mexico. Sir, About seven hundred and fifty recruits are now in route, via the Missouri and Lavaca, respectively, to fill up the regiments and companies under your command. They may be expected by you, in all the next month, and the 7" Regiment of Infantry, with one or two troops of the 1st Dragoons will soon follow. Some two hundred men of the 7th Infantry will leave the Missouri mounted. These reinforcements are deemed necessary to enable you to protect the people of New Mexico against the incursions of hostile Indians; but another and more painful contingency may be apprehended. It is Ijnown here, that the Legislature of Texas has been summoned, by the Governor of that State, to meet, on the 12th. instant, to adopt measures for extending her political and civil jurisdiction over that part of New Mexico, on this side of the Rio Grande, claimed as a part of Texas. It is quite possible, perhaps probable, if the disputed boundary between Texas and New Mexico, be not earlier established by Congress, that a large body of by Texas troops may be levied, in all this month, and sent to New Mexico, to effect, by force of arms, the object stated. lA. G. O., Old Book, No. 2, p. 29. 'A. G. 0., M. B., No. 30, pp. 266-268. COERESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 165 In such event, your position, as the Immediate commander of the Unitad States' forces, in New Mexico, will be one of much delicacy and difficulty, and hence demanding adequate instructions from the highest in authority. It is held by the President of the United States to be his duty, under consti- tutional obligations and the 9th Article of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo; and until the boundary between Texas and New Mexico shall be duly estab- lished, to protect to the extent of the means at his disposition, against all vio- lence whatsoever, the inhabitants in the country, known, at the date of that treaty, as New Mexico, in the enjoyment of all rights, political and civil, which were secured to them by the said treaty. Accordingly, you are hereby instructed, in the case of any military invasion of New Mexico, from Texas, or by armed men from any other State or States, for the purpose of overturning the order of civil government that may exist In New Mexico at the time, or of subjugating New Mexico to Texas, to interpose, as far as practicable, the troops under your command against any such act of violence. The invaders will probably announce their approach and purposes by procla- mation. It may be expedient for you to meet them by a like public declaration, in terms at once moderate and firm, intimating the general character of these instructions from the President, and your purpose to execute them. You will also profit by all opportunities to remonstrate and use such means of persuasion as may be in your power with the principal invaders to avoid, if possible, a re- sort to repulsive violence ; but, when necessary, and without losing any material advantage, by delay, you will take all preliminary steps for defence, and, in the last resort, resist with vigor. Acts of violence, on the part of the invaders, may commence by the arrest of the existing civil functionaries of New Mexico, and imprisoning them; or by setting up substitutes for those functionaries and imprisoning opposers and remonstrants ; or the invaders may endeavor to coerce the inhabitants into sub- mission, by taking or destroying their property. Any such act will present a clear case for the direct and active employment of the forces under your command. How far, prior to the commission of such acts of violence, the intention to commit them, avowed by proclamation or otherwise, on the part of the invaders, may warrant you to resist the advance of the invaders, must depend on the terms of the avowal, the exposed condition of the frontier settlements, towards Texas, and other circumstances which may be better estimated in your position than by the Executive at this distance. His expectation is that you will take all preliminary measures, within your power, to protect the people of New by force, Mexico against violence, and to repel force when clearly necessary to that end. With entire confidence in your judgment, discretion and firmness I remain, With great respect Tr Obt Serv WiNFiELD Scott Acting Secretary of War. A duplicate this day forwarded, under cover, to General Brooke, at San Antonio, with instructions to give it dispatch to Colonel Munroe, at Santa Fe, WiNFiELD Scott Sept 5' IS.W. 166 CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUiV, [CALHOUN TO BROWN.'] No 48. Indian Agency. Santa Fe, New Mexico. March 16th 1850. Sir, I ask your particular attention to the enclosed copies — A — B. C. D & E. in the order in which they are marked. For A & B I am in- debted to Govr. Munroe, C. will show you why D was issued, and E. the report required. D & E. contain all that the Department can have an interest in. A. B. & C. have personal bearings upon myself. I am not indifferent as to public opinion, but feel but little con- cern as to the opinions of certain individuals, who are not only ignorant, in many respects, but whose political prejudices exclude the possibility of their doing justice to one they do not follow, or to one who will not follow them. It is enough to defer to the Chief of this Military Department — ^The right of a suhordinate to control me, or to be advised of my actings and doings, I can not, I will not recognize. Upoji this subject, I do not desire to add another word. A. B. C. & E were received within the last two hours, and I intend this communication shall overtake my mail of this morning. The Report, E. confirms the statement of Encarnacion Garcia, that Mrs. White's daughter was killed on the same day her poor mother was so inhumanely butchered. In relation to the Utahs, I have nothing to add to my former com- munications. The accompanying documents do not influence my opinions — I am aware and so I have informed you, that mischeivous advisers were among the Indians — My opinion is, the treaty I made with them at Abiquin should be confirmed, and the Utahs forced to a compliance. I am, Sir. Very respectfully Your obt. Servt Orlando Brown Esqr. Comr. Ind. Affs Washington City S. Calhoun Ind. Agt. 1 O. I. a., Santa F6 Agency, C 444. I CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 167 [Inclosures. ] Copy— A [BEALL TO McLAWS] Head Qrs. Detchmt 1st Dragn Don Fernanda de Taos, N. M 13th March 1860 Sir, It is well known to you that there is a large party of the Utah tribe, with whom peace has never been made. These Indians have been and still are in the vicinity of Red River, doubtful as yet of the policy of the government toward them. As these Indians are actu- ally, and consider themselves, at war with us, although no hostile demonstrations have been made by them, it is evident that all trad- ing with them must be unlawful & injurious to the interests of the United States. A few days ago I received authentic information that two Frenchmen named Lacombe, of Arroyo Hondo, had gone out to these Utahs, taking with them many contraband articles of traffic such as flints, knives &c. Accordingly acting on the above views, I immediately sent an order to arrest them & bring them be- fore me. They themselves stated that they had a license to trade, & were also invested by the Governor with powers to make peace if they thought fit. This seeming so absurd (as in case of their ever receiving a license to trade I would have been informed of it) & knowing well that they are men utterly devoid of all character & principle (having been punished for the same offence before) I have acted as above stated, & when they shall be apprehended, will treat them according to their deserts. Respectfully submitted for the consideration of the Colonel Com- manding 9th Military department. I am very respectfully Your obt. Servt. B. L. Beall Bvt. Lt. Col. U. S. A. Comd Lt. L. McLaws Infantry. A. A. A. Genl. 0th Military Dej>t. Santa Fe 168 COEEESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. Copy— B. [BEALL TO McLAWS] Hd. Qrs 1 Dragoon Det. Don Fernandez de Taos March ll^th 1850 SiK. Since my communication to the Col. Comg. of yesterday, I have received information that the persons alluded to in that communica- tion, have positively stated to certain Mexicans, that they have been empowered, to make peace with and trade with the Band of Eutas alluded to. I have been expecting a delegation of this Band at this post, as I sent out a runner to them inviting them here to meet the U. S. Indian Agent for this Territory; but I am fearful that these traders will induce them not to come here. For further information I would respectfully refer the Col. Comg. to Mr Ortubus the bearer of these Communications. I am respy. Your Obt Servt B. L. Be ALL Bv Lt Col. V. S. A. Comg, Lt L. McLaws A. A. A. Genl 9 Mily Dept. Santa Fe. Copy— C. Santa Fe. March 16th 1850. We the undersigned hereby certify that Auguste Lacome was recommended by us, to Coin. J. S. Calhoun (U. S. Indian Agent, for the Territory of New Mexico) for the pur- pose of obtaining information of the condition, & disposition of the Eutaw Indians, but chiefly through their agency to effect the rescue or ransome of the Daughter of J. M. White, lately murdered by the Apaches. And that from the knowledge we have of said Lacome he is entitled to all respect & confidence & in our opinion no agent more fit or suitable could have been selected, Manuel Alvarez late V. S. Consul at Santa Fe. Wm. S. Messervy Copy— D. Indian Agency, Santa Fe, New Mexico^ Feby 26th, 1850. Auguste Lacome is hereby authorized to proceed to the Utah country, for the purpose of ascertaining the true state and condition CORKESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 169 of the Indians of said country, their temper and feelings towards the people of this Territory, and of the United States — their present localities and the probable numbers at each place, and their intentions as to a compliance with the terms of the late Treaty made with them at Abiquin — Having ascertained these facts he will report to me in person at the earliest possible day — In order to obtain access to said Indians, the said Auguste Lacome is authorized to take with him such articles as are usually sold to Indians, and to trade with them taking them care to sell no articles of war. J. S. Calhoun Indian Agent. Original — E. report of auguste lacome to coln j. s. calhoun u. s. agent for the territory n. mexico. Sir, According to your instruction of the 26th of Feby 1850 I pro- ceeded to the camps of the Eutaw Indians & there endeavoured to further the ends of the U. S. government which you did me the honour to entrust to my charge. All the principal chiefs of the Eutaw Tribe of Indians with whom I held communication to wit. (1st Pachuco 2d Chico Belasques 3d Amparua 4th Tarihuachi 5th Domingo 6th Miguel Gallegos. Tth Apparujah 8th Garcias.) desire or f)retend to desire peace with the Government & people of the United States, They promise never again to take up arms against the people of the United States, either Americans or Mexicans. They furthermore requested me to return with the United States Indian Agent to make with them a permanent peace. They furthermore desired me to say to the Gov that the Chiefs, who should be recognized by you as having authority among their people, should be so distinguished, by receiving from you some sign or simbol of their rank, such as an Alcaldies cain or some such mark of distinction. That when they broke the old treaty they were forced to do so from the fact, that they were in a starving condition, that when they robbed the ranches of the people of the northern part of this Territory, it was the purpose of the Chiefs subsequently to make reparation. The Treaty at Abiqui they do not consider as binding & never did so consider it, as but one of their Chiefs entered into that Treaty, & he was not authorized by the other Chiefs of his Tribe to make such Treaty, and furthermore when he the only Chief who made it (Chico Belasques) entered into negociations did not act, nor did he ever intend to act in good faith & it is the opinion of the undersigned 170 CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. that the Indian Agent of the United States Government can never safely repose confidence in said Chico Belasques, that he has sworn eternal hatred & enmity both to Americans & Mexicans, & that the his mark of distinction among his tribe, are the ornaments of his " legings," being the finger nails of Americans on one side & of Mexi- cans on the other. That the said Chico Belasques was engaged with the Apaches in their massacre of the party of Mr. J. M. "White, & that he boasts of the jDart he took in that disaster & furthermore he (C. B.) was with the Apaches at the time of Majr Griers attack upon them. That all the above named Chiefs, desire that all former Treaties may be regarded as null & void, as they alledge to have had as much reason to complain of infringements of the same on the part of the people & troops of the United States as can possibly be brought against them. That they desire, immediately to hold a Council with the U. S. Indian Agent at a place called Costilla — about two journey from Taos, or at the Sand Hills about the same distance from Abiqui They desire that the escort of said Agent may not consist of more than five men That they are all very poor, & are entirely destitute of Arms, poAvder & lead, but manifested a strong desire to be supplied with those articles. The undersigned regrets to state that the chief object of his mis- sion to the Eutaws was not accomplished; viz: through the agency of that Tribe now in friendly relations with the Apaches to rescue or ransome the Daughter of the late J. M. White, but was assured and convinced that the daughter was murdered a short time after the murder of her mother, in the retreat of the Apaches before the attack of Majr Grier upon them. Santa Fe March IGth 1850. AUGUSIIE Lacome To Col°. J. S. Calhoun Z7. S. Indian Agent for The Territory of N Mexico [CALHOUN TO BROWN.'] No. 49. Indl\n Agency Santa Fe, New Mexico March 25th 1850 Sir, I had the honor to receive your connnunication of the 28th of December last, on the afternoon of the 18th inst. In relation to the 1 O. L A., Santa F6 Agency, C 460. CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 171 fate of Mrs "WHiite, you have, long before this, received my letters detailing the facts as they were made known to me. I have also, given you the intelligence brought to me by my agents sent out to the Utahs and Apaches, as to the probable fate of Mrs White's daugh- ter, The two agents, Auguste Lacome and Encarnacion Garcia, made to me similar reports, the first from the Utahs, and the latter from the Apaches, the two tribes in Lodges six hundred miles apart, and I scarcely entertain a doubt as to the murder of the daughter on the same day that the mother was murdered. But, as it is within the limits of possibility the statements made by the Indians to my Agents, originated in a design to stop further enquiries concerning the child, I shall seize every possible opportunity to procure precise and more authentic information. Not one word of information concerning Mrs White's colored female servant, has reached me; and it is hoped she lives, and may be recovered. That an approach to truth, in relation to this horrible tragedy, may be brought to light. Allow me to express my gratification that my efforts in this matter, as I have detailed them to yon, have met with the approbation of the Department of the Interior. I trust you will pardon me for addressing a few words more to you upon this painful subject. I have noticed in several straggling news- papers, published in the United States in December and January last, various statements in relation to the efforts made here for the rescue of Mrs White and her daughter, in Avhich the shadow of a truth is not discernable — Without intending the slightest disrespect to the citizens of Santa Fe, or to the friends of the murdered. I desire to say. there was no public meeting held on the occasion — there was no reward of one thousand dollars offered, except the one offered by me— nor have I ever heard of Indians or others being sent out for the purpose of attempting the rescue of the captives, except the military effort by order of Col. Munroe, and the agents sent out by myself, precisely as I have, from time to time, advised you — and I must add, until the untruthful publications, to which I have alluded, met my eye, I had not heard one word as to the " active but fruitless search made over a large extent of country for the body of Mrs White ", by persons belonging to the " main train ", at the "' Point of Rocks"; nor was it known here, that "a small party, composed principally of those who had arrived in the train, was immediately organized and started back on the search after the fabulous meeting of the citizens of Santa Fe. These unfounded Statements arc some what annoying to me, because they are of a character to mislead the public mind, if not designed for that purpose — Indeed, it is my opinion these untruthful publications were intended to awaken an unjust censure against your Indian Agent 172 CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. here, and the militar}^ authorities of this territory, and I affirm, that no efforts were made, for the rescue of Mrs White and her daughter, to the best of my knowledge and beleif , except those made by the two aforesaid authorities. I am, With great respect, Your obt. servt. J. S. Calhoun Ind. Agt. OrTxAndo Brown Esqr CoTYw. of Ind. A-ffs. Washington City D. C [CALHOUN TO BROWN.>] No. 50. Indl^n Agency Santa Fe, New Mexico March Wth. 1850. Sir. Herewith, I return the Section of a map ^ of New Mexico, which you enclosed to me on the 28th day of last December. You will find marked in this way [o], the various Indian Pueblos located in this territory upon the Section of Country which the map represents — It that may be well to remember there are two Indian Pueblos below 30 El Paso, Isletta & Socorro — and Zuiii, an Indian Pueblo 88. miles N. W. of Laguna — Of course, neither of these three Pueblos could be marked upon the map. Beyond Zuni, west, perhaps one hundred and fifty miles, the Moqui countiy is reached — These Indians live in Pueblos, cultivate the soil to a limited extent, and raise horses. Mules, Sheep and goats, and, I am informed, manufacture various articles — I^^I am extremely anxious to visit these Indians ; but it would be unsafe to do so, without a sufficient escort, as the Apaches are upon the left, and the Navajos on the right in travelling from Zufii to the Moquies — The Pueblo Indians, all, are alike entitled to the favorable and early consideration of the Government of the U. S. My infonna- tion concerning the Moqui Indians is not of a character to justify me in making suggestions in reference to an Agent, or agents, further than to say. without an absolute examination by some one deputed for that purpose, information, precise and reliable, may not be looked > O. I. a., Santa F4 Agency, C 462. 2 See p. 95 and map (No. 2) in pocket. CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 173 for. I shall, therefore, confine my remarks to the Pueblos of Zuni — Socorro, and Isletta, and those marked upon the accompanying Map — In relation to the extent of territory belonging to each Pueblo, nothing is definitely known, and can only be settled by instituting such a commission as was recommended by the President in his annual message — The lands are held under Spanish and Mexican Grants, and the boundaries of the original grants have been, from time to time, enlarged to meet the wants of these Catholic Indians — They claim that this whole territory originally belonged to them, and that their Supreme Government was in Santa Fe; but after the Conquest, this place was taken from them, and their limits fixed by authority of the conquering Government — The general opinion is, not one of the Pueblos have a square of less than eight miles and a half on each side — In addition to this, it is said, many of them have bought other lands near their Pueblos, and perhaps others are planting on unappropriated lands — There are a few Mexican Vil- lages built, without doubt, upon lands granted to Pueblos, and there are various law suits pending between Pueblos, and Mexicans & Pueblos as to the right of the parties to certain lands. These Law Suits ought to be quieted without delay, or serious and bloody that consequences will result — I must further add additional grants of land may be necessary for these Indians, and it should be given to them liberally, near where they are now located, if vacant public lands should be found there; i^" for it will not do to agitate the Subject of their removal at this time; and it would be as dangerous to the public tranquility to compel them to a repugnant association with the people of New Mexico, as Citizens of the State or terri- tory — Either would produce a bloody contest at this time. You will notice on the returned map, that I have marked, with some approach to accuracy the Seven Counties of this territory, as organized. The four great tribes, the Apaches, Comanches, Navajos and Utahs, make frequent incursions into these counties— All east, west, north and south of the outer lead and red ink lines, is regarded as Indian Country — On the east side of the Arkansas, the Arapahoes, Cheyennes, Kioways, and other roving Indians are to be found. These Indians are frequently on the west side of said river, hunting, trading, and uniting with the Indians of this territory in their War and robberies against the people of the U. S. and Mexico. The apparent dividng line between the Apaches and Utahs, com- mences on the Rio del Norte, about latitude 37°. The lands N. E. & E. from this point, between the pencil and red ink lines, to the Arkansas, is accorded to the Jicarillas, a band of Apaches well mixed with Utah blood — Occasionally, every tribe of Indians are to 174 COEEESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. and South be found in this region — East of the said lead and red ink lines, the Apaches first, and then the Comanches are found. I have had no means of ascertaining the supposed dividing line between these two ti-ibes — The Comanches are chiefly South of the Apache East of the Rio del Norte, district and between it and the State of Texas — The strip of country runing South from the County of San Miguel del Bado, known as the Apache country, is not less than three hundred miles wide — Not an inch of the Comanche coun- try is to be found upon the returned map, although I have written upon an outer edge the word " Comanches " for the purpose of showing the direction of their localities — West of the Rio del Norte on both sides of the supposed line between the United States and Mexico, is the Apache country proper, in my opinion; and they claim the country west to the Pimo Village, and North West to the Moqui country; and west of the Pueblo of Zuiii, and between that place and the Moqui country, the Apaches think they are bounded north by the Navajos — Thus it will be seen, they claim to possess, and certainly roam over three fourths of a circle in and around the territory of New Mexico — The Navajo country is west beyond the lines of the Counties of Bernalillo, Santa Anna, and Rio Arri\ a to, and perhaps passing the Rio Colorado, and running north as far as latitude 37° or 38°. All west of the Rio del Norte, not included in either of the counties of this territory, as organized, nor included in the Navajo country, to the very foot of the Sierra Nevada, and between the Navajo country and the Great Salt Lake, north, is called the Utah country — You will perceive, ujDon the map as marked, there is but very little of the Navajo country, less of the Utahs, and none whatever of the Comanches, but an immense strip claimed by the Apaches^ that Let me remark the Pah Utahs, who inhabit the country East of the Sierra Nevada, are Utahs proper, benumbed by cold, and enfeebled, intellectually and j)bysically, by the food upon which they subsist, it consisting only of roots, vermin, insects of all kinds, & every thing that creeps, crawls, swims, flies or bounds, they may chance to overtake — And when these resources fail them, and they can find no Stranger, they feed upon their own children — Such a people should not be permitted to live within the limits of the United States, and must be elevated in the scale of human existence, or exterminated — These people never approach the confines of civili- zation unless they are called upon by their more adventurous and warlike brethren — COERESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 175 I have seized several occasions to convey to you my opinions in reference to the Apaches, Comanches, Navajos & Utahs, four great tribes, who occupy, or claim, immense regions of Country belonging that to the United States — I may be pardoned for repeating each with of these tribes, should be compelled to remain in certain fixed limits — A square, each side of which, shall measure fifty miles in length, if properly selected, would be ample, — infinitely more than can be equal number of necessary to subsist these, or any other people. For a time, a generous liberality should be meted out to them, and they should be instructed in agricultural pursuits — For a time also, you would have to feed all but the Navajos — they can take care of themselves — Implements of husbandry, however, should be given to them — No Indian tribe should be located nearer than one hundred miles of the line of Mexico — I have no reference here to Pueblo Indians — These suggestions, if adopted, would require corresponding and appropriate military dispositions, of which, it is not my privilege to speak, when it may be avoided with propriety — In reference to Agents — their proper locations, numbers and neces- I intend to record my views sary expenditures &c &c. in a letter which I propose writing on to-morrow — With great respect. Your obt. Servt J. S. Calhoun Ind Agt Orlando Brown Esqr. Comr, of Ind. Afs. Washington City D. G. [CALHOUN TO BBOWN.^] No. 51. Indian Agency Santa Fe, New Mexico March 30th 1850 Sir, Having, as accurately as possible with the limited knoAvledge which I have been able to command, marked upon the section of a iQ. I. A.. Santa F6 Agency, 461. 176 COKRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. map which you enclosed to me on the 28th of December last the vari- ous locations of the Pueblo and other Indians who were entitled to a place on said map, and made explanatory remarks, in my letter of yesterday's date (No 50) concerning all other Indians of this terri- tory, I proceed to place before you my views in relation to Agents, subagents, their proper locations, their Salaries and expenditures generally. In the first place, let me state, What is considered liberal pay and expenditures on account of Indian Agents and agencies already established by law in the United States, would be utterly insufficient in this territory — This fact will be established by reference to the Quarter Master's and Commissary's returns from this place. In travelling through this territory, you can not safely travel alone, and when in the Indian country, an escort is absolutely neces- sary ; and at all times, in visiting the Pueblos, and most of the Mexi- can places, you will suffer if you do not take with you a Cook, Cook- ing Utensils, Subsistence, Forage, Tents, and all necessary trans- portation. Cooking Utensils must be brought from the U. S. There is no place in this territory, where it is not absolutely nec- cessary to "corral", watch and guard everything you may have in your possession — Even in this city, where Sentinels are posted to guard corrals, horses are frequently stolen from them. I adhere to my original opinion, that there should be a subagent, for the present, at each Indian Pueblo, twenty in number, not includ- ing Nambe or Tesuque, near Santa Fe, which might be left to the care of the Agency that may be established in this city. To support such subagencies would require — Salary $1000. House rent & wood 300. Interpreter 300. Rations for Interpreter 125. $1725. 20 Pueblos $34, 500 Implements of Husbandry for 22 Pueblos, ea $200. 4,400 $38, 900 The implements should be distributed under the direction of a General Agent, or Superintendent, as some of the Pueblos would require more than the $200, and others less — If the Government of the U. S. should deem it advisable to divide the Pueblos into Districts, I would then submit, an examination of CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 177 the marked map, will show there should be Eight Divisions — as fol- lows — 1 Dist. 4th Dist. 7 Dist. Taos. Cochiti. Laguna, Picuritz. S. Domingo. ' S. Felipe. Sandia. .\coma. 2(1 dist. 5 dist. 8 dist. San Juan. Isletta. Leutis. Zufii. Popiaque. Santa Clara San Ildefonso. 3 dist. Below El Paso. You will perceive I make 6th dist. no arrangements for the Moqui Indians. fJemez. Socorro. Silla (orCia). Isletta. iSauta Ana. To support each division, I would recommend, Salary for an Agent $1500. Interpreter 600 House rent and stabling 300 Forage for three horses or mules 525 Horse Shoeing 50. Hostler 180. Rations 120. $3275 8 $26, 200 Implements for 22 Pueblos, including Nambe and Tesuque — $200 ea. 4,400 $30, 600 Note. (Horses $350 ea. aggregate $33,400. This arrangement exhibits an apparent saving of $8,300. But to secure the tranquility of the Territory, which is certainly menaced, and to stimulate and properly direct the labor of the Pueblo Indians, the first plan is recommended as the most preferable — Adopt either plan, and in a year or two, you might with propriety consolidate these Agencies so as to diminish the expences nearly one half — But this can not be done with propriety until order and perfect quiet is firmly established in this territory. The Indians are far from being contented, as I have advised you in my former letters, and unless they are properly protected and watched over, you may prepare for an outbreak at no distant day. 5021—15^—12 X/8 COERESPOJNDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. In reference to my second plan, you will observe, I have estimated for Forage for three animals, and they are necessary to enable the Agent to visit the Pueblos of his District — Eemember he must pack his provisions, bedding &c &c. I have not estimated for the value of these animals, which can not be less than $350. for each District. So far as the Head Quarters of the Agent is concerned, within his Dis- trict, I would, at this time, leave him to select the place, or commit it to the discretion of Agent a Superintendent. Having disposed of the Pueblo Indians upon the best and most economical terms that I can conscientiously suggest, I shall proceed to submit my views in relation to the wild Indians, the Apaches, Comanches, Navajos and Utahs. These Indians, including their various independent Bands, I take it for granted, must be located and confined within certain fixed limits and there compelled to remain, and to build up Pueblos and cultivate the soil. I do not recommend that these four tribes should be located near each other. It is pos- sible the Apaches and Comanches might be located in adjoining dis- tricts, and in like manner, the Navajoes and Utahs. If so, two Agents to be located at a Central Military post would be sufficient — otherwise, you must have four — each to be located at a Military Post, for which I submit the following estimate. Salary for Agent $1500. " " Interpreter 600. Forage for 2 Horses 375, Horse Shoeing , 35. Hostler 180. Rations 120. 2S10 Incidental expences for the 1st year to secure shelter for Agent, Interpreter. Hostler and 2 animals 600 $3, 410. 4 tri $13, 640. I have not estimated the value of the 2 horses — which would in- crease the aggregate of each Agency $250. $3660 1st year $14, 640 For the first twelve months, if these Indians are confined to fixed limits, and required to build Pueblos and cultivate the Soil, you would be obliged to contribute largely to the support of the Apaches, Comanches, and Utahs — You would have to send men among them to teach them the use of agricultural implements, which should CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 179 be furnished to them, and also, to direct their labor in building of Pueblos. To accomplish these things successfully will require an appropriation of one hundred thousand dollars, to be expended un- der the direction of the President of the United States, or the Secre- tary of the Interior. To establish order in this territory, j^ou must either submit to these heavy expenditures, or or exterminate the mass of these In- dians. After the present year, I would recommend the employ- ment of Blacksmiths for these Indians, and for the Pueblos. I do not think presents should be given to Indians of this territory except in the Shape of food, and implements of husbandry. They should be taught at once to rely upon their own industry, not only for the luxuries of life, which they should be taught to appreciate, but for all that is necessary for their personal wants and com- that forts — to that end, they should be made to know the food which it is proposed to furnish to them, was intended to subsist them only until they could make one crop, and no longer. If a Superintendency of Indian Affairs is established, I submit the following estimates for its support. 1st Year. 2ncl Year Salary of Superinteudent $2000. $2000. Secretary 1200. 1200 Interpreter $600. Board of Interpr. 600.1 600 while in Santa Fe 200 ( . 200 Rents for House & Stables 600. 600 2 Horses & 6 mules 850. 000 Forage 1600 1600 Horse Shoeing 100. 100 Hostler 300 1 300 Board 120} 120 1 W.-iggon & Harness 150. 000 1st Year $7,720 .2nd Year 6,720 To which s-hould hs added $1000. for contingencies, in paying guides, runners, and subsisting Indians & their horses during their visits to the Superintendency. It must be known to you, that our expenses are heavier in Santa Fe, than in any other place in the territory. At present m}^ rent account is $70 per month. Corn is worth, at this time, $2 per bushel — Shoeing of a horse $4.00— Sugar 50^ per lb. Coffee 37^^, lumber, $65. pr. M. Bacon & Lard, none except at the Commissary's — Beef, exceedingly poor and course, 8^- pr lb — a Shoat not weighing more than CO to 75 lbs $8 to 10$— chickens from 25^ to 50^ each— Turkeys from $1 to $2.00. The necessaries of life, such as we have been accustomed to 180 COKRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. in the States, and the delicacies & luxuries which we require must all be brought from the U. S. For expenditures on account of rents, pay of Interpreters, Teamsters, forage &c &c, I, again, refer you to the returns of the Quarter Master and Conunissary of this Depart- ment — Had not the commissary sold me subsistence on the same terms he is authorized to sell to officers of the Army, and had the Quarter Master refused to furnish me with transportation and forage, I should utterly have failed to have discharged my duties in this terri- tory. In addition to my salary, $1,500 — before the end of my first year, I shall have expended, necessarily of my own private funds, about $1500 more — The expenditures of the second year will not be so great, and as the country becomes quiet and settled, will continue to diminish, but can never fall to the reasonable limits assigned to that them in the States — Hence the suggestion, what would be con- sidered quite liberal in the United States, b«fe would be wholly inadequate in this Territory — I have to remark the Superintendent should be required to visit every Agency, twice a 3'ear, if possihle — and ascertain from personal observations, the true State and condition of each Agency, and the necessary wants of the Indians attached to such Agencies, The following recapitulation is made in order that the heavy ex- penditures which I recommend, may be examined as a whole. 1st plan for Pueblos $.38, 900 —2d plan, iucliuling " " the four Horses. $33, 400. wild tribes • 14, 640. 2d plan. 7, 320. Food for one year 100,000. " " 100,000 Superintendeucy 7, 720. " " 7, 720 For the 1st Year. $161. 260 $148, 440 Less 2nd year — Food appropriation $100, o<:)0 Horses for Pueblo Dists 2, 800. " for Wild Ind. Agencies 1, 000. Horses & Waggon for Super intendent 1,000 104, 800 $104. 800 104, 800 Expenditures for 2d year $56,460— $43,640 When we take into view our obligations to Mexico, as they are recorded in the treaty of 1848, our obligations to establish good gov- ernments, and to protect the lives and property of every Citizen, we can not, we must not, be influenced by doUars and cents — Who would not, most willingly, have prefered to have heard that the Govern- ment of the U, S, had ordered an expenditure of $50,000 or $100,000, rather than to have heard of the butchery of poor White, his wife, daughter and friends? CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 181 Again, remember the vast demands that will be made upon the Government of the United States, by Mexico, and Citizens of this territory in consequence of Indian depredations — These evils can be quieted only, by the minor, and humane expenditures which I have to enquire recommended — I do not stop by the way as to what re- turn may be expected from the sale of Public Lands — that is not a question that should weigh an atom in the consideration of this Sub- ject — Our duties should be discharged honestly and faithfully, and a proper economy, and a becoming liberality should be observed. I trust to be pardoned for the frank manner in which I communi- cate my views — It is my custom ; and I should feel very awkward if I did not record them just in the shape in which they occur to me; and they are based upon the supposition, that the Government of the United States will select Agents competent, and perfectly willing, to discharge their duties honestly and faithfully — The converse of this supposition will readily occur to reflecting minds; and to the proper departments, I commit the subject. I have the honor to be. Your very obt. servt. J. S. Calhoun Indian Agt P. S. I beg to refer you to my No. 24. dated November I7th 1849, on the subject of expenditures in Santa Fe. J. S. C. Orlando Brown Esqr. Comr. of Ind Affs. Washington City D. G [CALHOUN TO BKOWN.*] [No. 52] Indian Agency, Santa Fe, New Mexico, March 31, 1850. Sir: I have the honor to advise you that four Mexican captives were delivered to me, on Friday the 22d inst., and from them I gather the following facts. 1. Refugio Picaros, about twelve years of age, was taken from a Rancho, called Papascal, near St. Jago, State of Durango, Mexico, two years ago, by the Comanches, who immediately sold him to the Apaches, and with them he lived and roamed, on both sides of the Rio del Norte, until January last, when he was hought by Jose Fran- 1 Annual Report, Commissioner of Indian Affairs, 1850, pp. 105-106. This letter Is not on file in the Indian Office but from the entry In L. R. No. 37 under date of June 8, 1850, I Infer it is No. 52 of the series. 182 CORRESPONDEJSrCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. cisco Lucero, a Mexican, residing at the Moro, in this territory. He eays, the purchase was made at the Coro Carmel, about two days travel east from the Rio del Norte, and four knives, one plug of tobacco, two fanegas of corn, four blankets, and six yards of red Indian cloth, were paid for him. He has no father or mother alive, but has brothers and sisters. 2. Teodora Martel, ten or twelve years of age, was taken from the service of Jose Alvardo, at La Popes, near Saltillo, Mexico, by Apaches, two years ago, and has remained the greater portion of the time on the west side of the Rio del Norte. He was bought by Powler Sandoval, who also resides at the Moro ; from the Apaches at Ague Asule, near the Pecos river, in this territory, in February last. The payment for him was one mare, one rifle, one shirt, one pair of drawers, thirty small packages of powder, some bullets, and one buffalo robe. The hoy was claimed by Diego Sandoval, from whom I received him. He knows of no relations. 3. Caudalans Galope, about twelve years of age, was seized by the Apaches, he thinks, four years ago, at the Rancho Fernandez, near Santa Cruz, Mexico. He is unable to name the State in which Santa Cruz is situated. Two brothers and sisters of his were taken at the same time, and he supposes they are yet with the Apaches. His father and mother were alive at the time he was captured. He was bought from the Apaches, in January or February last, by Vincente Romero, of the Moro, at a place called Lo Cerro Queso, perhaps " Ei Cerro del Queso," east of the Rio del Norte, in this territory. Price paid was some corn and tobacco, one knife, one shirt, one mule, one small package of powder, and a few balls. Rosalie Taveris, about twenty-five years of age, resided in Mon- clova, and was captured in November last, by a band of Apaches and Comanches, within two days travel of M-onclova. Her husband, San- tiago Costellan, and her daughter, four j'^ears old, were killed at that time. Her mother, Etuedas Guerris, lives in Monclova. She is known to Don Miguel Corteues, and Don Ramon Moseus, and was bought from the Apaches by Powler Sandoval, of the Moro, at Cerro Queso, in January last, who paid for her two striped blankets, ten yards blue cotton drilling, ten yards calico, ten j^ards cotton shirting, two handkerchiefs, four plugs of tobacco, one bag of corn, and one knife. She is quite an intelligent woman; says that the band by whom she was cajDtured consisted of about fifty Indians, who seized at the same time eight other captives, strangers to her, and all but two, who sickened and died (perhaps killed), were brought from Mexico into this territory with her. She states there are a great number of captives, at and near La Cerro Queso, that all the men who are captured are killed ; that parties of Apaches and Comanches are constantly going out and coming in with horses, mules, sheep, COKKESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 183 goats, COWS, goods, money, and captives, and while at La Queso, she saw the clothing of an xVmerican man and boy, whom the Apaches said the}" had killed. These captives complain of very cruel treatment, the woman espe- cially, who says she was spared but one humiliation. Encarnacion Garcia, and the indiA'idiials from whom I received the captives, confirm in general terms the foregoing statements, but pro- test no munitions of war were paid for them. I give full credit to the statements of the captives. The Mexicans from whom I received the captives will claim to have paid more than is stated above, and without doubt, can prove any statement they may mahe. The trad- ing in captives has been so long tolerated in this territory, that it has ceased to be regarded as a wrong; and purchasers are not pre- pared willingly to release captives without an adequate ransom. In legislating upon this subject, it should be distinctly set forth under what circumstances captives shall be released, and limiting the expen- ditures that may be incurred thereb3\ Unless the Mexicans are paid for such captives as they have purchased, and have now in possession, but very few of them will be released; nor will it answer well to allow captives to make their election as to a release, for their submis- sion to their masters is most perfect, and they are well instructed as to proper replies to interrogatories. That a proper economy may be observed in releasing captives, some arrangement should be made for their early return to Mexico, or to some authorized agent of Mexico, who might reside at El Paso, or in Santa Fe. It is presumed, should treaties be made with the Apaches and Comanches, they will be required to deliver up all captives, free of charge, and all stolen property that they may at the time have in their possession. Many of the captives belong to this territory, and such of course will be turned over to their relatives. But until this can be accomplished, they must be clothed and fed, and stolen prop- erty must be taken care of, and disposed of. Expenditures in both cases must be incurred, and should be provided for. The law to be passed by Congi-ess for the release of captives, under the late treaty with Mexico, will, without doubt, contain suitable provisions for their subsistence and clothing. Those that I have on hand, I am clothing and feeding, and respectfully ask for instructions in the premises. I may, in conclusion, mention that there are a number of Indian captives held as slaves in this territory, and some congressional action may be necessary in relation to them ; and I respectfully submit the question for appropriate consideration. I am, with great respect, your obed't serv't, J. S. Calhoun, Orlando Brown, Esq., Indian Agt. Corner Ind. AJfs, Washiiigton City, D. C. 184 CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. [CALHOUN TO BROWN/] No. 53. [CRAWFORD TO CALHOUN.'] War Department Washi7igton. April 8th 1850 Calhoun, James S. Esqr. Santa Fe' New Mexico. Sir, I have received your letter of the 31st of January with the enclosed statements of Lieutenants Thomas and Judd. The President has uniformly declined to take action on any of the numerous applications which have been presented to him by, and in behalf of officers claiming brevets. During the present session the views of the Executive have been submitted to Congress, looking to some modification of the law in relation to brevets, and until the result shall be known, I apprehend that no nominations will be made. Your letter and its enclosures can, therefore, only be filed for consideration whenever the subject shall be taken up. Very respectfully, Your Obt Serv Geo W. Crawford Secretary of War, [CALHOUN TO MUNROE.'] Sir Indian Agency Santa Fe. New Mexico April 8th 1850 I have, at this Agency, four Mexican Captives which I supposed my duty required me to take charg of under the 11th Article of the Treaty of 1848, by the United States and Mexico 1st Refocio Pisaros, a boy about 12 years of age taken from a Rancho (papaschal) near St lago. State of Durango, Mexico, by the Comanche Indians, who immediately sold him to the Apaches. Pie supposes he has been a captive about two years, and had Brothers and Sisters alive when he was captured. 1 Not on file in the Indian Office. This is the entry for it in O.I. A.,L. R.No.37: O. L A. Calhoun, James S. Encloses his account &c for Finance. Santa F4 Santa Fd 1st quarter 1850. 464 April 1, 1850 Submits explanations rela- (No. S3) tive to expenditures. Acct to 2nd Audi- tor 4th October 1850. sa. G. O., M. B., No. so, pp. 125-126. ^.Accompanying No. 54. COKKESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 185 2nd Teodoro Martel, abaut 12 years of age, taken from the service of one Jose Ahardo, at La popo, near Saltillo Mexico, by Apaches, about two years ago. He knows nothing of relations 3d Candalaris Talope, about 12 years of age, was seized by the Apaches he thinks, about four year ago, at the Rancho Fernandez; near Santa Cruz Mexico, but knows nothing of the States. His father and mother were alive at the time he was captured, and resided as stated above. 4th Rosalie Toreves, about 25 years of age, resided in Monclova Mexico. She was seized in the month of November last, about two days travil from Moncolva, by Apaches, who at the time killed her hunband, Santiago Casteyaro, and her daughter four years of age. Her mother Etrudes Trurris, lives in Monclova. She says, she is known to Don Miguel Cartenes, Don Romore Moscus, and many others in Monclova. She is quite an intelligent woman. I am without specific instructions in relation to the proper disposi- tion of Captives, nor am I advised of the appointment of an "Agent " by Mexico, as contemplated by the 11th article before alluded to. Until such instructions shall be received from the Government of the United States, I submit the matter for your advice and direction, I take leave most respectfully, to suggest if the Mexican Authorities should be pleased to designate and authorize an Agent to receive Captives here or at El Paso, their release and return might be more speedy and economical, and carry out the humane intention that dictated the 11th Article of the Treaty. I have the honor to be Your very obt servt. John Munroe, Mil i Santa Fe, New Mexico. J. S. Calhoun Ind. Agt. Civil <& Mil Governor, [CALHOUN TO BROWN.^] No 54 Indian Agency Santa Fe, New Mexico ApHl IJith, 1850 Sir, The accompanying copy of a note ^ addressed to Governor Munroe on the 8th inst. is forwarded for the information of the Department. 1 O. I. A., Santa F^ Agency, C 465. 2 See p. 184. 186 COEEESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. The note will sufficiently explain the object I desire to accomplish, and was induced by enquiries which the Governor addressed to me. I understand an official communication was received a short time since by the chief of this Department from Chihuahua, enquiring concerning certain captives that we have heard nothing of. A copy of the letter mentioned above, I have reason to suppose, was trans- mitted to the official authorities of Chihuahua by order of Governor Munroe, in replying to the official enquiries addressed to him in rela- tion to Captives. I have the honor to be. Your very obt. servt. J. S. Calhoun Ind. Agt Orlando Brown Esqr. Comr. of Ind. Affs Washington City D.C. [CALHOUN TO BROWN.'] No. 55. Indian Agency, Santa Fe, New Mexico. April 15th, 1850. Sir, Two mails have, recently, been received here, bringing a few letters and News-papers from the United States to as late a period as the 1st of March ; but I have nothing from you of a later date than the 28th of December last. Our frequent disappointments in relation to intelligence from Washington, have not quieted our anxieties, and it is utterly impossible for the good people of the States fully to appre- ciate the painful incertitude of our existence in this territory. A rumor has not reached us in relation to the purposes of Congress for the defence of the people of this territory, our Indian Affairs, gen- erally, or the mail facilities that may be granted to us. Hostile Indians have been somewhat active since the 1st of the present month — On the 7th inst. they drove off from near Kayada, a farm some forty miles South east from Taos, and twenty or thirty west from the Moro, a large number of animals — They were pursued by eight or ten Dragoons, as I am informed, overtaken and nearly all the Stock recovered — Five Indians were killed, and one severely wounded — The only loss sustained by the Dragoons was one horse Killed. 1 0. I. A-> Santa F6 Agency, C 467, I COERESPONDENCE OP JAMES S. CALHOUN. 187 We hear of other incursions and depredations between this and El Paso. General Choice who is at Abiquin watching the Utah Indians, in- forms me they continue to send him friendly messages, affecting an anxiety to be at perfect peace with all people, and to be placed under the immediate direction and protection of the Government of the United States. They are beginning to break up their encamp- ment, and travel to the mountains as the snow disappears. The Nava- jos frequently send in friendly messages, and add, they are afraid to come in. We have had no later intelligence than I have already given you, in relation to the encampment of Apaches and Comanches near the Cerro Gaudalupe. These roving Indians can not be properly disposed of until the Government of the United States shall mark out its policy in ref- erence to them, and afford the means to execute it. The Pueblo Indians continue to make known their grievances. suits Vexatious and, frequently, unjust are brought by Alcaldes, in this City, against Indians who are in the habit of visiting this City — During the past week, I was compelled to employ counsel for them, or permit the Governor of the Pueblo of Tesuque to be unjustly punished and fined — At my request Major R. H. Weightman at- tended the trial, which lasted two days, and resulted in the acquital of the Governor, to the manifest chagrin of the Alcalde. I have requested Major Weightman ^ to attend to all such cases, and he has consented to do so, and I can not do less than earnestly to recommend that some provision be made to compensate him, liberally, for his services. Pardon me for again urging the instituting of a Judicial Com- mission for the immediate adjustment of all Indian titles to land — The Pueblos have been wronged in this matter, and are annoyed by the Judicial tribunals of this territory. I hesitate not to say, the Judges and Alcaldes should be instructed to suspend all civil actions in their courts against the Pueblo Indians. I am, With great respect. Your obt servt. Orlando Brown Esqr. Gomr. of. Ind. Ajfs. Washington City D. G. J. S. Calhoun Ind. Agt See Twitchell, Military Occupation of New Mexico, pp. 381-394. 188 COERESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. [CALHOUN TO BROWN.'] No. 56. Las Vegas. New Mexico April W, 1850. 'Sir, Last night the Indians, it is said, made several attacks upon in- dividuals near this place, killed some herders, and drove of Stock. Troops under command of Lt. Burnside, are now mounting for the purpose of enquiring into the facts, and pursuing the Indians. Col. Washington ^ and others left this morning for the States and in a few moments I leave for Santa Fe. With great respect, I am, Your obt. servt. J. S. Calhoun hidian Agent Orlando Brown Esqr Gomr. (&c &c Washington City D. C. [Related Correspondence.] [munroe to freeman.^] Head Quarters 9 Mil. Dept: Santa Fe' N. M° Mar. 15, 1850. Sib, I have heretofore represented the Insufficiency of the Calvalry Force in this Department for the services required of it & would now state that if any are to be withdrawn without or before being replaced by others I apprehend the most serious consequences. It will be impossible with any number of Troops to prevent the Depredations of the Indians but the knowledge that we have a respectable active force will from apprehensions of retaliation keep them within some Limit in their preda- tory aggressions whereas if we are reduced to the numbers contemplated even the military Posts will not be free from Insult. From these considerations I trust that the Commanding General will not disapprove of my retaining the three companies of the 1st Dragoons until I can receive his further orders on the subject which I presume will be as early as any movement of Cavalry should be made across the plains. Bvt Major Steene's Company 1st Dragoons stationed at Doua Anna cannot be replaced although occupying an important position; He has asked that 1 O. I. A., Santa F6 Agency, C 466. 2 Touching tlifi subject of Colonel Washington, the report of Colonel Munroe is of Interest. 3 A. G. O., Old Book, No. 2, pp. 29-30. CORKESPONDENCE OP JAMES S. CALHOUN. 189 when ordered in he may be permitted to march direct to his Post in place of taking the route via Santa Fe' & Fort Leavenworth. Bvt Major Grier's & the company late Eustis are mere fragments. Lieut. Col. Washington will leave about the 10th proximo, I propose giving him as an Escort the Head Quarters & a portion of Lieut. Col. Bragg's Com- pany 3d Arty & to retain at Las Vegas until I receive your Instructions a de- tachment of the company of about forty men &, horses. Many of these men are unfit to serve on horseback but they can be replaced by others from the com- pany of the 3d Inftry which I recently sent to reinforce the post of Las Vegas. I have not received an acknowledgement of a single official communication written since my arrival on the 23d October last & addressed to either Wash- ington, New York, or Tampa Bay I am respectfully Your Very obt Servt Bvt Lt. Col W. G. Feeeman Asst Adjt. Genl. Hd Qrs Army John Mxjneoe Bvt Col. U. S. A. Comdg Dept. true copy L McLaws 1 Lt 7 Infy AAA Ocnl. SlE, In reference to that part of my communication of the 15th which states that I propose sending the Head Quarters of Bvt Lt. Col : Braggs Company 3d Arty & retaining a detachment of it, I beg leave to say that this arrangement may be so modified as to send in with Col. Washington only a detachment of it Written from recollection of original Sgd J. M. True Copy L McLaws lLt7 Infy AAAGenl [CALHOUN TO BROWN. No. 57. 1 Not on file in Indian Office, furnishes the following data : The entry in O. I. A., L. R., No. 37 for June 26, 1850, Calhoun, J. S., Sant F^, April 24, 1850, No. 57. Relative to jjolitical affairs in New Mexico. Enc. copy of proceedings of a public meeting of citizens & proc- lamation of Gov., in regard to election of delegates to a convention to form a State Constitution— Agent of Texas has returned, &c. Apprehends difficulty 190 CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. [BROWN TO CALHOUN.'] Office Indian Affairs April 24. 1850 Calhoun Esq J. S. Santa Fe, New Mexico. Sir: Your several commimications, numbered from 18 to 30 inclusive, one without number, dated 25tli January last, and those from 32 to 38 inclusive, have been duly received. The information contained in these reports, in relation to your movements and exertions, gives evidence of a degree of activity and zeal on your part well worthy of the commendation of the Depart- ment. I am satisfied you have done all in your power, and no doubt all that could be accomplished, under the embarassing and trying circumstances in which you have been placed, to preserve proper and peaceful relations between the Indians and the white population of New Mexico. This, however, must at all times — and especially until Congress shall have provided the requisite number of Agents and made other necessary provision for the proper management of Indian Affairs in the Territory — depend mainly upon the military. Such is the character of most of the Indians there, that they can be kept in a proper state of subjection and system of control by fear; though with enlarged powers and additional assistance, you could doubtless have accomplished much more than you have done; and it has been a source of constant regret on the part of the department that it has been unable to place you in a more advantageous position. Ha^^ng no power to do this, or to take any definitive action upon most of your many suggestions, there has been but little occasion for writing to you, or for giving you more particular instructions than those you originally received. It is sincerely to be hoped that Con- gress will not much longer delay making provision for the requisite Superintendents and Agents, and such other measures as are neces- sary for the proper management of our Indian relations in the new territories; and when this shall have been done, no time will be lost in endeavoring to place the affairs and operations of the Indian Department Avithin them upon a proper & efficient footing. A good beginning has been made by the treaties with the Navajoes and Utahs; the provisions of Avhich appear to be well considered and judicious. Both of these treaties have been laid before the President to be submitted to the Senate for its constitutional action. If ratified, and the requisite military force, and the necessary agents, are provided to compel those two tribes to observe their stipulations in good faith, I presume that so far as they are concerned, but little »0. I. A., L. B., No. 43, pp. 153-157. CORRESPON^DE^'CE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 191 further will be required. It will be a leading object to effect the negotiation of similar treaties with all the other tribes of New Mexico, at as early a day as practicable ; and it is regretted that the attempt with respect to the Apaches failed. It is hoped that Con- gress will at an early day provide for the appointment of Commis- sioners for the purpose of making all such further treaties as may be necessary & expedient; to determine the proper boundaries of the country rightfully claimed by the different tribes, and to enter into conventional arrangements with them all — defining their relations with the United States and with each other; and, thus, to obviate, as far as possible, all disputes and difficulties hereafter. A bill has been introduced into Congress which, if it pass, will enable the Department to carry into effect a measure of this kind ; and as soon as it can be done, proper steps will be taken for the purpose of which you will be duly advised. As a part of the contemplated proceedings it is proposed to assemble all the Indians of New Mexico and others in that quarter, by large delegations from each, at some proper point, and in the presence of a considerable military force, for the purpose of impressing them to some extent with the power of the United States, and of making a general treaty with them, defining their relations & duties towards each other & towards the govern- ment. It is further proposed that a large delegation, to be composed of members of all the tribes, shall be organized and brought on to visit this place and some of our principal cities, in order still further to make them sensible of our greatness and strength. The Pueblo Indians present a curious & interesting problem; but I am disposed, for the reasons given by j^ou, to think that the course of policy which you recommend shall be pursued towards them, the best ; at least for the present, and if you can negotiate a treaty with them upon the general principles you suggest, you are authorized to do so ; unless you think it advisable to await the appointment of the contemplated Commissioners. This would probably be the best course, unless you are of opinion that earlier action is required, in consequence of the embarassing questions that are continually arising between the Pueblos and the whites, and the constant liability to difficulties of a serious character being caused by them. Notwithstanding the information you have furnished and the many suggestions jou have made — all more or less valuable — the Depart- ment is still at a loss with regard to making specific recommendations to Congress as to what would be a suitable organization for this branch of the service in New Mexico, and the expenditure that would probably be required to put into operation, and carry it out, in a proper and efficient manner. The Department is in favor of one general Superintendent to have the supervision and direction, under the orders of the Department. 192 COERESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. of and over all the agents, sub agents and tribes within the territory ; and that this Superintendency shall not be vested in or connected with the governorship, as has been the case heretofore with regard to Indian Affairs in our newly organized territories. The disadvan- tages of such an arrangement and the propriety and necessity of independent Superintendencies, are fully discussed in my late annual report, and it is hoped that Congress will concur in the views therein expressed & make provision accordingly. With respect to Agents and Sub Agents, I understand you to recommend four of the former — one for each of the four principal tribes — Comanches, Apaches, Navajoes, and Utas — including all their amalgamated offshoots, which you suggest should be compelled to join and live with one or the other of the principal tribes, accord- ing to circumstances. Being anxious to obtain all the information in my power on this and other subjects connected with our Indian relations in New Mexico, to enable me to make a special report to congress, with specific recommendations as to the measures & general course of policy required to be adopted, I addressed a letter of en- quiry to the Hon. H. N. Smith, the delegate elect, asking his views on various points. In his reply,^ he states with reference to Agents, that there should be appointed at least five, " for the following five "tribes: viz: Comanches, Southern Apaches, Navajoes, Utahs, and " northern Apaches ; or, as the latter are sometimes called ; the Jicaril- " las. Though the last are united by Col. Calhoun, they are entirely " separate and distinct from any other tribe, and are preeminently " distinguished for their ferocity and cruelty. They infest our north- " ern settlements and have been a greater annoyance to New Mexico " than any other tribe within or surrounding our territory." As it is essential to have a full number of agents and better too many than too few be authorized, the Department is disposed to recommend to Congress to provide for five ; in accordance with Mr. Smith's views, and if it be found that there is one too many he can be dispensed with. With reference to the Pueblos, Mr Smith states that they do not exceed in number about 7000, and might be divided into three dis- tricts and an Agent appointed for each. Your estimate of their number is larger — over 10 000. In jour number 5 you state that the Pueblos may, for the present, be divided into six or seven districts and an Agent conveniently located in each, though in your number 4 you suggest that there should be one for each Pueblo for the next year or two; which suggestion you repeat in your 37th communica- tion, except that you say Sub Agents instead of Agents. In your number 8 you state, that there are 23 Pueblos east of Zuni, and seven of Moquies west of that place — making, as I understand it, thirty in 1 Smith's report and the letter of inquiry that elicited it are given on pp. 223-226. CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 193 all. An Agent, or Sub Agent for each would be a very large number, and greatly disproportioned, it seems to me, to the number of In- dians — especially as they are in a great measure civilized and are tractable and easily influenced and managed. In view of Mr Smiths recommendation and of your own, in your number 5, the Department IS disposed to favor the plan of arranging the Pueblos into districts, so far as this is practicable, with full Agents for the more important, and minor Agents with a somewhat less salary than the Agents for those of lesser importance; it being the wish of the Department to abolish all Sub Agencies; and where the duties and responsibilities are less than generally pertain to an Agency, to establish in their stead minor Agencies, with more liberal salaries than that of Sub Agent; which will not command the required character and talent. Between the conflicting views of Mr Smith and yourself however, I am at a loss to determine how many Agents in all there should be provided for the Pueblos; and I have no information to enable me to form a judgment of what should be the proportion between the two classes of Agencies. There are other points of difficulty by which I am met on the threshold in any attempt to make to Congress a specific report in relation to a proper organization and means neces- sary for the management of our Indian relations in New Mexico, and in reference to which early information is desirable. Though you have mentioned and given illustrations of the exorbi- tant prices of labor, provisions, materials &c in New Mexico, you have not stated the salary which should be allowed the Agents nor furnished any estimate of the probable cost of maintaining an agency, and all the agencies necessary, for the period of a year-^including a house, necessary travelling expenses, fuel, stationery and other ex- penses incidental and requisite to the proper performance of official duties. Nor has the Department any information of the number of interpreters that it will probably be necessary to employ perma- nently, what they should be allowed annually, and how much will probably be required for Interpreters other than those permanently employed. It also lacks similar information in regard to the Mechan- ics of different descriptions it would be expedient and advisable to employ for the benefit of the Indians ; and as to how far it might be expedient and advisable to aid and instruct them in agricultural operations, and the cost of the requisite employees, in stock, imple- ments &c. The question likewise arises, how far the present laws regulating trade and intercourse between the Indian tribes, which are not in force in New Mexico, are applicable and would be suitable to the Indians there and with respect to the relations between them and the whites. This is a question which the Department would find it difficult to answer from lack of the requisite information. I there- 5021—15 l.s 194 COREESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. fore beg leave to request that you will be so good as to turn your attention to all these points, and, as early as possible, furnish the Department with all, & as accurate information in relation to them, as may be in your power. Such a report will be of great value and assistance if it can be received before Congress adjourns O B I CALHOUN TO BROWN. '] No. 58. [BROWN TO CALHOUN.n Office Indian Affairs May 6 1850 Calhoun Esq J S. Santa Fe, New Mexico. Sir: Your letter (No 44) of the 1st March, transmitting your accounts for disbursements to 31st December last, has been duly received. The latter will be speedily examined & referred to the accounting officers of the Treasury for settlement () B [CHOICE TO CALHOUN/] Indian Agency Albiquin New Mexico May 8th 1850. Col J. S. Calhoun Sir Lieut Griffin, was informed on Sunday night last by a Pueblo Indian, that Pedro Solisair (one of the Constables of this county,) had been all around the Pueblo, requesting the Mexicans to meet at his house, on the day of the Election for Deligates to the Conven- tion, — That he had some important facts to communicate. The In- dian understood him to say that their were a large Mexican force coming from Old Mexico, and he wished to know if the Mexicans here, would join them or the Americans. » Not on file in Indian Office. Tlie entry in O. I. A., L. R., No. 37, under date of July 1. Ig-W is as follows: July 1 O. I. A., Santa Fe. Calhoun, J. S., Santa F^, May 2, '50 No. 58 States his views (in accom- panying papers) and what has been done, in regard to efforts made to secure votes of Pueblo Indians by designing persons, un- der late proclamation of Gov. Munroe. «0. I. A., L. B., No. 43, p. 187. • O. I. A., Santa F6 Agency, C 47 CORRESPONDEISrCE OF JAMES S, CALHOUN. 195 I have been vigilant ever since I received yours of tlie 26th April last, advising me to notice all their movements. There visits to my quarters for the last two or three weeks have been seldom, and remarked by the Officers, that it is the case with themselves. The greater portion of the Male population for the last three days: have absented themselves, I know not where to. In relation to the Utah Indians. On Monday morning a herds-man came in, stating that he had seen four Utah men and one woman the evening before, that they expressed friendship to him, and wished to know if they would be treated friendly were they to come in, — Consequently I employed a Mexican who speaks their language, to go and see them and bring them in. He went to their camp, but one would come. The ballance said they were afraid that they would be made prisenors. He states, that the Utahs sent him with the others, to see how they would be received, and find out if we were hostile towards them, that if I would send with them, one American and one Mexican, that all of the Chiefs would come in and have a talk, he states also, that portion of the tribe he belongs to, never had violated the treaty, it was another Part of them, that they had all left for the Navajoe Country, to live there never to return again. There were three or four of his tribe making preperation to go after them on the river Saint Wan [San Juan], and and induce them to come back, at the time he left. I have employed one American and one Mexican to return with them, with writen instructions, to ascertain the feelings of the Chiefs, and endeavour to get them and the whole of the tribe to come and have a friendly talk. I furnished the Indian with provisions to take him home, and ten days provisions for the two men employed, — They leave this morning. Ever}' attention was paid to the Indian. He was very much allarmed on his arrival, x^fter smoking and going through the usual forms, he soon became contented. He told his people that they had better come, for his father would make them a present. I had to give him some few articles, I am Your Obt Servt. (Signed) Cyrus Choice Ind. Agt. To Col J. S. Calhoun Ind Agent Santa Fe New Mexico 196 CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. [CALHOUN TO BROWIJ-.^] No 59. Indian Agency. Santa Fe, New Mex. May ]Oth 1850 Sir, My number 56, dated Las Vegas, April 20th 50, advised you of Indian attacks near that place. Lt Burnside^ with his command hastened in the direction of the supposed place where the Indians had committed butcheries, found three murdered Mexican wood choppers, and pursued the trail of a small party of Indians, in a northern direc- tion, until it was wholly lost on the sides of the mountains, without making any other discovery. We have just received authentic intelligence that the Apaches have driven off several hundred head of cattle from a place about ten miles east of Pesalta, and fifteen or twenty from Albuquerque, a military post. A herder was killed, others wounded, and some captives taken — It is said, there were about fifty Indians engaged in the affair, and that ihey were impudent enough to commit their outrages in the broad day light, and within view of several people near the place. I ■exceedingly regret that I can not advise you of the slightest improve- ment in the condition of affairs in this territory, nor is it possible for any one to convey to you an adequate idea of the various disorders which prevail, and seem to be fastened upon this country. A party of traders were recently upon the Gila river between Sholay's and Williams' forks, as marked upon Emory's Map, and in that region, in various localities, fell in with large numbers of Apaches. They represent these Indians as being friendly towards the people of the United States, and they were doubtless so to their friends, the traders, who bought and brought to this neighborhood some of the finest mules to be seen any where. These mules are taken from Sonora, Mexico, and, most frequently sold to traders from this territory who pay for them at the rate of twenty to twenty five dollars per head, in such articles as the Indians may require. One of these traders, who denies having traded with the Indians, but who returned with some exceedingly fine mules, says the Apaches are well mounted, well armed with Eifles, have a large supply of powder, lead, Superior beef Cattle, and many valuable articles of merchandize for which they have no use — They are continually making depredations upon Sonora, and immediately returning to their accustomed localities on our side of the Gila. When the traders left, the Indians were preparing for 1 O. I. A., Santa F€ Agency, C 471. * For an account of Burnslde's orders, Investigation and discoveries, see documents on pp. 197-200. COREESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 197 another descent upon Sonora; and I have reason to believe quite a number of trading expeditions are now being fitted out, on the East side of the Rio del Norte, for the purpose of trading with these identical Indians. We are yet without the slightest intimation as to the purposes of our Government in relation to these disorders. I have the honor to be, Your very obt. Servt. J. S. Calhoun Ind. Agt Orlando Brown Esq, Conw. of Ind. Affs. Washington City D. C [Related Correspondence.] [ALEXANDER TO McLAWS.*] Las Vegas N. M. May 2Jitn 1850 Sib, I have the honor, to report, that on the 20th Instant, a part of the U. S. Mail, which left Fort Leavenworth about the middle of last month, was brought to this place, by a party of traders, who had started from here, some days before, for the U. S. They reported, that they had proceeded as far as the " Wagon Mound," (about forty three miles from this Post), when they found the dead bodies of eleven men, and some mail bags, which had contained the mail for this Territory. — This party was afraid to proceed farther, and so returned imme- diately to this Post, bringing the principal part of the Mail. — On the 21st Inst. I sent out Lieut Burnside 3d Arty, with a detachment of mounted artillery, to the place of the murders, with directions to bury the dead, to recover such letters &c as might be found, to try and find out the probable time, and circumstances of the murders, and the number, and tribe, is of Indians which committed them. Enclosed pkaee-in^T the report of Lieut that Burnside which contains all the information, could be gathered In relation to the matter I am Sir, Very respectfully Your Obedt. Servt. E. B. Alexander B. Lt. Col U 8. A Com Lieut. L. McLaws A. A. A. Oenl Santa Fe » A. G. O., Pile-Box, Department of New Mexico, 1850, A 6. 198 COEEESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. [burnsidf. to WARD.^] Las Vegas New Mexico May 23d 1850. Sib, I have the honor to report for the Information of the Lieut Col: Com- manding, that in obedience to Post order No. 11 dated Hd Qrs Las Vegas N. M. May 21st 1S50, I proceeded with my Detachment in the Direction of the Wagon Mound for the purpose of interring the bodies of the Mail Carriers & others who were murdered near that place as well as to collect such parts of the Mail as were not destroyed or had not already been brought in. I arrived at the Scene of Murder on the day after I left this place & found the remains of the persons. I at once put the mexicans, taken for the purpose, to digging a Grave for the Bodies & commenced immediately, a careful examina- tion of all the Ground in the Vicinity assisted by Lieut. Plympton, attached to this command and Mr. Barclay of " Barclay Fort." The Wagon which Clay & Hendrickson (Mail Carriers) took from this place last March was found about half a mile from the foot of the Wagon Mound with the Tonge broken & a dead mule still in harness, attached to it. Two of the Bodies, in a com- plete state of putrifaction, were found in the Wagon, the remaining Eight very much eaten by the Wolves, in its immediate Vicinity the farthest one probably seventy five Yards off, one horse and two INIuIes were killed near the Wagon, & two American Horses near the foot of the Mound; The Ground from these two horses to the Wagon, was strewn with arrows. On the road which passes the foot of the Mound «& about a Mile from the Wagon we found where the party had encamped before they were attacked; The Track of the Wagon could not be discovered; The Trail of the Marauding Party was Indistinct. We examined the Cafiada formed by the rising Ground near the mound & in fact all the Ground in its neighborhood & secured all the mail that could be found which consisted principally of "blank forms" & a few private papers. From these Facts I am led to the following conclusion; that the Mail party with five or six other persons that joined it arrived at the Wagon Mound either before the snow fell on the 3d of this month or whilst the snow was still on the Ground for no Tracks of any Description pould be seen : that the Wagon with eight of the Party started from camp, two of the Party (not Mail Carriers) Mounted on American Horses remained at the Fire for a short time ; afterwards, starting, were charged upon by the Indians, who were laying behind the small Mound at the foot of the Wagon Mound, their Horses killed and them wounded, they ran to the Wagon & were assisted in getting in by the main party, while In the act of doing this, the party were charged upon by the Indians thrown into a State of Confusion & finally all killed within seventy-five yards of the Wagon, on either side of the road. This opinion is sustained by the fact of the two men who were in the Wagon being wounded, each in the left thigh, the most common wound a man receives on horse back, & one that could not have been inflicted whilst they were in the Wagon. No signs were discovered of any Indians being killed. The attacking party were evidently in great numbers number from the large of arrows found on the Ground, but the best evidence of it is the small si)ace within which the whole party were killed : so large a party of Americans have never before been entirely destroyed by the Indians 1 A. G. O., File-Box, Department of New Mexico, 1850, A 20. COEKESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 199 of that portion of the Territory, & in fact, ten Americans have heretofore been considered comparatively safe in traveling over the road with proper care — Mr. Barclay who had been a great deal among the Eutaw Indians & in fact, traded with them for some time recognized, certain arrows among those left on the gronnd. One of the Mexicans that I carried with me had been for many years a prisoner among the Indians & recognized both Eutaw & Apache Indian arrows which confirm me in the opinion that it was a combined movement of the two Tribes; The party consisted certainly of not less than one hundred War- riors. All these are mere matters of opinion & may appear to show conceit & arrogance in so inexperienced a person as myself but I have taken particular pains to weigh all the circumstances & have formed my opinion not only from my own observation, but from that of Lieut. Plympton & Mr. Barclay. The latter has been in this country for many years & knows the Indian habits almost perfectly. No possible clue to the direction of the Trail could be found & in fact the murder was committed so long before it was known (at least fifteen days) that all pursuit would have been unavailing could we have found the Trail ; no fresh signs of Indians were seen, but it was reported that a party had been seen by a Hunter near Barclay's Fort but not being able to learn any thing positive on the subject I cannot say that the report is correct. It is probable, that Clay & Hendrickson who went out in March were the carriers, Benj. Shaw & Mr. Goldstein are probably two others of the party, as many private papers belonging to them were found on the ground. Mr. Bar- clay is of opinion that Mr. Brown, who owned the Train that wintered near the Arkansas, was another He judges from the appearance of the Hair on the Head as well as from the shape of the Head; I have heard other persons spoken of as probably belonging to the party but seeing no evidence dont think it best to mention their names as it may create unnecessary alarm among their friends. Two of the Party only were scalped but all of them were stripped. The prin- cipal part of the letter Mail, I think has been brought in. The Indians evi- dently thought the large rolls of blanks to be the most important & consequently worth tore them open. I have brought all that was picking up; The bodies were buried in a common Grave & the Wagon with all the rubbish were burned over it to prevent if possible the Bodies being dug up by the Wolves. I have the honor to be Very respectfully. Your obt Servt (Sgd) A. B. BURNSIDE, Lt. 3d Arty Comdg Dep. Lt. J. N. Ward Post Adjutant official Ti McLaws AAA Oenl [burnside to plympton^] Las Vegas New Mexico June 12th 1850 Sib I have the honor to report, that in accordance with orders received from the Lieut Col Comdg. I started with my detachment composed of Lieut Plympton & twenty two non-commissioned officers & privates on the 27th of May for the purpose of escorting the Mail in the direction of Fort Leavenworth as far as » A. G. 0„ Pile-Box, Department of New Mexico, 1850, B 11. 200 CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. the Ce-^-'-t :^.-' Gen 9 — Mily Dept ~" [GRIER TO McLAWS.2] Hd Qrs Sqdn 1st Deags Rayado, N. M. June 18, 1850 Sib, For the information of the Col. Commdg. Department, I have the honor to report that I have, this day, sent Lieut Taylor with ' G ' Compy to take post at Taos. In my opinion, the presence of at least a small force is necessary there, particularly for the preservation of good order, during the approaching election — I have not the slightest confidence in the honesty, patriotism or fidelity of the people of Taos Valley — On those three points I regard them as but slightly superior to the Apache's I expect to return to Taos with my own Company, on the 26th. of this month, unless I receive orders to the contrary — Very Respectfully Your Obt Servt Wm. N. Grieb Capt & Brvt Majr Commdg Sqdn 1st Drags Lieut L. McLaws A. A. Adjt General 9th Mil. Dept. Santa Fe N. M. 1 A. G. O., Files, Department of New Mexico, W 3 of 1850. •9 Ibid. G 23 of 1850. CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 211 [CALHOUN TO BROWN.'] No. 64 [CALHOUN TO BROWN/] No 65 Indian Agency, Santa Fe, New Mexico June 15th 1850. Sir, I have but a moment to say, the Navajos are continuing their depredations on the west side of the Rio del Norte, and the Pueblo Indians are living in a constant state of excitement — I leave this afternoon on a visit to some of the Pueblos, for the purpose of as- certaining such facts as I may be able to glean. A few days ago a package of papers were found attached to the top of a pole that had been planted on a mound in the Prairies, near, or within the borders of the Comanche country. An examina- tion of the papers shows. 1. A letter from President Houston dated May 4, 1843. to Pah-hah- you-co inviting the Comanches to visit Bent's Fort for the purpose of making peace. 2. A Treaty of Peace duly signed by J. C. Eldride and Pah-hah- you-co dated, Comanche Encampment, Augst 9th 1843. 3. A letter from President Jones of Texas to Pah-hah-you-co, inviting the Comanche chiefs to meet his chiefs at the Council Ground at Taliuacano Creek — dated July 14, 1845 4. A " Talk sent to Pa-ha-eu-ka, Head Chief of the Comanche Nation by P. M. Butler, U. S. Commissioner, 11th Deer. 1843 " 5. A ratified treaty in print, "concluded at Council Springs, in the County of Robinson, Texas, near the Brazos river, this 15th day of May, A. D. 184G, P. M. Butler and M. G. Lewis, Commis- sions " &c &c. and the Chiefs and others of the Comanche & other tribes of Indians= The manner in which these pajoers have been disposed of by the Indians is significant of dissatisfaction, if not mischief — The Co- manches and other Indians are to hold a Council at the full moon of this month, somewhere near the Rio Colorado, at a place known 1 Not on file in Indian Office, but registered in O. 2^\ 1850. A, L. R. No. 37, under date Sept. O. I. A. Santa Fe. 491 Calhoun, J. C, Agt Santa F^, New Mex- June 13/50. Encloses copies of " proposed constitution" of New Mex- ico—remarks in reference. * O. I. A., Santa F6 Agency, C 402, or, September 2, 1850, C 491 i. icorded in L. R. No. 37 under date of 212 COKRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. as Suttons Fort — twelve days travel from Santa Fe — I have pro- cured an old Indian trader and the Governor of the Pueblo of Tesuque, to be there on that occasion. I will keep you fully advised of all important movements when- ever opportunities present= No news yet from Washington City — I have only time to add, I firmly adhere to all of my former suggestions in reference to the best and most economical mode of adjusting our Indian affairs in this territory. I am, With great respect. Your obt. Servt. J. S. Calhoun Ind. Agt. Orlando Brown Esq Gomr. of Ind. A-ffs. Washington City D.C [CALHOUN TO BROWN.'] No. 66. Indian Agency. Santa Fe, New Mexico. June 19th 1850 Sir, In connection with my letter, No. 66, I place before you a copy of a translation from the Spanish, of a communication received a few days ago by His Excellency, Governor Munroe. " River Pecos, June 10th 1850. The Captains of the Comanche ^ tribe, Yraquipa and Quisaqueca, have joined the Apaches, Jiccarilles and Mescaleros for the purpose of making a treaty with the U. S. The Apaches, Mescaleros, and Jiccarilles ask for peace on condition that all captives in their hands shall be given up, and that all in the possession of the U. S. be- longing to them, shall, also, be given up. The Captains of the Comanches request His Excellency, the Governor, to have two horses taken from some rogues on the lower Rio Grande. One is a black horse, not branded, one a gray, branded with a Mexican brand. In case these horses are recovered, please send them to their proper owners. (Signed.) Carentas Asui.es. El Phnrtn. E. LoBO. E. Bvrranquito Jose Largo. Santa Ana. 1 O. I. A., Santa F6 Agency. C 493. •Connected with the relations lietween the Comanches and the Apaches, see McLaws to Grier, June 28, 1850. CORRESPONDENCE OP JAMES S. CALHOUN. 213 The Governor has the comniiiiiication under consideration, but I am not advised as to the inclination of his mind. As the policy of the Government of the United States in reference to the Indians of this territory, if fixed, is not known here, it requires an assumption of power to maintain any thing like respectability in official position. The consequences will be seen in frequent blunders, and, perhaps, some mischief. The errors of the head should be ex- amined with great lenity, for our charts and compasses are very mcomplete, and the elements of society, here, do not favor the idea that the most honest guessing will accomplish much that is good. The character of my letters, I know, have afforded the Department no pleasure, nor could they afford pleasure to a patriot or a philan- thropist. I have faithfully advised you in relation to affairs that it was my privilege to allude to. But, sir. no human minds can ap- preciate, or understand, the character and extent of the disorder in this territory without being personally present, and I regret to add, there are but few present who seem to laiow, or care to know the true condition of affairs. There are those, who, if they can counter- act honest efforts to advance the public good, are perfectly content, are and there those who are so recklessly bent, to accomplish their ends niether life or character would be regarded for a moment. To-morrow the proposed Constitution, for a State Government, is to be passed upon by the people. At the same time, a Governor, Lieut. Governor, a Representative to Congress, and Members for a State Legislature, are to be elected. The Pueblo Indians are excited, the Mexicans are excited, and a certain class of Americans are greatly excited. The most unimaginable incongruities have combined, and are divided into two parties, neither possessing the characteristics of a national party. It is a contest between those who have controlled, officially, since Genl. Kearney's organization of this territory, and a portion of the people who have not approved the civil administration of public affairs — because they thought it was arbitrary, partial and unjust in its operations, and all territorial legislation suppressed. The people never have been permitted a solitary voice in the selec- tion of public functionaries. The contest is extremely violent. The Pueblo Indians have been called upon by both parties, and during the week past, various deputations have called upon me for advice. Up to the issuing of Governor Munroe's Proclamation of the 6th inst., herein enclosed, there seemed to be a general disposition, upon the part of the Indians, to have nothing to do with the elections, and J approved, most heartily, their determination. The propriety of 214 CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. has issuing the proclamation, is not apparent to me, It had the effect of agitating and disturbing the minds of these Indians, and my situa- tion is rendered exceedingly awkard and disagreeable. The ac- companying half sheet, will show the use that is made of it, and many of the Indians are inclined to the opinion they are to be aban- doned by their Great Father, the President of the United States. In order to avoid the appearance of official Collision, I have deemed it advisable to abstain from smy effort to counteract the apparent design ef the in issuing the proclamation. This course I have adopted with- out the slightest change in my views in reference to these Indians. For the present, they should remain under the exclusive jurisdiction of the Government of the United States. My reasons for this decided opinion, I have had occasion to give you in my previous letters, and I will not trouble you with a repetition of them. I am, > With great respect, Your obt. servt. J. S. Calhoun Ind. Agt. Orlando Brown Esqr. Co7nr. of Ind. Af». Washington City B.C. [ Inclosure. ] a U')S INOIOS DE PITEBLO DE NUEVO MEJIfO. Para evitar que sea uzado un influjo bajo el pretesto de autoridad oficial, dando una direccion a sus votos en la procsima eleccion. Por cuanto, esta declarado que sus derechos de votar sobre la adopccion de la Constitucion de Estado, y por los Candidates que scan de su gusto, o rehusar de hacerlo, quedandose en sus casas como en su juicio lo crean mejor esta plenamente reconocido, y que ningun agente oficial del gobierno esta autorizado de atentar, gobernar, dirigir o de otra manera influir con V. V. en el ejercicio libre e inde- pendiente de este derecho. Dado bajo mi firma en la Casa de Gobierno de la Ciudad de Santa Fe este dia 6, de Junio del ano de nuestro Senor de 1850. John Munroe, Gohernndor Civil y Military del Territorio de N . Mexico. CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 215 [Related Correspondence.] [McLAWS TO GRIER.i] Hd. Qrs 9 Mil: Dept : Santa Fe N. Mex: June 28/50. Major, I have the honor herewith to acknowledge the receipt of your communication of the 26th reporting the descent of a band of Apaches & Comanches on the Royado & your intention of starting in pursuit so soon as reinforcements could be received from Taos & Las Vegas. The Reports of Indian Depredations are such that Col. Munroe directs that you must not go on any Expedition so distant from your Post as to prevent a recall in case an emergency should require you in another direction. A party of about twenty Camanches have been among the San Domingo Indians for the purpose of making a Treaty with them, these are circumstances in regard to that Fact in connection with the report, that two hundred of the same tribe are about the Placer who intend ef oasing the River for the purpo se o f which engaging the Navajos so soon as they can cross the Rio Grande will show the necessity of requiring that a sufficient number of Troops be held in readi- ness to act so as to defeat any combinations between the Pueblo «& Comanche Indians or to put down any War between tribes which would result injuriously to this Territory. Until the above reports, are in some way elucidated, your instructions before mentioned will remain in force. All proper measures have been taken to gain requisite information & you will be notified of the result at an early period. Respectfully Your obt. Servt. L. McLaws Ist Lt 7th Infy AAA aenl. Major W. N. Grieb Comdg Rayado [CRAWFORD TO CALHOUN.'] War Department Washmgton, July 2d 1850 Calhoun, Colonel J. S, Santa Fe* New Mexico. Sir, Your letter of May 11th commending to the favorable consideration of the Department, the claims of Lieut. J. H. Simpson to brevet rank, has been received. »A. G. O., Old Book, No. 3, pp. 110-111. « A, G. O., M. B., No. 30, p. 225 ; Files, C 11 of 1850. 216 CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. It is the determination of the President not to take any action on this subject until the question of brevet rank, which has been sub- mitted to Congress, shall have been definitely acted on. Your letter will therefore be placed on file and brought to the notice of the Presi- dent, when the subject of brevets shall be under consideration by him. Very respectfully. Your Obt Serv Geo W. Crawford Secretary of War [CALHOUN TO BROWN.'] No. or. [CALHOUN TO BROWN.'] No r,8. Indian Agency. Santa Fe, New Mexico, _ \ J nly 15.1850 Sir, The receipt of your communications of the 24th of April and the 6th of May, of the present year, is hereby acknowledged. A mail leaves here to-day, for the United States, and it is my pur- pose to submit for your consideration, as briefly as possible, several topics of some importance. AVliile the Comanches have been roving through this territory, in various directions, without manifesting any decided purpose, so far as my knowledge extends, the x\paches and Navajos have not been idle. The Apaches, and perhaps others with them, a few days ago, drove off quite a number of animals, killed one soldier and an > Not on file in Indian Office; but the substance of it is given in O. I. A., L. R. No. 37, under date of September 6, 1850. Relates to excitement among the Pueblo Indians after elections, (at which some of them voted,) and the cause thereof — to efl'orts made to bring him into disrepute wilh the In- dians, & to deputations having visited him to know if he was their agent— to their impres- sions regarding him.— En- closes talk issued to them by Gov: Munroe, since Which all is quiet, and hey anxious to hear from Washington.— Also re- lates to certata roving bodies Comanches in mountains (to whom he sent agents), and to their depredations— &c. A., Santa F6 Agency, 495. CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 217 American, almost within sight of the Military Post of Rayado, com- manded by Maj. Grier. The number of Indians was supposed to be some three hundred, and, I presume, the few troops we had at Rayado were compelled to maintain a defensive attitude. I have heard that Maj. Steen in attempting to penetrate the Apache coun- try, east of Donafia, discovered that he was in the neighborhood of a very large body of Indians, who were amusing themselves with the display of red and white flags. The Major, in my opinion, would have been exceedingly indiscreet if he had not immediately returned to his post. The Navajos have driven off Stock in large numbers, west of the Rio del Xorte, and seized a few captives, but I am not advised of r.ny murders committed by them during the present month. An associated gang of Utahs, a few weeks ago, drove off some forty animals, from a place called Rita, about ten miles north of Abiquin. The Utah chiefs have secured the animals, sent word to the owners, they were ready to deliver them up, and had severely chastised the thieves. The wild Indians are moving, generally, in the direction of the Arkansas, they say, for the purpose of securing Buffalo. I shall be mistaken if we do not hear of mischief, of some sort, from that quarter. On the 4th of this month, an Apache who had been confined in prison for several months past, for murder, made a desperate effort to escape, wounded, severely, three soldiers, one since dead, and his murderous purposes were arrested by the timely arrival of a fourth soldier, who plunged his bayonet through the body of the Indian, who fell immediately dead. During the night before the last, an American, for what purpose is not known, was clambering over a corral wall, in which public ani- mals were kept, and not answering to the challenge of the Sentinel on duty there, was Shot through the head, and died immediately thereafter. This morning, a soldier, a german, deliberately shot himself through the head, with his musket, and is dead. The constitution submitted to the people for a state organization, on the 20th of last month, was approved with a voice, almost unani- mous. The party, as such, to whom the Governor had committed the formation of the State Government, submitted to an overwhelm- ing defeat, and the party who commenced the agitation of the ques- tion during the fall past, triumphed. Maj, R. H. Weightman, and Maj. Cunningham, Pay Master, have been elected Senators to Con- gress by the Legislature now in Session. Maj Weightman leaves to-day for Washington. 218 COKKESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN.' I enclose you a Proclamation of Governor Munroe authorizing the Legislature to assemble — The Legislature are not manifesting much respect for the limitations and restrictions contained therein, and point to California as a proper precedent. Dr Connelly, the Gov- ernor elect, who was supported by both parties in the Southern Coun- ties, is not in the territory, and the Lieut Governor, Alvarez, is the acting Governor — between whom, and Governor Munroe, an un- pleasant correspondence has occurred, in which, I understand. Gov- ernor Munroe ^ announces his purpose to sustain, with all the power at his command, the authorized officials under the Kearney code, who, until recently, were violently opposed to a State Government. This annunciation gives great dissatisfaction to the Legislature, as they look upon the old civil officials as micheivously purposed, and who have held arbitrary sway for four years, and in the mean time, the people have never been permitted to select an agent, except once, in 1847, during the war, they were permitted to elect members to a Legislature — And now, that the Governor, reluctantly, author- ized a convention to form a constitution, which the people have adopted, and authorized the Legislature to assemble, they say, the Governor (Munroe) ought not to force upon them rulers they have so long detested and feared, and whom they have condemned by an overwhelming majority — What will be the result of this diasagree- ment, we cannot tell — The minority charge the majority with revo- lutionary and treasonable designs, a charge that I do not think can be dignified as a hallucination — As to the merits of the controversy me between Governor Munroe and Alvarez, it would ill become to utter a word. When I commenced this letter, I had intended to have included in to it, the information, which you called m.y attention in the conclu- sion of your letter of the 24th of April last, but on reflection, I have concluded to transmit it to you in a separate letter. I am. Sir, Your obt. sert. James S. Calhoun, Ind. Agt Orlando Brown Esqr. Gomr. of Ind. Ajfs. Washington City. D.G. »Witb reference to this trouble, see letter from Conrad to Munroe, acknowledging Munroe's letter of July 16, 1850. CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 219 PHOCLAMATION.^ Whereas, the people of New Mexico, by their Delegates in Con- vention assembled, did, on the 25th day of May, frame a State Con- stitution for the Territory of New Mexico, and request the present Civil and Military Governor of this Territory to issue a Proclamation for Elections, for the purpose of submitting the same to the people, and for the purpose of electing such officers as are provided to be so elected in said Constitution: Therefore, I, John Munroe, Civil and Military Governor of the Territory of New Mexico, do hereby direct that the qualified electors shall assemble at the precincts of their respective counties on Thurs- day, the 20th day of June next, between the rising and setting of the sun, to vote on a separate ballot for or against the Constitution as framed by the Convention, the same to be deposited in a separate box ; and on another separate ballot to be deposited in a separate box, for Governor, Lieut. Governor, Representatives to Congi-ess, and for Senators and Representatives to a State Legislature, to convene at the Capitol on Monday, the first day of July next. It being provided and understood that the election of all officers in this election can only be valid by the adoption of the Constitution by the people and otherwise null and void ; and that all action of the Governor, Lieut. Governor, and of the Legislature, shall remain inoperative until New Mexico be admitted as a State under said Constitution, except such acts as may be necessary for the primary ste])s of organization, and the presentation of said Constitution properly before the Congress of the United States. The present Government shall remain in full force until by the action of Congress another shall be substituted. The election shall be conducted in manner and form as prescribed in the statute laws now in force in this Territory, except that the Prefects are hereb}^ directed forthwith upon the receipt of this Proclamation, to divide their respective counties into convenient election precincts, and to appoint three discreet persons in each pre- cinct as judges of election, who shall appoint two clerks of their respective precincts. The Prefects, with the assistance of the Prefects' clerks, shall within six days after the election count up all the votes in the returns of the several precincts of their counties, and shall immediately issue certificates of election under their hands to the persons having the highest number of votes for Representatives to the State Legislature. They sh.nll also make a fair abstract of the returns from the several precincts of their respective counties of all the votes for and against the Constitution, for Governor, Lieut. Governor, Representatives to 1 This proclamation is filed with Calhoun's lotter but is evidently not the one to which he, whon writing, hnd refereuco. 220 CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. Congress, and State Senators, and despatch the same immediately, certified under their hands, to the Secretary of the Territory, who shall issue certificates of election to the persons having the highest number of votes for members of the State Senate, and shall lay such returns before the two houses of the Legislature upon the first day of their session and immediately upon their being organised. The number of Representatives and Senators for the respective counties and districts for the State Legislature, shall be the same as prescribed for the Territorial Legislature in the statute laws of this Territory now in force. When any county officer whose duty it may be to sum up or make returns of votes or certificates of election, shall be a candidate for any office, the senor Alcalde of such county shall be required to aid in counting up said votes, and shall in place of such officer, being a candidate, sign all certificates of elections as hereinbefore prescribed. Given under my hand at the Government House, City of Santa Fe, this 28th day of May, A. D., 1850. John Munroe, Civil and Military Governor TerHtory of New Mexico. [Related Correspondence.] [ CONRAD TO MUNROE.^] Wab Department WafiMngton Sept 10th 1850 Munroe, Brevet Colonel J. Fort Marcy, Santa F6 Neio Mexico. Sir Your letter, addressed to the Adjutant General, dated Santa F6, New Mexico July 16' 1850, has reached this Department, and, together with the documents ficcompanying the same, been submitted to the President. I am directed to malje the following reply. The President has learnt with regret that any misunderstanding should exist between a portion of the people of New Mexico and yourself in relation to the Government of that country, and hastens to relieve you from the embarrassment in which that misunderstanding has placed you. I have now the pleasure to inform you that Congress has at length passed a law providing for the establishment of a teri'itorial government in New Mexico. The President will proceed with the least possible delay to organize the govern- ment, and as soon as it goes into operation, all controversy, as to what is the proper government of New Mexico, must be at an end. and the anomalous state of things which now exists there will be determined. You will perceive however that the same act, (a duly authenticated copy of which accompanies this communication) also fixes the boundary between New Mexico and Texas, and that its operation is suspended until the assent of Texas shall have been given to the boundary established by the Act. A. G. O., M. B., No. 30, pp. 268-264. CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN, 221 Although there is little doubt that such assent will be given, yet, as some time must elapse before it can be obtained, it is proper that some instructions should be furnished for your guidance in the interval. It is at all times desirable that the civil and military departments of the government should be kept entirely distinct. Although circumstances may occasionally arise which require a temporary departure from this principle, that departure should cease with the necessity which occasioned it. No neces- sity seems to exist at present for departing from it in regard to New Mexico. The country is represented to be tranquil, and although the inhabitants have undertaken to establish a government for themselves, without the authority of a previous Act of Congress, nevertheless there is no reason to believe that, in so doing, they intended to throw off their allegiance to the United States, and as the government they seek to establish is entirely consistent with the lawful authority and dominion of the United States in and over the Territory and its inhabitants, the President does not consider himself called upon to suppress it by military force. Unless, therefore, it should become necessary to suppress rebellion or resist actual hostilities against the United States, (an event hardly to be apprehended) or unless the inhabitants or a portion of them should de- mand from you that protection which is guarantied to them by the 9th Article of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, you are directed to abstain from all fur- ther interference in the civil or political affairs of that country. In case you should have any further communications to make to this Depart- ment in relation to the civil and political affairs of New Mexico, you will ad- dress them directly to the Head of this Department. Very respectfully. Your Obt Serv C M. Conrad Secretary of War. [CALHOUN TO BROWN.'] No. 69. Indian Agency Santa Fe, New Mexico. July 15, 1850 Sir, By or before the first day of June, last, I have reason to beleive, you received my letters, Nos. 50 and 51. These two letters have con- veyed to you my opinions of a Suitable organization for the Indian Service in New Mexico, and the amount of expenditures that I deem absolutely necessary in order to carry it out in a proper and efficient manner. My opinions in relation to " one general superintendent " &c. are in perfect accord with those of the Department, as I have heretofore written. I regret exceedingly that I have not seen your " annual report ". iQ. I. A., Santa F4 Agency, C 496. 222 COREESPONDEISrCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. In your remark, " better too many than too few " Asrents. I fully concur; but I am really astonished at the authoritative manner in which tlie Hon. H. N. Smith states that the Jiccarillas " are entirely separate and distinct from any other tribe ". This statement is an- tagonistical to every particle of information that has reached me in reference to these Indians. These people to some extent, are the issue of Apaches and Comanches — but to a much greater extent, Apaches and Utahs. At least, this is my understanding of the subject. In relation to the number of Pueblo Indians, for reasons which I have heretofore given you, I can not agree with Mr. Smith in his estimate — 7,000. In my number 51, my views are given in reference to Agents and Sub-agents, and expenditures generally. I am aware that if we look at the number of the Indians only, the number of agents, which I recommend, would seem to be unreasonable. On the section of a map which I enclosed to you in my No. 50, the spots upon which Pueblos are built, are somewhat, accurately marked — By an examination of it, and remembering the topography of the coun- try, you will not fail to perceive why it is, the number of agents must be greatly disproportioned to the number of Indians — And here, I these Indians may remark, may be easily managed, if properly pro- tected and cared for — But, if driven to desperation, and they combine their forces, it will be no easy matter to subdue them. I am inclined to think, my Nos 50 & 51. contain all the informa- tion you desire, except as to mechanics — I would recommend a Black- smith, and a man who could make Waggons and Plough Stocks, should be attached to the Agency of each district — Such Mechanics would have to be sent from the States, and all the tools necessary for their trade. In my number 24. my views are defined in reference to the present laws regulating trade and intercourse with Indians &c. The amend- ments therein suggested, would adapt them to the peculiar condition of affairs in this territory, and, perhaps, improve their eiEciency elsewhere. With great respect, Your obt. servt, J. S. Calhoun, Ind. Agt Orlando Brown Esqr. Comr. of Ind Affs CORKESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUX. 223 [Related Correspondence.] [brown to smith.'] Office Indian Affairs Fehruary 27, 1850 Smith Hon H N of New Mexico, noio in Washington Sir: The Department bas under consideration the subject of a suitable organization and arrangements for the proper management of our Indian relations in New- Mexico, and which will tend to put an end to existing difficulties and prevent their recurrence. I am well aware that our main reliance to I^eep the Indians in proper subjection, and to prevent difficulties between them and our citizens, must be upon an efficient military force ; but the services of active and efficient agents are also essential. It is by and through such officers that our Indian relations must be directly managed and controlled ; and it is deemed important that an adequate number be provided for by Congress as early as possible. Anxious to have the aid of the best advice and information in my power ta obtain, I would be glad to have your views on some points connected with the subject, about which the Department is not so well informed as is desirable Col Calhoun, our Indian Agent at Santa Fe, is of the opinion that all the roving tribes of New Mexico — those that have no fixed and permanent place of residence — may be regarded as consisting of the Comanches, Apaches, Navajoes, and Utahs, and that all others — excluding those found in the vicinity of the head waters of the Arkansas River — are but offshoots from these, who have become more or less intermixed and amalgamated together. He recommends that the limits of the country properly claimed by these four tribes be ascertained and clearly defined, and that they with the fugitive or offshoot bands, should be compelled to remain within them. Such a measure it is presumed could only properly be brought about by treaties with these Indians, to be negotiated by Commissioners appointed for the purpose. The further question arises whether one Agent for each of these tribes will be sufficient, and it is i)resumed it will, at least after such an arrangement as that above suggested. The Indians of New Mexico, not included in or belonging to those above men- tioned, as I understand Agent Calhoun's view^s. are all to be classed under the head of Pueblos — not because they are all of one tribe, or speak the same, or even similar language, but because they have all fixed habitations, called Pueblos, and in their disposition, pursuits, and habits, closely resemble each other. These Pueblos, embracing about 12000 Indians, as estimated by Col Calhoim, he states are scattered over a considerable section of country, & he recommends that they be divided into about six districts and an Agent appointed for each. This would seem to be a large number of Agents for the number of Indians, bearing the character they do for being in a considerable degree civil- ized, peaceably disposed and industrious. The Indians of the difl!erent Pueblos, it is stated claim a greater or less extent of country — portions of which are claimed also by whites, under Spanish or Mexican grants or otherwise. Col Calhoun considers it very important that these conflicting claims be adjusted at an early day, and the limits of the Indian possessions be fixed and well defined; and he states that the Pueblos are very anxious to have the laws of the United States regulating trade and intercourse » O. I. A., L. B., No. 43, pp. 46-47. 224 CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN, with our ludiau tribes extended over them, so that they may be protected from improper intrusions from the whites, and be free to enjoy their own peculiar modes of government; with which privilege it is stated the whites are disposed to interfere. The questions of the extension of these laws over the other Indians of New Mexico ; how far they are applicable, and what modifications, if any, should be made in them to render them so, are also subjects for con- sideration, upon which the Department has no satisfactory information I enclose a copy of the principal law upon the subject for your examination. Another matter upon which the Department is at a loss to form a satis- factory judgment, is as to what amount would be a fair and just compensation to a Superintendent of Indian Affairs in the Territory, should Congress provide an independent one, and to Agents and Sub Agents and interpreters. I am aware, from the increased expense of living, their more exposed positions, and the greater perplexity and difficulty of their duties, that larger allowances, to some extent, should be made to them than those fixed by existing laws for such officers and employees, generally; but I am altogether at a loss to know what amounts to recommend for the consideration of Congress. I would respectfully ask your consideration of the several subjects referred to in this letter, and would be much indebted to you for your views and opinions in regard to them, or upon any other points connected with the proper management of our Indian relations in New Mexico, which should be considered in the preparation of a report upon the subject. If you would like to examine Col. Calhoun's reports it will give me pleasure to submit them to you if you will call at the office. O B [smith TO BROWN.^] Washington City March 9tJi 1850 Sib Your letter of Feby 27th upon the subject of our Indian relations in New Mexico has been received, and in reply I would remark that while I entirely concur with you in opinion that our main reliance to keep the Indians in a proper subjection and prevent the recurrence of those depredations and acts of outrage which have so long afflicted New Mexico, must be upon the efficient and active Military force, still your department can effect a great deal for us. The appointment and proper distribution of a suitable number of Indian agents in that country, would enable the government to act correctly and ad- to visedly both with a view the interest of the Iiuliau and also of the emigrants and settlers in that country, when the government undertakes (which it must do) to mark out and set apart the country which it intends shall be the perma- nent and future home of each sei)arate and distinct tribe. The agents would also be able to give the government officers immediate and correct information of all acts of hostility committed by the different tribes, of their different localities and haunts, so that they might be pursued and punished immediately; a prompt retribution has a better effect than even a severer punishment after a long delay. The agents would be of great service in carrying out that stipu- lation of our recent treaty with Mexico whereby we agree to restore to liberty all those Mexican captives now in possession of the Indians who have become incorporated within our limits. The agents would be necessary in regulating the proper intercourse of traders with those Indians, as much of our « diffi- culty with them arises in my opinion from the misconduct of lawless and im- proper persons who are allowed to go among them under pretense of trading. O. I. A., Santa F6 Agency, S 449. CORKESPONDENCE OP JAMES S. CALHOUN. 225 I do not think the Indians in and surrounding New Mexico are so lazy and indolent as tribes nearer here and bordering upon our own civilization. After they are once reduced to a proper subjection and made to feel the Strength and power of our government and afterwards experience its clemency and kindness, I am of opinion that they can easily be induced to adopt an agricultural life, that they will prove to be very tractable, and under the guidance of discreet and worthy agents we may yet see some of their rich mountain valleys teeming with the produce of a laborious cultivation. The Spaniards reclaimed from Savage life all our Pueblos and made them industrious and honest Cultivators of the soil, in a short time we might succeed as well with several of the wild tribes surrounding New Mexico. I think there should be appointed at least five agents for the five following tribes viz Comanches, Southern Apaches, Navajoes, Utahs, and Northern Apaches or as the latter are sometimes called the Jicarillas; though the last are omitted by Col. Calhoun they are entirely separate and distinct from any other tribe and are preeminently distinguished for their ferocity and cruelty, they infest our northern settlements and have been a greater annoyance to New Mexico than any other tribe either within or surrounding our Territory. The Pueblos or civilized Indians residing within the settlements of New Mexico a very peaceable honest and industrious people possess many of the rights of citizenship, they do not exceed in numbers about 7000, and might be divided into three districts and an agent appointed for each. They own the best lands now under cultivation in that country and their claims are undoubted good grants from the Spanish and Mexican governments ; but for some years past trespasses and gradual encroachments have been committed upon their lands by the Mexicans. I see no way in which our government can aid them in adjusting these conflicting claims except by assisting them with the advice of counsel and agents whenever their causes or complaints are brought before the proper judicial tribunals. These different Pueblos are now according to law Quasi Gorporations, and to a great extent have the management of their own affairs, and the internal police of their towns, and can appear in any court and sue and be sued by the name of their separate towns and villages. In reference to salaries and compensation to be paid such officers in that country, I would suppose that the Superintendent of Indian affairs residing at least Santa Fe' should receive at twenty five hundred Dollars per annum, and that he could not live there for less, and other agents and employees should be paid in proportion, as the expense of living there is greatly more than here. A very desirable effect might be produced upon some of the wild tribes of Indians by sending a delegation from each tribe to Washington City. By allowing the tribes themselves to select some of their principal chief men for this visit you would secure to those distant savages some idea of the strength and power of our government, a correct knowledge of which would induce a greater disposition to enter into formal stipulations, and secure a better good faith in the execution and observance of their treaties. But in connexion with all this allow me to remark that Superintendents, agents, nor formal contractors nor commissioners can be effective without the presence and cooperation for some time of a strong and active military force; it should be well mounted and composed of those hardy and adventurous pioneers and mountain men who are to be found upon our frontier and should always be commanded by an officer well acquainted with Indian character and warfare. The officer commanding against those Indians should be vigilant, 5021—15 15 226 CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. prompt and energetic, undnunted by any difficulties or obstacles, he should pursue tbeni through their mountain haunts and wild retreats and never desist until he has visited their first infractions of their treaty with severe and speedy punishment. Every day we hear of fresh acts of outrage being com- mitted by those Indians, and our government has so long delayed its punish- ment that they now believe they can commit any depredations with impunity, and will hardly go through with the formality of making a treaty. A timely interference and check imposed now by our government might prevent at com- paritively a small cost those massacres and terrible scenes of bloodshed which will undoubtedly ensue if those Indians are permitted to go on and add to their strength by combinations of the different tribes, and which would entail upon our government a succession of military operations more protracted and more expensive than the famous Florida War Most IJespectfu ly Your obt servt Hugh N Smith To - Orlando Brown Esqr Coiitmisfiioner of Indian Affairs Washington City D. C. [CALHOUN TO BROWN.^] No. 70. Indian Agency. Santa Fe, Keav Mexico. Jubj 15th 1850. Sir, The enclosed certificate will show you that thirteen captives have been rescued and released, in compliance with a treaty stipulation between the United States and Mexico, entered into in 1848. To re- duce expenditures as much as possible, I thouglit it best, to send the captives to El Paso — I have not had time to prepare an account of expenditures incurred in releasing them, but will do so, at an early day — ^Nor have I had time to prepare my a/c current for the quarter ending on the 30th of June — On yesterday I was obliged to raise a thousand dollars for the use of this Agency, and drcAV for that amount, payable a sight to Cyrus Choice, which I trust the Department Avill cause to be honored. Very respectfully. Your obt. servt J. S. Cai.iioun Ind. Agt. Ok. Brown Esqr Comr. of Ind. Affs > O. I. a., Santa F6 Agency, C 497. COEEESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUK. 227 [Inclosure.] This is to certify, that I have this 27th day of June 1850, received from Mr. John G. Jones Agent of J. S. Calhoun, United States Indian Agent, residing at Santa Fe, New Mexico, Thirteen Captives, rescued and released in compliance with treaty stipulations of Eighteen hundred and forty eight, entered into between the United States and Mexico — The Captives are known by the names as follows. — (Viz) 1st Refocio Priaros— from near St lago, Durango. 2nd Teodoro Martel " La Paps near Saltillo. 3d Candalalario Galope " Fernandez near Santa Clara. 4th Rosalie Terares " Monclova 6th Roman Felice " Sonora 6th Valvaneda Mendes " Sonora 7th Marguerite Belardo " Sonora 8th Jose INIarea " Sonora 9th Cruz Romaro " Sonora 10th Juan de Dios Fernandez, Sonora 11th Patro Cocoba " Sonora 12th Patro Rejalva " Sonora 13th Revfeta Mendes " Sonora. Villa del Paso el Norte Mejico Junis 27 de 1850 Comr. pr'al de frontera Jose N. Peieto [CALHOUN TO BROWN.'] No. 71. Indian Agency, Santa Fe, New Mexico. July IGth 1850. Sir, A moment is afforded to me to enclose the accompanying Treaty,^ which I felt it to be my duty to make, under the authority of your letter of the 24th of April last. The treaty is made with the Pueblos of Santa Clara — Tesuque — Nambe — Santo Domingo — Jemez — San Felipe — Cochiti — San Ilde- fonso — Santa Ana — and Cia (or Silla) the only Pueblos I have been able to see since the receipt of your letter alluded to — I hope to be 1 O. I. A., Santa F6 Agency, C 408. See File-box, " Treaties, Originals, &c., &c." » See facsimile, pp. 238-246. 228 COREESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. able to see the others in a short time, and there is no doubt as to their entering into similar stipulations. With great respect, Your obt Servt. Orlando Brown, Esq. Comr. of Ind. Afs J. S. Calhoun hid. Agt Washington City D. C. [CALHOUN TO BROWN.'] Xo 72. Indian Agency. Santa Fe, New Mexico July 30th. 1850. Sir, On yesterday morning a mail was received with dates from Wash- ington City as late as the 20th of June. Your annual report was all that I received from the Department. It is exceedingly to be regretted, and really embarrassing to me, that the necessary appropriations have not yet been made by Con- gress. You were advised by my No. TO, (July 15) that I had drawn on the Department for one thousand dollars, payable at Sight. The whole of that sum is exhausted, and although I have not yet been subjected to any absolute inconvenience, you will readily perceive that I can be in no very quiescent state — I suppose before the draft for the $1000 is presented, the necessary appropriations will have passed. But whether passed or not, I pray you protect the draft — I shall submit to serious inconveniences before I assume a similar responsibility in drawing — In consequence of the great number of Indian Deputations that has visited me during the last three months, my expenses have been very heavy, and although my means are ex- hausted, my necessary agents and assistants are unpaid, and although they are subjected to some inconvenience, yet, they have, so far, submitted uncomplainingly, as they know it might be hazardous in me to draw upon the Department without authority. On the morning of the 16th inst, or the previous evening, a large number of animals were driven off, by Indians, from near Moro — This fact, with an application from the Citizens of that neighbor- » O. I. A., Santa F6 Agency, C 487. CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 229 hood to be permitted to organize and pursue the Indians, and retake their property, was communicated to Governor Munroe on the morn- ing of the 17th. The permission was promptly granted, and they are now out with a small detachment of our own troops. We are in hourly expectation of hearing from them. On the 25th inst. the Navajos drove off from Polvedara, a village upon the west side of the Rio del Norte, about twelve miles north of Socoro, a military post, a number of oxen — Report says, they were pursued by some Mexicans, on foot, overtaken, and three of the Indians killed — This report needs confirmation. The animals taken off by a band of Utahs, about which I wrote you on the 15 inst (No 68) have been returned, at which time several of the chiefs visited our military post at Abiquin, and made frequent and strong declarations in favor of a peaceable and quiet life, and their determination to adhere strictly to the terms of the treaty — It may be well to remember, these declarations are only valuable when you have the power to coerce such people. An agent who was sent into the Utah Country some ten days ago, travelled, as he supposes, about sixty miles north from Abiquin, and found a great number of Utah Lodges, variously estimated at from five to fifteen hundred — The estimate to a Lodge, generally, is about one warrior and a half to a Lodge. It is represented, these Indians are well supplied with provisions, skins, and animals, excellent muskets and Rifles, and a superabundance of Powder and Lead; and were constantly amusing themselves by firing at marks. Major Graham, the commanding officer at Abiquin, had been ordered to abandon that post, and had marched for Alburquque; but so soon as the foregoing facts were made known to Col. Munroe, the Major was ordered to retrace his steps — The citizens near that frontier are under painful apprehen- sions. On the I7th of the present month, facts were communicated to me, that induced a faint hope that Mr and Mrs AVliite's daughter yet sur- vived. I immediately despatched Auguste Lacome, with instruc- tions, if possible, to reach the encampment of the " Jiccarrilles." the band of Apaches who commit most of their depredations north of Taos. There, it was said, the child would be found. On the 23d. inst. near the foot of a mountain, at a place known as Vale Gulebra^ some two days north of the Rio Colorado, which flows into the Rio del Norte, Lacome found himself near some twenty Lodges inhab- ited by Utahs. — About forty warriors came out to meet him, and finally managed to get hold of his rifle, and filled the barrel with water — Lacome had with him an interpreter and two peons only. they So soon as the rifle was rendered unfif for service, proceeded to 230 CORRESrONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. examine his packs, and divided ainon*:: ilienisolves his Stock in trade, consistini? of about six hundred and ninety dollars in Indian goods — one hoi-se, and one mule. The Indians, at one time, had resolved to kill the party Avith the exception of one of the peons, who was to be allowed to live that he might tell Col. Munroe what they had done - An arrow was sped at Lacome, but failed its mark in consequence of the Interpreter's jarring the Indian who held the bow. Finally, by various promises, and hard begging, the Indians abandoned their murderous designs, but gave a severe whipping to the interpreter and a peon — Lacome's rife being too heavy for Indian service, it was returned to him. Lacome explained to them, he was in search of the ( " Jiccarrilles " for the purpose of trading with them — They replied, j it mattered not what his object was, they w^ere the lords of that region — the whole country was theirs, not only the grass, wood and ' water, but the winds and the sky above was theirs, and that he, La- come, should not proceed one step further north — and ordered him to return forthwith, and bade him to present their compliments to Governor Munroe, and say to him, representing as he may Ameri- cans, Mexicans, and Texans, they desired to try his rnetal in battle^ they that wanted no peace with either, and would have none — This is a band of the Utahs known as the " Marches," led on by one Am- pariia, said to be a bold and fearless chief. These Indians had descended from the mountains that morning, where they had been in camp with the " Jiccarrilles " who had about one hundred and twenty lodges. AVhile the Utahs occupied the west side, the .Jiccarrilles were to occupy the east, so as to secure the per- sons and property of some traders who are daily expected to return from the Kioways— they have taken their positions not remote from the Spanish Peaks — The estimate for this class of Indians is three warriors to a Lodgo— luunodiatoly after Lacome, returned to Taos, the a petition of which the following is a copy, was forwarded to Col. Munroe. To His Excellency, Governor Munroe, Military and Civil Gov- ernor of New Mexico. The undersigned citizens of the County of Taos, w^ould respect- fully represent that the Apache Indians are within a days travel, and but a few days ago entered the village of the Rio Colorado, and are daily becoming bolder in their depredations. We therefore pray Your Excellency to issue an order for a campaign of the People of this County. The bearer of this petition while explain the present COKEESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 231 Avhereabouts of these Indians, their feelings &c. as he has just re- turned from their village. (Signed) James H. Quinn Auguste Lacome LuciEN B. Maxwell Jose Manuel Arrogon Thomas Birch Anto. Jose Valdez Wir. Krowing Vital Truhillo Wm, Becket. Phillipe Aragon Francis Laeoret Jean Baptiste Charlefour CiioTEAU Laforet Anto. Laforet. Carlos Beaubien Christopher Corson. Charles Ortebees Wm. White It escaped my recollection at the proper point, to say, the Utahs first mentioned in this letter, say they procure their munitions of War from the M ormo ns^ and a trading post near the Great Salt Lake— "" I also, ommited to say, that Lacome was permitted to bring off four of his own mules; they were worn out and unfit for service — The Indians gave him two Oxen and two cows, which show they are not suffering for food — In reference to the above Petition, I do not know what the Gov- ernor may have ordered. I am, Sir, With great respect, Your obt Servt. James S. Calhoun Incl. Agt Orlando Brown Esqr. Comr. of Ind. Afs. Washington City D. C. [CALHOUN TO BROWN.'] No 73. Indian Agency Santa Fe, New Mexico Juhj 31, 1850 Sir, The enclosed papers exhibit the present aspect of political affairs in this territory. 1 O. I. a., Santa F6 Agency, C 486. 232 CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. No. 1. Shows that Texas has taken the iniatory in extending her jurisdiction over this territory, by ordering certain elections on mon- day next. No. 2. Governor Alvarez's proclamation ordering certain elections to be held on the second monday in August next, under the recent State organization of this territory. No. 3. Governor Munroe's proclamation announcing his purpose to continue the military organization until he is otherwise instructed from Washington — You will observe that he speaks in emphatic terms in relation to Governor Alvarez's proclamation, but not a word in allusion to the Texan order. These conflicting efforts have not created the slightest excitement except with the immediate actors in this triangular love of order and good government, and the old and time honored incumbents of mis- rule, as they are called by those who are not in office — hear Judging from the past, you will doubtless of much excite- ment, and insurrectionary designs against the old territorial organiza- tion — If I could so far stultify myself, I should beleive such reports, the because Governor has ordered the troops from several of the out- posts to concentrate at interior points — But, I do not beleive there is one man in this territory, who, in his wildest moments, ever dreamed of attempting to seize the reins of government by force — There can be no contest between the people and the military power of this territory — In conclusion, I will remark, there was danger, at one time, of civil strife and bloodshed between antagonistical parties for politi- cal supremacy, and, on that occasion, I have reason to beleive, the Pueblo Indians were tampered with — But the overwhelming defeat established of the supposed invincible party has g iven, so far as I am able to judge, perfect tranquility among the people, notwithstanding the great efforts made to provoke an outbreak. This much I have deemed it necessary to say, in order that my ver- sion of the present state of affairs here, may be placed before the Department. I am, Sir, With great respect. Your obt. Servt. J. S. Calhoun Orlando Brown Esqr. Ind. Agt Comr. of Ind. Affs. Washington City D. G. COEKESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 233 [Inclosures] No. 1 (Copy). ELECTION NOTICE In accordance with the law and the proclamation of the Governor of the State of Texas, there will be a general election held throughout the State of Texas on the first Monday in August next, for the follow- ing Officers: To Wit, 1 Secretary of State, 1 Attorney General, 1 Cheif Justice and 2 Associate Justices of the Supreme Court, 1 Com- missioner of the General Land Office, 1 Adjutant General, 1 Treas- urer and one Controler. Within the county of Santa Fe; Also at the same time and place officers for the County of Santa Fe, To Wit one Cheif Justice of the County Court four County Com- missioners 1 Coroner 1 Sheriff, 1 Clerk of the district Court, 1 Clerk of the County Court and 1 Assessor and Collector. Also at the same time and place for district officer with the County, To Wit, 2 Justice of the peace and one Constable for each district. For the district of Toas (No 1) 2 justice of the peace and Con- stable—Rio Ariba (No 2) 2 J. P. & Constable. Santa Fe (No 3) 2 J. P. & 1 Const. Santa Anna (No 4) 2 Justice of the Peace Con- stabl. Burnadilla (No. 5) 2 Justice of the Peace & 1 constable. San Miguel (No 6) 2 J. P. & 1 Const. For the first district as numbered above the election will be held at the most convenient place in the Town of Taos. In the second at the most usual place of transacting public business. In the 3d. at any convenient place in the Town of Santo Fe ; In the fourth at the Town of Algodonis. In the fifth at the Town of Alburquerque. For the 6th at the Town of San Miguel. The presiding officers for each precinct will be appointed between this and the time of the election and furnished with all necessary instructions. In case of the failure or refusal of the regular presid- ing officer to act it will be Lawful for the elector (Voters) present at the precinct to appoint a presiding officer who will as in ordinary cases appoint 2 Judges and 2 Clerks of the election the presiding officers will make their returns to me within Ten days from and after the election In accordance with instructions. Alburquerque July 20th 1850. S. M. Baird Judge of the 11th Judicial District of the State of Texas. 234 COEEESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN, No. 2. PROCLAMA Como en Virtud de un acto de la Legislatura del Estado de Nuevo Mejico aprovado el dia 12 de Julio de 1850. es obligacion de dicho Estado de expedir su proclamacion ordenando la eleccion de ciertos oficiales. Por tantos, sepan todos, que gro Manuel Albarez Vice Gobernador, funcionando de Gobernador, por la precente ordeno y requiero que se liaga una eleccion el segundo Lunez de Augusto proximo en los diferentes precintos de los diferentes Candados de este estado para los siguientes oficiales; para cada Candado. 1 Alcalde primero 1 Alguacil 1 Coronario, Y para el condado de Taos seis Alcaldes y seis Sota-Alguaciles, id Eio Ariba Seis Alcaldes y seis Sota-Alguaciles. id Santa Fe seis Alcaldes y seis Sota-Alguaciles. id San Miguel Cuartro Alcaldes y Cuartro Sota-Alguaciles id Santa Ana tres Alcaldes y tres Sota-Alguaciles. id Bernalillo Conco Alcaldes y Cinco Sota-Alguaciles. id Valencia cuartro Alcaldes y Cuatro Sota-Alguaciles. id Socorro Cinco Alcaldes, y Cinco Sota-Alguaciles. Por un acto de clicha Legislatura aprovada el 5 de Julio de 1850, el Condado anteriormente conocido como el Condado de Valencia ful ■dividido en dos candados, a Saber, Valencia y Socorro por una linea tirada del oriente al Poniente, arriba de las ultimas casas del Sabinal ; y la parte de al Sur Mamado condado del Socorro procedera a la «elecion de los oficales como se dice arriba — Dado bajo de mi firme y sello particular per falto del gran L. s. Sello del Estado en la Cuidad de Santa Fe. a 20 de Julio 1850. Lewis D. Sheetz Secretary of State. No. 3. Al Prefecto del Condado de Senor : — Por cuanto: dos documentos firmados "Manuel Alvarez, Vice- Gobernador del Estado de Nuevo Mejico," dirigidos al Prefecto del condado de Santa Fe, uno significa ser una proclamacion para tener elecciones, y el otro un extracto tomado de una ley pasada en la ultima seccion de "la Legislatura del Estado de N. Mejico," CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 235 dirigiendo el tiempo y la manera de tener ciertas elecciones, me han sido remitidos por dicho Prefecto; y como se presume que iguales documentos han sido dirigidos a los otros Prefectos de los diferentes condado del Territorio, esta V. por este instruido, que el Gobierno del Estado de Nuevo Mejico no tiene existencia legal, hasta que Nuevo Mejico este amitido en la Union como Estada por el Congreso de los Estados Unidos, y que hasta que este asi determinado de otra manera por autoridad competente, el presente Gobierno continuara, y sera sostenido como el Gobierno actual del Territorio de Nuevo Mejico. Por tanto V. se desentendera de la proclama, mandatos u otros actos espedidos por mano de Alvarez, Vice-Gobernador, o cualquiera otro oficial bajo del dicho Gobierno de Estado, y tener los mismos como nulos y de ningun efecto, y cualquiera comunicacion hecha a V. por el arriba espresado u otros, esta V. por esta instruido a remitir inmediatamente al Secretario del Territorio, por orden de John Munroe, Gobernador Militar y Civil del Territorio de Nuevo Mejico. Dado bajo mi firma en la Secretaria del Territorio, este veinte y tres dia de Julio, ano de mil ocho cientos y cincuenta. [CALHOUN TO BROWN.'] No. 74. Indian Agency. Santa Fe, New Mexico. July 31st 1850. Sir, This morning it is reported, that Maj Grier,^ with the citizens who were authorized by Col. Munroe to organize and pursue the Indians who recently drove oil from near the Moro a number of animals, came upon a number of Indians some two or three days travel north of Rayado, and in two skirmishes which he had with them, killed six Indians, wounded a number, and securred a number of Horses, Mules, Sheep, and beef Cattle. The foregoing facts are credited at Head Quarters, but the official report had not been received this morning. The prefect of Abiquin came in this morning, and says that some thirty odd traders were authorized by Genl. Choice to go to the Utah Lodges mentioned in my letter No. 72. for the purpose of trading with the Utahs — About three days ago they reached the Lodges, and finding the traders had no powder or lead to sell them, they retained thirty of them as prisoners, and sent two or three to Abiquin for certain Mexicans to come to them and explain why powder and lead 1 O. I. A., Santa F6 Agency, C 488. « For Report of Major Grier, see A. G. O., Department of New Mexico, G 33 of 1850. . 236 COERESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. is not sold to them — They told the traders, in the mean time, they might trade with their woman, but, as they had nothing that a man wanted, they could not trade with them. The prefect states, that the Mexicans sent for, speak the Utah language, and did not hesitate to leave after confering with Genl. Choice, who sent to the Indians a message, the purport of which was unknown to the i^refect. The prefect left Abiquin on yesterday, but as he did not inform Genl. Choice of his intention to come to this place, I am without the requisite intelligence from the General — Unless to accomj)lish some end, in perfect unison with the military views of that post. General Choice had no authority to grant trading licenses to any person, I therefore doubt the correctness of the in- formation, which the Prefect says he received from others, that he had issued to this trading party licenses to trade with the Utahs — I have uniformly refused all applications for licenses to trade with Apaches, Navajos, and Utahs, except so far as they were immediately connected with, and designed to effect the liberation of Mrs. White, her daughter and servant. But Sir, under the circumstances existing here, a license is a matter of but slight consequence to a trader, for, if he succeeds, his profits are quite satisfactory, and he will not often fail if he will take with him a proper supply of powder and ball — It is true, the Military power of the territory may harrass for a time, but what more can they do, since trading with Indians is no violation of LaAV, or any Military order? It is painful to perceive, that the true conditions of matters in this territory, the dangers which are impending, are not thoroughly un- derstood at Washington, because truthful statements are evidently discredited. An express Thc - ni itil for the States closes this afternoon, and my pressing duties do not allow me to add another word at this moment. With great respect. Your obt. servt J. S. Calhoun Ind. Agt. O. Brown Esqr. Comr. of Ind. Afs. Washin(/fon City D. G. P. S. A copy of my letter to Genl. Choice accompanies this communica- tion — J. S. C. CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 237 PACSIMILE OF CALHOUN'S LETTER TO ORLANDO BROWN, JULY 16, 1850, AND OF THE INDIAN TREATY WHICH IT ENCLOSED. Vc 9*v-^ 'C^.,,.-^ ^^j&.^^^ ^u^^>^ 7^^ .^"s^^ X^-^^^ ^^*.^ J^ ^-CCW/I 238 COEEESPONDEiNCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. ■'*'^.'^.-^ crwweCCpww /i^^\'^V%-srf tr\^ /-/"^^rT^-w^ ^ COEKESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 239 yC^^^^^'^'^'^^ <:i^i-<><^-'^'«^ti^ Ti^jJ'^^'-CA^i^ Q^>»^ l-'W^,^/*,^^ ^tcjt*^ t^sA^^ *»/^v4y V^JUu^^ 0^,^^WW*V<*JVvv<;i^ 240 CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. ^o.^^OtsL- /^^ "ft^.,-^ er-Z-i,^-^^ /CU^i-^^-^ a^^^^^ C^^^LcTT^,,^ ^ CX-^~^ c-.v.,^H ^^.j^-iA^ 'C!Z4>.yOu^i^ x-w-^^ 0-A5-. CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S, CALHOUN. 241 SVZ-^-\.x^ '^' f. ^:x<^^< %^ ^nJ^ yC--^ ,x^^z^ j^*^^>^ i?V^^ ^'^feSK*-!* >^ i^d!<^.^ ■7 .iC^:^ 5021— 1( -16 242 CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. ^^ 0<^'^^?>»^.-<-^,/«-C ff COERESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 243 /^^^-^ >^-^ -^^^^^A^ ^^'^^.^^,^<^/^^KvW^...^t^ .^-J^ ^^,^,.,0^ y^^ ...^r^ .^-^ ZX^y^ _ ^^,^/t ._^^^ 244 COREESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. /c^Jc-^^-^'s^-^/^v*..-**-**. ^f, y^.^^^" yk A?^^^^ i^^-^^f-r :^.%^%^sir4au. <^^<^lwfyl. I COEEESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 245 '*^^ ^^ / V-. f^i^^ T^ ^^^^^.-t/t^t^ Jv ^*^ /cTtArt/'-uwp '^^-^^>^s^ ^>^?-..i-t>' 246 COEEESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. ci^l^^^<::^ s^^^4^^;^4^^ ^. J0 ^/l^y'U^ ^:^^- e^j^ CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 247 [CALHOUN TO CHOICE.'] [Copy.] Indian Agency Santa Fe, New Mexico JuUj 31st 1S50. Sir. The Prefect from Abiqiiin came to me this morning with the in- formation that you had granted licenses to some thirty odd traders to go into the Utah Country for the purpose of trading with the Utahs — I hope this is not so, as you are aware, that I have uniformly refused all api)lications for permission to trade' with the Apaches, Navajos and Utahs, except in the cases where the design was to se- cure the liberation of Mrs. AVhite, her daughter, and servant. These Indians are in the hands of the Military power of this Department, and we have no authority to interfere, except so far as said power may desire our action in obtaining desired information. The Prefect, also, informs me that thirty of these traders are re- tained at the Lodges of the Utahs as prisoners, and that they sent to Abiquin for two Mexicans, who could speak the Utah language, to come to them and explain why the Americans do not allosv powder and lead to be sold to them, and he further states, the tAvo JNIexicans, after consulting with you, and receiving your instructions, left for the Utah Camp on yesterday — I need not say to you, I feel deeply concerned in relation to this aflfair, and I fear the lives of the traders are in great jeopardy — I beg that you will at the earliest possible day, give me full and particular information in reference to this entire transaction, and the fate of the traders. I regret that the Prefect, did not allow you to know that he was coming to this place. A mail closes for the States this afternoon, and I write in great haste. — Your obt servt. (Signed) J. S. Calhoun Inch Agt. Genl. Cyrus Choice Ahiquin New Mexico 1 Inclosed with No 74. 248 COKRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. [CALHOUN TO BROWN.'] No. 75. Indian Agency, Santa Fe, New Mexico. August 6, 1850. Sir, An Abstract of Current Expenses, and Account Current for the second quarter of the present year, ending June 30th 1850, of this Agency, accompanies ^ this note. for the 1st quarter You will remember, that the Account Current exhibited a deficiency of thirteen hundred and two dollars and ninety four cents — say $1302. 94 The accompanying Account Current shows an aggregate Deficiency during the present quarter of 1006. 25 Deficiency on the 30th of June 1850 $2309. 19 This deficiency will be increased by the end of the 3d quarter, Sept. 30, 1850. 1000. 00 $3309. 19 Less the amount of my draft on the Department, dated July 14/50 (See my No 70.) $1000.00 $2309. 19 This deficiency does not include, you will perceive, such compensa- tion as should be allowed to Genl. Cyrus Choice, who has been ac- tively engaged in aiding and assisting me, by authority of Governor Munroe, Since the 9th day of December, 1849. (see my letters Nos. 29, 34 & 35, Genl. Choice is yet at Abiquin, rendering to the country important services — He ought to be compensated, and I hope it will be agreeable to the President of the United States to confer upon him the appointment of Agent for the Utah Indians, and at the same time authorize me to pay him liberally for services already ren- dered. Mr. John G. Jones is, also, entitled to liberal compensation for im- portant services rendered me in the discharge of my duties — For the 1 O. I. A., Santa F^ Agency, C 514. a Enclosures not found, although the record shows they were filed in the Finance Divi- sion of the Indian OflBce. COERESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 249* last four months he has been constantly engaged as Secretary in my office, and previous to that period, he acconiiDanied me in the Navajo c-xpidition with Col. Washington; also, to Jemez in October 1849, and in January last to Taos — I hope I may have authority to pay Mr Jones for his services, and that it may be agreeable to confer upon him the appointment of Agent in a Pueblo district — You will remember that Genl. Choice and William E. Love, also, accompanied me in the Navajo expedition, and Mr John H. Davis was left in charge of my office during my absence — (see my letter No 10.) Mr Love and Mr Davis are my sons-in-law, and left for the States on the 16th of April last — they both gave me efficient aid up to the time of their departure — If the laborer should be paid for serv- ices, these men are entitled to some compensation — I desire you to understand, distinctly, I have made to no one of them promises of compensation beyond the mere agreeing to submit the matter to your consideration — In connection with this subject, I take leave to say, / ought to he allowed a Secretary^ at the pay of fifteen hundred dol- lars per annum, from the first day of August, 1849 — This would be hut sheer justice to your Agent, (the writer.), and meet out to my assistants something like a due reward for services voluntarily ren- dered. I will merely add, it is of the utmost importance to my feeling, and to my usefulness as a public servant, that I should have immediate pecuniary relief. I am, Your obt. servt. James S. Calhoun, Ind. Agt Orlando Brown Esqr. Comr. <&c &c. 'Washington City, D. C. [CALHOITN TO BROWN.'] No. 76. Indian Agency. Santa Fe, New Mexico. August 12, 1850. Sir, On the 7th and 8th of this month, the Gobernador, the Captain de came to Guerra, and other Principals from the Pueblo of Zuiii, Santa Fe, not only for the purpose of signifying their concurrence 1 O. I. a., Santa F6 Agency, C 51^ 250 COEEESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. in the terms of the treaty proposed, and signing the same, but also, for the purpose of urging the Commanding Officer of this Military Department to permit them to make war upon the Navajds — These people made a similar application to Col. Washington, as T advised you in my No. 10. dated Oct. 15, 1849: Their application was not then acceded to. On this occasion Col. Monroe has con- sented to their wishes, and has furnished them with powder and lead to a limited extent. Within the last four weeks the Navajos have made two assaults upon Zuni. -On the first assault, they killed two of the Zuhi In- dians, and on the second the Governor's Lieutenant was killed, and .several animals kiUed were driven off. It appears the Pueblos did not venture far beyond the walls of the Pueblo — although they saw not more than fifty Navajos the first time, and about one hundred the second time, yet they appre- hended the assailants were an advanced party of a more formidable force = In a note to my number 10. you will perceive, I have given my authority for saying, at that time, there were fve hundred and ninety seven men in the Pueblo of Zuhi, and only forty two muskets and rifles — leaving five hundred and fifty five without fireaivns. On the present occasion they again begged for arms, in which, I do not think they were successful — Their present undertaking is a fearful one, and I fear will prove disastrous unless other Pueblos fly to the rescue — Col. Munroe has intimated, that if the supreme authorities of the respective Pueblos will apply to him, in person, his consent may be obtained for conjoint operations against the Navajos by the applying Pueblos= In order that you may have a correct understanding of the feel- ings of the Pueblo of Zuhi, who alone have spoken out what seemed to be their thoughts, it is proper that I should state, the Governor of Zuhi, inveighed, in very emphatic terms, against the disappointments, (he meant deceits) to which he, and others, had been subjected to since Genl. Kearney entered the country, and pledged to them the protec- tection of the Government of the United States. He enquired, how does it happen that at the very moment the Navajos are commencing a war against the him, (the Pueblo of Zuhi) the American troops are withdrawn from Cibolletta ? He answered, I suppose to give the Navajos a fair chance against us — who were promised protection = It will be remembered, that there has been a concentration of troops at interior posts, for reasons which I have not appreciated, and the troops formerly at Cibolletta are now at Albuquerque = These move- ments are not understood by the Pueblo Indians, and will not in- crease their affection and confidence for the Government of the United States. COERESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 251 This morning, the Governors and others from the Pueblos of Santa Domingo, Cochiti, Jemez, Cia, Santa Ana, San Felipe, and Sandia, waited upon Col. Munroe, as they supposed, in obedience to his orders. In this supposition the Indians were not quite correct — In the earlier part of this letter, I have stated that Col. Munroe had intimated his willingness to grant to such Pueblos as might apply, leave to engage in a war against the Navajos — This fact was seized upon, and some interested watcher of movements caused these Indians to be notified that Col. Munroe desired to confer with them to-day in relation to a Navajo war — The Indians announced their readiness to obey any and all orders, that Col. Munroe should direct to them. But as no orders were directed to them, the war project being left exclusively to the discretion of the Indians, they have just signified to me, they will leave for their homes to night, for the purpose of attending to their own business, and I commend them for the Avisdom of their conclusion — I will add but the remark, that a general war between the Pueblo Indians and the Navajos, would beget results that every lover of humanity would deeply deplore — and the policy of per- mitting such a war^ is a question for others to determine. THE UTAHS= In my letter, No. 74, dated July 31, 1850, I furnished you with a statement, made to me by the Prefect of Abiquin, in relation to Licenses granted by Genl. Choice to Mexicans to trade with the TJtahs — I transmitted to you a copy of my letter to Genl. Choice in reference to the Prefect's statement. The General came immediately to this Agency, and confirmed my first impressions upon tlie state- ment. The facts, briefly stated, are as follows — In compliance with the earnest, and frequent requests of the Utahs, to aUow traders to visit them, Genl. Choice, under the advice of the Commanding Officer, Maj. Graham, of Abiquin, gave permission to several to go out — and in a few hours they were with the Utahs — But, as they were not al- lowed to take with them powder and lead, for the purposes of trade, they were not making as profitable trades as they otherwise might, they resorted to the fabrication of the falsehood that thirty were held as prisoners, for the release of whom, it was supposed, that Genl. Choice would allow them to take powder to the Utahs — Failing in this, their next effort was to Col. Munroe, and if he gave orders on the subject, I am not advised of the fact — The Prefect next came to me, and by him, I sent my letter to Genl. Choice — Before the Prefect returned to Abiquin, the traders had returned with a number of the Utah chiefs, and the chiefs were with Genl. Choice at 12 o'clk. at night, when my letter was delivered to him — As far as it was neces- cary, Genl. Choice caused the contents of my letter to be made known 252 CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. to the chiefs, who expressed their utmost surprise at the story of the thirty traders retained as prisoners. — The entire statement was a base fabrication for base purposes. They remained in Genl. Choice's quarters during the night, and it is General Choice's opinion that the Utahs, generally, at this time, are honestly purposed — to comply with the terms of the treaty I made with them on the 30th of Deer, last — Of course, you will not understand him to give a favorable opinion of the intentions of such hands as associate with the Apaches and Navajos= They begged Genl. Choice, as he loved his own kith and kin, to procure for them some little powder and ball, that they might be enabled to secure meat for their wives and daughters. After consultation with Col. Munroe, I determined to send them a keg of powder, and some lead, and directed Genl Choice to give it to them in small quantities, from time to time — =APACHES = Two days ago, the Apaches secured a number of Ap^ehes captives, the neighborhood of the and drove a large number of animals from " Ojo Caliente " — about fifteen miles east of Albiquin — Such wrongs are not to be remedied here. With great respect, I am. Your obt. Servt James S. Calhoun Ind. Agt Orlando Brown Esqr Comr. of Ind. Afs. W ashingt07i City^ D. C. [CALHOUN TO BROWN.'] No. 77. Indian Agency. Santa Fe, New Mexico. August 13, 1850 Sir, My communication, No 73, dated July 31st, gave you the then aspect of political affairs in this territory — The elections for Texan officers were to come off on the 5th day of this month — The day, however, passed, and not a solitary effort was made to proceed with the election, nor did it excite the talking qualities of our very in- flammable fabricators of public sentiment. 1 O. I. A., Santa F6 Agency, C 516. CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 253 The elections under the proposed state organization should have come off on yesterday, but no elections were held in this city, nor was any attempt made to induce the people to assemble at the polls, unless the two documents, of which copies will accompany this note, shall be so regarded — The precise object of the two documents is beyond my comprehension; one is dated the 8th the other the 9th of August, but both were simultaneously published on the latter day, two days only, intervening between that period and the day of the proposed election. The truth is, in my judgement, the much talked of insurrectionary designs, and certain movements and concentration of troops, has so completely chilled the anxieties of those who had been honestly desirous of a state organization, it required a much earlier and more powerful effort than the two documents exhibit to animate and bring to life again, the really laudable designs frustrated, indeed silenced in death, by Governor Munroe's proclamation which I enclosed to you in my No 73. and his subsequent disposition of troops. There is one fact not to be questioned, that although bloody and fearful civil strife may occur, it will never happen that the people of this territory will ever array themselves against the military authority of the Government of the United States, unless they are sustained by stronger arms than they possess. It is true, the people feel deeply mortified, 1 mean the reflecting portion of them who desired to assume what they supposed, was a natural right, that of self govern- ment, that the very power which authorized them to confer to-gether upon the subject, is the very power that compels them to submit to the old order of affairs, and continue their submission and obedience to rulers they have long detested — a party that violently opposed a State organization until Governor Munroe required them to do otherwise — and they have now come to the conclusion, if their at- tempted State organization is now to be set aside, these old rulers are to be their masters under a territorial government, as they take it for granted, that Congress will adjust the Texan Claim. The foregoing is respectfully submitted as a record of the times. I am. With great respect. Your obt. servt. Orlando Brown Esqr. Comr. of Ind. Affs. Washington City D.C James S. Calhoun Ind. Agt. 254 CORRESPONDEISrCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. [Inclosures. ] No. 1. PROCLAMATION, 7'6», the peojjle of the State of New Mexico. — Be it known that by virtue of a joint Resolution of the Senate and House of Representatives of said State, approved July 15th 1850, no officer elected or hereafter to be elected holding any office by appoint- ment under said State will attemp to, or exercise any jurisdiction under, or by authority of said State until after the first day of Nov. A. D. 1850, and until after they are duly Commissioned to act as such, — Given under my hand and Seal &c &c. this 8th day of August 1850. (Signed) Manl Alvarez Acting Governor. No. 2. To, the prefect of the County of. <&c. <&c. Sir In your official character of Prefect., you will oppose no obstruc- tions to the holding of elections on the Twelfth of the current month, under the State Constitution — nor will you take any part in them, — You will not however recognise those elections as giving the per- sons chosen, any right to assume the duties of the offices to which they may be elected, until the competent authority has so decided by giving the act the validity of its sanction, — By order of Col John Munroe. Civil & Mil Governor. 9th August 1850. [CALHOUN TO BROWN.'] No. 78. J Not on file in Indian Office but see entry for October 23, 1S50 in O. I. A., L. R., No. 38. O. I. A. Fanta F^ 617 In relation to "the anoma- lous condition ol affairs" in the Terry, of I'ew Mex- ico; about confiding claims of Pueblo Indns. & Mexicans to lands, and trespasses by the latter on fields &c and Ihe renewal of their claims to Indns. as peon*,-— fight between Pueblos of Lapuna and a hand of "'avajoes; — visit and complaints of Gov- ernors &c of pueblos of Cochiti, San lldefonso; Santa Clara &c of Mexican depredations upon their fields, &c.— Suggestions as to the necessity for the action of Congress upon Indn. Aflrs. of the Terri- tory, &c. &c. &c. Aekd 5 Dee. ' SO OOERESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 255 [CALHOUN TO BROWN.'] No 79. Indian Agency. Santa Fe, New Mexico. August 30th 1850. Sir, The mail from the States was received on the 28th inst, bringing- St. Louis news-papers down to the 23d day of July. By this mail, I had hojoed to receive such information and instruc- tions as would remedy my embarrassments — But, in this, I have been disappointed — My pecuniary affairs, as Indian Agent, are known to you; and, allow me to add, I am aware, it may be necessary for the Department to await the action of Congress before it can releive the pressing and unpleasant necessities of this Agency — The incessant intercourse which I am compelled to have with the Pueblo Indians, is exceedingly expensive — and I have exhausted the Government funds, including my own salary, and, notwithstanding I have drawn upon the Department for one thousand dollars, yet I fear, at the end of this quarter, this Agency will be in debt to others than myself, near eight hundred dollars — My letters have explained to you why so many Pueblo Indians visit this Agency — When they come, they must be fed and taken care of— Their animals must be fed and corraled — All must be watched — The thirteen Pueblos with whom I have made treaties, have contributed very much to the increase of expenditures absolutely necessary But these things you already understand, and I only remind you of them that I may you respectfully request to releive this Agency of its embarrass- ments, at the earliest possible moment. the apaches These Indians are not idle — A few days ago, they drove off from grazing grounds, about twenty, or twenty-five miles below Socoro, a military post, a large number of animals, belonging to the United States. How many, I have not been able to ascertain — But, I sup- pose, at least, one hundred — About the same time, unknown Indians, or others, succeeded in driving off between eighty and ninet}' mules, at Cedar Creek, about Two hundred and forty miles from Santa Fe, on the Cimmarone route to the States — These mules belonged to Dr Connelly's train, and were returning from the United States, 10. I. a., Santa F^ Agency, C 518. 256 CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. drawing waggons, freighted with merchandize — In that condition, they must lie to, until other animals can be procured and sent to them. No hostile manifestations of the Utahs, have come to my knowl- edge, during the past week — Genl. Cyrus Choice seems to have estab- lished a good understanding with them — They frequently visit him, at Abiquin — The following copy of a letter, the original of which, was transmitted to me by Gen. Choice, is, not only worthy of entire credit, but contains valuable information — " 3 MILES BELOW CROSSING OF St. JuAN. Dr. Genl. The bearer of this, Tamucha, came to camp last evening, and is the first Utah seen since leaving Abiquin. We have now in camp some ten or twelve — two Chiefs. These men aided us this morning in crossing the St. Juan. Their main encampment is some 3 or 4 leagues from here, on the Eio Piedra — and they seem peaceably inclined — They are a little importunate for presents; but otherwise very quiet and well inclined. Unless they change we anticipate no difficulties from them. Hitherto we have not seen any of the Utahs, we saw at your house. For Indians, they are seemingly clever. With very little trouble you can secure their lasting friendship. The Navajos will meet us on the Plata, and are said to be friendly, but we shall place no confidence in their professions. Hitherto, our trip has been pleasant. The country is remarkalily •well fitted for packing, but not for Waggons. I have never travelled through any region better Supplied with grass, water, and wood. We are on the Spanish trail, it has many ramos, but I beleive, lead- ing to the same point. An expedition with cavalry, or Infantry, could be readily made, and easily sustained. The country, up to this time, is better than New Mexico. We have gone over the Sierra Madre, and the same kind of country continues, only vegetation is far more abundant; and also, wild fruits, as red and black currants, service-berries, cherries &c. Treat the bearer well, as I have assured him you will; and also that it is the wish of our people to be friendly with them. Be good enough, if occasion offers, to send my lady word of my arrival here, in safety and good spirits. Our men are just eating some fine fish; Able but our mess fishers have not been so successful. Abel and Naugle COEEESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 257 send love &c &c. Our encampment is, as most of them have been, very pleasant. A fine stream of water, luxuriant grass, fine trees, and good shade, are the soul of an encampment — August 11, 1850. Truly &c. W. Z. Augney." Capt. Augney and his party left here about the 25th of July last, with some ten or twelve thousand sheep for California. He is an a intelligent man, and lawyer of distinction, and implicit confidence may be reposed in the statement which he has been pleased to give to Gen. Choice — In relation to the locality of his camp, I have not been able to procure any reliable information. The Rios Piedra, and Plata are rivers unknown to me; but it seems they are not re- mote from each other, west of the Sierra Madre, and the first in the Utah countrj'^, and the latter in the Navajo region — It is per- fectly evident, that the whole Indian country should be thoroughly examined, and it does seem to me, in order to the more effectual checking of the Indians, that we should have fewer troops stationed in the interior towns, and a larger number upon the frontiers of this territory. And in this way your Quarter Master, and Commissary's Stocks could be better protected and grazed — It is not proper for me to say more upon this subject, as it would be trenching upon mat- ters with which another Department is charged. It may not be improper to state, the Bishop of Durango, Jose Antonio Zuberia, arrived in this City on Tuesday the 27th inst, and was received under a Salute of thirteen guns, by Govr. Munroe, his Staff and other officers, and a large concourse of Citizens — His recep- tion gave decided satisfaction to the Mexican population — August 31st. An express came in from Fort Leavenworth last night, having left there on the 15th inst. bringing us Washington City intelligence as late as the 3d inst. — Not a word came to me from any quarter — At 7 o'clk p. m. this day, a mail for the States will close — I am, With great respect. Your obt. servt. James S. Calhoun, Indian Agt Orlando Brown Esqr Gomr. of Ind. Affs. Washington City D. G. 5021—15 17 258 CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. [DERRICK TO CALHOUN.'] Department of State Washington, September^ 19th 1850. To His Excellency James S. Calhoun Governor of the Territory of New Mexico Santa Fe. Sir: The Department has this day forwarded to you, via, Fort Leavenworth, one box containing the following volumes. Documents of the 1st Sess. 31st Congress in 36 Volumes, (11 & 12 Senate documents, will be transmitted with the next distribution.) Plates to Bache's Keports, in 1 vol : — Life and works of John Adams, Vols 2 & 3, (The distribution of this work is committed to the Secretary of the Senate, but in the present instance the volumes are, for greater securit}^, entrusted to this Department for transmission.) Narrative and works of the Exploring Expedition, viz. Vols. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,— Atlas to Vol 5— Vols 6, 7,— Atfas to Vol 7— Vols 8, 9, 10,— Atlas to Vol. 10^ Vol. 11 — Vol. 1 of Hydrography, completing the series of this work so far as published. Annals of Congress in 6 Volumes. Every precaution has been taken to secure the safe transmission of the box and its valuable contents to Santa Fe. With this view, it has been addressed to the care of Major E. A. Ogden, of the Quar- termaster Department, at Fort Leavenworth and that officer will be requested to forward it to your Excellency by the first train that leaves his post after the receipt of the box. It appears proper, in this connection, to call your attention to the fact, that, on the 4th of October 1850, five boxes of books were for- warded from this Department to you, for the iTse of the Territory of New Mexico, the receipt of which has never been acknowledged. They were addressed to the care of James Patton, Esq., then (sup- posed to be) Postmaster at Independence, Mo. On the 11th Deer. Mr. Patton acknowledged the arrival of the boxes, but said, at the same time, that they could not be sent on to Santa Fe before May of the next year, since that time, the Department has received no in- formation from any source respecting the whereabouts of these boxes, and you are now notified of what was done, that enquiries may be instituted by you, as will be by this Department to discover, if possi- ble, whether the boxes have miscarried, and if so, to what point. I am. Sir, very respectfully Your obedient servant, William S. Derrick, Acting Secretary. B, I. a., D. L., vol. 38, pp. 157-158. COKKESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 259 [CALHOUN TO BROWN.*] No. 80. [CALHOUN TO BROWN.'] No. 81. Sir. Indian Agency. Santa Fe, New Mexico September 30, 1850. It is with extreme pain I announce the death of General Cyrus Choice, a well known and excellent citizen of Georgia. He died at Abiquin on the evening of the 14th of the present month, of erysip- ilas. You will remember he has been in the service of this Agency for several months past, cheifly as Agent for the Utahs, residing at Abiquin, and to his discretion and good management the country is greatly indebted for the quiescent state which the Utahs have exhib- ited since the formation of the treaty with them, on the 30th of December last. I would thank you to cause this bereavement to be announced through the news-papers of Washington City. In consequence of the death recorded above, I left here, for Abi- quin, on the 24th and returned on the 27th inst. So far as facts have come to my knowledge, the Utahs have behaved well during the present month. APACHES These Indians continue their annoyances. About the 1st of this month four of them were surprised and killed on this side of the mountain range between this and Taos. A Mr. Maxwell left Santa Fe some three or four days ago, having in his possession merchan- dize and money, accompanied by two Mexicans, who have returned, and say, on the opposite side of the mountain between this and Taos, they were attacked by Apaches, made good their escape, but suppose Mr. Maxwell was killed, and as a matter of course, his property was 1 Not on file ia Indian O.Hce, but see entry hr Norembar 15, 1850, in 0. 1 . A., L. R No. 38. 15 I. A., Santa Fd Calhoun, Jas. S. San- In relation to law suits pend- CM. Clk Ackd. 5 Dec. '50 523 ta F^, New Mexico Sept. 21/50 (No. 80) ing for lands belonging to Pueblo Indians— Asks in behalf of the Indus, inter- position of Govt. U. S.— Encloses copies of three letters from him to His Excy John Monroe, Civil & Mil. governor of New Mexico, on the subject. Renews his requests for "means and instructions." 'O. I. A., Santa F6 Agency, C 524. 260 CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. carried off by the Apaches, Many other depredations have been reported. The Comanches continue to send us friendly greetings. The Navajos, in the early part of the month, committed some depredations. To-day, the Governor of the Pueblo of Jemez, came in, at the request of the two principal chiefs of the Navajos, to say these Indians desired to confer with me in relation to their future conduct. After consultation with Col. Munroe, the Governor Jemez was authorized to invite the Navajo chiefs to come to Santa Fe; for which purpose a safe conduct was granted by Col. Munroe. It is understood, that the Pueblo of Zuni and the Navajos are at war with each other, and in a recent battle the former gained a vic- tory, having killed about thirty of the latter — The Navajos are pre- paring for another conflict. This war, you will remember, is a violation of our treaties with these Indians. in The Pueblo Indians continue to come with complaints against Mexican encroachments. I am, With great respect Your obt. servt J. S. Calhoun Ind. Agt P. S. The mail from the States came in on the evening of the 28th inst, but brought me no intelligence from Washington City. J. S. C. Orlando Brown, Esqr. Comr. of Ind. Affs. Washingto7i City. [Related Correspondence.] [VAN HORNE TO McLAWS.i] Head Qrs Batln 3d Infy. Paso del Noete New Mexico. Septemher 19th 1850. Sir, Simon Manuel, Simon Porode, another Chief, and eight other Apache Indians df the Muscahiros band, living between the Sacramento Mountains and Presidio del Norte, came in to this post and San Elizario a few days since, instructed they say by their people, to ascertain whether they would be kindly received end that if they were assured that their people would be received in a kind and friendly manner that they would return to their tribe and bring them In about lA. G. 0., Files, Department of New Mexico, V 20 of 1850. CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 261 ten days or more from this time. They were received with kindness and some presents made them, both at this post and at San Elizario, and appeared to go would away well satisfied saying they expected their people be in, in consid- erable numbers about the time specified to make a treaty. They also visited the town of El Paso over the river, and were very kindly received there. I pre- sume it is the wish of the government to cultivate friendly relations with them, and to do this effectually I should be authorized to issue provisions in limited quantities and to make small presents to the infiuential men among them. A part of the train of supplies have arrived. The remainder will all be here within a week probably. The teamsters &c in Coons part of the train (about 120 in number and well armed,) are represented to me by Mr. Coons and his agent Smith as a lawless and desperate set of men over whom they could exercise no control, and that they have lost 250 of Coons oxen, and wasted and lost much pay of his property. He has declared he will not more than a third of them— They drove off Smith and tried to shoot the issuing agent. There are some apprehensions that they may seize upon the train and supplies. This I think not very likely. Coons has promised to have them disarmed before they reach here. I have no doubt these men will occasion much disorder and annoyance here. Majr. Sprague informs me that the Immense hordes of teamsters &c. about 320 attached to this train are by the contract subsisted from the Govt Stores which they brought up and until their return to San Antonio, and that together with the supplies destroyed, lost, and unfit for use, only about one half the sub- sistence will remain for the use of the troops here. The clothing and other property is also damaged, the tierces &c. being broken open. Majr. Sprague calculates that by this mode of transportation the ration will cost the U. S. here at least $1.50. The provisions are badly and inconveniently put up and many of the packages broken. A Mr. French is also arrived here, with a letter from V. E. Howard, M. O. to me, with a train of carriages and some 300 passengers for California and employees. An express is just in from Washington City. The house of How- land and Aspinwall upon whose authority he has been lavishing immense sums to carry 120 emigrants from N. Y. to California and subsist them on the way for $250 each ! ! ! have dishonored his drafts, and a Sheriff is now here to seize him and all his property, carriages &c. They say the letter of credit whlcli French exhibits purporting to be from them is a forgery. Lockwood, Divine, and others at San Antonio furnished his outfit chiefly, and it is believed the Govt officers at San Antonio and elsewhere may suffer loses. ^Most of these 300 men are also wholly destitute, and with the others there is likely to be some 500 men wholly destitute of means, and those first mentioned of the most law- less character thrown out of employment at this place, where there is at all times a horde of loafers and desparadoes. Very Respectfully Your Obdt Servt J. Van Horne U. Maj. 3 Inf Comdg Lieut Tj. McLaws .1. .1. .1. Genl. 9th Md Dept. Santa Fe, N.M. 202 CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN, [LGITGHERY TO CALHOUN.'] Department of the Interior Office Indian Affair^ Oct m 1850 Calhoun Esq James S. Santa Fe New Mexico Sir: I have the honor to enclose herewith your commission- as Indian Agent at Santa Fe, your former appointment having expired with the close of the late session of Congress. I also enclose the form of a bond which you will execute in the penal sum of $5000 with two or more sureties whose sufficiency must be certified by a U States Judge or District Attorney; & return it to this office as soon as it is completed. Very respectfully Your Obt Servt A S LOUGHERY Actg Gomr [CALHOUN TO BROWN.'] No. S2. Indian Agency. Santa Fe, New Mexico October 13, 1860 Sir, I avail myself of an ojjportunity which will offer to-day, or on to- morrow, to say to you, that the report concerning the murder of Mr Maxwell, of which I advised you on the 30th of last month, was not true — He reached Taos in safety, with his effects, notwithstand- ing a number of Apaches were in his immediate neighborhood. Two Apaches, a man and his wife, are now at this Agency — They were brought to the Head Quarters of this Military Department by order of the Commanding Officer at Abiquin, and, at the request of Col. Munroe, they are in charge of this Agency. It appears a party of some fifteen or twenty Apaches, men, women, and children, were on their way, from the North East, to Abiquin, as they represent, to ask permission to reside near that post, and under its protection. Before reaching Abiquin, near the Ojo Caliente, they stopped at a Mexican's house, and asked for something to eat, which was promptly given to them. After they had eat, the Mexican man- aged to induce them to wander about his premises, having previously 1 O. I. A., L. B., No. 43, p. 442. == President Fillmore sent in ttie nomination, September 23, 1850 (Senate Exec. Journal, VIII, p. 241). It was referred to the Committee on Indian Affairs, of which Atchison was chairman, and, on the 25'^ favorably reported upon. (Ibid., p. 250). » 0. I. A., Santa Fe Agency, C 529. CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 263 prepared to have executed his bloody purpose, and while thus sepa- rated, four of them, one man and three small boys, were murdered upon the spot — One man, a girl, and two boys, are missing. The Mexican ordered his men to fire on the survivors, consisting, prin- cipally, of women and children, but they refused to obey the Order — The man who is at this Agency, was not present, having gone a short distance, to report, as cheif of the party, to the Prefect of the the county, the objects and destination of Apache party under his command. The Prefect gave them an escort to Abiquin. A son of the Apache, here, was slain. These Indians will be permitted to reside, for the present, near Abiquin, and at Col. Munroe's sugges- tion, I will cause them to be supplied with provisions, to a limited extent. By this course, we may induce others to come in from whom we may glean some useful information — The one present claims to have been in retirement, and therefore ignorant as to the murders and depredations committed by the Apaches. He says there is a number of Mexican Captives among them. The Mexican who caused the murders to be committed at the Ojo Caliente has been in prison here for the three last days, and will be set at liberty upon a mere nominal recognizance. The demoralization of Society here, is such, it would be impolitic, if not altogether im- practicable to administer justice in this case. A considerable sum of money has been subscribed to procure a gold medal to be presented to this cold-blooded murderer, and this is done, cheifly, by Americans. By reference to my No. 76, dated August the 12th of the present year, you will perceive I notified you of the assaults made by the Navajos upon the Pueblo of Zufii. I again alluded to this subject on the 30th of September last, (No. 81). We now learn, the Navajos, a few days since, made another attack upon Zuiii, with a force, it is have api^rehended, that will proved disastrous to the Pueblo, by the destruction of their crops, if nothing more serious has occurred. This attack was delayed, for a few days, in consequence of the presence of the escort at Zuiii, who accompanied the Bishop of Durango to that place. After leaving Zuiii, it was discovered that one of our dragoons was missing, and the commanding officer ordered a few others back to bring him up. While these dragoons were yet in view of the Pueblo, the Navajos had commenced the attack. In reference to this attack, nothing further is known. Col. Munroe has ordered a company of Dragoons stationed at Cibolletta, to proceed to Zufii, and has sent fifty old muskets for the use of the Indians of that Pueblo. If the Pueblo Indians have been able to save their crops, it will be fortunate for our troops, as they relied upon them for a por- tion of their supplies, which would have been greatly augmented if Z04 CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. their warriors could have been engaged in tilling the earth instead of guarding the Pueblo, and the laborers who were compelled to work. An Agent at Zuni, in my opinion, as I have frequently suggested, might have secured them such protection as greatly to have increased their crops, and prevented the present war, especially if he had been permitted the use of the ordnance and ordnance stores which I have heretofore recommended. Until protection is afforded to the Pueblo Indians, you may in vain expect your government animals to be kept fit for service. Independent of this consideration, there are other and higher obligations which require the Government of the United States to protect these Indians, and establish and preserve the tran- quility of this territory. Unless Congress has acted discreetly upon this subject, almost the entire American population, unconnected with the army, must leave the country. Immigration has entirely ceased, and many who came into the country to reside, not daring to venture into the interior of the country so as to ascertain its resources, have been compelled to go to California, or return to the States. I venture the opinion, that, at least, one half of American immigrants to this territory have left it during the last six months. They are daily de- parting. The mineral resources of New Mexico, are beleived to be equal to those of any country, and yet, the most daring and enterpriz- ing dare not venture so far abroad as to ascertain, with any degree of certainty, the mineral wealth of the territory. It would be a blind- ness to well established historical facts to suppose, the native popu- lation of this territory, in its present demoralized and subdued con- dition, could develope its resources — and unless American energy and enterprize are properly protected here, as elsewhere, it must ever remain a heavy charge upon the Treasury of the United States. It is unnecessary to repeat my views in relation to a proper disposition of affairs in this territory — They are well known to the Department. The seven Moqui Pueblos sent to me a deputation who presented themselves on the 6th day of this month. Their object, as an- nounced, was to ascertain the purposes and views of the Government of the United States towards them. They complained, bitterly, of the depredations of the Navajos — The deputation consisted of the Cacique of all the Pueblos, and a chief of the largest Pueblo, accom- panied by two who were not officials. From what I could learn the from Cacique, I came to the conclusion, that each of the seven Pueblos, was an independent Republic, having confederated for mutual protection. One of the popular errors of the day, is, there are but five of these Pueblos remaining, another is, that one of the Pueblos speak a different language from the other Six — I under- stood the Cicaque to say, the seven spoke the same language, but Tanoquevi, the Pueblo in which he resided, Oriva, spoke also, the CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 265 language of the Pueblo of Santa Domingo — hence the error first mentioned. These Pueblos may be, all, visited in one day. They are supposed to be located about due West from Santa Fe, and from three to four days travel, North West, from Zufii. The fol- lowing was given to me as the names of their Pueblos — 1. Oriva 5. Opquive 2. Somonpavi 6. Chemovi 3. Juparavi 7. Tanoquevi. 4. Mansana I understood, further, they regarded as a small Pueblo, eeffipfti-*e4 t Zuiii, as compared Avith Oriva. The other Pueblos were very much like Zuiii and Santa Domingo. They supposed^ Oriva could turn out one thousand warriors. I desired, and beleived it to be importent to visit these Indians, and would have done so, if Col. Munroe had not, in reply to my application for an escort t hat - h e replied, that he could not furnish me with one at this time. They left me, apparently, highly gratified at the reception and presents given to them. These Indians ought to be visited at an early day. THE UTAHS seem to be quiet, and no one has, recently, complained of their con- duct. THE COMANCHES. I have heard nothing concerning these Indians since my letter to you of the day of THE APACHES, are reposing, or preparing for an outbreak of some kind. Without an adequate fund, we shall never be able to pry successfully, into the purposes of the wild Indians of this territory. At my request, the enclosed ^ communication was politely sent to me this day. I am. With great respect, Your obt. servt, J. S. Calhoun Iiid. Agt Orlando Brown Esqr Comr. of Ind. Afs. Washington City D. C. 1 See p. 266. 266 CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. [KERN TO CALHOUN'] Santa Fe Oct 12 1830 Dear Colonel Below is the list of the different bands of Apaches — Mr Francisco Fletcher, Interpreter at Doilana is my authority. Jicarillas. Mezcaleros or Muscaleros. Sacramentos. Aqua Nuevas. Nortenians Lipans Garroteros called also Gilanians Tontos called also Gilanians Coyoteros called also Gilanians. Mogoyoneros called also Gilanians Copper Mine Apaches called also Gilanians Carrijalanians T^' ^, iln Chihuahua & Sonora. Fronteranos Pifialanios Very truly EiGHARD H. E[ern. To Col. J. C. Calhoun Ind Agt. .S. [CALHOUN TO LEA.''] No. 83. Indian Agency Santa Fe, New Mexico October 31st. 1850 Sir, I have this day drawn upon the Hon. Secretary of the Interior, for f.ve hundred dollars ($500) payable one day after Sight to Mrs Mary Reynolds, (of Philadelphia) which amount when paid, you will please charge to this Agency. In reference to future fiscal arrangements for this Agency I have the honor to refer you to my second letter of this date, No. 84. I have the honor to be, Your obt. Servt. James S. Calhoun Indian Agent Hon. Commissioner of Ind. Atts. Washington City. B.C. 1 Enclosure of No. 82. ^ O. I. A., Santa F6 Agency, C 536. CORRESPONDENCE OP JAMES S. CALHOUN. 267 [CALHOUN TO LEA?'] No. 84. Indian Agency. Santa Fe, Mew Mexico. Oct^. SI. 1850. Sir, of Since the date of my letter Oetp 12tli of the present month, No. 82. every element of discord, in this territory, has been, and continues one in repose. There have been a few small depredations, but not worthy of special record. Not a murder has come to my knowledge. The Pueblo Indians manifest their accustomed anxiety to know what the Government of the United States intend to do with, or for them. In reference to the Apaches, Comanches, Navajos, and Utahs, I have nothing to add to my former communications, THE MOQUI PUEBLOS. My No. 82, advised you, that the Cacique of the Moqui Pueblos, and others, had visited this Agency, in order to ascertain the pur- poses of the Government of the United States towards them. At that time, I supposed it to be my duty to visit these people, but Col. Munroe, then, could not spare an escort. I had hoped after the adjustment, by Congress, of certain vexed questions, and an arrival of additional troops, the escort thee would be granted — But it is not so, for Col. Munroe thinks it would be indiscreet to travel in that direc- tion at this season of the year. The Colonel may be entirely correct, but my information leads me to an antagonistical conclusion. I had thought, and yet think, the Department ought to have before it, at the earliest possible day, authentic information in reference to the country West of Santa Fe — Judging from the oifidal docu- ments, printed by order of Congress, such as I have seen., they have no reliable information, for the authors could have been correct by accident only — and we do know, they have been sadly duped. Fiscal arrangement for this Agency. My number 83. of this day's date, advises you, that I had drawn upon the Department, at one day after sight, in favor of Mary Reynolds, (of Philadelphia) iov pve hundred dollars., ($500). I beg the Department to honor this draft. 1 O. I. A., Santa F6 .\gency, C 537. Luke Lea's term as Commissioner of Indian Affairs began July 1850. See Receipts for Salaries, Employees of Indian OflBce, 1846 to 1852. 268 CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. Allow me to suggest to the Department, that the Commissary, Quarter Master, and Pay-Master, of this Department, have the entire control of the money market of this Department, and I deem it of decided importance, that some arrangement should be effected between the Departments at Washington, by which one of the fore- going officers should be required to furnish to the Agency, the money appropriated for disbursement at this office. With the fact staring me in the face, that I have drawn on the an Department, without previous authority, I rely upon the approval of my course, because, I think my various communications must have satisfied the Department, to have failed in assuming the respon- sibilities, of which it is advised, I could not have, properly, dis- charged the duties assigned to me, as Indian Agent. I am, With great respect. Your obt. servt. J. S. Calhoun. Ind. Agt Hon. Commissioner or Ind. Afts. Washington City D. C. [CALHOUN TO LEA?*] No. 85. Indian Agency. Santa Fe, Neav Mexico. Now. 4- 1850 Sir, I seize the occasion, which offers to-day, to say, that since my No. 84, dated Octr. 31st several depredations have been committed by the Navajo on the west side of the Rio del Norte — Near Cibol- letta, they have driven off several thousand Sheep— I have heard of no murders committed by them. These Indians have become so bold, they dare to visit, frequently, many of the Pueblos, for the purposes of trade, so the Pueblos say — That they are engaged in an extensive traffic, there is no doubt. During the past week, a band of these people were at Santa Domingo, on this side of the Rio del Norte, thirty one miles from Santa Fe — 10. I. A., Santa F6 Agency, C 538. CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 269 they are frequently at Jemez. The trade alluded to above, is not con- fined to Indians. I have not heard from Zuni for several weeks — Very respectfully J. S. Calhoun Ind. Agt, Hon. CoMR. OF Ind. Affs [CALHOUN TO LEA.'] No. 86. [LEA TO CALHOUN."] Department of the Interior, Office Indian Affairs, Nov 18th 1850 Sir, Congress having appropriated, Fifteen Hundred dollars for the redemption of the daughter of Mr & Mrs J. M Wliite, now supposed to be in captivity with the Apache Indians, this office is charged with the duty of directing the disbursement of the fund, and it is deeply anxious that the money shall be expended so as to give full effect to the benevolent intention of Congress in making the appro- priation. If, as is supposed, the little girl is a captive among the tribe "Apache " proper, or that mixed band termed " Jaccillaras ", which for years past, have infested the vicinity of San Fernandez de Taos, the country between it and Bent's Fort, and that part of the Santa Fe road which crosses the Rio Colerado, it is feared that her release will be attended with more difficulty and danger than if she were in captivity among any other of the New Mexican Indians. Hence in view of the object to be gained, being one which pre- sents itself with such strong claims to our best efforts, it is very much to be desired that the greatest care and caution should be used, as one false step or mistake might preclude the possibility of ultimate suc- cess. There is, doubtless a certain line of policy to be pursued, in dealing with these Indians, which experience has proved to be most successful This, it is supposed, can be best learned from those who > Not on file in Indian Office, but see entry for January 8, 1851, in 0. 1. A., L. R. No. 38. \ O. I. A. Santa F^ 539 Respecting extensive traffic { Chf.Clk. Ackd. 22 3 30 15 9 90 5 Gallons Molasses 44 2 20 L44 7 20 20 Whiskey 52 10 40 1.44 30 40 94 oound.s Sugar 8 7 52 18 16 92 300 " Flour 2J 2 50 12i 12 50 123 Rice 6 7 38 16 19 68 40 " Bacon 5 2 00 15 6 00 8 " Ham 7 56 17 1 36 52 " Lard 7J 3 90 17i 9 10 100 " Flour 2j 2 50 12i 12 50 66 " Soap 6 3 96 16 10 56 74 " Ham 7 5 18 17 12 58 28 " Bacon 6 1 40 4 20 100 " Flour 2i 2 50 m 12 50 [CALHOUN TO LEA.'] No. 90. Indian Agency. Santa Fe, New Mexico. Deer. 28,1850. Sir, Diirino- the present month, a large number of sheep have been driven off by Indians. About the 5th inst. it is estimated that near ten thousand were driven from the neighborhood of the Military post, Cibolletta — A military force was ordered in pursuit, but a snow storm immediately ensuing, the ti^ail was soon lost, and the pursuit abandoned — It is said, that five of the soldiers were bitten by the frost, on that occasion — The depredations alluded to are charged against the Navajos. If any information has been received from the INfexican reprisal expedition, from this territory, against the Navajos, notice of which was given to you in my number 87 dated Novr. 30 last, it has not come to my knowledge, and I have been diligent in my enquiries. EI^^This Agency should have the means to command all needful information., unconnected, and independent of any other branch of the public service. The taking of the Census has troubled the Indians of several of the Pueblos during the present month, and, as a matter of course, 1 have been greatly annoyed by their visits, and the expenditures neces- sarily incurred tliereby. The Census as taken by Chs. Blumner, assistant Marshall, of the Pueblos of San Ildefonso, Pojoaque, Tesuque, and Nainbe, exhibits a list of only four hundred and seventeen persons. In my letter No. 5, 1 O. I. A., Santa F^ Agency, C 565. CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 281 dated Octr. 4 1849. you were informed that a Census of 1847 put them down at five hundred and ninety. I have before me a memo- randum made from information given to me by old citizens, one a native of this territory, who gave to these Pueblos an average of over three hundred., each. Mr, Blumner is capable and honest, and if the Census, as taken by him, is incorrect, it is because the Indians have concealed the truth. Let us pass over the estimates of visitors to these Pueblos, and compare the Census of 1847 with that of 1850. The decrease in jDopulation is shown to be One hundred and seventy three. What has become of these Indians? We know of no special mortality that has fallen upon them for the last three years. Then, in my opinion, it follows, that these Indians have deceived those who have been charged with the taking of the Census, or many are re- nouncing their Catholicism and joining the nomadic, if not the wild tribes who encircle this territory. EI^^ Ought not this Agency to be in possession of means to bring to light the truth in reference to these discrepancies? The question is respectfully submitted to the Department. The Jicarilles, Apaches, remain yet in the neighborhood of Manzana. (See my letter No 86 Novr. 5 1850.) They visit Manzana whenever they choose, and buy and sell without hindrance. Their chief capital is known to be, so I am informed by Dr Connoly, the mules which they stole from him and others, of which I advised you by my letter No. 79, August 30th 1850. I^^Ought not the impudence of these Indians to be checked? I think so. The Utahs seem to be perfectly quiet, and say they are waiting to ascertain what their Great Father, the President of the U. S. will do for them. Many of the Pueblo Indians enquire why it is their Great Father will not allow them to visit him. I have reminded them of the great distance from Santa Fe to Washington City, and assured them, that in due time the President would invite some of them to come to his house. With great respect, I am. Your obt servt. J. S. Calhoun Ind. Agt Hon. L. Lea. Comr. Ind. Affs. Washington Gity^ D.G. 282 CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. [CALHOUN TO LEA/] No. 1. Indian Agency. Santa Fe, New Mexico. January 6 1851. Sir, I fear what I am about to say, will not reach you before the adjournment of Congress, but it is really important, that some spe- cial provisions, or regulations, should be adopted for the government of trade and t^^ftde intercourse, suited to the condition of affairs in this Territory. Military There are no suitable t^adieg posts yet established, where it would be expedient to establish trading posts for our Indians — They ought, by all means, to be kept from the interior of the country, if for no other reason, that depredations might be prop- erly charged — It should be remembered, that the Apaches, Comanches, Navajos, and Utahs, have no fixed habitations, or homes, and with the excep- tion of the Navajos, but few cultivate the soil. Trading with these Indians has been conducted by travelling dealers — Such intercourse is exceedingly pernicious — but until these Indians are confined within certain fixed limits, you may not expect the evils to be remedied If it is not deemed advisable to prevent the vagrant intercourse here alluded to, would it not be better to designate spots, and periods where all might congregate for trade, under the eye of an Agent, to be sustained by a suitable military force? I have had but a moment to submit the foregoing suggestions for your consideration, and have the honor to be, Your obt. servt, Hon. L. Lea. Gomr. of Ind. Affs Washington City D.G. J. S. Calhoun Ind. Agt. O. I. A., Santa F6 Agency, C 573. COREESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 283 [SABRACINO TO CALHOUN.'] Pajarito January W. 1851. Mr James S. Calhoun Respected Sir and Friend In compliance with the request you made me during your visit to Albuquerque a few daj^s ago, in regard to the depedations committed by the Navajoe tribe, and the assistance rendered by the troops sta- tioned at Socorro and Sebolleta when called upon so to do, I now proceed to inform you to the best of my ability and in accordance with the facts I have been able to collect during so short a period. By the accompanying copies marked 1 & 2 you will acertain the incidents of the Expedition of Ramon Luna, prefect of Valencia, to the Navajo country. The first will inform you of the assistance he demanded of the Commander of Sevolleta, and his reply, the cir- cumstances which compelled him to advance into the Navajo coun- try and the events that transpired during his campaign, the second will inform you of the assistance demanded of the Commander at Socorro, by the alcalde of that place. As regards the depredations commited in this county, they are as follows. On the 20th of June 1850 the Navajoes, ran off at Puerco river the stock of Jose Antonio Chavez, Jose Rafael Sanchez, Manuel Padillos and Felipe Herrera, all those interested started in pursuit of the Indians, while Francisco Chaves went to Servolleta to demand assistance from the troops at that place, which he obtained but were of no use, as they returned the next day to their quarters. Francisco Chaves with the few men he could collect at Sevolleta, followed in pursuit of the Indians, and, overtook them, but unfortunately they were too strong he made an attempt to recover part of the Stock, but was compelled to retreat, with the loss of five saddled mules, and five wounded including himself. Being at Sevolleta on the 21st of October 1850 about Sunrise our Navajo Ally informed the commander that the Navajoes were run- ning off the stock of Juan Garcia and Rafael Mejicano, distant about 15 miles, the troops were ordered out but returned the next day, the stock was gone and no reason assigned for the return of the troops On the 24th of the same month the Navajoes ran off 3869 sheep belonging to Jose Antonio Sarracino at Agua Salada, and two men were killed who were pasturing them, nothing was known of the affair until four or five days after the robbery took place. On the 7th of December 1850 at 3 oclock P. M. the same Navajo Indians ran off from Rincon de Concha the stock of Francisco Sar- racino and 5822 sheep belonging to Jose Francisco and Jesus 1 Enclosure No. 2 of letter, No. 3, 1851. Printed In Annual Report, Commissioner of Indian Affairs, 1851, pp. 187-188. 284 CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S, CALHOUN. Apodaca, taking a northern route they passed 10 miles to the east of Sevolleta, Jesus Apodaca on being informed of the occurence went immediately to demand assistance from the commander, taking with him as interpreter a soldier by the name of Molinete. The com- mander I am informed ordered out seven men to examine the trail, when they arrived at the spot where the stock had passed, their tracks were scarcely visible on account of the snow that had fallen the night previous, the result was that the soldiers turned back and went to their quarters On the 31st of December last it was known in the prefecture under my charge that the Apaches had stolen, four or five days previous, from the river Puerco more than 100 head of Cattle from the town of Isleta. I immediately ordered out forty men who started on the 1st of January under the command of Ambrosio Beita, following up the trail they overtook the Indians on the morning of the 6th in the Tel ares Mountains, they made an attack on them, recovered the stolen property, wounded two of their number, and took from them four saddled animals and other spoil Col, this is all the information I can give you at present in regard to the incursions of the Indians The depredations they have com- mitted on the lives and property of the inhabitants of this district are so numerous and of so frequent occurrence, that it would take consid- erable time to collect the information of past injuries Without any further information at present I subscribe myself. Your mo. Obdt Servt signed Frc° Sarracino Prefect. I certify the above to be a correct translation of the original. David V Whiting Tra7islator Santa Fe Feh 1. 1815. [Inclosure.] Nol. COPY OF A DESPATCH SENT BY KAMON LUNA PREFECT OF VALENCIA TO HIS EXCELLENCY THE GOVERNOR OF THE TERRITORY, RELATn^E TO HIS EX- PEDITION TO THE NAVAJO COUNTRY. Hon DoNACiANO ViJiL, Secretaini of State of tlie Territory of New Mexico Sir. Under date of 16 Nov last I received a communication from Mess Andres Romero, and Anastasio Garcia, Citizens of the County under COERESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN, 285 my jurisdiction, informinsr me that the Navajoes, had robbed them of 2000 sheep at the point called Valverde I immediately issued orders to the Alcaldes of the county to collect the best men they could find, and be ready at the point of Cubero on the following day, while I proceeded to Sevolleta, to demand assistance from the commander of the troops stationed at that point which I effected immediately on my arrival through a despatch asking him for the mentioned assist- ance to proceed to the vecinity of the town of Luna fi'om where it was supposed the Indians would start with the stolen property, he returned me a verbal answer that he would not give me the assist- ance I required as the horses belonging to the troops were in a wild condition From thence I was obliged to proceed with only fourteen men which were furnished to me by the alcaldes, taking with me the Clerk and Sheriff of my country I was reinforced by 40 men form- ing part of a volunteer company which was being raised at that time by permission of the commander of the troops stationed at Sevolleta, and which were going on an Expedition to the Navajo country, with this reinforcement I proceeded to the vicinity of Colorado Lake, where we joined the balance of the volunteer company there we suc- ceeded in capturing 500 of the stolen sheep Finding myself at this point it was impossible for me to return with so small a number of men I therefore went on with 292 men to " Mesa de la Vaca," there I divided my forces and scattered them on the various routes to the Navajo country I succeeded in chastising the Indians and taking their stock amounting to 5,000 Sheep, 150 riding animals, 11 Oxen and 28 prisoners, also 20 four men, who were delivered to us by a Navajo who surrendered himself to save his life We used up nearly TOO fanegas of their com, With these spoils we started back without sustaining any loss whatever ; on m}^ way back I was unfortunate in losing some of my men for want of discipline, when we arrived at the mouth of the canion of Chelle, 6 of my men were killed who left the camp without permission here we met an Express consisting of 13 men, when we reached San jVIiguel they thought themselves out of all danger being near Sevolleta, they lied down Avithout taking any precaution whatever, and were surrounded by the Navajoes while asleep and defeated, up to this time 6 of them have been found 4 of which are wounded, the other 7 are still missing While writing this communciation I will also add that some diffi- culty exists between the owaiers of the recovered stock and the cap- tors. The former claim the sheep as their property, and can prove it by their brand wdiile the latter maintain that they are in the same position with the other goods and should be subject to the same con- ditions. However I beleive the Governers decision will settle the dispute. 286 CORRESPONDENCE Of JAMES S. CALHOUN. This is all I have to advise you of You will please communicate the facts to his Excellency the Governer for the purposes which he may direct Lunas January 20 1851. Signed Ra^mon Lu^'A, prefect. A true copy of the original Signed Fra° Sarracino, prefect. No 2. copy or A DISPATCH DIRECTED BY MR RAMON LUNA TO THE ALCALDE OF SOCORRO. Territory of New Mexico County of Valencia By virtue of a note dated the 6th received from the Hon Circuit Judge, Antonio Jose Otero, advising me of the depredations com- mitted on his property by the Apaches, with the request that I should inform the commander of the forces at Socorro requesting him to furnish the necessary aid; we assembled at the point of Vacas, from whence we commenced our march which at last proved fruitless, on account of the manner in which the Americans and their officers wished to travel, their days march was to be exactly five leagues, and was necessary they should have an abundance of water I was so restricted to this mode of travel that I was compelled to return, not only on account of the danger to which I was exposed as the manner in Avhich the American officer would compel me to travel, we only travelled the distance of 30 leagues, which accounts for not carrying out the object of our Expedition against the Indians I can say without exageration that my return was insisted on by the Americans on the plea that I was to conduct them through places where they should have a sufficient quantity of water finding myself in this condition and observing a smoke to arise from the foot or northern extremity of the Sierra Blanca, I ordered off a detachment to that point. I was now abandoned by the men who accompanied me and whom I left for lost on those plains on account of the Ameri- cans who Avished to lay the blame on the Alcalde, and insisted that he was to furnish them with everything necessary for their transpor- tation finally not to trouble your Honor too much suffice it to say that it lacked but little that I should go to the Devil in company with the Americans COKKESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 287 In addressing your Honor this dispatch I do it with the highest considerations of friendship and respect. signed J A. By Pino Alcalde To Mr E. Luna prefect of the county of Valencia I certify the above to be correct translations of the original docu- ments. Santa Fe Feby 1. 1851. David V Whiting Translator [CALHOUN TO LEA.^ No 2. Indian Agency. Santa Fe New Mexico Jany. 31. 1851. Sir, The mail from the States arrived on the 26th inst. and I have now to acknowledge the receipt of your letters of Octr. 12th Novr. 18th and Deer. 5th — The first was received by the previous mail, accom- panied by the Form of a Bond as Indian Agent, which you will remember I can not execute, just now, agreeable to your instructions, there being no such officers in this Territory as must attest and certify the Bond — that is, its due execution. My utmost efforts, in obedience to your instructions, will be put forth, as they have been heretofore, to ascertain the fate of Mrs White's child, and servant, and if possible to secure their redemp- tion — The enclosed Hand Bill will explain itself — I have Pueblo In- dians, and Mexicans engaged in this holy undertaking — There are but few who are willing to undertake a service which they regard as so extremely hazardous But you may rely upon one fact, that noth- ing I can do, or cause to be done, will be without its accomplishment, in this matter. I am, Sir, Your obt. servt J. S. Calhoun Ind. Agt Hon. L. Lea. Gomr. of Ind. Affs. Washington City D. G. 1 O. I. A., Santa F6 Agency, C 581. 288 CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. [CALHOUN TO LEA.'] No. 3. Indian Agency. Santa Fe, New Mexico. Fehy. 2. 1851. Sir, I am pained, and mortified, that I am not yet advised as to the pecuniary means by which this Agency may be releived of its em- barrassments — I am, daily, a dependent upon the circumstances around me — This ought not to be so — Ought I not to know what means this Agency has to assist in executing the laws, and carrying out the policy of the Administration in reference to the Indian tribes of this Territory ? / think so — During the month past the Indians have been active in every direction— and for no one month during the occupancy of the Terri- tory by the American troops have they been more successful in their depredations — Early in January they drove off a quantity of stock from near the Pueblo of Isletta — about the 15th of the same month, the Navajos made a descent upon Corrales, a Mexican town upon the Rio Grande, seven miles above Alburque — drove off all the stock thej' could find, quantity unknown — killed one man, wounded two, and carried off a captive — About the 25th near Pecos, twenty five miles from Santa Fe, on the road to San Miguel, the Indians drove off several large herds of Sheep, and other Stock, killed three pas- tores, and wounded another — A Band of Utahs have recently visit a settlement on the St and Charles, near the Arkansas river, carried off all the provisions, animals, and money that they could find, and one captive — During the month of January, the weather was extremely moderate, and the Apaches and Navajos have roamed in every direction through this [Territory — I have reason to beleive, they assume the guise of Pueblo Indians and come into this city. While at Alburquerque, a few days ago, I ascertained the reprisal expedition, of which I have heretofore advised you, had returneu — and the Prefect inform me he was having prepared an official report for Governor Munroe — I begged him to furnish me with a copy of it; and I herewith enclose to you a translation of the report, and a letter ^ addressed to me, accompanying — Both of these papers exhibit a state of feeling deeply to be regretted, and if it was not important 1 O. I. A., Santa F6 Agency, C 582 ; Annual Report, Commissioner of Indian Affairs, 1851, p. 186. « See p. 283. CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 289 that you should be fully advised as to the true condition of affairs in this territory, I would not forward them to you Sheep Horses Mules & Asses Cows 184t) 14,243 24,333 28, 502 24,754 58,399 167 307 137 2fi0 22 149 217 167 137 91 80 1847 210 1848 271 1849 522 151 The foregoing table is an api^roximate statement of losses in the counties of Santa Ana & Bernadillo, without including a large amount of Government stock — for the years as indicated — I have not been able to procure similar information in reference to the other counties — But this table may be regarded as a fair specimen for the Territor}^ — and is worthy of serious consideration. I am With great respect Your obt servt. J. S. Calhoun Ind. Agt Hon. L. Lea. Comr. of hid. Afs. Washington City D. G. [CALHOUN TO LEA. No. 4. Indian Agency Santa Fe, New Mexico. Fehry. I,. 1851 Sir, Mr Kern arrived from Alburquerque last night, and has informed me that on Saturday last, a band of Indians, supposed to be Navajos," made a descent upon some Ranches, six or eight miles below Albur- querque, and committed depredations, the extent of which had not been ascertained. The daring of these Indians produced quite a sensation at, and in the neighborhood of Alburquerque, inducing the Court Martial to adjourn for the day, on the receipt of the intelli- gence. Lt Pleasanton, in command of dragoons, were ordered in lO. I. A., Santa ¥€ Agency, C 587. * In connection with the Navaho Indians, the report of Colonel Munroe affords some slight interest. 5021—15 19 290 COERESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. pursuit, and it is hoped the cunning of the Indians will not avail them on this occasion. I am, Sir, Your obt servt. J. S. Calhoun Ind. Agt Hon. L Lea. Coinr. of Ind. Affs [Related Correspondence.] [muNROE to JONES.^j IIiLVD Quarters, 9th Department FoBT Union, N Mexico. Major General R. Jones January 27th J851 Adjt: General, General, I have the great satisfaction to report the the new posts that have been estab- lished in this territory, are already exercising a favorable influence in our Indian relations. The XJtahs, and Jacarilla Apaches, have been perfectly quiet, these tribes are influenced by this post, and in order to ensure their permanent submission, I intend to put a post in the Utah country, about 80 miles north of Taos. The Navajoes have shown no hostility, since the Governor and I met them in Council at their own solicitation, on the 25th ultimo. The Gila Apaches have paused. I have heard of no depredations committed by them, since the establishment of Fort Webster. It is unquestionably true, that the most certain way to subdue Indians, is to establish posts in the heart of their country- These posts confine them at home, they will never venture to make distant hostile expeditions, and leave their families, and property, within striking distance of vigilant garrisons. Besides this, they are brought into contact with us, and their wants are multiplied, and as we only can supply them, it makes them directly dependent upon us. They also, soon discover, that we have no wish to injure them so long as they remain at peace. I think it would be very desirable, to place a small post on the great plains, midway between this, and the Arkansas. There is a place on the Cimerone, where there is an abundance of timber, good water, and soil, (It is marked on the map.) — a post at this place, would make the traveling on the plains, as safe as it is in Missouri. As soon as I can find time, I will go down there, and decide upon the matter. As it will require some time to make the map that has been called for, I have thought it better, to have an old map prepared, that may answer for immediate reference. I am Sir Very llespectfully Your Obt. Servt lA. G. O. Old Book, No. 1. Dep.-irtment of New Mexico, also vol. 8, Department of New Mexico, pp. 123-124. COKRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 291 [WHITING TO CALHOUN.'] Santa Fe February 10 1851. Mr James S Calhoun Dear Sir. In compliance with your request I give you a statement of some facts relative to the depredations committed by the Navajo Indians, which were related to me during my recent visit to the lower country, as they were told me by persons of respectability and in whose char- acter I have the greatest confidence I think I can vouch for their authenticity. Three or four evenings previous to my arrival at Bernalillo I was informed the Five Navajo Indians had driven off about 25 head of cattle from that place, they also killed a cow and devoured it before starting at Las Lunas two men belonging to the town were out to inspect their stock which was distant about five miles, the Indians came upon them while they were asleep, and after taking their lives and robbing their persons, ran off with the cattle also. I intended going down as far as Socorro, but was persuaded not to do so, as the Indians were scouring the road in bands of one and two hundred the danger is so great that persons will not travel that por- tion of the country unless in large parties and well armed. I was also informed that, one Indian alone, without any aid at all entered a small town in the vicinity of Las Lunas and carried off 25 mules. Applications have been made several times to the troops posted in the vicinity demanding assistance but to no purposes, It would not be worth while to inform you of their appearance at Albuquerque as you are already acquainted with the facts. The depredations referred to above have all occured within the last two weeks, those committed at Las Lunas must have occured very recently as the people of that place had not yet recovered from their consternation and sorrow Yours Kespy D. V. Whiting Mr J. S. Calhoun Present [CALHOUN TO LEA.'] No. 5. Indian Agency. Santa Fe, New Mexico Fehruary 13th 1851. Sir, I have this day drawn on the Department for the Interior for five hundred dollars, chargeable to the appropriation of fifteen hundred 1 Enclosure of No. 6, 1851. 2 O. I. A., Santa F6 Agency, C 607. 292 CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. dollars for the redemption of the daughter of Mr & Mrs J. M. White— This draft is drawn in favor of Maj F. A. Cunningham, Pay Master U. S. A. and in obedience to your instructions, dated, Novem- ber 18th 1850, which was received at this Agency Jany. 26. 1851. I am. With great respect. Your obt. servt J. S. Cai.houn Ind. Agt Hon. L. Lea. Gomr. of Ind. Affs. Washington City D. C. [CALHOUN TO LEA.' J No. 6. Indian Agency, Santa Fe, New Mexico, Fehrv/aty 16, 1851. Sir, My No. 4. of the 4th inst. advised you that depredations had been committed by Indians near Alburquerque — About thirty cows, and other animals, were driven off — The Indians were immediately pur- sued by the owners of the Stock, and other citizens, and after several hours, of rapid travel, discovered the Indians retiring with the ut- most speed — It soon became apparent the Indians could not escape with all of their booty, whereupon, every animal of the cow kind was speared by them, and their escape effected. At or near the spot where the spearing occurred, the pursuers encamped, and were over- taken by Lieut Pleasanton and his command — Further pursuit was not deemed advisable, and both of the pursuing parties returned. The accompanying note, addressed to me by Mr. D. V. Wliiting, a reliable man, will give you a few additional items — Subsequent oc- currences Such scenes will continue to occur, until the powers at Washington, shall accord to the people of this Territory, ample pro tection If this is not afforded, tlie people must abandon the Terri- tory, or consent to be murdered, or starved to death — unless they are able and willing, and shall determine to protect themselves — T state the case as it is understood by me. Other conclusions may be pro- mulged, but factitious facts must be given to sustain such conclusions 1 O. I. A., Santa F6 Agency, C 604 ; Annual Report, Commissioner of Indian Affairs, 1851, pp. 190-192. COEKESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 293 THE PUEBLO INDIANS are manifesting some impatience to know what their Great Father intends to do with them — or for them — They are excessively an- noyed by Mexicans, and others — The encroachments upon their rights and priviledges are innumerable — We have promised them protection; and yet, there is a daily addition to the outrages pre- viously perpetrated. days, I have been excessively annoyed, for the last fifteen by com- plaints from these Indians; and, I suppose. Col. Munroe, the acting Governor of this Territory, has not been less annoyed than myself The Governor must correct errors, or they pass without correction — There is no power in this Territory, but what passes to the people through him or emanates from him There are but few restraints that the ba5^onet does not suggest, and it is well there is something here to check vitiated and unbridled passions and purposes, to some extent. THE APACHES. It is already recorded, as part of the history of the times in which we live, the Jicarillas, (Apaches,) the Indians who combined with others to murder and rob a portion of Mr J. M "White's party at the " Point of Eocks " in Octr. 1849, and to seize the females as captives, are now the Pastores of certain citizens residing below Alburquerque, Creek some of whom they robbed in August, 1850, near the Cedar Springs Bl^^See No 79 of that year This remarkable fact, can, in no way, derogate from citizens who desire the usual protection afforded to the people who live under the jurisdiction of the Govern- ment of the United States An Apache Cheif, and an aid or servant of his, are now with me — The Cheif says, he resides about midway between The Copper Mines and Pimo settlement — sometimes called villages He talks in a very clear way, and if the Congress of the United States have done the needful, there will be, I apprehend, but little difficulty in controlling these Indians I have given to these two Indians such presents as I deemed necessary, and they propose departing on to-morrow With the exception of the Band mentioned in my No. 3. I have no reason to beleive they have committed any outrages of late Nor am I advised as to the movements of the Band since the date of my No. 3. 1' 294 COEKESPONDEFCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. From a note addressed to Govr. Munroe by C. H. Merritt, Mar- of New Mexico shall, I learn that the aggregate of the population amounts to 61,574, including, as I have reason to suppose, soldiers, ftnd Government Teamsters, and Pueblo Indians There are not, in my opinion, 300 American citizens in this Territory, unconnected with the army, and many of these remain upon compulsion — The population of the Territory has suffered considerable diminuation during the past year — The causes I have already placed before you: and the same causes are yet in full force The Marshall's return of the census to the Department will show, as I am informed by the assistant Marshall, the population of the Pueblos named below, to be as follows Taos 361 Zuiii 1500 Santana 399 Picai-io 222 Laguua 749 Jemes 3C5 San Juan 568 Acoma 350 San Felipi 411 Santa Clara 279 Lentis 210 Santa Domingo. 606 Sanlldefonso 139 Isleta 751 Cochiti 254 Pojoaque 48 Sandia 241 2095 Tesuque 119 Cia ]24 3925 Nambe 111 1847 Total 7867 This, you will remember, does not include the two Pueblos below El Paso, nor the seven Moqui Pueblos Aggregate of census return 61, 574 Pueblo Indians 7,867 Americans. Mexicans & all others. 53, 707 I am, With great respect. Your obt. servl. J. S. Calhoun Hon. Ind. Agt L. Lea. Com,r. of Tnd. Afs. Washington OiU/ b. c. [CALHOUN TO LEA.'] No. 7. Indian Agency. Santa Fe, New Mexico. Fehry. 28th 1851. Sir, The mail which arrived from the States on the 26th inst. brought me nothing from your office, except your "Annual Report". My > O. I. A., Santa F« Agency, C 608. COERESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN". 295 embarrassments are extremely harrassing, as I am without means or instructions, and without a satisfactory guarantee that my actings and doings will be approved. Near the Indian Pueblo, Jemez, and in the immediate neighborhood of Socorro, and between the named places, Indians have committed many depredations in driving off Stock during the last fortnight — Efforts to commit depredations must increase in proportion to the diminuition of stock — which have nearly disappeared on the line of the Rio del Norte — Serious apprehensions are entertained that much suffering will be experienced during the present year for the want of food, especially among the poor, and, as a matter of course, the cal- endar of crime must be greatly enlarged. This is my last letter to you as Indian Agent, and my accounts in that capacity will be immediately closed up to the present date Having received the appointment of Governor of New Mexico, I am, by law, recognized as Superintendent of Indian Affairs, and it is hoped that I may receive, at an early day, all needful instructions — This point I can not too strongly urge upon the immediate con- sideration of the Department. I am, With great respect. Your obedient servant James S. Calhoun Indian Agent. Hon Luke Lea Confimissioner of Indian Affairs. Washington City D. G. [CALHOUN TO LEA*] Indian Agency Santa Fe N Mexico Feh 28'' 1851. Sir. I have this day drawn on the Department of the Interior for one Thousand dollars in favour of Thomas A Reeves of Phila, which please pay and charge to the account of this Agency. This amount is absolutely necessary to enable me to close my out- standing accounts as Indian agent. James S. Calhoun Indian Agent Hon. L. Lea, (Jom^ of Indian affairs Washington City B.C. 1 O. I. A., Santa P6 Agency, C fil8. 296 CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. [WEBSTER TO CALHOUN ^] Department of State, Washington^ January^ 9, 1851. Sir: The President having, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate,^ appointed you to be Governor of the Territory^ of New Mexico, I have the honor to enclose your commission. You will be pleased to inform * this Department of the receipt of it, and, should it be accepted, of the name of the State or County in which you were born. I am, Sir, respectfully. Your obedient servant, Daniel Webster. Hon. James S. Calhoun, ; c&c. t&c. <&c. Santa Fe. [LEA TO CALHOUN'] ( Department of the Interior, '*> I Office Indian Affairs, January 22 1851 Calhoun,^ His Excy J. S. ' "^^t*... . Santa Fe "~"'2-'_ ^^^^^ -- New Mexico ^^'^^^l^n^--^-^^''-^^'^'^^ Sm: I have received your letters complete, including No. 87, of the 30th Nov. last. IB. I. A., D. L., vol. 38. * President Fillmore sent in the nomination, December 23, 1850 (Senate Executive Journal, VIIl, p. 280) It was referred to the Committee on Territories, of which Douglas was chairman, and reported back favorably. (Ibid., p. 282) The nomination was con firmed, January 7. 1851. 3 The Territory was established by the Act of September 9, 1850, (9 U. S. Stat, at L.. 446-452) This, as is well known, was one of the compromise measures of that year. * Calhoun's letter, supposing he wrote one, in reply to this, has not been found. 5 O. I. A., L. B., No. 44, p. 152. •Calhoun was inaugurated, March 3, 1851, A. G. O., Files, Filed with C 63 of 1850. Hd. Qrs. 9th Mil : Dept, Santa Ffi_, New Mexico March 2nd 1851. Special Orders No. 12. Col : James S. Calhoun having been appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate. Governor of the Territory of New Mexico, and he having signified to Col : Munroe the present Civil and Military Governor, his intention of entering upon the discharge of his Official duties tomorrow. Col : Munroe directs that the following order of arrangement be observed by the Troops at this Post. Bvt. Lieut. Col. H. Brooks Commanding the Second Artillery Battalion will detail one Company of Artillery, and Major Morris Commanding 3rd Infantry, Company " D ", 3rd Infantry to escort the Governor from his present place of residence to the Government House now occupied by Col : Munroe. CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 297 Excepting the report of the Committee of Ways & Means, recom- mending an appropriation, for fulfilling treaties with the Navajoes of 9th Sept, and the Utahs of 30th December 1849, in accordance with my special estimate, of $18000, each, there has been no action on the part of Congress in reference to Indian Affairs in New Mexico, As confirmatory of the deplorable condition of our Indian relations in the Territory, which was fully set forth in my annual Report; I have transmitted duplicate copies of your letter No. 87, to the Secy of the Interior with the recommendation that it be laid before the appropriate Committees in Congress. Very respectfully, Your Obt Servt L Lea Gomr, [CALHOUN TO LATZ.'] Copy. Executive Department. Santa Fe March 11th 1851 These presents are to certify that Mr Benjamin J. Latz has the nescessary authority to communicate with any tribes of Indians that may be found between this place and the White Mountains for the purpose of recovering the child of Mrs. J. M. White, as also any other American captives that may be in the hands of said Indians. And should any of said tribes desire to proceed to the seat of Gov- Footnote — Continued. The escort to assemble at such time and place as may be designated by Major H. L. Kendrick who is detailed to command it. Bvt. Lieut. Col. Brooks will so order that a Salute of flfteen Guns be flred in honor of the Governor immediately after the inaugeration The Band of the 3rd Infantry will be in attendance, the leader of which will be directed to report this day to Major Kendrick for instructions. By Order of Col. Munroe. (Signed) L. McLaws^ 1 1st. Lt. 7th Infy. ^.^ '^ A. A. A. Genl. Head Quarters, 9th. Mily, Department Santa Fe, New Mexico 3d March 1851. Sib. The Governor of the Territory of New Mexico, James S. Calhoun, was qualified as such this day, and has entered upon the duties of his office. I am with the Greatest Respect Your Very Obdt Servant John Munkob Maj. 2d. Art. Bt. Col. U. 8. Army Commanding To the Honble C. M. Conrad Secretary of War. ^Enclosure of McLaws to Alexander, May 8, 1851. 298 COEEESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. eminent for the purpose of delivering up said captives and make treaties, under a white flag, they are to be allowed to do so without the interference of any civil or military authorities. This docu- ment is to remain in force for the space of Thirty days from this date. James S Calhoun Governor^ and Superintendant of Indn Affrs. [CALHOUN TO MUNROE.'] EXECUTTVE DePARTIVIENT, Santa Fe, New Mexico^ March 16, 1851. Sir : The following is a copy of a letter which I have this moment received. " New Placer, March 15, 1851. "This is to inform you that the Indians have killed one of our citizens (Don Jose Marie Baca) on the 13th instant, within five miles of this place on the road leading to Santa Fe, and they also wounded his peon in the side with an arrow. The amount of damage done is not yet known. The Indians were seen in our mountains last night; their number is not ascertained. A party of the same Indians (Nava- joes) are said to be in San Domingo at this time on a trading expedition. " James Gumming, Alcalde. " To His Excellency the Governor of New Mexico." I hasten to place before you this information, under the hope that you will be able to afford the necessary protection in the premises, and to exterminate or expel the Indians, who have been located for months not very far from Mazana. With great respect, I am, &c., James S. Calhoun. Col. John Munroe, Command^g 9th Military Department, Santa Fe, New Mexico. Head-quarters Military Department, Santa Fe, New Mexico, March 20. A true copy. L. McLaws, 1st Infantry. 1 Annual Report, Secretary of War, 1851, Hoiiso Ex. Doc. 32nd Cong., 1st Sess., No. 2. pp. 131-132. COEBESPONDEIirCE OF JAMES S. CALHOTJlSr. 299 [CALHOUN TO LEA.'] No. 1 ExECUTTv^E Department Santa Fe, New Mexico March 2M, 1851. Sir, A special private express leaves on to-morrow morning for the States, and I seize the opportunity to inform you that Indian mur- ders and depredations ^ are, almost daily occurring in this Territory, South and West of Santa Fe. The Navajos during the past week, murdered one Don Jose Marie Baca ^ and wounded his travelling companion, and drove off some stock between this and Mangana — On the same day, another party of Navajos drove from a Mesa, about fifteen miles from this place, near the road to Peila Blanca, about thirty horses and mules belonging to the Vicario of this City and Don Tomas Baca of Peiia Blanca — On the 11th of this month, the Jicar- illes took possession of a flock of sheep; supposed to number one thousand, slaughtered seven hundred, and returned to the owner near Anton Chico, three hundred of the poorest, and demanded pay for their honesty, but I am not advised that pay was accorded to them — Upwards of one hundred head of cattle were driven off by Navajos from near San Isidro six days ago — A number of depredations, of a similar character, have been perpetrated between Jemez and Socorro, on both sides of the Del Norte, within the last fifteen days, but less extensive because of the diminished number of animals to be found — The diminution is the result of Indian depredations — By order of Col. Munroe, Comdg. Dth Mil. Dept. active efforts have been made to discover the depredators, but so far, without success — These efforts are yet continued — In order, if possible, to check the outrages stated above. I have deemed it my duty to issue the enclosed Proclamation, and Order to the Pueblo Indians. The people of this Territory are without the means of self protec- tion, the Territorial Treasury is a blank, and the protection of persons and property depends solely upon the action of the Government of iQ. I. A., New Mexico Supy, N. 1]8. 2 Consider, in this connection, the approximately contemporaneous reports of the mili- tary authorities on pp. 303-S04. 8 In the " Depredation Claims " files, O. I. A., there are records of many claims brought because of depredations committed by New Mexican Indians, especially the Navajos. in 1851. These are typical cases and in every one of them a letter from the Governor of New Mexico, figured as a paper in the case : Francisco Thomas C. de Baca, letter of Governor of New Mexico ; Estabran Aragon, letter of Governor of New Mexico, N 343 ; Antonio Serafin Luzero. letter of Governor of New Mexico, N 343 ; Pedro Armijo, letter of Governor of New Mexico, N 344 ; Lorenzo Montanio, letter of Governor of New Mexico, N 344. 300 CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. States, the United A number of applications and tenders, similar to the enclosed, Marked C, have been made to me, and had I the means, and authority, I would instantly accept the enclosed proposi- tion, and would peril my reputation upon the full and complete suc- cess of the expedition — It is hoped, that Congress, before the termi- nation of its late Session, provided the means of releiving the people of this Territory from the evils that they have so long, and so justly complained of. The mail from the States arrived at the Moro on the I7th of this month, and we hope to receive it on the 24th or 25th inst., although it is said, the Conductor has orders to detain it until the 28th — This is excessively annoying to us, for we need expected instructions, our Judges, and the effective means necessary to a proper execution of our public duties in this Territory — Will you oblige us so far as to call the attention of the Post Master General to this matter, for I doubt not, if he has the power, he will remedy the detentions com- plained of. We had quite an extensive conflagration in this City last night, and the wood work of some eight or ten tenements were consumed — I am, with great respect, Your Obt. Servt James S. Calhoun Hon : Luke Lea Com.r. of Ind. Affrs Washington City^ D. G. [Inclosures] proclamation ^ james s. calhoun governor of the territory of new MEXICO To the People of Said Territory The present condition of the Territory of New Mexico, surrounded as it is by hostile tribes of Indians, whose almost daily incursions and depredations are the source of the greatest evils which afflict the country, has induced me to issue by virtue of my powers, as Com- mander-in-Chief of the Militia of the Territory, this proclamation. 1 Nearly all printed matters relating to the early territorial history of New Mexico can be found among the Territorial Papers in the State Department, Bureau of Rolls and Library. CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 301 I recommend to all able-bodied male citizens of the Territory, capable of bearing arms, the formation of Volunteer Corps to pro- tect their families, property and homes, and as Commander-in-Chief, as before mentioned, will commission the officers of such companies as may be raised for service against the hostile Indians — upon being shown that such companies have been organized, and that the persons to be commissioned, have been chosen to their different commands, or that the companies have volunteered to organize under the commands of such persons so presenting their claims for commissions. Immediately upon the organization of any such companies, they will report to the Commander-in-Chief their strength and numbers, and they are then authorized to pursue and attack any hostile tribe of Indians which may have entered the settlements for the purpose of plunder and depredation. I further direct and order that the property which may be cap- tured from any hostile tribe of Indians, by any company raised under the foregoing provisions, shall be disposed of in accordance with the laws and customs heretofore existing in this Territory — until Legis- lative action shall be had upon the subject, either by the Congress of the United States or the Legislative Assembly of this Territory, I also remind those who may volunteer in any such company, that the law will be strictly enforced against any person who shall use this measure of protection to the inhabitants of the Territory, as a pretext for any depredations upon or invasion of the property of the peaceable citizens of N, Mexico ; the intention being to put in force the means which are in the power of the people for their benefit, and not that a license for injury to them shall be the result. In conclusion, the aid and co-operation of the well-wishers to the country is asked, that this movement, which it is believed, can be made so remedial of the sufferings of the people, may go into suc- cessful operation, and that life and property — and the homes and fire-sides of the people may be rendered secure from those perils and dangers which now so constantly and daily threaten them. Given under my hand at the City of Santa Fe, this 18th day of March, A. D. 1851. James S. Calhoun, Governor. Executive Department Santa Fe New Mexico March 19, 1851. To the Cacique, Governors and Principals of. — The savage Indians who are daily murdering and robbing the people of New Mexico, in which T include your Pueblo, must be 302 CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. exterminated or so chastised as to prevent their coining into or near your Pueblo. For tliis purpose you are directed to abstain from all friendly intercourse with the Navajo Indians and should they dare to come into your neighbourhood, you are authorized to make war upon them, and to take their animals and such other property as they may have with them, and to make divisions of the same according to your laws and customs. You are required to be exceeding careful to prevent and prohibit that the least trouble shall be given to the persons and property of all Americans Mexicans and Pueblos, and inform this department at an early date of the movements of the Navajos and all that you may do by virtue of this order. — James S Calhoun Gov. c§ Superintendent of Ind. Affs. A I^iteral Translation D. V. Whiting T c& I to the Govmnt PROPOSALS TO RAISE SIX COMPANIES OF VOLUNTEERS, FOR AN EXPEDITION TO THE NAVAJO COUNlTiY 1st I propose to raise Six Companies of Volunteers of One Hun- dred men in each Company 2d The Government is to furnish One hundred mules to conduct the provisions necessary for the Expedition with the understanding that they are to be returned to the Government after the campaign shall be ended, with the exception of those that may be killed or stolen by the enemy. 3d The Government is to furnish Six Hundred rifles making myself responsible for the delivery of said arms after the conclu- sion of the campaign, except those that may be lost on account of the death of any member of the Expedition. 4th It is expected that the Government will supply sufficient amunition to conduct the war until its termination, it is also expected that the Government will furnish the necessary provisions for the support of the troops. 5th The troops will not claim any remuneration from the Govern- ment of the United States, the only recompense they ask for their services, is to have the disposal of the interests of the country they are to conquer, such as the disposal of Captives, animals cattle &c. and they on their part promise to pursue the Navajo Nation to their extermination or complete surrender. 6th The volunteer forces will not be subject to the command of any officer or part of the Army of the United States, but will CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 303 always be ready to obey the orders of the Civil Government of the Territory of New Mexico. Santa Fe March 18. 1851 Signed. Manuel Chaves A Literal translation of the Original D. V. Whiting. [Related Correspondence.] [McLAWS TO ALEXANDER.!] Hd Qrs : 9 Mil : Dept. Santa Fe New Mexico March U, 1851. Colonel, Information lias been received that a number of Apache Warriors with their families and perhaps some Comauches are assembled at some point about forty miles south of Anton Chico — towards the Rio Pecos Colonel Munroe desires that you will examine to find out the truth of the express above report and send word by special to these Head Quarters. Since writing the above a report has reached here that a Party of Apaches have come in with several hundred sheep which they assert were found strolling about without a Pastor they had brought them in as evidence of their friendly intention ; It is also reported that they are desirous of having a talk with the Governor — you will enquire into the above matter and report at once as to their correctness keeping a good watch over the movements of the Indians and hold your command in readiness to punish any depredations. If any of the Indians should desire to come to this place you will have them escorted safely. Respectfully Your obt Servt L. McLaws t Lt 7 Infy AAA Genl Col. E. B. Alexander Commdg Las Vegas [McLAWS TO H0WB.2] Head Quarters 9th. Mil: Dept. Santa Fe\ N. M. March 16, 1851. Major, I enclose herewith a copy of a letter from Govr. Calhoun to Col. Munroe, giving information of certain depredations committed by Navajoe Indians near the new Placero. Col. Munroe directs that if you have not received such information as to enable you to act with more probability of success against the marauding party, that you send at once a mounted party in the direction of Tajeke to gain infor- mation, to be followed as soon as possible by the rest of the disposable force of Co K. 1 a. G. O., Old Book, No. 4, p. 53. Mbld., p. 69. 304 CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. You will iilso send at once tlie accompanying communications to Socorro and Cibolletta with such information as to the movements of the Indians as you can collect. Respectfully, L McLaws Lt 7 Infy A A A Genl Major M. S. Howe Commding Alhurquergue P. S. You will report your actions in the matter. Respectfully, L McLaws Lt 7 Infy A A A Genl Major M. S. Howe [LEA TO CALHOUN.^] Department or the Interior, Office Indian Affairs, 3farrh 27. 1851 Calhoun His Excy James S. Santa Fe New Mexico Sir: Your letter (No 88) of the 5th Deer last, transmitting your ac- counts for the quarter ending 30th Sept previous, has been received. These returns will be speedily examined & referred to the ac- counting officers of the Treasury for settlement, & whatever balance may be found due you, will be remitted. Until such settlement it advance is not competent for the Department to make an allowance of funds, your connection with the Government as Indian Agent hav- ing ceased. Very respectfully Your obt Servt L Lea CoTnr. [LEA TO CALHOUN.''] Department of the Ini'erior, Office Indian Affairs, Marrh 27 1851 Calhoun His Excy James S. Santa Fe New Mexico Sir: Your letter (No 89) of the 10th Deer. last, enclosing the sub- sistence account of Lieut Thomas, of the Commissary's Department, has been received. 1 O. I. A., L. B., No. 44, p. 263. " Ibid, p. 264. I CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN, 305 On the examination of the latter, the remarks submitted by you respecting it, will be duly considered. Very respectfully, your obt. Servt. L Lea Gomr. [CALHOUN TO FILLMOKE/] Executive Department Santa Fe New Mexico March 29th. 1851. Sir This note will be presented to you by Doctor Henry Connelly,^ one of the worthiest citizens of this Territory, and who will be able to give you authentic information concerning the deplorable condition of affairs in New Mexico. Until the Apaches and Navajos are com- pletely subdued we can neither have quiet or prosperity in this Terri- tory. You are aware that our Treasury is empty, and that we are without munitions of war. If we had the use of one thousand stand of arms at this time, we could effectually check depredations that are being daily committed in our very midst Upon this subject I will not trouble you further, but pray you, at a convenient moment admit Dr Connelly to a conversation upon such topics as you may desire useful and correct information I am With great respect. Your Obedient Servant. James S. Calhoun His Excellency MiixARD Fillmore ^ President of the United States Washington City D.G. lA. G. O., Files, N 21 of 1851. *ln 1850, when New Mexico attempted, in advance of territorial organization and In- dependently of congressional authorization, to set up a State government for Iierself, Dr. Henry Connelly was elected, by the people, governor, and Francis A. Cunniugbam and Richard H. Weightman, by the newly-formed Legislature, United States Senators. In the absence from New Mexico of Governor Connelly, Alvarez took his place and met, as Connelly would have done, no doubt, had he been there, with the vigorous opposition of Colonel Munroe. (Bancroft, History of Arizona and New Mexico, p. 448.) s President Fillmore endorsed the letter as follows : " Mr. Conrad, the bearer of this calls on you at my request. He is the gentleman who was elected Governor under the state organization." 5021—15 20 306 COERESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. [CALHOUN TO STUART/] Executive Department Santa Fe, New Mexico. March 31st 1851. Sir, It may not be improper to call your attention to heavy expendi- tures which this Department must incur, if it discharges its duty with fidelity to the people. In the first place, every order, notice, or proc- lamation must be written and published in English and Spanish — consequently, as the great mass of the people are Mexicans, a trans- lator for the Department is necessary, and expenditures in this Ter- ritory must not be measured as in the States — my letters, as Indian Agent, addressed to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, and the Quartermaster's and Commissary's offices in Washington will show the extravagant prices paid for services and the means of subsistence in this Territor}^ My only object at this moment, is to ask your consideration of the subject, and the exercise of such discretion as may have been com- mitted to you by the Government of the United States. The protection of persons and property demands the earliest pos- sible action. My letters to the Commissioners of Indian Affairs have given to the Department my reasons for this opinion. In order to protect our interior firesides if we do not make reprisal expiditions against our wild and savage neighbors. We need muni- tions of war of every kind. These we have not, and our Treasury is empty. Has Congress provided the means to aid us? If I had the means at this moment I could, in a few months, secure a lasting peace with the Indians in this Territory, and locate them within fixed limits & compel them to build Pueblos and cultivate the soil, provided trading posts, sufficiently garrisoned, and Indian Agents were established. I will not trouble you further in reference to this subject. I have the honor to be, Your obt. Servt. James S. Calhoun Hon. A. H. H. Stuart, Sec. of the Department of the Interior, Washington City, D. G. IB. I. a., M. L., March, 1851, Alexander H. H. Stuart of Virginia entered upon his duties as Secretary of the Interior, September 16, 1850. CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 307 [CALHOUN TO LEA.'] No 2 Executive Department Santa Fe New Mexico March 31st 1851. Sir. Your letter of the 22d of January last was received on the 24th of the present month, and I trust your efforts to induce action upon the part of Congress in reference to Indian Affairs in New Mexico, have not proved abortive. The Pueblo Indians have caused me much anxiety during the present month. Leguna and Acoma have had angry disputations, and the shedding of blood has been prevented so far, by my sending an Agent to their Pueblos to compromise their respective claims to certain lands. They have agreed to abide his award. There is not a Pueblo within One hundred miles of this Superintendency that has not sent to me delegations, during the month, to make known their grievances caused by incroachments upon their landed property around their Pueblos. This topic of great danger to the quiet of the Territory has been so frequently presented for the consideration of the Department, I deem it unnecessary to enlarge upon it. The Navajos continue, in small parties, to commit depredations, and have not the slightest idea that we can effectually check them. They never regard the loss of a few men and captives. A few days since, the Navajos drove off stock from near Manzana. The Apaches, whose localities have been in that neighborhood for months past, ascertained the fact, pursued the Navajos, recovered and returned the stock and brought in a scalp, four were wounded and three have since died. The Pueblo of Jemez are daily annoyed by them, not- withstanding the occasional loss of a man. The Governor of the Pueblo is now here complaining that he has not the american pro- tection promised, and begging for munitions of war, and the Terri- tory is as powerless as the Superintendency. Sandoval,^ our Navajo friend near Cebolleta, returned about the 20th of the month from a visit to his Navajo brethren with Eighteen captives, a quantity of stock and several scalps having lost one man in the expedition. 1 O. I. A., New Mexico Supy, N 119; Annual Report, Commissioner of Indian Affairs. 1851, pp. 193-194. a See McLaws to Chandler, p. 309. 808 CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. THE UTAHS, were with me on the 25th inst and renewed their manifestations of pacific purposes, and reported that they had not been able to hear one word in reference to Mrs White, child and servant. Up to this moment I have not been able to make nny further discovery in rela- tion to the fate of the child and servant, notwithstanding I have had out a number of traders in every direction, who have ventured into the camps of the Utahs, and the Jicarillas and Mescaleros Apaches But I will not remit my exertions. Leut J P. Holliday,^ 2d Dragoons, left Albuquerque on the 18th with forty four men in search of Indians who had committed depre- dations in the neighborhood of Manzana. He found the camp of the Apaches, near the Smoky mountains. Sixty miles E. of S. E. of Manzana, About two hundred Indians in the camp. Sixty of whom were warriors. The Superior Chief of the Apaches East of the Del Norte, Chacon, approached Leut Holliday, and enquired the object of his visit; declaring at the same time he was for peace, and that his people had committed no depredations of a recent date, and at once agreed to return with the Leutenant, and he and others are expected here on the 3d of the ensuing month The Jicarillas and Mescaleros each have a subordinate chief with four warriors, now at the Super- intendency. They came in on the 29th inst to ascertain whether I would entertain a proposition for a Treaty of Peace and while engaged in a talk with them, intelligence of Chacon's intention to come in, caused a suspension of our mutual enquiries, and these sub- ordinates will remain here until Chacon's arrival It is to be regretted that I am without instructions upon this sub- ject. I have a very great aversion to groping my way in the dark, but in the absence of light, my soundest descretion must be exercised, taking care to avail myself of all the information I am be able to procure, and the advice of intelligent gentlemen. I am With great respect Your Obedient Servant, James S. Cai^houn Hon L. Lea Commissioner of Indian A fairs Washington City b. C. iSee pp. 310-311. CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 309 [Related Correspondence.] [McLAWS TO CHANDLER.i] Hd Qrs ; 9 Mil. Dept. Santa Fe New Mexico April 17, 1851. Colonel, Sandoval, Cbief of the Pueblo Navajos near Cibolletta is now on a visit to this place, be has requested that he may be supplied with arms for his people and wishes to know when an Expedition will be made against the Navajos as he Is desirous of accompauying it withe«t about twenty of his men — In reference to which points Colonel Munroe informed him that they would be considered — that he (Sandoval) could confer with you and that you would write to him (Col. Munroe) and that at a proper time answers would be given to his request & inquiries. The above is for your information and guidance in making inquiries and observing relative to the position Sandoval and his people now hold, or would probably hold if an Expedition was undertaken by our Troops against the main Navajo Nation — You stated I believe on your last visit here that it was your impression befe Sandoval was not on friendly terms with the rest of the Nation on a/c of some of their depredations on the Flocks and Herds of his people & of some acts of retaliation on his part. It is reported here that the Navajos living in and around the Caiion of Chelley & on the lower Rio San Juan have separated from those living on the Upper San Juan, the separation having taken place it is believetl with a perfect understanding on both sides, the agreement being that the Flocks &c of the lower San Juan Party shall be sent to the Upper San Juan until the contem- plated Expedition against the Nation should be terminated. The Upper San Juan portion believing that Col. Munroe will give credence to their professions of peace & friendship, which they have been making for some time past, & thus will not visit that section Sandoval may be ostensibly at war with the one portion of his Tribe but at peace & in communication with the other & by giving information of our move- ments to the last, it will tfeefefere be communicated to the whole It will therefore be necessary in your conversations with Sandoval not to allow him, to gain any information of our movements, but endeavour on your part to learn all concerning himself & his people For they could be of assistance to us if they so desired & if otherwise might do some injury. After you have satisfied yourself in the matter Colonel Munroe desires that you would give him your opinion as to the necessity & propriety of granting the request of Sandoval mentioned in the first part of this Letter Respectfully Your obt. Servt L McLaws 1 Lt 1 Infy d A A A Genl Col. D. T. Chandler Commanding Cibolletta lA. G. O., Old Book, No. 4, pp. 93-94. 310 CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. [McLAWS TO HOWE.i] Head Quarters 9th Mil. Dept. Santa F6, New Mexico March SO, 1851. Major. Information was received this morning from two teamsters, who came from Alburquerque, that Lt. Holaday had returned from his expedition bringing with him Chacon a chief of the Apache Nation and three of his sons — and that it had been determined by you to send these Indians to this place the day follow- ing their arrival at Alburquerque — Friday — but that you had delayed their departure one day in order to await the arrival of some twenty more Apaches, who, it was said would come in voluntarily, being desirous of seeing the Govr. There is a deputation of Apache Indians now at this place representing, as they say the Apache Nation, Mescaleros and Jacarillas. The chief of this party acknowledges that he is subordinate to Chacon — but says that be represents his (Chacons) views. It being a matter of importance to ascertain the truth of the above report Mr. Latz, the bearer of this, has volunteered to start from this place to meet Chacon supposed to be on the way here and to converse with him on such points as Governor Calhoun may direct, or, if he does not meet him will pro- ceed on to Alburquerque for the same object. — Two men from the Arty. Bat- talion have been detailed to accompany Mr. Latz. Respectfully Your obd. Servt. L McLaws 1 Lt7 Infy AAA Genl Major M. S. Howe 2d. Dragoons. Conidg. Albuquerque. P. S. If Lt. Holliday has returned and the report above referred to, is cor- rect, Col. Munroe desires that he. Lt. H. if his services are not essential at Alburquerque, may be allowed to come to this place, with Chacon and the other Indians. Respectfully L McLaws AAA Oenl Major M. S. Howe [munroe to JONES.^] Head Quarters 9th Mil: Dept. Santa Fe', N. Me.Hco March SOth 1851. Sir: I transmit you herewith 1. Lt. A Plensantons report of a Scout in Pursuit of Navajoes Indians. 2. Copy of a letter from Bvt. Col. Alexander enclosing a report of Lt Adams with accompanying papers. 8. Copy of a letter from Governor Calhoun to myself giving information as to depradations committed by Navajoe Indians near the New Placer with a report of Maj Kendrick who was detached with a Mounted party from this was ordered out post in pursuit — and a report of Lt. Holliday who from Albur- querque by Major Howe for the same purpose. A. G. 0., Old Book. No. 4, pp. 67-68. » Ibid., pp. 70-71. CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 311 By reference to pjipers marked No. 3 you will perceive tbat Governor Calhoun besides asking protection for the inhabitants at the New Placer desired that the Indians who had been for months located not far from Mauzana might be expelled or exterminated. Major Kendricks report renders it a matter of doubt whether or not the Indians had been at the New Placer — and the report of Lt. Holliday will explain, why the Indians near Mauzana were neither expelled or exterminated — a consequence which might have followed if Lt Holliday had not thought proper to deviate from his instructions which were based on the hopes of the Executive of this Territory. A letter from a Mr. W. S. Skinner an inhabitant of this Territory, advising Major Howe that some Apaches w^ere at Manzana is also enclosed — the letter is dated January 23d. 1851. — his intention in making the report is at least questionable, when it is seen that scarcely two months had elapsed, when he Informs Lt. Holliday that those Indians had been protcctinfl the Flocks of the inhabitants for a number of months, (see Lt. Hollidays report) From the report of Lt. Adams you will perceive that but for his accidental encounter with the Pastor of the Flocks of Sheep which had been reported as stolen, the report made by Mr. Waters would have been beleived as true, and I have no doubt so reported, and a claim on the Government the con- sequence. The above mentioned reports are typical of the character of a large propor- in which tion if the assertions made by individuals as to the depredations of Indians were thoroughly sifted the result would show characteristic of the people as pourtrayed by Lt. Pleasonton or a disregard for facts from motives of self interest proved in the instance mentioned in the report of Lt. Adams. Various statements emanating from persons in this Territory and circulated In the United States through the public prints with I beleive representations made more directly to the Department of War, having in view to disparage the Military force in this Department and more immediately commanding officers, teem with direct violation of truth or with gross misreitreseutations intentionally made. The objects mainly to be attained being to prepare the public mind and the Congress of the United States to consider favorably the claims proposed to be set up for the payment of all the stock which has been or which they will represent to have been driven ofE by the various Bands of surrounding Indians— through the supposed neglect of the Government to give that protection which has been guaranteed by the people of the Territory, and by deprecating the services of the regular army, expect that Congress will Authorise the Creation of a local force as a substitute or partial substitute for it. The official positions of which there is already a surplus of Aspirants ready- to fill. The enclosed official reports will serve as an illustration to show that the Troops have properly performed their allotted duties, and the few remarks I have indulged will point out the unwoi'thy motives by which both myself and other Commanding officers have been assailed. Respectfully (sd) John Munuoe Major 2d. Art. Bvt. Col. U. S A Comdg Dept. Major Genl. R. Jones Adjt. Genl. U 8. A. Washington D. O. 312 COEKESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. [CALHOUN TO LEA.'] Executive Departiment Santa Fe New Mexico March SI, 1851. Sir Your favor of January 16th acknowledging the receipt of Agent Greiners report, and yours of the 31st January advising me of the appointment of Spence M. Baird as Agent for the Indians of New Mexico and requiring him to report to this Department and file his bond have been received. I take great pleasure in informing you that Genl Baird has accepted the' appointment and reported himself to this Department, he has also filed his bond with me, which I herewith enclose, in com- pliance with your instructions Very Respectfully Your Obedt Servt James S Calhoun hy David V Whiting Hon L Lea Commr of Ind Affs Washington City D.C. [MUNROE TO CALHOUN.''] u Hd Qrs. 9 Mil. Deft Santa Fe N. Mex. 3Iarch 31st. 1851. Sir, I have just received your letter of this date stating the representa- tion made by the Govr. of Jemez that the Navajoes ^ are depredat- ing on the property of the Pueblos, and that for purposes of Defence they want a supply of powder and Lead. It is not very long since Jousta accompanied Archibille a Navajoe Chief into this place — at that time I am led to beleive the intercourse between the Pueblos of Jemez and the Navajoes was not beyond suspision and I would not now, feel myself at liberty to supply them with public ammunitions, without a very evident necessity. Respectfully (sd.) John Munroe Col. James S. Calhoun Santa Fe'\ N M. 1 O. I, A., New Mexico Supy, N 35. "A. G. O., Old Book, No. 4, p. 68. " See Munroe to .Tones, April 1, 1851. CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 313 [Related Correspondence. ] [munroe to jones.^] Head Quarters 9th Mil: Deft. Santa Fe', N. M. 1st April 1851 Sir. Should the peaceable state of Our relations with the Adjacent Indian tribes authorise the movement, I propose making an expedition into the Navajoe Country next month, so soon as the grass is sufHciently advanced in growth to support animals — contempleating for the movement the employment of a force of four companies of dragoons three companies of Infantry, and a detachment of Artillery. Enclosed, for General Head Quarters is a traced copy of a map of that coimtry executed by and under the Superintendence of Lt. Parke, Top. Engs. with an itinerary of the routes. It will form an addendum to the map of New Mexico, transmitted by Lt. Thomas, 3d Arty. The basis of the map is that of Lt. Simpson Top: Engr. The additions from detailed descriptions of Carabojal who served as guide to Lt Col. Washington on his expedition against the Navajoes in 1S49. — and it is pronounced by per- sons competent to Judge, sufficiently accurate for military purposes. Lt. Parke is now absent tracing a road from the " Rayado " to the point of rocks on the Cimarron route. He will on his return furnish the Topographical bureau with a copy. There are now at Santa Fe' recently come in two Apache Chiefs, who rep- resent themselves and people to be amicably disposed and desirous of entering into a treaty. They are waiting the arrival of Chacon a superior Chief who accompanied Lt. Holliday 2d. Dragoons into Alburquerque. On his arrival here the Governor of the Territory will entertain the subject of their mission Respectfully (sd) John Munroe Major 2d Art. Bvt. Col. U. S A Commdg Dept. Major Genl. R. Jones. Adjutant Genl. U. S. A. [CALHOUN TO STUABT.'] No. 2 Executive Department Santa Fe, New Mexico, April 2d. 1851. Sir, A few moments since the accompanying Treaty ^ was signed, and an express is now waiting to convey this and other commimications so as to overtake the mail that left on yesterday for the States — This is an important move, and I commend it to the grave consid- eration of the President of the United States — I have not time to record all that I desire to day, in time to overtake the mail — ^A. G, O., Old Book, No. 4, p. 72. «0. I. A., Santa Fe Agency, N, 120, *The War Department archives furnish additional documents bearing upon this treaty. They are given on pp. 317-320. 314 CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. The Treaty may be observed — and, if I had the means to support a small Volunteer force, I could and would secure a reasonable compli- ance with the Treaty — I have no advice, I have no instructions, and in consultation with Col. Munroe, and others, we came to the conclu- sion that the protection of persons and property, in this Territory, demanded some temporary arrangement — We think it may save the lives of one or more, and their property — We ask the Government to advise in the premises at an early moment— I say to you, it is impor- tant. There are dark secrets to be revealed, and there are persons of repute that may be implicated — That is my opinion — I hope I am wrong — But the truth must out — or it should be so — There are but few, (if one)^ difficulties or annoyances that I could not remedy, at an early moment, if I had the means — That is to say, munitions of war, and the funds to provide commissary Stores, such as the country affords. The Judges for this Territory ought to be here — confusion and con- flicts must ensue, if they do not come soon — My language is mod- erate — very moderate. I have now to suggest, that my best judgement must declare that there should be no delay in giving advice and instructions to officials in this Territory — The cost of an express should not be considered — I conclude by saying, give us the proper authority and means, and the needful shall be accomplished, unless rebellion shall command the ascendency — and if this comes, it will not be Mexican advice that in- duces it — I have no time to say more, and have the honor to be Your obedient Servant James S. Calhoun Hon : A. H. H. Stuart Sec. of the Department of the Interior Washington Gity D.G. [Inclosure.] Triplicate WITH THE APACHE INDIANS EAST OF THE RIO DEL NORTE It is agreed by the contracting parties; that is to say James S. Calhoun, Governor and Superintendent of Indian Affairs in the Territory of New Mexico, and John Munroe Brevet Colonel of the United States Army, commanding the Ninth Military Department; on the part of the Government of the United States, and Francisco Chacon, Lobo Guero and Josecito Head Chief and Captains COEEESPONDENCE OF -JAMES S. CALHOUN. 315 on the part of the Apache tribe of Indians east of the Rio del Norte, that the following acknowledgements, declarations and stipulations shall be binding upon the contracting parties, in all time to come. Provided; the Government of the United States shall approve the following terms First — The said Apache Indians do hereby declare their uncondi- tional submission to the Government of the United States, and will remove to, and confine themselves to such lands and limits as said Government may assign for their use, and build thereon Pueblos, and cultivate the soil for their support, or occupy said limits, and con- form to all rules, laws and orders that said Government may prescribe for their observance. Second The said Indians pledge their identity as a tribe, and their personal existence, individually, to abstain from all murders, and depredations, not to roam within Fifty miles of the settlements, or the established highways of the people of New Mexico, or the roads leading to the United States; unless under such rules and regulations as the Governor and Superintendent of Indian Affairs may prescribe, and unless the aforesaid Government shall assign them limits nearer to said settlements and highways; that they will deliver up all murderers, robbers and fugitives from justice, all cap- tives whether Americans, Mexicans, or others, and stolen property that may be with them, or in their possession, by or before the First day of August next, and will at all times, use their utmost exertions to check and chastise all disturbers of the public tranquility, and will never afford an Asylum, countenance or protection in any shape to murderers, robbers or other wicked persons; but will secure all such persons and all stolen property that they may be able to seize, whether of Americans, Mexicans or others, and deliver the same at the earliest possible day to the appropriate authorities of the Gov- ernment of the United States Third. — Should this Treaty be approved by the Government of the United States, it is understood and agreed that the said Government shall establish such Military Posts and trading points, as they may select, and in the mean time, duly licensed Traders, shall be per- mitted to proceed to Bosque Eedondo and such other places as the Governor of this Territory may designate, for the purpose of trading with the aforesaid Apaches, and such traders shall not be authorized to offer their merchandise for sale at any other places. Fourth. — It is distinctly understood that all laws and regulations emanating from the Government of the United States assigned for the Government of trade, and intercourse with the various Indian tribes within the jurisdiction of said States, are valid, and to be enforced in the country or district of the aforesaid Apaches. Fifth. — Finally, it is agreed upon the part of the Government of the United States, should the aforesaid Apaches comply, fairly 316 COBKESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. and fully, with the foregoing stipulations, upon their part; the said Government will grant to them such donations and implements of husbandry, and other gratuities as a proper and sound humanity may demand, and as may be deemed meet and prudent by said Gov- ernment. In faith whereof we, the undersigned have signed this Treaty and affixed thereunto our Seals in the City of Santa Fe, this Second day of April, in the Year of our Lord, One thousand Eight hundred and fifty one. James S. Calhoun (h s) Governor and Superintendent of Indian Affairs John Munege (h s) Major 2d Reg Arty. Bt Col U. S. Army Commanding Department his Francisco x Chacon (h s) mark head Chief his LoBO X Captain (h s) mark his GuERO X Captain (h s) mark his JosEciTO X Captain (h s) mark Witnesses H. L. Kendrick Bvt. Maj. JJ . S. Army B. V. Bee Bvt. Capt, U. S. A. L. McLaws 1 Lieut Infy Jose de [ ] Lupair Manuel Chaver Jose Salazar mPino W. G. Kephart Jno. G. Jones E. G. Nicholson Manuel Alvarez Horace L. Dickinson H. N. Smith D. V. Whiting Translator & Interpreter COERESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 317 [Belated correspondence.] [mUNROE to JONES ^] Hd Qbs. 9Mil. Dept. Santa Fe N. Mexico April 2d 1851. Sib, I transmit herewith for the War Department a Treaty (executed in tripli- cate) entered into this afternoon with certain Apache Chiefs representing the Apache's residing East of the Rio Grande Governor Calhoun associating me with him to represent the United States I am Respectfully Your Very obt. Servt. Signed, John Muneoe Major 2d Arty Bvt Col. USA Commdg Dept. Major Gen R. Jones Adjutant General U. 8. Army Washington D. C. [McLAWS TO H0WE.21 Head Quarters 9th Mil Dept. Santa F6, N M. Apl. 5, 1851. Major I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your Communication of March 31 ulto. giving the information that you had ordered Lt. Holliday to report to this place — with Chacon and the other Apache Indians brought from his expe- dition to Manzana — also with the Man Anderson. Lt. Holliday arrived on the 2d. inst with the party he had in Charge. Governor Calhoun has made a treaty of peace with Chacon Chief of the Jacarillas and Lobo Chief of the Muscaleros — Chacon I beleive has been made — if he is not — Chief of all the Apaches east of the Rio Grande and promises in good faith to keep or to do all in his power to keep on terms of amity and friendship with the people of this Country. Anderson is now in close confinement in the Guard House here — securely Ironed. Respectfully L McLaws Lt 7 Infy d A A A Genl Maj M. S. Howe Comdg. Alhurquerque »A. G. O., Old Book, No. 4, p. 75. See also Conrad to Stuart. May 9. 1851 O. L A., Files, Treaties, &c., W659. » A. G. O.. Old Book, No. 4, p. 77. 318 COKEESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. [McLAWS TO CHAPMAN.i] Hd Qrs. 9 Mil: Dept. Santa Fe New Mexico April 18, 1851. Sib, I have the honor to acknowledge the receii)t of your communication of the 15th giving information that one party of Apache Indians under Questos Agulos were at Las Valles and another had been in La Cuesta and asliing how you are to treat those Indians whether as friends or enemies Col. Munroe consulted with Governor Calhoun on the subject and the Gov- ernor has written a Letter to Mr. Latz to visit those Indians, ascertain their object in coming Into the settlements and make inquiries relative to some other points — The Letter will be handed to you & if Mr Latz cannot be found you no are requested to obtain some other person to act in his place or if a»y thing interferes to go yourself and make inquiries relative to the Intentions of the Indians A Treaty has been made by the Governor and Col. Munroe with the Chiefs representing the Apache Indians East of the Rio Grande; by an Article of that Treaty the Apaches promise not to come within fifty miles of the settlements — But unless in your opinion circumstances render it advisable you will not now enforce that agreement but will give this Party notice to leave the Settlements at once or within a short stated time, & in the event of a uon compliance tfea* treat them as enemies Respectfully Your obt. Servt. L. McLaws Lt 7 Infy d A A A Genl Lt. Chapman San Miguel N. Mexico P. S. As definite Instructions as to the Indian Tiibes in and around New Mexico are expected to arrive from Washington by this mail, which in all prob- ability will arrive within ten days, the above instructions are so far modified that you will not come into collision with them unless their conduct is such as to require military Interference. Respectfully Tour obt. Servt . L McLaws AAA Oenl Lt. Chapman San Migeul I McLAWS TO ALEXANDER.^] Hd. Qrs : 9 Mil : Dept. Sanin Fe N. Mex. Apl 25. 51. Colonel. I have the ht)nor to acknowledge the receipt of your communication of the 22d enclosing a report of Lieut. Chapman in relation to Indians within the settlements of San Miguel county, also a Letter from the Prefect Mr. Grolman asking assistance of the Troops under your command to remove the Indians, also a note from Mr. Doyle relative to some depredations committed on his Cattle. 1 A. G. 0., Old Book, No. 4, p. 95. •Ibid, pp. 108-109. I CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 319 Gi X 1 Qimi or II lie c ouiCi not ctt? louiici to Bwtftiii BOiw ^ Gt ii^f Bti I't'ftD i^ — person to nOv 111 "Ills piHOC--OF"'iI"~xiOtniH^"'"iilrCFit reel ' tO'~^G — fiimsGii — flD<,l~~iTiftKC OIlC(U.inC0 rCift" tivc to the intcntiona of the Indiano no re p ort has yet been rc e^ ivcd on the rafejeefr eSee r with a -p arty of Drago ea a and br ifig-4e4e-thi&-piae€-a a many ei Colonel Munroe, on consultation with Governor Calhoun now directs that you send an officer (Lieut. Chapman) with at least twenty five rank & file to have a conference with those Indians and impress on them the conditions of the Treaty lately made at this place between Chiefs of their Tribe representing their Nation and the U. S. represented by Governor Calhoun and Col. Munroe, and inform them that they must leave and remain fifty miles beyond all settle- ments — that being an Article of the Treaty — and If they show no disposition to move and do not move they must be taken prisoners and sent to this place It is not desired at this time to press these Indians, the ofBcer therefore who is sent to execute the above instructions must exercise a sound discretion based on his own observation as to the propriety of carrying them into effect If they desire any of their principal men to come to this place and confer with the Governor you will direct a safe conduct to be given them, a small Escort, and inform the remaining portion that they can remain in their present position until the deputation returns to them Respectfully Your obt. Servt. L McLaws Lt 7 Infy d A A A Gent Col : E. B. AXEXANDEB Commanding Las Vegas [munroe to JONES ^] Hd. Qrs. 9 Mil. Dept. Santa Fe New Mexico April 28, 1S51. Sir. On the 3d. Instant I transmitted through you for the Secretary of War one of tlie Triplicates of a Treaty entered into that day — Governor Calhoun & myself signed on the Part of the United States and certain Apache chiefs for their Nation — An Express waiting for that Treaty had to be dispatched immediately on its completion to overtake the mail — in consequence of which I had not time to give explanations which I was desirous of making that the Department might understand the limited value to be attached to it Lobo a Jicarillo, and Jose Cito a Muscallero chief accompanied by a few War- riors presented themselves here & represented that each for the section of Apaches to which he belonged, was authorised to treat — In consequence of which the Treaty as signed was prepared, Chacon a Jicarillo chief arrived soon afterwards. — At the council held with the View of completing the Business it was stated by Chacon that the Mescaleros Jose Cito who was at the Head of about Twenty Lodges had joined his Band and that the Mescaleros were not represented It was however deemed advisable to receive the signatures of those present A. G. O., Old Book. No. 4, pp. 107-108. 320 CORRESPONDENCE OP JAMES S. CALHOUN. A Paper which subsequently came into my possession, A copy of which is enclosed will show the Material purpose of those Indians in entering into ne- i€i ocdi "Cii^&^cci ■ 111 ■ iiic^iii ■' X rtiiiic ft 11 til tHcrS' is strong ^i^^qu. mp tioit "llilQ DCCIl—ftSSOCltllCQ Willi tllCill' iXl ' 90mC~0I '■■Tll€ir~"fttrOCili€9""ft^ft}fi9l '111© p ersons - and property o l- our p eef^le — Anderson la in Civil Durc e s on a charge of nomicidc committed by him at th ie-plaee Very Respectfully Your obt. vServt. Sgd. John Munkoe Maj 2d. Arty Bvt. Col: USA Maj. Genl, R. Jones Adjt. Genl. U. S. A. Washington D.G. * Lieut. McLaws informs me that the original was sent to him by Lieut. Holli- oday, who stated that it was shown him by Anderson at the time he was cap- tured at Manzana with the remark that it was written to him by a Mr. W. S. Skinner — ^The person Anderson therein mentioned was closely affiliated with the Apache Indians — had been engaged in illegal Traffic and there is a strong pre- sumption that he had been associated with them in some of their atrocities against the persons and property of our citizens — he is now in Civil Duress on a charge of wilful murder committed by him at this place — See Lieut. HoUiday's report of a march made by a detachment under his command forwarded to your office with my letter of March 30th. — [cONRAD TO STUART.^] Stuaet, Hon. A. H. H. Wab Department Secretary of the Interior. Washington May 9' 1851 Sib I have the honor to enclose herewith for your information and such action as you may deem proper, a dispatch from Brevet Colonel John Munroe, Com- manding the 9' Military Department, dated on the 2d ultimo at Santa Fe', New Mexico, transmitting a treaty entered into on that day by himself and Gov- ernor Calhoun on the part of the United States with certain Apache Chiefs representing the Apaches residing East of the Rio Grande. Very respectfully, Your Obt Servt C M Conrad Secretary of War- [LIVINGSTON TO CALHOUN.^"] Office of the U. S. Law Magazine 54 Wall St. New York April 4th 1861 Dear Sir, I take the liberty of sending, herewith, the Law Magazine, which I hope you will do me the favor to accept, and hereafter the Work shall be forwarded to your address free of expense. It has a large and increasing subscription list in the Territory over which you preside; and my design is, to conduct the journal in such a way as to make it still more worthy of support by the great body of the profession, not only in New Mexico, but throughout the Union. 1 a. G. O., M. B.. No. 31, p. 224. •O. I. A., New Mexico Supy, Miscellaneous Files, 1851. CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 321 There is a favor I desire from your Excellency and before asking which I beg leave to say that no offence will be taken though it shall be withheld; — if granted, I shall certainly be much pleased and will endeavor to reciprocate the kindness; — if desired^ I shall be no less your friend, and have only to ask pardon for troubling you with my application. I ask the appointment of Commissioner resident in New York, to take Acknowledgments, &c. for the Territory of New Mexico. This office might seem, and indeed would be a matter but of small conse- quence to almost any other person : but located as I am, at the central point of the business portion of the city, and being Commissioner for every State and Territory, except the Territory of New Mexico, the appointment would be valuable; and it would be received with pleas- ure, not so much on account of what it might be worth, as from the fact that it would add to my list the last Territory. I think, more- over, that my appointment would be a great convenience to the busi- ness public in New Mexico, as well as in New York, for I am probably more generally known by the legal j^rofession in your Territory, than any other person residing in this city. Hoping, therefore, that this matter will receive your favorable consideration, I am. Your Friend, and Obedient Servant, John I^tvinoston. [LEA TO CALHOUN,'] Department of the I^lTERIOR, Office of Indian Affairs, Apr?l 5. 1851 Calhoun His Excy J, S. Santa Fe New Mexico Sir: Pursuant to the provisions of the Act ^ making appropriations for the service of the Ind. Dept. approved 27 February, 1851, Rich H Weightman, Abm R Woolley, John Greiner & Ed. H Wingfield, have been appointed Agents for the Indians in New Mexico. They have been directed to report to you for such instructions as may be necessary for their government; and you will, therefore, assign them to such positions within the territory, and to the per- formance of such duties as may in your judgment, seem best cal- culated to promote the public interest. 1 O. I. a., L. B.. No. 44, p. 290. 2 9 U. S. Stat, at !>., pp. 586-587. 5021—15 21 322 CORKESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. (JALHOUN. It is contidently hoped, that these ofHcers, though few, may, by an active & faithful discharge of the important duties committed to them, prove valuable & efficient aids in the administration of Indian affairs within your Superintendency. Very respectfully. Your Obt Servt L Lea Comr [MUNROE TO CALHOUN.'] Head Qrs. 9th Mily Dept. Santa Fe' N. M. 9th ^ AjMl, 1851. Sir Conceiving that the peculiar circumstances under which issues of subsistence stores and forage were made from the Military Supplies, for the use of the Indian Department to have ceased with the new organization of the Territory, it i§ proper that I give you notice of the change made in withdrawing the authority heretofore given for these issues. I am Respectfully Your very obdt Servant John Munroe Bt Col U. S. A. Gommig Dept. His Excellency Governor Calhoun SupeHntendent Indian Affairs Terry of New Mexico- Correct copy of the original letter D. V. Whiting [CALHOUN TO MUNROE.'] Executive Department Santa Fe New Mexico April 8th 1851. Sir The receipt of your communication of this morning is acknowl- edged, and I beg you, Sir, to beleive me, when I say, it is not my purpose to complain of the " withdrawing the authority heretofore given for these issues (subsistence stores and forage)" to the Indian Department, my sole object is to say, that if Indian supplies, gener- ally were proper for an Indian Agent, they are not less so to a Superintendent of Indian Affairs, who is charged witli all the duties of an Indian Agent, there being no other officer of the Indian De- partment within the limits of the Territory of New Mexico I have only to add, at this important moment, of our Indian rela- tions the " withdrawal " will operate, as I conceive, most injuriously 1 Enclosed in Calhoun to Lea, April 29, 1851. Pound also, but under date of April 8th, in A. G. O., Old Book, No. 4. p. 80. 2 The correct date Is April 8, 1851. See Munroe to Calhoun, April 9, 1851, p. 323. 8 Enclosed in Calhoun to Lea, April 29, 1851. COEKESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 323 to the public weal, as it destroys my influence with the Indians, by confining me to a locality where I can be but of little service, unless I can procure subsistence and forage, and unless I can send out Agents to enquire into and compromise difficulties that have annoyed you for some time past, and are now entirely for my disposition. Pardon me, I pray you, for addressing you this note, the subject is an important one, not only to me, but to a proper management of our Indian Affairs in this Territory, and at the earliest possible day I shall ask the advice and instructions of the appropriate Department. In the mean time, I beg leave to declare, that to the best of my now limited means, I shall continue to use my best efforts to quiet dis- orders, and to promote the happiness and prosperity of the people of New Mexico, in accordance with the customs and usages, under the laws of the United States in reference to our Indian Affairs. I have the honor to be Your Obdt Servant James S Calhoun Superintendent of Indian Affairs John Munkoe Brevt Col. U. S. A Commdg 9th Mil. Dept Correct copy of the original letter D. V. Whiting. [CALHOUN TO LEA.*] Indian Agency Santa Fe. New Mexico April 9. 1851. Sir, My engagements, heretofore, have precluded the possibility of for- warding, at an earlier day, my returns, as Indian Agent, for the fourth Quarter of the year, ending December the 31st 1850. They are enclosed with this communication, and show a balance due to me of three thousand and eleven dollars and twenty three cents. By the mail which will convey this to you, I trust I may be able to forward to you my returns, complete, as Indian Agent, at which time I shall have occasion to furnish you with explanatory remarks. I am, with great respect. Your obedient Servant Jambs S. Calhoun late Indian Agent Hon- L. Lea, ConrV' of Ind. Affs. Washington City D^ 1 O. I. A., Santa F6 Agency, C 637. -324 CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. [MUNROE TO CALHOUN.'] Head Quarters 9th. Mil : Dept : Santa Fe, N Mex'> Apl 9th. 1851. Sir, I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the Bth in reply to mine of the same date (by mistake dated the 9th) on the subject of my withdrawing the authority heretofore given to the Commissary and Quarter-master Departments — to furnish the Indian Dept. with subsistence and forage from the Military supplies. That authority was given by me on my own responsibility and for "which I have yet to justify myself to higher authorities. It was given because I was aware that no appropriations had been made to supply the requirements of the Indian Depart, and Imew therefore from the necessity of the case that aid was required from a co-ordi- nate branch of the public service. But now the condition of things is changed — the appropriations for Indian affairs made by Congress during the first session of the Slst Congress, enables the Indian Department to support itself, fis- cally — without assistance from other Departments — and that assist- ance is withdrawn. In conclusion, I will remark in reply to the latter portion of your letter that it is my opinion that the Territory of New Mexico can supply such subsistence stores and fcrage, as may be required for the Indian Agency and for the Indians. KespectfuUy &c. (Sg) John Munroe Bt Col U. S. A. CommP Depart. His Ex Govr. Calhoun Supt. Indian A fairs Territory of New Mex^. [CALHOUN TO MUNROE.'] ExECUTi\TE Department Santa Fe' New Mexico ^ April 10th 1851. Your note of yesterdays date, in reply to one from me of the 8th inst, has this moment been handed to me, and my purpose is to cor- rect an error into which you have unintentionally fallen. You assign as the reason for withdraAving the authority heretofore given, to furnish the Indian Department with subsistence and forage, that " the appropriations for Indian Affairs, made b}^ Congi-ess, dur- ing the 1st session of the 31st Congress, enables the Indian Depart- ment to support itself, fiscally. 1 a. G. O., Old Book, No. 4, pp. 81-82 ; also enclosure of Calhoun to Lea, April 29, 1851. 2 Enclosure of Calhoun to Lea, April 29, 1851. COKEESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 325 In reference to this statement, I pray you, in respectful terms, to read the following extract from the Commissioner of Indian Affairs to this Department, dated January 22d 1851. received by the last mail, from the States. " Excepting the report of the Committee of Ways and Means, " recommending an appropriation for fulfilling treaties with the " Navajos of 9th September, and the Utahs of 30th December 1849^ " in accordance with my special estimate of $18,000 each, there has " been no action on the part of Congress, in reference to Indian, " Affairs in New Mexico. I enclose for your perusal, the entire letter, which will show yoUj, that the fiscal affairs of the Indian Department are precisely the same- as when authority was given to furnish this Department with sub- sistence and forage. It is to be presumed, that the 2d session of the 31st Congress, whicb recently adjourned, made the necessary appropriations for the De- partment of Indian Affairs but as yet, we know nothing of its prob- able action. I have the honor to be Very Respectfully Your Obedient Servant James S Calhoun John Munroe Brert Col U. S. A Commdg 9th Mil Dept. Santa Fe' N. M. Correct copy of the original letter D. V. Whiting [LEA TO CALHOUN.'] Department or the Interior, Office Indian Affairs, April 12. 1851 CIalhoun His Excy James S Santa Fe Neio Mexico Sir The third Section of the "Act making appropriations for the cur- rent and contingent expenses of the Indian Department, and for fulfilling treaty stipulations with various Indian tribes, for the year ending June the thirtieth, one thousand eight hundred and fifty two", approved 27 February 1851, is in the following words, '"''And " he it further enacted.^ That hereafter all Indian treaties shall be " negotiated by such oflEicers and agents of the Indian Department, as J O. I. A., L. B., No. 44, pp. 304-305. 326 COBEESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. " the President of the United States may designate for that purpose, " and no officer or agent so employed shall receive any additional "•' compensation for such service." The Governor of New Mexico, as Ex officio Superintendent of Indian Affairs, and the agents for the Indian tribes therein are des- ignated to negotiate treaties with the Indians in that territory ; and they are authorized, under your direction, to act either seperately or jointly, according to the exigencies of the service. I have been informed, that it is contemplated to increase the mili- tary force in New Mexico, with a view to the prosecution of hostili- ties against the Indians. In that event it will be necessary that one or more of the officers of this department shall accompany each de- tachment of troops sent against the Indians, so as to be in readiness to act in that capacity as occasion may require. What particular negotiations may be required, it is impossible for the office to foresee, nor can it give any specific directions on the sub- ject. Much must be left to the discretion of those to whom the busi- ness is immediately entrusted. It is proper, however, to state, that in reference to this matter, and all others pertaining to the conduct and management of Indian Affairs in New Mexico, the Government desires & expects that there shall be the utmost harmony & concert of action between the officers of the Army & of this department. I am advised by the Secretary of War, that instructions ^ to this end have been given to the officer in command of the Army in New Mexico, and I trust that nothing will be wanting on your part to give effect to the wishes of the Government in this important par- ticular. Very respectfully. Your Obt. Servt L Lea Gomr [Related Correspondence.] [CONRAD TO WEIGHTMAN ^J War Department Washington April Sd. 1851 Weightman, R. H. Elsqr Washington Sir. Your letter of the 21 instant to this Department has been received. I cannot i*iippose it possible that Col. Munroe has violated the instructions to him contained in the letter addressed to him by this Department on the 10 of September last. It is more probable that your informant is mistaken, and that the acts which he considers as an exercise of " civil and political functions " were connectedances " for myself and daughters &c ", to which I received in reply at St. Louis, that " the Quartermaster at St Louis, was directed some time since to furnish you with such means of trans- portation as we may have on hand." there being no ambulance on hand I was compelled to purchase one, and the amount paid for it is also included in the suspended item. I hold it yet as public prop- erty, and can sell it at any moment for what it cost. Unless I have some such vehicle in which to transport my bedding, subsistence and cooking utensils, it would have been impossible for me to have dis- charged m}^ duties. Before I left Washington City in March 1849, Col. Medill com- missioner of Indian Aft'airs, required from me, a memorandum of the number of my family, which I gave to him. This fact was made known to the Secretary of the Interior, from Chattanooga on the I7th of April 1849 / beg you to ask the Defortment for a copy of that letter for it will throw much light upon the subject. Every- thing I required was furnished, except the Ambulances, and the rations which I was permitted to purchase of the Commissary at 1 O. I. a., New Mexico Supy, C 642, No. 2. CORKESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 333 Fort Leavenworth, such as I desired, at Government prices. This payment of rations was placed upon the ground, that my letter of instructions from the Department, dated April 7th 1849 showed that fifteen hundred dollars had been placed in my hands for the purpose of paying my travelling expenses, and for other purposes. I desire you to cause to be examined said instructions. The next item suspended is $110.00 for a wagon, which was abso- lutely necessary to furnish wood and water, not only for my own use, but also for the Indians who came to see me on business, in vast numbers; other remarks that might be appropriate in reference to the wagon, I omit, for the present as I have sold the wagon, and crpdited the Government with the $110.00 The third item is $90.00. Without these mules, I could not have visited the various Pueblos, which the quiet of the Territory re- quired. The mules were as necessary as the ambulance.^ and either would have been useless without the other. The fourth suspended item is for Corn, $33.75, which was used to feed Government animals, and for the animals of Indians, visiting the Agency on business The fifth item is $10.87, and the articles were required to secure the public animals and the animals of Indians visiting the Agency on business The sixth suspended amount is $175.00, like some other of the accounts, this was not authorized by instructions, for it was a con- tingency not anticipated, and was absolutely necessary; not only to enable me to visit the various points where duty called me, but also to guard and protect the public property in my possession. Without such protection, you could not retain in this Territorj^, either public or private property in your possession forty eight hours. This account was forwarded to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs on the 1st of March 1850, near fourteen months ago, without any notice from the Department that such a charge was inadmissible, conse- quently^, I have continued the Teamster and Hostler, in service, for, to have dispensed with him, the mules and ambulance would have rendered me wholly useless as the Department's Indian Agent. My letter enclosing Abstract of disbursements and Account Current, in which the foregoing items appear, is No. 44, to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, which I ask you to have examined. On the 30th of March 1850, in a letter to the Commissioner I again advert to the subject, in terms that could not have been misapprehended, and if such charges were not to be tolerated, ought I not to have been in- formed of the fact ? The truth is, the Department saw the absolute necessity of my assuming the responsibility of incurring such charges, or I would have been advised to the contrary. Will you examine 334 CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. said letter No. 51 ? on other occasions I have called the attention of the Department to the necessity of my assuming authority not pro- vided for in m}' instructions, and the public tranquility required me to continue to do so. until I v^^as otherwise instructed, and I have received nothing in reply, but what was commendatory of my conduct. The last item suspended is my compensation as Agent $287.77. There is quite a mistake in the remarks made in reference to this item Mr Calhoun must say, to the best of his knowledge and beleif he never before heard of Mr Miller, and knew nothing concerning his discontinuance. The language of my instructions are in these words, in reference to my salary " to commence as soon after the •' execution of your bond as a notification can reach the jMrson now " holding the appointment " &c " as you will doubtless avail your- self of the Military Escort which will leave St Louis " shortly " &c. On the day my bond was executed, the 14th or 15th of April 1849, I left home for St Louis, and left Fort Leavenworth for Santa Fe on the 16th of May, and arrived at Santa Fe on the 22d of July 1849, and was compelled to remain in camp until the 4th of August, before I could procure a house, and was in camp again, on the 16th of the same month, with Col° Washington on his Navajo expedition, and returned to Santa Fe, on the 23d Sept''" 1849, see the instructions dated April 7th 1849. I pray you, tell me if it required more than two months to give the person notice of the " discontinuance of his services " &c. But upon this subject equal and exact justice should be rendered alike to all. I perceive that Anson Dart Esq, Superin- tendent of Indian Affairs. Oregon Territory, executed his bond, on the 1st day of July 1850, and on the 20th of the same month, the Hon L. Lea, Commissioner of Indian Affairs advised Mr. Dart, that his bond had been received and approved, and that his " salary com- menced on the 1st inst, the day of its execution." Is there a solitary reason why I should not have the same liberality extended to me? Here I have been, for nearly two years, without the guidance of law, or special instructions, groping my way in the dark, under most adverse and critical circumstances Suspended iUms in 1st quarter 1850. 1st item $35.00 for a mule which I was compelled to purchase, in order to send an Agent to San Miguel and other places, on business of the Agency which I deemed of the utmost importance. This animal, however, died in a short time, while being used in the public service, which will appear in my property return, so soon as I can prepare it. CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 335- 2d item. Provisions $14.37. As the Department was advised at the time, in my No 31, I was called to the Taos Pueblo, in January 1850, and was out in a continuous snow storm, seven days, with a Military Escort. I was compelled to have with me a guide and additional ser- vants, and the provisions were used by them and the Taos Indians who came to my quarters. 3d and 4th items, Were for Goods, bought and given as presents, to the Indians visiting the Agency St Vrain and McCarty had two stores at the time and Messrs S. Waters and Wm H. Mitchell were clerks, and the enclosed certificate is the only evidence I can now produce of their authority to receipt. St Vrain is absent and Mc- Carty dead. 5th, item for a mule $80.00. Without this mule, or some other ani- mal, I could not have fully discharged my duty as Indian Agent. The Department knows, that I have been constantly either in person or by an Agent, on the wing; and it is also known, there were hn- perative reasons for it. 6th item. Repairs $36.87. This was an account for repairing public wagon, and shoeing public animals, property of the United States, and were necessary to enable me to do my duty. 7th item. Paid to Genl Choice $264.53. The services rendered by Genl Choice are well known to the Department, previous to the 9th of Dec. 1849 he had been assisting me in the discharge of my duties, on that day he was appointed a Commissioner to be assosiated with Col. May of the U. S. A to negotiate a treaty with the Apache Indians, at Socorro. My letters nos 29 & 34 to the Commissioner of Indians Affairs, explained to the Department how it happened that Genl Choice was in the public service. Look at these letters. I could not visit Socorro at that time, because of pressing engagements in Santa Fe, and an obligation existing to meet the Utahs, at Abiquin, before the close of the month. This latter duty I discharged, and on the 30th of Dec. 1849, made a treaty with them, which has been ratified. In reply to my No 34, the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, under date of April 24th 1850, speaking of the treaties with the Nuvajos and Utahs said " it is to be regretted that the attempt with respect to the Apaches, failed " Remember, it was the one attempted by Genl Choice and Capt May. I have now to request you, to examine my letter to the Department, dated Jany 31st 1850. Genl Choice was proposed by me and approved by Col. Munroe, as an Agent for the Utah Indians, and continued to discharge the duties of Indian Agent, for the Utahs, until the 14th of September 1850 with no other com- pensation than the advances made to him and charged on my returns for the 1st. 2d & 3d quarters of 1850 amounting to $388.78. I beg you to examine my letter No 81 dated September 30th 1850 announcing 336 CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. to the Department, his death. If ever a man was entitled to compen- sation for services, it was Genl Choice, and I ought to receive and pay to his heirs, a just and liberal compensation for his services, instead of having the amounts advanced, stopped against me. If. however, the Government should come to the conclusion, that he was not, while living, entitled to compensation, then I must submit to the loss of the advances which I made to him 8th item. Amount paid Teamster &c $105.00 I have only to refer you, to my explanation in reference to voucher 10 4th quarter 1849, No. 6 of the suspended items of that quarter. All or none, ought to be allowed, and this remark applies to similar, subsequent charges, as well as those now being under examination 9th item. $131.25. This corn was used in feeding public animals in the service of the Santa Fe Indian Agency, and animals belonging to Indians, visiting the Agency on business 10th item $500. This amount is in the same Category with item No 6, of the quarter under consideration I am not inclined to say another word in reference to the sus- pended items. But to show you the liberality extended to others, I call your attention to certain instructions issued from the Depart- ment of the Interior, Office Indian Affairs, October 15th 1850 to Todd, Campbell and Temple near the close of the instructions you will find what follows. " You will find it necessarj^ to procure an outfit of tents, camp uten- " sils, horses for yourself and party &c, &c, and to employ such per- "sons as you may require as Guards, Hunters &c. These you will "provide, in your discretion, to be charged to the appropriation "in your hands." Look, also, at the second paragraph in said in- structions, which gives pay and travelling expenses from the resi- dences of the appointees. Am I entitled to less than others? Ask the Department of the Interior. Do not suppose that I am ignorant of the fact, that the law is your guide in Auditing Accounts. There are vested in the De- partments, occasionally, discretions, which I suppose Auditing offi- cers are authorized to respect, and, as I desire that this explanatory statement may go before the Department of the Interior, I have ventured remarks, that would have been otherwise omitted In conclusion, I have to say, I can make no other explanations, my great anxiety is, to have closed the Returns I have made to you. I beg you not to postpone the final auditing of the Returns, to en- able me to make further explanations. ^Vliat I have charged, I know to be just. But if you cannot allow them, discard them at once^ and allow me to know the result. I do not know when I am to die, and I would prefer absolute and unqualified injustice, while living, rather COERESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 337 than to have suspended accounts against me, in death. I again beg you let the result be what it may, adjust and settle my Returns. I have the honor to be Your Obedient Servant James S. Calhoun copy of the original D. V. Whiting Hon P. Clayton 2d Auditor' Washington City D. C. [CALHOUN TO LEA.M NoS. Executive Department Santa Fe New Mexico April 29. 1851. Sir Referring to my letter No 89. dated December 10 1850 will remind you, in reference to the Subsistence account, analyzed, and enclosed with that number, I stated " a portion of the amount is legitimately chargeable to my personal account, which shall be done". If I am placed on the same footing with the army officers in this Territory then the amount is $140.28 If the transportation discrimination is enforced, then the amount should be $377.25. (see No 1) I have to repeat my prayer to the 2d Auditor, of the 27th inst. Let my accounts be adjusted and settled. The suspended items, which you will better understand by referring to No. 2, also enclosed, annoys me exceedingly, I desire the Government to be just and liberal with me, but I am infinitely more concerned that my accounts should be closed before T die, and. God only knows when that event may happen. Also, accompanying, you will find my Returns made up to, and in- cluding the 28th day of February 1851, showing an amount due me of $1181.77. You will observe that I have credited contingencies with the $500.00 (five hundred Dollars) drawn upon the appropria- tion to pay for the recovery of Mr & Mrs J M Wliite's child. If you desire a seperate and distinct account for my expedentures, under this appropriation, authorized by you, it can easily be prepared. My condition is a more unsatisfactory one, at this time, than at any former period since I have been in the Territory. I am without the slightest advice as to the purposes of the Government in reference to 1 O. T. A., Santa F« Agency, C 642. 5021—15 22 338 CORRESPOXDEXCE OF JAMES S, CALHOUN. the Indians in this Territory, and I know nothing of the means, pro- vided by Congress, for their management. Do you not perceive, I am challenging consequences that may endanger the good repute, which, I trust, I have heretofore sustained? I am daily assuming respon- sibilities that will bring me into discredit, if not sustained by the Department. I ask that this matter may be duly considered. Heretofore the Quarter Master's and Commissary's offices in Santa Fe sustained me, but they are now withdrawn. Read the accompany- ing correspondence No. 3. I have noAv to pay for wheat from $(').00 to 8.00 tlie fanega about $3.00 per bushell, corn from $8.00 to $10.00 a fanega about $4.00 a bushell and I am obliged to feed, not only the public animals, which are absolutely necessary to enable me to discharge the Indian duties with which I am charged but also, the animals of Indians coming to this Superintendency on business. I have now before me, an account of some purchases made, for my account, since the withdrawal of the Authority to purchase from the Commissary's office. Star Candles, 60 c pr lb. crushed sugar 35 c. Hams 35 c &c. I can get no beef now for the Indians, and it is very difficult to procure sheep, and on one occasion I was compelled to pay, as I thought from 20 to 25c a pound for some poor venison for Indian use. This matter can be remedied to some extent, if the authority and means are afforded. Upon this subject, I ask for instructions This accompanying correspondence ^ with Col. Munroe, will show our respective views concerning the withdrawal of permission to me to purchase Commissary stores In reply to Col. Munroe's closing remark in his second letter, I have to say, that " the Territory of New Mexico can supply such subsistence stores and forage as may be required for the Indian Agency, and the Indians " But it requires time and means, and I have neither. For my own use, I do not like to be confined to the products of the Territory, and I certainly have not time to send to the States for the eommon necessaries of life. So far as Beef, Mutton and flour are concerned, for Indian use, that may be obtained if looked for in time. But neither Beef or Mutton can be had near this place, The Commissary has it all. So too, with corn it is all in the Quarter Masters hands, or in those of the Contractors. To avoid the embarrasments to which I am subjected, there should be means to provide supplies in time. The Indians (Pueblos) are moody when they come to the Agency, if you do not give them Sugar, Coffee and Whiskey. The market retail price for Sugar and Coffee, 50c pr lb. each and Whiskey $3.50 pr Gallon. I have been as economical as possible in my supplies to Indians 1 See pp. :{L'2-H24. CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 339 It was with the gi'eatest rehictance that I gave them Whiskey. There are several Distilleries in the Territoiy which supplies them with ardent Spirits in exchange for their grain In addition to which, unless I gave it to them at the Agency, they would roam through Santa Fe, until they could find a small Grocery that would indulge them. Thefts and bloody contests ensued, and I found it would be a matter of economy to give them a little at the Agency, and cause them to be watched until they were beyond the limits of the town. If Congress has passed laws sufficiently stringent, this pernicious practice may be abandoned, but Sugar and coffee must be given to them in small quantities, for a year or two, or at the short- est period, until they are properly organized under the laws, and trading posts established, where they may exchange their products for such articles as they may desire. Whiskey excepted This would induce them to increase the quantity of grain they now sow, which would rapidly advance them in the scale of civilization. In conclusion, for reasons assigned in my explanations to the 2d Auditor, herewith accompanying, I pray you again, to have my accounts, as Indian Agent, adjusted and closed. I am With great respect Your Obedt Servant. James S. Calhoun. Hon. L. Lea Co7nmissioner of Indian Affairs Washington City D. C. Ref d to T. R. C. 14 Aug 1851 [TULLIS TO CALHOUN.'] To His Excellency James S. Calhoun Governor of the Territory of New Mexico — Ex. officio Superintendent of Indian Affairs I have the honor to inform you, that on the Sixth day of April 1851, I met. by appointment, the authorized agents of the Pueblos of Laguna and Acoma, Consisting of the Governors Alcaldes and Cacique, and many other subordinate officers. After examining each and all of their claims, I deferred giving my decision until the twelfth day of April, during which interval I pro- posed to examine the lands, without the presence of the Pueblos, and to collect all the information that could be obtained, in the neighbor- hood relative to the controversy. ^ O. I. A., Santa Fe Agency, C 64.3, accompanying No. 4. 340 CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. I learned that several times, the claims of the respective parties had been referred to the Mexican authorities (prior to the occupa- tion of the country by the United States Government) and decisions had been given. On the twelfth day of April, I met the agents of both the Pueblos, at Laguna, and informed them that I had altered the late line of boundary between them (run by Mr H. L. Dodge) which made a creek, running through the lands in dispute, the dividing mark. The lands lie between two ranges of mountains, and the creek, for many miles, runs close to the base of the mountains, on the side given to the Lagunas, and this it was had given rise to the dissatisfaction. I further informed them that I had made a line running at right angles with the creek, making a mountain spur and a large rock the terminating points, thus giving to the Acomas a portion of the dis- puted Territory, adjoining the lands acknowledged to belong to them, reserving to the Lagunas the privilege of harvesting some feilds which they had planted, but which by my decision were included within the tract assigned to the Acomas. With this decision the Acomas expressed themselves satisfied ; and likewise the Lagimas with the exception of the Governor, who was depossesed, by this arrangement, of a few acres cultivated by him. Further, according to the instructions of Your Excellency, I ex- amined the case in controversy between the Lagima Indians and the Mexicans living contiguous, relative to the northern boimdary of the former. From the configuration of the adjacent country, it was at the time mentioned, agreed between the parties, which agreement was sanc- tioned by the Spanish Government, (it seems that at the period of the first settlement, made by the Mexicans in that section of the country a ravine or caiion was the established boundary between them and the Pueblo) that the said canon although affording some lands capable of cultivation, should be left as an outlet through the mountains, through which to drive the Stock of the Mexicans and Pueblos to pasture. As time wore on, the Mexicans cultivated different little spots of land, and continued yearly to extend their cultivation to the serious injury and inconvenience of the Pueblos, notwithstanding the ex- postulations made against these encroachments. I also examined the matter in controversy between the friendly Navajos and Laguna Indians It appears that the Navajos have possesed and cultivated the lands on which they now live, for at least one hundred years; but never had held any Grant from the Mexican Government. A Laguna Indian at one time, having planted on a portion of these lands, the I COKRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 841 whole Pueblo emboldened by this example, and knowing that the Navajos hold no written title have called in question the validity of the Claim of the Navajos to the lands occupied by them. Your Excellency's Most Obedient Servant. (signed) John K. Tulles.^ [CALHOUN TO LEA.'] No 4 Executive Department Santa Fe. New Mexico May 1? 1851. Sir, On the 7th of last month Indians, supposed to be Apaches, made an attack upon a party of eight men, five Americans and three Mexi- cans, at a place known as the " Dead Man's Spring ", in the Tornado, north of Dohana. One of the Mexicans was killed, another wounded, and also an American — The Indians soon retreated, carrying several of their party off, evidently dead, or badly wounded. The number of Indians in the attack was fifteen, but others were seen some dis- tance off. Several depredations have been committed, during the month upon both sides of the Del Norte — About the 15th of April, Stock were driven off from near the Moro. Pursuit immediately en- sued by a party of Mexicans, who succeeded, on the second day, in discovering the Indians, in a body too numerous to be assaulted by the pursuing party — Indians unknown Quite a number of the Apaches with whom Ave made a treaty, are within fifteen miles of San Miguel and Las Vegas, and the people who reside near their Lodges^ are greatly alarmed, but as yet, we knoAv of no depredation they have committed — If there was an Agent among them, and authority was given to furnish them with corn and few other articles, these Indians would behave as well as others — If I had means, private or public, I would assume the re- sponsibility, as the only possible mode to prevent serious outbreaks — ■ But, Sir, you know I am impotent, so far as means are concerned, and I can not procure the assistance of reliable agents witliout the means of supporting them — All that I can do, shall be accomplished, and if possible, I will go out to the Apache camps on the 4th of this month. 1 Name variously spelt. 2 O. I. A., Santa F6 Agency, C 643. ; Annual Report, Commissioner of Indian Affairs, 1851, p. 195. 3 In the Annual Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs for 1851, this letter ap- pears under date of May 4 1851. It is registered as May 1, 1851 and so appears in the manuscript. 342 CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. The Comanches ^ are assembling, so I am informed by traders, near the " Bosque Redondo '", where they are to be in Council with the Apaches — An Agent should be there= The Utahs remain quiet, but they are upon \ery good terms with the N"avajos= The Navajos have^ or are removing from " Cheille '* to the Rio San Juan, and pitching their lodges upon both sides of the river — Upon the north side of the river, they must mix with the Utahs= We have information from Cebolletta and Abiquin, a deputation from these Indians desire to come in, and an opportunity is afforded to them — They have heard of an expedition being fitted out against them, which they desire to prevent. At no period since I have been in the Territory, has it been so easy a matter to manage the wild Indians, but this state of things can not continue many days without the necessary appliances. The Pueblo Indians are daily complaining of impositions prac- tised upon them, and I am sorely troubled at my inability to remedy their grievances. The accompanying copy of a report, will show the manner, in which I have adjusted a serious difficulty between the Pueblos of Acoma and Lagima. [I^^Tullis, the Agent, ought to be compensated for his services. I am. With great respect. Your obt. servt James S. Calhoun Hon. L. Lea, Washington City [Related Correspondence.] [McLAWS TO CHAPMAN.2] Hd. Qrs. 9 Mil. Dept. Santa Fe New Mexico May 30, 1851. SiK, The delegation of Comanches which arrived here (hiy before yesterday de- camped last night leaving behind their horses, mules, saddles &c. &c. leaving evidently under the impression that some harm would follow if they remained. It is highly desirable that such impression should be removed and therefore •Colonel Munroe directs that you send persons to endeavour to overtake the Indians and induce them to return to this place, receive their property & depart openly & as friends— or come to some point in the settlements and remain until their animals &c can be sent to them which the Governor will do so soon as information is received where they are or induce them to name some point 1 Concerulng the disposition and the movements of the Comanches, see related corre- spondence. 2 A. G. O., Old Book, No. 4, pp. 147-148. CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 343 beyond the settlements some convenient point where they will be at some desig- nated time and their property will be sent to them there As these Indians came here under a Safe Guard they should be informed that with us such is considered sacred and every effort made to remove from their minds any idea they may have formed or any information which may have been given to them by designing persons which led them to believe that it would be violated here With much respect Your obt. Servt. L Mc Laws 1 Ltl Infy A A A Gen! Lt. O. Chapman Commd'ff Anton Chico. [McLAWS TO ALEXANDER.!] Head Quarters 9th. Mil Dept. Santa Fe\ N. M. May 30th. 1851. Col. Col. Munroe directs mo to inform you tli;il ;!t Delegation of Camauche In- dians — the party consisting of " Eagle Feathers ", the principal chief — five other men & five women — (one woman with a small child) came to this place day before yesterday, and yesterday had a talk with the Governor. Last night about 1 o'clock they ran otf leaving behind, their Animals, briddles. &c &c which leads to the belief that they left with the impression that some evil consequences would follow if they remained. It is highly desirable that such an impression should be removed from their minds. You will therefor on the receipt of this send persons or parties, as you may think best, to endeavor to overtake the Indians, and try and induce them to return to this place and to receive their property and then depart openly and as friends — or, if they do not desire to return ask them if they will name some point within or without the settlements, where they will remain, or will be at a certain named time, where their property can be sent to tliem, which the Governor will do, so soon as it is known where they are. Let the Indians Itnow that they came here under a Safe Guard which is con- sidered sacred with us, and on no account would it first be violated with- tts on our part. Some evil disposed persons evidently conveyed some idea to the Indians as to what in their opinion would be our action towards them — which induced them to run away. Let you object be merely to remove that impression — employ no force against them — use persuasion alone. If they remain at Las Vegas until their property is received you will provide them with subsistence. You will communicate the above to Capt. Ewell & Lt. Whittlesey, lit. Chapman & Lt Pleasonton have been written to on the subject. With much respect li McLaws 1 Lt 7 Infy A A A r.enl Lt. Col. E. B. Alexander Commanding Laft Vegas ' A. G. O., Old Book, No. 4, pp. 148-149. 344 CORKESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. [McLAWS TO PLEASANTON.i] Hd. Qes 9 Mil. Dept, Santa Fe N. Mex. May 30/51 Sir, Col. Muuroe directs tliiit ou the receipt of tliis you send a detachment from your command to endea\our to overtalce a party of Comanches Indians who came to this place day before yesterday on a business trust to the Governor — They had a talk yesterday and ran off last night leaving their Horses, Mules, Arms &e. it is therefore supposed they were Induced to leave by some evil minded persons who induced them to believe that by remaining some evil consequences would follow The party consists of " Eagle Feathers " the principle chief, five other men, and six women one woman with a small child If the party is overtaken you will so direct that they be treated with all kindness and effort made to induce them to return in order that they may obtain their property and start from here openly and as friends If they do not wish to return tell them if they so desire that they are at liberty to remain at your Post or where you are until they receive their property which will be sent to them immediately If they desire to continue on to join their people after the above representa tlons are made to them inform them that they are at perfect liberty to do so and will not be molested by our people they came in as friends and must be allowed so to depart The only object now is to remove from their minds the impression which from the way of departing they seem to have that some act of oppression or Injustice was intended towards them here. If they will designate any point in or out of the Setlements where they will remain or will be present at any future time in order to receive their property the Governor will have it sent to them With much respect Your obt. Servt. L McLaws 1 Lt 7 Infy AAA Qenl Lt. A. Pleasonton Comd'g C° E 2 drys Tucalote. [McLAWS TO CHAPMAN.2] Hd Qrs. 9 Mil: Dept. S'ANTA Fe New Mexico May 31, 1851. Sib, I enclose herewith a Letter from Governor Calhoun with an Inventory of the Property left behind by the Indians also copy of one from the Governor to Col. Munroe requesting that authority be given you to send a messenger to the Indians to Invite them to return to that place to receive their property and that you should cause the animals belonging to the Indians to be fed and the entire property well guarded— Colonel Munroe directs that you send a messenger to the Indiitus and cause their animals to be fed & their entire prop- erty well guarded according as the Governor has requested. 1 A. G. O., Old Book, No. 4, pp. 146-147. 2 Ibid., p. 153. COERESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 345 The Expenses for doing which will be paid by yourself, the account kept separate and forwarded to this place in order that the amount shall be trans- ferred & repaid by the Indian Department With much respect Your obt Servt L McLawb Lt 7 Infy & A A A Genl Lt. Chapman Commdg Anton Chieo P. S. Since writing the foregoing, information has been received that one of the Indians has been seen on the road between this place & San Miguel and the persons who have charge of their property have been instructed to deliver it to them if they (the party) are met. Sergeant Hall has not charge of the property, he & party goes along merely as an Escort, he however has been in- structed to give you information if it is disposed of before reaching Anton Chlco. With much respect Your obt Servt L McLaws Lt 7 Infy & A A A Oenl P. S. You will report at your earliest convenience such instructions as you may have received direct from Dept. Hd Qrs to Col. Alexander with your action therein Respectfully L McLaws Lt 7 Infy & A A A Qenl Lt. Chapman Comdg. Anton Chico [munroe to jones.^] Head Quaeters 9th Mil. Dept. Santa F6, N. Mex° June 29, 51. Sib, I received information during the last month from various sources, that the Comanches, were collecting in large numbers at the Bosque Redondo, on the Rio Pecos, distant about one hun- dred and twenty miles from Las Vegas, — The object of the meet- ing was not known, but as it had been stated by the Apaches, both Jicarilla and Muscaleros, that they were to meet the Comanches at that place, to have a grand council, it became a matter of importance to gain some information as to their in- tentions. Governor Calhoun and myself coincided in our views on the subject, and accordingly when we were at Anton Chico together, May the 16 ulto. — the Governor granted a license to a Mr. Latz to trade with the Comanches and among other things desired him to say to them that he would be glad to see a delegation of their people at Santa Fe. Mr. Latz went to the Bosque Redondo and brought back with Lieut. Chap- him to Anton Chico a Comanche Chief, "Eagle Feathers," and ^^"^S^'aVcx- others of his tribe, with one captive, a Mexican boy, who desired ander 145 Page to have a talk with the Governor, and Lt. Chnpman 1st Dnigoons, Chapman"l47— whose company " F " was stationed there sent them to this place portVook?^ 1 A. G. O., Old Book, No. 4, pp. 190-191, 346 CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN, with a small escort, where they arrived on the 28 ulto. see en- closed copy of a letter from Lt. Chapman, No. 1 On the morning of the 29th the Governor and myself held a talk with them, in which, after professions of friendship had been made on both sides and they were made to understand that they were here as friends and thus in safety and at perfect liberty to I'eturn whenever they desired and would be escorted safely back — various propositions wei'e made to them in regard to preserving their peaceable relations with our people, and on other matters connected with their own welfare, to which they were desired to give full consideration, communicate to their tribe and answer at some future period. — they then retired to a room which the Governor had assigned them, aiiparently satisfied and contented. But during the night of that day. they, for reasons not then known — ran off, leaving behind their animals and other property. See letter of -^^ ^^ ^''^^ supposed afterwards ascertained to be true — see Lieut. C. to letter of I^t. Chapman, No. 2 that some evil disposed person had Col. Alexander ^ ^ , Page 11 Re- made malicious representations to the Indians, which induced port Book, them to run away — it was important that they should be over- taken and every persuasive metliod adopted to induce them to return, receive their property, and be undeceived as to their wrong imi)ressions, in order that they might not join their tribe, from^De'iot.^'^^ with the idea that any act of treachery was intended against Pl^asanton^"&f' ^^^^ ^^ ^he Authorities here — accordingly instructions to that Chapman and effect were sent to Col : Alexander Commanding Las Vegas andCT^'ptgel" (letter No. 8.) to Lt. Pleasanton Comdg Co "K 2 Drgs. at 146, 147, 148, Tucalote and to Lt. Chapman at Anton Chico. Se letters '^'^ ^^^^ same day, it was determined to send the property left from Governor behind by the Indians to -Anton Chico in order that it might be Munroe" *& Lt! turned over to them if they were overtaken on the road, and 151^Let°ei?^^'^*^^^^'^"^^^ ^^ receive it at any specified iioint in or (jut of the Set- Book & Letter tlements. ^' ■ The accompanying copies of letters 3 & 4. will show the wishes 142,^^ ^^^^^^' ^' of Governor Calhoun, on the subject and No 5. my orders in the case. .•> ReDort •^'°- *^**- ^"^ ^ *-'^l'^ •^^' ^^- t'hapmaus report of his compliance with IN.ik page 20 instructions from Dept. Hd. Qrs. which were similar to those given t"rs from ^ to Col. Alexander (No 2) and with the wishes of the Governor, ma^n*^' *^''^''*^' No. 8. his further action uu the subject and No !J reporting that the property of the Indians had been restored to them — that they had returned the animals which tliey had taken on the road while going to the Bosque Redondo — and that the whole matter had been settled to the satisfaction of all parties. With much respect, (sd) John Munroe To BvT. Major Genl. Jones. Adj. Oenl. U. 8. A. Wafi]iington D. C. CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 347 [munroe to JONES.^] Head Quarters 9th. Mil: Dept. Santa F6, N M. July 13, 1S51. Sir, In my letter to you of the 29th. ulto. reporting my .letion and Page 190. that of the Troops under my command, towards aud concerning the Comanches, who had sent a Delegation of their tribe, from the Bosque Eedoudo, to confer with Governor Calhoun. I remarked in conclusion that " all the difficulties " that had occurred between those Indians and the people and such as had existed on account of their being mislead as to the intentions of the Americans towards their Delegation when on a visit to this place. " had been settled to the satisfaction of all parties." Such up to the time I wrote was all the information I had received relative to the Comanches, except that Lt. Chapman had reported on the 2Sth. ulto, that they had left the Bosque Redoudo, for " other parts," which last report taken in connection with Mother he made to Col : Alexander, that there was no more corn to be obtained at Anton Chico. induced me to accede to the request of Col : Alexander, to be allowed to move JA. Chapmans Co. " F " 1 Drgs. to Las Vegas or its vicinity where Forage and Grazing for the animals could be obtained, which will account for there being no troops in position at Anton Chico or La Cuesta, when the occurrences took place which are related below. It may be here remarked that Col. Alexander when he requested that the Com- pany might be moved, stated that he would from time to time send detachments to or in the direction of Anton Chico, or La Cuesta, in order that by their presence the Indians might be pre- vented from coining into the Settlements, or if they did, from committing depredations. On the 1st inst. information was received from a Mr. Samson Pa?e .39 Rp- (enclosed letter No 1) that a large body of Comanches were in La Cuesta and had committed some depredations. I immediately sent instructions to Col : Alexander commanding Las Vegas (letter Page 195. No 2) directing him to enquire into the report of Mr. Samson and to move a company of Dragoons to Anton Chico, so as to give pro- tection to the inhabitants and to punish the Indians, if depredations had been committed. It afterwards appeared that Mr. Samson had written to Col : Alexander on the 27th. informing him that the Indians were then at Anton Chico which was the day previous to the one he informed me that they were at Lea Cuesta — (see ^j^^ 2^ „K^- ^ port Book & letter No. .3, A. and Col. Alexanders No. 4) and that the Colonel 39 Letter. had dispatched Lt. Adams with his company to watch their move- ments and find out their intentions. Lt. Adams arrived at Anton Chico on the 28th. and found the inhabitants in their fields and every thing quiet, no one having any fear of the Comanches. On the next day he met aud conversed with several Comanche Chiefs, who all professed peace and seemed peaceable, .nccordingly he ^^g« 25 Re- returned to Las Vegas on the 30th (see Lt. Adams report No 5) On the morning of the 2d. the Alcalde of Galisteos reported that a large body of Comanches had come into that place aud after 1 A. G. O., Old Book, No. 4, pp. 206-209. 348 CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. Page Pages 28 30 Report Book. remaining some time and obtaining wlierewith to supply their wants, otherwise peaceable, had gone west-ward, as they said to make an incursion into the Navajoe Country. As I considered that it was not the policy of the Government to allow tribes to war with one another, I at once sent information of their movements to Maj Howe Commanding Alburquerque (letter No 6) and di- rected him to prevent them from crossing the Rio Grande — to treat them as enemies if they had committed depredations, to inform them that they could not go into the Navajo Country but must return to their own. On the same day I sent Bvt. Lt. Col. H. Brooks with all the disposable force of the two Companies of Artillery at this post to San Domingo (see Dept. Sp. O. No. 47 of the 2 inst) with similar instructions to those given Maj. Howe. And sent an express to Cibolletta with orders to the Com- manding officer there to send all his disposable force, and if the Indians had ci-ossed the Rio Grande, to follow them and force their return, — with other instructions also similar to those given to Maj Howe (No 6.) On the 5th I received a note from Col. Brooks at San Domingo forwarding a letter No 7 from Asst : Surgeon Byrne at Albur- querque (written by direction of Maj Howe who was confined to his bed) both reporting that the Comanches had at one time crossed the River for the purpose of making an expedition against the Navajoes but, on account of the scarcity of water and grass, had been compelled to recross the river and when last seen were going eastward with the intention as they said to return to their own country. I afterwards received a letter from Col: Chandler (No 8) to the same effect. A Company of Dragoons being ordered to follow their trail, watch their move- ments prevent or punish depredations, and force them if force was required to leave the Country. As the Indians had behaved peaceably, I ordered Col. Brooks to return with his command to this post where he arrived on the 7th. (see his accompanying repoi't No 9). On the 6th I received a letter from Col : Alexander No 10 enclosing one from Lt. Adams No 11, with one from Lt. A. sent direct (No 12) reporting the result of the movement made from Las Vegas to enquire into the report, made by Mr. Samson (No 1) to me as instructed in my letter of the 1st. inst (No 2). From these reports you will perceive that Mr. Samson altho' writing to this place 60 miles — concerning Indian depredations, did not inform Lt. Adams, who was at Anton Chico only 18 miles witli two Companies of Dragoons, and who was thus in position and in force sufficient to intercept and punish the Indians, if their conduct had been such as to require it. — But from Lt. A', letter you will perceive that it is a matter of great doubt if anything was done for which the inhabitants desired the Comanches to be molested. The people of Anton Chico and La Cuesta and along the Rio Pecos, carry on a continual trade with these Indians, and it is to their interest to preserve a friendly relation towards Pages 20, 15 them and from Lt. Adams report and from those of Lieut Chap- Book ^^^^^^ man of the 4th. 8. & 9th. of June forwarded to you with my letter Page 36 Report Book. COKRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 349 of the 29 ulto. you will perceive that they are considered as friends coming without exciting any alarm among the people for the safety of themselves or their property. As to the cattle killed by "Eagle Feathers" the cause Is shown to be that he had not forgotten or forgiven the loss of his captive (a Mexican) which he left behind when he and his party ran away from this place on the 29th. of May last. That captiA-e is now living with the Governor at his house and I respectfully call your attention particularly to the fact that the only aggressions committed, or said to have been committed, by the Comanches of which any particular complaint has been made has been done by the party of " Eagle Feathers " and the reason assigned for his enmity, is the loss of the Mexican captive above referred to. For the opinions the Comanches themselves formed as to the loss of that captive I refer you to Lt. Chapmans letter of the 8th. & 9th. of last mouth. ***** As to the causes of this and for the confirmation of the opinion of Lt. Adams, your attention is requested to the remarks of Col. Brooks on the subject (No. 8) You will observe from Mr. Sam- Report Book sons letter No. 3 " B that he reported to Lt. Chapman on the 28 ^^^® ^^* ulto. that the Indians altho in large numbers, professed friend- ship and very very friendly & that he gave that information in order that the Troops should not be sent to La Cuesta. Yet on the same day he informed me that they were committing depre- dations and neglected to inform Lt. C. or Col. Alexander of the change in the condition of affairs, which makes it more evident that neither himself or the prefect representing the people de- sired that the Indians should be disturbed. It has been the same throughout. I have received no Information of the Indians being at any place until a day or two after their departure, whereas in every case, either myself or other officers and those in command of mounted troops could have been notified on the same day In the case at La Cuesta, in a few hours. I, am therefore forced to the conclusion that there is a feeling among the Mexicans towards Americans, at least negative in its character, and a positive friendly one towards the Indians. With much respect, I am Sir Your obd. Servt. (sd.) .John Muneoe Major 2 Art. Bvt. Col. U. S. A. Comdg. Bvt. Maj Genl. Jones Adjt. Genl. U. S A Wnshington D. C. 350 CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. [CALHOUN TO MUNROE ^] Executive Department Santa Fe N. Mexico May 7, 1851. Sir, I have most anxiously considered the subject of a proper disposi- tion of the numerous Body of Apaches now in Camp near San INIiguel, La Cuesta and Anton Chico and have come to the conclusion they should at once be placed under your exclusive authority as the officer Commanding of this Department As the Superintendent of Indian Affairs in this Territory I am without instructions as to the Section of country in which these Indi- ans should be located nor have I the means to supply their hungry cravings with the necessaries of Life demanded by a just humanity — It is perfectly evident they must steal or starve unless some plan is devised to subsist them & without this subsistence it would be folly to suppose they could be subjected to proper restraint — If these Indians remain in their present localities we must anticipate blood shed & depredations and their impoverished condition must become infinitely worse as they will sell every blanket and animal they possess or may be able to steal in order to procure ardent spirits You and you alone have the only power that can be exercised in this Territory to apply a temporary remedy for the evils herein sug- gested. I am aware you have not a sufficient Military Force at your disposal to protect the Border Settlements of the Territory if these Indians are dispersed and their dispersion would result in the re- newal of Butcheries and Robl)erieK on the plains and in every other accessible point We have reason to expect at an early day instructions from the proper Department at Washington in reference to a disposition of these and other Indians without our jurisdiction & for this reason no other than a temporary arrangement is advisable. It is a serious & threatening matter to have from two to five thousand Indians characterised by the worst possible passions of man within our Borders liaving between them in their present locali- ties and their hiding places in the' mountains hundreds of our citizens with their Herds of Cattle put them to flight and many of these citi- zens must be butchered and the greater portion of them will be driven off — I respectfully suggest that the military force now in that Quar- ter is wholly inadequate to prevent serious disorders should they remain where they are situated at this time and to remove them to a proper distance would require a much more augmented force to pre- serve the Lives & Property of people in this Territory a. G. O., Old Book, No. 4, pp. 119-121. CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 351 For these last observations I trust you will pardon me as it is a subject within your Exclusive Jurisdiction but as the people of the Territory are immediately interested in this matter I have ventured the observations About 10 o clock this morning it is my intention to call upon you in reference to this subject and this communication is sent to you that you may in the meantime reflect upon its contents I am, With great respect Your obt. Servt. Signed, James S. Calhoun Col : Jno Munroe Comdg 9 Mil. Dept. Santa Fe New Mexico. Note — It escaped my recollection for a moment to say I am of the opinion the Indians mentioned in this communication should be re- moved South without Delay to a convenient place where they may ' be carefully watched by a sufficient Military Force and where good grazing grounds are to be found (This should have proceeded the foregoing Apology) J. S. C— [CALHOUN TO LATZ '] Executive Department Santa Fe New Mexico May 8, 1851 Sir, I desire you to see Chacun and the other Indians in the vicinity of his camp and inform them distinctly that they must leave their present place of abode and be at Anton Chico on the morning of the 15 day of this month on their way to a location which I have assigned them at least two days travel south of Anton Chico If in obedience to this order they depart peaceably and willingly corn will be given them at Anton Chico on the 15 or 16 of this month by order of Col : Munroe when they have received their corn they must immediately depart for their new but temporary homes and you w'ill say to them, the corn is to feed them and must not be sold for any purpose Avhatever Chacun understands the necessity of this order but it is well to remind him of his promise Avhich and all of the Indians in the neighbourhood are required to observe, they must not, cannot and shall not remain wdiere they are & upon their immediate compliance 1 A. G. O., Old Book, No. 4, pp. 124-125. 352 CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. with this order & their good conduct depend the gratuities which the Government of the U. S. are disposed to grant them Respectfully Your obt, Servt, Signed, James S. Calhoun Mr. Latz San Miguel — [Related Correspondence.] [McLAWS TO ALEXANDER.i] Hd Qes : 9 Mil : Dept, Santa Fe New Mexico May 8, 1851. CCILONEL, I enclose herewith by direction of Colonel Munroe a copy of a communica- tion to Mr Latz from Govr. Calhoun The original has been sent to Mr. Latz or Lt. Chapman, who is supposed to be at San Miguel, if however neither Mr. Latz or Lt. Chapman are at San Miguel (& the Expressman has been directed to euquire & to inform you) Col. Munroe directs that you immediately select some suitable individual to com- municate with the Apaches aud inform them of the purport of the enclosed copy of a Letter to Mr. Latz above referred to— Respectfully Your obt. Servt. L McLaws Lt 7 Infy & A A A Genl Col : E. B. Alexandi: R Commanding Las Vegas [MUNROE TO CALHOUN.-] Head Quarters 9th. Mil Dept. Santa Fe% 24 May 1851. Shi, I duly received your letter of the 23d. inst. requesting that the room now occupied by the Asst. Adjt. Genl. may be vacated for the use of the Legislature at its coming session. The removal of the office at this time would be specially inconvenipnt and I regret that I cannot accede to your request. I would also recur to my having already given up for the use of the Executive of the Territory, all of the building at present habit able, except this room, with the understanding with your excellency that the portion transferred was suiRcient — and that this arrange- ment would continue until the Executive of the U. S. or other com- 1 A. G. O., Old Book, No. 4, p. 12.5. 2 Ibid, p. 139. COERESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 353 petent authority directed what disposition should be made of the building — whether for Territorial or other purposes, I am Very respectfully Your obd. Servt. (sd) John Munroe. His Excellency Gov. Calhoun Terr. N. Mex^ [CALHOUN TO LEA.'] No. 5. ExECLTivE Department Santa Fe', New Mexico Maij 28th 1851. Sir, Your two letters of the 27th of March last, were received on the 24th inst. In reference to the one acknowledging the receipt of my accounts for the quarter ending 30th September 1850, allow me to re- mind you, although I am no longer recognized as an Indian Agent, I am compelled to discharge the duties of that officer, and, until I am releived from that duty by the arrival of an Indian Agent, I think I ought to be sustained by some provision, which, I presume, it is competent for the Department to grant, under the peculiar and highly delicate position in which I have been placed — To prevent terrible outbreaks by the Indians of the Territory has required all the in- genuity and means that I could command — To have done less, in my opinion, would have been productive, or rather, permissory of hor- rible butcheries and devastations, that have been avoided, and which States, would have been disreputable to the Government of the United and a disgrace to your Indian Agent in this Territory; and, hence, the responsibility which he has assumed, and which too, if our In- dian affairs, in this Territory, are properly understood at Washing- ton, will not, and can not be disapproved— I have notice this morn- ing, that a number of Comanches and Apaches will be here on to- morrow, or the next day, to confer with me in relation to their future localities, and the purposes of the United States towards them — and it is extremely unfortunate that I am without instructions or means to accomplish any permanent good— Must I, therefore, do nothing? I should regard myself as an unfaithful servant if I did not attempt to conciliate them until the pleasure of the Government is an- 1 O. I. A., New Mexico Supy., N 123. 5021—15 23 354 COKKESPONDENCE OE JAMES S. CALHOUN". noimcecl — This course is reeymmended to me by tke considerations of humanity, not to the Indians only, but also, our own people — It will prevent some murders and depredations — Under such cir- cumstances, ought I to assume proper responsibilities to avoid the calamities alluded to, and preserve, if possible their tranquility until the Government is ready to speak? I think so, and humanity, as good well as the repute of the United States, will approve mj as- sumptions — What auditors may do, I can not tell, but suggest, that those who are invested with discretionary power should, on some occasions, interfere to prevent the sacrifice of a faithful public officer; and in that light. / regard mj'self. We are yet quite ignorant of the laws passed by the last Session of Congress, and if we had the laws regulating trade and intercourse, with the Indians of this Territory, if amended as I have heretofore recommended, they would materially aid us in preserving our quiet. I shall have occasion to speak to 3^ou again, in reference to Indian matters^ before the departure of our June mail for the States. I have the honor to be. Your obedient Servant James S. Calhoun Hon. L. Lea, Comr. of Ind. Affs. Washington City, B.C. [CALHOUN TO LEA.'] No. 6. EXECUTI^^) DePART3IENT, Santa Fe', New Mexico, May 28fh. 1851 Sir. Your letters of the 5th and 12th of April last were received on the 24th inst. and I am gTatified at the appointment of four Indian Agents for this Territory — If proper laws have been extended over this Territor}^, and the means are authorized to locate and subsist the Indians for a short period, we can lay the foundations of a quietude unknown to the people of New Mexico. I am acquainted with two of the Agents appointed, and judging from their well established characters, I doubt not, the four will, indeed, " prove valuable and efficient aids in the administration of Indian Affairs in this Superin- tendency." These Agents, so much needed, have not yet arrived, nor am I advised when to expect them. If present, they could materially aid in preserving the public quiet — In another point of view, their iQ. I. a., New Mexico Supy., N 122. COKEESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 355 presence is of less consequence, at this moment, because I do not think it probable there will be a very early movement of troops against Indians. But it is important to locate them, and to have them directly under the care of Agents, who should be sustained by a suit- able military force. In the absence of all knoAvledge as to the legislation of Congress during its last Session, and without specific instructions from the Department, when the time arrives, I shall exercise the discretion vested in me by your two letters of the 5th & 12th of April last ; and I beg to assure you, nothing shall be wanting, on my part, to secure the harmony expected, and to give effect to the wishes of the Govern- ment in the conduct of Indian Affairs within this Superintendency, With great respect, I am, Your obedient Servant, James S. Calhoun Hon. L. Lea Commissioner die. &c. W ashington City, D. C. [CALHOUN TO LEA.^] No. 7. Executive Department Sante Fe' Neav Mexico June 1, 1851. Sir, I desired, in this number to have given you particulars in relation to Apaches, Comanches, Navajos, and Utahs, but have not time, as the mail is now closing — Three days ago, a Comanche deputation came to me, and on the second night, disappeared, leaving all of their animals and property behind — This was caused by representations made to them by persons who are averse to all order, by stating to them I was only waiting a favorable moment to have them mur- dered — This I learned from one of the Indians, brought to me by one my agents who went in pursuit — carrying with him their entire property for the purpose of restoring it — Respectfully James S. Calhoun Hon. L. Lea, Comr. &c. Washington City D. C. 10. I. a., New Mexico Supy., N 124. 356 CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. [Related Correspondence.] [McLAWS TO CHANDLER.i] Head Qrs. 9th. Mil Dept. Santa Fe\ N. M. June 10 51. Colonel. I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your Communica- tion of the 2d. inst reporting the information you had received con- cerning the movements of the Navajoes — In regard to the few families of that tribe who have expressed a desire to join the friendly Xava- joes in the vicinity of Cibolletta, Col. Munroe directs me to inform you that he has consulted with Governor Calhoun on the subject,, and that both are desirous that such should happen that a com- mencement be made separating those who are desirous of remaining peaceable from the others. Those families will be authorised to settle near Cibbolletta as you proposed. With much respect L ]\IcLaws 1 Lt 7 Infy AAA Genl Colonel D. F Chandler Commdg. Cibolletta [CALHOUN TO CHAPMAN.^'] Executive Departiment Santa Fe', N M. June 9th 1851 Sir, I have employed Don Xicolass Prada, J Ant. Margues, Carlos Vigil and Juan Ant. Vigil to take charge of the property left by the Cumanches in their recent flight from this City, and I have to request you to deliver the same to the individuals above named and to take their receipt for the property. They are directed to proceed with all convenient dispatch to the Cumanche Country, and to deliver to the Indians the property. I have to thank you for the Aid you have already afforded me in this matter and beg you to forward to me the receipt alluded to above, with such observations in relation to the past and the future, as may occur to you I have the honor to be Your obd. Servt. (signed) J. S. Calhoun. Lt. O. Chapman U.S. A Anton Chico N M. 1 A. G. O., Old Book, No. 4, pp. 168-169. * Ibid, p. 163. COERESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 357 [BEAUBIEN TO CALHOUN.'] D. Fernando de Taos June 11^ 1851. To his Excellenc}^ Govr. James S. Calhoun Sir, I hope I shall not be considered as too presuming in the communi- cation of information I am about to make to you. I have been an inhabitant of the Territory and the Valley of Taos in particular for many years and believe that I understand the native Mexican well. There have been indications within the last few weeks sufficient to convince me that a rebellion against the constituted United States tern authorities is in con plation among the Lower class of the inhabit- ants of the country of Taos; Every Effort has been made to excite the mass by which I mean the Vagabond and unoccupied part of the population against the Americans From information I have had from reliable sources secret meet- ings have held under various pretences for the purpose of organizing an insurrection its object the extermination of the Americans and the Kobbery of their Property. Every report false or true in regard to the Proceedings of the existing Government and citizens of the United States has been put in circulation to unite the Peoi)le Iieic. Superstition has been appealed to and the present bad season for the cultivation of the soil has been attributed to the curse of Ameri- can Domination. The Jourse {sic) the individual incentive of these excitement it is hard to discover but such sinister excitement is on foot I am aware that such an e xcitemen t insurrection if raised would re- sult in the masacre of the isolated Americans and foreigners in this part of the Territor}^ that the retributive justice that would follow Avould be the extermination of the Insurgents. But this it appears to me should be an event much to be deplored & that it should by timely and prudent measures be avoided. In connexion with our entire want of confidence and absolute sus- picion of the intentions of the ^Mexicans and Pueblos around us we have in addition the Apaches Jicarillas within a few miles of D. Fernandez some two or three hundred strong who daily obtain whis- kev of the Mexicans in the ranches or elsewhere & insult all Ameri- cans whom they find alone & defenceless. The owners & operators of the mills of Messrs St. Vrain & C° in the Valley of the Eio Grande some seven miles from this place have been within a day or two past threatened with masacre by drunken Jicarrillas. 1 a. G. O., Old Book, No. 4, pp. 172-174 ; B. I. A., M. L., June, 1851. 300 CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUJN. The Yutas are in force at Valley of La Costillo some forty or fifty miles from here and when visiting the settlements or rancheos are insolent and provocative and its reported have killed a citizen — the report wants confirmation — but it is true that the Yutas have held council of a secret nature with the Pueblos of Taos Being thus surrounded by well found apprehensions of Danger on every side — no confidence in the Mexican Population less in the Yutas and Jicarrillas now among us by treaty & the passes and safe guard of military officers and believing from all that we can see that these Indians are tampered with by Mexicans to effect our destruction if in their power we belieA^e the Infantry Force at present in the Valley of Taos inadequate for its protection or defence against both secret and open enemies — I therefore respectfully suggest that the Com- mander of the Department be requested by Your Excellency, to send us a company of Artillery or other mounted Troops I fully believe that the moral effect of such additional force would be quell insurrec- tionally feeling & under proper directions from your Excellency compel the Yutas & Jicarrillas to retire at a sufficient distaucp. to rid us of their molestations. With sentiments of the highest respects and esteem Your obt. Servant (Signed) Charles Beaubien ^ [Related Correspondence.] [munroe to JONES.^] Hd. Qrs. 9 Mil: Dept. Santa Fe Ni:\v Mexico Jniir 30, IS51. See report Book SiR. P^si"^^- J enclose herewitli a co])y of ;i Letter fi-om Govr. Callioiin to myself of the 14t]a with one to him from Charles Beaubien a citi- circuit zen of the County of Taos formerly one of the Judges of this Okeuit Court Territory informing the Governor that from indications in the Valley of Taos, he was convinced that a rebellion against the constituted United States authorities was in contem- plation among the lower classes of luhabitants. and if commenced, those people would be assisted by the Jicarilla Apaches and Yutas. Spec. Order No. Acting upon the information given by Judge Beaubien and upon '' ' ' consultation with Govr. Calhoun 1 organized a force from the two artillery companies stationed here, of one subaltern & sixty rank vt File with two twelve ])ound Howitzers and placed it under command of Bvt. Major H. L. Kendriclv 2d Arty who left here on the lijth with orders to ])roceed & take command of the Post of Taos and on his arrival to enquire fully into all the circumstances connected with the contemplated rebellion and report his views on the subject. 1 For comment upon this communication, see related correspondence. " A. G. O., Old Book, No. 4, pp. 193-194. COEEESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 359 With regard to the remark in Judge Beaubieu's Letter that the Yiitas and Jicarilla Apaches were among them by treaty and passes & safeguards of Military Officers — I beg leave to assert that he is entirely under a niisapiirehension on that I'oint By the treaty made with the Jicarilla Apaches they are re- quired to keep beyond all settlements, it is true, they have not complied with it in that particular but the policy of allowing a non compliance with it on their part, does not rest with the Army I think it is shown by my Letter to you of the 31st. Ulto. and Page 157. correspondence enclosed, that the Troops under my command have been in position & in force sufficient «& had opportunities & no doubt were willing to chastise & expel the Apaches if such had been required by the Executive of this Territory but as it is be- lieved and as the Indians themselves have asserted that if they are driven out of the settlements it will be necessary either for them to recommence their old system of depredations or to starve and as up to the present time, they have not committed depreda- tions and have seemed inclined to provide and have been provid- ing for their wants by following peaceful pursuits it was thought best to let them roam about unmolested provided they kept peace- able until some definite instructions were received as to thei? final disposition to be made of them by the Government, acting upon that principale which was the course advised by the Gov- ernor as Superintendent of Indian Affairs; The officers who were in position to watch over the movement of the Indians were instructed accordingly — see enclosed Copy No 3. of a Letter to Page 165. Captain Ewell — I have no information nor do I believe that any pass or safe- guard to any Indians has been granted by any officer except such as was aflorded on one occasion by an Escort of Dragoons which was sent from Anton Chico with a delegation of Comanches & returned with them — The letter of Judge Beaubien will show the peculiar position of the Arn)y in this country while the officers and men are blamed for affording protection to the inhabitants from the incursions of the Indians. The inhabitants themselves are in league with those Ii'dians countenancing their presence and furnishing them with Liquor and other contraband articles which renders them more troublesome than they otherwise would he ; thus the Army has a double duty to perform, not only to give protection from internal dissensions, to protect one class of the inhabitants from the other, but from Indian Depredations from without. Since writing the above Major Kendrick has reported his views See Report relative to the condition of affairs in the County of Taos see copy f ^g^^g^'tf *jjf^' enclosed No. 4 in which as you will perceive he asserts that he Page 183. did not think it was necessary for any additional force to remain in that quarter, accordingly he was directed to return with his command to this Place & arrived on the 28 Inst Most Kespectfully. Your obt. Servt. Sgd. John Munroe Maj. 2d Arty. Bvt. Col. USA Maj. Genl. R. Jokes Adjutant Genl. USA 360 COERESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. [MoLAWS TO GORDON.i] Hd. Qrs. 9 Mil. Dept. Santa Fe New Mexico June 2Ji, 1S51. Majoe, I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your communication of the 21st (which should have been sent through the Comd'g Officer of the Post) giving it as your opinion that all the excitement gotton up in Taos originated through political feeling & stating that the movement of the section of artillery upon that place would operate unfavorably upon your character with the people in as much as it will be reported that you had asked for reinforcement when on the contrary you considered yourself sufficiently strong to hold your position until the Comdr. of the Department had been notified in the event of an out- break — also stating that your position was partially compromised as it is known that you are relieved from your command & therefore but little confi- in your regard dence can be placed in your regar d by the inhabitants for their safety when threatened wnth danger & remarking that if you were removed to some other position & another more trustworthy officer sent in your place it would possibly secure more confidence to the people. — To which Colonel Munroe directs me to reply By the enclosed copy of a com- munication from Judge Beaubien to Govi'. Calhoun which was sent by the Govr. an to Colonel Munroe you will perceive that (Judge B.) who has been a- inhabitant of this Territory & particularly of the Valley of Taos for many years & who has occupied high & responsible positions under the Government where he has had every opportunity of Judging & who therefore understands the character of the Mexican & whose views therefore eetjtle in regard to them are entitled to the highest consideration says that there was in contemplation a rebellion against the constituted authorities of the U. S. by the lower class of the in- habitants of the County of Taos. that he feared if the rebellion commenced the people would be assisted in their acts of violence by the Jicarilla Apaches & by the Yutas who were at that time within a short distance of Taos — and that therefore (he) speaking for tha Americans & respectable citizens did not think one company of Infantry a force adequate for the protection of the Valley of Taos against both secret & open enemies. Governor Calhoun in his Letter to Colonel Munroe remarked that it would require the utmost Vigilance to prevent an outbreak & requested that an addi- tional force with some artillery should be sent to the Valley of Taos in order by its presence not only to overcome those who intended a rebellion but to reassure those who feared one. Under those circumstances a force of one Subaltern «& sixty rank & file with two pieces of ordnance was organized here & sent to Taos under Major Kendrick who was ordered to assume command of the Post because ha was senior to you ; there was no other one to send from here who had a right to command such a force of Arty except Col. Brooks and if he had been sent the same result would have followed. From the above remarks & from the Letter of Judge Beaubien you will per- ceive that the Arty force was sent to Taos upon the representations & urgent request of one (Judge B) of the most responsible men in that section of lA. G. O., Old Book, No. 4, pp. 183-185. COERESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 361 Country; & by tlie desire of the Governor of this Territory— That the main object was to prevent an outbreali. In conclusion Col : Munroe desires rue to assure you that never for a moment was it thought that your position would be compromised by sending an addi- tional force to Taos nor does he believe that it will in the least when the matter is properly understood ; nor did he by relieving you from Command intend to reflect in the slightest manner on your trust-worthiness — You were relieved or superseded in command because the accident of rank made it so — With much Respect Your obt. Servt. I; McLaws 1 Lt 7 Infy AAA Genl Major W. H. Gordon Comd'g Co. H Sd Infy Taos [CALHOUN TO MUNROE/] Executive Department Santa Fe', N Mex'\ June H 1851. Sir, I enclose for your perusal and consideration a letter - from Judge Beaubien, received last night at 9 o'clock. The insurrectionary and rebellious manifestations to which he alludes, are in my opinion a part of the mischievous machinery, to which your attention was called by me in a confidential note dated June 10, 1851. The designs of a few persons in this Territory are too evident to be mistaken and I doubt not you will agree with me in opinion that it will require the utmost vigilance upon the part of all in authority in this Territory to prevent the outbreak desired by the reckless. I am, Your obd. Servt. (sd) James S. Calhoun Col. Munroe Commanding [CALHOUN TO WEBSTER.'] ExECUTTVE Department Santa Fe New Mexico June 30th 1851 Sir I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your communication of the 21st of April last, informing me that thirty seven copies of lA. G. O., Old Book, No. 4, p. 180. 2 See p. 357. 8B. I. A., M. L., June, 1851. the Acts of the Second Session of the thirty first Congress, had been forwarded to me, and the receipt of said copies is hereby acknowl- edged, I have also to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 23rd of April last in reference to my correspondence as Governor and your instructions will be observed I am With great respect Your obedient Servant J. S. Calhoun Hon Danl. Wkbster Secretary of State Washington City D. C. I CALHOUN TO WEBSTEB/] Executive Departjment Santa Fe, Neav Mexico June 30th 1851 Sir It is my duty to advise you in relation, to the condition of affairs in this Territory and I will do so as briefly as possible My correspondence with the Hon Secretary of the Interior during A.pril and May last will show that the quiet of this Territory was menaced Since then every element of discord has been called, into requisition to disaffect the Pueblo Indians and others I mentioned in April last on the authority of Indians that certain persons had tampered with the Pueblo of, San Dia. During the present month, delegations from the Pueblos, of Taos, San Juan, Santa Clara, San Hilafonso, Tesuque Nambe, Cochito, Santa Domingo, Cia, Santa Anna San Felipe, and Sandia, have visited me in highly excited State of mind, and without being able or willing, to give names they confirmed the fact, that individuals connected with a faction de- feated at a recent Territorial election, had continued to put in circu- lation among them reports to the effect, tliey were to be driven from their Pueblos, and their lands and property taken from them About the same time copies of the paper marked A. abounding in positive falsehoods, and excedingly inflamatory, were circulated throughout the Territory, both in English and Spanish, this, you will perceive, is the act of a defeated faction, and among the signers you will discover the name of A. W. Reynolds, assistant quarter master in this place, with the rank of Captain in the U. S. Army, the paper marked, B. was deemed necessary to allay the excitement 1 B. I. A., M. L., June, 1851. Transcribed from copy, original not on file. The signa- ture, however, is Calhoun's own. COERESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 363 and has attached to it thirty members of the Legislature, and one who would have signed it in consequence of indisposition, was ab- sent, there are the names of six members, on the first paper, and two absent, of the members of the council there are twelve who consti- tute the majority, and one in the minority, and in the House of Rep- resentatives nineteen to seven. While the merits of the two papers were being discussed the copy of a letter marked, C. from, Hon. Charles Bewbien, late a Judge in this Territory, was received, then folloAved a letter addressed to me by the Probate Judge of Taos county enclosing a copy of the paper marked, D. the persons named in this Copy are of the same class, you will notice the name of Rey- nolds again, but I do not vouch that there was authority for its use, this is known however, he has been canvassing a great portion of the Territory as Candidate for Delegate to Congress, and a portion of the party, call it the Reynolds party, the letter from Judge Bew- bien was laid before Col. Munroe, who promptly ordered a company of Artillery to Taos. Reports during this time, were fabricated and put in circulation of collisions, the destruction of property, and the approach of Wild Indians, and for several days the public mind was in a very fevered condition. Fortunately, the Pueblos after being in council, at this Superintendency, for near three days became thor- oughly satisfied, brought to me their report written by the Governor of Sandia, and which report, I transmit to the Commissioner of Indian affairs by the mail of to morrow Maj. Kendrick, who had c;ommand of the troops sent to Taos, returned on the 28th inst and reports every thing quiet, but is under the impression that the ques- tion as to an outbreak had been agitated, the Civil officers of the Territory advise me that, tranquility reigns in every direction, dis- turbed only by the incursions of the Navajoes In this connection, it may not be improper to state, I had an agree- ment to meet at Anton Chico on 16th of May last, the Head Chief of the Apaches East of the Rio del Norte, for the purpose of giving them some corn Cumanche Indians arrived at that place on the 12th of the month, but two days before I arrived they suddenly left, and I subsequently learned from the Cumanches, some Mexicans had told them we in- tended to kill them all so soon as I arrived. A Cumanche deputation come to this place on the 28th ult. held a long talk with them on the 29th, which appeared to give them entire satisfaction, bought from them a captive boy, and between twelve and one Oclock, on the morn- ing of the 30th ult they left their lodgings, leaving behind them all of their animals, arms, and other property, which I have had re- turned to them, one of the Indians aged and wanting in physical strength, was left in the rear, and was overtaken by one my agents Avith whom he returned. He stated that some person or persons 364 COREESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. had called out their cheifs, about 12 Oclock at night and informed him that it was my intention to have them killed next morning, the the foregoing sketch will show the obstacles in point, which I have to encounter as Governor of this Territory, two of the Judges Mower and Watts arrived on the 26th inst, and will remedy some of the difficulties, that I have had to encounter heretofore. Mr. Allen, Secretary of the Territory, has not arrived, and his absence embar- rasses us, (as the) as the Legislature is in session, and we have no instructions in relation to expenditures On the 25th of the month the Navajoes entered the Pueblo of Isletta, and drove off a large number of animals, Isletta is an Indian Pueblo on the west bank of the Rio del Norte, in the midst of a heavy population, about twelve miles south of the Military post of Albu- querque, — during the past year the Navajoes have been more success- full in their depredations than at any former period — these outrages should be stoped on the 29th and 31st of May last upon this point I addressed to the Hon A. H. H. Stewart Secretary of the Interior, a conimunication — in the last letter I say " We need munitions of war, and authority to call out the militia to preserve internal quiet and to repel aggressions at Points tchich cannot he supported hy the troops of the Vnited States d^c. &cP May not this be yielded to us, and the means to support and pay troops. I do hope the tv/o letters just alluded to have had consideration, the wild Indians must be subdued and the means to prevent insurrection rebellion and to rebuke treason should be in some ones hands in this Territory the Judiciary cannot at all times ferret out the dark doings of traitors, and such People are here and money is more potent in bringing to light treasonable designs Facts are before you, and that a remedy is necessary, you will not doubt, and if there is authority to apply it. I am confident it will be at an early moment I, am With great respect Your Obedient Servant J. S. Calhoun Hon Danl. Webster Secretary of State Washington City D. C, CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 365 [CALHOUN TO LEA/] Executive Department Santa Fe New IMexico June 30th 1851 Sir At the request of the Lacomes, whose claim was left you by the Hon. W. S Messervy I pray to enquire concerning said claim, and the probability of its payment I take occasion to suggest that unless a proper system is adopted unjust demands will be admitted and paid. All the testimony in ref- erence to claims for Indian depredations should be taken before Indian Agents, and the Superintendent, and perhaps forwarded only by the Superintendent, there are persons now engaged in preparing such claims whose intrests will be advanced by increasing their amounts, and witnesses are easily obtained This is deemed sufficient to put you on your guard I am With great respect Your Obedient Servant J. S. Calhoun Hon L. Lea Comr of Indn Affs Washington City D. C. [CALHOUN TO LEA.'] Executive Department Santa Fe New Mexico June 30, 1851. Sir, I have not been without pressing duties before me since I have been in this Territory. Night after night have I been compelled to be at my desk, or on watch — the entire night — I need some respite, a little relaxation, and if there are no disorders at the time, I should be pleased to be permitted to visit Washington City, and my native State Georgia, during the ensuing fall. Might I not render good service in taking to Washington Indians of this Territory ? I think 1 O. I. A., New Mexico Supy, N 127. a O. I. A., New Mexico Supy, N 128 ; B. I. A., M. L., June, 1851. From the duplicate sent to the State Department, the reference to the Indians was omitted by Calhoun. S66 COREESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. SO. I do not desire to leave, and will not go hence, pending dis- quietudes — and I pray to hear from you by return mail. I have the honor to be. Your Obedient Servant J. S. Calhoun Hon. L. Lea Comr. of Ind. Afs. Washington City D.C. [CALHOUN TO FILLMORE.'] Executive Department Santa Fe, New Mexico June 30th. 1851. Sir, The enclosed memorial was handed to me, with a request, to for- ward it to you. It is signed by members of the Legislature only. I have not read it, but I am not ignorant in relation to the subject, and some remedial measures are absolutely due to the people of this Territor3^ The signers are among the very best citizens of the Terri- tory, firm adherents to the Government of the United States^ and every way reliable. I have the honor to be Your obedient Servant J. S. Calhoun His Excellency Millard Fillmore President of the United States Washington City D. C. [Inclosure.] Eefd. for answer to Secy, of War Augt. 14. ' M F Santa Fe Territory of New Mexico June SO. 1851. House of Representatives and Council Charriber of Said Territory To Hon Millard Fillmore President of the United States — The undersigned Members of the Council and House of Repre- sentatives of said Territory now convened would most respectfully represent to your Excellency, that they have been lately advised of Indian inroads upon the property and persons of the Territory which demand as it seems to the undersigned the prompt and efficient action 1 A. G. O., Files, N 44 of 1851. COEEESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 367 of the Government of the United States. Some few days since a party of Navajoes made a descent upon the Pueblo of Isletta one of the numerous viUages upon the Eio Grande and drove off a hirge number of animals, successfully completing the robbery and escaping a rescue, while the officers and soldiers of the regular army were quietly reposing in quarters at Albuquerque and Socorro. The under- signed would respectfully suggest to your Excellency, that the mas- terly inactivity of the Government troops does not afford that pro- tection from foray and rapine which the present unhappy and dis- tracted state of this Territory imperatively demands; and in view of these facts and of the unguarded situation of the lives and property of our citizens the undersigned respectfully request of your Excellency supplied First That sufficient arms and munitions of war be f-fty nishc d to the Territory to equip and furnish a militia and volunteer force to be raised in the Territory^ — - Second, That ample power be delegated to the Executive officer of the Territory to call forth the Militia and to offer sufficient induce- ments to volunteer corps as shall command ready and effectual men at arms, at the precise place and moment of invasion or insurrection Third, That these Citizen troops when so levied should be placed under the immediate command and supervision of his Excellency the Governor of the Territory and officers to be by him appointed, and subjected to no other control but that of the Government of the United States. Your Excellency will permit your memorialists to urge the great ne- cessity of the above suggestions and petition upon your consideration, inasmuch as the experience of the last two years has with thei? fright- ful and appalling events of murder and robbery convinced the minds of your memorialists and their constituency of the utter inefficacy of the regular troops to save and protect the Territory from lawless savages upon our frontiers and roaming banditti in our midst. Whilst your memorialists cherish the highest sentiments of regard and & soldiers esteem for the brave and gallant officers stationed among us, they cannot but intimate to your Excellency their settled convic- the tion that best interests of our constituents and the Territory would be more effectually shielded by men who will fight for their altars and their firesides, than by disciplined troops however power- disposed ful and intrepid who seem to recline upon the glory of past triumphs, and are reluctant to tarnish by petty skirmishes with hordes of half naked savages, or scattered bandits, the laurels which they have so freshly won upon the tented field. 368 CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. Hoping this memorial and the unfortunate state of the Territory will meet with your Excellency's earliest consideration and action We have the honor to remain With sentiments of resj)ect Your Excellency's Obt Servts.^ [CALHOUN TO LEA."] Executive Department Santa Fe New Mexico Jime 30th 1851 Sir. The June mailed arrived on the 26th, and I am without a word from the Department. I do not think this ought to be so. I am the Governor of the Territory, the Superintendent of Indian Affairs, and discharging the duties of an Indian Agent, the appointees not having arrived. I understand they are on the plains, and may be expected during the ensuing month. For more than a month past insurrection and treason have been rife. You are aware, if I mistake not, that I visited Anton Chico on the IGtli of last month, in company with Col. Munroe and others for the purpose of having a further talk with the Apaches residing east of the Eio del Norte, and of distributing among them some corn, as they complained of being in a starving condition. Several days before we reached Anton Chico, a Cumanche delegation arrived, and resolved to await my arrival. On the 14th, two daj^s anterior to our arrival, the Indians departed in great haste. Subsequent en- quiries brought to light the fact, that they were frightened off by infamous individuals, who stated to them the Americans were gather- ing for the purpose of murdering all the Indians we could find. Not an Indian was seen, nor could I ascertain who put in circulation the report. Messengers (runners) were sent in the direction of the Bosque Redondo, who fell in with the Cumanches, who came to this Superintendency on the 28th of May. During the ensuing day we had a long talk, in the presence of Col. Munroe, and a number of other persons. During the afternoon, the Cheif Eagle Feathers, visited me in raj quarters, sold to me a Captive, manifested perfect satisfaction at all that had passed, and repeated, that nothing but death would prevent his visiting me again, with Cheifs and others, before two moons should terminate their rounds. Between 12 and L O'clock on the morning of the 30th these Indians fled from the City, leaving behind them, their animals, arms, robes and provisions, so soon as I ascertained the fact, I sent out Agents in search of them. 1 Names not copied. 2 O. I. A., New Mexico Supy, No. 129 ; Annual Report, Commissioner of Indian Affairs, 1851, p. 197. CORRESPONDE]SrCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 369 One only, was overtaken, and he returned, and stated, that about 12 O'clock at night, the Chief was called out, by whom, he could not tell, and when he returned he stated, they must run without a mo- ments dela}^ as we were preparing to have them all killed the next day. I sent out persons to have their property returned, a schedule ^ of which you will find enclosed, this was done at a heavy cost, but I could not do otherwise. The Indians in their flight carried off a number of animals belonging to individuals residing between this and Anton Chico, and a widow, who had lost nine, informed me, on yesterday all had been returned but one, and some other articles of no great value, for which she claims indemnification. This return of propert}^ was caused by the receipt of their own. which I had sent to them. Since then I have received two messages from them, desir- ing me to visit them, or to authorize them to come in. The latter proposition is altogether inadmissible, and will be so regarded, until insurrectionary and treasonable intents are subdued. Ignorant as I am of the purposes of the Government, and entirely destitute of means, the first proposition cannot be entertained. But the end is not yet During the present month, almost every conceivable effort has been made to induce the Pueblo Indians to take up arms, saying the party in the ascendency in this Territory intended to take from them their lands and property, and to drive them out of the Country, or extermi- nate them. At the same time, the most inflamatory articles were being published by the defeated, as the articles marked A, sent only as a specimen, abounding in falsehoods, will show. The one marked B was designed as a response. The Legislative Council stands twelve against one, and the House of Representatives nineteen to seven. The minority damn every body but themselves, and a few of them, and I hope a few only, are ripe for any thing, and their motto, I apprehend, is " rule or ruin." The Pueblo Indians have beseiged, almost, the Superintendency during the present month. They held a Council here, which lasted the greater part of three days. This council was composed of the Pueblos of Sandia, Santa ilna, San Felipe, Cia, Santo Domingo, Cochiti and subsequently, San Ildefonso, Santa Clara, Tesuque, Nambe, San Juan and Taos, sent in delegations, all highly excited. The paper marked C.- announces their final conclusion. It was drawn up by the Governor of Sandia, an exceedingly clever Indian. Not one of the Pueblos, at this time, desire to abandon their old customs and usages, and you may rely upon it, these people must be treated with the utmost delicacy, or bloody scenes will be witnessed ^ Enclosure D. ^ On file, but not copied. 5021—15 24 370 CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. in this Territory. A delicate induction will bring these people to any point you may desire, but it must be delicate, and protection must be afforded to them. You will remember my correspondence of last year advised you of difficulties I had to encounter, and the labor I had to perform to pre- vent an emeute. I was denounced for everything objectionable by the same party who are now sowing the seeds of discord and treason. But I have infinite pleasure in saying, so far, I have retained the con- fidence of these Indians, and I think the last effort of a desperate faction, has strengthened me in their estimation, and increased their confidence in the American Government, and your instructions in reply, will decide them as to their future course. I pray you be care- ful and weigh well the matter before you instruct. In the mean- time, after the arrival of the Indian Agents, who are directed to report to me, I shall assign one of them to the Pueblo Indians, and require him to visit them without delay, and to remedy, as far as pos- sible, the many grievances of which they have complained to me. As Governor of the Territory, I have today, given to the Hon Sec- retary of State, a brief statement of some of the obstacles I have had to encounter of late. Treason is abroad, and power is wanted in this Territory to catch the infamous who are administering to the disorders of the Territory The Navajoes, four or five days ago, pounced upon Isleta a Pueblo village, and carried off a large number of animals. Are these things never to be remedied ? Give me the authority and means and I will remedy it. I have not time to say more, and have the honor to be Your Obedient Servant, J. S. Calhoun Hon Luke Lea C OTnmissioner of Indian Affairs Washington City D. C. [Inclosures.] A. TO THE PEOPLE OF NEW MEXICO. Fellow- Citizens : We, a portion of your fellow-citizens, interested alike in the welfare of our common country, desiring its advance- ment and the development of its resources, respectfully address you in relation to the political affairs of our Territory at this time. We desire that you may be fully, frankly and candidly advised as to the state of Politics now existing, in order that you may judge for your- COEEESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 371 selves, whether you will sustain the present administration of your Gobernatorial affairs, or go with us in opposition to the mal-admin- istration and abuse of power by your present Executive. We submit to you a platform of principles upon which we expect to stand. We unfurl our banner, confident, that upon it is inscribed Justice and the Rights of the people. Beneath this banner and by our principles, we are willing to stand or fall. Let us submit to your consideration the principles of our political party, and the rea- sons and motives that influence us thus to array ourselves in opposi- tion to the present dominant party in this Territory. Our opposi- tion is not factious, but is founded in justice and forced upon us by the abuse and usurpation of power on the part of your present Executive. At the time of his inauguration, many of us, who are signers of this address, were not only his political friends, but desired to sustain him in his public acts, in all things consistent with the powers delegated to him as your Governor, and were at last only driven from his support by the utter and total disregard upon his part of either the wishes of the people or the powers conferred upon him. We confidently^ believe that his sole aim has been to build up a political party that would secure the election of a certain indi- vidual as your delegate to Congress, and that the whole power and influence of his office has been prostituted from what was its proper end and aim to the securing of this object. Your feelings and interests have not been consulted in regard to removals from or appointments to office. But these removals and appointments have been made solely with an eye to the person who could bring the most political strength to sustain his political friend in the approaching election for Delegate to Congress. The very best and most trust- worthy of your officers have been removed to make place for political partizans. The Prefect of the Countj^ of Rio Arriba, as we are informed and believe, was removed without any complaint or charge against him as an officer, being made by the citizens of the said county. No charge of mal-aclministration against him as a Prefect. But because he was independent and could not be used for party purposes as a tool of the Governor, he has been prescribed. The Prefect of the County of San Miguel, than whom no officer within the borders of your Territory sustained a higher reputation for efficiency and impartiality in the discharge of his duties too, has been removed and prescribed to make place for a political partizan, and this too has been done without a petition from a single citizen of the County of San Miguel, or a charge of mal-administration on his part from any quarter. An Alcalde of the town of Galisteo, in the County of Santa Fe, was removed against the known wishes of the citizens resident in that place as expressed both by a public meet- 372 CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. ing and by petition from the people, desiring that he be retained. But this removal too was necessary for political purposes, without regard to the expressed wishes of the people of Galisteo, but by the representation of two of the Governors emisaries sent out as we be- lieve by his Excellency to enlighten the people upon their duties in the past election, neither of whom were residents of Galisteo or citi- zens of the United States. These are some of his acts in relation to removals and appointments, and we are well satisfied that a recur- rence to the history of his removals and appointments will show that the same motives and influences have actuated him almost uni- versally ; a total disregard of your feelings, wishes and interests, and an eye solely to the accomplishment of his beloved and cherished object. That he has interfered with the Judiciary of your country, we now proceed to show. A short time after his inauguration, he requested the resignation of two of your Circuit Judges, because they Avere political opponents of his Excellency's candidate for Con- gress, and because some two or three individuals who had important suits pending, desired their resignation. The individual or indi- viduals who asked the resignation of one of the Judges was thought to belong to a family of great influence in this Territory, and thus to secure this influence, your Circuit Judges must stand aside. And in the case of the only remaining Circuit Judge viz : the Judge of the Southern Circuit, he has given instructions and opin- ions that the official acts of the said Judge were null and of no effect. Thus has your whole Judiciary been swept from under you — to gratify caprice, revenge or ambition. These acts deserve the con- demnation of every impartial reflecting person in this Territory. The rights of parties to suits have been made to abide and be controlled by the will of your GoA^ernor. The rights of parties in your Courts has thus been taken possession of : an usurpation unknown and unheard of in the annals of civilized civil government. Prisoners are accumulat- ing daily in your Jails at a heavy expense to the different counties, or are to be turned loose upon the community to commit" anew their crimes, and some who have been imprisoned for some length of time, are now entitled to a discharge without a trial, and will soon be let loose upon the community. The right of the Judges vA\o have exercised these functions we are not now to decide; that is for a hioher and different tribunal, but at the same time, we say that the decision and settlement of this question by your Governor was an act of usurpation on his part, unwarranted and dangerous to your liberties. We now appeal to you. We ask you, Avhat remedy or where is the tribunal to adjust your rights? and what remedy or where is the tribunal to punish offenders against your property, your persons, your houses, or any of your sacred rights: swallowed up COERESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 373 and desh-oyed by the remorseless and unsatisfied ambition of one who IS willing to sink your whole interests to secure his political objects. We now call your attention to other acts of his, show^ing tlie same disregard of the obligations resting upon him as your Governor. He has presumed to alter your Organic Law giving to you a Civil Territorial Government; not satisfied to make edicts, proclamations and decrees not given to him by virtue of his office, he has assumed to himself not only to make Laws here, but has altered the Organic Law of this Teritory, made and given to us by the Congress of the United States. By Art. 6th of said Organic Law, it is prescribed who are qualified voters of this Teritory. Among other qualifica- tions is the one " That persons resident in the Territory, at the time of the passage of the said Organic Act, should be entitled to vote in your elections.'' By Proclamation of his Excellency of date of he says, that persons resident in the County, not Territory alone, should be entitled to vote. From whence did he derive the authority to substitute County for Territory, and to amend your Organic Law? Wlio gave him power to alter one word or sentence of your Organic Law? We say to him, that our Organic Law is our Constitution, that though not perfect in all its details, we are determined to stand by it as it is handed to us by the Congress of the United States — until by them altered. We say to him, that in that law, his duties are defined. That by that act he must be gov- erned in the discharge of his duties, that he must not presume to blur or blot one article upon its page, that we hold him as we hold the other officers of this Government, whose duties are defined by the Organic Law to the letter of the instrument, and that for an usurpa- tion or infraction of any of the rights guaranteed to us by that in- strument, we hold them responsible to the people. In his annual message to the Legislature, he has recommended an interference with the vested rights of parties. In relation to the Pueblo Indians now, and for a long time resident among you, he has presumed to dictate a policy that is calculated to disfranchise them of their rights if they had them, either as citizens or residents of the Territory. He says, " that he cannot recommend an union of them as citizens, but it is inevitable — they must be made slaves, (dependents,) equals, or an early removal to a better location for them and our people." We say to our Pueblo friends, that whatever rights were guaranteed to them when they became residents of this Territory under the Mexi- can Government, are still secured to them. That it is not the pur- pose or intention of the Government of the United States to take from them one jot or tittle of their rights; that our Government holds the rights of all living under the broad fold of its banner as sacred ; that her treaties are inviolable, and that if our Pueblo friends had 374 CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. rights, either as citizens or as owners of the soil under the Mexican Government, that right is still secured to them, that it is not the intention of the Government of the United States, nor has the legis- lature and Governor of the Territor}^, if they desired so to do, the power to make slaves, (dependents) of them, or to remove them quickly to an}" other location against their will. By the language of another portion of his message, he is endeavoring to excite an angry discussion in the States of the Union, that is calculated to raise a strong and influential party in the Congress against us. He has presumed to say that the entire society where free negroes are tol- erated is degraded. Fellow-citizens, the question of slavery has been a vexed and dangerous one in the States for a number of years. That question has been the cause why the civil and political rights due to you for the last four years has been withheld from you, and now, when that question has been settled and taken away from the Legislature, your Governor is exciting a discussion that must result in injury to you. These are some of the reasons that influence us to array ourselves against the dominant party in this Territory. If we have spoken plainly we feel that the circumstances by which we are surrounded justify us. We ask, are you prepared tamely thus to submit to these things and not raise your voices in behalf of the People. If you are prepared to fold your arms, and quietly submit to the usurpa- tions already assumed, but a short time will elapse before you will be called upon to submit to others, and ere long not a vestige of your Eights will be left. We call upon you to joint, us in our efforts to maintain the Rights of the People. We call upon you to speak, and as freemen unite and refuse to sustain any one that upholds the present Executive in his assault on your Rights. If you are true to yourselves Justice will secure to you all your Rights untarnished. The wise, good and patriotic, in every portion of your Territory, will flock to your Standard, and an universal triumph will be your reward. If you fail you will have the proud consciousness of having done your duty. Annexed is our Platform. 1. An equal and just system of Taxation to support an economical administration of the Government. 2. That the several departments of the Government shall be kept separate and distinct: non-interference on the part of the Executive with either the Judicial or Legislative Departments. 3. In favor of a modification of the absolute Veto power now given to the Executive by the Organic Law. 4. In favor of the election of the County and District oflScers by the people. COEKESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 375 5. Opposed to a State Government at this time, on account of the heavy burden of Taxation. Antonio Sandoval, Santiago Armijo, Julian Tenorio, Mariano Yrisarri, A. W. Keynolds, Antonio Jose Otero, J. S. T. Johnson, Wm. McGrorty, Ceran St. Vrain, J. L. Collins, J. M. Giddings, Juan Jose Sanchez, Francisco Ortizy Delgado Robert Brent, M. Ashurst, Hugh N. Smith, Serafino Ramirez Rafael Armijo. Diego Archuleta, Candido Ortiz, John R. Tullis, Alex. Duvall, Tho. R. McCutcheon E. J. Vaughn, Juan Cruz Baca, Wm. Curtis Skinner Tomas Ortiz. John Kelly, J. Houghton, Committee. B. MANIFEST ACION ACORDADA EN JUNTA AMISTOSA, COMPLESTA DE LOS .AILEM- BROS DE LA LEGISLATURA TERRITORIAL, PARA CONOCIMIENTO DE LOS HABITANTES DEL TERRITORIO. Conciudadanos, la gratitud y reconocimiento son sentimientos que jamas olvidara la representacion Territorial; los pueblos del Terri* torio, a la par han depositado su voluntad y su confianza en la esfera limitada de nuestros pequenos conocimientos ; la suerte prospera o desfavorable del pais, esta senalada por el sabio autor de las socie- dades, y secundariamente debe ser sistemada por la marcha con que camine nuestra primera Legislatura constitucional ; una correspon- dencia justa y edecuada a las circumstancias, ecsijeque vuestrosdeseos sean satisfechos; que vuestra condicion sea mejorada; que vuestros derechos sean iguales, y que sea asegurada la propiedad y la persona del debil, con las mismas preeminencias y prerogativas que las del opulento. Sabido es, que la ley debe ser universal, para patrocinar y protejer todas las clases, para desterrar de la sociedad el espiritu despotico, que regularmente se engendra por la arbitrariedad y por tendencias meramente particulares ; se va pues a dar la ley homogenea del pueblo de Nuevo Mejico, como base fundamental del edificio social, sin tener por objeto esclusivo, el engrandecimiento destructor de de- terminadas personas, y sin la mascara de miras mesquinas e infames de protejer parti dos. 376 CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. La iniparcialidad, la esperiencia, y el conocimiento practicamente ensayado de las iiecesidades del pais, seran los principios cardiiiales que adopte la Legislatiira, para el desempeno de una obra tan dificil e importante, que supera a sus limitados conocimientos ; pero si, des- cansa en la buena fe que la anima, y en la censura que sufran sus trabajos, cuando debidamente sean calificados por el publico. Ninguna materia presenta mas dificultad, que reunir las simpatias e inteligencias de una comunidad politica, cuando se halla atacada por la maledicencia de algunos hombres, bien conocidos por los colores de sus operaciones ; pues a la ves de conducir a los incautos por la via del progreso, maliciosamente se prevalen de sa ignorancia, para mal informarlos con cuentos ridiculos e imaginarios caracterisados de f:uj)ersticion, a fin de precipitarlos mas alia del Oceano del desprecio, o por mejor decir, al descenso de su ruina fatal. Compatriotas, un pequeno ecsamen, abrira, vuestros ojos, y una idea refleja y perspicaz, sera capas de quitar la mascara hipocrita que se presenta hoy a vuestra faz. El objeto deseado de los que se empenan a perturbar el equilibrio y reposo de la tranquilidad publica, es sembrar la semilla abominable de desconfianza, contra los miembros que habeis escogido para com- poner vuestra Legislatura ; ellos son obra de vuestra confianza y beneplacito, y sus labores futuras, quedaran sometidos, no solo a la aprobacion del Congreso General, sino tambien a la vuestra. El tiempo, es el tipo de los desenganos, asi como lo fue para dar a conocer la conducta semicivil, de la anterior administracion, que descuido los intereses sagrados de su inspeccion, convirtiendo en ludibrio sus actos, bajo la influencia de la autoridad militar. Triste caso, que recordar para las paginas de la historia en el siglo de las luces! y mucho mas triste, cuando se observan vigentes las mismas pre-ocupaciones, y los medios y suterfugios de que se valen, para pro- curar una victoria sonada que conseguida, realsaria a sus autores al apogel que perdieron. La liberalidad del Gobierno Supremo, esta dispuesta para protejer y mejorar nuestras circunstancia ; la ley organica que nos ha creado y declarado capaces de constituirnos bajo la forma de gobierno territo- rial, debe ser para vosotros y para las generaciones futuras, un monu- mento de perpetua memoria ; ella declara en sus secciones 5 y 6, que los indios no tienen derecho para votar, por lo mismo, tienen supri- mida la escala de ciudadania como menores de edad ; la misma aclara- cion esta bien demostrada en las instrucciones que el Gobierno Su- premo ha comunicado al Yntendente de Yndios de pueblo; cuyos derechos de ciudadanos tambien se renunciaron por los mismos Yndios el ano pasado en el mes de Julio. Sus tratados son una prueba autentica de esta verdad. He aqui la evidencia incuestiona- COERESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 377 ble para que entendamos claramente, que los Yndios de pueblo no fueron escluidos de ciudadanos por voluntad del Senor Gobernador Territorial, ni tampoco por la Legislatura actul, sino por un acto del Soberano Congreso de la Union. Ahora pues, a que vienen las duras j gratuitas esclamaciones que hieren nuestros oidos y penetran el ayre para ser escuchadas? Si nos compadesemos ciertamente de esta clase digna de mejorar su condicion actual; procuremos declarar nuevamente su espontanea voluntad; consultemos los medios mas asequibles y racionales, para que los pobres Yndios procedan con inteligencia y libertad, omitiendo inferirles la violencia, el engano fraudulento, y el juego de voces seductoras, para dar un lugarsito a la sana razon sin agravio de la justicia.- La posesion que los Yndios tienen en sus terrenos y demas propie- dades, es inviolable; la Legislatura entiende que jamas se tocara por ninguna autoridad el sagrado derecho de posesion que ellos retienen por justo titulo; a no ser que los Yndios, voluntariamente traspasen sus derechos, por la via de contratos. Si por una fortuna (que sera bien lisongeada) los Yndios se com- prometen solemnemente a componer la comunidad politica de nuestro Territorio, bajo las condiciones de igualdad con los demas ciudadanos, el problema quedara resuelto; y entonces el ocurso de la Legislatui-a, debe ser un memorial peticionario al Gobierno Supremo, para que los Yndios gocen de la ciudadania que tenian antes en el Gobierno de Mejico, siendo declarados por la autoridad competente. La injusta alarma que ha causa do en los incautos, el mensage de S. E. el Senor Gobernador, cuando habla de los Yndios en la pagina 5, es considerar su materia sin acatamiento a los varios conceptos que pone a deliberacion de la Legislatura, o por mejor decir, con olvido al respeto de una sana logica, interrumpida por miras misteriosas y rastreras, que baticinan los profetas que las inducen; pues es claro, y clarisimo, que el mensage no tiene caracter de ley, por lo mismo, las camaras pueden o no conformarse con la materia que contiene. Conciudadanos, no menos repugnante y nocivas son las imputa- ciones siniestras que hacen a la Legislatura, los enemigos de la verdad ; afirman como criterio, que el poder que retenemos por voluntad vuestra, lo hemos de traicionar, delegandolo en S, E. el Gobernador, para que sin consultar otra voluntad que la suya, nombre todo el ramo de la administracion de justicia, que corresponde a los diferentes condados del Territorio; falsedacl inanidita que sera desmentida un dia no muy distante: pues dcseamos que el Pueblo y solo el Pueblo, nombre a sus correspondientes autoridades que le sean asignadas por la ley, y le merezcan su aprobacion y confianza. Nos preciamos, conciudadanos, de poscer sentimientos verdadera- mente republicanos y conformes con nuestros deseos, haremos lo 378 COEEESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. posible en testimonio justo de niiestras intenciones, la imparcialidad sera la di^asa que coronara la grande obra de niiestros trabajos. Antonio Jose Marlines, Florentine Castillo, Vicente Martines, George Gold, Jose Manuel Gallegos, Esquipula Bigil, Jose Francisco Leyva, Hilario Gonzales, Seledonio Valdes, Mig. Sena y Quintana, Jose Perea, Juan Torres, Miguel Sena y Eomero, S. M. Baird J. F. Ortis, Pascual Martines, Juan Cristoval Chaves, Dionicio Gonzales, Antonio J. Ortis, Eiaymundo Cordova, Teodoro Wlieaton, Francisco iVnto. Otero, F. T. Cabesa de Baca, Jose Andres Sandoval, Geronimo Jaramillo, Diego Salasar, Jose Eamon Vigil, Miguel Mascarena. Jose Pablo Gallegos, Santa Fe, Junio 13 de 1851. List of property left in the quarters of the Cumanche Indians on the night of the 29th of May 1851. 2 Indian Horses. 11 Mules. 13 Saddles. 9 Bridles. 47 Saddle Skins. 5 Lariets. • 13 Pack Strops. 10 Riding Whips. 4 Buffalo Robes. 7 Blankets. 21 Provision Sacks. 2 Knives and Scabbards. 1 Quiver for Arrows. 1 Brass Kettle (full of Coffee) 1 Wooden Bowl. 1 Segar Case. 1 Rifle. 1 Powder & Shot pouch. 4 Pilloncillos of S'ugar. A lot of Tobacco in plugs and papers for smoking. About 20 loaves of Bread. 1 Hind leg of Mutton & the ribs of three sides Venison. 2 peices making 1^ 5c Star Candles. Jno. G. Jones P. R. TULLY COKRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 379 [CALHOUN TO LEA/] EXECUTI\'E DePART^IENT Santa Fe, New Mexico Juhj 1st. 1851 Sir, My accounts, as Superintendent of Indian Affairs, for the four last months, ending on yesterday, June 30th. are now forwarded to you — The amount expended is $1241.56, and to pay it I have drawn on the Department, in favor of Wm. S. McNight for the precise amount. My House rent is yet unpaid, and there may be a few small accomits overlooked in the hurry of preparing my returns — Nor is my Salary included — Let them be speedily adjusted — I have the honor to be • Your obedient Servant J S Calhoun Hon. L. Lea Comr. Ind. Affs. Washington City D.G [CALHOUN TO LEA.^"] Executive Department Santa Fe, New Mexico July 1st. 1851. Sir, I have this moment received information that the Comanches vis- ited Anton Chico and La Cuesta on the 2Tth and 28th of last month, declaring their purposes to be good, and their admiration of Ameri- cans — It is supposed there were three hundred warriors, and they stated they were en route for the Navajo Country, for the purpose of a tvar with that tribe — On leaving the places named above they wan- tonly committed various depredations, by killing stock for which they had no use, and driving off others. No personal injury to a citizen was inflicted, but some were rudely treated Col. Alexander, from Vegas, sent troops to the points named; and Col. Munroe is noA> issuing orders designed to repel and chastise the Indians if dis- covered. The people below San Miguel are in great consternation, and they call upon me for assistance^ for protection., and / am without author- ity or means. 1 O. I. A., New Mexico Supy., N 125. 2 O. I. A., New Mexico Supy., N 126 ; Annual Report Commissioner Indian Afifalrs, 1851, pp. 198-199. 380 CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. I send this by express to overtake the mail that left for the States this morning. Very respectfully J. S. Calhoun Hon. L. Lea Gomr. Ind. Affs [NESBIT AND PARKER TO CALHOUN.'] To his Excellency, James S. Calhoun Governor of New Mexico Sir I deem it my duty to inform you of certain transactions that have taken place in the neighbourhood of Santa Fe within the last two days. It is known to you I presume that myself and Mr Hiram Parker, have taken the contract to furnish the Quartermasters Department with hay for the ensuing year, and that on account of the excessive dryness of the season, there was no possible chance of procuring the Hay, except in what is known as the " Grande Biah," some forty Miles from here — and for the purpose of filling said contract we pur- chased of Mr P Tully his train of Mule wagons, and were accordingly actively engaged in our opperations having commenced the delivery of hay — when upon the night before last or on that of the Second of July, inst there were a large band of Navajoe Indians, supposed to be from two hundred and fifty to three hundred in all — made an attack upon our camp and corral, the house in which we lived being built of logs as a block house and forming a part of one side of the corral, which was also built of logs in the most substantial manner — a the accompanying affidavits and certificates will show — The attack was made on the night of the 2nd inst. about one oclock, the night being very Dark it having rained during the afternoon and forepart of the night, and was still drissling so that it was almost impossible for the two men on guard to see twenty steps from where they were walking so that the first Salutation or intimation they had of the approach of the Indians was an arrow Shot into the neck of one of the Sentinels with a Yell and a Shower of Arrows the sentinal fired his Gun and gave the alarm, when all hands sprang to their feet and arms and commenced a defence, but by this time the house and entire corrall were completely surrounded by the Indians and on three sides 1 O. I. A., New Mexico Supy., N. 134. Enclosure of Calhoun to Lea, July 25, 1851. CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 381 of the house keeping up a continual fight with our men, while another portion of the Indians were endeavouring to pull down the corrall which they Succeeded in doing in about tAvo hours or a little after three oclock when they ran off all the Animals being over one hun- dred head, seventy nine of the number belonged to myself (Robert Nesbit) and Hiram R. Parker and three pair of Match horses belong- ing to me, (R. N) which I had just brought from the United States, making eighty five Animals — the balance of the animals belonged to cither individuals who had sent them out to graze among those per- sons were Capt A. W. Reynolds, James E. Sabine and Joseph Hirsch, &c, &c, who no doubt will report the same to your Excellency in due time We would therefore respectfully request your Excellency to be kind enough to inform us how to procede for the purpose of recoA^ering our property as the loss of so many mules may not only involve our- seh^es in ruin but may also be the means of involving our Securities. As Soon as we can get our evidence collected as to the circumstances of the case and the damage Ave have and w^ill sustain by the loss of so many Animals it shall be laid before your Excellency. All of which is respectfully Submitted to the consideration of your Excellency Very Respectfully Your Obt SerA^ants Robert Nesbit Signed Hiram. R. Parker [SUMNER TO CALHOUN.'] Head Quarters, 9th Deft : Santa Fe Jidy 20,^ '51. His Excel. J. S. Calhouiv, Sir. I have received your two lettei's dated this day. I thank you for the co-operation afforded in the first: With regard to the latter, I regret that I do not feel authorized to issue any rations to the civil prisoners of this territory. 1 a. G. O., vol. 8, Department of New Mexico, p. 7. - Sumner had arrived at Santa Fe just tlie day before. See Sumner to Bliss. 382 COKRE^PONDENCE OP JAMES S. CALHOUN. The appropriations for army subsistence is distinct from all others, and no one has authority to direct these supplies to any other pur- poses. I am Sir Very respectfully, Your Obt. Servt. E V Sumner^ Bvt: Col: U. S. A. Comdg: Dept: Santa Fe [Related Correspondence.] [sUMNER TO BLISS.^] Head Quarters 9th Dept. Fort Union, near Moro River August 3d 1851. Sib; I have the lionor to report, tliat in consequence of tlie cholera, and afterwax'ds (very much) the extraordinary drought, both of which impeded my march I did not reach Santa Fe until the 19th Ulto. I assumed command on that day. and immediately transferred the Head Quarters, and principal Depots to this place. I deemed it very important to have the Depot each of Santa Fe and directly on the line of communication with Missouri, as it gives me more direct conti'oul, over all the affairs of the Department. I have broken up the posts of Las Vegas and Rayado. as this post makes them unnecessary, and they were very expensive, especially the latter. I intend to abandon Alburquerque, Ablquin, Toas, and Socorro, and establish two larger posts, one at Valvarde on the Rio Grande, and the other at some point in the mountains, in the Utah and Apache Country. I shall march into the Navajo Country, on the 15th instant with 4 companies of horse, 3 of Infantry, and one of Artillery — It is my intention to establish a post of five companies, in that country, under the command of Major Backus. 1 B. V. Sumner had already acquired a considerable knowledge of frontier conditions. As early as 1837-38 he had figured in Indian history in connection with the making of an excursion into the Osage country. (See Osage Files, A 292.) In 1856 he made him- self obnoxious to the Free-State men of Kansas by dispersing, at the head of his dragoons, and under special orders from President Pierce, the Topeka Legislature (Kans Hist. Colls., Ill: 439, IV: 450). For information relative to his appointment to the command of the Ninth Military Department, see letters on pp. 383-384. 2 A. G. O., Old Book, No. 4, pp. 225-22G. CORRESPONDENCE Or JAMES S. CALHOUN. 383 It gives me great pleasure to state that the intercourse between Col. Munroe and myself, has been of the most friendly nature, and the information I have received from him, has been of great assistance to me in forming my plans. Very respectfully Your obt Servt Sigd E. V. SiJMNJER Bvt Col: U. 8. A. Comdy Dept. Lt. Col : W. W. S. Bliss, Asst. Adjt Genl: Head Quarters Westn. Divn Neio Orleans La: [CONKAD TO SUMNER.^] War Department Wasliington April I, JS-yJ. Sumner, Colonel E. V. 1st Dragoons, St. Louis, Missouri. Sib, You have been selected to take the cominand of the Ninth military depart- ment, and will repair to it as early as practicable. It is believed that material changes ought to be made in that Department, both with a view to a more etficient protection of the country and to a diminu- tion of expense. You will, therefore, immediately on assuming the command, revise the whole system of defense — you will examine particularly whether the posts now occu- pied by the troops are the most suitable, and, if not, will make such changes as you may deem advisable. In the selection of posts, s'ou will be governed mainly by the following considerations, viz : 1st. The protection of New Mexico. 2d. The defense of the Mexican Territory, which we are bound to protect against the Indians within our borders. 3d. Economy and facility in supporting the troops, particularly in regard to forage, fuel and adaptation of the surrounding country to cultivation. The Department is induced to believe, that both economy and efficiency of the service would be promoted by removing the troops out of the towns where they are now stationed, and stationing them more towards the frontier and nearer to the Indians. From all the information that has reached the Department, it is induced to believe, that no permanent peace can exist with the Indians, and no treaty will be regarded by them until they have been made to feel the power of our Arms. You will, therefore, as early as practicable, make an expedition against the Navajoes, and, also, one against the Utahs and Apaches, and inflict upon them a severe chastisement. If you should succeed in capturing any of them, you will retain them as hostages for the faithful observance of any treaty that may be made with them. 1 A. G. 0., M. B., No. 31, pp. 148-149. 384 COERESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. In all negotiations and pacific arrangements with tlie Indians, you will act in concert with the Superintendent of Indian Affairs in New Mexico, whom you will allow to accompany you in the expeditions into the Indian territory, if he should deem it proper to do so, and to whom you will afford every facility for the discharge of his duties. Instructions will be given by the De])artniont of the Interior to the Superin- tendent and Agents, in all their transactions with the Indians, to act in con- sultation and concert with the military authorities. You will use every effort to reduce the enormous expenditures of the Army in New Mexico, i^articularly in the Quarter Master's and Subsistence Depart- ments — you will scrutinize the administration of these Departments, and will rigidly enforce all regulations having reference to the economy of the service. It is believed that the number of employees may be diminished without inconvenience to the service, and that material changes may be made in the ration, whereby its cost may be reduced without interfering with the health or comfort of the soldiers. You are authorized to make all such changes as you may deem advisable. For the purpose of enabling you to execute tlie General Order No 1 (current series) you will be supplied with such seed, agricultural implements &c as you may require. In carrying out these measures and such others as your own judgment may hereafter suggest, you will exercise a larger discretion than would be allow- able where the communication between the Commander and the Department is more frequent and more rapid. Very respectfully, Your Obt Serv C M. Conrad, Secretary of War. [lea to wingfield ^] Dkp.\btment of the Interiok, Office Indi.vn Affairs, April 15 1851 Wingfield Esq Ed^. H Greenshoro, Greene Co Georgia Sir: Your ofiieial bond, s;itisfactoi-ily executed, enclosed in the letter of Hon W C Dawson, of the 6th inst, has been received I have understood that Col. E V. Sumner 1st Regt. U S Dnigoons in command of a detachment of troops contemplates leaving Fort Leavenwortli, Mo for Santa Fe, as early as the 1st proximo, if practicable. The Department is de- sirous that the agents shall reacli their posts in New Mexico as early as pvossi- ble, and it will be better therefore tliat you proceed at once to Fort Leaven- worth, and avail yourself of this opportunity as the other agents design doing to proceed to Santa Fe. A remittance of $1000 will at once be made to you from the Treasury with which you will be charged <& held accountable under the following heads of appropriation viz : Pjesents to Indians $500 " Current expenses Ind Dei)t." "500 1 O. L A., L. B., No. 44, p. 311. CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 385 The first amount is for tbe purchase of suitable articles as presents for the Indians within your agency, and the evidence of the delivery of the same must accompany your accounts. The second amount is for the payment of your travelling expenses to your post in New Mexico, and in all cases when practica- ble you will obtain receipts for all such payments: when impracticable, you will keep an account of the same to be rendered with your accounts upon your oertificate of honor. Very respectfully Your obt Servt L Lea Comr. [lea TO GREINER ^] Department of the Interior Office Indian Affairs April 15. 1851 Greiner Esq John Columbus Ohio Sir: Tour letter of the 11th instant, enclosing your official bond, satisfactorily executed, as agent for the Indians in New Mexico, has been received In reply to the questions contained in your letter. I state, that should you think proper to draw in favor of some other person on this office, for tlie amount of your salary, as it becomes due quarterly, or any portion thereof, by notifying tliis office of the fact of your having made such disposition of it, the amount will be paid wheiK it is due, on the presentation of the drafts. No advance of salary, however, can be made to you. The Department is desirous that the agents shall reach their posts in New Mexico, as early as possible, and you will therefore make your arrangements to proceed at once to Fort Leavenworth, Mo. and if possible in time to accom- pany the detachment of troops under Col. E V Sumner, 1st Regt U S Dragoons leaving on the 1st proximo for Santa Fe. A remittance of $1000. will at once be made to you from the Treasury, with which you will be charged and held accountable under the following heads of appropriation, viz : " Presents to Indians " $500 " Current expenses Ind Dept " "500 The first amount is for the purchase of suitable articles as presents for the Indians within your agency, and the evidence of the delivery of the same must accompany your accounts. The second amount, is for the payment of your travelling expenses to your post in New Mexico, and in all cases when practi- cable, you will obtain receipts for all such payments; when impracticable, you will keep an account of the same, to be renderd with your accounts, upon your certificate of honor. Very resi^ectfully Tour obt Servt L Lea Comr. 1 O. I. A., L. B., No. 44, p. 312. 5021—15 25 386 COKRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. [MEMBERS OF THE LEGISLATURE TO CALHOUN.'] With Governor Calhoun's letter of the 1st of October. To His Excellency the Governor. The undersigned desiring to see a cessation of the uninterrupted calamities which afflict the Territory of New Mexico have the honor of addressing Your Excellenc}^ Avith the greatest respect, reminding Y. E. of circumstances which have transpired during the last eighteen years and the dreadful evils of war which have been inflicted upon us by the savage Indians, especially the Navajoes Your memorialists, members of the Legislature, cannot help refer- ring to previous years, for the purpose of explanation. From the 3^ears 1830 to 1834 the country presented a wonderful state of pros- perity, consisting of large herds of sheep and cattle roaming over ihe vast and extensive plains and numbering over a million and a half of heads, not less than twenty five thousand head of cattle, and over fifteen thousand horses and mules, without mentioning other animals, affording a large commerce with the United States and the Republic of Mexico. The undersigned now compare that period with the present, and with unmistakable feelings, feel authorized to call the attention of all true patriots, and that of Y. E. to the lamentable fact. To prove these facts it is only necessary to refer to the last census, from which may be seen that at the present time New Mexico does not possess one tenth of the property she owned in previous years, it has been swept away as by an impetuous torrent, our prosperity has been converted into misfortune, and the present miserable condi- tion of New Mexico, is the fatal result of the misfortune which has taken place, paralyzing every branch of industry to the greatest degree, and being the cause of continued murders and the taking of a number of captives, the Indians, have with impunity carried off nearly all the property owned in New Mexico. It is unfortunately true in regard to New Mexico that its abitrary Governors and Dictators paid no attention whatever to the remon- strances of the people, as they were without a legal constitution upon Avhich to base their claims. We are now, to a certain extent, capable of deliberating upon the welfare of our Country. Your Memorial- ists sincerely hope Your Excellency's favorable attention will be de- voted to garrisoning the frontiers of our country, so as to restrain and prevent the incursions of the savages who surround us. Your Memorialists, taking into consideration the common welfare of the country, beg leave to designate the following as frontier points. Tunicha, in the Navajo mountains, the river San Juan in the vecinity 1 Enclosure of Calhoun to Webster, October 1, 1851. CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 387 of Abiquin and Taos, the Rito de Los Pinos in the vecinity of Zuni, Cebolleta and Socorro, the Eio Colorado in the vecinity of Moro, Vegas and San Miguel del Bado, the river Pecos at the Bosque Grande, and on the South, a river running at the foot of the White Mountains. These six points are the most important and prominent for the entrance and departure of the Savage Indians, who have com- jnitted so many hostilities, and consumed the substance of the Terri- tory. They demand the attention and activity of the Government, and we earnestly pray that it may extend its true and patriotic pro- lection over us. and occupy the above mentioned points with the forces deemed necessary, so that the settlements of New Mexico may be protected, and the people again recover the immense losses they liave sustained by reason of the dangers to which they have been txposed. and the great changes and constant dryness of the weather. Having mentioned the principal causes of our misfortunes, the undersigned, desiring to be supplied with the means of obtaining relief from the enemy, respectfully pray Your Excellency to take into consideration the propriety of giving the people of the Terri- tory the authority to raise volunteer companies, against the invaders, distributing among the parties, in proportion to their numbers, an equal share of all the Captives, and other spoils that may be taken from them, under the direction of a leader appointed from among themselves, with the powers that may be deemed most necessary These being our sincere desires, we respectfully pray Your Excel- lency to adopt those measures that may be deemed expedient, to remedy the evils with which we are oppressed. Santa Fe Juhj 9th 1851. Signed Celedonio Valdes. Juan Crisobal Chaves, Jose' Andres Sandoval, Antonio Jose' Ortiz, Francisco Antonio Otero. Diego Salazar, Flor- entine Castillo. Miguel Sena i Romero, Juan Jose' Shanchez, Hilario Gonzales, Juan Cruz Baca, Jose' Pablo Gallegos, Geronimo Jaramillo, Pascual Martinez, Escapula Vigil, George Gold, Juan Torres, Dionisio Gonzalez, Raymundo Cordova. Miguel Mascarena, William Curtis Skinner. S. M. Baird, Francisco Tomas Cabeza de Baca, Antonio Jose' Martinez. Tomas Ortiz. Vicente Martinez. Translators Office. July Wth 1851. Whiting 388 CORRESPONDENCE OP JAMES S. CALHOUN. [CALHOUN TO LEA.'] 1st of this date Executive Department Santa Fe', New Mexico J>dy 25, 1851 Sir, There is an error in the addition of my accounts as transmitted to you on the 1st day of the present month. Instead of $1241.56, the amounts add up $1441.56, and is the amount for which I drew. There are, perhaps, one or more errors, such as using Territorial instead of United States Vouchers. These errors arose from the immense nmount of labor, that I am daily compelled to perform. / ouglit to he alloiued a Secretary. I am, With great respect, Your obedient Servant. James vS. Calhoun Hon: L. Lea, Comr. of Ind. A/fs. Washington City, D. C. [CALHOUN TO LEA.*] Second of this date Executive Department Santa Fe', New MExrro Jidy 25th 1851. Sir, Agitators are yet attempting to excite the Pueblo Indians by misrepresentations, and outrages upon their rights — The arrival of our Judges, and two of our Indian Agents. Weightman and Greiner. will afford to the public considerable protection against the disorders ilesigned by evil disposed persons. At one time, the peril was great, and to prevent an outbreak, heavy, and perhaps, unauthorized ex- penditures were incurred, and the Department must pass upon them according to its authority and sense of Justice. ^ O. I. A.. New Mexico Sup^., N. 130. « O. I. A., New Mexico Sup^., N 134 ; Report Commissioner Indian Affairs, 1851, pp. i99-200. COEEESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 389 Apaches. Col. St Vrain came from Taos on yesterday, and says the Jiccar- rillas are entirely quiet, and he knows of no depredations they havf committed since they entered into the Apache treaty. Gomanches, concerning whom I wrote you on the 1st day of this month, crossed (he country from La Cuesta towards the Navajo region, by way of the Pueblo of Santa Domingo — They ultimately bore South, and passed near Cibolletta, and promised a visit to the Commandant of that post, which they omitted to pay but continued their course South and South east, and finally recrossed the Del Norte in the neighbor- hood of Alburquerque, and returned to their accustomed locality near the Bosque Redondo, Avithout committing outrages of any kind, ex- cept the killing of such animals as they desired for food. A Pueblo Indian, in whom I repose the greatest confidence, and who has don? me good service for months past, Carlos Vigil, returned from tlio Comanclie country two days ago, reports all quiet, and gives it as his opinion, they are decidedly peacefully purposed — Navajos have committed several murders and depredations during the month. They surprised a number of Mexicans about the 1st of this iuonth, who were in search of animals run off by Navajos, killed eight men and wounded eleven others. At the request of Nesbit and Parker I transmit to you, their statement of depredations committed by Navajos. About the 1st of this month, near the Pueblo of Laguna, the Navajos killed three men, and caused every thing to be burnt up to be found in camp — The murdered men were Americans, engaged in complying with a Government Contract for Hay. The Utahs, I have reason to beleive are submissive, patiently Avaiting to see what our Government will do with them, and for them. I am. With great respect, Your obedient Servant J. S. Calhoun Hon : L. Lea Comr. Ind. Afs. Washington City, D.G. 390 CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. [CALHOUN TO LEA.'] ExECUTrv'E Department Santa Fe', New Mexico Juhj 28th. 1851 Sir, During the month of March last, a feud, arising from antago- nistical claims to certain lands, was near resulting in a war between the Pueblos of Acoma and Laguna, and I deemed it necessary to interfere, and as I could not leave the seat of Government at that time, I employed the Hon. John R. TuUis to visit said Pueblos, and adjust their claims, if possible — He done so to my entire satisfac- tion, although the dispute is again assuming a threatening aspect. Mr TuUis was engaged about fifteen days in that service, and asks, as pay, Seventy five dollars^ which I deem reasonable, and recommend you to cause that amount to be paid to him — If I were less em- barrassed in my money matters, I should not have hesitated to have paid him the amount in this City. I am. With great respect Your obedient Servant J. S. Calhoun Hon: L. Lea. Comr. Ind. J-ffs. Washington City D.C. [CALHOUN TO LEA.=] Second of this date Executive Department Santa Fe', New Mexico Jvh/ 28th. 1851 Sir, I have the honor to inform you that I have five captives taken by the Comanches from the Republic of Mexico. 1. Andres Martinez, El Gallo, Durango. age, fifteen years — Father's name. Joaquin Martinez — Mother's. Catalina Morales. He sup- poses he has been with the Comanches about seven years. Re- ceived him May 29th. 1851. 2. Teodosio Salazar. Rancho of Juan Perez, Durango — Supposed to be twelve years old. Ciprano and Petra Talazar. parents. Mother dead. Received him June 15th. 1851. O. I. A., New Mexico Supy., N 160. Ibid. N 133. CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 391 3. Cleto Martinez, near the Cit}-^ of Durango, Mexico. Anselner and Josefa Martinez, parents — both dead— supposes he has been with the Comanches near six years — We suppose him to be twelve years of age — Eeceived him the 1st day of this month. 4. Antonio Monsial Canatana from near the City of Durango, sup- posed to be fifteen years of age — Francisco Monsial Canatana. father — and Beringua Quintana. mother. He supposes he has been with the Comanches seven years. 5. Feliz — He knows of no other name — Parents, dead. Taken cap- tive at the same time with No. 4, and both were received here on the 1st day of this month By the first opportunity that presents, these captives will be con- veyed to El Paso, and delivered to the Chief Officer of the Govern- ment of Mexico at that place, upon his receipting for them. I am, With great respect, Your obedient Servant, James S. Calhoun Supt. Ind. Affs P. S. I have recently liberated two New Mexican Captives, and restored them to their parents. J. C. S. Hon : L. Lea, Com?'. Ind. Afs. Washington City D.C. [CALHOUN TO LEA.'] Executive Department Santa Fe, New Mexico July 29th. 1851. Sir, The only object of this communication is, again, to caution you in relation to claims for depredations. Many of them are heavy, and should be paid. But there are others that will be greatly exagerated. and the weakest proof will be couched in terms that will seem to establish losses beyond all doubt. The loose way of preparing affida- vits and going through the country in search of the witnesses, may not, always, elicit the truth. Unless a Commission is appointed for that Special purpose, I sug- gest that all testimony in relation to depredations should be taken be- fore the Superintendent, or Indian Agents of this Territory, under 1 O. I. A., New Mexico Supy., N 132. 392 CORRESPONDEXCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. such rules and regulations as may be prescribed by Congress, or the Department of the Interior I am, With great respect, Your obedient Servant J. S. Calhoun Supt. bid. Affs Hon: L. Lea, Oomr. Ind. Affs Washington City D. C. [CALHOUN TO BROOKS/] Copy. Executive Department Santa Fe, New Mexico July 30th 1851 Sir In order to be prepared for emergencies, I beg to enquire, whether you are clothed with authority to afford the Superintendent and In- dian Agents with escorts, and other facilities that may be necessary to enable them to discharge the duties confided to them by the Gov- ernment of the United States ? I am With great respect, Your obedient Servant Signed J. S. Calhoun Lt Col Brooks U. S. A. CoTnmanding Santa Fe, N. M. [CALHOUN TO LEA.'] Executive Department Santa Fe, New Mexico July 30th 1851 Sir, I have the honor to inform you, that Col. Woolley and Mr. Wing- field arrived with the mail wagon on the 25th inst. Genl. Weight 1 Enclosure No. 1 of Calhoun to Lea, August 31, 1851 ; Annual Report Commissioner Indian Affairs, 1851, p. 201. 2 0. I. A., New Mexico Supy., N 131. COKKESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 393 man is now engaged in attempting to adjust some difficulties between Pueblo Indians and Mexicans. Unless the boundaries of the Pueblos are clearly and distinctly defined, our domestic annoyances will be eternal. Several Pueblos are now moody, and it will be no difficult matter for the evil disposed to induce them to desperation, unless some plan can be adopted to protect them from mal-influences. The. Four Agents. They are here, have duly reported ^ to me, and I am without the means to enable them to do full service — I received nothing from your Department by the last mail— Col. Woolley will remain near the Head Quarters of the Army, now established beyond our eastern border, about one hundred miles from this place, and six miles east of Barclay's Fort, on the Bent's Fort road. Mr. Griener will be sta- tioned, for the present, near Taos, and whenever Col. Sumner shall establish a Military Post in the Utah Country, he will repair to that point. Mr Wingfield will, if practicable, accompany Col. Sumner to the Navajo Country, and take position near the post to be established there. B^^In reference to treaties^ unless I am overruled by the Depart- residing ment, no further treaties will be made with the Apaches east of the Del Norte — the Navajos, or Utahs. These Indians will be re- quired to conform to the treaties which they entered into with me — ■ But where are they to be located, and what shall be the extent of the limits to which they are to be restricted, and from which they are not to depart except under rules and regulations to be adopted? The Department must answer these questions, or confer upon me, or some other person or persons, authority to adjust them. But, would it be just and right to the Indians, or to our own reputation, to re- quire of them a compliance with their respective treaty Stipulations, without being prepared to manifest our own generous humanity to- Avards them? So far as the Navajos and Utahs are concerned, ample l^rovisions have been made; but the appropriations are not within our reach, nor do we know, when or by whom they are to be expended— The Navajos will yield the moment Col. Sumner establishes a Mili- tary post in their country, and they will then need but few presents, except implements of husbandry, and artisan instructors. The Utahs will require more, as subsistence must be furnished to them for a time. Another question, in reference to the Utahs, must be considered by the Department — The intelligent and dangerous of the tribe are in 1 See Greiner to Lea, July 31, 1851, and Woolley to Mix, August 1, 1851. ~) 394 COERESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. New Mexico, and the more inoffensive, in the Territory of Now Utah. Are these to be brought nearer together, or, are they to be under different Superintendencies ? You are aware, there are no provisions for the Apaches with whom a treaty has been made. The only Indians (Wild Indians) with whom a treaty should be made, are the Apaches west of the Del Norte. These Indians are within the present limits of this Territory (at least, that portion of them who are not within the limits of the Republic of Mexico;) and these are they who are habitually seizing captives, and committing depredations upon Mexican citizens. If I can find time, and procure a suitable escort, I intend visiting the Boundary Commission before the meeting of our next legislature, (1st monday in December next.) This may, however, depend upon instructions to be received from the Department The $100 poo Apjyrojyriation. The Comanches and Eastern Apaches are, principally, within the limits of New Mexico, as now organized. Many of the Comanches, perhaps the greater number of them, roam within the limits of New Mexico. The homes of the Eastern Apaches are in this Territory, ftft4 these Indians have committed more aggressions against the people immediately of the United States than the combined tribes east of them — and they are as often, and in as great numbers, upon the plains as other tribes — Was it not intended that a portion of this appropriation should be expended in holding treaties with these Indians, and sending delegates of them to the Seat of Government? If I mistake not, the Government of the United States have a treaty with the Comanches, and the only question to be adjusted is that of settling their limits to territory, and granting to them such gratuities as may be deemed advisable. I am, With great respect. Your obedient Servant J. S. Calhoux Hon: L. Lea Comr. Ind. Affs. Washington City D.C. COREESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 395 [BUELL TO CALHOUN.'] Copy. Head Quarters 9th Depart. Fort Union. Xew Mexico August 3d 1851 Sir. Your note of the 30th ultimo, to Bvt. Lieut Col. Brooks, com- manding the troops stationed at Santa Fe, inquiring whether he is " Clothed with authority to afford the superintendent and Indian Agents with escorts, and other facilities, that may be necessary to enable them to discharge the duties confided to them by the Govern- ment of the United States," has been refered to this office, and I am directed by the commanding officer of the Department to reply to you, that the troops in this Department will be prepared, at all times, for any service which the Government contemplated, or it«j interest demand. No general authority, or orders, can, however, I am instructed to say, be given to officers, to detach portions of their commands upon the discretional requisitions of the agents of the Indian Department: first, because such demands might interfere with the specific service to which the troops had been assigned ; and second, because the Gov- ernment does not contemplate any display of Military force in the, Indian country, that is not made under the controll of Military authority. As baring upon this Question, I am directed by the Commander of the Department to refer you, incidentally, to the extract from the instructions of the War Department to him, furnished to you on the 22d ultimo, which direct him to allow the superintendent of Indian Affairs or (Indian Agents,) to accompany him in the expedition which it may be necessary to make into the Indian Territory. Very respectfully Your Obt. Sevt. Signed D. C. Buell, Asst. Adjt. Genl. To His Excellency J. S. Calhoun Gov. of New Mexico and Supt. of Indian Affairs Santa Fe, New Mexico. 1 Enclosure No. 2 of Calhoun to Lea, August 31, 1851. This same letter is to be found in A. G. O., Old Book, No. 4, pp. 226-227, and in Department of New Mexico, vol. S. p. 12 ; but it is signed in both instances by Sumner himself instead of by his assistant adjutant general, D. C. Bnell. 396 COREESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. [CALHOUN TO SUMNER/] Copy. Executive Department Santa Fe, New Mexico August Wi 1851. Sir, I trust the responsible position which I occupj^, as the representa- tive of the Government of the United States in its civil Department, and my obligations, not only to said Government, but also to the people of this Territory, to guard as far as I may hft¥e rightfully have the power, their persons, property and fire sides, will justify me in your estimation in addressing to you this communication. It is presumed, our ignorance in relation to the disposition of troops, and the location of posts, for the protection of the people of Xew Mexico during your contemplated Navajo Campaign, has ex- cited the apprehensions of the people. Many enquiries have been addressed to me upon this subject, which I have not been able to answer. The Navajo's are acquainted with every nook and corner in this Territory, and it would be exceedingly indiscreet for any one to act upon the presumption, that pending your march into the heart of the country which they claim, they and other Indians, will not seek to penetrate into our midst, and murder our people, and carry off captives and property. This result is inevitable unless precau- tionary measures are adopted to prevent it. I am satisfied you com- prehend the danger, and have adopted such measures^ as will afford adequate ftttthei4fcy protection, but, I have to regret that I can not, by authority., satisfy the uneasy manifestations of the public mind. There are two other facts which increases the public disquietude — 1st. It is known that many of the Pueblo Indians have been tam- pered with by reckless individuals in this Territory, and unless means are adopted to prevent an outbreak, internal war must ensue. 2d. In the City of Santa Fe, a vast number of Quarter Blasters and other men, have been discharged and are now out of employment, and at this season of the year, it is impossible for them to find em- ployment. To one of your experience it would be a waste of time to suggest the dangers to be apprehended from the two facts set forth above. 3d. I must also state, to enable the superintendent and Indian Agents to contribute all in their power to guard against Indian out- breaks, they must necessarily travel in every direction, and this I cannot direct them to do without adequate escorts. Upon this sub- 1 Enclosure No. 3 of Calhoun to Lea, August 31, 1851 ; Annual Report Commissioner Indian Afifalrs, 1851, pp. 203-204. COREESPONDEiSrCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN, 397 ject, I addressed a note to Col. Brooks, the commandant at this post, which he informs me he has refered to you for instructions. I now beg to enquire, if I shall deem it necessary, to send one or more of the Indian Agents, or go in person, with you to the Navajo country, the extent of the facilities^ in transportation and subsistence, that will be afforded to us? And further, v/ill you allow Agents at outposts to purchase subsistence of commissaries. I have in conclusion, to say, with perfect respect, that one company of Artillery will be in my opinion, utterly insufficient, if all are mounted, to preserve the internal quiet of this Territory, and afford timely succour to the people of our borders, and such escorts as are absolutely necessary to render this superintendency efficient, and this can be effectively accomplished, only by having a sufficient num- ber of troops at a central position. The foregoing statement is placed before you for your considera- tion, and such action as you may deem wise. I am, With great respect Your obt Servt Signed J. S. Calhoux Col. E. V. Sumner Comd 9th BUI Dept Fort Union New Mexico [SUMNER TO CALHOUN.'] Copy Hd Qts 9th Dept Fort Union Augt 8/51 Governor, I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 4th inst. — the proper measures will, of course, be taken, to prevent the -incursions of Indians into this territory, during my absence in the Navajo country. You are aware sir, that it is not usual to pub- lish the plan for Military operations. — With regard to the reckless individuals mentioned by your Ex- cellency, it is a source of deep regret to me, that the laws of this ter- ritory are not strong enough, to repress such people, and keep them in order; this state of things is not understood at Washington, or special instructions, would undoubtedly have been given to me, to support the civil government in the execution of the laws. 1 Enclosure, No. 4, of Calhoun to Lea, August 31, 1851 ; A. G. O., Department of Now Mexico, vol. 8, p. 18 ; Old Book, No. 4, p. 283. 398 COEEESPOXDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. With regard to the transportation and subsistence of Indian Agents. I Avoiikl remarlv. that no allowances, whatever, can be made to any person from army supplies, not provided for, by express law. It is presumed that every department makes what is deemed suit- able provisions for its own Agents. AVith high respect Your obt Servt Signed E. V. Sumner Bvt Col V. S. A. His Exy. Gomdg Deft J. S. Calhoux Govr [MIX TO CALHOUN.'] Department of the Interior, Office Indian Affairs, August 8 1851. Calhoun, His Excy Jas. S. Santa Fe^ New Mexico. Sir : In fulfilment of the treaties with the Navajoes & Utahs, ratified at the late session of Congress, there was appropriated to carry into effect the 9th &. 10th articles of the former the sum of $18000, & a like sum to carry into effect the 7th and 8th articles of the latter, making together $36,000. If you are of the opinion that this money can now be usefully applied for the purpose set forth in the treaties, you are hereby au- thorized to draw on this office for it. ^ Verv respeetfullv. Your Obt. Servt Chas E Mix Actg Gomr. ad interim 0. I. A., L. B., No. 45, p. CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 399 [MIX TO CALHOUN.'] Department of the Interior, OrncE Indian Affairs, August 9. 1851. Calhoun, His Excy. J. S. Santa Fe. New Mexico. Sir: Your letter of the 1st ulto, transmitting your accounts rendered to 56 the 30th June, & advising of draft for $1241 the amount of said account, has been received. The latter will be honored on presentation. Very respectfully. Your Obt. Servt Chas E Mix Actg Comr ad interim [MIX TO CALHOUN.'] Department of the Interior, Office Indian Affairs Augt. 12. 1851 Calhoun, His Excy Governor. Santa Fe New' Mexico. Sir: In reply to your letter of June 30th, 1851. asking permission to visit Washington City «& Georgia, I have to state that the Secretary of the Interior is now absent from Washington. & that on his return your request will be submitted to him with the recommendation from this office that it be granted. Very respectfully, Your Obt. Ser\i: Chas E Mix Actg Comr ad interim 1 O. I. A., L. B., No. 45, p. 53. 2 Ibid, p. 60. 400 CORRE.SPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. [MIX TO CALHOUN.'] Depart:ment of the Interior, Office Indian Affairs, Augitst 15. 1851 Calhoun, His Excy J. S. Santa Fe New Mexico Sir: I have to inform you that your accounts as Indian Agent for the 3d & 4th quarter of 1850, and fractional part of the 1st quarter of the current year have been examined in this office, allowed & referred this day to the accounting officers of the Treasury for settlement. The explanations respecting the vouchers suspended on settlement of your accounts for previous quarters made in your letter of 27th April last to the Second Auditor, and by him referred here, have been considered, are regarded as satisfactory, remove the objections heretofore raised, and the accounting officers so informed. Very respectfully. Your Obt. Servt Chas E Mix Actg Comr ad interim [CALHOUN TO LEA.'] Executive Department Santa Fe New Mexico August 17.) 1851 Sir I have this day drawn upon you, at one days sight; in favor of Mess J. S Lightner & Co for Two thousand Dollars, which amount is absolutely necessary to pay the salaries of Indian Agents, Col Wooley, Mr Greiner and Mr Wingfield, and their interpreters to the 30th of June last, and other expenditures at this Superintendency I have been exceedingly reluctant to draw without instructions but (»ur urgent necessities required me to assume a responsibility, which 1 can not doubt you will approve, and that the draft will be promptly paid as in previous cases I am With great respect Your Obedient Servant Ja3ies S. Calhoun Supt. Ind. Aifs Hon Luke Lea Commissioner of Indian A fairs W ashing ton City B.C. ■ 1 O. I. A., L. B., No. 45, p. 68. = O. I. A., New Mexico Supy., N. 141. CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 401 [CALHOUN TO LEA '] Executive Department Santa Fe, New Mexico August 22 d. 1851. Sir, On the 5th of this month, I sent to El Paso five captives to be delivered to the authorities of the Eepiiblic of Mexico. Since then I have releived four others ; one, an Apache Indian, the three others, will be sent to El Paso so soon as an opportunity offers. A large number of Captives and animals, taken recently from the Republic of Mexico, are now in the possession of the Gila Apaches, and it is of the utmost importance to have an Agent in that neigh- borhood. Col. Sumner, with a command of troops, marched a few days since, to in the direction of the Navajo country, and I desired send out, as suggested by you, an Agent, but Col. Sumner positively declined affording the " facilities " which his instructions authorized — and therefore, no Agent accompanies him — The Agent however, will not be idle, and will be stationed at, or near Dona Ana, a very important point at this time — My correspondence with Col. Sumner, will be forwarded by the next mail. It is now clear, I shall not be able to visit the Gila Apaches, as T intended, and deemed absolutely necessary, because Col. Sumner declines affording this Superintendency escorts for my purpose— If this course is in pursuance of instructions from Washington, our In- dian Affairs must be conducted by the officers of the Army, or they must be neglected. Since the departure of our mail of the first of this month, our Indian friends, and indeed all others, have been unusually quiet — ■ The Indians are now in a manageable condition. Very respectfully, J. S. Calhoun Hon : L. Lea Comr. Ind. A/fs. Washington City 10. I. a., New Mexico Supy., N 136. 5021— 1."h 26 402 COEEESPOKDEXCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. [CALHOUN TO LEA'] Executive Department Santa Fe, New Mexico, Avgvst 22, 1851. Sir, I am frequently receiving conununications similar to the en- closed — The people, notwithstanding the present quiet, are uneasy, and with arms and munitions of war, and the bare authority to call out the militia, confidence would prevail, and the means of properly conducting our Indian relations in this Territory, would secure for quietude — It is to be hoped, that the mail we are now looking will bring me instructions, means, and such authorit}^ as will enable me to visit the Gila Apaches, and Moquies. With great respect. Your Obt Servt J. S. Calhoun Hon : L. Lea Comr. Ind. A/fs [RODRIGUEZ AND OTHERS TO CALHOUN.'] To the Illustrious Go\t:rkor at Santa Fe, New Mexico. Paul Melendres, Judge of Court at Our Lady de la Candelaria of Dona Ana, in the jurisdiction of the district of Socorro, for himself and those who subscribed with him this paper make the following petition and request under the assurance and protestation of respect and loyalty and in form due to the high position of your Excellency. They have heard from good and trustworthy sources from persons in this circuit that there is a rumor that the Cavalry and Infantiy, now attached to this colony will be removed in a few months, and, know- ing and realizing that the execution of such a movement would bring imminent peril to us. to the extent that our lives our wives and families might be sacrificed and lose the little we have to live upon and will be exposed to the tnry of the bloody hands of the Apaches, just as we have been in past years. Mr. Francisco Velarde, in order to prevent such disaster and free us from anxiety is making this petition to the Government at Wash- ington with the earnest request that a detachment of an armed force may be left here sufficiently strong to insure us protection. 1 O. 1. A., New Mexico Supy., N 138. 2 Enclosure of CaUioim to Lea, August 22, 1851. Translated from the Spanish by F. .T. B.. U. S. Pension Office, May 28, 1913. COERESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 403 You well knoAv, as well as ourselves, the country in which live the barbarous tribes and who intend to make their desperate incursions into this district, which lies on their border. There are many malevolents living among us and the tribes in our vicinity who are at peace with us and true and loyal, and the former can do incalculable harm in inciting others to perfidy. As the Hon. Government has treated us with paternal considera- tion, we hope and trust in all confidence that it will further protect us and concede us the military force necessary to our safety or suffi- cient and capable to aid us to it. We see, and learn from others, that- many of our neighbors, on whom we counted for aid in such emer- irencies, have left their lands for the Mexican border Dona Ana, August 8. 1851 Jose Maria Rodriguez Pablo Melendres Aspertacio Varela Ramon Cruz Florentino Espalin Man. Lopez Miguel Montoya Pedernabe Montoya Alexandre Maldonado Franc*=° Velarde Ramon Contreras Manuel Chabez Julian Viscarra Juan Fore Jose Ignez Corona Carrera Ph. M. Thompson * Antonio Courtantes Jeremiah Snyder F. Flecher [CALHOUN TO LEA^] Executive Department Santa Fe', New Mex. August 22, 1851. Sir, I did not know until yesterday, that I owed you an apology. In looking over my correspondence, I noticed, with mortification, that in forwarding a treaty, made with the Apaches on the 2d of April last, it was addressed to the Hon : A. H. H. Stuart, Secretary of the Inte- rior, but which should have been addressed to you. I hasten, Sir, to assure you, it is an inadvertency which gives me pain, and in no way designed to manifest the slightest disrespect towards you. On the contrary, I am. Sir, With profound respect. Your obedient Servant J. S. Calhoun Hon: L. Lea Oomr. Ind. Affs 1 O. L A., New Mexico Supy., N 137. 404 CORRESPONDEXCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. [MIX TO CALHOUN/] , Department or the Ixterior. Office Indian Affairs. August 2S. 1851. Calhoun, His Excy J. S. Santa Fe New Mexico Sir: The limited appropriations made by Congress for Indian service within your Superintendency, necessarily causes the amount allotted to you for contingencies to be small. Under this head, therefore, for the present, & until measures can be taken through Congress to increase the sum, there have been allotted to you $500; and for in- terpreters $500. also. For these amounts, you are authorized to draw upon this office, as the necessities of the service may require. You will please inform the four Agents for the Indians in New Mexico, that, to each, the same amounts under the same heads have been allotted, for which, they are authorized to draw in like manner. Verv respectfully. Your Obt. Servt Chas E Mix Actg Comr ad interim [CITIZENS or MESILLA TO CALHOUN.] With Governor Calhoun's letter ^ of the 15th Septr Mesilla New Mexico August 2ofh 1851 To his Exelency the Governor of New Mexico. J. S. Calhoun Sir. We the undersigned Citizens of Mesilla beg leave to call your at- tention to the unpleasant condition we are placed in, in consequence of the great oversight of Mr Bartlett the Commissioner on the part of the United States in placing the Initial Point, or Starting place of the Southern Boundary of New Mexico, beyond the limits of the Treaty according to Mr A B. Grays (U. S Surveyors) Arguments, which we have had the good fortune to fall in with in writing, a copy of which ; we beg the honor of presenting to you. We were of the opinion ever since this line was Established that it was wrong, and should have taken this step Sooner but untill the a prrival of Mr Gray (the U S. Surveyor) we was as it were in per- fect state of obscurity, and did not know how to proceed. 10. I. A., L. B., No. 45, p. 100. = See p. 425. COEKESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUjST. 405 The town of La Mesilla was settled some time in the early part of 1850, by Americans and New Mexican Citizens, under the Conviction that it was X. Mexican Territory and was Subject to its Laws, Con- sequently, the town has flourished and now contains some 1500 or 2000 inhabitants most of whom are Citizens of the United States and New Mexico and claim the rights and protection as such. We would also call your attention to what we believe to be illegal on the part of the Mexican Government, establishing a Custom here House for the purpose of collecting Duties for Mexican reve- nue; they are also taking away lands from Americans and others who are favorable to American rights and priveliges, and giving them to those who profess to be Citizens of Mexico. We cannot concieve that they have any right as yet, to their laws as the Point agreed upon by (Mr Bartlett and the Mexican Com- mission,) not only lacks the signature of Mr Gray the Surveyor, but his Concurrence, and on the other hand he is decidedly opposed to it, and says, that the Initial Point or Starting place is but a short distence above El Paso, consiquently it renders this disputed Terri- tory and we believe would warrant us in protesting against paying Duties to Mexico, and having our property confiscated, untill, it is legally settled that this is Mexican Territory which, we believe never can be Justly done. We would respectfully request that your Exelency would cause a coppy of this our petition to be forwarded to the State department at Washington for their further consideration. We have the honor to be Your Most obedient Servts [CALHOUN TO LEA.^] Executive Department Santa Fe, New Mexico, August 27, 1851. SiK, My agent who had charge of five Captives, concerning whom I w^rote you on the 28th of last month, returned from El Paso thi^ afternoon, having delivered the captives, in conformity to my in- structions, to the Mexican authorities, as the accompanying receipt will show. It is exceedingly desirable to me, that the Department should give instructions in reference to captives. One of the three captives men- tioned in m}^ letter of the 22d of this month, to your address, was j^ fine looking youth, and disappeared on the 25th inst, doubtless, doubt- 1 O. I. A., New Mexico Supy., N 140. 406 CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. . less, forcibly carried off by one or more scoundrels, that it will afford me pleasure to have punished, if they should be discovered. The other two are young women, and one of them seems to be anxious to remain in the country. In such cases, what should be done with captives? If they remain in the Territory, the probability )S, they will become peons for life. I am, With great respect Your obedient Servant J, S. Calhoun Hon: Luke Lea Comr. Ind. Afs. Washington City "d.o. [Inclosure.] El Paso, Mexico Aiigust 1851. Received from His Excellency, James S. Calhoun, Governor of the Territory of New Mexico, and Ex Officio, Spuerintendent of Indian Affairs, the following described captives, all recently in the posses- sion of the Comanche Indians. 1. Andres Martinez, El Gallo, Durango, fifteen years of age — ^Parents- Joaquin and Catalina Morales — 2. Teodosio Salazar, Rancho of Juan Perez, Durango. twelve years of age — Parents, Ciprano and and Petia Talazar. 3. Cleto Martinez, near the City of Durango. twelve years of age— Anselino and Josefa Martinez — 4. Antonio Monsial Canatana, near the City of Durango, fifteen years of age — Parents Francisco Monsial and Beringua Quintana — 5. Feliz, does not remember his surname, twelve years of age — Parents dead. Three horses, and thirty five Dollars Cash &c &c &c. [CALHOUN'S ENDORSEMENT OF SHERMAN TO BAKER.^] Santa Fe, New Mexico Aug. 30th 1851. Hon. Graftois' Baker Dear Sir, Having noticed an article in this days paper published in this Citv called the Santa Fe Gazette, under the caption of the " Triangular IB. I. A., M. L., December, 1851. Enclosure of Baker to Fillmore, December 24, 1851, given on page 412. CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 407 fight between the Military, the Judiciary and the Catholic Church "' (mis) wherein the writer of the article has uttered some gross state- ments of facts & calculated to conA'ey an erroneous impression upon the minds of persons abroad, I conceive it no more than justice in me, as I was the person through wdiom the negotiation with Col. Brooks, (the commandant of the Military forces in this City) and the Bishop, was made, to conununicate to you in this manner all the conversations and circumstances that transpired under my observa- tion, according to the best of my recollections, (and I believe they are tolerably distinct) and authorize you to make such use of the same as you may think proper, to disabuse the public mind upon the subject. T. as you are aware, came in company with the Hon. Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the Territory, Judges Mower and Watts, fiom St. Louis to this City, and arrived here on the 26th of Jmie, some three weeks previous to your arrival; and by the courtesy of the (jrovernor, took up our quarters with him, there being no public houses in this City where we could be provided with rooms, and have remained with him since our arrival; — that is Judge Mower and myself. Judge Watts remained with us some tAvo weeks and then ])rocured other rooms. Very soon after our arrival here Ave Avere informed that there Avas a faction here, extremely hostile to his Ex- cellency, Governor Calhoun, and many carried their hostility so far. that they woidd not call at the Governor's to pay their respect to the Judges; at the same time expressing regrets (that) the relations ex- isting between them and the Governor Avere such that it precluded them from visiting the Governors House. The leaders of this fac- tion appeared extremely anxious to identify the Judges with them, but were told in the most emphatic manner, that the Judiciary could not participate in any political matters, whatever. They were told by these persons that it would be impossible for them to remain neutral, that they, the Judges, Avould be draAvn to take sides one way or the other. You are aAvare that on our arrival here the first Legisla- tiA^e Assembly under the Organic LaAv was in session, composed mostly of Mexicans who hailed Avith unfeigned delight, the arrival of the Judges as an omen of a better state of things; they having the utmost confidence in the civil Government of the Territorj^, and of the United States ; looking upon the Judges and the ExecutiA^e with great veneration, being themselves, a law abiding people, and appear- ing very anxious to conform to the customs and laws of the United States. Hence the extreme anxiety of this faction to secure the in- fluence of the Judges Avith them, hoping with the aid of the Military. ( Avith Avhom they Avere identified) to raise up a party in opposition to the Executive; and thereby render the Governor unpopular, if j)ossible, with, the Mexican people, with whom at that time, as at 408 COREESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. present, (he) was, and is very popular, and in my opinion, justly en- titled to their confidence for the extreme care he has taken of their interests, & his manifest desire to make them feel that they were ^\jnerican citizens, and entitled to all the rights and priviliges of citizens of the United States, and to make them forget that they are a conquered people, by appointing many of the eminent & prominent and influential ones to such offices as he though them capable of fulfilling properly. And that appears to be the head and front of his olfending with this faction. The only specific charge that I have heard against the Executive is, that he endeavoured to conciliate the Mexican portion of our people and pays less attention to the Ameri- cans than to them. And, Sir, such was the situation of affairs on your arrival here ; therefore, you can readily conceive why there was so much anxiety to identify you with them; but finding themselves unable to accomplish that, they thought to destroy your influence, and render the Judiciary unpopular with the Mexican people, through their religious prejudices in regard to the occupation of the old Church building in this City for the purpose of holding the United States District Court in. And aow, sir, I will endeavor to state the reason why the church was procured for that purpose ; also, how it was obtained, and the manner in which it was turned over to ihe Governor and abandoned as a Court House. On your arrival here there being great necessity of holding a criminal term of court, you were pleased to appoint me clerk of your court, and immediately set about making the proper arrangements for that purpose. And after giving the proper notice that there would be a Special Term held for the trial of criminals, commencing on the 25th of August, your next care was the procuring of a proper place for holding the court in. As there are some ten acres of ground in this City, belonging to the Government, covered with buildings which had been occupied by the military, some of which would have made a good court room, ihe old Quartermaster's effiee quarters in particular, you requested me to call upon Capt. Reynolds, the Quartermaster, here, and obtain permission to use the building for a court room. He readily con- sented, saying that the Quartermaster's Department was to be re- moved from Santa Fe, and he should have no further use for the building, — that on the 22nd day of August he would turn it over to you; but would not under any circumstances turn it over to the Governor. With that understanding the Marshal immediately made contracts with joiners for fitting it up properly for that purpose. About this time I conversed with Major Sibley upon the subject, he taid the Department would not want the building much longer, and that any arrangement with Capt. Reynolds would be well. So the matter stood until about the 18th of Aug. when Capt. Reynolds COERESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 409 informed me that the order to turn over the building for the pur- poses of the Judiciarj^ was that morning countermanded by Col. Brooks, the Military Commandant at this Post. I, by your request, immediately called upon Col Brooks to ascertain if there was not some other place which could be obtained for a court room in some of the Government buildings. He informed me there was none, and regretted it was not in his power to accommodate us. I called upon him again by your request, and applied for the old church, he said that he had that day removed out of the church all the Gov- ernment property, and that they should not in any probability ever want the use of the building, and that if Judge Baker would give him a receipt to return it to him again, in case it should be wanted for military purposes, he, Col. Brooks would give the immediate jiossession of it to Judge Baker. I, accordingly informed you of the conversation between Col. Brooks and myself, and you were very much disinclined to receive it upon such terms, but after consulting with Mr. Jones, the Marshal, on the subject, sent Col. Brooks a receipt by Mr. Jones without any reservations which Col Brooks Avould not accept & returned to you by Mr Jones. You then called upon Judge Watts and consulted him upon what course to pursue, and finally sent him (Col B) another receipt by Mr. Jones, agreeing to return it to him when circumstances might deem (render) it necessary, which the Col. accepted, and gave the key to the Marshal, and he immediately commenced fitting it up suitably for a court house. Some day or two after this the Bishop and one of his Priests called upon you in my presence and asked you if you were holding the church under the military authority or the civil. He said there could be no doubt as to the title of the property in the church, the in deeds were the possession of the Vicario, and appeared very anxious that the property should be given up to the church im- a receipt mediately. You replied that you had given Col. Brooks to return it to him when circumstances might render it necessary. You said also to him, it was your opinion that the Marshal was the proper custodian of all the Government property not actually in the posses- sion of the military and used for military purposes, and as the prop- erty had been in the possession of the Government since the con- quest, and there had been no claim set up by the church to the property until this time, you did not feel justified in giving it up; the proper course for him to pursue would be to send to Wash- ton his evidences of title, and if they were good you had no doubt but the proper authorities would direct the property to be given up to the church. He then desired you to examine the title, and was 410 CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN, willing to submit the whole matter to you. You said to him that you could not do it, for it might come before you to be adjudicated upon, but he had better submit his papers to the United States Dis- trict Attorney as the proper law officer of the Government, and if ]je had no doubt as to the title and so represented the matter at Washington, you had no doubt but they would make the thing all right. He said he would call upon Col. Brooks, and also, upon the District Attorney and left for that purpose; and from that time up to the 25th — the first day of court, these same factionists were busy in trying to stir up the Mexican people to sedition, working upon their religious prejudices, calling it desecration &c endeavour- ing thereby, to prejudice the Mexicans against the Judiciary and the Executive, and for the avowed purpose, of defeating Major Weightman as Delegate to Congress, and electing Capt. Reynolds. Such was the situation of affairs on Monday morning, the 25th when the excitement became so great among the Mexicans, stimu- lated by the tools of these factionists, that an outbreak appeared inevitable. The District Attorney and myself called at the office of Major Cunningham and there found you, Col. Brooks, and Mr. Jones the Marshal. You then said to him (Col. B) in the presence of the above named gentlemen, that there were strong indications manifested that you would be resisted in holding your court in the church building, and asked him if, in case there should be any violence and it should be necessary for calling upon him for the military under his command to put down rebellion and assist you in the execution of the laws, if you might depend upon him. His answer was, that he could not act without authority from Washing- ton. You then said to him. Sir, if it does become necessary I shall call upon you through the Marshal, and if you do not obey the mandate, and I can put my legal finger upon you, we will ascertain which is the superiour law, the civil or militar}^ He then replied that, when he Avas called ujDon, he should then determine himself of the necessity and be governed entirely by his own judgment how to act. You then made a requisition upon him for arms to arm the by Marshal's posse^ he also, refused, saying that he had none at his disposal. You then directed the Marshal to station as many men a bout tho -btt41diftff as he could procure, about the building, and at the time appointed, we, that is your Honor, the Marshal, the Dis- trict Attorney, the Translator and myself went into the house, organized and opened the court, the Grand Jury were called, an- swered to their names, and were about being sworn, when some of them, — Mexicans, — refused to be sworn, saying that their con- sciences would not permit them to be sworn in the church. You then said to them that you did not come here to oppress their consciences, CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 411 and as they had scruples about taking the oath in the church, the court would take a recess for one half hour and the oath would be administered to them at the Grand Jurj- room, which was accord- jngly done; while at the same time there was a number of these tools of the faction still strong to keep up the excitement. However the court proceeded without interruption throughout the day and the adjourned until next morning. After the court adjourned. I-eftHed by your request, I called upon the District Attorney and said to him, if he approved of your suggestions and the Bishop would agree to refund the expense which had been incurred in the repair of the house, you would evacuate the building and hold the court in the Hall of the House of Representatives; and wished me to say to the Bishop that as your instructions from our Government were, to regard the opinions of this people and not to oppress the, you were inclined to hold the court at seme other place. The Dis- trict Attorney fully approved the course, and we called upon the Bishop & made known to him your views. He very readily accepted the proposition, and at the same time, said the people had been wrought upon, he had no doubt, for political purposes, and many came to him to know what they should do about resisting your holding the court there, and he said to them he would much rather see every church building in New Mexico destroyed than that one finger should be raised against the civil authorities. He told them to go home and be quiet. The next morning the court convened, and on motion of the Dis- trict Attorney, the court adjourned to meet at the HaJl of the House of Representatives, and you gave up the key to his Excellency, the Governor, and he, under instructions, and by a joint resolution of the Legislative Assembly, gave possession of the building to the Bishop who was present at the time. I am, sir, very respectfully Your obt sert (signed) Caleb Sherman. We, the undersigned do hereby certify that the facts set forth in the foregoing letter, as far as we are personally concerned, are, to the best of our knowledge and belief, just, correct and true (signed) J. S. Calhoun E. P. West John G. Jone* Santa Fe, New Mexico Oct. Wth 1851. 412 COERESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. [Related Correspondence.] [baker to FILLMORE ^] Washington. Dec. 2'ith. 1851. To His Excellency. Millard Fillmore. Sib, By the last Santa Fe mail I received from Mr. Caleb Sherman, — formerly clerk of my District Court. — now. of that of Judge Mower, — a letter containing an account of the transactions in relation to the occupancy of the Old Military Church as a Court room : and, also, of some other matters touching the interest of our Territory. As this letter is from an entirely reliable source, besides being certified by the Governor, the District Attorney, and the Marshal of the Territory, and, supposing the facts detailed may be of some moment, I take the liberty of transmitting to your Excellency, a copy thereof. By the same mail I received from Mr. West a copy of a letter from Bishop Lamy to your Excellency, which he was kind enough voluntarily to write on the eve of his departure on a visit to the Bishop of Durange. Being uncertain whether the (iriginal had been mailed to your Excellency, or mislaid, I requested Mr. West to forward to me the copy, which I, also, beg leave to transmit with the en- closed. I have the honor to be. with very great respect, . Your most obt. sert, Grafton Baker [Inclosure. ] Santa Fe N. M. September 27, 1851. To His Excellency Millard Fillmore. Sir. Some little disturbance, undesiguetl by those who have caused them, having lately taken jaace in this City in reference to the use intended to have been made of the church of "Our Lady of Light" and having seen a publication in the paper. Santii Fe Gazette, which being misunderstood by strangers might prejudice our Chief Justice the Hon. Grafton Baker, I, Vicario Apostolic of New Mexico, John Lamy. do take great pleasure in saying that in all my trans- actions with the Hon Gentleman, I had every reason to be satisfied that his intentions were, to do strict justice between the United States and myself, and those whom I represent. That he has done so I am surely satisfied With the highest respect for Your Excellency. [ have the honor to Subscribe myself John Lamy, Vic. Ap. of N. Mexico. I. E. P West. Lnstrict Attorney of the United States, do certify that the above is a true copy of the duplicate original placed in my possession by Bishop Lamy. E. P. West, U. 8. Dist. Atty. 1 B. I. A., M. L., December, 1851. CORRESPONDENCE OP JAMES S. CALHOUN. 413 [CALHOUN TO CONRAD/] Executive Department, Santa Fe, New Mexico, AnSlR, Copy War Department, Washington, April 1st 1851 (Extract) X XXX In all negotiations and pacific arrangements with the Indians, you will act in concert with the Superintendent of Indian Affairs in New Mexico, whom you will allow to accompany you in the expeditions into the Indian territory, if he should deem it proper to do so, and to whom you will afford every facility for the discharge of his duties. Instructions will be given by the Department of the Interior to the Superintendent and Agents, in all their transactions with the In- dians, to act in consultation and concert with the Military authorities. X XXX X X Very respectfully Your obt vSevt Signed. C. M. Conrad Secretary of War Colonel E. V. Su^iner Ist Drar/oons St. Louis Missouri [Belated Correspondence.] [SUMNER TO JONES.*] Head Quarters, 9th Dept : Fort Union, N. Mexico October 2Wi 1S51. General, I would respectfully submit a report of my operations during the past summer. I left Fort Leavenworth on the 26th of May with a detachment of dragoon and Infantry recruits. The cholera had appeared in the command some days before I left, and remained in it, till I reached the Arkansas. I lost one surgeon (Dr. Kennedy,) and about 35 men. My other surgeon Dr. Tingley, was of little or no service to the command, he was unwell most of the time, and was left at the new post on the Arkansas, with orders to come on with Major Rucker, who was following me with a supply train. He got well enough to return to the United States, by what authority I know not. The distance was as great, and the mode of traveling the same, that it would have been coming In this direction. I feel it to be my duty to ask particular attention to the A. G. O., Department of New Mexico, vol. 8, pp. 49-55. CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 417 extniordinnry coiulnct of this officer. On uiy nrrivHl at the post on the Arkansas, I found a large number of Indians collected there of various tribes. Some uneasiness appeared among the " Cheyennes," and as I was marching past their village, several shots were firetl towards the rear of my column, at the same time, I received a note from the Indian Agent, to look out for them, as they were bent on mischief. I immediately countermarched a company of horse, and remained near the village till my train had passed, no further hos- tility was then shown by the Indians. On the following night I received a letter from Bvt: Lieut : Col : Hoffman, the Commander of the new post, informing me that the Indians were evidently banding together, and it was thought they intended some act of hostility. At the dawn of the day the next morning, I marched back with my whole command. I assembled a number of the chiefs and head men, and said to them I had come back to meet them, as friends or enimies, it was for them to say which, but they must say it immediately. They at once disclaimed all intention of hostility, and I resumed my march. I reached Santa Fe, on the 19th of July and assumed command of the Department. My first step was to break up the post at Santa Fe, that sink of vice and of extra vagence. and to remove the troops and public property to this place. I left one company of Artillery there, and shall have a cavalry station within .striking distance of that place, during the coming winter. I understand that many applications have been made to the government, by the people of Santa Fe. to have the troops ordered back there. I have no hesitation in saying, that I believe most of these applications proceed directly or indirectly from those who have hitherto managed to live, in some way, from the extravagant expenditures of the Government, I trust their petitions will not be heeded. I have also withdrawn the troops from the towns of Las Vegas, Rayado, Albuquerque, Ciboleta, Secorro, Dona Ana, San Ellzario, and El Paso, and I have established this post, (Fort Union,) near the ^loro River, and on the line of communication with the Missouri frontier, This will be the Department Head Quarters, and general depot. I have also established a post on the Rio Grande, near El Paso, (Fort Fillmore,) one at Valverde on the same river (Fort Conrad,) and one at Canon Bonito, (Fort Defiance.) These posts have all been selected, with a view to cultivation as well as the defense of the frontier, and they are now being built by the troops and the expense will be very small. I designed establishing a post in the Utah country this fall, but it is so late, I am obliged to postpone it till spring. I consider the withdrawal of the troops from the towns, a matter of vital importance, both as it regards discipline and economy. It is unquestionably true, that most of the troops in this territory have become in a high degree demoralized, and it can only be accounted for, by the vicious associations in those towns. These evils are so great, that I do not expect to eradicate them entirely, until I can bring the troops together, in considerable bodies, for disci- pline and instruction. I detached Bvt: Maj : Carleton with his company of Dragoons on the 1st of August, to range on the plains, between this place and the Arkansas river. He is still actively engaged on this duty, and I am happy to report, that no depredations, whatever, have been committed on the road to Missouri, since Major Carleton has been upon it. Captain Pope of the Topographical Engineers, was sent to find a better and more direct route to Missouri, avoiding if possible the large arid plains. He found an excellent route to the Arkansas, intersecting that river at the " Big Timbers," Beyond that (m the head waters of the .5021—15—27 ./ -^^ 418 CORKESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. Kansas, he was not so successful. He is however, to return by another line to the " Big Timbers," and I still hope he will find a good route up the valley of the Kansas river. I have sent in to Fort Leavenworth. 71 wagons aiul 47:; mules. Tlie exi)ense of wintering these animals, will be nnich less there. th:m ir wdnld be here. ;iud they will be ready to come out again ni the spring. There is so Inrge a supply of subsistence in th's Territory, the government train cnn bring out next year, the few articles that will be i-equired and no contract train wilt l)e necessary. 1 have also directed a reduction to be made hi the floui- contrjict of (ViO.OOO lbs, as I find there would be this amount surplus next year. On the 17th August, I marched from San Domingii for the .Na\a.io Country with four companies of horse 1 of Artillery, and Iwo of Infantry. I halted at the Pueblos of Laguna, and Zuiii and confirmed these Indians in their friendly disposition towards us. We saw no Navajos till we passed Canon Bonito, one of them then came to my camp, and I sent a message by him to tl e two chiefs, who were in the vicinitj'', that if they would come to me. with three of tlieir head men, that I would talk with them. they, however, refiised. and in pur- suance of the instructions from the War Department. I ordered :ill Navajoes to be fired upon, whenever they were seen hovering about. We killed and wounded a number of them, but I cannot saj^ how many. They never faced us, or gave us an opportunity to inflict upon them any signal chastisement. I left Major Backus with the Infantry, a part of the Artillery, and the train at the Canon Bonito, and proceeded round the Canon of Chelle with the Cavalry and two mountain howitzers. I afterwards i)enetrate render to the people of this country the most important services. Yours Truly R. H. Weightman [CALHOUN TO LEA.-J Executive Department Santa Fe', New Mexico, Octr. U 1851. Sir, number of There have been murders, and the depredations com- mitted during the past month have not been exceeded in any previous month since I have been a resident of this Territory — Three murders have come to my knowledge — but the depredations have not been heavy, owing, in part, to the want of the desired materials, heretofore consumed^ (carried off) by our lords of the mountains and valleys — IB. I. A., M. L., October, 1851. * O. I. A., New 'Mexico Supy., N 150 ; Annual Report Commissioner Indian Affairs, 1851, pp. 204-205. COERESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 433 We can not do with less than two (new) Mounted regunents — and the Governor must have authority to call out the militia, and the control of war munitions, and the means to subsist and pay the Militia. I have, now, access to the appropriations for the Navajos^ and Utahs. But what can I do with them ? I can not get to the Indian country, in safety, for the want of military cooperation. There is another question you must consider. By authority of the Depart- ment, during the past year, I made treaties with certain Pueblos — During the present year, without special authority, I made a treaty with the Apaches east of the Kio del Norte. To use the appropri- ations mentioned, must be well considered, or the Pueblos, and Apaches may manifest their discontent — The Pueblos are daily tam- pered with, and my utmost exertions are required to prevent out- breaks — The want of harmony between the military and civil authori- ties, is well understood by them, and their management will become more difficult, if it is not already so. Their discontent must not be increased. These Christian Indians are a dangerous people, but none can be made more useful if proper care is taken with them — There should be no delay in this matter — In conclusion — I must say — the Military officers and the executive can not harmonize, and I am not certain that the public interests would not be promoted by releiving us all from duty in this Territory. With great respect, &c &c &c. J. S. Calhoun Hon L. Lea, Comr. Ind. Afs. [Belated Correspondence.] [SUMNER TO JONES.^] Head Qurs, 9th Dept: FoKT Union, N M January 1st 1852 Genekax, I have the honor to report, that I returned last night from El Paso. I found the posts of Fort Fillmore, and Fort Conrad, well advanced, and the troops are now in quarters built by themselves, at all the new posts. This labor has improved the health and efficiency of my command. I broke up entirely the establishment at El Passo, which was very expensive and useless. I left an officers guard in that vicinity for the winter. I have established a new post at the " Copper Jlines," in the Apache Country, which I think will effectually curb that tribe. I have a squadron of horse stationed temporarily at Galisteo, and a company of Infantry at Taos, these commands will form the garrison for the 1 Sumner did eventually co-operate with Calhoun in the matter of dealing with the Navajos. See bis letter to the Adjutant-General, January 1st, 1852, also McFerran'g orders to Brooks. »A. G. O., Old Book, No. 1, also Department of New Mexico, vol. 8, pp. 96-98. 5021—15 28 434 COKKESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. new post in the Utah Country, and will move there as soon as the spring opens. On my return to Santa Fe, I found the Navajos had sent in now that tliey wished to make peace, and the Governor and I went to " Jamez " to meet them in Council. We met about 200 and I talked to them very plainly. I told them, (and they knew it to be true,) that the troops at Fort Defiance could and would prevent them from raising a single field of grain, unless they remained at peace. They promised to keep quiet, and to restore all their Mexican prisoners, and as a pledge that they would keep faith they gave up three hostages. I was opposed entirely to any presents being given to this people, until they had been put on probation for at least six months. They have violated every treaty that has ever been made with them and it would have been much better to have held them for a time, with a rod of iron over their heads. The Governor gave them presents to the amount of 2, or 3, thousand dollars, and these Indians will undoubtedly feel that their submission has been purchased. I am by no means certain, that this mistake will not jeopardize all the good results to be expected from placing a post in the Navajo Country & I consider the mistake so important that I wish to make known to the Department, my decided dissent, and disapprobation of this measure I find it indispensably necessary to remove my head quarters from this post, to Albuquerque, on the Ilio Grande, in order to be nearer to the new posts in the Indian country. Circumstances might arise that would make it very impor- tant, that I should be within striking distance of these posts. I have to acknowleclge the receipt of your letter of November 15, ISul. The map will be commenced immediately by Capt. Pope of the Engineers. With high respect Your obt. Servt, [E. V. Sumner.] Bvt Maj Genl R Jones "■'= : - . ^ Adjt: Genl: Copy sent to Div Hd Qurs 'Note Jany 3/52 From information I received last night, I am disappointed to find, that all the troops at Fort Fillmore are not yet in Quarters. They will be however very soon [McFERRAN TO BROOKS.^] Head Quarters, 9th Mil : Dept : Fort Union, N. M. October 24th 185 J. Colonel, The Colonel Commanding the Department directs me to say, that he desires you to furnish his excellency, Governor J. S. Calhoun, Superintendent of In- dian Affairs, in this Territory, with a suitable escort to accompany him to the Utah Country, for the purpose of carrying into effect a Treaty stipulation with that tribe of Indians I am Col : Very respectfully Your obt: Serv't: J. C McFerran 2 Lt Sd Inf A. A. A. a Col: H. Brooks, Comdg: U. 8. Troops, Santa Fe, N. M. 1 A. G. O., Department of New Mexico, vol. 8, pp. 57-58. COKRESPONDENCE OE JAMES S. CALHOUN. 435 [CALHOUN TO WEBSTER.^] Executive Department Santa Fe, Neav Mexico. Octoher 1 1851. Sir, The accompanying copy of an Act, " Establishing the Seat of Gov- ernment of the Territory of New Mexico ", is so plain as to do away with the propriety of any effort, upon my part, to submit explana- tory remarks. I will, however, say, that the place, called the Palace,^ with the grounds apportaining, does, or should 'belong to this Terri- tory. In reference to all public property, some one should have author- ity to take possession of it, without detriment to the claim of the United States, or to this Territory. The Legislature, if there should not be an extra session, will meet on the first monday in December, next, and it may be desirable to lay before them your reply. I am, With great respect. Your obedient servant, J. S. Calhoun Hon. Danl. Webster, S>ec. of State, Washington City. D.G. [ Related Correspondence. ] [SUMNER TO CONRAD.^] Hkad Quarters, 9th Depi' : Albuquerque, N. M. December 22nd 1852. The Honble: C. M. Conbad Sec: of War: Washington, D. C. Sib: 1 have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of October 11th last, relating to an application of Judge Baker to the Secretary of the Interior for rooms for the Court at Santa Fe'. There has been some strange misap- prehension in this affair. I never assigned any rooms in the palace for the Court. When I took charge of the civil government last spring, I found the Courts were using the legislative hall in the palace, and I made no change whatever, except to give them a part of another building for a jury room. I have now relinquished to the civil authorities, all the buildings that are i.B. I. A., M. li., October, 1851. 2 There seems to have been quite a little trouble about the occupancy of rooms In the " Palace." Note the letter from Sumner to Conrad. ^ A. G. O., Department of New Mexico, vol. 8, p. 414. 436 COEKESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. habitable, belonging to the War Department at Santa Fe', except those in the actual occupation of the company stationed there. I am, Sir, with high respect. Your Obt: Servant. E V Sumner Bvt: Col: U. 8. A. Lt: Col: 1st Drags Conidg: dept: [CALHOUN TO LEA,'] Executive Departiment Santa Fe N. M. October 1st 1851. gm I have this day drawn on you for One Hundred and Fifty Dol- lars, at One days sight payable to the Hon Grafton Baker, or order, which amount you will please place to my account, in the quarter ending September 30"* 1851. my abstract and account current will show for what purpose it was used. By honoring said draft you will much oblige Your Obedient Servant J. S. Calhoun Hon Luke Lea Commissioner of Ind. Afs. Washington City D. C. [CALHOUN TO LEA.'] ExECUTTv^ Department Santa Fe, New Mexico October 2, 1851. Sir, I enquire, respectfully, whether I have the right to fill vacancies, temporarily, in Indian Agencies, within this Superintendency ? If a change should come over the spirit of our military friends, so far as to afford escorts &c. I may assume the responsibility of employing an Agent — Instruct me in the way I should go — With great respect, Your obedient Servant, J. S. Calhoun Hon. L. Lea Comr. Ind. Affs. Washington City D. C. 1 O. I. A., New Mexico Supy., N 148. a Ibid.. N 151. I COKEESPONDENCE OF JAMES B. CALHOUN. 437 [CALHOUN TO WEBSTER.^] Executive Department/ Santa Fe^ New Mexico, October 19, 1851. Sir: I have the honor to lay before you a " statement of salaries due the officers of the civil government of New Mexico, under the Kearny code, from the treasury of the United States." I can not say that the statement is perfectly accurate, but I have no reason to doubt the fact. I have not had time to examine it. Governor Munroe, my immediate predecessor, approved and caused to be transmitted to Washington a copy of this statement, except the appended report signed by the auditor and treasurer. I cannot too strongly urge the government of the United States to provide for the immediate payment of these claims, not only be- cause justice to the claimants named demand it, but for the reason that $12,098 64 is due to the territorial treasury, to which may be added $1,384.36 due members of the legislature of 1847; and there is not one dollar in the territorial treasury, and the collection of taxes is resisted, with no prospect of an early adjustment of the ques- tion involved. May I not, then, be pardoned for earnestly pressing upon your consideration the importance of an early settlement of these claims. I am, with great respect, your obedient servant, J. S. Calhoun. Hon. Daniel Webster, Secretary of State, Washington City, D. G. LHILL TO CALHOUN".^'] Memphis October W^^ 1851 J. S. Calhoun Esq Yours of the 28"" August last is received, saying that " your Terri- tory had not yet passed a law authorising the appointment of Com- missioners in other States." When such a law is in force please, to remember my Application Very Eespectfully Your Obt Ser^ HuaiE F Hill 1 Accompanying Report of Secretary of War, May 3, 1852, Senate Ex. Doc, 32nd Con- gress, 1st session, No. 71, p. 3. ' O. I. A., New Mexico Supy., Miscellaneous Files, no flle-mark. 438 CORKESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. [GREINER TO CALHOUN.^ Don Fernandez de Taos Oct 20 1851 His Excellency Gov Calhoun Siiperintendent of Indian Affairs N. M. Sir On the 4th instant a large party of Kiowa's & Arrapahoes attacked a Eutaw Village on the Lattira near Red River, about 30 miles from Taos, and drove off about 50 head of horses & mules and captured two women and four children. On the 15th inst they made another attack upon the same Band within 18 miles of Taos on the opposite bank of the Rio Grande and drove off nearly all their remaining stock. The Eutaws were forced to retreat to the Ojo Caliente, where they now are uniting their forces in order to make a Campaign against these marauding Indians. I know of no remedy to check these outrages The Military force stationed here can afford no assistance. The post intended to be established in the Eutaw Country has — I learn — been abandoned until next Spring. The Eutaws are peaceable and kindly disposed towards our Citizens, and have behaved well Travellers alone and unprotected have been received at their lodges and treated with the greatest hospitality. Will your Excellency be pleased to inform me if any means can be devised by which the Eutaws can be protected in their lives and property from the depredations of the Prarie tribes. Very Respectfully Your Obedient Servant John Greiner [GREINEE TO CALHOUN] Indian Agent New Mexico His Excellency Gov Calhoun Sa7na Fe N. M. P. S. I trust your Excellency will not overlook the fact, that prepa- rations are being made by the Citizens of this Valley & others, to settle the lands claimed by the Eutaws in the Valley of the Los Conejos. The Indians have repeatedly driven the Mexicans from this land — they say it is their Winter hunting gi-ound that it contains the bones of their Fathers, and they cannot & will not give it up quietly. Very Respectfully Your Obt Servant John Greiner » Enclosure of Calhoun to Webster. Oct. 20, 1851 ; B. I. A , M. L.. October. 1851. CORRESPONDENCE OP JAMES S. CALHOUN. 439 [SUMNER TO CALHOUN.'] Head Quarters, 9th Mil : Dept : Fort Union, N. M. October 2Iith 1851. Governor, I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 21st inst: You are right in supposing that the article referred to in the news- paper is a mistake, I never intended to be so understood. I believe I said somewhere in conversation that the troops could never be used to enforce the laws of the territory, until the civil authorities required their aid, by the usual legal forms, or something to that effect, meaning in tumults and the like. Very respectfully Your obt: Servt: E V Sumner Bvt: Col: U. S. A. Oomdg: Dept: His Excy. J. S. Calhoun [SUMNER TO CALHOUN.'] Head Quarters, 9th Dept: Fort Union, N. M. October 24th 1851. Governor, I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 21st inst : I am clearly of the opinion, that the treaty stipulation with the Utahs should be carried into effect immediately, and I will with pleasure furnish the necessary escort. I wish to apprise that people, that it is my intention to place a post in their country next spring, and that I expect we shall continue to be on the most friendly terms. AVith regard to the Navajos, they have broken, and set at naught so many treaties, that it seems useless to treat with them. I think it will be better to let them feel, for a time that we have a grasp upon them that they cannot shake off and then when we do treat with them they will keep faith. If the large post established at the Caiion Bonito, in the heart of the Navajo Country, does not effectually re- strain those Indians, and put a stop to further depredations, nothing will do it but their entire extermination. I have directed Colonel Brooks, to furnish you with an escort to the Utah Country. *A. G. O., Department of New Mexico, vol. 8, p. 55. * Ibid., p. 66. 440 CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. I should like to confer with you in relation to the Navajoes, before any action is taken with regard to them. I will be in Santa Fe on the 8th of Next Month, on my way to El Paso. With high respect Your ob't: Servt: E V Sumner Bvt: Col: U.S.A. Comdg : Dept: His Excely: J. S. Calhoun. [CALHOUN TO WEBSTER.'] Executive Department Santa Fe, New Mexio^ October 2St}i 1851. Sir The accompanying " Statement " shows, if the claims should be allowed, that $12,098.64 is due to the Territorial Treasury, and $1384.36 to members of the Legislature of 1847. In the event that Congress shall provide for the payment of these claims, it is desiied, that the amounts named above should be placed to the credit of the Territory, subject to be drawn for as its Legislature may direct. I am. With great respect. Your obedient Servant, J. S. Calhoun Hon. Danl. Webster Secretary of State^ Washington City D. G. [CALHOUN TO WEBSTER."] Executive Department Santa Fe, New Mexico October 20th 1851. Sir, The receipt of your communication of the 13th of Septembor last, is, hereby, acknowledged. Anxious as I am to visit the States vi an early day, I am constrained to say, the Governor of this Territory could not, with propriety, leave the Territory at this time. On the first monday in December next, the Legislature commences its second session: and, I fear, under circumstances that will, justly^ in n)y opinion, create dissatisfaction among the members. I apprehend, ample arrangements to defray the legitimate expenses of the Session, IB. I. A., M. L., October, 1851. 2 Ibid. COEKESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOTTN. 441 will not be provided in time — I have also to say, sound policy re- quires that the legislature should be authorized, if it is not already so, to pass upon all expenditures, by appropriations, at least to the same extent that the Oregon Legislature is authorized by the con- cluding sentence of Sec: 11. Do you not think so? Col. Sumuor'^s expedition to the Navajo country has been productive of no good, as yet, and if an effort I am now making fails, the people of the Terri- tory, to some extent, will be forced to take care of themselves, ')r consent to lie down quietly, and be plundered and butchered. A similar disagreeable statement I have made to you before, and have begged for authority and means to protect the people of this Terri- tory, and I have been honored with no reply to my entreaties. We have a treaty with the Utahs, and the Kioways, and perhaps other Indians, are now at war with the Utahs upon the immediate borders of our settlements, and as our troops seem to be in winter quarters, our frontier disorders must increase — I have reliable authority for saying, that arrangements are now being made, by a large number of Mexicans to seize one or more points claimed by the Utahs, which the Utahs declare they will resist to the death. Such outrages should be prevented, and a military arm is absolutely neces- sary to secure that result. I am, With great respect, Your obedient servant, J. S. Calhoun Hon: Daniel Webster Secretary of State Washington City D. G. P. S. See accompanying letter from Jno. Griener Esq. Ind. Agt. &c. Oct. 20. 51. J. s. c. [LEA TO CALHOUN.'] Department of the Interior, Office Indian Affairs, Oct 29. 1851 Calhoun, His Excy J. S. Santa T^e, New Mexico Sni: Your letter of the 17th Augt. last advising of having drawn upon this office for $2000, on account of salaries of Agents &c was received on the 22d instant. ' O. I. a., L. B., No. 45, p. 442 CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. The draft, subsequently presented, has been paid. To prevent double or conflicting payments of the salaries of the Agents within your Superintendency, it is proper you should be informed of the payments that have been made here on powers of Attorney. They are as follows: On a/c of Agent Wooley, one qr. salary ending 32 June 1851 $387.50 " " " " Greiner 1/3 of 2 qrs. " " 5 Oct " 258.32 " " " " Weightman 2 qrs " " 12 Sept " 775.00 $1420. 82 Very respectfully Your Obt. Servt L Lea CoTYir. [CALHOUN TO LEA.'] Executive Department Santa Fe, New Mexico October 29th. 1851. Sir, Your letters of the 23d of August, and September 8th, last, were received last night. In reference to contingencies, I must beg the Department to extend its figures in reference to this Superintendency, at least, for the present — The Pueblo boundaries must be established, and rules and regulations for their government, and for intercourse with them, must be adopted, before you can, with safety to the 'public, economize in this branch of the public service. You must not forget, the In- dians are not the worst people in this Territory, and increasing efforts are daily made to drive them to desperation against the existing ad- ministration of its civil affairs, which must be counteracted ; and this can not be done without money — In the absence of the two agents — Weightman and Wingfield, if it becomes necessary, I shall assume the responsibility of drawing the $500. allowed to each of them. If you should acknowledge the receipt of this letter, I beg you to remember the foregoing statement, and if necessary, correct my errors. I am, with great respect, Your obedient Servant, J. S. Calhoun Swpt. Ind. Affa. Hon : L. Lea Comr. Ind. Affs. Washington City D. G. lO. I. a.. New Mexico Supy., N 154. COBRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 443 [CALHOITN TO LEA.*] Executive Department Santa Fe N M, Octr 31, 1851. Sir The foregoing schedule of two drafts approved and three drawn by myself, is sufficiently explanatory of the appropriations to be charged, whether I shall have use for the amounts drawn on the Navajo and Utah Treaty appropriations is doubtful. As Col Sum- ner declines furnishing me with the facilities necessary to get amongst the Navajoes, I can do nothing with them, unless they come to me. Col Sumner has ordered an escort, to accompany me to the Utah Country, but to what extent I know not ; see my letter of tomorrow's date. Unless Col Sumner and myself can adopt a plan, by which we can harmonize, but a very inconsiderable amount of the treaty drafts will be used. As we have monthly mails only, it was deemed advis- able to draw these drafts at this time, in order to be prepared for contingencies that may arise. Very Respectfully Your Obed Servt J. S. Calhoun Supt. Ind. Afs Hon L Lea Commissioner c&c Washington City D C. [Inclosure.] SCHEDULE A. Drafts approved and drawn this day by James S. Calhoun Gov & Sup of Ind Affs. to be paid from salaries of Agents, and appro- priations made at the last session of the 31st Congress to fulfil Treaty stipulations with the Navajoe and Utah Indians — as follows — viz. Draft drawn by John Greiner Indian Agent at sight, in favor of Saml Galloway Esq, approved Oct STst for $500.00 '* " " A R Woolley " " " Sixty days, in favor of J. Lucas Esq, approved Oct 31st " $387. 50 " " " J. S. Calhoun Gov & Sup. in favor of Gans Leberman & Co, dated Oct 31, at sight, payable from appropriation for Utah Indians $8, 000. 00 D. Waldo & Co. " " " " " payable from appropriation for Navajo Indians $1, 500. 00 Alexander Majors " " " " " " " " $1,000.00 Santa Ffi N. M., Oct Slst 1851. lO. I. A., New Mexico Supy., N 157. 444 CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. [CALHOUN TO LEA/] Executive Department Santa Fe, New Mex. Now. 1, 1851 Sm, At the request of Col, Woolley, Ind. Agt. I have the honor to trans- mit to you, his Abstract and Vouchers, and Account Current, made up to the 1st day of October, last. If I should exercise any supervision over Such returns, be pleased so to advise me, and remember, I have not had forwarded to me the rules and regulations of the Department, and daily am I groping my way in the dark. I am. With great respect, Your obedient Servant. J. S. Calhoun Hon. L. Lea, Supt. Ind. Affs Comr. Ind. Afs. Washington City, D. C. [CALHOUN TO SUMNER.'] Executive Department Santa Fe, New Mexico November 9th 1851. Sir: A moment since, the accompanying application was handed to me, and, in accordance with the wishes of the applicants, I make the ap- plication to you, as they request, as the Territory, in its capacity as such, is entirely destitute of the munitions of War — They desire arms and acoutrements for seventy five and if you can with propriety grant them, I, as the Governor of Territory, will have pleasure in receipting for them. With great respect, Your Obt Servt (Signed) J. S. Calhoun Col: E. V. Sumner, Comdg. 9th Mil. Deft. Santa Fe, New Mex: A true Copy. J C McFerran 1st Lt 3d Inf A. A. A. G 10. I. a., New Mexico Supy., N 158. *A. G. O., Files, S 576 of 1851, No. 8. This Is the first of a series comprehended In the communication from Sumner to Jones on p. 445. CORRESPONDENCE OP JAMES S. CALHOUN. 445 [Belated Correspondence.] [SUMNER TO JONES ^] Head Quarters, 9th. Dept Fort Conrad, N. Mexico, November 20, 1851. General. I regret to trouble the Genl. in-chief with a voluminous correspondence with Governor Calhoun. I have endeavoured to avoid these differences as much as possible, but in this case it was so important to prevent any Mexican maraud- ing parties from traversing the indian country, that I was obliged to enter into this discussion. This predatory war has been carried on for two hundred years, between the Mexicans & Indians, quite time enough to prove, that unless some change is made the war will be interminable. They steal women and children, and Cattle, from each other, and in fact carry on the war, in all respects, like two indian nations. This system of warfare will interfere very much with my measures, and in- deed do away with all the advantages, that I confidently expect to reap from the establishment of Fort Defiance. This large post is in the very midst of the Indians and cannot fail to cramp them in all their movements, and it will harrass them so much, that they will gladly make peace, and keep quiet, provided, they find that the post can protect, as well as punish. They have already shown a disposition to enter into a treaty, and have sent a message to the Governor, that they would come to Santa Fe' for that purpose. I would respectfully request that explicit orders. may be sent, by the proper authorities, to Gov. Calhoun, to abstain from sending any war parties of Mexi- cans into the indian Country, and that he should confine himself strictly to defensive measures, within the Country occupied by the Mexicans. With high Respect Your Obt. Servant [E. v. Sumnee] Bvt. Maj. Genl. R. Jones Adjt. Genl. [BECK AND OTHERS TO CALHOUN.'] Santa Fe, Novemher 9th, 1851. Sir A volunteer company, composed of the American citizens of this place have organized, for the purpose of protecting, or aiding to pro- tect the inhabitants from the frequent incursions and depredations of the Wild Indians who surround us, and as you are aware, are con- tinually coming into our settlements. The difficidty we labor under, for our complete and effectual organization is the want of suitable arms and acoutrements. And we respectfully pray Your Excellency to furnish us with them, and in case you may not have them at your lA. G. O., Files S 576 of 1851; C 17 of 1815; Department of New Mexico, Old Book, No. 1. •Enclosure of Calhoun to Sumner, November 9, 1851. 446 COERESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. command to request Col : Sumner the Mil commander of this Dept. to supply us with the necessary arms, from the surplus arms in his possession. Very Respy, Your Obt Servants (Signed) Preston Beck, Jr. Gapt. J. E. Sabine 1st Lt. Elias Brevourt 2nd do D. V. Whiting 3rd Lt.& Adjt H. E. J. S. Calhoun, Govr. of the Territory New Mexico A true Copy. J C McFerran Ut Lt 3d Inf A. A. A. G [Related Correspondence.] [Mcferran to SHOEMAKER.i] Head Quarters 9th Mil Dept Santa ¥t, N. Mex: November 10, 1851. Sib: The Colonel commanding the Dept : directs that you turn over to His Excel- lency Govr. J. S. Calhoun of this territory, seventy five flmt lock muskets, with the same uumher of cartridge boxes, bayonet scabbards, belts and plates and a few screw drivers and wipers, for which he will furnish you with receipts. This Ordnance is turned over at the solicitation of the Governor to aid him in organising some companies of the Territorial mulitia, and will be turned over to the General Government. The Arms &c are to be used by a Company organised in this place, and of which Mr Prestin Beck is captain. I am, Sir, respectfully Tour obt. Svt. J. C. McFekban 1st Lt 3d Inf A. A. A. O. To Capt. W R Shoemaker Mil. U. 8. A. Fort Union, N M A. G. O., Department of New Mexico, Old Book, No. 1. COREESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 447 [CALHOUN TO SUMNER.'] Executive Department Santa Fe', New Mexico Novemher P, 1851. Sir. It escaped my recollection to enquire concerning the San Felipe claim for injuries inflicted by the animals belonging to Maj Euckers train, and you will pardon me for calling your attention to the subject — I also, omitted to enquire whether you consider us at War or peace with the Cayatores Apaches. With great respect Your Obt Servant (Signed) J. S. Calhoun Col : E. V. Sumner, Gomdg 9th Mil: Dept. Santa Fe\ N. Mexico. A true copy. J. C. McFerran 1st Lt 3d Inf A. A. A. a [CAIiHOUN TO SUMNER.'] t . Executive Department Santa Fe', New Mexico, November 10th 1851. Sir: Tlie numerous murders and depredations recently committed by Navajo, and perhaps other Indians, in this Territory, call for an effectual interposition. The winter is at hand, and ruthless invaders are in our midst, and, unless adequate protection is afforded, our firesides must be rendered desolate before the spring season of the ensuing year is reached. For more than twelve months past the people have continued to ask for permission to protect themselves, and have not obtained it. Justice and humanity forbid that I should interfere further in their wishes to protect themselves — On the contrary, as the Governor of the Territory, the solemn duty is imposed upon me, to assist them in every proper measure of defense — and that duty I am called upon to discharge, and that duty I shall proceed, to enter upon, unless I perceive the distribution of your troops have secured the end desired to be attained. The small number lA. G. O., Files, S 576 of 1851, No. 7. > Ibid., No. 9. 448 COKKEsPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. of troops at your disposal, and the condition of your horses I ap- prehend, renders such a result impracticable. Hence it may be absolutely necessary to allow the people to defend themselves against the Navajo assaults. I have anxiously considered this subject, and weighed, to the best of my ability, the observations which you sub- mited to me in conversations on yesterday, and the preceding day, and it is my well considered opinion that your positions are utterly untenable — You seem to overlook the fact, that the Navajo Country is in New Mexico^ and a part of its Territory, and that the supposed line between New Mexico and the Navajo Country is purely an imaginary one, and must so remain until the Government of the United States shall otherwise order. The right which you claim of interposing United States troops, to prevent the ingress, and to punish such troops as I may order, or authorize to go into that part of New Mexico, over which the Navajos now roam, is not, m my opinion more tenable than would be your claim to interpose between the suffer- ing people of this Territory, and the Navajoes who are in our settle- ments committing murders, seizing and carrying off captives, and committing every species of depredations. Is it possible, that the murderers of our people are to go unpunished our women and children to be carried off, and our property taken away, and the people are not to be permitted to go in pursuit of those demons who have possession of their wives and children and prop- erty beyond a purely imaginary line, without incurring the risk of having pointed at them, by the troops of tlie U. S. the very arms placed in their hands for our defense and protection — AVliat! that arm of the public service sent to New Mexico to chastise the blood thirsty Indians because of their depredations upon our people, to become the defenders of the Indians and chastise new Mexican troops because they are authorized to seek and attempt redress and secure that protection due to the people, but which has not as yet been afforded to them by that power from whence it should come. I hold, that it is right and lawful to allow the people of this ter- ritorj'^, throughout its broad limits to protect themselves against Indian incursions, when the law of the land, and the military arm of the government, are inadequate to prevent and punish the Navajo fiends who have fattened and luxuriated upon the miseries, which the upon have inflicted the people of this Territory. I pray you reflect upon this subject again, and if you can with pro- priety, withdraw the intimation that the United States troops will be used against troops that I may authorize, by authority of the Leg- islature of this Territory, to avenge their own wrongs we have not, as yet, subdued our enemies, that will give us labor enough, and if CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 449 we cannot agree in all things, let us not, unnecesarily, vail out by the wayside — I am determined to harmonize if possible, but never can consent to fold my arms, and quietly look on such scenes of desolation as we have recently witnessed in this Territory, without making an effort to remedy it. I have frankly stated my views, that I may not be misunderstood, and shall be happy to hear from you. I am with great respect (Signed) J. S. Calhoun Your obt Servt Col : E. V. Sumner Comdg 9th Mil Dept. Santa Fe\ N. M. A true Copy. J C McFerran 1st Lt 3d Inf. A.A.A.G [SUMNER TO CALHOUN.^] Head Qrs 9th Mily Dept Santa Fe N M Now 10th 1851 Governor I have received your two letters dated yesterday. With regard to think the San Felipe claim I that matter had better be deferred a short time. I shall see Maj Rucker at Fort Conrad and can then least suspicious learn something more about it It is at feesfe-stwpi^isift^ that those people did not apply to the officer in command of the train I do not know which band of Apachies you refer to, if j^ou mean that with which you have treated, I consider it at peace, as I know been of no depredations that have committed by that band since I have been in the Territory I accede cheerfully to your request for the loan of arms for a Volunteer Company in this town and orders have been given accord- ingly I must affix two conditions to this loan viz. that these arms will be immediately returned whenever demanded by the Command- ing officer of the 9th Dept. — and secondly that they are never to be used in making hostile incursions into the Indian Country unless this volunteer company is acting in conjunction with the regular 1 a. G. O., Old Book, No. 1, also Department of New Mexico, vol. 8, pp. 70-71, also Flies, S 576 of 1851, No. 1. 5021—15 29 450 CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN, troops Will you do me the favor to inform me at your earliest convenience what decision you have come to in relation to the ma- rauding parties that desire to go into the Navajo Country. With high Respect Your obt svt (Signed) ' E. V Sumner Bvt Col. Lt Col 1st Dgs Comdg Dept His Excellency J. S. Calhoun Santa Fe N.M. [SUMNER TO CALHOUN.'] Head Qrs 9th Mh,y Dept Santa Fe N M Now 10th 1851. Governor. Will you please state to me the scenes of desolation that have been recently witnessed in this territory before I reply to your letter of this date. With high respect Your ob't servt sgd * E. V. Sumner Bvt Col Lt Col 1st Dgs Cmdg Dept His Excellency J. S. Calhoun Santa Fe N M [CALHOUN TO SUMNER.'] Executive Department Santa Fe', New Mexico November 10^ 1851. Sir, Your very brief note of enquiry, of this date, is before me, and, I think, I have not failed to appreciate its spirit. But, Sir, I hasten to reply to the enquiry, " Please state to me," " the scenes of desola- tion that have been recently witnessed in this Territory ". I really 1 A. G. O., Old Book, No. 1, also Department of New Mexico, vol. 8, p. 72, also In Files S 576 of 1851, No. 2. 2 A. G. O., Files, S 576 of 1851, No. 10. COEBESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 451 supposed, the letters which I submitted to you on the evening of the 8th would have satisfied you upon this subject — But as I am disap- pointed in this supposition, I answer, the Greenhorn letter, which you have seen, shows that a murder and depredations have been committed in that neighbourhood. You are aware that depreda- tions have been committed, near Taos, and two women and four children, (Utahs) were captured and carried off. Those people we are bound by treaty to take care of. Two Indians have been recently killed in the immediate neighbourhood of Taos — one a Pueblo, and the other an Apache — About the same tinie, a Mexican was killed near Anton Chico, by an Indian so I am informed and believe. These murders, I mentioned to j'^ou on yesterday; and, I fear they may be attributed to our difference of opinions as to the proper policy to be pursued. My policy is to keep them, for the present, beyond the line of our settlements; and yours, if I understand it correctly, is, to invite them to come into our settlements — In the above connexion, I omitted to mention the murder at the Moro, which you will remember. Recently, on the Jornado, two men were killed, one a Mexican, and the other an American. About the last Aba jo of September, at San Antonio, in the Rio Arbass, If I mistake not, three Indians were killed by a Mexican, and we may expect a con- tinuation of these scenes, so long as we are wanting in a fixed policy for the conduct of our Indian affairs in this Territory. While you were in the Navajo Country, the Navajos visited a Cabal- lado near Pena Blanca, drove off animals, and killed a little girl — more recently, the have been on this side of the Rio del Norte, within Eighteen miles of this place, and drove off a large number of ani- mals. You are aware, I suppose, for, I regard Capt Dodge as re- liable authority, that many animals have been driven from the neigh- bourhood of Cibolletta during the last two months — I suppose you remember the murders committed at Owensby Camp of Hay Cut- ters, near Laguna — There, three or four men are said to have been killed, animals driven off, and property destroyed — About the same time, Nesbits Caballada, in the Valle grande, were carried, or driven off, and one or more of his n en wounded. Here, I rest, and respectfully enquire, if the foregoing communi- cation is not sufficient to justify the declaration that " scenes of deso- lation have been recently witnessed in this Territory ". During the same period, many other depredations have been com- mitted; and immediately in your rear, on your return from your Navajo Expedition, Captain Walkers California party was attacked 452 COKRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. by the Navajos, in which, the party lost several animals, had two men -wounded, and finall}'^, retired upon Albuquerque to recuperate. I have the honor to be. Your Obedient Servant, (Signed) J. S. Calhoun Col. E. V. Sumner Comdg 9. Mil Dept. Santa Fe' N. Mex: (A true Copy) J. C. McFerran 1st Lt 3d Inf A. A. A, G [SUMNER TO CALHOUN.*] Head Qrs. 9th IMily Dept Santa Fe N ^I Novr. 10th 1S51. Go^'ERNOR. I have received your letter of this date. You misunderstand me entirely if you suppose that I wish to place any obstacle in the way of the people of this territory in defending themselves against the Indians. So far from this I highly approve of their doing so, and think the militia should be organised and armed with a view to this defence. This policy would net only make them more secure, but would make them more respectable citizens. This however is a very different matter from organising marauding parties to traverse the Indian Countr3^ This is not the kind of warfare that our govern- ment has hitherto condecended to engage in — In conclusion I will remark that it will give me the highest satisfaction, to cooperate with you in all measures for the protection of the people of this territory that are not in direct violation of law and the express orders of the War Department. I enclose an extract from my orders from the Secretary of War and I would particularly call your attention to the first two lines. With high respect, Your obt svt sgd E. V. Sumner Bvt Col Lt Col 1st Dgs His Excely. Cmdg Dept J. S. Calhoun Santa Fe N.M. » a. (}. ().. OUl liook. No. 1, also Department of New Mexico, vol. 8, pp. 71-72, also In Files, S 576 of 1851, No. 4. COKKESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 453 [CALHOUN TO SUMNER.'] Executi\t; Department ' Santa Fe, New Mexico, November 10^ ISol. 7 O Clk. P. M. Sir: I have now to acknowledge the receipt of your letter in reply to mine of this morning, and the points to which I desired to call your attention, you have not noticed — As to the matter to which our gov- ernment has not " condescended to engage in " I leave for others to determine — I pray to be pardoned for placing before you, the following enquiry which I copy from your second note of this date. " Will you please state to me " the scenes of desolation that has been recently witnessed in this Territory " before I reply to your letter of this date." I answered your enquiry, and you have not " condescended " to notice it, in your " reply " — With Great respect Your Obt Servant (Signed) J. S. Calhoun Col. E. V. Sumner Gomdg 9 Mil Dept. Santa Fe N M, A true Copy. J C McFerran 1st Lt 3d Inf A. A. A. a [BECK AND OTHERS TO CALHOUN.'] Santa Fe, N. M. Novr 11 1851 Sir, Your communication of yesterday in reply to a requisition made by us a day previous on Your Excellency for arms for an Independent Military Company, lately organized in this city, together with an ex- tract from Col. Sumner letter to you on the subject, wherein he states that arms may be obtained on " Two conditions alone " has been re- ceived and is now before us. In reply to which we have to state, that we very respectfully decline the accepting arms upon conditions imposed by Col. Sumner. First, Because we would not be an Independent Company, but liable to have our arms taken away from us at a moments notice, and, 1 a. G. O., Files, S 576 of 1851, No. 11. 2 Enclosure of Calhoun to Sumner, November 11, 1851, A. G. O., Files, S 576 of 1S5L No. 12. Transcribed from copy ; original not in file. 454 CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 2nd Because, we do not wish to be restricted in our incursions by tlie Commander of the 9th Department, but held subject only to Your Excellency's orders as commander in chief of the Militia of this 1'erritory. And to obtain arms with such privileges, we ask Your Excellency to make the proper application for them, of the Secretary of War. With high consideration of respect We are Your Obedient Servants (Signed) Preston Beck Jr. Jas. E. Sabine Elias Brevourt D. V. Whiting To His Excellency J. S. Calhoun Govr. of the Territory of New Meadco, A true Copy. [CALHOUN TO SUMNER] Executive Department Santa Fe', New Mexico Noi^emher 11. 1851. Sir, If I am wrong in the us*^ nf the words " scenes of desolation." the fault is properly chargeable to the learned Noah Webster, L. L. D. Will you oblige me so far as to inform me, ichether it is your fixed purpose^ as you have, lieretofore, distinctly intimated, to cause the United States troops to be employed in expelling and punishing such troops as may be ordered, according to the laios of this Terri- tory., into that portion of the Territory of New Mexico over Avhich the Navajos roam? Unless Ma jr. Rucker can be conferred with at a very early day, public considerations will compel me to assume the responsibility of paying the San Felipe claims. The six steers, supposed to have been left by Majr. Ruckers Teamsters, are yet in the possession of the San Felipe Indians at a daily expense to them — Various individuals have claimed the steers, and they Indians appealed to me for advice as to what they should in the matter — I directed them the animals to my order only — will you advise me in relation to your wishes in the premises ? 1 a, G. C, Piles. S 576 of 1851, No. 12. CORKESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 455 In reference to the arms applied for, the accompanying- copy of a letter ^ from Capt Beck and others, will answer your enquiry. I am. With great respect Your Obedient Servant (Signed) J. S. Calhoun: Col E. V. Sumner, Comdg. 9th Mil Dept. Santa Fe\ New Mexico. A true Copy. J C McFerran 1st Lt 3d Inf A. A. A. G [SUMNER TO CALHOUN.'] Head Qrs 9th Mily Dept Santa Fe N M Now nth 1851 Governor I have received your letter of this date. After mature reflections, I have determined that I shall not use the regular troops, to expel from the Indian Country the marauding parties, that your Excel- lency may think proper to commission, as it will not be their fault. I hereby protest against any such action on your part, as an inter- ferance with my duties, and contrary to the express orders of the War Department. With high respect _ Your obt svt [E. V. Sumner] His Excely J S Calhoun [SUMNER TO CALHOUN.''] Head Quarters, 9th Dept. Santa 7^6, Novemher 11th 1851 Governor : I have received your letter of last evening. I have also to acknowl- edge the receipt of your letter detailing the depredations that have been committed in this territory for some time past. As we have 1 See p. 453. 2 A. G. O., Old Book, No. 1, also Department of New Mexico, vol. 8, pp. 74-75; also in Files, S 576 of 1851, No. 5. « A. G. O., Old Book, No. 1, also Department of New Mexico, vol. 8, p. 73 ; also in Files, S 576 of 1851, No. 3. 456 CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. conversed freely on this subject, I have nothmg to say in reply to this letter, but this, that we differ widely as to the signification of the term, " scenes of desolation," Will you please inform me whether you have decided to receive the arms for the volunteer company in this town, on the terms that I pro- posed to loan them. Will you also please inform me, if, you will consent to delay action in the San Felipe claim, till I can confer with Major Eucker, the officer who commanded the party, that caused this damage. With high respect Your Obt. Servt. [E. V. Sumner] His Excely J, S. Calhoun [CALHOUN TO SUMNER.'] Executive Department Santa Fe', New Mexico. November 11^ 1851. Sir, I have this moment received your letter in reply to my enquiry as to your final purpose in reference to employing the troops, under your command to expel the troops that the law of the Territory has, or may authorize me to send to chastise the Navajos. T think you are discreet in your determination; but not wise in your application of the term " marauding parties " — which you point to me, as an epithet of approbrium — Be it so, such measures will not deter me from the discharge of my duties, and I thank you for withdrawing the epi- thet from the citizens of the territory, and applying it to me, their Governor. Allow me to remind you, you have not advised me in relation to the six steers at San Felipe. With high respect Your Obedient Servant (Signed) J. S. Calhoun Col. E. V. Sumner, Comdg 9 Mil. Dept. Santa Fc% N Mex. A true Copy, J C McFerran 1st Lt 3d Inf A. A. A. G 1 a. G. O., Files, S 576 of 1851, No. 13. COKEESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUK. 457 [STJMNER TO CALHOUN/] Head Qrs 9th Mil Dept Algadonis N M Now. 13th 1S51. Governor. I fe!t¥© received your ojjicial communication of the 11th Inst, after I left Santa Fe', and I have given it all the consideration, that I think it is entitled to. With great Respect Your Obt. Servt. [E. V. Sumner] His Excelly. J- S. Calhoun. [LEA TO CALHOUN. ==] Department of the Interior Office Indian Affairs Nov. 19. 1S51 Calhoun, His Excy J S. Santa Fe Neuo Mexico Sir: Your letter of the 1st ultimo, has been received, and the draft for $150 in favor of G. Baker, of which it gives notice, has been pre- sented and paid. Very respectfully, Your Obt. Servt L Lea Comr.. [LEA TO CALHOUN.'] Department of the Interior. Office Indian Affairs Nov. W. 1S51, Calhoun, His Excy J. S. Santa Fe New Mexico Sir: Your draft for $742 38/100, in favor of E H Wingfield, Indian Agent, alluded to in your letter of the 30th September last, has been presented and paid. Very respectfully. Your Obt. Sert L Lea Comr 1 A. G. O., Old Book, No. 1, also Department of New Mexico, vol. 8, pp. 75-76 ; also In Files, S 576 of 1851, No. 6. 2 O. I. A., L. B., No. 45, p. 229. •Ibid., p. 232. 458 CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. [WEBSTER TO CALHOUN.'] Department of State Washington Nov. 25th 1851. To His Excellency James S. Calhoun, Governor of the Territory of New Mexico. Santa Fe. Sir, I have to acknowledge the receipt of your Excellencys letter of the 23d September, relating to the arrival of four boxes of books transmitted from this Department, and the charge of ninety-nine dol- lars and fifty cents, $99, 50/100 paid by you for transportation of the same. For the reimbursement of this amount or of any other ex- penses that have been, or may be hereafter incurred, for the trans- portation of any packages of Public Documents, transmitted from i^his Department, you are authorized to draw upon this office, enclos- ing with your draft a voucher for the same, and the amount will be immediately paid. Accompanying your letter and its enclosed cata- logue of books received, was a memorandum noticing the omission of the 7 and 10 volumes of United States Laws, — the Acts of 1828— and certain copies of the American State Papers. As you acknowl- edge the receipt of but four boxes of books, instead of -fi,ve as for- warded by the Department, it is probable that the missing volumes are with others, contained in the box which at the time of your writing, had not been received. It is to be hoped that this box is not lost : but if after proper enquiry, it cannot be found, the Depart- ment will endeavor, as far as is in its power, to replace the volumes necessary to complete the different sets of documents transmitted. I have the honor to be. D. W. [CALHOUN TO LEA.^1 Executive Department Santa Fe', New Mexico Novr. 28, 1851. Sir: Your letter of September 15th, received during the night of 27th inst, in reference to the substitution of the draft for $1441.^Vioo for the draft for $1241.56 is before me, and I have the honor to inform you, that the interrogatory contained in the conclusion of your letter, suggests the truth in relation to the $1441.56. The substitution was B. I. A., D. L., vol. 39, pp. 371-372. ■ O. I. A., New Mexico Supy., N 3. CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 459 caused by an error in the addition of my accounts, amounting to the sum of $200, which was explained to you on the 25th of July last. I am, With great respect, Your Obt. Servt. J. S. Calhoun Supt. Ind. Afffi Hon: L. Lea Comr. Ind. Affs. Washington City, D. C. [LEA TO CALHOUN.'] Department of the Interior, Office Indian Affairs Dec. 4 1851 Calhoun, His Excy Govr. Santa Fe New Mexico Sir: Your letter of Oct 2, 1851, enquiring: whetlier you have " the right to fill vacancies, temporarily, in Indian Agencies within your Super- intendency," has been received. The 3d Section of the "Act for the organization of the Department of Indian Affairs " provides " that Superintendents of Indian Affairs shall within their several superintendencies, exercise a general super- vision and control over the official conduct and accounts of all officers and persons employed by the Government in the Indian Department under such regulations as shall be established by the President of the United States; and may suspend such officers and persons from their office and employments " — the reasons for suspension to be forthwith communicated to this office " — from which you will per- ceive that while you possess the right to suspend .^ you have no legal authority to appoint; an exigency may, however, exist in which a proper regard for the public interests may require such procedure on your part ; and in an emergency of this character, should you appoint a special Agent temporarily, with the understanding that his relation will terminate so soon as the object of his appointment shall have been attained, this Department will interpose no objection. Very respectfully, Your Obt. Servt L Lea Comr. ■ O. I. a., L. B., No. 45, p. 250. 460 COEKESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. [LEA TO CALHOUN.'] Department of the Interior, Office Indian Affairs, Dec. 10.1851 Calhoun, His Excy J. S. Santa Fe New Mexico. Sir An application ^ has been made to this office to examine into the claim of the late Genl Cyrus Choice for services rendered the Indian Department in New Mexico. The Hon J. L. Orr, has been this day addressed upon the subject and informed that you would be written to, to ascertain what you consider to be a liberal compensation for the services rendered by Genl. Choice from the 9th of December 1849, to the 14th of Sep- tember 1850, the date of his death, as well as the application of the amounts received from you at various times amounting to $388.78 (all of which has been allowed to you on settlement) only $50. of which is specified as being on account of pay — in order that an appli- cation for a special appropriation may be made to Congress to liqui- date the same. You will report in reference to this subject at your earliest con- venience. Very respectfully. Your Obt. Servt L. Lea Comr [LEA TO CALHOUN.'] Department of the Interior, Office Indian Affairs Dec. 17 1851 Calhottn, His Excy Jas. S. Santa Fe New Mexico Sir: Your draft in favor of Messrs Gans, Leberman & Co. for $8000, of which you advised this office in your letter of the 31. Oct: last, has been presented and paid. Very respectfully. Your Obt. Servt. L Lea GoTnr. 1 O. I. A., L. B., No. 45, p. 267. ^See Stuart to Lea, December 4, 1851, O. T. A , New Mexico Supy., I 790. «0. I. A., L. B., No. 45, p. 288 COKRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 461 [LEA TO CALHOITN.^] Department of the iNTr.Rio*^, Office Indian Affairs, Dec. 17 J Sol Calhoun, His Excy J. S. Santa Fe New Mexico. Sir: Agent Greiner's draft on this office, of 31. Oct. last, in favor of Samuel Galloway, for $500, referred to in your letter of the same date, has been presented and paid. Very respectfully, Your Obt, Servt L. Lea Comr. [LEA TO CALHOUN.'] Department of the Interior, Office Indian Affairs, Dec. 18. 1851 Calhoun, His Excy Jas. S. Santa Fe New Mexico Sir: Your draft in favor of D Waldo & Co, for $1500, of which you advised this office, in your letter of the 31st October last, has this day been presented and paid. Very respectfully, Your Obt. Servt L Lea Comr. [LEA TO CALHOUN."] Department of the Interior, Office Indian Affairs, Dec. 18. 1851 Calhoun, His Excy Jas S. Santa Fe New Mexico. Sra: Your draft in favor of William S McKnight, for $25G2 35/100, of which you advised this office in your letter of the 30th September last, has been presented and paid Very respectfully, Your Obt. Servt L Lea Comr lO. I. a., L. R., No. 45, p. 280. ■ n)id., p. 2!)(t. •Ibid., p. 2!)1. 462 CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CAL,HOUN. [LEA TO CALHOUN.'] Department of the Interior. Omcfi Indian Affairs, Dec W. 1851 Calhoun, H'/s Excy Gov. Santa Fe Neiv Mexico Sir: Your letter of 1st ultimo transmitting Report of Agent Greiner in relation to the condition of the Indian tribes included in his Agency, has been received; and the Department is highly gratified with the information it communicates. Very respectfully, Your Obt Servt L. Lea Comr. ILEA TO CALHOUN. : Department of the Interior, Office Indian Affairs, Dee. 29. 1851. Calhoun, His Excy. Jas. S. /Santa Fe New Mexico Sm: Your letter of the 28th July last, in which you recommend the pay- ment of $75. to the Hon. J. R. Tullis, for services rendered by your direction in settling difficulties between the pueblos of Acoma and Laguna in reference to their lands, has been received, and the amount recommended by you has this day been paid to Mr. Tullis Very respectfully. Your Obt Servt L. Lea Comr. \ LEA TO CALHOUN/] Department of the Interior, Office Indian Affairs, Dec. 29. 1851. Calhoun, His Excy Jas S. Santa Fe New Mexico Sir: Your drafts in favor of Alex Majors for $1000, of which you ad- vised this' office on the 31st October last, & one drawn by Agent 1 O. I. a., L. B., No. 45, p. 297. "Ibid., p. 315. ••' Ibid., p. .317. COBEESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN". 463 Greiner, in favor of W. S. McKnight, for $798 27/100 referred to in your letter of the 30 Sept, last, has been presented & paid. Very respectfully, Your obt Servt L Lea Gomr. [GREINER TO CALHOUN.'] Santa Fe N. M. Jany 5 1852 To his Excellency Gov Calhcun Superintendent of Indian Affairs New Mexico Sir The Pueblo Indians of Santo Domingo, San Felipe Santa Anna, Nambe, Cochiti, & Silla, numbering over 500 wishing to express their approbation of the course adopted by your Excellency towards the Navajoes, assembled together at this place on New Years day and gave an exhibition of a Grand Peace Dance. As no notice had been received of their visit until their arrival, it was found to be very difficult to procure suitable quarters for their od accomm ation. The Pueblos have never received any thing from our Government in the shape of presents — and as it is of the utmost importance to secure their good will, it was deemed advisable to make their stay as pleasant as possible — to this end an abundant supply of provisions was purchased for them — the most rigid economy governing the expenditures. Kepresentations of Indian fights — Corn dances — Deer dances & Moqui dances were given with much pleasure to themselves — and the delight of crowds of Spectators, who witnessed their performances. Nothing occurred to mar the festivities of the day and the Indians left for their homes the next day — grateful for the kindness by which they had been received, and flattered at the success of their exhibitions. With the concurrence of your Excellency I shall discourage the embodying of so large a number of Indians in future to say nothing of the trouble and expense attending such meetings — the danger of dissensions springing up between them and our Citizen population would alone forbid such gatherings. Very Respectfully Your Ob-t\Sevt John Greiner Indian Agent New Mexico His Excellency Gov Calhoun Enclosure of Calhoun to Lea, January 30, 1852, O. I. A., New Mexico Supy., N 17. 464 COKKESPONDENCE OP JAMES S. CALHOUN. [LEA TO CALHOUN.'] Departime^'t of the Interior, Office Indian Affairs, J any: 7. 1852. Govenor c&c Santa Fe New Mexico.^ Sir, Your letter of the 29: October last in which you call my attention to the inadequacy of the amount allowed your Superintendency, on account of " contingencies ", and ask for an increased sum ; and also in which you state that " in the absence of Agents Weightman and Wingfield, it it become necessary," you will assume the responsibility of drawing the $500 — allowed to each of them ", on the same account — has been received and duly considered. From the limited appropriations upon which this Office could draw for the purposes to which you refer, is allotted to your Superintend- ency as large an amount for "contingencies", as was in its power under the circumstances, but not as large, it felt at the time, as would be required, necessarily by you. Neither then had the Office, nor has it the power now, to increase the sum. Congress, however, will, at its present session, be urged to make increased and liberal appropria- tions, particularly with reference to your Superintendency, and it is hoped by doing so. the embarrassments of the past, under which you have labored, will, for the future, be avoided. AVith regard to that part of your letter, in which you apprize me of your intention, in the absence of Agents Weightman and Wing- field, to draw for the $500 — allowed to each of them for " contin- gencies" I have to state, that, should you do so, it will meet the approbation of this office. Very respectfully, Your Obt. Servant, L. Lea Comr: ' (). I. a., L. B., iNo. 4o, pp. 3:{9-340. CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 465 [LEA TO CALHOUN.'] Department of the Interior, Office Indian Affairs Jany: 12.1852. Calhoun, His Excy : J. S. Governor tGc Santa Fe New Mexico. Sir, Your own, and the accounts of Agent Woolley, for the quarter ending 30th September last, have been received, with your letters of the 16th Octo : and 1st November transmitting them. Two copies of the regulations of the Department, have already been sent to you. Very respectfully. Your Obt Servant L. Lea Commr: [LEA TO CALHOUN.-] Department of the Interior, Office Indian Affairs J any: 16. 1852 Calhoun, His Excy: Gov: Santa Fe New Mexico. Sir, Your letter of 1st ultimo, transmitting Eeport of Agent Greiner in relation to grievances complained of by Pueblo Indians has been received. Very respectfully, Your Obt Servant. L. Lea Gow/mr [LEA TO CALHOUN, ETC.'] (Circular.) Department of the Interior, Office Indian Affairs J any: 28. 1852. Sir, To enable this Office to comply fully with the provisions of the laws of Congress, which require a statement of all persons in what- ever grade of employment under the Government to be furnished to O. I. a., L. B., No. 45, p. 353. » Ibid., p. 368. "Ibid., p. 401. .W21— 15 30 466 CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. the proper authorities — You are herebj'^ directed to prepare a com- plete list, in abstract form of the employees other than Agents in your superintendency on the 1st day of Jany: 1852: Specifying the Offices they respectively hold, or the employments in which they are engaged — the dates of their appointments — where employed — the Tribe or Tribes for which they Avere appointed — their compensa- tion, — and also as far as practicable, the places of their births, and their residences at the time they received their appointments, and forward it to this Office without avoidable delay. You will observe the directions in regard to places of birth and residence, in making future nominations. Very respectfully, Your Obt Servant. L. Lea Gomm/r: [CALHOTJIsr TO LEA'] Executive Department Santa Fe New Mexico January 28th 1852 Sir I have the honor to inform you that on the 31st of December last, I approved two drafts drawn by Col A. E. Woolley, in favor of W. S McKnight, the one for $540.54. to close up his accounts up to the 31st December, and the other $500. authorized to be drawn, for contingencies, by the Indian Department. I have also approved a draft drawn by John Greiner, for $G58.09 in favor of the same per- son, dated 31st Dec. to close his accounts up to that date. The Ab- stracts and Accounts current of those gentlemen will show more fully the objects for which they were drawn. Your Obedient Servant J. S. Calhoun Supt. Ind. Afs Hon Luke Lea Commr Ind Afs Washington City D. C. [GREINER TO CALHOUN.'] Santa Fe New Mexico Jany 31 — 1852 To his Excellency Gov. J. S. Calhoun Superintendant of Indian Affairs Santa Fe New Mexico January 29th/52 Dear Sir According to the agreement made with your Excellency at Jemes a number of Navajoes came in on the 27th inst. bringing with them 1 O. I. A., New Mexico Supy., N 21. 2 Enclosure of Calhoun to Lea, January 31, 1852, O. I. A., New Mexico Supy., N 25. CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S, CALHOUN. 467 Mexican three Captive boys two of them having been taken prison- ers while herding cattle on the west side of the Rio Grande opposite : the Ranches of Albuquerque last July and one of them w- as - taken yi from the Caiion near Jemes five years ago. The names of the Chiefs present were Armijo — Raffaille Charvis — Luke Lea — Black Eagle Barbon and Hosea Miguel. One of the young Chiefs had not yet received a name — and as he was over Six feet high and of a fine commanding figure he was he christened Wingfield Scott with which name appeared to be de- lighted. Armijo was the principal Speaker, and is the big Chief of the Navajoes. After all were seated in Council he said " I have been a Captain ever since I was a young man. I have come to tell my Great Father that my people wish to live in peace & quiet. We wish to cultivate the soil, as our Fathers did before us — to have the water run through our Acequias so that we may irrigate our lands — ^^Ve do not wish to be molested — We have to depend upon our finger nails and our toe nails for support. By the labour of our own hands we wish to raise our own crops — and like the Sun we wish to follow the course of nature. The bows & arrows we carry are to shoot game with, the deer the antelope & the Rabbit. But little rain fell from the clouds last year our crops failed — and our young men have to support our families by hunting I have lost my Grandfather and two other members of my family who were all killed by Mexicans I have never sought revenge — My hair is beginning to get gray — I wish to live in peace with every one — I want to see my cattle & horses to be well grazed and my sheep to be safely herded — and to get fat — which can never be done while my people are at war We like the Americans — We have eaten their bread & meat — smoked their tobacco^the clothing they have given us has kept us warm in the cold winter and the snow — With the hoes they have given us we will cultivate our land We are struck dead with gratitude I am now before you — you can all see me My name is well known every where — My people are better dressed than I am myself — and although I am ashamed to appear before you so poorly clad — I wished you to see me just as I am — to tell you I can plant corn & wheat — and raise food for my people to eat. If the Lord will supply us with ])lenty of clouds^we shall walk about our lands— and feel satisfied Agent. My Brothers Let us tnlk plain so that we may understand each other — / 468 COREESPONDEFCE OP JAMES S. CALHOUN. The people living in the Rio Abajo con^plain that, the Navajos have captured their children— stolen their stock — that their fields have to be idle for they cannot work them for fear of your people — Is this not so? Armijo — My people are all crying in the same way three of our Chiefs now sitting before you h-we-lest mourn for their children — Avhc have been taken from their homes by the Mexicans — More than 200 of our children have been carried off and we know not where they are — The Mexicans have lost but few children in comparison with what they have stolen from us. Three years ago they took from my people nearly all their Cavalladas — Two 3^ears ago my Brother lost 700 animals How shall we get them again — We leave our Great Father to decide — From the time of Col. Newby we have been trying to get our children back again — Eleven times have we given up our Cap- tives — only once have they given us ours — My people are yet crying for the children they have lost. Is it American justice that we must give up every thing and receive nothing? Agent. You have never told us this before — the Great Father at Washington shall hear of it — and you shall hear what he says Hereafter no more Captives must be taken on either side depreda- tions must no longer be committed by either party — Should our people injure you — instead of injuring them you must send one of your young men and let the Govenor or Agent know — -justice will be done — and the offenders shall be punished — -If any property is stolen on either side it must be restored to the proper owners. The Chiefs will be held responsible for the conduct of the young men — Armijo is considered as speaking for all his people Armijo. — V/e are satisfied with any arrangement our Father may make — We will do as he says — Armijo speaks for all his people. In the time of the Mexican Government our Captains received Staffs of Office — and Commissions — and they were murdered the first oppor- tunity. We do not know hoAV it will be now — if what is past is settled our people will be satisfied — we shall abide by what we say without turning one side or the other. When we get home we Avill recollect our Great Father — We will come & see him & smoke with him — We will come not only on busi- ness — but to inquire after his health — Agent. I am happy to hear your talk — You and your people will find that the Americans never promise nor threaten as much as they mean to do. The Council broke up with the greatest good feeling and after receiving a number of Blankets flannel shirts hoes and a few other presents they mounted their horses and started for home. COKEESPONDENCB OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 469 There is too much truth in what these Indians complain of — It was the custom of the Mexicans to fit out expeditions against them every one claiming what he stole as his plunder, every year They own large flocks of sheep, & goats, horses, mules, & cattle. They are a very industrious, hard working people, they not only till their lands themselves, but they manufacture their own clothing — and a Navajo Blanket will at any time command the price of a Mule. It have is not to be wondered at if they should retaliate — -when they so repeatedly suffered by these marauding expeditions These Indians are now what the U. S. Govement is striving to make of all the Wild Indian tribes— A farming community — I was so well convinced with the truth of the remarks of Armijo — that I confess I had but little to say — If the Indians must return all the Captives & property taken from the Mexicans — is it any thing but have just that they should elmm what has been stolen from them ? I think not. Very respectfully Your Obt Sv't J Greiner Indian Agent New Mexico His Excellency Gov. J. S. Calhoun Supe'^ Ind Affs [Related Correspondence.] [WINGFIELD TO LEA ^] Washington D. C February 6th 1852 Hon Luke Lea Commissioner of Indian Affairi^: SlE Gov. Calhoun has been so full in his recent communications to your Depart- ment and has presented the exigencies of the Indian service in New Mexico, so much in detail, that any communication from me on the same subject may be deemed almost superfluous. With a view however to aid the Department in sug- gesting such legislation, as the circumstances and condition of that territory may require, allow me respectfully to offer the following statement of my own views in relation to it. As explanatory of my presence at this time In this City, and the reasons Inducing the step, please allow me to refer you, to the letter of Governor Cal- houn addressed to myself, but which I recently had the honor to submit to your 1 O. I A., New Mexico Supy., W 64. 470 COKKESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. Department, and which is there on file — which will obviate the necessity of a detailed repetition of them in this communication. I would observe in the outset that on account of the remoteness of New Mexico, and the want of frequent conuuunicalions with your Department — to make that branch of the public service efficient — much will have to be confided to the sound discretion intelligence and integrity of the Superintendent of Indian Affairs for the Territory. The Act of Congress passed June 30th 1834 entitled "'An Act to regulate trade and intercourse with the Indian Tribes and to preserve peace on the frontiers" contemplates the harmonious co-operation of the Military and Indian Agents, to carry out the legislation of the Government in relation thereto. It has been found by experience that this harmony does not exist and I would consequently suggest — that proper orders should be issued to these functionaries from the Departments or if need be, obtain further legislation to accomplish the desired objects. Permit me to call the special attention of the Department to the 17th section of the above recited act. and the 11th article of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo between Mexico and the United States which, I desire may be consid- ered in connexion. It api)ears from both of the sections above referred to that the Government is ultimately liable for all spoliations committed upon property, by the Indians within the Territory of the United States not only to our citizens, but to those also of the adjoining States of Mexico, wherein spoliations have been conunitled. The Proviso to the Act above referred to, excludes from the benefits of the Act all those who take the redress of their injuries into their own hands For over two hundred years in fact ever since the settlement of the country there has been a war of depredation — between the two races — the Mexican and the Indian, and all of the difficulties and embarrassments in that country may with truth be traced to that source, and until these depreda- tions cease — nothing like quiet can be expected in that country. The claims for spoliations — arising under the Act and Treaty above referred to^are numerous and of great miignitude and I would therefore submit to the Depart- ment the importance of recommending to Congress the immediate appointment of a Commission to investigate on the spot — the claims arising under this Act, & the Treaty referred to. Such a commission, would in my humb'e judgment anticipate much future legislation and the numerous difficulties proceeding from the presentation of claims hereafter. Wisdom indeed sanctions this recommen- dation on the score of economy alone. I desire to submit to the consideration of the Department, some remarks about the condition of the Pueblo Indians — a very interesting tribe, possessing many of the amiable elements of character, without the savage features of other races — and well worthy the consideration of the Government of the United States. Their history is invested with peculiar interest — being as they are— the last relics on this continent of the famous Aztecs and the descendants of the Montezumas — and now displaying in their present appearance not a few traces of the same elevation of character for which their ancestors are renowned. The traveller will still find the vestiges of splendid architecture in the ruined temples, palaces and monuments scattered over their country. They approach nearer to civilization, than any of the Indian Races. They hold the lands on which they live by virtue of Spanish grants. Industrious in their habits intel- ligent in their communications and honest in their transactions, this peoi)le, have forsaken the common occupations of the Indian in order to cultivate assiduously the soil which they possess. The Pueblo Indians occupy a truly anomalous position in the country. They are regarded as quasi corporations liable to CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 471 sue & be sued in all our courts. From tliese circumstances, it will be evident to you that this race should be regarded by us either as Indians, or like our- selves as citizens of the United States — & entitled to all the privileges springing from that relation. But as the latter position would be obnoxious to their own wishes — the Government should view them as Indians in all future legislation. As they are often involved in serious difficulties arising from constant tres- passes on their domain, by citizens of the United States — it is but due to them that an appropriation should be made by our Government to compensate in some measure, for the frequent depredations and injuries which they have sustained. To carry out such remedial measures as may be deemed necessary, I would suggest, that, should the Commission already referred to be appointed — it should be vested with power to settle the boundaries of the country belonging to the Pueblos — to examine the titles to their lands, translate them from the Spanish into English, and make a permanent record of them — for future ref- erence. It occurs to me that if our Government will encourage the advance- ment & improvement of this race — it will present to the wilder tribes around them a worthy example, and these may in time be induced to settle in villages and cultivate the lauds, as the Pueblos now do. At the last session of Congress appropriations amounting in all to thirty six thousand dollars ($36,000) were made to carry out the Treaties between the United States and the Navajos and Utahs. The question arises — how can this fund be best disbursed for the benefit of these tribes. As the duty of prescrib- ing the mode is vested in the President of the United States and your Depart- ment — permit me to request for the Superintendent of Indian Affairs — definite instructions on this point and also respectfully to suggest whether it would not be better to take mechanics artisans and agriculturists — together with im- plements of husbandrj- — tools — seeds «S:c from the United States, rather than rely on obtaining them in New Mexico. All of which is very respectfully submitted by Your obedient servt E. H. WINGFIELD Indian Agent New Mexico. [CALHOUN TO LEA.'] Executive Department Santa Fe, New Mexico Jany. 30, 1852. Sir, The accompanying report ^ to me, made by Jno. Greiner Esqr. Ind. Agt. &c. dated Jany. 5th. 1852, is a very brief, (but sufficient) state- ment of the occurrences of the Navajo event which it was designed to celebrate. The continuous and severe services to which 1 had been subjected for months anterior to this Pueblo demonstration, and the over- whelming and mournful intelligence Avhich I received from Georgia, announcing the death of my younger daughter,^ rendered it necessary that the duties of the occasion should be confided to another, and it 1 O. I. A., New Mexico Supy., N 17. 2 See p. 463. ^Martha Ann [Mrs. Jno. H. Davis]. 472 COEEESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. was my good fortune to have near \ne, John Greiner Esqr. Ind. Agt. and I am persuaded no one could have discharged the duties with more fidelity and satisfaction than Mr. Greiner did on that occasion. I am, With great respect, Your obedient Servant, J. S. Calhoun /Supt. Ind. Afs Hon : L. Lea, Comr. Ind. Affs. Washington City D.G. [CALHOUN TO LEA.'] Executive Department Santa Fe, New Mexico. January 30th 1852. Sir, In the late papers received from the States, I notice a report, to the effect, that Treaties had been made with certain Indians, and among them New Mexico is put down, with a statement that the Treaties had not been received at the Department. Although I beleive this to be a mistake, in reference to this Territory, yet I deem it ad- visable to forward to you the triplicate of a Treaty made with the Apache Indians east of the Rio del Norte, in the City of Santa Fe, New Mexico, on the 2d day of April 1851 and on the same day was sent off to Washington, to the address, improperly I acknowledge, of the te-the Hon : A. H. H. Stuart, Secretary of the Interior. Unless, my letter of that date failed to reach you, you will perceive by a reffer- rence to it, that I deemed it important to receive early advice in rela- tion to the Treaty. I beg you to examine said letter. The receipt at Washington, of the Treaty, has not been acknowledged. I must now remark, that since the making of that treaty, no In- dians could have behaved better than the Apaches east of the Rio del Norte. There are eight who came to this Superintendency this morn- ing, and all who come uniformly enquire what the President intends upon to do with them, and that thej'^ supposed they were to be placed terms of equality with other Indians, and receive presents. The im- portance of having this matter attended to can not be felt at Wash- ington. Again; you will, perhaps, remember, that in July 1850, 1 negotiated treaties with the Indians of certain Pueblos, by authority of your 1 O. I. A., New Mexico Supy., N 22 ; see File-box, " Treaties, Copies." COERESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 473 Department, which authority bears date 24th April 1850. The De- partment has given me no information concerning the Pueblo treaty or treaties, and I am sorely annoyed when they call upon me for information in relation to them. These matters should not be overlooked, or postponed. With great respect. Your obedient Servant, J. S. Calhoun Supt. Ind. Aff. Hon: L. Lea, Gomr. Ind. Afs. Washington City, D. C. [LEA TO CALHOUN.'] Department of the Interior, Office Indian Affairs Jany: 31. 1852, Calhoun, His Excy: Jas: S. Gov : and Ex o-fflcio Supt Ind: Affairs Santa Fe. N . Mexico. Sir, I have this day transmitted to Spence M. Baird, his Commission as agent for the Indians in New Mexico: Should he accept the ap- pointment he has been directed to report to you for the instructions necessary for his government and to file his bond with you, which you will forward to this Office. Very respectfully, Your Obt Servant, L. Lea Gommr'. [CALHOUN TO LEA.^'] Executive Department Santa Fe, New Mexico, January 31st 1852 Sir, During this entire month I have been laboring under the united attacks of Catarrh and Jaundice, and you may w^ell suppose I have not been well qualified for duty during the period alluded to. I am happy to state, however, that I have been able to attend to the daily routine of business, with the aid and assistance of that worthy and most useful public officer, John Greiner, Esqr, Ind. Agt. With the exception of the Gila Apaches, perfect tranquility pre- vails among our Indians — 10. I. A., L. B., No. 45, p. 412. 2 O. I. A., New Mexico Supy., N 25. 474 COEEESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. The Apaches. Since the 2d day of April 1851, not a depredation committed by been them have come to our knowledge^ although there have instances were in which they -h av e beee- suspected. You will remember, I made a treaty with them on tiie day and year above named, which certainly should receive the early consideration of the Government. The Apaches of the West Side of the Rio del Norte continue to com- mit numerous murders and depredations.^ On the 25th of the pres- ent month, I am informed, and do not doubt the accuracy of my in- officer, formation, that a non-commissioned and twelve privates, all mounted, and a teamster, who was also a soldier, in marching north across the Jornado, was attacked by a large band of Apaches, six miles north of the Laguna, at the very place where the Hon. R. T. Brent was killed. The Indians, it is said, killed four soldiers, wounded three, killed one mule, and carried off five and one horse, and every thing else in or outside of the wagon, which they de- sired — The soldiers think they killed nine Indians — Several other murders have been committed on that line of military operations during the month, and a large number of animals, (public and pri- vate property,) have been run off. How long are these things to continue, and to what degree of contempt shall we descend, in the the estimation of our will Indians before we illustrate the fact, that vigor and determination of our fathers have been transmitted to their sons? In vain have I applied for munitions of war, and for leave to call out the Militia of the Territory, and the means to subsist them. But this has not been accorded to me. And what have been the con- sequences? Murders after murders, depredations upon depredations, and innumerable other evils to the people of this Territory. I make bold to declare, if I had the authority as indicated above, I could and would quiet the western Apaches within ninety days — I would go in person, and direct the operations against them, and know for myself they were properly subdued, and correct other disorders in that region. I am not ignorant of the impressions which the tone of tliis letter may make. I regard them not. Nor do I intend to cast the slightest reproach upon the troops in this Territory. But Sir, it is notorious, if you were to select the best horses from each company, you could not from them, make up one efficient company. The horses are poor, weak, and starved. What kind of efficiency is this? and who so unreasonable as to expect protection to come from troops so 1 See documents on pp. 475-477. COEEESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 475 inefficiently mounted? None but well mounted troops, for general service, against the Indians, are worth one cent in this Territory. A contrary opinion, I am aware, is now being disseminated, not only here, but perhaps in the States — Upon this subject it is not necessary to say more — The Utahs manifest every proper feeling of submission, and many who claim to be their superiors, are wanting in their Virtues, and nothing is to be apprehended from them which does not immediately proceed from the malign influences, or conduct, of the evil disposed in this Territory. I fear, in spite of all of my efforts to the contrary, that a number of persons will attempt a forcible seizure of lands in during the spring the Utah Country and this will necessarily bring about other outrages and murders; and which can not be prevented unless you place at the disposal of the Superintendent a proper Mili- tary force — The Navajos, say, " they are struck dead with gratitude^ I beg to refer you to, and request you to adopt as a part of this letter, the report of a conversation held with the Navajos on yesterday, by John Greiner Esqr. Ind. Agt. The truth, you will perceive, is boldly stated, and must make the just man pause. Every suggestion made by them is true, and is worthy of consideration. I beg to impress upon you, in conclusion, all that is absolutely necessary, at this moment, in addition to troops &c. are Blacksmiths, Blacksmiths implements and Iron, and these can not be procured here — I have referrence to the Navajos and Utahs; and also, the Apaches east of the Rio del Norte, and the Pueblos, if it is the in- tention of the Government to do any thing for the two latter. I am, With great respect. Your obedient Servant, J. S. Calhoun Supt. Ind. Afs Hon: L. Lea, Comr. Ind. Afs Washington City, B.C. [Related Correspondence.] [HOWE TO McFERRAN.i] Fort Conrad, N. M. January 25: 1852 10: P. M. Lieut: On Fridny morning Inst I ordered an escort of one non. com officer and ten privates, to escort the members of the Court on to the " Journada " until it met »A. G. C, Files, S 92 of 1852. 47() CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. the mail party bound up: this evening the Corporal Couinianding the party returned and reported to me that yesterday they met an escort from Fort Fill- more, at Laguna, where they transferred the baggage &c to the wagon from below and then by order of Col : Miles, encamped at I.aguna, that owing to the barking of the dogs during the night he sui)posotl that Indians were near, and this morning started at sun rise with nuiskotoons loaded and shinz and pre- pared for the Indians, that at the spot where JNlr Brent, was shot they received a volley from both sides of the road without seeing any one, the saddle mule to the wagon and three men killed and during the aftray which lasted some twenty minutes one other was killed and one wounded, the latter they brought into this Post this evening, the teamster caught a horse of one of the men killed and escapetl. The Corporal reports that the Indians at the (irst lire were laying concealed in soap weeds, but soon some forty api)cared mounted, and followed the six men some three miles. The Corporal reports two Indians killed and one wounded most men says some nine were killed. The Cori)oral is sure that there were white men among the number as they had large whis- kers and curly hair that he was so well satistied, that he cursed them in eng- lisli. I immediately ordered all the available men of ' D,' ' E,' and 'K' com- panies under the command of Lieut. Evans, in pursuit 113 of the command mounted on mules. I would respectfully suggest that the mounted men belonging to this Post now absent at Galisteo and Pcna Blanco, be ordered to return as soon as they can be spared they having taken with them all the serviceable horses of ' E,' and ' D,' companies, and if the companies at Galisteo have no duty to perform, a company having good horses could be employed on good service, by sending them to this Post. I learn unotlicially that at a distance of some SO. to 100. miles west of this is a large camp of Indians which if trooi)s could be spared for the purpose might be well to make them a visit, having sent all the service- able horses of Co ' K,' on scout this evening. I shall not be able to send the comi)any as ordered on the first of the month to Abiquin. I have not a horse at the Post to send out if any call should be made from another quarter, and I think this is the Post for calls 3 horses & team captured by Indians. I aai Sir Very respectfully Your obt: Servt: J. C. McFerkan 3d Infy: A. A. A. Genl: Alhiqucrque. (Sgd) M. S. IIowE Maj: 2d Drags; Coininanding Head Quarters 9th Mily Dept. Fokt Union N. M. Fchy Sd 1852 otHcial J. C. JMcFerran 1st Lt 3d Inf A. A. A. a CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 477 [SUMNER TO CARLETON.^] Head QuartI' ks, Dth Dept : Fort Union, N. M. January 28", 1852. Bv't : Major J. H. Cableton, /fft Dragoons. Major, You will move with your Comiuuiy towards Auton Chico, on the 2d proximo, aud after remaining at that i)lace a day or two, you will proceed in the direction of "Bosque Ivedoudo" for the purpose of mnliing a reconnoissance in that section of country, and opening a communication with the Muscalaro Apaches. In the latter duty you will act in concert with Col: Wooley, Indian Agent, if he thinks proper to accompany you. If you should meet these Indians, it is important that you should impress upon them the necessity of their abstaining from all depredations upon the Whites. Say to them plainly, that we wish to be at peace, but that we are always prepared for war and that the President of the United States has said that whenever an Indian tribe commits any depredations, that a military post shall be established immediately in the heart of their country, to compel them to remain at peace. You will find govern- ment corn at Anton Chico, aud while there feed your horses full rations, and take as much as you can when you go beyond. If you can buy fodder or hay at reasonable prices you will do so, if not you will have to trust to grazing. This tour of duty will continue for twenty days or longer if necessary. Very respectfully Your ob't: Serv't : E V Sum NEB Bvt: Col: U. 8. A. Comdg: Dept: [SUMNER TO CARLETOJs\-] Hd Qurs : 9th Dept Neab Albuquerque N. M. March J, JS52 Major, I have received your report and letter. I have ordered a Court of Inquiry on your application I hardly think it was necessary in this case, but perhaps it is as well, to have such cases investigated, and thus shut the mouths of ill-disposed persons. I regret that you did not see any Indians but I am glad that you made the excursion. I had no idea it was so fine a country down there. If I had troops to spare, I should establish a post there immediately. I have no objection to your asking Maj Ogden, to send you a little corn, to be used on the Arkansas, but Major, you cannot expect to haul corn to use on the march, after the grass is up. Every thing is very uncertain at the south, I may have to make a campaign against the Apaches. We are very much pressed for transportation this spring, and therefore, it will not be in Maj. Sibleys power to give you another team. Very resply Yours Sgd. E V Sumner livt: Col: Maj Cableton 1 A. G. O., Department of New Mexico, vol. 8, p. 125. » A. G. O.. Old Book. No. 5A. 478 COKRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. [CALHOUN TO LEA/] Executive Department Santa Fe' New Mexico Fehy 1, 1852 Sm I have this day approved a draft in favor of Preston Beck Jr at Sixty days after date for Three hundred and Eighty Seven ^Vioo Dollars, being one quarter salary due Col A E WooUey Ind Agent, on the 31st March next. Your Obedient Servant J. S. Calhoun Supt. Ind. A-ffs. Hon Luke Lea Commr Ind Affs Washington D.C r SUMNER TO CALHOUN.'] Head Quarters 9th Mily Dept Near Alburquerque N. M. Feby 11th 1S52. Governor. I have just Received your letter dated this day — On the 3d inst Major Howe with a Command of three Companies of horse, and one of footj was Ordered to March into the Apache Country,^ to Chastise those Indians for their recent depredations, and this Command will move in a few days from Fort Conrad. There will be two Compa- nies of horse left at Conrad, and one at Las Lunas, to protect this frontier — Under these Circumstances T do not feel at liberty to issue arms to the Militia. With high Respect Your Obt Svt His Excellency J. S. Calhoun A Iburquerque N.M. E. V. Sumner Brvt Col Lt (lol 1 Dgs Comg Dept 10. I. A., New Mexico Supy., N 32. ^B. I. A., M. L., March, 1852, enclosure of Snmner to Jones, February 3, 1852; O. I. A., New Mexico Supy., N H4 : A. G. O.. Old Boole. No. 1 ; also in Department of New Mexico, vol. 8, pp. 134-135. s See Sumner to .Tones, p. 479. CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 479 [Belated Correspondence.] [SUMNER TO JONES.^] Hd Qrs 9th Deft Fort Union N M. Feby 3, 1852. General I regret extremely to be obliged to communicate tlie intelligence, contained in the inclosed letter. I have hoped that Fort Webster would check the hostility of those Gila Apaches at once, and I still think it will do it in a short time. I have ordered a concentration of troops at Fort Conrad, and have directed Maj. Howe to move immediately into the Apaches country, with three com- panies of horse, and one of foot, and, if possible, to inflict upon those Indians a signal chastisement. He is ordered to continue the scout for one month. The hostility of these Indians arises from the remissness of the civil authority in this Territory. Some time last fall, a Mexican at the little town of San Antonio, assailed and killed two Apaches and dangerously wounded a third, while they were gambling together. The Indians came in the next day and demanded that the man should be con- fined for trial — this was done, and the Indians left satisfied, but as soon as they were gone, the murderer was permitted to go at large again, and when the Indians heard of it, they became furious. I brought this affair, particularly to the notice of the Governor of this Terri- tory in December last, and expressed the opinion that that villain should be arrested & tried, I have heard of no action of the Governor in this matter. I am Sir Very respectfully Yr. Obt. Srvt E. V. Sum NEB Bt Col. Lt. Col. J.H Drag.^ Coyng Depi Maj Genl R. Jones Adjt Genl. [CALHOUN TO SUMNER.'] Abburquerque N Mexico Feby 11 1852 Sir On Yesterday, a paper Signed by the inhabitants of two towns of the County of Socorro, Was handed to Me, Setting forth the Condi- tion of the people of that portion of the Territory, and asking Me as their Own, and the Nations representative for relief. This paper Set forth Well Authenticated facts, Which Call for my Warmest Comisaration and Most Active intervention To Say that Communications between the different Towns in this Country is in a great Measure Cut off Unless, to Strong And Well Armed parties, Would be Merely Stating a fact Which We presume 1 B. I. A., M. L., March, 1852 ; A. G. O., Old Book, No. 1. 2 0. I. A., New Mexico Supy.. N 34 ; B. I. A., M. L., February. 1S52. 480 COREESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. IS already Well Known To Your Excellency, And the Territory at large: but to Say that Our Very towns are frequently insulted by the presence of the Savages — that lives Are Sacrificed and property dispoiled in their inmost Square and in the light of day, Would probably present To You Excellency Our truly helpless Condition in a New and pitiable light. In no part of all the Vast Territory our Government holds; is her great Name insulted So Constantly, And With Such perfect impunity as here in this, Our County of Socorro and our feelings as Citizens As Well as our Mere Selfish in- terests as holders of property Are Alike insulted. Unredressed and unrevanged." Such Sir is the language of this paper endorsed by One hundred and forty three residents of Socorro County, Among Which I recognize the Names of Some of its Most inteligent and estimable Citizens. The fact Which it Sets forth, painful and Startling as they Are, Are but To Well Corroborated from other Sources of a reliable character; And Occupying As I do the parental relations to this people, I Cannot listen to the representations of their helpless. and unarmed Condition unmoved. Nor disregard their petition for relief I theirfore renew my application to You for Arms And Equip- ments; And have to request that You Will furnish Me with Five hundred Stand of Arms, for the purpose of holding in Check and Chastising the Apache Indians, by an immediate expedition to their Country Witli the Militia of the Territory In making this application to You, I do So With the Most perfect respect for. Your professional Capacity and untiring exertions as an Officer. I Am Aware that We have entertained different Views as to the Sufficiency of the number of Your Troops to restrain and Chastise the Indians And I am still reluctantly Compelled to adhere To My Original Convictions on this Subject, the disabled Condition of Your Animals — the Slaughter of Our Citizens and the Spoliation of their property. Not only Confirm my first impressions in the effi- ciency of Your Command, but irresistibly Appears to my most humane impulses. As a Man, And patriotic exertions As an officer of the Government, under those feelings I must earnestly and re- spectfully renew My application for Arms and equipments Will You oblige me So far as to favor Me With a reply this evening I have the honor to be Your Obedient Servant J S Calhoun Col E V Sumner Commanding 9" mily Dept Alhurquerque N M CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 481 [CITIZENS OF SOCOERO TO CALHOUN.^] Petition of the Citizens of Socorro County to His Excellency the Governor of N. M. Santa Fe' Humbly sheweth, That a deep sence of the injuries that we the undersigned Citizens of Socorro County have for some time past sustained at the hands of the Indians, induce us to make to your Ex^". a representation of our greivances and to look to your Exc^. for that redress and assistance \vhich has become so essencial to the preservation of our most ordi- nary interests. To say that communication between the different Towns in this County is in a great measure cut off unless to strong and well armed parties, would be merely stating a fact which we pre- sume is already well known to your Excell^, and the Territory at large, but to say that our very Towns are frequently insulted by the presence of the savages that lives are sacrificed and property de- spoiled in their inmost squares and in the light of day, would prob- ably present to your Excell^. our truly helpless condition in a new and pitiable light. Our claims upon your ExcelK and the Territory at large are many and strong more so than those of any other people over whom the United States Government holds sway. In no part of all the vast Territory; our Government holds is her great name in- sulted so constantly and with such perfect impunity as Tiere^ in this our County of Socorro, and our feelings as Citizens, as well as our more selfish interests as holders of property are alike insulted, wronged and unrevenged. The shallow hope with which we have been so often deceived, that of efficient protection on the part of the U. S. Troops has also de- serted us, for recent circumstances have proved them both at Fort Conrad and Fort Fillmore to be incapable of affording the necessary protection to their own lives and property. The partial destruction and complete rout of the Dragoon Escort on the Jornada, the driv- ing off of Dr. M Stake's mules within one mile of Conrad and a similar occurrance at Fort Fillmore together with many other in- f-lances of murder and rapine that have made the last few weeks a time of Terror, have utterly destroyed the little hope we ever derived from the presence of Troops in this Country, the more so as none of these indignities have been followed by a single instance of chastiz- ment. If such is the state of things with regard to the well armed and well fed Troops upon whom we have hitherto relied as upon a broken 1 Enclosure of Calhoun to Sumner, February 11, 1852. 5021—15 31 482 COEEESPONDEKCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. reed, your Excl^. can imagine the condition of an unarmed and de- fenceless population situated many miles away from the far scattered Fort.a. There is not a Town or Villiage in this County that has not lately suffered to a greater or less extent losses of Animals, princip- ally Beasts of Burthen and animals used in Agriculture, and to such an alarming height has this state of things arisen, that it has become the universal cry of a dispairing people, that unless a sudden and stringent remedy be found, the Demon of Famine will follow in the hideous footsteps of the savage and fill the bitter measure of our greifs to overflowing ... To your Excel^. as our only remaining hope and stay, as the only Beacon to which we look from amids't our many calamities we now direct our earnest prayer that your Excel^'s. earnest attention may be directed to our immediate and effectual re- leif and that the Knowledge of our deplorable condition may be the cause of measures that may bring about the chastisement of a bar- barous enimy, pampered by long impunity and restore to a people from whom all sence of security has fled a firm and lasting peace. The binding Laws, consequent upon impressions officially conveyed, that we w^ere at peace with all the Indian Tribes by whom our Ter- ritory is surrounded, and the unarmed state of a great portion of our people, render us by ourselves entirely helpless and incapable of action, but these difficulties once removed we could quickly prove our Title as Citizens of the Great Nation to which we belong and by prompt action against the Indians at once redress our Injuries and once more call our Homes our own. In the sincere hope and trust that through your Ecel^s. instrumentality a remidy for our many misfortunes may at length be found and what be otherwise a flourishing Country saved from utter ruin. Your Petitioners will ever pray &c. By a referrance to the Original Petition your Excels, will find but a small number of signatures in comparison with the inhabitants of the County, this is explained by the fact that but 2 Towns have :^igned, it being considered unnecessary to obtain a greater number. Among them, your Excels, will recognize the names of almost all the leading people of the County. Since the Petition has been signed it has come to our Knowledge that the ravages of the Indians are being carried on to as daring an extent as ever. In Valencia County three extensive herds of Animals have been carried off, and in this County a Team belonging to Mr. A Constante recently return- ing from the Copper Mines has been completely destroyed. — Signed bv 143 residents of Socorro County. CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 483 [CALHOUN TO OVERMAN.^] Executive Department Santa Fe New Mexico Feb 25th 1852 Sir Reposing special trust and confidence in you as a worthy and in- teligent Citizen you are hereby appointed Special Indian Agent and you will for the present establish yourself at Socorro, or other more convenient point where you will be able to watch the movements of the Apache Indians and ascertain if possible their purposes towards the people of this Territory and keep me frequently advised in rela- tion to all matters that may come to your Knowledge of importance. There are no traders allowed to go into the Apache Country, west of the Rio del Norte, and as such you will use eviy effort in your power to inforce the laws of the United States, regulating trade and intercourse with the Indians under the jurisdiction of said States. A copy in English and Spanish of the laws alluded to above are here- with enclosed. You will also report to me at evry convenient opportunity, the movements of the United States troops, and their successes against the aforesaid Apache Indians and the probability of their chastising and subduing them. As an officer of the Government, it becomes your duty, to notify the Executive of all infractions of the law and of all evidences you may obtain in refference to combinations that you may suppose ar designed to disturb the public tranquility. You will be allowed one hundred and twenty nine dollars and six- teen and two third cents per month as compensation for your serv- ices. You will also be allowed Forage for one animal, and you will be careful to take Duplicate Vouchers for all purchases of forage. Should you deem it adviseable to send an Express to me, make a con- tract with the Expressman stating the precise amount to be paid, and if he arrives in the time contracted for he shall be paid here. If it should be discovered that the aforesaid Indians have been severely and sufficiently chastised to authorise the superintendent of Indian affairs in this Territory to open negociations with said In- dians you will without a moments delay advise me of the fact. I have the honor to be Your Obedient Servant J. S. Calhoun Supt. Ind. Afrs. Mr, Chas. Overman Socon^o, Neio Mexico iQ. I. A., New Mexico Supy., N 34. .$25. 00 30.00 13.13 68. 18 $167. 37 60.00 484 CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. [CALHOUN TO LEA.'] Executive Department Santa Fb' New Mexico February 28, 1862. Sir Your letter of the 10th of December in reference to Genl Choice has been received. At the time of Genl Choice's death I had advanced to him the sum of $388.78. which were allowed to me by the Department on the settle- ment of my accounts, all of this money I am satisfied that the amount above mentioned was laid out by Genl Choice in travelling and other necessary expenses connected with the Agency, and in my opinion should not be included as a portion of his compensation. The following account will show the state of his affairs after his death. Sale of the effects of Genl Choice, amounting to $235. 50 Amt paid E. M. Kern, of Abiquin " " Dr Wiits5 " Beck & Brent, Santa Fe' Amount due estate of Genl Choice One Gold watch on hand valued at $227. 37 In my opinion General Choice should be compensated for his serv- ices at the highest rates that are paid to Indian Agents in this Terri- tory. From "the 9th of Decbr 1849 to the 14th Septr 1850, the date of his death he performed the duties of his office in a manner which was satisfactory to all, and deserves an adequate comjDensation for his labors. The within account shows the balance due the estate of Genl Choice, after deducting the amount of $388 78 allowed me by the Department Very Respectfully Your Obedt Servant J. S. Calhoun Hon Luke Lea Commr Ind Affs Washingt07i City D C. [CALHOUN TO LEA.'] Executive Department Santa Fe' New Mexico February 28. 1852 Sir Your four letters of the 17th & 18th and one of the 29th of Decem- ber 1851, acknowledging the receipt and payment of certain drafts drawn on you in favor of various persons, have been received. I O. I. A., New Mexico Snpy., X I'G. = Ibid., N 30. CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S: CALHOUN. 485 With many thanks for _your kindness and promptitude in honoring them, I beg leave to remain Your Obedt Servant J, S. Calhoun Hon L. Lea Commr of Ind Afs. Washington City i D. 'C. I [CALHOUN TO WEBSTER.'] 1 Executive Department i Santa Fe New Mexico February 29, 1852. Sir I deem it my duty to enclose to you the accompanying petition from the Citizens of Socorro, and a correspondence in reference to its contents, with Col. Sumner. It gives me pain to have to forward you the above mentioned documents, but the condition of the in- habitants of this Territory absolutely demands that the Government of the United States should be made aware of the evil and the con- stant dangers which surround us. The troops of the United States are at present totaly useless, on account of the inability of the of the mounted men to perform their duty, the feeble and half starved con- dition of their horses will not allow them to travel, and Infantry is of no use whatever in checking Indians who are Avell mounted and whose animals are in the best order, Since the date of the above correspondence the Indians have become bolder and bolder, and not content with the murders and robberies they have already committed, we receive daily information of new outrages and murders com- mitted by them. Such is the daring of the Apache Indians that they openly attack our truops and force them to retreat, or become vic- tims to the scalping knife of the savages. Parties are being entirely cut off on the Jornada, between Fort Conrad and Fort Fillmore; between these points an Escort affords no longer any protection. The mail from San Elizario, which reached here last evening, was attacked on the Jornada, by the Apaches, an Escort of ten men was furnished them from Fort Conrad, of which one man was killed and two wounded in the encounter. The San Antonio mail is entirely cut off, to a man, the only remains found of the bloody struggle, were the irons of the carriage and the bones of the men in charge. Such Sir, are the reports which reach us from day to day, and it is a lamentable fact that they are increasing rapidly, to such an extent, that if such outrages continue much longer, our Territory, instead IB. I. A., M. L., February, 1852. The signature only of this letter is in the hand- writing of Calhoun. 486 CORKESrONDKXCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. of becoining settled with an industrious and thriving popuhition. will be left a howling wilderness, with no other inhabitants than the wolf, and the birds of prey hovering over the mangled remains cf our murdered countrymen. It would not be improper to inform you that a train of wagons loaded with government freight from Fort Fillmore to the Copper Mines, has also been cut off, the team- sters alone escaping; it is also rumored that an exploring expedition which started from this place on the 25th of January, to the Gila river, has also been cut off, of this rumor we have as yet no con- firmation, and we all sincerely hope that it may prove nothing more than a rumor. What is most to be regretted is, that not one single act of the Indians has been chastised, while all these sad occurrences are being committed in the immediate vecinity of where the U. S. troops are stationed. You are aware, Sir that our Territory is sur- I'ounded by Indians, on all sides, and that with the exception of the Gila Apaches, they are in a perfect state of quietude, and bid fair to become useful and valuable neighbors, but if these Gila Indians are not chastised, for their depredations and murders, and that at a verj^ early day, the consequence will be, that all our neighboring Indians will follow in their footsteps, and you will easily imagine the results. In conclusion. Sir, your better judgement will suggest the means by which the heart rending calamity, which hangs over us, may be averted, and we feel confident that the Administration will promptly use all the means at its command, to afford us all the protection we require, and secure for us a lasting peace with our Indian neighbors. With the highest consideration I have the honor to be Very Respectfully Your Obedient Servant, J. S. Calhoun Hon Daniel Websfer Seerefary of State Washington City B.C. [CALHOUN TO LEA.'] ; Executive Department Santa Fe' New Mexico Fehruary W 1852 Sir It is with sincere regret that I have to continue enumerating deeds of murder and rapine committed by the Apache Indians on the western borders of the Rio del Norte During the early part of this O. I. a., New Mexico Supy., N 84. \ COKRESPONDENOE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 487 month a train of Wagons belonging to Mr Constante, loaded with stores for Fort Webster, at the Copper Mines was attacked by the Indians, the mules all Killed or driven off, the wagons plundered of their contents, and destroyed, the teamsters alone escaping after making all the resistance in their power. A few da^^s after, a party of men, it is said under the command of Maj Eichardson started in pursuit of the Indians, who had murdered a Mexican in the neigh- borhood of El Paso, two sergeants and a Corporal were in advance of the company when the Indians sprung from an ambush, butchered them before the eyes of the men. and forced the Company to retreat. The Rev Juan F. Ortiz, Vicar of the Territory, while on his way to this place from the State of Durango had all his animals stolen from him, at the Pass. The mail from El Paso was attacked on the Jor- nada, while in company with an Escort from Fort Fillmore, two of the soldiers were Killed and one wounded, a mexican who was in the party started back to convey information to the post, but he was overtaken by the Indians, Killed and scalped. The Pass mail also reports that the San Antonio mail is entirely cut off and not one man remaining to tell the sad tale. Several animals have been driven off from Mr. Whites plantation at Frontera. It is also rumored that an exploring expedition which started from this place on the 25th of Jany for the Gila has also been completely destroyed, a mexican alone escaping, this rumor however is not confirmed and may turn out to be false. These wholesale robberies and murders are of such uninten-upted continuance, that the inhabitants of this Territory are in a state bordering on despair, and Know not where to ask for aid. They have no arms or other means to defend themselves, their only remedy is in flight, or submit patiently to see their firesides re- duced to ashes, their wives and children borne away into captivity and themselves submitted to the horrid death of the Scalping Knife. I was informed by the Hon Secretary of State that until I should receive further instructions, my correspondence as Governor of the Territory' should be addressed to that Department. I have for- warded to liim this day a petition addressed to me by the Citi- zens of Socorro, and my correspondence with Col. Sumner on the subject, and as I desire you to be fully informed of the condition of our Indian relations, I beg leave to accompany a copy of the above mentioned documents. If Col. Sumner had furnished me with the arms and necessary ac- coutrements requested in my letter to him, it was my intention to have armed the Militia, take the feild in person and see for myself that the hostile Indians were chastised into obedience or have them entirelv exterminated. 488 COKEESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. The Apaches east of the Kio del Norte have committed no depre- dations that we can complain of since May 1851, at which time I celebrated a treaty with them. I am however advised that these In- dians are being tampered with, and are becoming restless. They have been taught to beleive that the Government of the United States and especially their Superintendent who should take care of and provide for them, consider them a poor, worthless and degraded race of be- ings, unworthy of presents or notice, that the Utah Indians are a great people and that the Navajoes are a great people, and that on that account large presents are being made to them. I have, therefore, determined, rather than to have the road to the United States closed against ingress or egress, to call these Indians together on or about the 15th of March and assume the responsibility of giving them provisions and presents to as limited an extent as possible without endangering the end to be attained. No Indians could have behaved better for the last two years, than the Utahs, they are desirous and are constantly inviting, all Ameri- cans, except those who are endeavouring to take forcible possession of their lands to come out and trade with them. The Navajos seem to be perfectly tranquil and contented, they have not committed a depredation, that I know of since the 18th of October last. Traders are now travelling alone, or in parties of two and three in every direction of their Territory, and report that the Indians are Kind, generous and hospitable, and manifest every feel- ing of friendship. On the 1st inst, in consequence of the efforts of mischevious and evil intentioned persons at Jemez and its vicinity, to interfere with the Navajo Indians, I deemed it advisable to appoint Major General S. M. Baird Special Agent for the Navajo Indians, to be located at Jemez, he is allowed an Interpreter, and forage for two animals and the pay authorized by law to Agents and Interpreters in this Terri- tory. The vigorous measures adopted by him have already produced their fruit, these mischevious persons are now doubtless afloat in some other quarters. In consequence of my inability to receive any Official information, and deeming it of the utmost importance to be well advised of the circumstances transpiring in the lower portion of this Territory, I have appointed Mr Charles Overman, Special Agent for that region, he is to receive the same pay as other Agents, he is not allowed an Interpreter, as he stands in no need of any, but I have allowed him forage for one animal. I herewith accompany a copy of his commis- sion and the instructions given him. The Pueblo Indians continue in their usual state of quietude, and none are disturbed but those complaining of wrongs committed by COERESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 489 Mexicans and Americans, differences between the Pueblos and the Mexicans will continue until the end of time unless t]ie Government of the United States shall provide for their adjustment. I allude in part to questions of land : I am compelled almost daily to hear com- plaints of Mexicans against the Indians, in regard to property, and deem it of the utmost importance that the Government of the United States should take the proper steps to bring about a speedy adjust- ment of these vexed questions. In conclusion allow me to inform you, that for the last two months, I have been scarcely able, and at times utterly unable to discharge my duties, and even now I am compelled to employ a friend to assist me as an amanuensis. My physician has informed me, that in my feeble and exhausted condition I must leave the annoyances, vexa- tions and duties of my post for the present, and consequently, un- less the next mail should bring peremptory orders or instructions requiring my immediate presence I shall leave this place on or about the 1st of April next for the United States. Very Respectfully Your Obedient Servant. J. S. Calhoun Hon L. Lea. Gonimr Ind AJfs. Washington City D C. [CALHOUN TO LEA.'] Executive Department Santa Fe Neav Mexico February 29, 1852 Sir On yesterday I received a note from John Greiner Esq Indian Agent, notifying me that he had been advised, by you that his returns for the quarter ending September 30 1851, had not been received by you, within the time prescribed by law, and that in consequence of which he had been reported to the President &c A few words of explanation, will be sufficient to exhonerate Mr. Greiner from an}^ blame that may be attached to him in reference to the matter. In consequence of not receiving any funds from the De- partment for Contingencies, he was supplied by me, from the funds in my hands applicable to that purpose, at the end of the quarter his returns were handed to me. By referring to my abstract for the quarter ending Septbr 30th you will perceive that his, as well as Agent Wingfields returns are included as vouchers in my Abstract, O. I. A., New Mexico Supy., N 28. 490 CORRESPONDEXCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. ;md accounts for money drawn on the Department for contingencies. In the absence of instructions from the Department I deemed this the most advisable course to pursue. If there was any error in the affair it was mine, not Mr. Greiners. and pray you that the information conveyed to the President may be immediately recalled. Mr. Greiners services as Indian Agent, have been of the greatest service m this Territory, indeed, without him, I could not have discharged with satisfaction, my duties as Indian Superintdt. I trust therefore that the matter will be adjusted as soon as pos- sible, and Mr Greiner be informed that the complaint has been with- drawn, and that his returns have given entire satisfaction. Very Respectfully Your Obedient Servant J. S. Cai.houn Hon. L. I^KA Com/rm\ Ind Affs. ^V ashing ton City D. 6'. [CALHOUN TO LEA.'] ExECDTiVE Department Santa Fe New Mexico February 29, 1852. Sir Your letter of the 20th Decbr 1851, acknowledging the receipt of Agent Greiners report, that of the 29th advising me that the Hon. J. R Tullis account has been settled, and that of the 7th of January 1852 acknowledging the receipt of my letter of the 21)th October 1851, and authorizing me to draw on you for the $500 allowed to Agents Weightman and Wingfeild, have been received, and shall avail myself of the authority theirin contained. Very Respectfully Your Obedt Servant J. S. Calhoun Hon L. Lea Commr Ind Affs Washington City [CALHOUN TO LEA.] Executive Depart^ient Santa Fe New Mexico February 29, 1852. Sir I have this day drawn on you, in favor of Wm S McKnight Esq. for Six hundred and Sixty three 08/100 Dollars, payable at sight. ^ O. I. A.. New Mexico Supy., N 29. = Ibid., N 31. COEEESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUX. 491 The amount of this draft is the balance due this Superintendency on the quarter ending December 31. 1851, and of which I advised you in my letter of the 2d inst. Hoping it may be duly honored and paid, I beg leave to remain Very Respectfully Your Obedient Servant J. S. Calhoun Supt. Ind. Aifa Hon L. Lea Gommr Ind Affs Washington City D. C [LEA TO CALHOUN.'] Department of the Interior, Office Indian Affairs Marclx U: 1852. Calhoun, His Excy : J. S. Gov. C&G Santa Fe N. Mexico Sir, The accounts, for the 4th quarter of the past year, of Agents Grei- ner & Woolley, transmitted with your letters of the 28th January, have been received, together with your communication of the 31st, respecting the double payment of salary to the latter. Very respectfully. Your Obt Svt L. Lea Commr: [CALHOUN TO LEA."] Executive Department Santa Fe New Mexico March 17, 1852. Sir I have this day drawn on you in favor of M"" John R Wells, or order, for Five hundred Dollars payable at sight, being amount for contingencies allowed to E. H. Wingfield Esq, and authorized to be drawn by me, in your letter of the 7th January 1852 Very Respectfully Your Obedient Servant J. S. Calhoun Hon. L. Lea Gomm/ of Ind Afs Washington City D.G. « O. I. a., L. B., No. 45, p. 480. « O. I. A., New Mexico Supy., C 109. 492 CORRESPONDENCE OE JAMES S. CALHOUN. [CALHOUN TO LEA.^] Executive Department Santa Fe New Mexico March 17, ISdH. Sib I have this day drawn on you in favor of M"" John R. Wells, or order, for Five hundred Dollars payable at sight, being amount of contingencies allowed to Major R. H. Weightman, and authorized to be drawn by me, in your letter of the Tth of January 1852. Very respectfully Your Obedient Servant J. S. Calhoun Hon. L. Lea GomrrV' of hid Ajfs. Washington City D.C. [LEA TO CALHOUN.'] Department of the Intk Office Indian Affairs March 18th 185'^. Calhoun, His Exey, J. S. Governor &c. Santa Fe, New Mexico. Sir, The accounts transmitted with your two letters of the 31st Janu- ary, and one of the 2d. February, have been received. Very respectfully. Your Obt Svt L. Lea Comm/r: [SUMNER TO CALHOUN.'] Copy Hd Qrs 9th Department NEAR Albuquerque New Mexico March ?Ast 1852. Governor I regret to learn from Mr. Merritt * that the Gila Apaches have been committing depredations at San Antonio, the place where this war originated, and thereabout. I have ordered a movement of troops 1 O. I.. A., New Mexico Supy., C 90. «0. I. A., L. B., No. 45, p. 494. 3 A. G. O., Department of New Mexico, vol. 8, p. 180. * Probably C. H. Merritt, the same who, on September 9, 1851, applied to Secretary Stuart for the position of Indian Agent in the place of R. H. Weightman. See O. I. A., New Mexico Supn, M 1542. CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 493 in that direction, and I will issue to you 100 stands of arms, with ammunition, for the use of the people in that vicinity, if you think proper to receive them. As I can have no control over these arms after they are put into the hands of citizens, I shall, of course, be obliged to turn them over to you. Colonel Brooks has been ordered ^ to make the issue, on your application With high respect Your obt Serv*^ E. V. Sumner Bvt Col U. S. A. Comg Deft. His Excy J. S. Calhoun [Related Correspondence.] [SUMNER TO BROOKS.^] Head Qrs 9th Dept Near AlbuquerquS N. M Mar 21/52 «30L If the Governor should apply to you for arms, I wish you to issue to him SOO flint lock muskets, in good firing order, 100 cartridge boxes & belts (old pattern) and 5000 buk and ball cartridges My express will go up on the 24th. The Govr will, of course, receipt to you for these things, as I can have no <"ontrol over them after they are put into the hands of citizens. Very Respectfully Yours [E. V. Sumner! Lt Col H Brooks Cornel g at Santa Fe (Give them 300 flints) [SUMNER TO BROOKS."] Head Quarters, 9th Dept: Near Albuquerque N. M. April 3d 1852. Lieut. Col. H. Brooks Colonel, Please say to the Governor that I will have the 100 old pattern muskets brought from Fort Union as soon as possible if he wants them. I presume these muskets will be much better for the Mexicans than the others, as they are imaccustomed to the percussion lock. If the Governor wants these arms, please write immediately to Cap't: Shoe- maker and say to him, from me, that I wish him to send them to you. Very respectfully B V Sumner Bvt: Col: USA Comdg. Dept: 1 See Sumner to Brooks. March 21, 1852, and also April 3, 1852. " A. G. A., Old Book, No. 5A. « A. G. O., Department of New Mexico, Dp. 202-203. r. 494 COERESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. [GREINER TO CALHOUN.^] 1852 Santa P'p: New Mexico 31 arch £6 Hon. J. S. Calhoun Governor & Superintendent of Indian Affairs New Mexico Sir Since my last Keport on the condition of the Pueblo ^ Indians lo- cated in the Rio Abajo * — I have visited the Pueblos on the Rio Arriba.* The Taos, — Pieuris, — San Juan, — Santa Clara— San Ildefonso — Pojoaque,— Nambe, & Tesiique, Pueblos have all been erected within, or near the Valley of the Rio Del Norte North of Santa Fe. It Avill be unnecessary to enter into the particulars of the many complaints made in the different Councils held with these people — as they are of the same character made in my former Report. They respectfully ask that the Documents relating to the owner- ship of their lands may be translated, and investigated — their boun daries fixed — and that they may be protected from the depredations of their Mexican Neighbors. The Pueblo of Taos lies in the Taos Valley 80 miles north of Santa Fe and is one of the best in the Territory. The population is about five or Six hundred and althougli they have been much annoyed by the Mexicans taking water from their Acequias — and grazing their Stock upon the Pueblo pasture lands, they have but few complaints to make, and appear prosperous contented and happy. Col. Sumner kindly furnished me with an order for " a Sack of winter wheat — some barley — and a few garden seeds" for plant- ing — which order I have transferred to the principal Men of thi? Pueblo, as being the most competent to make the experiment. A Spanish school for children is now in successful operation — about twenty five children being in daily attendance nearly all of whom know their letters — and several of them can read. I have furnished Books for the use of this school— (as well as for several others) — and have promised to pay for the schooling of such Indian children, whose parents are too poor to bear the expense. I trust your P^xcellency will consider this item of my contingent fund well expended. If a Smith Shop could be established here for the use of this and the Pieuris Pueblos, it would be of much service to the Indians. The Eutaws regard the people of the Taos Pueblo as their especial friends— and place the most implicit confidence in them. » O. 1. A., New Mexico Sup^., N 30. - Note also Greiner's report to Lea. * Rio Abajo, tlie country below Santa F'o. * Rio .\rriba, the country above Santa Fe. OOKRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 495 The Pueblo of Picuris lies at the South East side of the Taos Mountain in a snug little Valley on the L. Embuda Creek, about 15 miles East of the Kio Del Norte and is a favorite resort of the Jica- rillas Apaches. This Pueblo is in a ruinous condition, many of the Buildings are falling down, and it will be but a few years untill they cease to exist as a people. The population at present is about 100 and decreasing rapidly. The Pueblo of San Juan is built on the road leading from Santa Fe to Taos — about half way from either place — and about one mile from the Rio Del Norte. Thei* Acequias are in good order — thei^= lands under line cultiva- people have tion — and they have but few grievances to complaio of. The population is about 400, and is one of the few Pueblos that is ttfe increasing in numbers. During the summer season the children are engaged in herding the stock, in which capacity their services cannot be dispensed with — But next winter it is the intention of the Principal Men in the Pueblo to establish a school. This is an excellent Pueblo, and every thing in connection with it is well conducted Santa Clara lies on the West Bank of the Rio Del Norte 30 miles north of Santa Fe, is well built and has a population of about 350 The lands are too high to be irrigated from the Del ^orte and they have to depend upon a small creek that flows from the Mountains west of the Pueblo for sufficient water to fill their Acequias A Settlement near the head of this Stream, was about being made, which would have rendered all the Pueblo lands worthless by cutting off the water — but as those who wished to occupy the land had no right or title whatever orders were given that no settlement should be made, by which the Indian lands would be injured. San Ildefonso is located on the East Bank of the Rio Del Norte three miles below Santa Clara at the base of a high Mesa. This Pueblo has a fine large Plaza — the buildings are in good order — but nearly half the houses are occupied by Mexicans. Vexatious ques- tions are continually rising between the two parties, and the Indians kept are continually in trouble. The population is about 250, and decreasing. Pojoaque is built on the road from Santa Fe to Taos, about three East miles from San Ildefonso on the Pojoaque Creek, and although once the owners of much fine land — the people have been so crowded out by the Mexicans — that their number has been reduced to 48 and 496 COKEESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. in a few years their rights as a Pueblo will be no longer recognized. It is now the smallest in the Territory. Nambe lies 3 miles East of Pojoaque on the same Creek which runs into the Del Norte 6 miles below has a population of about 200 and is in pretty good condition Tesuque is 9 miles north of Santa Fe is well built its lands are well watered from the Tesuque Creek and the people are very industrious population about 250 — Much has been said about the ruins of the Pueblo of Pecos^ and " speculation has been rife " as to the " Old Aztec ruins " " the sacred fire " " Montezuma— worshipping the rising sun &c &c The Pueblo South of Pecos is about 25 miles East of Santa Fe and was the only one of all the Pueblos that kept what was called the " Sacred fire of Montezuma "' continually burning. Like Taos it was one of the oldest Pueblos and the one can make as much pretensions to being an Aztec Buildinojs as the other. The smouldering fire that was kept alive in the E -s feuf fa Estufa, was not worshipped by the Pecos Indians — nor any of the Indians — as has been generally supposed. Neither did they or any other of the Pueblo Indians worship the rising sun. They are devoted adherents to the Catholic Faith and no other. The Indians of Pecos give as their only reason for keeping up a continual fire — that it was their custom — and commanded by Mon- tezuma to be observed. This Pueblo has gone to ruins for the same reasons so many of the others are so rapidly declining. The lands on the Pecos river all belonged to these people— but annoyed beyond endurance by the Mexicans living in their houses and seizing their property by piecemeal, — they continued to decrease in numbers until Seven years ago — when reduced to only four fami- re lies — they moved to the Pueblo of Jemes Sixty miles due west, whose people speak the same langiiage. There are four ditferent languages spoken by the Pueblos in the Territory in which the San Juan, Santa Clara— Nambe, Pojoaque & Tesuque Pueblos speak what is called the Teguas language— The Cochiti, Santo Domingo, San Felipe, Silla Santa Anna, Acoma & Laguna, the Quiguas language — Taos, Picuris, Sandia & Isletta, the Moqui language. — & Jemes & Pecos the Pecos language. It will be observed that Taos & Picuris the two Northern Pueblos speak the same language as the Isletta & Sandia Pueblo the two Southern— and Pecos the Eastern Pueblo the same as Jemes the Western. CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 497 Each language is entirely different from the other the people not understanding any other Pueblo language than their own — Nearly all the Indians speak, and understand Mexican, being taught it in their childhood soon after they lisp their own tongue. None of the Mexicans can understand the Pueblo language All of the Pueblos have great reverence for the name of Montezuma — who probably acted in the double capacity of Priest & Agent, ap- pointed by the Spanish government to look after the interests of the Pueblos to give them good counsel, and through whose instrumen- tality they gave up the chase — to support themselves by cultivating the earth. Supposing every thing relating to the " History and Reduction of the Indians to Pueblos," would be of interest to the Department, I have through the kindness of Dr. Thomas E Massey of this place — been able to obtain a translation of some of the Edicts & Laws of the Kings of Spain in relation to this people which may probably throw some light upon their interesting seb^eet history. Very respectfully Your Obt Servant John Greiner Indian Agent New Mexico [inglosuee] Land and water stattites. By Mariana Galvan Rivera. On the founding of Indian Pueblos — Requisites they must have — Limits pre- scribed to them — How they are to be measured — Their Privileges &c. The first disposition of these matters found in our code of Laws, is that of the Emi^eror Charles V, made at Cigales on the 21st. March 1551, and after- wards readopted by King Phillip II (vid "La Ley I, Tit III Lib 6. de la Recopilacion de Indias") which literally reads as follows: "The effort has ever been made, with much care and particular attention, to make use of such means as are most suitable for the instruction of the Indians in the Holy Catholic Faith, and Scriptural Law. to the end that, forgetting their ancient rites and ceremonies, they might live in fellowship under established rule; and in order that this object might be attained with the greater certainty, the members of our Council of the Indias and other religious persons, on dif- ferent occasions, met together, and in the year 1546, by order of the Emperor Charles V, of glorious memory, there convened the Prelates of New Spain ; who desiring to render service to God and ourself, resolved that the Indians should be brought to settle (reduced to Pueblos) and that they should not live divided and separated by mountains and hills, depriving themselves of all benefit spiritual and temporal, without aid from our agents and that assistance which 5021—1.5^—32 498 COKKESPONDENCE Of JAMES S. CALHOUN. human wants require men mutually to render one another; and in order that the propriety of this resolution might be recognized, the Hon. Judges, Presi- dents and Governors, were charged and commanded by different orders of the Kings, our predecessors, that, with much mildness and moderation they should carry into effect the reduction, settlement, and instruction of the In- dians — acting with so much justice and delicacy, that, without causing any difficulties, t4ir+ a motive might be presented to those that could not be brought to settle, in the hope that as soon as they witnessed the good treatment and protection of such as had been reduced to pueblos, they might consent to offer themselves of their own accord; and order was given that they should not pay higher duties than what was established by law; and whereas the above was executed in the larger part of our Indians: Therefore we Ordain and Command, That in all the other portions care be taken that it be carried into effect, and the agents shall urge it according to, and in the form declared by the laws of this Title. Phillip II, in consequence of the intentions of the Emperor Charles, pub- lished a statute on the founding of settlements, and in Articles 34, 35, and 36 (which are found inserted in " Ley 1. tit V, lib 4 de la Recopilacion de Indias") he says expressly " We ordain that, when it is determined to settle any prov- ince or territory, of those which are now under our authority or may hereafter be discovered, the settlers shall take care and observe that the country is healthy — ascertaining whether theyre may live in it men of great age, and youths of a good complexion, disposition, and color — whether the animals and flocks are healthy and of ample size, the fruits and articles of food good, the lands suitable for sowing and harvesting abundant — whether there grow things poisonous and hurtful — whether the skies have a good and happy constilla- tion, clear and benignant; the air pure and soft without objection or altera- tion; the temperature free from excess in heat or cold (and having an inclina- tion to the one or the other state, selecting the cold) ; — whether there is pas- turage for the growth of flocks, mountains and trees for wood, materials for houses and other buildings, and water abundant and suitable for drinking, and irrigation. Indians and natives to whom the Gospel mny he preached, as the Chief motive of our intention : Finding a concurrence of these qualities, or the principal of them, they may proceed to a settlement, observing the laws of this book." It was likewise found ordered by the Emperor Charles in the decree of the 26 June 1523 ("Ley 1. tit XII lib 12) "That the Viceroys and Governors who might possess the authority, should mark out to each town and place which might be founded and settled for the first time, the lands and building lots that might be requisite; and they shall donate them for possessions, without injury to a third person, and let them send us an account of what may have been assigned and given to each one. so that we may command the confirma- tion of it." And in the same manner other rules had been established touching the administration and preservation of the common property and common revenues (arbitrios) of the Pueblos, or settlements themselves, as may be seen in the same Code of Laws. But King Phillip TI, in order to supply the deficiency, which was observed in the laws of the Emperor Charles, ordered, by another decree which was published in Pardo on 1st. Deer: 1573, ("Ley 8. tit III. lib 6) that the sites on which Pueblos and settlements were to be formed, should have water privileges, lands and mountains, entrances and exits, fai'ming lands, and a common (egido) of a league in extent, where the Indians might keep their herds without mixing with those of the Spaniards. Another decree of Charles V, of the year 1533 ("Ley 7, tit IV, lib 17 de la Recopilacion de Indias") likewise ordered that the mountains, pastures, and COEEESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 499 waters of Die places Jind mountains contained in the grants of lands which had been or should be made in the Indias, had to be common to the Spaniards and Indios. "And so we order the Viceroys and Courts to take care and see that it is done." And in the subsequent year. 1541, the same Emi>ei'or commanded ("Ley 5. tit 7 lib. citado) : "That the pastures, mountains and waters should be common in the Indias." And inasmuch as some persons, without a title from His Majesty had occupied a very great portion of limits and lands, it should not be permitted to any one to mal 0. I. A., Miscellaneous Piles, April, 1852. 524 CORKESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. you I can only sign my name by being propped up. Of course I expect the President & others inclu- Weightman & such individuals as you may deem it advisable to exhibit this despatch to have an opportunity of reading it. I am your friend & Servant J S Calhoun I CALHOUN TO SUMNEB. Copy. Executive Department, Santa Fe', New Mexico April m,h 1852. Colonel I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 8th inst which was handed to me on the 10th by Col. Brooks. From information which has reached me from various quarters I am satisfied that there is a rebellious feeling among the people, and that they now only await a favorable opportunity to attempt carrying their treasonable purposes into effect. Under this conviction it afforded me great relief to learn that you have postponed your con- templated movement against the Apaches, and that you will promptly make such arrangements as will enable you rapidly to concentrate a sufficient force for a/iy emergency. In a dispatch which I this day availed myself of an opportunity of sending to the States I took occasion to refer in appropriate terms of approbation of your readi- ness and determination to meet " any exigency " which may arise, and at the same time, as a matter of justice to Col. Brooks I ex- pressed my admiration of the astonishing alacrity and skill with which he quietly put all his stores and ammunitions of war as well as the Palace in a complete state of defence. In doing this, the Colonel has without any expense and almost without observation performed a work which should have been com- pleted years since. Even if there should be no present difficulty the result of the Colonel's labors will be most happy in affording a rally- ing point to all good citizens, and restraining by its invulnerability any overt acts of the treasonable and vicious. If it can be made to harmonize with your policy, I would respect- fully suggest that an additional artillery force be for a time at least stationed at this place. — It is my impression that the better informed portion of the mexican population will not encourage any revolu- tionary movements but I fear, that there are some of this class who writhing under disappointments of cupidity and political ambition will not admonish their more benighted countrymen of what is for A. G. O., Files, S 217 of 1852, No. 1. CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 525 their true interest. From information on file in my department I think our most imminent danger is from the savages surrounding us and who are now being excited against us by emissaries and traitor- ous persons. So important has this danger become, that I feel it incumbent upon me, to give it my most unremitting attention. I pray you to accept of my most heartfelt thanks for your commisera- tion for my enfeebled state of health. It has pleased Divine Provi- dence to bring me through the crisis of my disease and place me in what according to my own opinion and that of my physicians is a state of rapid recovery. Hoping that you will make my family circle your home immedi- ately upon your arrival here I remain yours truly (signed) J. S. Calhoun Col. E. V. Sumner CoTnmdg 9th mil: Dept. near Albuquerque N. M. true copy E V Sumner Bvt GolU S A [Related Correspondence.] I SUMNER TO JONES. ^] Hd Qrs 9th Dept Santa Fe N M April 22 '52. General On the 14th inst I received at niy head quarters at Albuquerque the euclosed letter * from Governor Calhoun, No. 1, and immediately sent the reply ' annexed to it. — As the Governor was extremely ill and evidently very apprehensive of serious difflculty, I thought proper to come up here at once. — I saw no appear- ance of disaffection as I passed through the country, and I think if there is any thing in these rumors, it is confined to the lower classes, instigated, perhaps, by a few desperate, unprincipled, gamblers and speculators, who have every thing to gain and nothing to lose by fomenting commotions. — There are several desperadoes here who were conspicuous in the revolution of 1847. — These men will be closely watched. — On my arrival in this town I was surprised to find it in a state of anarchy. All prisoners had been released for want of means to subsist them, and all law seemed to be set at naught. — At the same time there was a constant dread of revolution, which kept up a feverish excitement, that was likely, every moment, to lead to some collision with the Mexicans. — I saw that it was indispensably necessary to take measures immediately, to suppress all this disorder, and I said to the Governor that if he thought proper 1 a. G. O., Files, S 217 of 1852 ; Department of New Mexico, vol. 8, pp. 219-221. •See p. 524. •See p. 526. 526 CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. to ask for military aid, that I would give it at once. — He then sent me the enclosed letter/ No. 2, — my reply* is annexed to it. — I have established a mili- tary police to act in support of the civil authorities. — I mount a strong guard at the Governors house on the Plaza, and I have added to this garrison a large company of Infantry.— These measures I think will secure the quiet of this town. — The extreme illness of the Governor and the absence of the Secretary of the territory, have had some influence in producing this unsettled state of things, and it was evidently necessary to announce to the public that there would be no interregnum. — In a conversation with the Governor on this sub- ject, we determined to publish the enclosed paper. No. 3, which I think will effectually crush the hopes of all intriguers. — I am fully aware that I am placing myself in a most crticial position, but the path of duty seems to me plain, and I shal'l take the risk. — It will be observed that the safety of my own command, as well as the lives and property of the American citizens, de- pends upon my action at this crisis. — My command is very much dispersed, at distant posts in the Indian country, and I cannot, without endangering those posts, concentrate more than seven companies. — This would be a small force if there should be a general outbreak of this people, and even in that event, I could not abandon my posts in the indian country, for they hold the Indians in check, and if that check were removed we should have both Indians and Mexi- cans upon us. — Although I think that affairs here are assuming a threatening aspect, I do not think that the danger is so imminent that I should be justified in asking for a reenforcement. — I wish to convey to the Secretary of War and General in Chief an exact knowledge of the state of things in this territory, and leave the question for them to decide, whether or not, it is advisable to increase the force. — If any regiment is sent out, I should be very glad if it should happen to be the 4th Infantry. — Any troops that come, will have to bring one years supplies, as all my calculations and estimates have been made for my present command. I am Sir very respectfully Your obt Servt E V Sumner Bvt Col Lt Col 1st Orgs Comg Dept ■ Maj Gen K Jones Adjt Oenrl [SUMNER TO CALHOUN.'] Hd Qrs 9th Dept NEAR Albuquerque Ai)Hl lJf/.52 Governor I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 12th inst. I have ordered a company of infantry now on the march from Fort. Union, to this place to proceed direct to Santa Fe, and report to Col. Brooks I have S!() donbt but there is some ill will towards us on the part of the Mexicans this is perfectly natural with a conquered people but Soe p. .-527. 2 Sfie p. 528. » A. G. O., Filp.s, S 217 of 1852, No. 1. COEEESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 527 I think in this case, it has been considerably aggravated by our dis- trust of them. It seems to me impossible that they can be so stupidly ignorant, as to suppose they can throw off our government. There is not a man among them of the least intelligence, who does not know that we could have troops enough here in sixty days to grind them all into dust. ******* As soon as I can complete some arrangements, I am now engaged in I will visit you at Santa Fe. I am truly happy to hear of your recovery — I would take the lib- erty of cautioning you, not to exert yourself too soon, after having been so very ill. I am Sir With high respect Your Obt Servant E V Summer But Col. U.S.A. His Excellency Comg. Deft. J S Calhoun true copy E V SUMNEB BvtColV S A [CALHOUN TO SUMNER/] Executive Depaktmeist Santa Fe N. M. Afril IS 1852 Col. E. V. Sumner Comniandiny 9" Mil. Dep. U. S. A. Sir I feel it my duty on behalf of the people of this city^ to make ap- plication to 3^ou to furnish such aid.^ as may be necessary to assist the civil authorities in maintaining peace & good order, which they are utterly unable to do, at this time, in consequence of a want of suf- ficient power to enforce the police regulations, and without Avhich a more wretched state of things must ensue in this City. The feeble attemps made to administer the laws, and the turning loose of the criminals who cannot be kept in confinement, owing to the want of means to furnish them with the necessary food — lias brought about the present alarming state of affairs. Yei-y Respectfully Your Obdt Servt J. S. Calhoun true copy E V Sumner Bvt Col V S A ' a. G. O., Files, S 217 of 1852., No :.". 528 CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. [SUMNER TO CALHOUN.'] Head Quarters 9" Dept. Santa Fe A2)nl W 1852 GOVNE, I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your letter dated yesterday. — I will instantly take the necessary measures to sustain you in preserving law and order. If it is at all possible, I should be glad if you could make some arrangement to subsist the citizen prisoners, that will be held by my guards. I am Sir with high respect Your Obdt. Servt. E. V. Sumner Bvt Col U.S A Gorndg Dept His Exlcy J. S. Calhoun true copy E. V. Sumner Bvt ColU S A [CALHOUN AND SUMNER TO THE PUBLIC^"] To the Public. It is hereby announced that no interregnum will take place in the office of Governor of this Territory. If Governor Calhoun should be obliged to leave for the States before the arrival of the Hon. Secre- tary of the Territory, the Military authority of this Department will so far take charge of the Executive Office as to make the preservation of law and order, absolutely certain. Given at Santa Fe, this 21st day of April, 1852. J. S. Calhoun Governor of the Territory of New Mexico E. V. Sumner Brevet Col. U. S. A. Commanding 9th Mil. Department, »A. G. O., Department of New Mexico, vol. 8, p. 218; also Piles, S 217 of 1852, No. 2. *0. I. A., New Mexico Supy., 1852. CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 529 [GREINER TO LEA.'] SUPERINTENDENCY OF InDIAN AfFAIRS Santa Fe New Mexico April 30 1852 Hon. Luke Lea Commissioner Indian Affairs Sir By the direction of Governor Calhoun, who is yet lying seriously ill,^ I send you an account of the condition of the several tribes of Indians in this Territory Not a single complaint has been entered against any of the Indians during the month just past, a remarkable fact. The Camanches have not been in this vicinity, and we hear but little of them, except that they are gathering upon the Arkansas, for the purpose of trading — hunting Buffalo &c as is their usual practice in the Spring. A Pueblo Indian who had been trading with them, and who speaks their language fluently states — that one of their principal Chiefs had just returned from the City of Mexico, and appeared to be very solic- itous of forming a League with the other wild tribes of Texas & New Mexico for the alleged purpose o^f uniting them with the Mexi- cans, to expel, or exterminate, the Americans now in this Country. This Chief also made overtures to the Pueblos to join the League — very but there is b«t little danger of these people trying so foolish an experiment. In October next this Chief is to return, and report to the President of Mexico the success of his undertaking. realized — Although this wild and visionary scheme can never be ear i ied o«t a sharp look out will be kept upon the movements of these 7'ed gentle- men. The Pueblo Indian who gives this information, is a very intelligent and reliable man. The Gila Apaches are very quiet, and desirous of being on more friendly terms than heretofore. Nearly one hundred Jicarillas Apaches have been at this Superin- tendency this week, being on a moving expedition from Los Truches to the Rio Pecos. The facility with which they could get liquor at the groceries, and their fondness for it occasioned much trouble 1 O. I. A., New Mexico Superintendency, G 11. * This was Calhoun's last illness. He prepared to return to the States, apparently knowing, however, that he was a dying man. He died on the plains. (Mix to Stuart, August 6, 1852, O. I. A., R. B., No. 7, p. 140.) Most of the documents on the following pages bear upon the work of Greiner, who assumed the duties of the Indian superintend- ency, and upon that of Sumi\er who, presumably, filled the executive chair. 5021—15 34 530 CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. These Indians are very poor, very hard to govern, and from their continually roaming through the settlements, there is danger to be apprehended from collissions between them and the Citizens. The talk held with them at Pecos, and the presents there dis- tributed, has produced the most beneficial results. — They intend to settle down and manufacture Tenajos ^ and baskets to trade with and a number of them are beginning to plant. Chacone their head Chief has strongly recommended them to cultivate the land, and this year has set them the example himself. The Navajoes are attending to their farms, and behaving like good people ought to do. Sixty of them under Sandoval their Captain arrived here last week, and entered a complaint against the Laguna Pueblo Indians, for taking the water needed by them to irrigate their lands. This question of right to water, is one of the most difficult to settle that we meet with, especially with the Pueblos. For instance take this one case, and it is but one of many. The Navajoes owned a fine piece of land, and they had sowed it with wheat. The grain was growing finely and they looked forward to gather a plentiful harvest. The Lagima Indians claim the ground above them as theirs, and in irrigating their fields they cut off the water from the Navajoes, whose crop is at once destroyed — This case has been referred to Gen'l Baird the Agent to investigate and to decide. The Eutaws are the' easiest managed of any Indians in the Terri- tory and with good treatment can always be relied upon They are much pleased that the Mexicans have not been allowed to e settle upon their Con jo-lands, and they feel that they are under the protection of the government of the United States They have also expressed their approbation of the Military post, that Col. Sumner intends to establish in their Country. They look to it for protection from the marauding tribes of the Praries, who have during the past year stolen most of their stock. They have their domestic troubles h6wever as other people have. One of the Band of Capote Eutaws, was taken sick — not long ago — and a Doctor belonging to the Sieveritch EutaAvs was called in to at- tend him. — In a few days the patient died.. A Council of the Capotes was called and the Doctor was tried. His sentence was " to be shot and scalped, — his wife's hair to be cut off — all his animals killed — and his house to be burned, all of which was instantly carried into effect. The Sieveritch Band not relishing this method of paying off the Docter — have called the Capotes to an account— and the " end is not yet" * 1 Water-jars. CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 531 Tamouchi the War Captain of the Capotes had a beautiful woman for a wife — Last week she was taken sick— A Doctor belonging to her own Band was called in — and either the disease, or the Medicine was the death of her. Tamouchi paid off the Doctor by putting a bullet through him Thus leaving another vacancy in the Medical Department of the Eutaw nation. Every body loved the AVife of Tamouchi and as it was strongly suspected the Doctor had j^oisoned her — the Indians considered he deserved his fate. All the horses & mules belonging to Tamouchi were killed in order that his Wife might not be left afoot in the happy hunting grounds, and for fear that her loss might not make a lasting impression upon his mind. A charge has been made against Govenor Calhoun for licensing traders to go to the Salt Lake Country — for the purpose of buying & selling L^tah children. There is no truth whatever in the charge — By the next mail all the facts in relation to the ' Pedro Leon ' case will be sent to the Department as well as the " Mexican custim " of trading for the Payutah's The Pueblo Indians are planting their grounds — digging their Acequias — herding their stock, and making every etfort to support themselves by their own industry. Could they be protected from the depredations of the Mexicans they would not only be examples for their rerl brethren — but for some other people of a lighter com- plexion. If a mounted force could be placed at the disposition of the Govenor who is Sup't Ind AfF. to be used in cases of emergency — to protect the Indians in their rights — and to punish them when neces- sary — it would be of great service to the TerritoiT The Agents are unable to enforce any decision they may be called upon to make and of necessity they have been compelled to resort to a temporizing policy which may soon bring them into disrepute. Governor Calhoun although unable to stand alone will leave here for the States on thursday next. His Physicians Dr Byrnes of the Army — and Dr Massey of this place — have strongly advised him to do so — and if the trip across the Plains restores his health, he will at an early day call upon the Department and furnish all the facts neces- sary to a proper understanding of the wants and condition of the Indians in New Mexico. Ver\' Respectfully Your Ob't'Sv't John (jreiner Acfg Svp't Ind. Af. Neiv Mexico 532 CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. [Related Correspondence.] [order OF GREINER.^] Executive Office, Santa Fe N. M. April 15—1852 "By Virtue of ;iii Unler issuod Iruiii this Department on the 29th March ult. All communications or correspondence with his Excellency James S. Calhoun ■Governor & Ex Officio Superintendeut of Indian Affairs relating to Indian Affairs In this Territory, is from and after the date of said Order to be addressed to John Greiner Act'g Superintendent of Indian Affairs until otherwise ordered " The severe illness of Gov. Calhoun has rendered it advisable to lighten as much as possible the arduous duties devolving upon him as Governor of the Territory and for this purpose the above order has been issued. The undersigned will therefore attend to all business connected with this Superintendency at the Palace in Santa Fe. John Greiner, AcVg Superintendent of Indian Affairs New Mexico [SUMNER TO J0NES.2] Head Quarters, 9th Dep't : Albuquerque N. M. April 28th 1852. Major General K. Jones Ad ft: General. General, Since my last letter of the 24th inst : 1 have, returned to my head quarters, and I shall remain here till Governor Calhoun leaves for the States, when I shall repair to Santa Fe, and take charge of the Executive ofl3ce until I receive orders from the Government in relation to this matter. There is strong reason to believe that efforts are being made by some unprin- cipled men to subvert our government in this territory, but I do not think they can force the people into an outbreak, especially when they see we are ready for them. I have determined to establish a large camp at this place, being the central point of the territory, it will consist of four companies of horse and two of foot, and I think it will have a great effect in repressing all insurrectional spirit in the peoiile. I received by the last mail, leaves of absence for three Officers which would make thirty four absent out of the sixty six, that belong to the companies in this department. I am compelled to take the responsibility of withdrawing these three leaves, until other officers join. I trust this action will be approved. I would earnestly ask the attention of the General in chief to the great number of Officers that are absent from my command, and I would respectfully remark, that it is utterly impossible for mie to carry on the affairs of the departuient without more officers. I am Sir Very respectfully Your ob't : Servt : E V Sumner }ivt: Col: Lt: Col 1st Drag-s Comdg: Dept: 1 0. 1. A., New Mexico Letter Press Book, vol. I, p. 69 of inserted pages. * A. 0. O., Department of New Mexico, vol. 8. pp. 230-231. CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHUUN. 583 [merritt to STXTART ^] Santa Fe April 30th 1852 Dear Sib Enclosed you will find a Notice issued by the Gov and Commandant of this Territory and by it you will see that we will be out of a Govt in a short time. Gov Calhoun leaves here on Monday next the 3rd of May the Secy left here about three weeks since, neither of thein expect to return — We are or will be soon without a Govei-nor, a Secretary a Chief Justice and two Indian Agents^ of the appointments of the President. We have several persons acting as agents by appointment of the Govemoi' — Can not the Govt send men here to fill the various oflices who will at least live here until their successors arrive The country is ripe for a revolution to overturn the Govt here and they openly ex- press their intention of putting in a Gov of their own upon the departure of Gov. Calhoun What will come of it time will shew. The Indians still commit their outrages in the southern portion of the Territory and murders and robbery almost daily take place under the very window of the Governor of the Territory and he is unable to suppress it. Our jails are empty not from the want of prisoners to fill them but from the want of money to buy food for them when In : The Legislature refused to pass a Tax law at their last Session consequently the Treasury is bare — the reason assigned for not taxing was that the people tpould not snhmit to it. These are facts Sir which no one (let him be who he may) will dare to con- tradict I have written you several letters but as yet have received nothing to say whether or not they were ngree;ible. I am Sony I could not have received the Agency given to Mr. Baird. As while you were giving it to a democrat I think you could have given it to me Please send me any documents that you may think interesting — by papers I send by this mail you will see the state of the Country as regards murders rob- beries &c &c T have the honor to be Sir Respectfully Your Obt Senant C H Mebbitt Hon Ai:Ex H. H. Stuart Washington D. C. [SUMNER TO SIBLEY.2] Head Quarters, 9th Dlp't : Albuquerque, N. M. May S' 1852. Major B. S. Siblet A. Q. M. Major, I regret extremely that I cannot wait here till your arrival, but tis impossible. The Governor leaves on thursday, and I must go to Santa F&, to morrow. I must therefore leave the Fort Defiance train entirely under your charge, both as it regards getting It over the river, and starting it, as well as its contents. See » B. I. A., M. L., April, 1852. » A. G. O., Department of New Mexico, vol. 8, pp. 236-238. 534 CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. yourself that all the subsistence stores are forwarded. I regret that their esti- mates for Qr: Master's stores was not received in time for this train. Write to Major Backus and say to hiru, that if any of those articles are indispensable, (that he cannot do without them) I will send them out by mule wagons. Five hundred sheep will be sent out. employ two Mexican herders, these sheep will be bought by Lieut : Robertson. There are some hoes and spades here for the Navajos, these must go without fail, and say to Major Backus, that I wish him to give them to the Indians in the name of the Governor of the territory. You will have a terrible job in getting the train over the river. It will be necessary to take every thing out of the wagons. Bv't : Cap't : Taylor with a detachment of 20 dismounted men will take the train out, till he meets the escort to be sent by Major Backus. As soon as you see it started from the other side of the river, make the best of your time in getting down to Dona Ana, and I want you to accomplish that business ,as soon as possible and come directly to Santa Fe, on your way to Fort Union. Inspect closely the affairs of your department, at Forts Fillmore, and Conrad. Apply to Major Blake for a few men to go with you to Conrad. Major Howe is ordered to send a sufficient escort across the ' Jomnada ', to make it perfectly safe. Some arms and ammunition (150 ritles,) for the Boundary Commission are to go down at the same time. I wish you to see about this, I have ordered Major Rucker to this place. I must have his experience and energy in supplying this large camp truly & resijectfully Yours E V Sumner Bvt: Col: U 8. A. Comdg: Dept: Note, The tools for the Navajo Indians are in the rear of this office [SUMNER TO CARLETON ^] Head Quarteks, 9th Dep't : Santa Fe, N. M. May 5th 1852. Major J. H. Carleton Capt 1st Dragoons. Major, You will please send 25 men lo the Arkansas under Lieut : Johnston instead of 20 as previously ordered, and I wish you to send ten of your riflemen as a part of the detachment. The Governor is very ill and I wish you to instruct Lieut : Johnston, particularly to do all he can for his comfort and convenience. I have advised the Governor to rest for some days at Fort Union, and have told him he had better take my house. I will thank you to do what you can for him while he is there. Instruct Lieut Johnston, about sending a part of his detail as far as Pawnee fork if the Governor desires it. I do not think you will find it necessary to leave any men at Vegas, but I wish you to go up there and enquire into the cause of the disturbances. I have determined to extend the reserves at Fort Union to eight miles square as soon as Lieut : McFerran arrives. I have the order and instructions made out Respectfully Your oh't : Serv't : B V Sumner Bvt: Col: U. S. A. Comdg: Dept: A. G. O., Department of New Mexico, vol. 8, p. 245. CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 535 [SUMNER TO WEBSTER ^] Head Quarters, 9th Mil : Dept : Santa Fe, N. M. May 8th 1852. The Hou : Daniel Webster Secretary of State. Sib, I have the honor to inform you that Governor Calhoun left this for the United States day before yesterday, and the Secretary Mr. Allen haveing previously gone in, this civil government is left without a head. Under these circumstances, and especially as it is known, that efforts are being made at this time by some designing Mexicans to throw off our Govern- fully ment, I have felt it to be my duty, in which Governor Calhoun concurred with me, to assume the duties of the executive office so far as to insure the maintainance of law and order. I have established a strong military police in this city to act in support of the civil authorities, and I have formed a large camp at Albuquerque, the central point of the Territory. These measures will I have no doubt, repress all insurrectional feeling, indeed the excitement seems to be passing away. I would respectfully inform you that no funds have been left here for the support of the civil government, except a few hun- dred dollars belonging to the Indian department. There are some expenses that cannot be postponed, such as the subsistence of citizen prisoners. I am now obliged to issue army rations to these criminals as it is iudisi>ensably neces- sary to keep them in confinement. I would beg leave to ask that I may be apprised, as early as convenient, of the views of the Government relating to these affairs. I am Sir with high respect Your ob't : Serv't : E V Sumner Bvt: Col: Lt: Col: 1st Drags Comdg: Dept: [SUMNER TO J0NES.2] Head Quarters, 9th Dep't : Santa Fe, N. M. May 8, 1852. Major General R. Jones Adft: Qen'l: General, I have the honor to inform you that Governor Calhoun has left for the United States, and in conformity with the public notice given by the Governor and myself, which I sent to you on the 22d Ulto. I have removed my Head Quarters to this place and have assumed the direction of the civil government. I have the satisfaction to report that no further disaffection on the part of the Mexi- cans has recently appeared, and I think the excitement is passing away. I am Sir Very respectfully Your Ob't : Serv't : E V Sumner Bvt: Col: Lt: Col: 1st Orgs Comdg: Dept: 1 A. G. O., Department of New Mexico, vol. 8, p. 246. * Ibid., p. 247. 536 CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S, CALHOUN. [greiner to LEA^] superintendency of indian affairs Santa Fe N. M. May 19 1852 Hon. L Lea Commissioner of Indian Affairs Sib As a number of the Newspapers in the United States, have published charges against bis Excellency Governor Calhoun for " licensing traders to buy and sell Indian children," I take the liberty of laying before you the statement of Pedro Loon a Mexican Citizen living in Abiqui who obtained a license from Governor Calhoun to trade with the Utah Indians, giving Bond and security " to comply with all the rules and regulations, adopted by the authority of the United States for the regulation of trade and intercourse with the Indian tribes " Leon with a party of about twenty men arrived in the Utah Territory in September last where he was informed that permission would not be granted him, nor his party to trade with the Indians, unless he procured a license from Governor Young. He at once applied to the Governor for such license, but his application was refused on the ground that he was not a Mormon, but leave was granted him to trade with the Mormon people. After trading with them eight days, he returned to his CamiJ — and learned that the Payutah Indians had stolen eighteen of his animals. He applied to the Mormon Authorities for liberty to pursue the Indians, and recover his property — which leave was granted him After following them seven days, he discovered them in Camp about three hundred strong They refused to give back the animals, but in lien thereof — agreed to give him nine of their children — four girls and five boys, do Seeing that he could nothing else, he agreed to take the children intending to lay the whole matter before Govenor Calhoun, and claim indemnity for the loss of his animals — and place the children at the disposal of the government. After he bad left the Camp of the Indians — a complaint was lodged before a Mormon Alcalde that he had stolen the Indian children. The Alcalde at the head of forty men pursued him — and took the whole party prisoners — and lodged them in jail where they remained two months The case was then investigated by the Courts and Leon & party were set at liberty with a flue of fifty dollars— which fine was at once remitted. Leon then sued the Mormons for his property and for false imprisonment, and was referred by Gov. Young to Washington for satisfaction. The Indian children were sold to the Mormons as servants, by the Mormon Authorities. Governor Young treated the whole party with the greatest kindness, while they were in the Country — and when they were ready to return home — he sup- plied them with flour, meat, and butter suflicient for the journey. They left on the 6th February on foot and arrived at Abiqui on the 4th of April having suffered a great deal from being caught in the snows in the Moun- tiiius — sometimes being compelled to wade in the snow to their armpits." Such is Leons statement of the case and I have every confldence in its truth The Payutahs are a Band of Utahs speak the Utah language, and are the most destitute and degraded of all the Indian tribes, and they have ever been in the habit of trading off their children, for the means of subsistence. 10. I. A., New Mexico Supy., G 42. COERESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 537 They go nearly naked — live upon snakes, toads lizards "and such small gear," and by way of variety sometimes made 'Atole'^ of grasshoppers — bugs, fish worms, — &c &c &c The Mexicans in time past carried on quite an extensive trade with these Indians for their children who make excellent house servants, but of late years has the custom been almost discontinued. As soon as a Payutah child Is brought into a Mexican family, he is taught the Mexican language — *beft the Lords prayer, is baptized — considered a Christian and adopted the heads of the family standing Godfather and God- mother for him in Baptism. The Mexican laws know no slavery, and any person offering to sell an Indian, after being baptized, not only violates the laws of the land — but the laws of the Church. The Indian has a right to choose a guardian and upon an order from the Prefect can be released at any time should they complain of ill treatment. These Indians are remarkable for their honesty and fidelity, and after being a adopted into tfee family have seldom if ever been known to return to their own Country and people. The state of Governor Calhoun's health being such that he has been unable to attend to this matter himself I have felt it incumbent upon me to forward to the Department the true state of the case Very Respectfully John Greinee Actg Sup't Ind. Aff. New Mexico [SUMNER TO CARLET0N.2] Head Quarters. 9th Dep't : Santa Fe, May 20th 1852. Major J. H. Carleton Comdg: Fort Union, N. M. Major, I have your letter of the 17th instant. I have told the Governor, that it is impossible to furnish him with subsistence stores, under existing orders. I wish you to let him have two wall tents, two water tanks, and second hand harness for 8 mules. Take the Governors or Mr Whitings receipt for these articles and enclose them to Major Ogden, to whom these articles will be turned over. Give what assistance you can in making repairs &c. preparitory to their starting. You cannot of course furnish any corn. You should address your letters to the Ass't: Adj't: General. Very respectfully Yours. E V Sumner, Bvt: Col: U. S. A. Comdg: Dept: A-to-Ie, porridge made of Indian corn. 'A. G. O., Department of New Mexico, vol. S, p. 268. 638 COREESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. ]pw Mexico Supy., W 120. See also W 124, W 126, W 138, W 175. 2 A stateni' it received from Mrs. Joe Arnold, great-granddaughter of Governor Calbonn, is to the effect that the body was buried at Independence. COKRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 541 more firmly their confidence and esteem towards our people. Evil disposed Mexicans and others have been tampering with them and endeavouring to induce them to join in a scheme for the purpose of overthrowing the present govern- ment. If these Indians are turned back, the consequences will be injurious to the Government and the Territory alike. I shall proceed to St Louis with them with all possible speed and shall there await your answer. Very Respectfully Your Obedient Servant David V. Whiting Sec. Exec. Dept Hon L. Lea Convmr 0/ Ind Affs Washington City D. C. [whiting to lea^] By Telegraph St Louis Mo July loth 1852. Hon L Lea Commissioner of Indian Affairs Wash D. C. Db Sir We are here with five (5) Pueblo Indians brought in by Gov Calhoun shall we take them on — If so will you honor a Draft to pay their expenses should I need money to pay them reply David V. Whiting. St Louis July 17th 1852. Hon. L. Lea Telegraphed on fourteenth no answer as yet Please answer immediately David V. Whiting [entry in greiner's journal.^] Santa Ft Tuesday, July 21, 1852. Mail arrived to day from the States and by it we learned the death of H. B. James S. Calhoun, near Independence Mo. — Few Pueblos here to day Expenses $1.25. John Greineb [greiner to lea ^] Superintendency of Indian Affairs Santa Fe New Mexico July 31st 1852 Hon Luke Lea Commissioner of Ind. Affs. Sib The melancholy intelligence of the death of Governor Calhoun reached here by this mail, and his loss is deeply felt by the Citizens of New Mexico. 1 O. I. A., New Mexico Supy., W 120. 2 0. I. A., Greiner's Journal, p, 65. 3 0. I. A., New Mexico Supy. G 43, Piled with "Treaties, Copies." 542 CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. You are already aware that in order to ligliten Ms labors during liis long sickness, I assumed the duties of Acting Superintendent of Indian Affairs at his request. Had he have lived to reach Washington, you would have been put in the possession of facts that would have given you a fair conception of the condition of this Territory As some little misunderstanding has occurred between Col. Sumner and myself in relation to our official duties, I deem it necessary to submit to you for your decision the question at issue. When Gov. Calhoun left for the States— it was with the understanding that Col. Sumner was not to interfere with the business of the Indian Department. When Col. Sumner came to Santa Fe he said (I quote his own words) '• In the event of an interregnum in the office of Governor in this Territory, I am fully aware that the people and government of the United States would justly hold me ac countable for the preservation of law and order. At the same time, it is so entirely in- consistent with all the institutions of our Country for a Military Man to assume the functions of a Governor that I should decline to do it, not to shun responsibility, but from a sense that it would not be right. Can these two positions be made to harmonize — I think so. If the two highest civil officers (Judges Mower & Watts) will decide between themselves which shall take prece- dence, I will recognize and support the superior as acting Governor. If they cannot do this I will protect the interregnum in other words. I will protect all the civil officers in the performance of their several duties, they being responsible to the authority from which they derive their power. The office of Governor to remain vacant until! orders are re- ceived from the general government Signed E. V. Sumner Bvt. Col. U. -S. A. Cotng. T>ep't Hd Qrs. 9th Dpt Near Albcqdbrque ApHl 7 '5S This was the position of Col. Sumner when he came to Santa Fe— and this was the ground that Gov. Calhoun understood him to stand upon when he left for the States. Soon after the Governor left, word was sent to this Office that the Southern Apaches were anxious to make peace — Runners were sent through their Coun- uy — and the Captains of the several Bands were requested to come in to Santa Fe if such was their desire — The Mescularos came in, and the Treaties between the Eutaws & Navajoes and the United States was taken as a Copy f'u- thp A paches. Then for the first time I discovered that Col. Sumner claimed to be th« Acting Governor of New Mexico and by virtue of that office Sup't of Indian Affairs. I objected to his pretensions but was given to understand he had th«» power to assume the responsibility and would assume it. Supposing that tho public service would not be much benefitted with a controversy between the Col. and myself I submitted to his authority having no other alternative than risking making a peace with the Indians — At the same time not being entirely sure that the Colonel was not right. The Gila Apaches afraid of coming to Santa Fe proposed to meet at the Pueblo of Acoma and in order that I might have no misunderstanding with the Colonel in connection with Judge Baird we addressed him the following note CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 543 supibintbndbnct of indian affairs Santa Fh New Mexico July Srd 1852 Sir From iufoniuv .on received at tliis office, from the Governor of the Pueblo of Acoma, we learn that a large body of the Gila Apaches, will be at or near the said Pueblo on Sunday the 11th iustant for the purpose of consummating a peace with the Government of ihe United States. As a large body of Indians is expected to be in attendance we would respectfully apply to you as Commander of the 9th Military Dep't for such a force as you may deem neces- sary for the protection of ourselves, and for the benefit of the public service. .ToHN Greiner Acf'g Sup't Ind. Aff N M. S. M. Baird Ind. Agt. N M. Col E V. Sdmner Com. 9th MiUty Dept Santa Fe N M In answer to this we receive.| receiving stolen property of the United States — Morris Miller ] To Arresting Defts at $2. each 20 00 Hugh G. Hutchinson " Burning 5 Shanties at $2^ each 12 50 John Woland " 10 prs hand Cuffs a $3. each 30 00 Calvin D. Scofield " Transportation for prisoners from Fort Arthur Morrison I Union to Santa Fe 50 00 Samuel Sias [ " Suhsisteuee for prisoners on road for seven William Reynolds days at $1. per diem each 70 00 Samuel Morey " Rent of Quarters for prisoners for 3 nights Jacob Meador at $0 per night 15 00 William Halsted " foraging 12 Animals for transportation from Fort Union to Santa Fe, and back— 12 Fanagers Corn a $5 = $G0. & 6 loads Fodder at $4. 84 00 To Fire Wood purchased for Comfort of prisoners 3 loads at $4 — each 12 00 " Committing prisoners to Jail In Santa Fe a $1. each 10 00 " Mileage from Santa Fe to Fort Union and back — 105 miles at 5 cts each way of travel pr mile 10 50 " Making Invoice and storing Goods and Chattels of the Defend- ants, taken possession off 25 00 $338 00 Examined and allowed Grafton Baker Gh. Justice &c [lane to lea.^] Executive Department, Santa Fe New Mexico, February 2S, 185S. Sib The enclosed account of John Jones, Marshal of this Territory has been pre- sented to me for payment, but as I do not feel authorized to pay it, myself, I 1 O. I. A., New Mexico Supy, N 111. 5021—15 35 546 COERESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. forward it to your Office. The service was performed, and the endorsal (which was made in my presence) is intended for a receipt, should a draft be sent for the amount. Very Respectfully Your Obedt Servant Wm Care Lane 8ui)t Ind Affrs Hon L. Lea Commr. Ind Affrs Washington City D. C. [SUMNER TO CALHOUN.M Head Quarters, 9th Del^'t: Albuquerque N. M. Mai/ 2' 1852. His Exy J. S. Calhoun Governor, I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of the two letters written by your direction dated April oOth 1852, I cordially recip- rocate your kind feelings, and trust that you will reach your home in safety. I will be in Santa Fe, on Wednesday night, as I wish much to see you before you leave. I would propose to you to go to Fort Union, and rest there for a few days. You wdll be very comfortable in my house, and it is entirely at your service. Under existing circum- stances in this territory, instead of sending Major Carleton's whole company to the Arkansas, I shall send a platoon only, under Lieu- tenant Johnson, I will direct this Officer to regulate liis marches to suit your convenience. I am Sir With high respect Your ob't : Serv't : E V Sumner Bvt: Cnl: Lt. Col: Ut Digs Comdf): Dcpt: »A. G. 0., Department of New Mexico, vol. 8. p. 235. COERESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 547 [CALHOUN TO LEA/] Executive Department Santa Fe New Mexico May 5th 1852 Sir I have this day drawn on you in favor of Joseph D Ellis Esq at sight for Two thousand Eighty seven 50/100 Dollars, which amount will be duly accounted for at the end of the present quarter. Very Respectfully Your Obedient Servant J S Calhoun Supt hid Afs. By David V. Whiting Hon LuitE Lea Commr of Ind Affs. Washington City D. G. [LEA TO CALHOUN."] Department of the Interior, Office Indian Affairs, May 6th, 1852. Calhoun, His Excy Jas. S. Gov. c&c Santa Fe, New Mexico. Sir, Your own, and the accounts of Agent Greiner, and of Special Agents S. M. Baird and C. Overman, transmitted with Mr. Whitings three letters of the 31st March have been received. Very respectfully. Your Obt. Svt. L. Lea, Gomr. [LEA TO CALHOUN.n Department of the Intr. Office Indian Affrs : May 6: 52. Calhoun, His Excy. Jas. S. Santa Fe, New Mexico. Sir, I have received your letter of the 31st of last March, enclosing the Official bond of S. M. Baird, Esq, Indian Agent in New Mexico, which is approved. Very respectfully, Your Obt. Svt. . L. Lea, Gomr: * O. I. A., New Mexico Supy, N 64. » O. I. A., L. B., No. 46. p. 74. • Ibid. 648 CORBESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. [CALHOUN TO LEA.'] Executive Department Las Vegas N. Mexico Mmj 11, 1852 Sir I have this day approved a draft drawn by Col A R Woolley, • Indian Agent, at sight, for One hundred DoUars, in favor of Michael Gleason vv^hich will be duly accounted for in his accounts for this quarter. Very Respectfully Your Obed* Servant J. S. Calhoun J)y David V. Whiting Hon L. Lea Comm'' of Ind Affs Washington City D.G. [SUMNEB TO CALHOUN.'] Head Quarters 9th Dep't: Santa Fe, May 20th 1852 His Exy : J. S. Calhoun Fort Union, N. M. Governor, I have received the two letters written by your direction on the 16th and 17th inst : Every thing will be done to insure the due course of law in the case of the prisoners arrested by your order. Dr Byrne informs me that he does not wish to go to the States, and requests that Dr McParlin, may be ordered to accompaii}^ you. As I pre- sume 3^ou would not wish Dr Byrne to go unwillingly, I have sent the order to Dr McParlin. I regret that I can not furnish you with the subsistence stores. Owing to the great abuses here and else- where very stringent orders have been is.sued on this subject. OflEi- cers are now obliged to certify to the number in their families, and that the provisions are not used for any other purpose. You may be able to make some arrangement with the Agent of the flour con- tractor for the flour, with regard to the Quarter Master's stores, I have directed Major Carleton, to furnish you with two wall tents, two water tanks, and harness for eight mules, to be turned over to Major Ogden at Fort Leavenworth. I regret extremely that you do not think proper to leave the Indian funds in this Territory. There will never be a time when the judicious expenditure of a part of this money will do more good than during this season. In- 1 O. I. a., New Mexico Supy, H 122. «A. G. C, Department of New Mexico, vol. 8, pp. 266-268; O. I. A., New Mexico Snpy, S151. I CORRESPONDENCE OF JAMES S. CALHOUN. 549 deed I consider it so vitally important to meet the reasonable ex- pectations of the Navajos and Utahs, who resort here on business, that I foresee that I shall be obliged to use military funds, for this purpose, and in order to justify my doing this I must be able to show, that I left nothing undone to obtain, the funds that had been specially appropriated by Congress for their benefit. I am very happy to hear of the improvement in your health, as you can now begin to take nourishment. I have no doubt but you will recover rapidly. Wishing you a comfortable and pleasant journey I am Sir With high respect. Your ob't : Serv't : E V Sumner Bvt: Col: Lt: Col: 1st Drags Comdg: Dept: [SUMNER TO LEA.^] Hd Qrs 9th Dept Santa Fe N M May 26/52. Sir, I regret to iuforru you that Govi- J S Calhoun has not thought proper, before leaving this territory, to turn over the funds belonging to the Navajos and Utahs. — From information I have received from Mr Greiner Indian Agent, and temporarily charged with the Superintendency of Indian Affairs. I suppose there must be at least $25000, of those funds unexpended. — There will never be a time when a part of this money can be so judiciously used as during this season. — These Indians are now perfectly quiet and friendly and it is a great object to furnish them with tools, and other useful things, in order to encourage them in extending their agriculture &c as much as possible — Besides, parties of them frequently come here on business, and it is indis- pensably necessary to feed them while here. — So vitally important do I consider it, just at this time, to equal the reasonable expectations of these Indians, that I foresee that I shall be obliged to use military funds for this purpose — I would therefore, earnestly request that measures may be taken to restore to the territory, as soon as possible, the money that belongs here — The Secretary Mr Allen also carried away all the public money in his possession, amounting to about $9000, so that I am left in charge of this civil government, the direction of which I was compelled to as- sume under peculiar circumstances, without the means of carrying it on, al- though Congress has made all the necessary appropriations. — With high respect Your obt Servt E V Sumneb Bvt Col Lt Col 1st Digs Comg Dept Hon In charge of Executive Office Luke Lea Commr of Indian Affairs Note May 29/ I would state that Mr Greiner Actg Supt Indian Affairs has already been obliged to borrow $200, to meet the wants of that d^pt. 1 O. I. A., New Mexico Supy., S 151. 550 CORRESPONDENCE OP JAMES S. CALHOUN. [whiting to SUMNER.^] Copy. Executive Department Fort Union N. M. May 2Gth 1852. Colonel, I am directed by H. E. the Governor to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 20th inst, in which you make inquiries concerning certain Indian funds, and I am directed by him to inform you that if there are any such funds in the Territory he is not aware of their existence. It is true that $36,000 were appro- priated by the Congress of the United States in fulfilment of Navajo and Utah Treaty stipulations, a portion of that amount has been drawn and expended, a full report of which will be given at Washington upon the arrival of H. E. at that place. There are over $20,000 now lying at Washington, which have not been drawn as H. E. did not deem it expedient for him to do so, as he did- not consider the wants of said two tribes demanded it. nor does he consider they demand it at the present time Very Respectfully Your Obt; Servt, (Sgd) David V, Whiting. Col E. V, Sumner Comdg 9th Mil; De't; Santa Fe', N M Head Qurs 9th Mil; Dep't; Santa Fe', N M May 20th 1852 A true copy J. C. McFerran 1st Lt 3d Inf Actg Ast Adj Oenl [LEA TO CALHOUN. '^l Department of the Interior, Office Indian Affairs, 3/mj 26: 1852. Calhoun, His Excy. J. S. Gov d'-c. Santa Fe., New Mexico. Sir: Agent WooJley's accounts for the qr. ending 31st March last, with Mr. Baldwin's letter of 8th ulto, transmitting them, have been received. Very respectfully, Your Obt Svt. L. Lea, Comr. lO. I. A., New Mexico Supy., S 151. 8 0. I. A., L. B., No, 46, p. 116. INDEX Page. Abert, J.W 5 Albuquerque 31 Capt. Walker's California party retire to 451-452 Sumner moves his headquarters from Fort Union to 434 Allen, William S 364 Alvarez 218, 242, 305n2 Apaches 6,8,32,34,54,266 And others prepare to make treaty with United States 212 Associated with Kiowas and Comanches. 270 Attack upon 262-263 Bands of 266 Depredations 215, 255, 284, 486, 492 Gila, have many captives and animals... 401 In camp near San Miguel, La Cuesta, and Anton Chico 350 Living east of the Rio Grande, treaty with 314-316, 327-328, 472 Murders by 63, 155, 216, 259, 341 Sumner has established a new post at the "copper mines" in the country of. . . 433 Treaty should be made with the, west of the Del Norte 394 Want to know about future location 353 Arapahoes 7, 8, 18 Attack of, and Kiowas upon a Utah vil- lage 438 Archibille, a Navajo chief 312 Arkansas Crossing 18 Armijo 467 Augney, W. Z., letter of 256-257 Baker, Grafton, to visit Washington.. 431 Baird, Spence M.: Accounts 511 Commission 473 Special agent for Navajos 488 Bartlett, John Russell ^ 404, 405 BeaU, Benjamm Lloyd 35n, 59,152 Beaubien, Charles 133, 135, 136, 137 Artillery force sent to Taos on recommen- dation of 360 Circuit judge 358 No confidence in the Mexican popula- tion 358 Bent, Charles 5, 9, 56 Bent's Fort 32, 42 Black Eagle Barbon 467 Blumner, Charles, takes census of Indians of New Mexico 280 Boundary Commission: An agent of Interior Department ought to be with 414 Calhoun intends visiting 394 Citizens of Mesilla find fault with the placing of the initial point 404 Page. Brooke, George Mercer 14,17,99 Burnside, Ambrose E.. 60, 61, 99n, 188, 196, 197, 198 Calhoun, James S.: Accompanied by five Pueblo Indians 540 Accounts 332, 337, 379 And Sumner go to Jemez to meet Nava- joes 434 Appointment as governor of New Mex- ico 295,296 Asks leave of absence to visit Washington and Georgia 365,399 Attacked by catarrh and jaundice 473 Bond 16, 67, 74,334 Brooks will furnish escort to, to the Utah country 439 Comments upon report 190 Commission 2, 3, 262 Compensation 3 Complains that he is still ignorant of late laws affecting New Mexico 354 Constitution proposed for State govern- ment 213,217,253 Death of 541 Death of younger daughter 471 Departure from Georgia 1 Disbursements 156 During illness of, Greiner to act as super- intendent 519 Estimates 175 Informs Sumner of apprehensions as to effects of his changes in Ninth Mili- tary Department 396 Intends to visit the Boundary Commis- sion 394 Interior Department should have an agent with Boundary Commission. . . 414 Interview wi Ih agen tsofPueblos 340 Inquires if he has power to fill vacancies in Indian agencies temporarily 436 Is gratified that Judge Grafton Baker will advocate changes in New Mexican organic law 431 Leaves Fort Union 538 Proclamation Mar. 18, 1851, touching the formation of volunteer corps 300-301 Report on Pueblos 172 Reported to be at the point of death 521 Sons-in-law 48 Suggestions 82, 139, 148 Thinks not less than two mounted regi- ments can maintain peace in New Mexico 431, 433 Transmits petition 157 Unfounded charges against 536 Wants military escort to the Utah coun- try 434 Will leave for the States 531 551 552 INDEX. Cafion Bonito, post establ ished at 439 Captives 29, 51, 63, 60, 73, 161. 181, 184, 345, 349, 390-391, 401, 405-406, 414, 451 Cayugas 7, 8 Chacon: And other Indians ordered to be at Anton Chico by May 15, 1851 351 Brought in by Lieut. Holliday 310, 317 Carrying out of treaty 328, 330 Signs treaty 314 Superior chief of Apaches east of Del Norte 308 Chihuahua: Department of 7,34n "Will be a perpetual scene of robbery and bloodshed" 428 Chapitone 22, 49 Cheille, Canon of 21,26,27,28,35.38 Cheyennes 7, 8, 18 Uneasiness among 417 Chippewa In2 Choice, Cyrus 48,90,91,121,187,208 Compensation due 336, 460 Death 259 Payment to 335 Cito, Jose, a mescalero 319 Clayton, John M Inl Coahuila, department of 7 Collins, James 5 Colquitt, W.J 11 Comanches 8, 18, 32, 34 Assembling 342,345 Carlos Vigil reports "decidedly peace- fully purposed " 389 Decamped during night 342, 343, 344, 355, 356, 363, 368, 378 Depredations 347 Location 394 On the way to fight Navajos 379 Proposed disposition of 55 Want to know about their future location. 353 Connelly, Dr. Henry 218,255,281,305 Cooke, P. St. George 5 Council Blufls 1 n2,2 Cunningham, Francis A 217, 305 n 2 Davis, John H 48,61,249 Dawson, W. C 75,384 Disurnell, map of 1 Dodge, Henry Lane 38 Doniphan, A. W 9 Dunn, Isaac B 95,271 Dunn, James H., inquires concerning his relatives 272-273 Durango, Department of 7 Eagle Feathers: Cattle killed by 349 Pays a visit to Calhoun 368 Principal chief of Comanches 343, 345 Emory, W. H 5 Ewing, Thomas 10 Fitzpatrick, Thomas 18 and notes Fort Conrad 433,449,479,485 Fort Defiance 434,445,518 Fort Fillmore 4.33, 485 f'age. Fort Leavenworth 17 Fort Union: Calhoun leaves 538 Established by Sumner 417 Headquarters of Sumner moved from, to Albuquerque 434 Fort Webster, establishment of, and effect upon Gila Apaches 290,479 Storesfor 487 Fremont, John C 5 Grand council of Apaches and Comanches planned 345 Greiner, John 321, 388 Talk with Navajos 475 Will be stationed near Taos 393 Grier, William N 88, 107 Haralson, H. A 12 Hays, John C 34 Holliday, J. P 308,310,317 Houghton, Joab 18, 39, 49 Houston, Sam, letter of. 211 Iverson, A 11, 12 Jemez 35, 36 Calhoun and Sumner meet Navajos in council at 434 S. M. Baird to be located at 488 Visit of Calhoun to 44 Jicarillas 6,8 Daughter of Mrs. J. M. White supposed to be captive among 269 Depredations of 299 Have chief and four warriors at Santa Fe. 308 In the neighborhood of Manzana 281 Must keep beyond aU settlements 359 Obtain whisky of the Mexicans 357 Threaten hostilities 357 Jones, John G 48 Judd, Henry B Ill, 146, 184 Kearny code, salaries under 437 Kearny, Stephen W 5,6,9,32, 120 Kendrick, Henry Lane 26, 48, 59, 310, 358 Kiowas 18,32 Attack with Arapahoes, a Utah village.. 438 Lacome, Auguste: Mission of 167, 271 Report 169, 239 Laguna, Valley of 31,38 Latz, Benjamin J 297,310,318,330,345,352 Lea, Luke, Navajo chief 467 Lee, Andrew 48 Lee, Benjamin F 48 Legislature: Members of, memorialize Calhoun 386-387 Memorial of certain members, Jime 30, 1851 366-368 Room needed for 352 Love, William E 249 Lumpkin, John H 11 Lima, Ramon, e.xpedition to Navajo country. 283, 284-286 Lobo: A Jicarilla 319 Chief of the Mescaleros 317 Signs treaty... 314 Mail, attack upon 47 Manuel, Simon, Apache chief 260 INDEX. 553 Page. Jicarillas in the neighborhood of 281 Lieut. HoUiday pursues Indians who committed depredations near 308 Navaj OS drive stocl;; from near 307 Marcy, William L 9,11,13,14 Martinez, Marians 22 May, Charles A 80,91,121 Mescaleros have chief and four warriors at ^- -aFe 308 Miguel, Hosea 467 Mitchell, VViUiam H 49 Moquis ( Hopi) - 7, 8, 52 Visit Callioim 415 Mower, Horace " 364,388,407 Munroe, John 43,61,64 Calling legislature 218 For continuing military occupation 242, 253 Proclamatijns of— May 6, 1850 213 May 28, 1850 219-220 Refuses to furnish Indian superintend- ency with subsistence 324, 328 6, 7, 8, 21, 32 Calhoun and Sumner meet at Jemez 434 Citizens of Taos and Rio Ariba want to go against 427 Divided into two groups, hostile to each other , 309 Depredations 211, 217, 239, 200, 264, 268, 283, 288, 289, 291, 303, 307. 312, 380, 389, 414, 447 Fort Defiance established in theii- coun- try. 518 Land title 340 Make assaults upon Zuni 250, 260 Murders committed 47, 299, 414 Post established at Canyon Bonito ui their country 439 Resources 55 S. M. Baird, special agent for 488 Sumner makes expedition to theii' coun- try 113,414,418 Treaty with 21-25 New Mexico: Act establishmg the seat of government. . 435 Aflairs in a critical condition 514 Census of Indians 280 Citizens growing increasingly apprehen- sive 430 Citizens opposed to a State government cU-aw up declaration of principles. . 370-375 Defeated faction stirring up trouble among the Indians 362 Defective character of organic law 432 Factious citizens influencing Pueblo In- dians to take up arms 369 Mischievous element among people of. . . . 361 Traitorous 364 Not 500 citizens can read English language 413 Not less than two mounted regiments can maintain peace in 431 Sumner regrets laws not strong enough to repress lawlessness 397 Treasury empty 425 Unprincipled men trying to subvert the government 532 Overman, Charles, accounts 511 Pah-hah-you-co 211 Pleasanton, Lieut. Alfred H., ordered to pur- sue Navajos 289, 292, 310, 346 Porode, Simon, Apache chief 260 Pueblos: Council 369 Want to know views of Government re- specting them 267 Quitman, John A 111,146 Reynolds, A. W., leader of disaflected New Mexicans 362 Rio Ariba, citizens of Taos and of, want to go against Navajos 427 Robinson, James D 89,90 Sandra, governor of, draws up a declaration . 369 Sandoval 307 Navajo chief, on visit to Santa Fe 309 San Felipe, claim of 447,449,454,456 San Illdefonso 57, 99 St. VrainCeran 42 Simpson,!. H 205,204 Smith, Hugh N 42,53,59,68,69,113,222,224-226 Socorro, petition from citizens of 479,481-482 Spanish land and water statutes 497-507 Steen, Enoch 73,188 Steptoe, E. J 118,148 Sumner, Edwin V.: And Calhorm go to Jemez to meet Nava- jos 434 Assigned to command of Ninth Military Department : 383 Breaks up military post at Santa Fe 417 Expects to leave Fort Leavenworth for Santa Fe by May 1, 1851 384,385 Expeditions to the Navajo country 413, 414,418,421,430,441.451 Is to cooperate with Calhoun 416 Makes changes in Ninth Military Depart- ment 382 Moves headquarters from Fort Union to A Ibuquerque 434 Tamucha 256 Taos: Citizens of, and of Rio Ariba, want to go against Navajos 427 Company of infantry at 433 Petition of citizens 240 Pueblo of 494 Voting by Indians 132 Texas, relations with New Mexico 70, 220,221,244,252-263 The'Palace 435 Thomas, Carroll 89,90 Thomas, Francis John 110,146,184 Traders, 71, 104, 108, 196, 246, 251, 282, 348, 483 Tunicha: Murders committed near 47 Valley of 27,35 Twiggs, D.E Ill Utahs 7,8,18,20,35,92,201.202.205 Depredations 217,239,288 Have had secret council with Taos 358 In force in the valley of La Costillo 358 Lands claimed, in tho valley of the Los Conejos 438 Mexicans arrangingto seize lands ol 441 554 U I ahs— Coil ; iuu ed . Treaty with ail, 125, 127, 252, 33-''. Village of, attat-ked byKiowasand Arap- ahoes 438 Wagon Mound, murders at 206, 207, 209 Washington, John Macrae 19^ 20, 21, 31, 35, 36, 37, 42, 18S, 203 Watts, Johns 364,388,407 Weightman, Richard H 53, 133n, 217, 305n2, 321, 388, 393, 464 White, J. M 63' 131, 160, 170, 239, 247, 269, 271' 272, 273-274, 287, 293, 297, 308, 328 Wliiting, D.V .' 292 W ilMi., John 5, 1, M) Wingfield,E. H -in Absent 434 Arrives in Santa Fe >32 Will accompany Sumr.er to Navajo coun- try 93 Woolley, A. R .21 Arrives at Santa Fe .92 Will be. stationed on tl\n L.;j. ' ' .c road i93 Zunl, pueblo of 30, 35, 3.-', 50 Deputa lion from 50 o \ v ^^o^s- I^ \../' ^ V >^"-^. ^.%. W\ ^ '■L^o .<^ >P'^^^ ■■m %^ ^'o ^. ■a? '^^ :f^^ f ^ ^% ,^^ .•:ii^>^.;,^ //i - ^o y ■*^o< J" \. '^^^