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 Lifts him on high? 
 Jo live in hearts zve leave h hind, 
 
 Is not to die. 
 
PUBLISHERS' NOTE. 
 
 A NUMBER of letters and material have been re= 
 ceived of a genealogical nature, with requests to in- 
 corporate the same into this work. It is to be re- 
 gretted that this cannot be done, as the object of this 
 work is simph' to preserve and perpetuate the names | 
 and biographical history of the most notable mem- 
 bers of this famil_v name. 
 
 The preservation of such a record cannot fail to 
 prove invaluable and a source of pride and interest 
 not only to persons of the name but to the world in 
 general ; and this book may prove the foundation upon 
 which a monumental work mav be constructed. 
 
m^m 
 
ORIGIN AND HISTORY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 nsr jPl IXC z: 
 
 OF 
 
 T\aTH 
 
 BIOGRAPHIES OF ALL THE MOST NOTED 
 PERSONS OF THAT NAME. 
 
 AND AN ACCOUNT OF THE ORIGIN OF 
 SURNAMES AND FORENAAIES. 
 
 TOGETHER WITH 
 
 OVER FIVE HUNDRED CHRISTIAN NAMES OF MEN AND WOMEN 
 
 AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE. 
 
 Cbc Crescent family Record. 
 
 "To lire in hearts we leave behind is not to die.'''' 
 
 CHICAGO, ILL.: 
 
 AMERICAN publishers' ASSOCIATION. 
 
6 1 u. :. k 
 
 
 V 
 
 K 
 
 li 
 
 / 
 
COIS^TENTS. 
 
 Frontispiece. Vase of Flowers. 
 
 Introduction, 
 
 Illustration, Coats-of-Arms. 
 
 Origin and Tlistor^^ of the Family Name, 
 
 The First of the Name in America, 
 
 Principal Branches of the Family, . . . _ 
 
 Historical and Biographical, 33 
 
 Origin of the Surname, - - - - - - 49 
 
 Origin of the Forename, 81 
 
 Genealogy, 93 
 
 Heraldry, ------... 94 
 
 Illustration of Camp-Fire Chats, - - - - 98 
 
 Patriotic Societies of the United States, - - 99 
 Forenames of Alen and Their Significance, - - 103 
 Forenames of Women and Their Significance, - 109 
 The Crescent Familv Records, --••-. 113 
 
INTRODU CTION. 
 
 NOW that we all have surnames, we are apt to for- 
 get that it was not alwa^-s so. We cannot eas- 
 il\^ realize the time when John, Thomas and Andrew, 
 Mary and Abigail, ^vere each satisfied with a single 
 name, nor reflect that the use of two is not a refine- 
 ment dating from an obscure and unknown antiquity, 
 but quite within the reach of record and history. 
 
 Every name, no doubt, originally had a meaning, 
 or was at first assumed or imposed from its real or 
 supposed fitness, from some accidental circumstance, 
 or from mere caprice. Each individual is distinguished 
 from his fellows by his name. But for this system his- 
 tor}^ and biograph3^ could scarcely exist. 
 
 Our proper name is our individuality; in our own 
 thoughts and in tlic thf)ughts of those who know us, 
 they cannot be separated. Our names are uttered, 
 and at once, whether in connection with blame or 
 praise, with threat or entreaty, with hatred or love, 
 v^^e ourselves are affected by the ideas and feelings 
 expressed. A few tritiing words, in no way meant to 
 appl3^ to the man they describe, suffice to awaken the 
 recollection of that man, his physical peculiarities, his 
 moral character, and the most remarkable acts and 
 events of his life; a few s\'llal)les will cause the tear 
 to start afresh from the mother's eye, after years of 
 consolation and resignation to her loss; they will sum- 
 mon the tell-tale blush to the maiden's cheek, and she 
 immediately thinks her secret is discovered; they will 
 make a lover's heart beat more rapidly; rekindle the 
 angry glance in an enemy's eye; and in a friend sep- 
 arated from his friend, will renew all his past regrets 
 and his fondest hopes. None the less rapidly do our 
 thoughts connect a name with the idea of the thing to 
 
ii INTRODUCTION. 
 
 which it belongs, be it land of birth, country, town, 
 river, road, valley or hill. Dislike, desire, recollection of 
 pain or pleasure, admiration, jealousy, kind feelings, 
 national hatreds and love of country, one and all may 
 be evoked by a single \vord, because the word repre- 
 sents to us the ver3^ object which has created those 
 emotions within us. Every person, even the most in- 
 curious observer of words and things, must have re- 
 marked the great varietj^ that exists in the names of 
 families. He cannot fail to notice that such names are 
 of ^videly different significations, many being identical 
 with names of places, offices, professions, trades, qual- 
 ities, familiar natural objects and other things. There 
 is probably no person capable of the least degree of re- 
 flection who has not often, in idle moments, amused 
 himself v^dth some little speculation on the probable 
 origin of his own name. It is not sufficient for a per- 
 son of inquisitive mind that he bears such and such a 
 surname because his father and his grandfather bore 
 it; he will naturally feel desirous of know^ing why and 
 when their ancestors acquired it. 
 
 What \vould the annals of mankind and the rec- 
 ords of biography be if people had never borne any 
 proper names? It would be a mere chaos of unde- 
 fined incidents and an unintelligible mass of facts, \vith- 
 out symmetry or beaut3^, and \vithout any interest at 
 all for after ages. Indeed, \vithout names, mankind 
 v^^ould have wanted what is perhaps the greatest stim- 
 ulous of \vhich the mind is susceptible — the love of 
 fame; and consequently, many of the mightiest achieve- 
 ments in ever3^ department of human endeavor would 
 have been lost to the world. 
 
 Man}^ of our ancient and modern institutions are 
 intimately connected with the meaning and continued 
 existence of proper names. It has been well said that 
 hereditary names perpetuate the memory of ancestors 
 
INTRODUCTION. in 
 
 better than any other monument, an affectionate re- 
 membrance this, surely, and one which fosters the cause 
 of moraHty; they teach, or at an3^ rate remind sons of 
 their duty to be worthy of their ancestors. 
 
 Though its importance be felt in all phases of our 
 social life, the origin of proper names does not essen- 
 tially belong to a civilized condition. Undoubtedly it 
 is intimately connected with the gift of speech. A man 
 must call his children by a distinctive appellation, either 
 w^hcn he speaks to them or when he speaks of them in 
 their absence, and when a gesture and an inflection of 
 the voice are not sufficient to indicate his meaning. 
 The distinctive title which he uses can only be a name 
 exclusive^ applicable to the individual meant; on the 
 other hand, the father will recognize the name given to 
 him by his children. Again, the domestic animal, man's 
 intelligent companion in his field sports, and the watch- 
 ful guardian of his dwelling; the brook that runs be- 
 neath his home; the tree that shelters or the forest that 
 conceals it; the hill or the vale near which it lies, will 
 soon be named by those who wish to distinguish them 
 from similar objects around. If other men come to live 
 near the first famih', they will receive a name and give 
 one in return. 
 
 However simple these names be at first, so simple 
 that they express nothing be\'ond the degree of rela- 
 tionship between father and mother and children, and 
 the order of their birth in the case of the last; be they 
 mere substantives used to point out more specially the 
 dwelling and all that surrounds it; as the hut, the tree, 
 or the brook — or even supposing that in the common 
 intercourse which may exist between one family and its 
 neighbor the only distinctive terms employed are we 
 and thej', and further, that sun, fire, destruction, or 
 thunder, designate the beneficent or angry deity — still 
 the system of proper names alread^^ exists in embryo, 
 
IV INTRODUCTION. 
 
 and is read\' to be further developed, even to the high- 
 est degree of importance and intricacy, in proportion 
 as the social principle itself becomes more extended and 
 more complicated in its constitution. 
 
 Add new members to the family; collect several fam- 
 ilies together and form them into one tribe; place a 
 number of tribes holding friendly relations with one 
 another in a less limited tract of land; then will the 
 spot occupied by each tribe, every village or cluster of 
 inhabitants belonging to the same tribe, qx&yj hill and 
 thicket and brook— in a word, the land and the gath- 
 ering of men upon it assume proper names, just as the 
 tribes had already done before, and the families and 
 the individuals that constituted them. 
 
 From this outline of the first elements of social 
 life, let us remove, in thought, for a moment, and place 
 ourselves in the heart of civilized existence. The names 
 of lands and dwellings have changed into the designa- 
 tions of powerful states and magnificent cities; names 
 which will be familiar for centuries after the grass has 
 grown over and hidden even the ruins of their palaces 
 and their fortresses and obliterated the very traces of 
 their existence, and after political or naturally induced 
 revolutions have depopulated, divided and totally dis- 
 membered the provinces of mighty empires. Here the 
 names of men distinguish the individual members of a 
 great social body, magistrates, princes, chiefs of the 
 great civil and poUtical whole; and among these names, 
 all of them less or more important at present, there 
 are some which hereafter shall be handed down to his- 
 tory as a rich inheritance, an object of envy to the am- 
 bitious, and a pattern of conduct to the wise. 
 
HISTORICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL. 33 
 
 THE NAME OF TAYLOR. 
 
 The name of Taylor is derived from the well-known trade- 
 sartor. Many families with common and plebean names have 
 endeavored to give them a more distinguished character, by 
 altering the orthography, as, Tayleure, for Taylor. 
 
 The commonness of the occupation has led to the frequency 
 of the surname, which according to the Sixteenth Report of 
 the Reg. Gen. of 1856, stands fourth in the list of the most 
 common family names in England and Wales, giving prece- 
 dence only to Smith, Jones and Williams. 
 THE FIRST OF THE NAME OF TAYLOR IN AMERICA. 
 
 Edward Taylor was one of the first settlers in New England. 
 He was a proprietor ; and settled in Reading in 1647. He was 
 also a town officer. 
 
 George Taylor, who settled in Lynn, ]\Iass., came in the 
 Truelove in 1635. He was a proprietor. 
 
 John Cambridge Taylor bequeathed all his property to his 
 wife ; who bequeathed all to her grandchildren, John and 
 Joseph Taylor. 
 
 Richard Taylor was a town officer and juror of Yarmouth ; 
 and William Taylor was a carpenter and covenant servant 
 of Plymouth. 
 
 William Taj'lor settled at Concord in 1649. He had six 
 children, Samuel, John, Abraham, Isaac, Jacob and Joseph. 
 
 James Taylor settled in Concord when he came to New 
 England. His sons were Henry, Samuel and Thomas. 
 
 Richard Taylor settled in Boston, Mass., in 1642. 
 
 Samuel Taylor was an early resident of Ipswich, Mass., in 
 1648, and was a member of the tow^n committee. 
 
 Thomas Taylor settled in Salem, Mass., in 1636. 
 
 Thomas Taylor was a planter of Watertown, Mass. ; and also 
 a proprietor in 1642. 
 
 Henry Taylor was a settler of Barnstable, Mass. He had 
 one son Jonathan. 
 
 COATS-OF-ARMS OF THE TAYLOR FAMILY. 
 
 Arms: Gules, three infants' heads argent, crined or. 
 
 Crest: A fleur-de-lis or, between two wings expanded 
 azure. 
 
 THE TAYLORS IN AMERICA. 
 
 A thorough perusal of the following life sketches of noted 
 Taylors, eminent in all walks of life, will reveal the fact 
 that the Taylors have been actively and intimately associated 
 
34 HISTORICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL. 
 
 with the ecclesiastical, civil, industrial and commercial affairs 
 of America ; and to become conversant -with their history will 
 naturally create in our children a source of pride in the name 
 of Taylor heretofore unappreciated. 
 
 As builders and merchants they have built cities and illu- 
 mined the marts of trade ; in the field of science and medicine 
 they have obtained great prominence; in the arena of states- 
 manship they have produced men of thought and men of 
 action ; while at the bar and in the administration of justice 
 they have shown erudition and wisdom. As clergymen, edu- 
 cators and lecturers they have occupied high places; as musi- 
 cians, composers and artists they have contributed profusely 
 to social life; and as authors and poets they are worthy to 
 be crowned with a laurel wreath of fame. Also as heroes of 
 colonial. Revolutionary and later wars they have rendered 
 patriotic service, each one of whom has added luster to the 
 name of Taylor. 
 
 TAYLOR, A. B., banker. He is president Fruit Growers 
 Bank of Saugatuck, Mich. ; and is prominent in the financial 
 and public atf airs of his city, county and state. 
 
 TAYLOR, ABNER, merchant, congressman, was born in 
 1829, in Bangor, Maine. He was a member of the Illinois state 
 legislature for one term. He was elected to the fifty-first and 
 fifty-second congresses as a republican. 
 
 TAYLOR, ALBERT BRAY, banker, was born April 5, 
 1862,- in Bangor, Maine. He is cashier of the Veazie National 
 Bank of Bangor, Maine ; and prominent in the financial and 
 business affairs of his city. 
 
 TAYLOR, ALBERT ]\IILES, physician, surgeon, was born 
 Dec7 21, 1858, on the border line of Kentucky and Tennessee. 
 In 1879 he graduated from the Missouri Medical College ; and 
 subsequently took advanced courses in New York and Europe. 
 In connection with the Taylor Sanitorum, which he founded 
 in Oakland, Cal., he achieved signal success. For many years 
 he has filled the professorship of gyneacology in the post- 
 graduate department of the University of California. He is 
 prominent in the medical circles of San Francisco; and has 
 also held high positions in Masonic bodies. 
 
 TAYLOR, ALBERT REYNOLDS, educator, college presi- 
 dent, author, son of John and Mary A. Taylor, was born Oct. 
 16, 1846, near Magnolia, 111. He received his education in 
 the public schools, the Wenona seminary, the Illinois State 
 Normal university, Knox college; and in 1872 graduated from 
 the Lincoln university^ Illinois, in which latter institution he 
 
HISTORICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL. 35 
 
 was professor of natural science for ten years. He was presi- 
 dent of the State Normal school of Kansas from 1882 to 1901. 
 In the latter year he accepted the presidency of the James 
 Millikin university at Decatur and Lincoln, 111. He is the 
 author of The Church at Work in the Sunday School; The 
 Study of the Child ; Among Ourselves ; A School-Master With 
 His Friends at the Round Table ; Civil Government in Kansas ; 
 and other works ; has contributed extensively to periodical 
 literature; and is a successful lecturer on educational and 
 popular themes. 
 
 TAYLOR, ALEXANDER WILSON, lawyer, state legis- 
 lator, congressman, was born March 22, 1815, in Indiana 
 county. Pa. He was a member of the Pennsylvania legisla- 
 ture in 1859-60. He was elected to the forty-third congress. 
 
 TAYLOR, ALFRED, clergyman, author, was born in 1831 
 in Philadelphia, Pa. He is a Presl)ytei-ian clergyman of Phila- 
 delphia. He is the author of Peeps at Our Sunday Schools; 
 Sunday School Photographs ; and Hints about Sunday School 
 Work. 
 
 TAYLOR, ALFRED ALEXANDER, lawyer, congressman, 
 was born in 1849 near p]lizalethton, Tenn. He was elected 
 to the Tennessee legislature in 1875. He w^as elected to the 
 fifty-first, fifty-second and fifty-third congresses as a repub- 
 lican. 
 
 TAYLOR, ARTHUR II., lawyer, congressman, was born 
 Feb. 29, 1852, in Canada. In 1880 and in 1882 he was elected 
 prosecuting attorney for the eleventh judicial circuit of In- 
 diana. He was elected to the fifty-third congress as a demo- 
 crat. 
 
 TAYLOR, ARTHUR AVILSON, physician, surgeon, wa& 
 born Sept. 1, 1857, in New York City. In 1876 he graduated 
 from the Brooklyn Collegiate and Polytechnic Institute; and 
 in 1880 from the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New 
 York City. In 1880 he became assistant surgeon in the 
 United States army ; and in 1892 was retired with the rank of 
 captain. He is now assistant surgeon of the Oregon Short 
 Line railway at Brigham City, Utah. He has been a member 
 of the state board of health of Utah ; chairman of the city 
 board of health ; and has filled numerous other positions of 
 trust and honor. 
 
 TAYLOR, ASHER, congressman. He was a representative 
 from New York to the twenty-eighth congress. 
 
 TAYLOR, BAYARD, journalist, diplomat, author, was 
 
36 HISTORICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL. 
 
 born Jan. 11, 1825,- in Kennett square, Pa. He went to New 
 York City and engaged in editorial work. In 1851 he set out 
 on a protracted tour in the east, which occupied several years ; 
 and in 1862 was secretary of the United States legation at 
 St. Petersburg, Russia, and part of the time acting charge 
 d' affaires. In 1874 he revisited Egypt; and in 1878 he was 
 appointed United States minister to Germany. He was the 
 author of Travels in Greece and Rome; At Home and Abroad; 
 The Echo Club; Egypt and Ireland; Masque; and other 
 works. He died Dec. 19, 1878 in Berlin, Prussia. 
 
 TAYLOR, BENJAMIN COOK, clergyman, author, was 
 born Feb. 24, 1801, in Philadelphia, Pa. In 1828-81 he was 
 pastor of the reformed church of Bergen, the two hundredth 
 anniversary of which he commemorated in a sermon in 1861. 
 He was the author of Annals of the Classics and Townships 
 of Bergen. He died Feb. 2, 1881, in Bergen, N. J. 
 
 TAYLOR, BOLTON LOWNDES, dentist, was born Feb. 
 1, 1832, in West Chester, Pa. He is a successful dentist of 
 Minneapolis, Minn. ; and has contributed extensively to cur- 
 rent literature. He has filled numerous positions of trust and 
 honor; and is a member of several societies. 
 
 TAYLOR, CALEB N., agriculturist, congressman, was born 
 in 1819 in Sunbury, Pa. He was a representative from Penn- 
 sylvania to the fortieth and forty-first congresses as a re- 
 publican. 
 
 TAYLOR, CHARLES, clergyman, missionary, college presi- 
 dent, author, was born Sept. 15, 1819, in Boston, Mass. He is 
 a methodist clergyman who was a missionary to China in 
 1848-54. He returned to the United States in 1854; was presi- 
 dent of Spartanburg Female College in 1857; and in 1866 of 
 Kentucky Wesleyan College at Millersburg. He is author 
 of Five Years in China ; and Baptism in a Nutshell. 
 
 TAYLOR, CHARLES FAYETTE, surgeon, author, was 
 born April 25, 1827, in Williston, Vt. He is a surgeon of New 
 York City ; and founder and first surgeon of the New York 
 Orthoepedie Dispensary and Hospital. He was the author 
 of Theory and Practice of the Movement Cure ; Spinal Irrita- 
 tion ; Sensation and Pain ; Mechanical Treatment of Angular 
 Curvature of the Spine; Treatment of Disease. of the Hip 
 Joint; and Infantile Paralysis. He died Jan. 25, 1889, in 
 Los Angek\s, Cal. 
 
 TAYLOR, CHARLES J., artist, was born Aug. 11, 1855. 
 He is a successful painter and illustrator of New York City.~ 
 
HISTORICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL. 37 
 
 Hk" received honorable mention at the World's Fair; received 
 medals from the Paris Salon in 1900; and from the Pan- 
 American at Buffalo in 1901. Among his illustrated works 
 are The Tailor-Made Girl; The Suburban Sage; In the Four 
 Hundred; Short Rations; and numerous others. 
 
 TAYLOR, CHARLES X., banker, is prominent in the busi- 
 ness, financial and public affairs of Tempe, Arizona, where 
 he is connected in an official capacity with the Farmers and 
 Merchants Bank. His brother, Robert S. Taylor, of Fort 
 Wa^yne, Ind., has attained a national reputation as a lawyer 
 and statesman. His sister, Esther Taylor Housh, was a noted 
 nriter and editor; and his grandfather was "William Taylor, 
 born in 177.0 and died in 1858. 
 
 TAYLOR, CHARLES W., agriculturist, was born Dec. 
 17, 183C,. in Erie county, Ohio. He has always been identi- 
 fied with the agricultural interests of his county; has been 
 a member of the Erie County Agricultural Society for over 
 forty years ; and for four years was its president. In 1899 
 and 1900 Ik; was a delegate to the Farmers' National Con- 
 gress; and has filled numerous other positions of trust and 
 honor. Besides overseeing his farm, on which he was born, he 
 is also manager of the Sandu.sky Sand Company. 
 
 TAYLOR, CYRUS MILLER, insurance manager, founder, 
 was born in 1831, in Ontaria, Canada. He was manager of 
 the Waterloo Mutual Fire Insurance Company; and vice- 
 president of the Ontario Mutual Life Insurance Company. 
 He enjoyed the distinction of being the father of insurance, 
 both fire and life, in AA^estern Ontario; and lived to see the 
 two companies he loiined among the most prosperous institu- 
 tions of their kind in Canada. 
 
 TxVYLOR, D. T., stockman, banker. He is l)res|jdent 
 Farmers and Merchants Banks of Hay Springs, Neb.; and is 
 prominent in tlie financial and public affairs of his city, 
 county and state. He is a breeder of registered short horn 
 cattle ; and has a large flock of sheep ; and large tracts of 
 grazing lands. 
 
 TAYLOR, EDWIN, agriculturist, state senator, was born 
 July 23, 1844, in Tocumseh, Mich. He is a successful farmer 
 of Edwardsvilie, JCansas. He has been a member of the State 
 School Book Connnission, secretary of the State Horticultural 
 Society; and the president of the State Board of Agriculture. 
 He has been a member of the Kansas state legislature; has 
 served as a member of the state senate; and has filipi olher 
 positions of trust and honor in the gift of his city, county 
 
38 HISTORICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL. 
 
 aii'l state. 
 
 TAYLOR, FELIX G., lawyer, jurist. Pie is a well knoAvn 
 lawyer of Jonesboro, Ark. ; and now fills the office of circuit 
 judge, and has held other positions of honor. 
 
 TAYLOR, FITCH WATERMAN, clergyman, author, was 
 born Aug. 4, 1803, in JNliddle Haddam. lie was an Episcopal 
 chaplain in the United States navy; and in 1865 was senior 
 chaplain in the service. He was the author of The Flag Ship, 
 or a Voyage Around the World; and The Broad Pennant. 
 He died July 23, 1865, in Brooklyn, N. Y. 
 
 TAYLOR, FREDERICK WILLIAM, clergyman, author, 
 was born Jan. 11, 1853, in Toledo, Ohio. He is an eminent 
 clergyman of Illinois; and is the author of The Confession 
 of Our Christian Faith; The Church of England During the 
 Reign of King Edward VI; Church Review; and other works. 
 TAYLOR, GEORGE, signer of the declaration of inde- 
 pendence, was born in 1716 in Ireland. In 1764-70 he was 
 a member of the provincial assembly at Philadelphia. He 
 was again elected to the assembly in 1775 ; was a delegate to 
 the continental congress in 1776 ; and was a signer of the 
 declaration of independence. He died Feb. 23, 1781, in 
 Easton, Pa. 
 
 TAYLOR, GEORGE, lawyer, congressman, author, was 
 born Oct. 19, 1820, in Wheeling, W. Va. In 1856 he was 
 elected from Alabama a representative to the thirty-fifth con- 
 gress, lie was the author of the Creator. 
 
 TAYLOR, GEORGE DRAPER, lawyer, was born Oct. 21, 
 1859, in Luzerne county. Pa. He is one of the foremost law- 
 yers of Pennsylvania at Scranton. He has been United States 
 commissioner; and has filled numerous positions of trust and 
 honor in his city, county and state. 
 
 TAYLOR, GEORGE EDWIN, journalist, lecturer, author, 
 was born Aug. 4, 1857, in Little Rock, Ark. He resides in 
 Oskaloosa, Iowa. He has attained success as a speaker; takes 
 a prominent i)art in political affairs; and was a delegate to 
 the Chicago democratic national convention in 1896. He is 
 the acknowledged leader of his race in Iowa ; and the author 
 of a book entitled The American. 
 
 TAYLOR, GEORGE HENRY, physician, author, was born 
 in 1821 in Williston, Vt. He is a physician of New York 
 City. He is the autiior of Exposition of the Swedish IMove- 
 ment Cure; Health for Women; Massage; and I*elvic and 
 Hernial Therapeutics. 
 
 TAYLOR, (iEORGE HERBERT, lawyer, author, was 
 
HISTORICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL. 39 
 
 born May 10, 1853, in Berkshire, Vt. He is the author of 
 Fifteen Years a Mystery; Erastus Corning; An Agreement 
 and What Came of It; William Livingston; Trout Fishing 
 in Wisconsin; A Bear Hunt in Vermont^; and Hunting in 
 Minnesota. 
 
 TAYLOR, GEORGE LANSING, clergyman, author, was 
 born Feb. 13, 1835, in Skaneateles, N. Y. He is a Methodist 
 clergyman of eastern New York. He is the author of Elijah 
 the Reformer, a Ballad Epic; Grant; an Elegy, and Other 
 Poems ; What Shall We Do with the Sunday School ? and The 
 New Africa. 
 
 TAYLOR, GEORGE WASHINGTON, soldier, lawyer, 
 state legislator, congressman, was born Jan. 16, 1849, in Mont- 
 gomery county, Ala. He enlisted as a private in company D, 
 first regiment South Carolina cavalry; and served as a 
 courier till the end of the war. He was elected to the lower 
 house of the general assembly of Alabama in 1878 ; and served 
 one term as a member from Choctaw county. In 1880 he was 
 elected state solicitor for the first judicial circuit of Alabama, 
 and was re-elected in 1886. He was elected to the fifty-fifth 
 and fifty-sixth congresses as a democrat. 
 
 TAYLOR, GEORGE WILLIAM, soldier, was born Nov. 22, 
 1808, in Hunterdon county, N. J. Wlien the civil war began 
 he was made colonel of the third New Jersey infantry. He 
 received his conunission as brigadier-general of volunteers in 
 1862. He died in September, 1862, in Alexandria, Va. 
 
 TAYLOR, HENRY LING, orthopedic surgeon, was born 
 March 17, 1857, in New York City. In 1877 he received the 
 degree of Ph.D. from Yale University ; and in 1881 graduated 
 from the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York 
 City. He has devoted himself exclusively to the treatment 
 of deformities; and has attained prominence as a successful 
 orthopedic surgeon of New York City. He is a member of 
 the American Orthopedic Association, the American Medical 
 Association, American Academy of Medicine, and of other 
 medical and scientific associations. 
 
 TAYLOR, HOWARD S., lawyer, poet, was born Jan. 19," 
 1846, in Staunton, Va. He graduated from Burlington Col- 
 lege and the Cincinnati Law School ; and has attained note as 
 a successful practicing lawyer and counselor. In 1896-1902 
 he was city prosecuting attorney of Chicago, 111. ; and has 
 filled other positions of trust and honor. He is best known 
 by his poems, some of which are of national reputation. 
 
40 HISTORICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL. 
 
 Among- these are The Man With the INIusket; The Liberty 
 Bell; The War Widow; Jackson's Day; Spartaeus; and 
 Athens. 
 
 TAYLOR, ISAAC HAMILTON, lawyer, congressman, was 
 born April 18, 1840, near New Harrisburg, Ohio. He engaged 
 in the practice of the law at Carrollton, Ohio, in his native 
 county ; and was clerk of the courts of Carroll county in 1870- 
 77. He was elected a representative from Ohio to the forty- 
 ninth congress as a republican. 
 
 TAYLOR, JABEZ T., physician, surgeon, was born April 
 26, 1840, in Derbyshire, England. In 1864 he "".ame to Ameri- 
 ca ; and in 1879 graduated from the American Eclectic Medi- 
 cal College of Cincinnati, Ohio ; and subsequently also gradu- 
 ated from the American Health College. He is a successful 
 physician and surgeon of Salt Lake City, Utah ; and a mem- 
 ber of the National Eclectic jNIedical Association. He is as- 
 sistant editor of the Eclectic Health Journal of Salt Lake 
 City; and prominent in business and public affairs. 
 
 TAYLOR, JAMES BARNETT, missionary, author, was 
 born ]\Iarch 19, 1819, in England. He was one of the origin- 
 ators of the Virginia Baptist Education Society; and a 
 founder of Richmond College. He was the author of Life of 
 Lot Cary ; and Lives of Virginia Baptist Ministers. He died 
 Dec. 22, 1871, in Richmond, Va. 
 
 TAYLOR, JAIME S BAYARD, author, poet, was born in 
 1825 in Pennsylvania. He was an autlior, well known as poet, 
 novelist, translator, and traveler. His volumes of poems 
 comprise Ximena, and Other Poems; Rhymes of Travel; 
 Poems and Ballads; Poems of Home and Travel; Poems of 
 the Orient, his most original work ; The Picture of St. John ; 
 The Poet's Journal; Lars; The Masque of the Gods; Home 
 Pastorals; Prince Deukalion; The Prophet, a tragedy; and 
 Centennial Ode. In fiction he published Beauty and the 
 Beast; Hannah Thurston; The Story of Kennett; John God- 
 frey's Fortune; Joseph and His Friend. His travels include 
 Views Afoot ; Eldorado ; Byways of Europe ; Central Africa ; 
 Egypt and Iceland ; Greece and Russia ; At Home and 
 Abroad; India, China, and Japan; The Lauds of the Sara- 
 cen; and Colorado. The translation of Faust is his greatest 
 Avork, and the one on which his fame will most securely rest. 
 Other works of his are School History of Germany; Literary 
 Essays and Notes; Studies in German Literature; and The 
 Echo Club, and Other Literary Diversions. He died in 1878. 
 
HISTORICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL. 41 
 
 TAYLOR, JAMES F., physician, surgeon. In 1892 he 
 graduated from BeUevue Hospital Medical College; and has 
 since practiced his profession with great success in Salix, 
 Iowa. He is professor of Materia ]\Iedica and Pharmacy in 
 the Sioux City College of Medicine; medical examiner New 
 York Life, and other insurance societies ; and is a member of 
 the Iowa State Medical Society, American Medical Associa- 
 tion, State Railway Medical Society, local surgeon C. & N.- 
 W. Railway. 
 
 TAYLOR, JAMES MONROE, clergyman, college presi- 
 dent, author, was born Aug. 5, 1848, in Brooklyn, N. Y. He 
 has been president of Vassar college since 1886. He is the 
 author of (a text-book printed but not published) Psychology, 
 of A New World and Old Gospel ; Practical or Ideal ; and va- 
 rious articles on educational subjects. 
 
 TAYLOR, JOHN, merchant, lieutenant-governor, congress- 
 man, was born July 4, 1742, in New York. He became a mer- 
 chant at Albany, N. Y., in 1773 ; superintended the commis- 
 sary department on the expedition to Canada in 1775 ; and 
 was a member of the provincial congress. He was for nearly 
 forty years a member of the legislature of New York; and was 
 lieutenant-governor of the state in 1813-22. He died March 
 19, 1829, in Albany, N. Y. 
 
 TAYLOR, JOHN, lawyer, congressman, United States sen- 
 ator, governor, was born ]\Iay 4, 1770, in Columbia, S. C. He 
 served in the South Carolina state legislature a number of 
 years ; and was a presidential elector in 1797 ; in 1807-09 and \/ 
 1817-21 ; and was United States senator in 1810-16. He was 
 a state senator in 1810-22 ; and was governor in 1826-28. He 
 was also at one time receiver of public moneys in Mississippi 
 territory. He died April 16, 1832, in Columbia, S. C. 
 
 TAYLOR, JOHN, missionary, author, was born in 1752 in 
 Fauquier county, Va. He was the author of an account of 
 his religious labors and of the churches that he had aided in 
 founding, entitled A History of Ten Baptist Missions. He 
 died in 1833 in Forks of Elkhorn, Ky. 
 
 TAYLOR, JOHN, United States senator, author, was born 
 in 1750 in Orange county, Va. He was United States senator 
 from Virginia in 1792-94, 1803-09 and 1822-24. He was the 
 author of Inquiry into the Principles and Polity of the Unit- 
 ed States Government; Agricultural Essays; Construction 
 Construed ; Tyranny Unmasked ; and New Views of the Unit- 
 
42 HISTORICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL. 
 
 ed States Constitution, He died Aug. 20, 1824, in Caroline 
 county, Va. 
 
 TAYLOR, JOHN B., broker. He is a member of the New 
 York Stock Exchange; and is prominent in the financial and 
 public affairs of that city. 
 
 TAYLOR, JOHN ERSKINE, physician, surgeon. In 1890 
 he graduated from the Medico-Chirurgical College of Phila- 
 delphia, Pa. He has attained success in the practice of his 
 profession in Rockland, Pa. ; and has filled a number of posi- 
 tions of trust and honor. 
 
 TAYLOR, JOHN J., congressman, was born in Massachu- 
 setts. He was elected a representative in congress from New 
 York in 1853-55. 
 
 TAYLOR, JOHN L., laAvyer, congressman, was born March 
 7, 1805, in Stafford county, Va. In 1829 he settled in Chilli- 
 cothe, Ohio ; and for six years was major-general of the Ohio 
 militia. He was a representative in congress in 1847-65 ; and 
 in 1870 was appointed a clerk in the interior department. He 
 died Sept. 6, 1870, in Washington, D. C. 
 
 TAYLOR, JOHN L., manufacturer, inventor. He is the 
 inventor of Taylor's Patent Sicklehead, a practical attach- 
 ment for mowers and binders. He is president and general 
 manager of the Taylor Sicklehead Company of Bozeman, 
 Montana. 
 
 TAYLOR, JOHN LOUIS, lawyer, jurist, author, was born 
 March 1, 1769, in England. He was chief justice of North 
 Carolina in 1810-29. He was the author of Superior Court 
 Cases in Law and Equity; The North Carolina Law Reposi- 
 tory; Term Reports; and Duties of Executors and Adminis- 
 trators. He died Jan. 29, 1829, in Raleigh, N. C. 
 
 TAYLOR, JOHN MAY, soldier, lawyer, state legislator, 
 congressman, was born May 18, 1838, in Lexington, Tenn. He 
 entered the confederate army in 1861 ; was elected lieutenant ; 
 and was subsequently promoted to the rank of major. In 
 1869 he was elected mayor of Lexington, Tenn. ; and was at- 
 torney-general of the eleventh judicial circuit in 1870-78. He 
 was a member of the state house of representatives in 1881- 
 82. He was a representative to the forty-eighth and forty- 
 ninth congresses as a democrat. 
 
 TAYLOR, JOHN NEILSON, lawyer, author, was born 
 July 24, 1805, in New Brunswick, N. J. He was a lawyer of 
 Brooklyn. He was the author of American Law of Landlord 
 and Tenant ; and The Law of Executors and Administrators 
 in New York State. He died Feb. 6, 1878, in New Brunswick, 
 
HISTORICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL. 43 
 
 N. J. 
 
 TAYLOR, JOHN NEWTON, physician, surgeon, was born 
 Oct. 31, 1849, in Harrisbiirg, Va. He oradnated from Iowa 
 State University, Indiana ]\Iedical College and New York 
 Polyclinic. He has attained success in the practice of his 
 profession in Indiana at Crawfordsville ; and in 1886-94 was 
 a member of the Indiana State Board of Health. He has 
 been president of the Indiana Institute of Homeopathy; and 
 was president of the Indiana State Board of Health in 1890- 
 94. In 1892-94 he was president of the American Conference 
 of State and Provincial Boards of Health of the United 
 States, the Province of Canada and the Republic of IMexico. 
 
 TAYLOR, JOHN W., lawyer, state senator, congressman, 
 \»'as born ]?.Iarch 26, 1784, in Charlton, N. Y. He was elected 
 to the New York state legislature in 1811. He was a member 
 of congress in 1813-33 : and was speaker of the house for the 
 second session of the sixteenth congress, during the passage 
 of the Missouri compromise. He was also speaker of the nine- 
 teenth congress; and was a state senator in 1841-42. He died 
 Sept. 8, 1854, in Cleveland, Ohio. 
 
 TAYLOR, JONATHAN, congressman, was born in Con- 
 necticut. He was a representative in congress from Ohio in 
 1839-41. 
 
 TAYLOR, JOSEPH BANNER, soldier, lawyer, congress- 
 man, was born Nov. 7, 1830, in Belmont county, Ohio. He 
 served in the Union army as a commissioned officer during 
 the civil war. He was twice elected prosecuting attorney of 
 Ohio; and was president of the city school board for seven 
 years. He was a representative to the forty-seventh congress 
 to fill a vacancy; and was re-elected to the forty-eighth, fif- 
 tieth, fiftv-first, and fiftv-second congresses as a republican. 
 
 TAYLOR, JOSEPH PANNEL, soldier, was born May 4, 
 1796, in Louisville, Ky. He entered the army in 1813 ; passed 
 through all grades ; and was commissioned, a brigadier-general 
 in 1863. He died June 29, 1864, in Washington, D. C. 
 
 TAYLOR, LEWIS IL, educator, physician, surgeon, was 
 born July 29, 1850, in Taylorsville, Pa. ' In 1871 he settled in 
 Wilkes-Barre, Pa. ; taught six years in the public schools ; and 
 in 1880 graduated in medicine from the University of Penn- 
 sylvania. For nine years he was medical inspector for the 
 state board' of health ; was president of the Luzerne County 
 Medical Society in 1885; and president of the Lehigh Valley 
 Medical Society in 1891. Since 1884 he has been connected 
 
44 HISTORICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL. 
 
 with the Wilkes-Barre city hospital; is ophthalmologist for 
 that institution ; and is a director in hospital, library, educa- 
 tional and other institutions. 
 
 TAYLOR, MARTIN JELLETTE, physician, surgeon, was 
 born Feb. 28, 1856, in Caledonia, Minn. In 1881 he gradu- 
 ated from the Michigan School of Homeopathy and Surgery 
 of Detroit, Mich. He has attained success in his profession 
 at Janesville, Minn. ; and has filled numerous positions of 
 trust and honor in his city, county and state. 
 
 TAYLOR, MILES, congressman, was born in New York. 
 He was a representative from Louisiana to the thirty-fourth, 
 thirty-fifth and thirty-sixth congresses ; and withdrew in Feb- 
 ruary, 1861. 
 
 TAYLOR, NATHANIEL G., lawyer, clergyman, congress- 
 man, was born Dec. 29, 1819, in Carter county, Tenn. He 
 was a representative in congress from Tennessee in 1854 ; was 
 a presidential elector in 1853 and 1860 ; and was for several 
 years a minister in the Methodist Episcopal church south. He 
 was a representative to the thirty-ninth congress. In 1867 
 he was appointed commissioner of Indian affairs. 
 
 TAYLOR, NATHANIEL WILLIAM, clergyman, author, 
 ivas born June 23, 1786, in New Milford, Conn. He was a 
 Congregational clergyman ; and was Dwight professor at 
 Yale university in 1822-38. He was the author of Practical 
 Sermons; Moral Government of God; and Essays, etc., upon 
 Select Topics in Revealed Theology. He died March 10, 1858, 
 m New Haven, Conn. 
 
 TAYLOR, NELSON, soldier, state senator, congressman, 
 vas born June 8, 1821, in South Norwalk, Conn. In 1849 he 
 v^as elected to the state senate of California. In 1861 he was 
 .flustered into military service as colonel of the seventy-sec- 
 ond regiment of New York volunteers ; and was promoted to 
 ihe rank of brigadier-general in 1862. He was a representa- 
 xive from New York to the thirty-ninth congress. He died 
 Jan. 16, 1894, in South Norwalk, Conn. 
 
 TAYLOR, ORLA BENEDICT, lawyer, was born Sept. 29, 
 1865, in Fowlerville, Mich. In 1886 he graduated from the 
 Jniversity of Michigan with the degree of A.B. ; and in 1887 
 >vith the degree of LL.B. He has attained success at the bar 
 in Detroit, Mich.; and has filled several positions of trust and 
 honor. 
 
 TAYLOR, ORLANDO L., inventor, was born Sept. 9, 1870, 
 
HISTORICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL. 45 
 
 m Brodhead, Wis. He has invented numerous devices; and 
 Qow resides in AVinona, Minn. 
 
 TAYLOR, RICHARD COWLING, geologist, author, was 
 born Jan. 18, 1789, in England. He came to America in 1830. 
 He Avas the author of Geology and Natural History of the 
 Northeast Extremity of the Alleghany Mountains; History 
 and Description of Fossil Fuel ; and Statistics of Coal. He 
 died Nov. 26, 1851, in England. 
 
 TAYLOR, RICHARD V., railroad manager, was born 
 Aug. 11, 1859, in Newbern, N. C. He is prominent in the 
 railroad world, and has filled many positions of trust. Since 
 1888 he has been general auditor of the INIobile and Ohio rail- 
 road, Avith headquarters at IMobile, Ala. 
 
 TAYLOR, ROBERT, congressman, was born in Virginia. 
 He was a representative in congress from Virginia in 1825-27. 
 
 TAYLOR, ROBERT, stockman, state senator, was born in 
 1846. in Berwickshire, Scotland. In 1866 he went to Penn- 
 sylvania ; and the following spring moved to California by the 
 Nicaragua route. In 1880 he traiknl sheep from California to 
 Wyoming; was one of the pioneers of the business; and owns 
 a breeding and feeding farm of nine thousand acres in Wyo- 
 ming. He has served two terms in the legislature of Wyoming 
 as state senator from Natrona county. 
 
 TAYLOR. ROBERT LOVE, lawyer, congressman, gover- 
 nor, was born July 31, 1850, in Happy Valley, Tenn. He 
 was a representative from Tennessee to the forty-sixth con- 
 gress as a democrat. He was governor of Tennessee in 
 1886-90 and in 1896-98. The success of the Tennessee centen- 
 nial exposition Avas largely due to Governor Taylor. 
 
 TAYLOR, ROBERT S., lawyer, jurist, state legislator, au- 
 thor, Avas born May 22, 1838, in Ross county, Ohio. He has 
 attained success at the bar in Ft. Wayne, Ind. ; has served AAdth 
 distinction as a member of the Indiana state legislature ; and 
 also served one term on the bench. In 1881 he Avas appointed 
 a member of the IMississippi river commission by President 
 Garfield to succeed Benjamin Harrison. He is regarded as 
 an authority on IMississippi river questions; and has pub- 
 lished manv addresses and papers on that subject. He was a 
 member of the monetary commission appointed under the 
 auspices of the Indianapolis convention of 1897 ; and has pub- 
 lished discussions of the money question covering all its vari- 
 ous phases. 
 
 TAYLOR, ROBERT W., educator, lawyer, journalist, con- 
 
46 HISTORICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL. 
 
 gressmau, was born Nov. 26, 1852, in Youngstown, Ohio. He 
 Avas superintendent of schools of Lisbon in 1873-74; and in 
 1875-76 Avas editor of the Buckeye State newspaper at Lis- 
 bon ; was prosecuting attorney of Columbiana county in 1880- 
 96. He was elected to the fifty-fourth, fifty-fifth, fifty-sixth, 
 and fifty-seventh congresses as a republican. 
 
 TAYLOR. SAM FRANK, educator, clergyman, college 
 president, was born ]\Iay 30, 1851, in Henry county, Va. He 
 was educated at Richmond college, Va. ; and at the Southern 
 Baptist Theological seminary of Louisville, Ky. He has been 
 pastor at Paris, Ky. ; at Columbus, Miss.; and at Columbia 
 and Liberty, Mo. He has attained success as an able edu- 
 cator ; and for nearly ten years has been president of Stephens 
 Female college of Columbia, Mo. 
 
 TAYLOR, THOMAS ULVAN, educator, author, was born 
 Jan. 2, 1858, in Parker county, Texas. Since 1888 he has 
 been professor of civil engineering, University of Texas. He is 
 the author of Prismoidal Formulte; The Austin Dam; Irri- 
 gation Systems of Texas ; Water Pow-er of Texas ; and other 
 works. 
 
 TAYLOR, VERNON OTIS, physician, was born Aug. 28, 
 1847, in Charlestown, Mass. He is one of the foremost phy- 
 sicians of Rhode Island at Providence. In 1889-90 he was 
 aid-de-camp on the staff of Hon. John W. Davis, governor of 
 Rhode Island. He has been secretary of the Union Depot, 
 Bridge and Terminal Railroad Company of Kansas City, Mo. ; 
 and has filled numerous other positions of trust and honor. 
 
 TAYLOR, VINCENT ALBERT, soldier, manufacturer, 
 state senator, congressman, was born Dec. 6, 1845, in Bedford. 
 He enlisted in company H, one hundred and fiftieth Ohio vol- 
 unteer infantry; and subsequently in company H, one hun- 
 dred and seventy-seventh Ohio volunteer infantry, and served 
 in that regiment until the close of the war. He then began 
 business as a manufacturer of Cleveland, Ohio. In 1888-89 he 
 was a member of the Ohio state senate ; and was elected to 
 the fiftv-second congress as a republican. 
 
 TAYLOR, AYALLER, soldier, lawyer, jurist. United States 
 senator, was born in 1786 in Lunenburg county, Va. He was 
 a judge of the territory of Indiana in 1806. He Avas aide to 
 General Harrison at the battle of Tippecanoe ; and Avas United 
 States senator from Indiana in 1816. He died Aug. 26, 1826, 
 in Lunenburg, Va. 
 
 TAYLOR, AV ALTER R., laAvyer, expert examiner of titles, 
 
HISTORICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL. 47 
 
 was born Nov. 5, 1858, in Grand Rapids, Mich. He has at- 
 tained success at the bar of Michigan at Kalamazoo ; and is a 
 successful attorney and expert examiner of titles. In 1889-90 
 he was assistant reporter of the Michigan supreme court; and 
 has filled a number of positions of trust and honor. 
 
 TAYLOR, WILLARD U., lawyer. He is a successful law- 
 yer and counsellor of New York city, and a member of the 
 well-known law firm of McFarland, Taylor and Costello, with 
 offices on Wall street. He is prominent in the public affairs 
 of his city ; and has filled several positions of trust and honor. 
 
 TAYLOR, WILLIAM, congressman, was born in Virginia. 
 He was a representative in congress from Virginia in 1833-35. 
 resentative in congress in 1833-39. He died Sept. 6, 1865, in 
 Alexandria, D. C. He was a representative in congress from 
 Virginia in 1843-46. He died Jan. 17, 1846, in Washington, 
 D. C. 
 
 TAYLOR, WILLIAM, physician, state legislator, congress- 
 man, was born in 1793, in Connecticut. He was president of 
 the New York Medical society ; and was a practicing physician 
 for fifty years. He was for many years president of the board 
 of supervisors of the state of New" York. He was a member 
 of the state legislature in 1841-42 and 1852-53. He was a rep- 
 resentative in congres in 1833. He died Sept. 6, 1865, in 
 Manlius, N. Y. 
 
 TAYLOR, WILLIAM, physician, surgeon, was born Jan. 
 18, 1839, in Nelson, N. Y. During the civil war he was assist- 
 ant surgeon of the twenty-third New York infantry volun- 
 teers and of the eightieth regiment. For nine years he was 
 coroner of IM^ftson county, N. Y. ; and for the past twelve 
 years has been president of the Madison county board of pen- 
 sion examiners. He has a large practice in Canastota, N. Y. ; 
 and for fifteen years was a member of the Canastota high 
 school board. 
 
 TAYLOR, WILLIAM HENRY, physician, surgeon, was 
 born July 7, 1861, in McKinley, Ala. He has attained success 
 in the practice of his profession in Alabama at Central Mills. 
 He is a member of medical associations in the state of Ala- 
 bama ; and has filled numerous positions of trust and honor. 
 
 TAYLOR, WILLIAM JAMES ROMEYN, clergyman, au- 
 thor, was born July 31, 1823, in Schodack, N. Y. In 1869 he 
 had charge of a church at Newark, N. J. ; and presided over 
 the general synod in 1871. In 1872 he edited the Christian 
 Intelligencer, and attended the Presbyterian councils held in 
 
48 HISTORICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL. 
 
 Philadelphia, Belfast and London. He has published hymns, 
 addresses, sermons and tracts. He is the author of Louisa, a 
 Pastor's Memorial; The Bible in the Last Hundred Years; 
 Church Extension in Large Cities ; and On Co-Operation in 
 Foreign IMissions. He died Nov. 21, 1891, in Newark, N. J. 
 
 TAYLOR, WILLIAM MACKERGO, clergyman, author, 
 was born Oct. 23, 1829, in Scotland. He came from Scotland 
 to New York city in 1871 ; and was pastor of the Broadway 
 Tabernacle in 1871-93. He was the author of Contrary 
 Winds; The Limitations of Life; The Lost Found; The Gos- 
 pel Miracles ; Prayer and Business ; Life Truths ; John Knox ; 
 Joseph the Prime Minister ; Ruth the Gleaner and Esther the 
 Queen ; David, King of Israel ; Elijah the Prophet ; Peter the 
 Apostle ; Daniel the Beloved ; Moses the Law-Giver ; Paul the 
 Missionary; and The Scottish Pulpit from the Reformation. 
 He died Feb. 8, 1895, in New York city. 
 
 TAYLOR, WILLIAM R., agriculturist, state senator, gov- 
 ernor, was born in 1820 in Connecticut. He moved to Wis- 
 consin in 1848 ; turned his attention to farming ; and held 
 various county offices. He was elected to the state legislature, 
 both house and senate; and in 1873 was elected governor of 
 Wisconsin. 
 
 TAYLOR, WILLIAM SYLVESTER, lawyer, jurist, gov- 
 ernor, was born Oct. 10, 1853, in Butler county, Ky. In 1886- 
 94 he was judge of Butler county ; and in 1895-99 he was gov- 
 ernor of Kentucky. 
 
 TAYLOR,-" WILLIAM WALLACE, physician, surgeon, 
 was born Sept. 13, 1871, in Charlottestown, Canada. He has 
 attained success in his profession in New York city; and is 
 surgeon to the Insular Transatlantic Steam Navigation Com- 
 pany. He is a tutor in the New York Polyclinic ; and attend- 
 ing gynaecologist in the outdoor apartment of Bellevue hos- 
 pital. 
 
 TAYLOR, ZACHARY, lawyer, state senator, congressman, 
 was born May 9, 1849, in Haywood county, Tenn. In 1880 
 he was elected a state senator; was postmaster at Covington 
 in 1883. He was a representative from Tennessee to the forty- 
 ninth congress as a republican. e 
 
ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 49 
 
 All proper names had originally a peculiar and 
 appropriate meaning. Some persons might feel dis- 
 posed to argue that there is nothing in the ordinary 
 course of things to prevent the giving of names from 
 sheer whim and without any meaning ; but it is quite 
 as difficult to imao^ine the absence of motive and of 
 fixed guiding principles in the choice of a name as it 
 is in any other matter. It would be contrary to Man's 
 nature to denote the object of his thoughts by sounds 
 which produce no impression upon his memory, no 
 representative idea in his mind. If the principle 
 asserted, then, hold good in the matter of common 
 nouns, much more must it be true with regard to the 
 proper name, whose characteristic is, as we have said, 
 that it places under our very eyes as it were, the 
 individual object to which it is applied. 
 
 That some definite idea should belong to the name 
 when uttered, is so much needed by men in general 
 that the natives of North America are in the habit of 
 giving a name selected from their own language to 
 any stranger deemed worthy of their especial notice. 
 To them his own name does not sufficiently describe 
 him, because it probably conveys no idea connected 
 Avith his physical appearance. An anecdote is related 
 of the Imaum of Muscat who when about to appoint 
 a private physician asked his name. " Vincenzo," \vas 
 the ph^'-sician's reply. Not understanding it, the prince 
 requested that its meaning should be explained in 
 Arabic. The Italian gave the meaning, as Mansour, 
 or Victorious, and the prince delighted with the happy 
 omen offered by the name, ever after called him 
 "Sheik Mansour." 
 
 If we glance next at the records of travellers in 
 distant countries, we shall find that whether they be 
 private individuals or men engaged in scientific in- 
 quiry, they never give a name to a people, a country, 
 
50 ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 
 
 an island, or an unknown rock, without some defi 
 nite reason. Some allusion is made in it to physical 
 conformation, to dress, to customs, to external pecu- 
 liarities, or to certain circumstances which made the 
 discovery a remarkable one. This natural habit has 
 rarely been deviated from except when a desire has 
 been felt to erect some geographical monument on 
 distant shores, in honor of some denizen of the heavens; 
 or to record, in a lasting form, some contemporary 
 event, or the name of some contemporary character 
 of distinction; or, lastly, to perpetuate the memory 
 of a benefactor of his kind, and to testify of a na- 
 tion's gratitude to a fellow-countryman of great pre- 
 eminence. The long catalogue of proper names, with 
 a meaning, -which may yet be found among our older 
 nations, in spite of mixture and corruption of races; 
 and the longer catalogue disclosed by etymological 
 inquiry, fully bear out these remarks. Schegel, a very 
 learned philosopher, has traced descriptive epithets in 
 almost all Hindoo names. So marked was the exist- 
 ence of these meanings among the Hebrews, that 
 their literature is strangely tinged by their influence. 
 The older names among the Arabs, and those since 
 introduced into general use, are highly significative; 
 the face is acknowledged in the case of Grecian names, 
 and the remark is equally true of all names derived 
 from Teutonic origin. The most distant nations in 
 our own more immediate circle of civilization exhibit 
 no difference in this respect. Most of the natives of 
 North America are named after some animal; during 
 their lifetime they receive another title when they 
 have earned it by some deed of daring, which it ex- 
 plains and of which it is the token. The name of a 
 most powerful chief in one of the Marquesas Islands, 
 contains an allusion to the shape of a canoe, in the 
 management of which he excelled. Thunder is the 
 
ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 51 
 
 name of the King of the Chenooks, a warlike tribe 
 who live on the left bank of the river Columbia. The 
 Kamtchadales, Koriakes, and Kuriles, have all of 
 them significant names. 
 
 SURNAMES. 
 
 In the first ages of the world a single name was 
 sufficient for each individual; and that name was 
 generally invented for the person, in allusion to the 
 circumstances attending his birth, or to some personal 
 quality he possessed, or which his parents fondly 
 hoped he might in future possess. 
 
 Christian names being given in infanc3% and by 
 friends and relatives, cannot, as a general rule, have 
 bad significations, or be associated with crime or mis- 
 fortune. It is otherwise, however, with surnames. 
 These will be found to be of all shades, from the best 
 to the worst, the most pleasing to the most ridiculous. 
 They originated later in life, after the character and 
 habits of the individual had been formed, and after 
 he had engaged in some permanent occupation, trade, 
 or pursuit. They were given by the community in 
 w^hich he dw^elt — by enemies as well as by friends. 
 
 The first approach to the modem system of 
 nomenclature is found in the assumption of the name 
 of One's Sire in addition to his own proper name ; 
 as Caleb the son of Jephunneh. Sometimes the adjunct 
 expressed the country or profession of the bearer; 
 sometimes some excellence or blemish; as Diogenes 
 the Cynic; or Dionysius the Tyrant. 
 
 A mother's name, that of a parent, or of some 
 remoter ancestor more illustrious than the father, 
 have in the same way been used to form new names. 
 A like attention has been paid to sentiments of friend- 
 ship and gratitude. Sometimes the wife's name be- 
 came the husband's surname. The name of the tribe 
 
52 ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 
 
 or people to which a man belonged might also be- 
 come a surname. If an3^ particular name described 
 the locality of a man's residence or property, it may 
 serve the same purpose. Personal acts and qualities 
 have given rise to a great variety of surnames. 
 
 Surnames are traceable to several chief sources. 
 There v^ill be seen evidences in phj^sical and political 
 geography that the designations of countries, moun- 
 tains, rivers, districts, towns, villages, hamlets, are all 
 associated with the names of persons whom we daily 
 meet, suggesting to the thoughtful mind most inter- 
 esting topics regarding the histories of families and 
 places. 
 
 Though the majority of our ancient family names 
 are territorial, ^we have many large classes of excep- 
 tions, and the origin of most of them is not at all 
 doubtful. 
 
 Surnames can scarcely be said to have been per- 
 manently settled before the era of the Reformation. 
 The keeping of parish registers was probably more 
 instrumental than anything else in settling them; for 
 if a person were entered under one name at baptism, 
 it is not likely he would be married under another 
 and buried under a third ; in some instances, prior to 
 the keeping of parish registers, persons were recorded 
 as having different names at different periods of their 
 life. As to the derivations of surnames, it should be 
 remembered, that places were named before families. 
 You have only to examine an^^ of those names v^diich 
 serve for lands and also for persons, to see this plainly. 
 If you found the name of Cruickshanks, or Pretty- 
 man, Black-mantle, or Great-head, you would not 
 hesitate. These are evidently coined for persons, and 
 you find no such names of land, or for the double 
 purpose. But then you can have as little doubt that 
 names like Church-hill, Green-hill, Hazel-wood, Sandi- 
 
ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 53 
 
 lands, were first given to places; and when you find 
 them borne both bj' land and persons, \^ou will con- 
 clude the persons took them fi'om the territories. In 
 general then, when a place and a family have the 
 same name it is the place that gives the name to the 
 people, not the family to the place. This rule, which 
 will not be disputed by any one who has bestowed 
 some study or thought on the subject, has very few 
 exceptions. 
 
 There is a class of fables, the invention of a set^ 
 of bungling genealogists, who, by a process like that 
 which heralds call canting — catching at a sound — pre- 
 tend that the Douglases had their name from a Gaelic 
 word, said to mean a dark gray man, but which 
 never could be descriptive of a man at all; that the 
 Forbeses were at first called For beast, because they 
 killed a great bear; that Dalyell is from a Gaelic 
 word, meaning "I dare;" that the Guthries were so 
 called from the homely origin of gutting three had- 
 docks for King David the Second's entertainment, 
 w^hen he landed very hungry on the Brae of Bervie 
 from his French voyage. These clumsy inventions of 
 a late age, if they were realU' meant to be seriously 
 credited, disappear when we find from record that 
 there were ver\^ ancient territories, and even parishes, 
 of Douglas, Forbes, Dah^ell, and Guthrie, long before 
 the names came into use as family surnames. 
 
 It was formerly customary to receive names from 
 ancestors b^^ compounding their name with a word 
 indicating filial relationship. Names so compounded 
 were termed patrom^mics, from Pater: father, and 
 Onotna : a name — father being used in the sense of 
 ancestor. When personal names merged into family 
 appellations, patronymics became obsolete; or, more 
 correctly, ceased to be formed. Before this change 
 was effected, in case a man was called Dennis: bom 
 
54 ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME, 
 
 on the Day of St. Dennis, sometimes his eldest son 
 would be called Dennison, which in some cases, be- 
 came Tenn3'son; and a man from a village in which 
 was a church dedicated to St. Dennis was called 
 Dennistoun. After the period in which descriptive 
 names flourished, each of his children, whether male 
 or female, would be called Dennis, so that this be- 
 came literally a patronymic, inasmuch as it was a 
 name received from a father. Howbeit, only those 
 names that were taken from a parent when such 
 was not the rule are called patron^^mics. Personal 
 names lead the van as to all others, and are the 
 basis of half their successors. Long after personal 
 names were almost as widely diffused as persons, we 
 find patronj-mics coming into use, the offspring of 
 necessity arising out of multiplicity. 
 
 But when we come to realize that nearly one- 
 third of Englishmen were known either by the name 
 of William or John about the year 1300, it will be 
 seen that the pet name and nick form were no freak, 
 but a necessity. We dare not attempt a category, 
 but the surnames of to-day tell us much. Will was 
 quite a distinct youth from Willot, Willot from Wil- 
 mot, Wilmot from Wilkin, and Wilkin from Wilcock. 
 There might be half a dozen Johns about the farm- 
 stead, but it mattered little so long as one was called 
 Jack, another Jenning, a third Jenkin, a fourth Jack- 
 cock (now Jacox as a surname), a fifth Brownjohn, 
 and sixth Micklejohn, or Littlejohn, or Properjohn 
 (i.e., well-built or handsome). 
 
 The first name looking like a patron3^mic is ante- 
 diluvian, viz., Tubal-Cain: flowing out from Cain, as 
 though O'Cain, given to intimate pride in relation- 
 ship to Cain. During the Israelitish theocracy Gentile 
 patronymics were in common use, as Hittites from 
 Heth, but those personal came in later. As soon, 
 
56 ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 
 
 however, as the New Testament opens we meet with 
 Bar-Jonah, Bar-Abbas, names received from fathers in 
 the conventional patronymical sense. It is, therefore, 
 manifest that the chronology of patronymics, the 
 period of their formation, lies about midway between 
 primitive ages and time current. 
 
 The Saxons sometimes bestowed honorable appel- 
 lations on those who had signalized themselves by 
 the performance of any gallant action, like the Ro- 
 man Cognomina. Every person conversant wnth the 
 history of those times will call to mind that England 
 was much infested wnth wolves, and that large re- 
 wards were given to such as were able by force or 
 stratagem, to subdue them. To kill a wolf was to 
 destroj' a dangerous enem}^, and to confer a benefit 
 on societ3\ Hence several Saxon proper names, ending 
 in ulph and wolf, as Biddulph, the wolf-killer, or 
 more properly ** w^olf-compeller," and some others; 
 but these, among the common people at least, did 
 not descend from father to son in the manner of 
 modem surnames. 
 
 Another early species of surname adjunct is the 
 epithet Great, as Alexander the Great; with words 
 expressive of other qualities, as Edmund Iron-side, 
 Harold Hare-foot; and among the kings of Norway 
 there was a Bare-foot. France had monarchs named 
 Charles the Bald, Louis the Stutterer, and Philip the 
 Fair. 
 
 As society advanced more in refinement, partly for 
 euphony, and partly for the sake of distinction, other 
 names came into common use. 
 
 Modem nations have adopted various methods of 
 distinguishing families. The Highlanders of Scotland 
 employed the sirename with Mac, and hence our Alac- 
 donalds and Macartys, meaning respectively the son 
 of Donald and of Arthur, 
 
ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 57 
 
 It \YOuld, however, be preposterous to imagine 
 that surnames universally prevailed so early as the 
 eleventh centur3\ We have overwhelming evidence 
 that they did not ; and must admit that although the 
 Norman Conquest did much to introduce the practice 
 of using them, it was long before they became very 
 common. The occasional use of surnames in England 
 dates be\'ond the ingress of the Normans. Surnames 
 were taken up in a very gradual manner by the great, 
 (both of Saxon and Norman descent) during the ele- 
 venth, twelfth, and thirteenth centuries. By the mid- 
 dle of the twelfth, however, it appears that they were 
 (in the estimation of some) necessary appendages to 
 families of rank, to distinguish them from those of 
 meaner extraction. 
 
 The unsettled state of surnames in those early 
 times renders it a diflicult matter to trace the pedi- 
 gree of any family beyond the thirteenth century. In 
 Cheshire, a count}^ remarkable for the number of its 
 resident families of great antiquit3% it was ver\^ usual 
 for 3'ounger branches of the famil3', la^'ing aside the 
 name of their father, to take their name from the 
 place of their residences, and thus in three descents 
 as many surnames are found in the same family. 
 This remark ma\' be forcibly illustrated bj' reference 
 to the early pedigree of the family of Fitz-Hugh, 
 which name did not settle down as a fixed appellative 
 until the time of Edward III. 
 
 Although most towns have borrowed their names 
 from their situation and other respects, j^et with some 
 apt termination have derived their names from men ; 
 as Edwardston and Alfredstone. But these were from 
 forenames or christian names, and not from sire 
 names; and even almost to the period of the con- 
 quest forenames of men w^ere generally given as names 
 of places. 
 
58 ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 
 
 The Normans are thought to have been the first 
 to introduce the practice of fixed surnames among us; 
 and certainly a little while before the conquest, some 
 of these adventurers had taken family names from 
 their chateaux in Normandy. "Neither is there any 
 village in Normandy," saj^s Camden, **that gave not 
 denomination to some family in England." The French 
 names introduced into England at the conquest may 
 generally be known by the prefixes de, du, des, de, la, 
 St.; and by the suffixes font, ers, fant, deau, age, 
 mont, ard, aux, bois, ly, eux, et, val, court, vaux, 
 lay, fort, ot, champ, and dille, most of which are 
 component parts of proper names of places, as every 
 one may convince himself by the slightest glance at 
 the map of Northern France. But that these Norman 
 surnames had not been of long standing is very cer- 
 tain, for at the Conquest it was only one hundred 
 and sixty years since the first band of Northmen 
 rowed up the Seine, under their leader Hrolf, whom 
 our history books honor with the theatrical name of 
 Rollo, but who was knowrn among his people as 
 "Hrolf the Ganger." 
 
 But whether in imitation of the Norman lords, or 
 from the great convenience of the distinction, the use 
 of fixed surnames arose in France about the j'car 
 1000; came into England sixty j^ears later, or with 
 the Norman Conquest; and reached Scotland, speak- 
 ing roundl}", about the year 1100. 
 
 The first example of fixed surnames in any num- 
 ber in England, are to be found in the Conqueror's 
 Valuation Book called Domesda3^ "Yet in England," 
 again to quote the judicious Camden, "certain it is, 
 that as the better sort, even from the Conquest, by 
 little and little took surnames, so they were not set- 
 tled among the common people fully until about the 
 time of Edward the Second." 
 
ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 59 
 
 Those clashing Norman adventurers introduced to 
 the British Isle the custom of chivalry and the sur- 
 names they had adopted from their paternal castles 
 across the channel. They made a rage for knight- 
 hood and turned the ladies' heads. An English prin- 
 cess declined to marry a suitor who "had not two 
 names." Henry I wished to marr^-- his natural son 
 Robert to Mabel, one of the heiresses of Fitz-Hamon. 
 The lady demurred : 
 
 "It were to me a great shame 
 To have a lord withouten his twa name." 
 
 Whereupon King Henry gave him the surname of 
 Fitzroy, which means son of a king. 
 
 The era of fixed surnames does not rest only on 
 the authorit}^ of Camden. It can be proved by a 
 thousand records, English and Scotch. It is almost 
 sufficientlj^ proved when it can be shown the race of 
 Stuart — already first of Scotch families in opulence 
 and power, distinguished b}- no surnames for several 
 generations after the Norman Conquest. Much later 
 the ancestors of the princeh^ line of Hamilton \vere 
 known as Walter Fitz-Gilbert, and Gilbert Fitz-Walter, 
 before it occurred to them to assume the name their 
 kinsmen had borne in England. But surnames were 
 undoubtedly first used in the twelfth centur^^ and 
 came into general use in the following one. 
 
 THE SAXON PATRONYMIC 
 
 Was formed by adding ing to the ancestor's name, as 
 ^Ifreding, which means Alfred's son; the plural for 
 which is ^Ifredingas. 
 
 THE ENGLISH PATRONYMIC, 
 
 Which is exceedingly common, is generally indicated by 
 affixing son to the name of a progenitor, and is in- 
 
60 ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 
 
 capable of being used in a plural form or in the gen- 
 eric sense. For instance, Gibson, a son of Gibbs, a 
 contraction for Gilbert. Munson, a son of Munn, a 
 contraction of Edmund. 
 
 DE AND MAC 
 
 Are from the Latin \vord De, which means of. This is 
 a Patronj^mical sign common to French, Italian, and 
 even German names. Thus Deluc, \vhich means of 
 Luke. Dwight means of Wight; and De Foe means 
 of the Faith. 
 
 FITZ. 
 
 Fitz stands for Filius, a son, and received through 
 the Normans. 
 
 VAN AND YON. 
 
 Corresponding more or less closely with de, ac, is 
 the Dutch van, and usually applied with the force of 
 the, as Vandersteen, which means of the stone, hill, 
 from which have sprung Folli, Fell, Knox. Vander- 
 velde means of the field ; Van Meter means living on 
 hired land; and Vandeveer means of the ferry. 
 
 THE WELSH PATRONYMIC 
 
 Is a form of the Celtic means mac, which the Cam- 
 brian people made Mab or Map, and shortening it to 
 a letter b, p, or its cognate f, gave it work to do as a 
 patronymical prefix. Thus, Probart, son of Robert ; 
 Probyn, son of Robin; Blake, son of Lake; Bowen, 
 son of Owen; Price, son of Rice or Rheese; Priddle, 
 son of Riddle; and Prichard, son of Richard. 
 
 MILESIAN PATRONYMIC. 
 
 The Highlanders, Irish and Welsh hold mac in 
 common. The AVelsh delight to have it in the forms 
 of mab, map, ap, hop, b, p, f In Irish names mac 
 
ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 61 
 
 tends toward mag, ma, and c. But Scotland took 
 most lovingly to mac. The Alilesians found a greater 
 charm in Eoghan: a son, forming ua, and that used 
 as O in the sense of eldest son, for he only was al- 
 lowed to use it. The Irish developed a patronjmiic 
 out of their Erse treasury more elastic and poetic 
 than the Gaelic mac. The Celtic for 3'oung, offspring 
 son, is, as above given, eoghan, whence Egan for 
 Hugh, eoghan : son of Hugh; and also Flanegan, son 
 of Flan. 
 
 THE GALLIC PATRONYMIC 
 
 Is mac, meaning a son; and O from eoghan, for a first- 
 born son. The Gaels also had a patron\'mical affix 
 derived from eoghan, known as ach, och, the sou/ce 
 of our ocA', as seen in hillock, which means little hill. 
 
 THE SPANISH AND PORTUGUESE PATRONYMIC 
 
 Is formed by az, or ez affixed. The two Avords are vari- 
 ations of the tail Filius, a son ; as Alvarez, son of 
 Alva ; and Enriquez, son of Henry. 
 
 THE ITALIAN PATRONYMIC 
 
 Was sometimes formed by placing the name of a son 
 before the name of his father, as Galileo Galilei, which 
 means Galileo, the son of Galilei; Speron Speroni, 
 which means Speron, the son of Speroni, 
 
 THE RUSSIAN PATRONYMIC 
 
 Is itch for a son ; and of, ef or if for a grandson or 
 descendant. Romanovitch Jouriff: son of Romain, 
 grandson of Jour3'; and Romanoff, descended from 
 Romain, son of Rome. 
 
62 ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 
 
 THE MODERN GREEK PATRONYMIC 
 
 Assumes the forms pulos, soiila, as in the name Nicol- 
 opulos, son of Nicholas. 
 
 THE GERMAN, DUTCH, SWEDISH, AND LAPLAND PA- 
 TRONYMIC 
 
 Are sohn, zen, sen, son, zoon, and dotter, such as Men- 
 delssohn, son of Mendel; Thorwaldsen, son of Thor- 
 wald ; and Larsdotter, son of Lars. 
 
 LITHUANIAN PATRONYMIC 
 
 Is aitis, ait or at, used as affix, thus, Adomaitis, mean- 
 ing a son of Adam. 
 
 THE HINDOSTANEE PATRONYMICS 
 
 Is putra, added as an affix ; as occurs in Rajaputra, 
 son of a king. 
 
 THE CHINESE PATRONYMIC 
 
 Is tse, or se, used as an affix, as Kung-fut-se, which 
 means Kung, the son of Fo ; and Yang-tse-Kiang, 
 river, son of the ocean. 
 
 THE LATIN PATRONYMIC 
 
 Is jlius, as Hostilius, son of Hostis. 
 
 THE GREEK PATRONYMIC 
 
 Is idas, modified to ida, ides, id, i, od. For instance, 
 Aristides, son of Ariston, 
 
 THE HEBREW PATRONYMIC 
 
 Proper Jfe hen, from the word Eben, a stone. The Chal- 
 dees used Bar in the sense of lofty, elevated, superior, 
 which was primarily applied to eminence, and is iden- 
 tical with our Barr. As Barzillai, son of Zillai ; Ben- 
 Joseph, son of Joseph. 
 
^ ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 63 
 
 KIN. 
 
 The primary sense ot kin seems to have been rela- 
 tionship: from thence family or offspring. 
 
 The next meaning acquired by kin was child, or 
 "young one." We still speak in a diminutive sense 
 of a manikin, kilderkin, pipkin, lambkin, jerkin, mini- 
 kin (little Minion), or Doitkin. 
 
 Terminations in kin were slightly going down in 
 popular estimation when the Hebrew invasion made 
 a clean sweep of them. They found shelter in Wales, 
 however, and directories preserve in their list of sur- 
 names their memorial forever. 
 
 In proof of the popularity of kin are the surnames 
 of Simpkinson, Hopkins, Dickens, Dickinson, Watkins, 
 Hawkins, Jenkinson, Atkinson, and all the rest. The 
 patronymics ending in kins got abbreviated into kiss, 
 kes, and ks.^ Hence the origin of our Perkes, Purkiss, 
 Hawkes, and Hawks, Dawks, Jenks, Juckes, and Jukes 
 (Judkins). 
 
 IN OR ON. 
 
 This diminutive, to judge from the Paris Directory, 
 must have been enormously popular with the French. 
 England's connection with Normandy and France 
 generally brought the fashion to the English Court, 
 and in habits of this kind the English folk quickly 
 copied. Terminations in kin and cock were confined 
 to the lower orders first and last. Terminations in 
 on or in and ot or et, were the introduction of fash- 
 ion, and being under patronage of the highest families 
 in the land, naturally obtained a much wider popu- 
 larity. 
 
 OT AND ET. 
 
 These are the terminations that ran first in favor for 
 many generations. 
 
64 ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 
 
 This diminutive ot et is found in the Enghsh lan- 
 guage in such words as poppet, jacket, lancet, ballot, 
 gibbet, target, gigot, chariot, latchet, pocket, ballet. 
 In the sanae wa^^ a little page became a paget, and 
 hence among our surnames Smallpage, Littlepage, 
 and Paget. 
 
 Coming to baptism, we find scarceh^ a single 
 name of an3' pretentions to popularity that did not 
 take to itself this desinence. The two favorite girl- 
 names in Yorkshire previous to the Reformation were 
 Matilda and Emma. Two of the commonest sur- 
 names there to-day are Emmott and Tillot, with such 
 variations as Emmett and Tillett, Emmotson and 
 Tillotson. 
 
 Of other girl-jiames we may mention Mabel, which 
 from Mab became Mabbott; Douce became Doucett 
 and Dowsett; Gillian or Julian, from Gill or Jill 
 (whence Jack and Jill), became Gillot, Juliet, and 
 Jowett; Margaret became Margett and Margott, and 
 in the north Magot. 
 
 NAMES DERIVED FROM OCCUPATIONS AND PURSUITS, 
 
 After these local names "the most in number have 
 been derived from Occupations or Professions." 
 
 The practice of borrowing names from the various 
 avocations of life is of high antiquity. Thus the Ro- 
 mans had among them many persons, and those too 
 of the highest rank, who bore such names as Figulus, 
 Pictor, and Fabritius, answering to the Potters and 
 Paynters, of our own times. These names became 
 hereditary, next in order after the local names, about 
 the eleventh and twelfth centuries. As local ncimcs 
 generally had the prefix de or at, so these frequently 
 had /c, as Stephen le Spicer, and Walter Ic Boucher. 
 
ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 65 
 
 KAmes derived from dignities, civil and ecclesi- 
 astical; AND FROM OFFICES. 
 
 The same principle which introduced surnames bor- 
 towed from trades and occupations led to the adop- 
 tion of the names of dignities and offices, which also 
 became hereditary; as Emperor, King, Prince, Duke, 
 Earle, Pope, Bishop, Cardinal, etc. 
 
 SURNAMES DERIVED FROM PERSONAL AND MENTAL 
 
 QUALITIES. 
 
 These seem to form one of the most obvious sources 
 of surnames, and a prolific source it has been. Noth- 
 ing would be more natural at the first assumption 
 of surnames, than for a person of dark complexion 
 to take the name of Black or Blackman, a ta\vny 
 one that of Browne, and a pale one that of White 
 or Whiteman. But it was not from the head alone 
 that names of this description were taken, for we 
 have, in respect of other personal qualities, our Longs 
 and our Shorts, our Strongs and our Weakl3's, and 
 our Lightfoots and our Heavisides, with many more 
 whose meaning is less obvious. Among the names 
 indicative of mental or moral qualities, we have our 
 Hardys and Cowards, our Liveh'S and our Sullens, 
 our Brisks and our Doolittles; and Brainhead, which 
 later became Brainerd. 
 
 SURNAMES DERIVED FROM CHRISTIAN NAMES. 
 
 Everybody- must have remarked the great number 
 of names of this kind. Who does not immediately 
 call to mind some score or two of the name of Ed- 
 v^^ards, Johnson, Stevens, and Harrison, in the circle 
 of his acquaintance. Many of the christian forenames 
 of our ancestors w^ere taken up without any addi- 
 
66 ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 
 
 tion or change, as Anthon\% Andrew, Abel, Baldwin, 
 Donald, etc. Others have been corrupted in various 
 ways, as Bennet from Benedict, Cutbeard from Cuth- 
 bert, Stace from Ustace. 
 
 NAMES FROM MANORS AND SMALLER ESTATES. 
 
 The surnames from these sources are almost in- 
 numerable. There is scarcely a cit3% town, village, 
 manor, hamlet, or estate, in England, that has not 
 lent its name to swell the nomenclature of English- 
 men. 
 
 SURNAMES FROM VARIOUS THINGS. 
 
 We find the names of the heavenly bodies, beasts, 
 birds, fishes, insects, plants, fruits, flowers, metals, 
 etc., very frequently borne as surnames; as Sun, 
 Moon, Star, Bear, Buck, Chicken, Raven, Crab, Cod, 
 Bee, V\y, Lily, Primrose, Orange, Lemon, Gold, 
 Silver, etc. 
 
 SURNAMES FROM THE SOCIAL RELATIONS, PERIODS OF 
 
 AGE, TIME, ETC. 
 
 There are several surnames derived from consan- 
 guinit\% alliance, and from other social relations, orig- 
 inating, from there having been two or more persons 
 bearing the same christian name in the same neigh- 
 borhood; as Fader, Brothers, Cousins, Husbands; and 
 closely connected with the foregoing are the names 
 derived from periods of age, as Young, Younger, Eld, 
 Senior. From periods of time we have several names, 
 as Spring, Summer, Winter. The following surnames 
 may also find a place here: Soone, Later, Latter, 
 Last, Quickly. 
 
 A CABINET OF ODDITIES. 
 
 There are a good many surnames which seem to 
 have originated in sheer caprice, as no satisfactory 
 
ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 67 
 
 reason for their assumption can be assigned. It is 
 doubtful, indeed, if they were ever assumed at all, for 
 they have very much the appearance of what, in these 
 days, w^e are accustomed to call nicknames or sobri- 
 quets, and were probabl}- given b3^ others to the per- 
 sons who were first known by them, and so identified 
 with those persons that neither they nor their im- 
 mediate posterity could well avoid them. To this 
 family belong the names borrowed from parts of the 
 human figure, which are somewhat numerous; as 
 Pate, Skull, Cheek, Neck, Side, Nailes, Heele, etc. 
 Then there is another set of names not much less 
 ridiculous, namely those borrowed from coins, and 
 denominations of mone}^, as Farthing, Money, Pen- 
 ny. Besides these we have from the weather. Frost, 
 Tempest, and Fogg; from sports, Bowles, Cards; from 
 vessels and their parts, Forecastle, Ship; from mea- 
 sures. Peck, Inches; from numbers, Six, Ten. 
 
 It is reall}'- remarkable that many surnames ex- 
 pressive of bodily' deformity or moral turpitude should 
 have descended to the posterity of those who perhaps 
 well deserved and so could not escape them, when 
 we reflect how easily such names might have been 
 avoided in almost ever^^ state of society by the simple 
 adoption of others ; for although in our day it is con- 
 sidered an act of villain3% or at least a "suspicious 
 affair," to change one's name unless in compliance 
 with the will of a deceased friend, when an act of 
 the senate or the roj^al sign-manual is required, the 
 case was widely different four or five centuries ago, 
 and we know from ancient records that names were 
 frequently changed at the caprice of the owners. 
 Names of this kind are ver}^ numerous, such as. Bad, 
 Sill}^, Outlaw, Trash, etc. 
 
68 ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 
 
 NAMES DERIVED FROM VIRTUES AND OTHER ABSTRACT 
 
 IDEAS. 
 
 To account for such names as Justice, Virtue, Pru- 
 dence, Wisdom, Liberty, Hope, Peace, Jo\-, Anguish, 
 Comfort, Want, Pride, Grace, Laughter, Luck, Peace, 
 Power, Warr, Ramson, Love, Verity, Vice, Patience, 
 etc., they undoubtedly originated in the allegorical 
 characters who performed on the ancient m^^steries or 
 moralities; a specie of dramatics pieces, which before 
 the rise of the genuine drama served to amuse under 
 the pretext of instructing the play-goers of the " old- 
 en tyme." 
 
 FOREIGN NAMES NATURALIZED IX ENGLAND. 
 
 Various causes might be assigned for the variety 
 that exists in the nomenclature of Englishmen. Pro- 
 bably the principal cause is to be found in the pecu- 
 liar facilities which that island had for many ages 
 presented to the settlement of foreigners. War, ro\'al 
 matches with foreign princesses, the introduction of 
 manufactures from the continent, and the patronage 
 which that countrj^ has always extended to every 
 kind of foreign talent — all have of course tended to 
 introduction of new names. 
 
 CHANGED SURNAMES. 
 
 The practice of altering one's name upon the oc- 
 currence of any remarkable event in one's personal 
 history, seems to have been known in times of very 
 remote antiquity. The substitution of Abraham for 
 Abram, Sarah for Sarai, etc., are matters of sacred 
 history. In France it was formerly customary for 
 eldest sons to take their father's surnames, while the 
 younger branches assumed the names of the states 
 allotted them. This plan also prevailed in England 
 sometime after the Norman Conquest. 
 
ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 69 
 
 In the United States thej^ carry this system of 
 corrupting or contracting names to a ridiculous ex- 
 tent. Bamham is Barnum; Famham (fern ground) 
 Famum; Killham (kiln house or home), Killum; Birk- 
 ham (birch house) Birkum, and so forth with similar 
 names. Pollock becomes Polk; Colquhoun becomes 
 Calhoun; and M'Candish becomes M'Candless. 
 
 HISTORICAL SURNAMES. 
 
 'Qy an historical surname is meant a name which 
 has an illusion to some circumstance in the life of the 
 person \vho primarily bore it. Thus Sans-terre or 
 Lack-land, the by-name of King John, as having rela- 
 tion to one incident in that monarch's life, might be 
 designated an historical surname. To this class of 
 surnames also, belongs that of Nestling, borne by a 
 Saxon earl, who in his infancy, according to Verstegan, 
 had been rescued from an eagle's nest. 
 
 TRANSLATED NAMES. 
 
 During the middle ages the Latin language was 
 the language of literature and politics; accordingly 
 in history and in the public records proper names had 
 to assume a Latin form. The change was not al- 
 ways a happ3^ one. Authors were obliged to change 
 their own names as well as the names of the persons 
 they celebrated in either prose or verse. The history 
 of France was still written in Latin in the seventeenth 
 centur3', all names consequently recorded in Latin. 
 In the sixteenth century the Germans used to trans- 
 late them into Greek. The absurdity which it en- 
 tailed undoubtedh' hastened the disappearance of the 
 
 custom. 
 
 The chiefs of an American tribe in North America 
 receive a new name when they have earned it by 
 their exploits. 
 
70 ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 
 
 A similar practice prevails in various negro tribes. 
 
 The Greeks, in olden times, used to change their 
 names on the smallest pretense, and with the greatest 
 indifference. 
 
 The emperors of Japan and those of China after 
 their death receive a new name, 
 
 ON THE CHANGING OF NAMES. 
 
 With us a woman changes her name when she 
 marries; among the Caribs of the Antilles it was the 
 custom for husband and wife to exchange names. 
 In some formerly, and at the present day in Cape 
 Verd Islands, a liberated slave takes the name of his 
 old master; the adopted person substitutes the name 
 of the person who adopts him for his own; the law 
 allows that a donor or testator may require that 
 his name should be taken by the person benefited. 
 
 In 1568 Philip enacted a law that the Moors 
 who lived in Spain should abandon the use of their 
 peculiar idiom, and of their national names and sur- 
 names, and substitute in their stead Spanish idioms 
 and Spanish names. He hoped to make new men of 
 them, to denationalize them, if we may use the term, 
 and to merge them into his own people. He had a 
 keen appreciation of the value of proper names, but 
 like all despotic sovereigns, he was blind to the in- 
 fluence of time, which can alone produce the gradual 
 fusion of a conquering with a conquered people, more 
 especially when differences in religion add their over- 
 whelming weight to one side of the balance. 
 
 The Moors obe\'ed, but still retained their nation- 
 al feelings and religious beliefs; later, however, when 
 they were compelled to choose between exile on the 
 one hand, and apostac3' on the other, they returned 
 to their old country, and carried back with them a 
 number of Spanish names. Accord ingh-, in several 
 
ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 71 
 
 Mauritanian families descended from the Andalusian 
 Mussulmans, we still find the names of Perez, Santi- 
 ago, Valenciano, Aragon, etc., names which have 
 sometimes led European authors into error, and made 
 them fancy they saw apostates from Christianity 
 among the descendants of the martyrs ol Islamism. 
 
 The robbers whose trade it was to carry men 
 away and sell them as slaves, needed no legal com- 
 pulsion to change the names of their slaves. The 
 precaution which they naturally took in this matter 
 baffled the researches of disconsolate parents, who 
 could only endeavor to recover their lost children by 
 a description which was alwa3^s imperfect and always 
 uncertain. 
 
 In modern times the same system has been 
 adopted, although it has not been dictated by equally 
 prudential motives. The laws of Christian Europe 
 have even in our own times legalized the sale of 
 slaves. As soon as a negro had landed in the colo- 
 nies it w^as usual for his purchaser to give hin a new 
 name. 
 
 HEREDITARY NAMES. 
 
 In England the middle classes acquired a decidedly 
 important political influence as early as the year 
 1258, or not later than 1264, the quarrels of the 
 nobles and the king having opened the road to Par- 
 liament for the representatives of the commons. More- 
 over, an act that no tax should be levied without 
 the consent of their representatives was passed before 
 the year 1300, and accordingl}', soon after that date, 
 we find hereditary names commonly used in the mid- 
 dle classes. 
 
 For a contrary reason the change cannot have 
 taken place in Germany until a much later period. 
 In order to prove this, an instance is given which 
 
72 ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 
 
 will be all the more conclusive from its being con- 
 nected with an intermediate point between that coun- 
 try and France. In the town of Metz, which in idiom 
 and by union with the dominions of the descendants 
 of Clovis and Charlemagne, was decidedly French, 
 but which for thirty years had been Germanized in 
 consequence of its political position, you might have 
 noticed at the close of the thirteenth century that its 
 chief magistrates, who w^ere all knights, bore without 
 exception individual or derived surnatnes instead of 
 family surnames. Whenw^e say derived, -vvemean either 
 from the place in which they lived, or from the post 
 which their militar^^ duties obliged them to occupy. 
 It was not until the close of the latter half of the 
 fourteenth century that hereditar\^ names became 
 common among men who were high in office, so that 
 among their inferiors it is only fair to infer that they 
 w^ere rarer still. 
 
 The et3^mology of hereditary names in England 
 and in Germany is generally the same as in France 
 and Italy. The following remarks will embody the 
 inferences to be drawn from their examination, for 
 the use of philologists. In languages of Teutonic or- 
 igin, v^^hen descent is implied merelj-, the word son is 
 placed after the father's name; such is the derivation 
 of all the family names in the languages of Sweden, 
 Denmark, Germany, and England, which terminate in 
 this way. There are some exceptions, such as Fergu- 
 son and Owenson, which serve to corroborate the 
 statement as to the possibility of the union of two 
 languages to form one and the same proper name; 
 in the instances quoted above, a Saxon termination 
 is joined to a Caledonian or a Welsh name. 
 
 Attention has already been drawn to the custom 
 of giving the father's name, in the genitive case, to 
 the son as a surname. The iiddition of a final s in 
 
ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 73 
 
 English, and of the syllable ez in Spain, sufficed to 
 change Christian pra^nomina into surnames, and 
 afterwards into famih' names; Peters, Williams, 
 Richards, Henriquez, Lopez, Fernandez, literally (son) 
 of Peter, of William, of Richard, of Henr}^, of Lope 
 (or Wolf), of Fernando or Ferdinand. 
 
 D'Andre, Dejean, Depierre, have probably become 
 famih' names in France in a similar wa3\ The name 
 of the writer who was perhaps the keenest jipprecia- 
 tor of the genius of the immortal Dante that ever 
 lived, Giuseppe di Cesare, shows that a similar form 
 was not foreign to Italian customs. 
 
 As in Itah', so also in the greater part of Europe, 
 the practice of drawing up deeds and charters in 
 Latin was almost universal, and in these the son 
 was designated by his father's name in the genitive 
 case, hence we must attribute all the names which 
 are characterized by such a termination to this cus- 
 tom. Such names, for instance, as Fabri, Jacobi, 
 Simonis, Johannis, etc., names which would be mul- 
 tiplied without end if other languages had retained 
 the old Latin termination like the Italian. The coun- 
 tries where the greatest number will be found will be 
 those (it may be quite safelj^ conjectured ) where the 
 custom of writing legal documents in Latin prevailed 
 the longest. 
 
 Somewhat similar in Wales, the sign of descent, 
 or rather of sonship, led to the formation of sur- 
 names, which later again became hereditary names. 
 The word "ab," when placed between two names, 
 expresses descent, Rh^'s ab Evan (Rh3^s, the son of 
 Evan); the vowel is gradualh' lost in common use, 
 and the name becomes Rh\^s Evan, and, according to 
 the same rule, successively takes the form of the fol- 
 lowing patronymics, Bowen, Pruderrech, Price. 
 
 It is still the same theory, only more simply car- 
 
74 ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 
 
 ried out, which regulated the formation of family 
 names in Ireland and in Scotland. As soon as the 
 head of a clan had adopted some hereditary name, 
 that name was given to all his vassals, whatever 
 rank they might happen to occupy, and however re- 
 motely connected they might be by ties of kindred 
 with the head of the clan, and further, even though 
 they had only entered it by enfranchisement or by 
 adoption. The feeling of pride which suggested such 
 a system is by no means an offensive one; we excuse 
 it on the ground of its similarity to the old patri- 
 archal customs; the head of the clan who is so pow- 
 erful, and such an object of reverence, is but the eld- 
 est brother of a large family, and the name which he 
 takes belongs to all its members. 
 
 It will not be quite so easy to discover a reason 
 for the feeling of vanity which in Spain and in Por- 
 tugal led to such a tedious multiplicity of names. 
 Birthplace, or the customary home, are not considered 
 sufficient for a full description of a lordly title; alli- 
 ances, adoptions, and the like, were all dragged in to 
 increase the number of names. An ignorant phase of 
 devotional feeling added to its proportionate share 
 to their Christian pra^nomia; it may, therefore, be 
 easily inferred what needless confusion must have 
 arisen in the ordinary transactions of life, through 
 this two-fold prodigality of names. 
 
 As the nobles in Sweden had not adopted heredi- 
 tary names before the close of the sixteenth century, 
 it followed as a matter of course that the middle 
 classes did not use them until a still later period. 
 The choice of names which this latter class made is 
 worthy of notice. We know many names in France 
 which indicate occupations, such as Draper, Miller, 
 Barber, Maker, Slater, Turner,* etc. The same may 
 
 ♦ Mercier, Meunier, Barbier, Boulanger, Couvreur, Tourneur. 
 
ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 75 
 
 be found in England, but not in the same quantity; 
 the oldest English commoners were freeholders of 
 land rather than either merchants or manufacturers. 
 There are few if any such, in Sweden; the greater 
 part of their names are the names of properties, or 
 of farms, or of forests, and were of that character 
 because they were selected by a class w^ho wished to 
 approximate to the nobles by imitating their ways, 
 and consequently not because they were the result of 
 a need for distinctive signs — a need which is totally 
 distinct from any individual w^ish or caprice. 
 
 In Holstein and in Courland there are still many 
 families who have no names peculiarly their own. 
 In this instance, again, the scourge of feudalism is 
 felt in all its severity. 
 
 ORIGIN OF OUR FAMILY. 
 
 Whatever concerns the origin of our family — from 
 whom proceeded the sturd^^ men that planted our in- 
 fant states has for all of us an especial charm, not only 
 from what we know, but for what we hope to ascertain. 
 
 Our ancestors, tracing back their lineage to Pict 
 and Dane, to the legionaries of Rome, or to the sea 
 kings of the Baltic, had gained strength from the 
 fusion in their nature of various and opposing ele- 
 ments, and combined what was best of man^^ races. 
 
 That our ancestors were fond of fighting when 
 provoked, regardless of personal safet}^ or private 
 advantage, cannot be denied. For the five centuries 
 following the conquest, wars at home and abroad 
 succeeded with little cessation. Military duty was 
 incumbent on all who could bear arms. Personal en- 
 counters between knight and squire in mail with lance 
 and battle axe, the rest in quilted doublets, with pike 
 and bow, made men indifferent to danger, and induced 
 habits of hardihood and daring. 
 
ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 
 
 According to some authorities the history of man- 
 kind began with Adam and Eve about six thousand 
 years ago; and that their decendants spread over 
 Asia first, then over Africa, and then over Europe. 
 But science clearlv points that the :vv^orld and its in- 
 habitants in some form must have existed for millions 
 of years. 
 
 It took primitive man four thousand years to learn 
 how to make a hole in a stone, insert a stick in it, 
 and use it for a weapon. Then he became master of 
 the forest, with power readily to provide himself with 
 meat-food. From fisherman and hunter man developed 
 into a herder of flocks, a tiller of the soil, a cultivator 
 of grain. Then came attachment to the famih^ and 
 the growth of the family into clans and nations. 
 
 The first historical record is dated about three 
 thousand seven hundred 3^ears ago, when a man by 
 the name of Inachus led a verj' large companj^ of emi- 
 grants from Egypt into Greece. These found that 
 country- inhabited by savages, who no doubt, were 
 the descendants of those who had wandered there 
 from Asia. 
 
 Inachus and his companies established themselves 
 in Greece, and from that point of time Europe gradu- 
 ally became occupied by civilized people. 
 
 Thus three quarters of the globe, Asia Africa and 
 Europe, were settled. But America was separated 
 from Asia b}' the Pacific Ocean, almost ten thousand 
 miles across; and from Europe and Africa b3'' the At- 
 lantic, about three thousand miles across. Of America 
 in ancient times people knew nothing. 
 
 The ships in olden times were small and feeble; 
 and navigators seldom dared to stretch forth upon 
 the boundless sea. Even the mariner's compass, that 
 m3'sterious but steadfast friend of the sailor was not 
 used by the Europeans until 1250. 
 
78 ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 
 
 THE FIRST SETTLEMENTS. 
 
 It was in the 3'ear 1607 that the first emigrants, 
 to successfulh' form a permanent colonj^ landed in 
 Virginia. For twelve years after its settlement it 
 languished under the government of Sir Thomas 
 Smith, Treasurer of the Virginia Company in Eng- 
 land. The Colony was ruled during that period by 
 laws written in blood; and its history shows us how 
 the narrow selfishness of such a despotic power v^rould 
 counteract the very best efforts of benevolence. The 
 colonist suffered an extremity of distress too horrible 
 to be described. 
 
 Of the thousands of emigrants who had been 
 sent to Virginia at great cost, not one in tw^enty 
 remained alive in April, 1619, when Sir George 
 YeardW arrived. He bought certain commissions 
 and instructions from the compan3' for the "Better 
 establishing of a commonwealth here," and the pros- 
 perity of Virginia began from this time, when it 
 received, as a commonwealth, the freedom to make 
 laws for itself. The first meeting was held JUI3' 30, 
 1619 — more than a year before the Mayflower, vi^ith 
 the pilgrims, left the harbor of Southampton. 
 
 The first colonj- established b3^ the Ph^mouth Com- 
 pany in 1607, on the coast of Maine, was a lament- 
 able failure. 
 
 The permanent settlement of New England began 
 with the arrival ofabodj^ of Separatists in the Alay- 
 flower in 1620, who founded the colon3' of Plymouth. 
 
 The Separatists' migration from England was 
 followed in a few 3'ears by a great exodus of Puri- 
 tans, who planted towns along the coast to the 
 North of Phnnouth, and obtained a charter of gov- 
 ernment and a great strip of land, and founded the 
 colony of Massachusetts Bay. 
 
ORIGIN OF THE SURNAMB, 7Q 
 
 Religious disputes drove Roger Williams and Anne 
 Hutchinson out of Massachusetts and led to the 
 founding of Rhode Island in 1636. 
 
 Other church ^Vangles led to an emigration from 
 Massachusetts to the Connecticut xalley, where a 
 little confederacy of towns was created and called 
 Connecticut. 
 
 Some settlers from England went to Long Island 
 Sound and there founded four towns which, in their 
 turn, joined in a federal union called the New Haven 
 Colony. 
 
 In time New Haven was joined to Connecticut, 
 and Ph^mouth and Maine to Massachusetts; New 
 Hampshire was made a ro^'al colony; and the four 
 New England colonies Massachusetts, New Hampshire, 
 Rhode Island and Connecticut — were definitely estab- 
 lished. The territory of ]Massachusetts and Connecti- 
 cut stretched across the continent to the "South Sea" 
 or Pacific Ocean. 
 
 The Mar\dand colon}^ was founded by Lord Bal- 
 timore, a Roman Catholic, who was influenced in his 
 attempts of colonization b\^ a desire to found a refuge 
 for people of his own faith ; and the first settlement 
 was made in 1634 at St. Mary's, Annapolis was 
 founded about 1683, and Baltimore in 1729. 
 
 Meantime Henry Hudson in the employ of the 
 Dutch, discovered the Delaware and Hudson Rivers in 
 1609; and the Dutch, ignoring the claims of England, 
 planted colonies on these rivers and called the coun- 
 try New Netherlands. 
 
 Then a Swedish company' began to colonize the 
 Delaware Bay and River coast of Virginia, which 
 they called New Sweden. 
 
 Conflicts between the Dutch and the Swedes fol- 
 lowed, and in 1655 New Sweden was made a part of 
 New Netherlands. 
 
80 ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 
 
 The English seized New Netherlands in 1664, giv- 
 ing it to the Duke of York; and the Duke, after es- 
 tablishing the province of New York, gave New Jersey 
 to two of his friends, and sold the three counties on 
 the Delaware to William Penn. Meanwhile the king- 
 granted Penn what is now Pennsylvania in 1681. 
 
 The Carolinas were first chartered as one proprie- 
 tary colony but were sold back to the king and final- 
 ly separated in 1729. 
 
 Georgia, the last of the thirteen English colonies, 
 was granted to Oglethorpe and others; as a refuge 
 for poor debtors, in 1732. 
 
 In 1774 General Gage became governor of Mass- 
 achusetts; and seeing that the people were gathering 
 stores and cannon, he attempted to destroy the 
 stores, and so brought on the battle of Lexington 
 and Concord, which opened the war for Independence. 
 The English army was surrounded at Yorktown by 
 Washington and the French fleet and forced to sur- 
 render. A convention at Philadelphia framed the 
 Constitution of the United States. 
 
 NATIONS THAT HAVE OWNED OUR SOIL. 
 
 Before the United States became a nation, six 
 European powers owned, or claimed to own, various 
 portions of the territory now contained within its 
 boundar3^ England claimed the Atlantic coast from 
 Maine to Florida. Spain once held Florida, Texas, 
 California and all the territory south and west of 
 Colorado. France in davs gone bv ruled the Missis- 
 sippi valley. Holland once owned New Jersey, Dela- 
 ware and the valley of the Hudson in New York and 
 claimed as far eastward as the Connecticut River. 
 The Swedes had settlements on the Delaware. Alaska 
 was a Russian possession. 
 
ORIGIN OF THE FORE-NAME. 81 
 
 FORE -NAMES. 
 
 CHRISTIAN names are so called from having orig- 
 inally been given to converts at baptism as sub- 
 stitutes for their former pagan appellatives, many of 
 which were borrowed from the names of their gods, 
 and therefore rejected as profane. After the general 
 introduction of Christianity, the epithet was still re- 
 tained, because the imposition of names was ever 
 connected with the earliest of its sacred rites. It is, 
 nevertheless, most incorrect; since the majorit}^ of the 
 personal names of modem times are borrowed from 
 sources unconnected with Christianity. With what 
 propriety can we call Hercules and Diana, Augustus 
 and Julia, or even Henry and Caroline, Christian 
 names? They should be called forenames (that is 
 first names), a term much more preferable to the 
 other. Perhaps the word name, without any ad- 
 junct, would be better still. We should then use the 
 name and surname as distinctive words; whereas we 
 now often regard them synonyms. 
 
 From the earliest times, names to distinguish one 
 person from another have been in use. The names in 
 the Old Testament are mostly original and generally 
 given at the birth, in accordance with some circum- 
 stance connected with that event, or from some 
 pious sentiment of the father or mother. The Jewish 
 child received his name at the time of circumcision. 
 This practice is still adopted amongst the Jews, and 
 has been followed by the Christian Church giving a 
 name at baptism. 
 
 The ancient Greeks used only one name, which 
 was given on the ninth day after birth, and was 
 
82 ORIGIN OF THE FORE-NAME. 
 
 chosen b\^ the father, who also possessed the right 
 of altering it. These names generalh' expressed some 
 great quality — as braverj', wisdom, or skill. Thus 
 Callienachus means excellent fighter; and Sophron 
 means wise. In later times many names were derived 
 from those of their gods — as Apollodorus, the Gift of 
 Apollo. The eldest son usually bore the name of his 
 paternal grandfather, to which was sometimes added 
 the father's name, or the occupation, place of birth, 
 or a nickname. 
 
 The Romans at a ver3^ early date used two 
 names, and later on each Roman citizen had three. 
 The praenomen was, like our Christian name, per- 
 sonal to the individual; as Caius and Marcus; in 
 writing, the initials onh^ were generally used. In 
 earl^' times it was given at pubert3% but afterwards 
 on the ninth day after birth. Women took -no prae- 
 nomen until marriage, when they adopted the femi- 
 nine form of their husband's name. Every Roman 
 citizen belonged to a gens and to a familia included 
 in it. The nomen gentilicum (the second name) 
 usually ended in ius, cius, or aius. The third name 
 was the hereditar\^ cognomen borne b3' the famih^, to 
 which was sometimes a second cognomen called 
 agnomen, was added. The cognomen was often de- 
 rived from some event in the famih^ histor3', or from 
 some personal defect. In common intercourse the 
 praenomen and cognomen onU^ were used, as C. 
 Caesar, for C. Julius Caesar. Man^^ of the Roman 
 names were of a much less dignified origin than the 
 Greek, as Cicero (Vetchgrower), Crassus (Fat), Naso 
 (Longnosed). 
 
 The Celtic and Teutonic names were originalh- 
 very significant. Manj^ were derived from "God," as 
 Gottfried, Godwin, and others from genii or elves, as 
 A.lfred Elfric (Elf King). Personal prowess, wisdom, 
 
ORIGIN OF THE FORE-NAME. 83 
 
 and nobilit}' of birth, were the origin of man}- names 
 still in use, as Hilderbrand (the War Brand), Arnold 
 (Valiant Eagle) Osborn (God bear). After the intro- 
 duction of Christianit\' man\' of the old names were 
 superseded by those taken from the Scriptures. These 
 names in course of time became much altered; as for 
 example, Owen, Evan, and Eoghan are different 
 forms of Joliann or John. A change of name was 
 sometimes made at confirmation, and amongst 
 Roman Catholics an additional name is given at the 
 first communion. Sir Edward Coke tells us: "If a 
 man be baptized b3^ the name of Thomas, and after 
 at his confirmation by the bishop he is named John, 
 he may purchase by the name of his confirmation. 
 And this was the case of Sir Francis Gawdye, late 
 Chief Justice of the Court of Common Pleas, whose 
 name of baptism was Thomas, and his name of con- 
 firmation Francis; and that the name of Francis by 
 the advice of all the judges in anno 36, Henry VIII, 
 he did bear, and often used in all his purchases and 
 grants." Another instance is that of Henry III of 
 France, who, being the godson of Edward VI of Eng- 
 land, was named Edward Alexander at his baptism 
 in 1551; but at his confirmation in 1565 these 
 names were changed to Henri. 
 
 In German3^ the names are mosth- of Teutonic origin, 
 or connected with the early history of Christianity. 
 
 Double Christian names were not much in vogue 
 before the nineteenth centur\'. A ver}' early instance 
 is that of "John Thomas Jones," a runaway thief, 
 mentioned in a collection of autograph letters from 
 Cecil, Earl of Salisbury, and his son (1601); Charles 
 George Cook, Judge of the Admiralty in 1665; and 
 Henry Frederick Th3'nne, brother to Lord We^^- 
 mouth, 1682, are other examples, which might 
 easily be extended. 
 
84 ORIGIN OF THE FORE-NAME. 
 
 In France and German\^ when surnames became 
 universal, the prefix of De or von to a common ple- 
 beian name was considered as a mark of nobility. 
 In Britain the De was not considered the test for no- 
 bility, for the names of some of the best families were 
 not territorial; as Butler, Stewart and Spenser. 
 
 SCRIPTURAL NAMES ALREADY IN USE AT THE REFOR- 
 MATION. 
 
 It now remains simply to consider the state of 
 nomenclature in England at the eve of the Reforma- 
 tion in relation to the Bible. Four classes may be 
 mentioned. 
 
 MYSTERY NAMES. 
 
 The leading incidents of Bible narrative were 
 familiarized to the English lower orders b3^ the per- 
 formance of sacred plays, or mysteries, rendered un- 
 der the supervision of the Church. To these plays is 
 owed the early popularit}- of Adam and Eve, Noah, 
 Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, Joseph, Sara, Daniel, Samp- 
 son, Susanna, Judith, Hanna or Anna, and Hester. 
 But the Apocryphal names were not frequently used 
 until about 1500. Scarcely any diminutives are 
 found of them. On the other hand, Adam became 
 Adcock and Adkin; Eve became Evott and Evett; 
 Isaac became Hickin, Higgin, Higgott and Higgett; 
 Joseph became Joskin; and Daniel became Dankin and 
 Dannet. 
 
 CRUSADE NAMES. 
 
 The Crusaders gave several prominent names. To 
 them we are indebted for Baptist, Ellis and Jordan; and 
 John received a great stimulus. The sacred water, 
 brought in the leathern bottle, was used for baptis- 
 mal purposes. The Jordan commemorated John the 
 
ORIGIN OF THE FORE-NAME. 85 
 
 Baptist, the second Elias, the forerunner and bap- 
 tizer of Jesus Christ. Children were st\-led by these 
 incidents. Jordan became popular throughout Western 
 Europe. It gave to England, as already observed, 
 Judd, Judkin, Judson, Jordan and Jordanson, Elias, 
 as Ellis, took about the eighth place of frequency, 
 and John for a while the first. 
 
 THE saint's calendar. 
 
 The legends of the saints were carefull_v taught 
 by the priesthood, and the day was as religioush' ob- 
 served. All children born on these holy da3'S re- 
 ceived the name of the saint commemorated. St. 
 James's Day, or St. Nicholas's Day, or St. Thomas's 
 Day, saw a small batch of Jameses, Nicholases, and 
 Thomases received into the fold of the church. In 
 other cases the gossip had some favorite saint, and 
 placed the child under his or her protection. Of 
 course, it bore the patron's name. A large number 
 of these hagiological names were extra-Biblical — such 
 as Cecilia, Catherine, or Theobald. All the apostles, 
 save Judas, became household names; John, Simon, 
 Peter, Bartholomew, Matthew, James, Thomas and 
 Philip being the favorites. Paul and Timoth\^ were 
 also utilized, the former being always found as Pol. 
 
 FESTIVAL NAMES. 
 
 If a child was born at Whitsuntide or Easter, 
 Christmas or Epiphany, like Robinson Crusoe's man 
 Frida}', he received the name of the day. Hence our 
 once familiar names of Noel or Nowell, Pask or Pas- 
 cal, Easter, Pentecost, and Epiphany or Tiffany. 
 
 It will be observed that all these imph' no direct 
 or personal acquaintance with the Scriptures. All 
 came through the Church. AH, too, were in full tide 
 
86 ORIGIN OF THE FORE-NAME, 
 
 of prosperity — with the single exception of Jordan, 
 which was nearly obsolete — when the Bible, printed 
 into English and set up in the churches, became an 
 institution. The immediate result was that the old 
 Scripture names of Bartholomew, Peter, Philip, and 
 Nicholas received a blow much deadlier than that 
 received by such Teutonic names as Robert, Richard, 
 Roger and Ralph. 
 
 The subject of the influence of the Bible upon 
 English nomenclature is not uninteresting. It may 
 be said of the "Vulgar Tongue" Bible that it revolu- 
 tionized the nomenclature within the space of forty 
 years, or a little over a generation. No such crisis, 
 surely, ever visited a nation's register before, nor can 
 such possibly happen again. Every home felt the 
 effect. 
 
 THE DECAY OF SINGLE PATRONYMICS IN BAPTISM. 
 
 The introduction of double baptismal names pro- 
 duced a revolution as immediate as it was uninten- 
 tional. It put a stop to what bade fair to become a 
 universal adoption of patronymics as single baptis- 
 mal names. This practice took its rise about the year 
 1580. It became customar^^ in highly placed families 
 to christen the eldest son by the name of the landed 
 estate to which he was heir. Especially was it com- 
 mon when the son succeeded to property through his 
 mother; then the mother's surname was his Chris- 
 tian name. With the introduction of second baptis- 
 mal names, this custom ceased; and the bo}' or girl, 
 as the case might be, after a first orthodox name of 
 Robert or Cecilia, received as a second the patronymic 
 that before was given alone Instead of Neville Clarke 
 the name would be Charles Neville Clarke. From the 
 year 1700 this has been a growing custom, and half 
 the present list of treble names are thus formed. 
 
88 ORIGIN OF THE FORE-NAME. 
 
 Until about the commencement of the seventeenth 
 century, no material change in the designations of 
 Englishmen had occurred since the daj^s of the earlier 
 Edwards, when surnames were generally adopted. 
 John de la Barre, it is true, had become plain John 
 Barr, and Roger atte H^dle had softened to Roger 
 Hill, but still the principle of a single Christian name 
 and a single surname had been maintained through- 
 out. About the period alluded to, the innovation of 
 a second personal name occurs, though but very rarely. 
 The practice was imported to Great Britain from the 
 Continent, where it seems to have originated among 
 the literati in imitation of the trmnomina of antiquity. 
 The accession of the man}- -named house of Brunswick 
 ma^' be said to have rendered it somewhat fashion- 
 able; and during the last century it has become every 
 year more common. Should the fashion continue, it 
 is probable that at the dawn of the twentieth centu- 
 ry it will be as difficult to find a hinominated person 
 in America, as it is in France at the present day. 
 
 Another innovation belongs to the seventeenth cen- 
 tury; that of the use of some family name as a bap- 
 tismal appellation, as Gouldsmith Hodgson, Boscawen 
 Lower, Cloudsley Shovel. This practice as well as the 
 other is highly to be commended, as serving to iden- 
 tify the individual with the designation. The genealo- 
 gist will at once see its utility; and it is suggested to 
 parents the desirabilitj^ of inserting the maternal fami- 
 ly name between the proper name of baptism and the 
 surname, as James Morton Wilson, Henry Smith Brad- 
 ley. Indeed it would be well to go further and add 
 the maiden family name of the wife to the surname 
 of the husband ; thus if a Charles Harrison married a 
 Mar3'- Bradshawe, the}- should thereupon write them- 
 selves respectively Charles Bradshawe Harrison and 
 Mary Bradshawe Harrison. If Vanity unites in the 
 
ORIGIN OF THE FORE-NAME. 89 
 
 same escutcheon the arms of the wife with those of 
 her lord, ought not Affection in like manner to blend 
 their names ? This usage is voluntarily followed at 
 Geneva and in many provinces in France; and it serves 
 to distinguish the bachelor from the married man. 
 
 In some districts, where a familv name was orisf- 
 inallj' applied at the font instead of the usual James, 
 Peter, or John, that family name has come to be re- 
 garded as a regular christian name. For example: 
 about Lewes, Tra3'ton is fulh' as common as Samuel, 
 Nicholas, Alfred, or an^^ name occup3-ing the second 
 rank in point of frequency, and onl}'- less usual than 
 Henry, William and John. In the sixteenth centurv a 
 family of this name, from Cheshire, settled in Lewes, 
 and continued to I'cside there for several successive 
 generations, during the latter part of which period 
 they became so p,:pular that a host of children re- 
 ceived the baptismal name of Tray ton in compliment 
 to them. The spirit of imitation succeeded; and there 
 are at the present day scores of TrS.\^tons, who have 
 neither an}' idea of the origin of their name, nor any 
 doubt of its being as orthodox as the ver}' common 
 appellatives alluded to. 
 
 We have seen that the Christian name, once im- 
 posed, cannot be altered at the option of the bearer, 
 as the surname may; at least not without the sanc- 
 tion of episcopal authorit}'. Towards the close of the 
 eighteenth century. Sir William Bridges exchanged the 
 name of William for that of Brooke, b}'- license from the 
 Archbishop of Canterbury; but this is almost a solitary 
 instance in modern times, as the occasion for it rarely 
 arises. Before the Reformation, the unauthorized change 
 of a Christian name was a grave offence. It is recorded 
 in the consistorial acts of the Bishop of Rochester, that 
 on Oct. 15, 1515, one Agnes Sharpe appeared and con- 
 fessed that she had "of her own motion and consent, 
 
90 ORIGIN OF THE FORE-NAME. 
 
 voluntarily changed, at confirmation, the name of her 
 infant son to Edward, who when baptized was named 
 Henr}', for which she submitted to penance. " The 
 penance enjoined was to make a pilgrimage to the 
 famous Rood of Grace, at the neighboring abbey of 
 Boxlc}', and to carry in procession on five Lord's days, 
 a lighted taper which she was to offer to the image 
 of the Blessed Virgin. 
 
 THE PAUCITY OF NAMES. 
 
 There were no Scripture names in England when 
 the Conqueror took possession; even in Normandy 
 they had appeared but a generation or two before 
 William came over. If any are found in the old Eng- 
 lish period, the3^ were undoubtedly ecclesiastical titles, 
 adopted at ordination. Greek and Latin saints were 
 equally' unnoticed. 
 
 Before many generations had passed, Bartholo- 
 mew, Simon, Peter, Philip, Thomas, Nicholas, John 
 and Elias, had engrossed a third of the male popula- 
 tion; yet Domesday Book has no Philip, no Thomas, 
 only one Nicholas; and but a springling of Johns. It 
 was not long before Jack and Jill took the place of 
 Godric and Godgivu as representative of the English 
 sexes, yet Jack was from the bible and Jill from the 
 saintlj' calendar. 
 
 Without entering into a deep discussion, it may 
 be said that the great mass of the old English names 
 had gone down before the year 1200 had been reached. 
 Those that survived only held on for bare existence. 
 From the moment of William's edvent, the names of 
 the Normans began to prevail He brought in Bible 
 names. Saint names, and his own Teutonic names. 
 The old English names bowed to them, and disap- 
 peared. 
 
 A curious result quickly followed. From the year 
 
ORIGIN OF THE FORE-NAME. 91 
 
 1150 to 1550, four hundred years in round numbers, 
 there was a very much smaller dictionary of English 
 personal names than there had been for four hundred 
 3^ears before, and than there has been in the four hun- 
 dred 3'ears since. The Norman list was really a small 
 one, and 3'et it took possession of the whole of Great 
 Britain. 
 
 A consequence of this was the Pet-name Epoch . 
 In everj' community of one hundred Englishmen about 
 the 3^ear 1300, there would be an average of twenty 
 Johns and fifteen Williams; then would follow Thomas, 
 Bartholomew, Nicholas, Philip, Simon, Peter and Isaac 
 from the Scriptures; and Richard, Robert, Walter, Guy, 
 Henr}-, Roger and Baldwin from the Teutonic list. 
 Of female names, Matilda, Isabella and Emma were 
 first favorites; and Cecilia, Catharine, Margaret and 
 Gillian came closclv upon their heels. Behind these, 
 again, lollowed a fairly familiar number of names of 
 either sex, some from the Teuton, some from the He- 
 brew, some from the Greek and Latin Church, but, 
 when all told, not a large category. 
 
 This is not enough, for in common parlance it was 
 not likely the full name would be used. Besides, there 
 might be two, or even three Johns in the same family. 
 So late as March, 1545, the will of John Parnell de 
 Gj^rton runs: 
 
 "Alice, m^' wife, and Old John, my son, to occupy 
 my farm together, till Old John marries; Young John, 
 ray son, shall have Brenlaj^'s land plowed and sowed 
 at Old John's cost. " 
 
 The register of Rab\', Leicestershire, has this entry : 
 
 "1559. Item: 29th da^'- of August was John, 
 and John Picke, the children of Xtopher and Anne, 
 baptized. 
 
 "Item: the 31st of August the same John and 
 John were buried. " . 
 
92 ORIGIN OF THE FORE-NAME. 
 
 Mr. Burns, who quotes these instances in his "His- 
 tor\^ of Parish Registers," adds that at this same 
 time "one John Barker had three sons named John 
 Barker, and two daughters named Margaret Barker." 
 
 If the same family had but one name for the house- 
 hold we may imagine the difficulty when this one name 
 was also popular throughout the village. The diffi- 
 culty was naturall}^ solved by, firsth^ the adoption 
 of nick forms; secondly, the addition of pet desinences. 
 Thus Emma became by the one practice simple Emm, 
 by the other Emmott; and any number of boys in a 
 small community might be entered in a register as 
 Bartholomew, and yet preserve their individuality in 
 work-a-day life by bearing such names as Bat, Bate, 
 Batty, Bartle, Bartelot, Batcock, Batkin, and Toll\% 
 or Tholly. In a word, these several lorms of Bar- 
 tholomew were treated as so many separate proper 
 names. 
 
 It was, of course, impossible for Englishmen and 
 English w^omen to maintain their individuality on 
 these terms. Various methods to secure a personality 
 arose. The surname was adopted, and there were 
 John Atte-wood, John the Wheelwright, John the Bigg, 
 and John Richard's son, in every community. Among 
 the middle and lower classes these did not become 
 hereditary until so late as 1450 or 1500. 
 
 This is easilj' proved. In the wardrobe accounts 
 for Edward IV, 1480, occur the following items: 
 
 "John Poyntmaker, for pointing of XI dozen 
 points of silk pointed with agelettes laton. 
 
 "Jehn Carter, for carnage away of a grete loode 
 of robeux that was left in the strete. 
 
 "To a laborer called Rychard Gardyner for work- 
 ing in the gard3'ne. 
 
 "To Alice Shapster for making and washing xxiiii 
 sherts, and xxiii stomachers." Shapster is a feminine 
 
GENEALOGY. 93 
 
 form of Shapper or Shaper — one who shaped or cut 
 out cloths for garments. 
 
 'All these several individuals, having no particular 
 surname, took or received one from the occupation 
 they temporarily followed. 
 
 GENEALOGY. 
 
 None of the sciences is less generally studied than 
 that of Genealogy. Like all the others, though dry 
 and repellant at first, when perseveringly followed out 
 it becomes, in the research, full of interest, and pro- 
 ductive of great results. 
 
 An account of the origin, descent and relations of 
 families is often a principal auxiliary to the true ap- 
 preciation of history. In treating of persons who 
 have distinguished themselves in their countr3^'s an- 
 nals, not onh' are all those actions of their lives which 
 have a bearing upon the character of the age in which 
 they lived, or the well-being of the nation and com- 
 munity to which they belonged, to be considered, but 
 their own family and personal extraction, standing 
 and descent. 
 
 The genealogist confines himself to tracing family 
 lineages, or the course of succession in particular fami- 
 lies. That is his peculiar department. He leaves to 
 the annalist the chronicling of events in the order of 
 their occurrence, and to the historian the filling up of 
 the details and circumstances to which these dry facts 
 refer, and the description of the causes from which 
 thev spring, as well as the consequences to which they 
 lead. The sole purpose and pursuit of the historian 
 is to be able to show "Who is Who" and to distinguish 
 those who are somebody from those who are nobod3^ 
 
 The principal nomenclature of genealogy is as 
 follows : 
 
94 HERALDRY. 
 
 All persons descended from a common ancestor con- 
 stitute a famiW. 
 
 A series of persons so descended is called a line.' 
 
 A line is either direct or collateral. 
 
 The direct line is divided into the ascending and 
 descending. 
 
 The projenitors are father, grandfather, etc. ; the 
 other ascendants not in a directline are called ancestors. 
 
 The descendants are son, grandson, etc. ; the other 
 descendants not in a direct line are generally termed 
 Posterity. 
 
 The Collateral comprehended all those which unite 
 in a common projenitor. 
 
 Some affect to hold in contempt the stud^^ of suc- 
 cession of families. Others undervalue it, without being 
 fully aware of the importance of genealogical research. 
 
 There are some people, sa3's Dr. Lindsay Alexan- 
 der, in his "Life of Dr. Wardlaw, " who say they 
 attach no importance to a man's descent, or to family 
 honors, and despise those who do. Perhaps they may 
 be sincere, but their judgment in this matter is cer- 
 tainly erroneous, and their feeling unnatural. "The 
 glor3' of children, " says the wisest of men, "are their 
 fathers;" and a honorable descent should be highly 
 valued. 
 
 HERALDRY. 
 
 Heraldic devices, trul^^ so called, made their first 
 appearance in Europe in the middle of the twelfth 
 century ; and about one hundred years later Heraldry 
 became a science in high repute, without being able to 
 trace its intermediate progress, or discover the names 
 of those who first laid down its laws, or subsequently 
 promulgated them. The earliest Heraldic document of 
 which even a copy has come down to us is a roll of 
 
HERALDRY. 9 
 
 n 
 
 arms, that is to say, a catalogue of the armorial bear- 
 ings of the king of England, and the principal barons, 
 knights, etc., in the reign of Henr3' III; and, from in- 
 ternal evidence, supposed to have been originally com- 
 piled between the 3'ears 124-X)— 124<5. This transcript 
 w^as made by Glover, Somerset Herald, in 1586, and 
 is preserved in the College of Arms. Other rolls are 
 to be found both there and in the British Museum, of 
 nearly the same date, but none earlier; and no work 
 explanatory of the science has been 3'et discovered of 
 a period anterior to the reign of Edward III. In the 
 reign of Henry III, armorial ensigns had become hered- 
 itar}', marks of cadenc\' distinguished the various 
 members of a family, and the majority of the present 
 Heraldic terms were already in existence. 
 
 THE USE OF ARMS 
 
 At that period was to distinguish x^ersons and prop- 
 erty', and record descent and alliance, and no modern 
 invention has 3-et been found to supersede it. For this 
 reason alone, as we have remarked elsewhere, of all 
 ancient usages it is one of the least likely to become 
 obsolete. Hundreds of persons ma3^ be entitled to the 
 same initials, ma3' possess precise^ the same name ; 
 but onh' the members of a particular family can law- 
 fulh' bear certain armorial ensigns, and the various 
 branches of that family have their separate differences 
 to distinguish one from the other. After the lapse of 
 centuries, the date of a building or the name of its 
 founder or ancient possessor, ma3^ be ascertained at 
 the present da3', through the accidental preservation 
 of a sculptured coat of arms or heraldic encaustic tile ; 
 and the careful stud3^ of earh' rolls of arms enables 
 the historian to discover matrimonial alliances and 
 famih' connections, of which no Avritten record has 
 been found; and thereb3" not onl3' to complete the 
 
96 HERALDRY. 
 
 very imperfect genealogies ofman}^ of the bravest and 
 wisest of English nobility- and gentr3', but also to ac. 
 count for sundry acts, both public and private, the 
 motives for which have been misunderstood, or alto- 
 gether unknown to the biographer or the historian. 
 
 VARIOUS SORTS OF ARMS . 
 
 Arms are not only granted to individuals and fam- 
 ilies, but also to cities, corporate bodies, and learned 
 societies. 
 
 Arms of Dominion or Sovereignty are properly the 
 arms of the kings or sovereigns of the territories they 
 govern, which are also regarded as the arms of the 
 State. Thus the Lions of England and the Russian 
 Eagle are the arms of the Kings of England and the 
 Emperors of Russia, and cannot be properly altered 
 by a change of dynasty. 
 
 Arms of Pretension are those of kingdoms, prov- 
 inces, or territories to which a prince or lord has some 
 claim, and which he adds to his own, though the king- 
 doms or territories are governed by a foreign king or 
 lord ; thus the Kings of England for many ages quar- 
 tered the arms of France in their escutcheon as the 
 descendants of Edward III, who claimed that king- 
 dom, in right of his mother, a French princess. 
 
 Arms of Concession are arms granted by sovereigns 
 as the reward of virtue, valor or extraordinai'y ser- 
 vice. All arms granted to subjects were originally 
 conceded by the Sovereign. 
 
 Arms of Community are those of bishoprics, cities, 
 universities, academies, societies and corporate bodies. 
 
 Arms of patronage are such as governors of prov- 
 inces, lords of manors, etc., add to their famih^ arms 
 as a token of their supcriorit3', right jurisdiction. 
 
HERALDRY. 97 
 
 Arms of Famih-, or paternal arms, are such as are 
 hereditary and belong to one particular family-, which 
 none others have a right to assume, nor can they do 
 so without rendering themselves guilty of a breach of 
 the laws of honor, punishable by the Earl Marshal 
 and the Kings-at-Arms. The assumption of arms has, 
 however, become so common that little notice is taken 
 of it at the present time. 
 
 Arras of Alliance are those gained bj^ marriage. 
 ' Arms of Succession are such as are taken up by 
 those who inherit certain estates by bequest, entail, 
 or donation. 
 
 THE SHIELD. 
 
 The shield contains the field or ground whereon 
 are represented the charges or figures that form a coat 
 of arms. 
 
PATRIOTIC SOCIETIES 99 
 
 PATRIOTIC SOCIETIES IN THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Within the past few 3'ears there has been a remark- 
 able movement in the United States, which has re- 
 sulted in the formation of many patriotic hereditary 
 societies of large membership, with chapters in every 
 State in the Union, Those only are eligible to mem- 
 bership, who can prove their descent from an ancestor 
 of Colonial or Revolutionar\' times, trom an officer or 
 soldier or seaman of the various wars, from a pilgrim 
 in the Ma3-flower, an early Huguenot emigrant, etc. 
 These societies bring men and women of like traditions 
 together, and organize them in an effective way for 
 acrion. The action contemplated is patriotic — never 
 religious or related to party politics. The general so- 
 ciet3' from its headcjuarters issues charters to branch 
 societies in the different States. Each State society 
 forms an organized group of persons well known to 
 each other, 153- name at least, and often personally. 
 
 Certain of these societies have been very active in 
 preserving old monuments, buildings, landmarks and 
 historic documents, or in erecting tablets and monu- 
 ments at historic places, or in marking the sites of 
 battles or the graves of Revolutionar3' soldiers. Others 
 have founded prizes to be given annually to school 
 children for essa3^s on events in American history. 
 Others, again, formall3' celebrate the nation's anni- 
 versaries. All of them foster patriotism and historical 
 research, and teach organization — the sinking of indi- 
 vidual desire in a common lo3'alt3'. There are proba- 
 bl3' too manv such organizations at present, and more 
 are forming. The weaker societies will, however, die ; 
 and those that remain will represent some real aspir- 
 ation of their members. 
 
iOO PATRIOTIC SOCIETIES. 
 
 As the entrance to such societies is through descent 
 from some ancestor, geneaology has been powerfully 
 stimulated, and thousands of famil^^ records have been 
 examined and summarized in print. Our Colonial and 
 Revolutionary history has been studied in its details, 
 which is the only way to fully realize it. The men of 
 to-day have been connected with Colonial and Revo- 
 lutionary times. The children of the coming century 
 will find their ancestral records all prepared for them, 
 and they will be face to face with high standards of 
 duty and effort. 
 
 THE SOCIETY OF COLONIAL WARS, 
 
 Instituted in 1892, is open to lineal male descendants 
 of civil or military officers, or of soldiers, who served 
 the colonies between May 13, 1607 (Jamestown) and 
 April 19, 1775 (Lexington). 
 
 THE SOCIETY OF AAIERICAN WARS, 
 
 Founded in 1897, includes the lineal male descendants 
 of soldiers or civil officers from 1607 to 1783, and of 
 officers of the War of 1812, of the War with Mexico, 
 and of the Civil War. 
 
 THE ORDER OF THE FOUNDERS AND PATRIOTS OF 
 
 AMERICA , 
 
 Founded in 1896, is open to any male citizen of the 
 United States who is llnealh^ descended in the male 
 line of either parent from an ancestor who settled in 
 any of the colonies between 1607 and 1657, and whose 
 intermediate ancestors adhered as patriots to the cause 
 of the colonists throughout the War of the Revolution. 
 
PATRIOTIC SOCIETIES. 101 
 
 THE SOCIETY OF THE CINCINNATI, 
 
 Instituted in 1783 is composed of descendants of offi- 
 cers of the Revolutionary army, usually the eldest male 
 direct descendant. 
 
 THE AZTEC CLUB, 
 
 Founded in 1847, is open to the descendants of offi- 
 cers of the army who served in Mexico, usually the eld- 
 est male direct descendant. 
 
 THE MILITARY ORDER OF THE LOYAL LEGION OF THE 
 
 UNITED STATES, 
 
 Founded in 1865, is composed of officers who served in 
 the War of the Rebellion, tmd of their eldest direct male 
 lineal descendants. 
 
 THE SOCIETY OF THE WAR OF 1812, ORGANIZED IN 1814, 
 
 Is composed of lineal male descendants of soldiers or 
 sailors of the War of 1812. 
 
 THE NAVAL ORDER OF THE UNITED STATES, 
 
 Instituted in 1890, is open to officers of the navy who 
 have served in war, and to their male descendants, etc.; 
 and also to enlisted men who have received a Medal 
 of Honor from the United States for bravery. 
 
 THE SONS OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION, 
 
 Instituted in 1875, must prove their descent from a Rev- 
 olutionary ancestor. The Sons of the Revolution (1876) 
 is organized on the same basis. It is expected that 
 these two large societies will be consolidated. 
 
 THE HOLLAND SOCIETY, 
 
 Incorporated in 1775, is composed of the direct male 
 descendants of Hollanders resident in America before 
 1675. 
 
102 PATRIOTIC SOCIETIES. 
 
 THE HUGUENOT SOCIETY OF AMERICA, 
 
 Organized in 1883, admits descendants of Huguenots 
 who came to America before 1787. 
 
 THE SOCIETY OF COLONIAL DAMES OF AMERICA, 
 
 Organized in 1891, is composed of women descended 
 from an ancestor who held an office of importance in 
 the colonies previous to 1750. 
 
 There are various other societies for women, of 
 which the most important are Daughters of the Am- 
 erican Revolution, founded in 1890 ; and Daughters of 
 the Revolution, founded in 1891 ; and there is also a 
 society of Children of the American Revolution, founded 
 in 1895. 
 
 THE SOCIETY OF "MAYFLOWER" DESCENDANTS, 
 
 Organized in 1894, includes male and female descend- 
 ants of the passengers of the Mayflower (1620). 
 
 MEDAL OF HONOR LEGION. 
 
 The one decoration that is given bj^ the government 
 of the United States is the Medal of Honor, which was 
 authorized b\^ acts of Congress of 1862 and 1863 to 
 be awarded to officers and enlisted men of the army for 
 "gallantry in action and soldier-like qualities during the 
 present insurrection." It has been bestowed onh' for 
 conspicuous services. For example the Twent3'-seventh 
 Regiment of Maine Infantry was present on the field 
 where the battle of Gett\'sburg was fought, and its term 
 of service had expired. The entire regiment, to a man, 
 volunteered to remain on the field and fight the battle; 
 and for this gallant conduct a medal was awarded to 
 each officer and man. A Naval Medal of Honor is also 
 awarded by the government and it is highh' prized. 
 
FORE-NAMES OF MEN 
 
 103 
 
 FORE-NAJVIES OF IVIEN. 
 
 AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE. 
 
 Aaron : Lofty ; inspired. 
 
 Abdiel ; The servant of God. 
 
 Abel : Breath, vanity. 
 
 Abiathar: Father of plenty. 
 
 Abiel: Father of strength. 
 
 Abiezer: Father of help. 
 
 Abijah: To whom Jehovah is a 
 father. 
 
 Abner: Father of light. 
 
 Abraham: Father of a multitude. 
 
 Abram: Father of elevation. 
 
 Absalom: Father of peace. 
 
 Adam: Man; earth-man; red earth. 
 
 Adiel: The ornament of God. 
 
 Adin, or Adino: Tender; delicate; 
 soft. 
 
 Adolph or Adolphus: Noble wolf; 
 i.e., noble hero. 
 
 Adoniram: Lord of height. 
 
 Alaric: All-rich; or, noble ruler. 
 
 Albert: Nobly bright, illustrious. 
 
 Alexander: A defender of men. 
 
 Alfred: Elf in council; good coun- 
 sellor. 
 
 Algernon: With whiskers. 
 
 Allan: Corruption of rElienus. 
 
 Almon: Hidden. 
 
 Alonzo: Same as Alphonso. 
 
 Alpheus: Exchange. 
 
 Alphonso: All-ready; willing, 
 
 Alvah, or Alvan : Iniquity. 
 
 Alvin or Alwin: Beloved by all. 
 
 Amariah: Whom Jehovah prom- 
 ised. 
 
 Amasa: A burden. 
 
 Ambrose: Immortal; divine. 
 
 Ammi: My people. 
 
 Amos: Strong; courageous. 
 
 Andrew; Strong, manly. 
 
 Andronicus: A conqueror of men- 
 Anselm, or Ansel: Protection of 
 
 man. 
 Anthony or Antony: Priceless; 
 
 praiseworthy. 
 Apollos: Of Apollo. 
 Archelaus: Ruler of the people. 
 Archibald: Extremely bold; or, 
 
 holy prince. 
 Ariel: Lion of God; valiant for 
 
 God. 
 Aristarchus: A good prince. 
 Arnold: Strong as an eagle. 
 Artemas: Gift of Artemis, or 
 
 Minerva. 
 Arthur: High, noble. 
 Asa: Healer; physician. 
 Asahel : Made of God. 
 Asaph: A collector. 
 Asarelah: Upright to God. 
 Ashbel: Fire of Bel. 
 Asher: Happy, fortunate. 
 Ashur: Black, blackness. 
 Athanasius: Immortal. 
 Athelstan: Noble stone. 
 Aubrey: Ruler of spirits. 
 Augustin, Augustine, or Austin: 
 
 Belonging to Augustus. 
 Augustus: Exalted, imperial. 
 Aurelius: Golden, 
 Azariah: Helped of the Lord. 
 
 Baldwin: Bold, courageous friend. 
 
 Baptist: A baptizer; purifier. 
 
 Barachias: Whom Jehovah has 
 blessed, 
 
 Bardolph: A distinguished helper. 
 
 Barnabas or Barnaby: Son of con- 
 solation, 
 
104 
 
 FORE-NAMES OF MEN, 
 
 Bartholomew: A warlike son. 
 Barzillai: Iron of the Lord; firm; 
 
 true. 
 Basil: Kinglj; royal, 
 Benedict: Blessed. 
 Benjamin: Son of the right hand. 
 Benoni: Son of grief or trouble. 
 Beriah: In calamity. 
 Bernard: Bold as a bear. 
 Bertram: Bright raven. 
 Bethuel: Man of God. 
 Bezaleel: In the shadow of God. 
 Boniface: A benefactor. 
 Brian: Strong. 
 Bruno: Brown. 
 
 Cadwallader: Battle-arranger. 
 
 Caesar: Hairj; or blue-eyed. 
 
 Cain: Gotten, or acquired. 
 
 Caleb: A dog. 
 
 Calvin: Bald. 
 
 Cecil: Dim-sighted. 
 
 Cephas: A stone. 
 
 Charles: Strong; nianlj ; noble- 
 spirited. 
 
 Christian: A believer in Christ, 
 
 Christopher: Bearing Christ. 
 
 Clarence: Illustrious. 
 
 Claudius, or Claude: Lame. 
 
 Clement: Mild-tempered, merciful. 
 
 Conrad: Bold in council; resolute. 
 
 Constant: Firm, faithful. 
 
 Constantine: Resolute, firm. 
 
 Cornelius: Horn. 
 
 Crispin, Crispus, or Crispian: Hav- 
 ing curly hair. 
 
 Cuthbert: Noted splendor. 
 
 Cyprian: Of Cyprus. 
 
 Cyril: Lordly. 
 
 Cyrus: The sun. 
 
 Dan: A judge. 
 
 Daniel: A divine judge. 
 
 Darius: Perserver. 
 
 David: Beloved. 
 Demetrius: Belonging to Ceres. 
 Denis, or Dennis: Same Dionysius. 
 Dexter: The right hand. 
 Dionysius: Belonging to Dionysos, 
 
 or Bacchus the god of wine. 
 Donald: Proud chief. 
 Duncan: Brown chief. 
 
 Eben: A stone. 
 
 Ebenezer: The stone of help, 
 
 Edgar: A javelin (or protector) of 
 
 property. 
 Edmund: Defender of property. 
 Edward: Guardian of property. 
 Edwin: Gainer of property. 
 Egbert: The sword's brightness; 
 
 famous with the sword. 
 Elbert: Same as Albert. 
 Eldred: Terrible. 
 Eleazer: To whom God is a help. 
 Eli: A foster son. 
 Eliab: God is his father. 
 Eliakim: Whom God sets up. 
 Ellas: The same as Elijah. 
 Elihu: God the Lord. 
 Elijah: Jehovah is my God. 
 Eliphalet: God of salvation. 
 Elisha: God my salvation. 
 Elizur: God is my rock. 
 Ellis: A variation of Elisha. 
 Elmer: Noble, excellent. 
 EInathan: God gave. 
 Emmanuel: God with us, 
 Emery, Emmery or Emory: Pow- 
 
 ful, rich. 
 Eneas: Praised, commended, 
 Enoch: Consecrated, dedicated, 
 Enos: Man. 
 
 Ephraim: Very fruitful. 
 Erasmus: Lovely; worthy to be 
 
 loved. 
 Erastus: Lovely, amiable. 
 
FORE-NAMES OF MEN. 
 
 105 
 
 Eric: Rich, brave, powerful. 
 Eraest, Ernestus: Earnest. 
 Esau: Covered with hair. 
 Ethan: Firmness, strength. 
 Eugene: Well-born ; noble. 
 Eusebius: Pious, godlv. 
 Eustace: Healthy, strong; standing 
 
 firm. 
 Evan: Same as John. 
 Everard: Strong as a wild boar. 
 Ezekiel: Strength of God. 
 Ezra: Help. 
 
 Felix: Happj'; prosperous. 
 Ferdinand or Fernando: Brave, 
 
 valiant. 
 Festus: Jovful, glad. 
 Francis: Free. 
 Frank, Franklin: Contraction of 
 
 Francis. 
 Frederic or Frederick: Abounding 
 
 in peace, peaceful ruler. 
 
 Gabriel: Man of God. 
 Gad: A troop, or company, 
 Gaius: Rejoiced. 
 Gamaliel: Recompense of God. 
 Geoffrey: Same as Godfrey. 
 George: A landholder, husband- 
 man. 
 Gerald: Strong with the spear. 
 Gershom: An exile. 
 Gideon: A destroyer. 
 Gilbert: Yellow-bright; famous. 
 Giles: A kid. 
 Given: Gift of God. 
 Goddard: Pious, virtuous. 
 Godfrey: At peace with God. 
 Godwin: Good in war. 
 Gregory: Watchful. 
 Griffith: Having great faith. 
 Gustavus: A warrior, hero. 
 Guy: A leader. 
 
 Hannibal: Grace of Baal. 
 
 Harold: A champion; general of 
 an army. 
 
 Heman: Faithful. 
 
 Henry: The head or chief of a 
 house. 
 
 Herbert: Glory of the army. 
 
 Hercules; Lordly fame. 
 
 Herman: A warrior, 
 
 Hezekiah: Strength cff the Lord. 
 
 Hilary: Cheerful, merry, 
 
 Hillel: Praise. 
 
 Hiram: Most noble. 
 
 Homer: A pledge, security. 
 
 Horace, Horatio: Oak wood; or 
 Avorthy to be loved. 
 
 Hosea: Salvation. 
 
 Howell: Sound, whole. 
 
 Hubert: Bright in spirit; soul- 
 bright. 
 
 Hugh, or Hugo: Mind, spirit, soul. 
 
 Humphrey : Protector of the home. 
 
 Ichabod: The glory is departed, 
 Ignatius: Ardent, fiery. 
 Immanuel: Same as Emmanuel, 
 Increase: Increase of faith. 
 Ingram: Raven, 
 Inigo: Same as Ignatius (Spanish 
 
 form). 
 Ira: Watchful. 
 Isaac: Laughter. 
 Isaian: Salvation of the Lord. 
 Israel: A soldier of God, 
 Ishmael: Afflicted her. 
 Ithiel: God is with me, 
 Ivan: Same as John (Russian 
 
 form). 
 
 Jabez: He will cause pain. 
 Jacob: A supplanter, 
 Jairus: He will enlighten. 
 James: Same as Jacob. 
 
106 
 
 FORE-NAMES OF MEN. 
 
 Japheth: Enlargement. 
 Jared: Descent. 
 ^ason: A healer. 
 Jasper: Treasure master. 
 Javan: Claj, supple. 
 Jedediah: Beloved of the Lord. 
 Jeffrey: Same as Godfrey. 
 Jeremiah, Jeremias, or Jerome: 
 
 Exalted of the Lord. 
 Jerome: Holy name. 
 Jesse: Wealth. 
 Jesus: Same as Joshua. 
 Joab: Jehovah is his father. 
 Job: Afflicted, persecuted. 
 Joel: The Lord is God. 
 John: The gracious gift of God. 
 Jonah, or Jonas: A dove. 
 Jonathan: Gift of Jehovah, 
 Joseph: He shall add. 
 "oshua: The Lord is welfare. 
 Josiah or Josias: Given of the 
 
 Lord, 
 fotham: The Lord is upright. 
 Judah: Praised. 
 Julian: Sprung from, or belonging 
 
 to Julius. 
 Julius: Soft-haired. 
 Justin, or Justus: Just. 
 
 Kenelm: A defender of his kindred. 
 Kenneth: A leader, commander. 
 
 Laban: White. 
 
 Lambert: Illustrious with landed 
 possessions. 
 
 Lancelot: A little angel; other- 
 wise a little lance or warrior; or 
 a servant. 
 
 Laurence or Lawrence: Crowned 
 with laurel. 
 
 Lazarus: God will help. 
 
 Leander: Lion man. 
 
 Lebbeus: Praise. 
 
 Lemuel: Created by God. 
 
 Leonard: Strong, or brave as a 
 lion. 
 
 Leonidas: Lion-like. 
 
 Leopold: Bold for the people. 
 
 Levi: Adhesion. 
 
 Lewis: Bold warrior. 
 
 Linus: P laxen-haired. 
 
 Lionel: Young lion. 
 
 Lewellyn: Lightning. 
 
 Loammi: Not my people. 
 
 Lodowic: Same as Ludovic or 
 Lewis. 
 
 Lorenzo: same as Laurence (Span- 
 ish and Italian form). 
 
 Lot: A veil, covering. 
 
 Louis: Same as Lewis. 
 
 Lubin: Beloved friend. 
 
 Lucian: Belonging to or sprung 
 from Lucius. 
 
 Lucius: Born at break of day. 
 
 Ludovic: Same as Lewis. 
 
 Luke: Light-giving. 
 
 Luther: Illustrious warrior. 
 
 Lycurgus: Wolf-driver. 
 
 Madoc: Good, beneficent. 
 
 Malachi: Messenger of the Lord. 
 
 Manasseh: Forgetfulness. 
 
 Marcellus: Diminutive of Marcus] 
 
 Marcius: Same as Marcus. 
 
 Marcus or Mark: A hammer, other- 
 wise, a male, or sprung from 
 Mars. 
 
 Marmaiuke: A mighty noble. 
 
 Martin: Of Mars; warlike. 
 
 Matthew: Gift of Jehovah. 
 
 Matthias: Gift of the Lord. 
 
 Maurice: Corruption of Amabuc. 
 (himmelreich); the kingdom of 
 heaven. 
 
 Maximillian: The greatest Aemili- 
 anus. 
 
FORE-NAMES OF MEN. 
 
 107 
 
 Meredith: Sea-protector. 
 Micah: Who is like the Lord? 
 Michael: Who is like to God? 
 Miles: A soldier. 
 Morgan: A seaman, a dweller on 
 
 the sea. 
 Moses: Drawn out of the water. 
 
 Naaman: Pleasantness. 
 Nahum: Consolation. 
 Napoleon: Lion of the forest-dell. 
 Nathan: Given, a gift. 
 Nathanael, or Nathaniel: The gift 
 
 of God. 
 Neal or Neil: Dark, swarthy; 
 
 otherwise (Celtic) chief. 
 Nehemiah: Comfort of the Lord. 
 Nicholas or Nicolas: Victory of 
 
 the people. 
 Noah: Rest, comfort. 
 Noel: (Dies Natalis) Christmas; 
 
 Born on Christmas Day. 
 Norman: A Northman, native of 
 
 Normandy. 
 
 Obadiah: Servant of the Lord. 
 
 Obed: Serving God. 
 
 Octavius or Octavus: The eighth- 
 born. 
 
 Oliver: An olive tree. 
 
 Orestes: A mountaineer, 
 
 Orlando: Same as Rowland. 
 
 Oscar: Bounding warrior. 
 
 Osmond or Osmund: Protection 
 of God. 
 
 Oswald or Oswold: Power of God. 
 
 Owen: Lamb, otherwise, .young 
 warrior. 
 
 Ozias: Strength of the Lord. 
 
 Patrick: Noble; a patrician. 
 Paul, Paulinus, or Paulus: Little- 
 Peleg: Division. 
 Peregrine: A stranger. 
 
 Peter: A rock. 
 Philander: A lover of men. 
 Philemon: Loving, friendly. 
 Philip: A lover of horses. 
 Phineas, or Phinehas: Mount of 
 
 brass. 
 Pius: Pious, dutiful. 
 Polycarp: Much fruit. 
 Ptolemy: Mighty in war. 
 
 Quintin: The fifth. 
 
 Ralph: Same as Rodolphus. 
 Randal: House-wolf. 
 Raphael: The healing of God. 
 Raymond, or Raymund: Wise pro 
 
 tection. 
 Reginald: Strong ruler. 
 Reuben: Behold, a son. 
 Reuel: Friend of God. 
 Reynold: Same as Reginald. 
 Richard: Rich-hearted, powerful. 
 Robert: bright in fame. 
 Roderic or Roderick: Rich in 
 
 fame. 
 Rodolph or Rodolphus: Famous 
 
 wolf or hero. 
 Roger: Famous with the spear. 
 Roland or Rowland: Fame of the 
 
 land. 
 Rudolph or Rudolphus: Variations 
 
 of Rodolphus. 
 Rufus: Red, red-haired. 
 Rupert: Same as Robert. 
 
 Salmon: Shadv. 
 
 Samson, or Sampson: Splendid 
 
 sun, great joy and felicity. 
 Samuel: Heard of God; asked for 
 
 of God. 
 Saul: Asked for. 
 Seba: Eminent. 
 
 Sebastian: Venerable, reverend. 
 Septimus: The seventh born. 
 
108 
 
 FORE-NAMES OF MEN. 
 
 Sereno or Serenus: Calm, peace- 
 ful. 
 
 Seth: Appointed. 
 
 Shadrach: Rejoicing in the way. 
 
 Sigismund: Conquering, protec- 
 tion. 
 
 Silas: A contraction of Silvanus. 
 
 Silvanus: Living in a wood. 
 
 Silvester: Bred in the country 
 rustic. 
 
 Simeon, Simon: Hearing with ac- 
 ceptance. 
 
 Solomon: Peaceable, 
 
 Stephen: A crown. 
 
 Swithin: Strong friend. 
 
 Sylvanus: Same as Silvanus. 
 
 Sylvester: Same as Silvester. 
 
 Tertius: the third born. 
 
 Thaddeus: The wise. 
 
 Theobald: Bold for the people. 
 
 Theodore: The gift of God. 
 
 Theodoric: Powerful among the 
 people. 
 
 Theophilus: A lover of God. 
 
 Theron: A hunter. 
 
 Thomas: A twin, 
 
 Timothy: Fearing God, 
 
 Titus: Honorable. 
 
 Tobiah or Tobias: Distinguished 
 of the Lord. 
 
 Tristram: Grave, pensive, melan- 
 choly, sorrowful, sad, 
 
 Tybalt: Same as Theobald. 
 
 Ulysses: A hater. 
 
 Urban: Of the town; courteous; 
 
 polished. 
 Uriah: Light of the Lord. 
 Urian: A husbandman. 
 Uriel: Light of God. 
 
 Valentine: Strong, healthy, pow- 
 erful. 
 Vicesimus: The twentieth born. 
 Victor: A conqueror. 
 Vincent: Conquering. 
 Vivian: Lively. 
 
 Walter: Ruling the roast. 
 
 William: Resolute helmet, or hel- 
 met of resolution; defence; pro- 
 tector, 
 
 Winfred: Win-peace, 
 
 Zabdiel: Gift of God, 
 
 Zaccheus: Innocent, pure, 
 
 Zachariah, or Zachery: Remem- 
 bered of the Lord, 
 
 Zadok: Just. 
 
 Zebediah or Zebedee: Gift of the 
 Lord. 
 
 Zebina: Bought. 
 
 Zebulon: Dwelling. 
 
 Zedekiah: Justice of the Lord. 
 
 Zelotes: A zealot. 
 
 Zei.as: Gift of Jupiter. 
 
 Zephaniah: Hid of the Loral 
 
FORE-NAMES OF WOMEN. 
 
 109 
 
 FORE-NAMES OE WOMEN. 
 
 AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE. 
 
 Abigail: Mj father's joy. 
 
 Achsa: Anklet. 
 
 Ada: The same as Edith. 
 
 Adela, Adelaide, or Adeline: Of 
 noble birth, a princess. 
 
 Agatha: Good, kind. 
 
 Agnes: Chaste, pure. 
 
 Alberta: Feminine of Albert. 
 
 Alethea: Truth. 
 
 Alexandra, or Alexandrina: Femi- 
 nine of Alexander. 
 
 Alice, or Alicia: Same as Adeline. 
 
 Almira: Lofty; a princess. 
 
 Althea: A healer. 
 
 Amabel: Loveable. 
 
 Amanda: Worthy to be loved. 
 
 Amelia: Busy, energetic. 
 
 Amy: Beloved. 
 
 Angelica, Angelina: Lovely, an- 
 gelic. 
 
 Ann, Anna, or Anne: Grace. 
 
 Annabella: Feminine of Hannibal. 
 
 Annette: Variation of Anne. 
 
 Antoinette: Diminutive of Anto- 
 nia. 
 
 Antonia,or Antonina: Inestimable. 
 
 Arabella: A fair altar; otherwise, 
 corruption of Orabllia, a praying 
 woman, 
 
 Ariana: A corruption of Ariadne. 
 
 Augusta: Feminine of Augustus. 
 
 Aurelia: Feminine of Aurelius, 
 
 Aurora: Morning redness; fresh; 
 brilliant. 
 
 Azubah; Deserted. 
 
 Barbara: Foreign; strange. 
 Beatrice,6r Beatrix : Making happy. 
 
 Belinda: From Bella, Isabella, Eliz- 
 abeth. 
 
 Benedicta; Feminine of Benedic- 
 tus. 
 
 Bertha: Bright; beautiful. 
 
 Betsey: A corruption of Elizabeth. 
 
 Blanch, or Blanche: White. 
 
 Bona: Good. 
 
 Bridget: Strength. 
 
 Camilla: Attendant at a sacrifice 
 Caroline: Feminine of Carolus or 
 Charles. 
 
 Cassandra- One who inflames with 
 
 love. 
 Catharina, Catharine, or Catherine 
 
 Pure. 
 Cecilia or Cecily: Feminine oi 
 
 Cecil. 
 Celestine: Heavenly. 
 Celia: Feminine of Coelus, 
 Charlotte: Feminine of Charles. 
 Chloe: A green herb; blooming. 
 Christiana, or Christina: Feminine 
 
 of Christianus." 
 Cicely: A variation of Celia. 
 Clara: Bright, illustrious. 
 Clarice, or Clarissa: A variation of 
 
 Clara. 
 Claudia: Feminine of Claudius. 
 Clementina, or Clementine; Mild, 
 
 gentle. 
 Constance: Firm, constant. 
 Cora: Maiden; a form of Corinna. 
 Cornelia: Feminine of Cornelius. 
 Cynthia: Belonging to Mount 
 
 Cynthus. 
 
110 
 
 FORE-NAMES OF WOMEN. 
 
 Deborah: A bee. 
 
 Delia: of Delos. 
 
 Diana: Goddess. 
 
 Diantha: Flower of Jove; a pink. 
 
 Dinah: Judged. 
 
 Dora: A variation of Dorothea. 
 
 Dorcas: A gazelle. 
 
 Dorinda: Same as Dorothea. 
 
 Dorothea, or Dorothy: Gift of 
 
 God. 
 Drusilla: Dew watered. 
 
 Edith: Happiness; otherwise rich 
 gift. 
 
 Edna: Pleasure. 
 
 Eleanor, or Elinor: Light; same as 
 Helen. 
 
 Elisabeth, Elizabeth, or Eliza: Wor- 
 shiper of God; consecrated to 
 God. 
 
 Ella: A contraction of Eleanor. 
 
 Ellen: A diminutive of Eleanor. 
 
 Elvira: White. 
 
 Emeline, or Emmeline: Energetic, 
 industrious. 
 
 Emily, or Emma: Same as Eme- 
 line. 
 
 Ernestine: feminine and diminu- 
 tive. 
 
 Esther: A star; good fortune. 
 
 Ethelind, or Ethelinda: Noble 
 snake. 
 
 Eudora: Good gift. 
 
 Eugenia, or Eugenie: Feminine of 
 Eugene. 
 
 Eulalia: Fair speed. 
 
 Eunice: Happy victory. 
 
 Euphemia: Of good report. 
 
 Eva: Same as Eve. 
 
 Evangeline: Bringing glad news. 
 
 Eve: Life. 
 
 Evelina, or Eveline: Diminutive 
 
 of Eva. 
 
 Fanny: Diminutive of Frances. 
 
 Faustina: Fortunate; lucky. 
 
 Felicia: Happiness. 
 
 Fidelia: Faithful. 
 
 Flora: Flowers ; goddess of flowers 
 
 and spring. 
 Florence: Blooming; flourishing. 
 Frances: Feminine of Francis. 
 Frederica: Feminine of Frederick 
 
 Georgiana, or Georgina: Feminine 
 
 of George. 
 Geraidine: Feminine of Gerald. 
 Gertrude: Spear-maideh. 
 Grace or Gratia: Grace, favor. 
 Griselda: Stone; heroine. 
 
 Hannah: Same as Anna. 
 
 Harriet, or Harriot: Feminine of 
 
 Henry. 
 Helen, or Helena: Light. 
 Henrietta: Feminine diminutive 
 
 of Henry. 
 Hephzibah: My delight is in her. 
 Heiter, or Hestha: Same as Esther. 
 Hilaria: Feminine of Hilary. 
 Honora, or Honorfa: Honorable. 
 Hortensia: A lady gardener. 
 Huldah: A weasel. 
 
 Ida: Happy. 
 Inez: Same as Agnes. 
 Irene: Peaceful. 
 
 Isabel, or Isabella: Same as Eliza- 
 beth. 
 
 Jane, or Janet: Feminine of John. 
 Jaqueline, Feminine of James. 
 Jean, Jeanne, or Jeannette: Same 
 
 as Jane or Joan. 
 Jemima: A dove. 
 Jerusha: Possessed, married. 
 Joan, Joanna, Johanna: Feminine 
 
 of John. 
 
PORE-NAMES OF WOMEN. 
 
 Ill 
 
 Josepha, or Josephine: Feminine 
 
 of Joseph, 
 Joyce: Sportive 
 Judith: Praised, 
 Julia: Feminine of Julius. 
 Juliana: Feminine of Julian, 
 Juliet: Diminutive of Julia. 
 Justina: Feminine of Justin. 
 
 Katharine, or Katherine: Same as 
 
 Catharine, 
 Keturah: Incense, 
 Keziah: Cassia. 
 
 Laura: A laurel. 
 
 Laurinda: A variation of Laura. 
 
 Lavinia: Of Latium. 
 
 Leonora: Same as Eleanor. 
 
 Letitia: Happiness, 
 
 Leitice: A variation of Letitia, 
 
 Lillian, or Lilj: A lily, 
 
 Lois: Good; desirable, 
 
 Lorinda: A variation of Laurfnda. 
 
 Louisa, or Louise: Feminine of 
 Louis. 
 
 Lucia: Same as Lucy, 
 
 Lucinda: Same as Lucy. 
 
 Lucrece, or Lucretia: Gain; other- 
 wise, light. 
 
 Lucy: Feminine of Lucius. 
 
 Lydia: A native of Lydia. 
 
 Mabel: A contraction of Amabel. 
 Madeline: French form of Magde- 
 
 lene, 
 Magdalene: A native of Magdala. 
 Marcella: Feminine of Marcellus, 
 Marcia: Feminine of Marcius. 
 Margaret: A pearl. 
 Maria: Same as Mary, 
 Marianne: A compound of Mary 
 
 and Anne. 
 
 Marion: A French form of Mary. 
 
 Martha: The ruler of the house; 
 otherwise, sorrovirful, melancholy. 
 
 Mary: Bitter; otherwise, their re- 
 bellion; or, star of the east. 
 
 Mathilda, or Matilda: Mighty bat- 
 tle-maid ; heroine. 
 
 Maud: A contraction of Matilda; 
 or Madalene. 
 
 May: Month of May; or Mary. 
 
 Mehetabel, Mehitabel: Benefited 
 of God. 
 
 Melicent: Sweet-singer ; otherwise 
 working strength. 
 
 Melissa: A bee, 
 
 Mildred: Mild threatener. 
 
 Miranda: Admirable. 
 
 Miriam: Same as Mary. 
 
 Myra: She who weeps or laments. 
 
 Nancy: A familiar form of Anne. 
 Nora: A contraction of Helenora; 
 Honora; and of Leonora. 
 
 Octavia: Feminine of Octavius. 
 Olive, or Olivia: An olive, 
 Ophelia: A serpent. 
 Olympia: Heavenly, 
 
 Paula, Paulina, or Pauline: Femi- 
 nine of Paulus or Paul. 
 Penelope: A weaver. 
 Persis: A Persian woman. 
 Phebe, or Phoebe: Pure, radiant^ 
 Philippa: Feminine of Philip. 
 Phillis, Phyllis: A green bough, 
 Polly: A diminutive of Mary. 
 Priscilla: Advanced in years. 
 Prudence: In Latin Prudentia. 
 
 Rachel: An ewe. 
 
 Rebecca, or Rebekah: of enchant- 
 ing beauty. 
 Rhoda: A rose. 
 Rosa: A rose. 
 
112 
 
 FORE-NAMBS OP WOMEN. 
 
 Rosabel, or Rosabella: A fair rose. 
 Rosalia, or Rosalie: Little and 
 
 blooming rose. 
 Rosalind: Beautiful as a rose. 
 Rosamond: Horse protection; or 
 
 famous protection. 
 Roxana: Dawn of day. 
 Ruth: Beauty. 
 
 Sabina: A Sabine woman. 
 
 Sabrina: The river Severn. 
 
 Salome: Peaceful. 
 
 Salva: Safe. 
 
 Sara, or Sarah, A princess. 
 
 Selina: Parsley; otherwise moon 
 
 Serina: Feminine of Serenus, or 
 
 Sereno. 
 Sibyl, or Sibylla: A prophetess. 
 Sophia: Wisdom. 
 Sophronia Of a sound mind. 
 Stella: A star. 
 
 Stephana: Feminine of Stephen. 
 Susan, Susanna, or Susannah: A 
 
 Tabitha: A gazelle. 
 Theodora: Feminine of Theodore. 
 Theodosia: The gift of God. 
 Theresa: Carrying ears of corn. 
 Thomasa, or Thomasine: Femi- 
 nine of Thomas. 
 Tryphena: Delicate; luxurious. 
 Tryphosa: Luxurious, dainty. 
 
 Ulica: Rich. 
 Urania: Heavenly. 
 Ursula: She-bear. 
 
 Valeria: Feminine of Valerius. 
 \ ictoria: Victory, or feminine of 
 
 Victor. 
 Viola: A violet. 
 Virginia: Virgin; pure. 
 Vivian: Lively ; cheerful. 
 Wilhelmina: Feminine of Wilhelm, 
 
 German form of William. 
 Winifred: A lover of peace. 
 Zenobia: Having life from Jupiter. 
 
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 f full maiden name was: 
 
 
 Place of his 
 
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 Date of marriage: 
 
 2nd Child: 
 
 
 
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 Date of marriag-e; 
 
 3rd Child: 
 
 
 
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RECORD OF MY - 
 
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 ■TH CHILD'S MARRIAGE. 
 
 Flace of birth: 
 
 Date of birth : 
 
 
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 Occupation : 
 
 
 Traits of character, etc : 
 
 Place of marriage: 
 
 Date of marriage: 
 
 
 Full name to whom married: 
 
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 Date of birth: 
 
 
 School attended: 
 
 Residence: 
 
 Occupation: 
 
 
 Traits of character, etc.: 
 
 Father's full name : 
 
 Mother's full maiden name: 
 
 
 Christian Names of Tlieir Cliiidren: 
 
 1st Child: 
 
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 Married to: 
 
 
 Born: Died: 
 
 Date of marriage: 
 
 
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 Born: . Died: 
 
 Date of marriage: 
 
 
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 Born: Died: 
 
 Date of marriage: 
 
 
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 Date of marriage: 
 
 
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 Married to: 
 
 
 Born: Died: 
 
 Date of marriage: 
 
 
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 Born: Died: 
 
 Date of marriage: 
 
 
I. 
 
 RECORD OF MY TH CHILD'S MARRIAGE. 
 
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 Place of birth: 
 
 
 Date of birth: 
 
 School attended: 
 
 Residence: 
 
 
 Occupation : 
 
 Traits of character, etc. : 
 
 Place of marriage : 
 
 
 Date of marriage : 
 
 Full name to whom married: 
 
 Place of birth : 
 
 
 Date of birth: 
 
 School attended: 
 
 Residence: 
 
 
 Occupation: 
 
 Traits of character, etc. : 
 
 Father's full name : 
 
 Mother's full maiden name: 
 
 
 Christian Names of Their Children: 
 1st Child: 
 
 Full Names to Whom Married : 
 
 Married to: 
 
 Born: 
 
 Died: 
 
 Date of niarriape: 
 
 2nd Child: 
 
 
 Married to: 
 
 Born: 
 
 Died: 
 
 Date of marriage: 
 
 3rd Child: 
 
 
 Married to: 
 
 Born: 
 
 Died: 
 
 Date of marriage: 
 
 4th Child: 
 
 
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 Born: 
 
 Died: 
 
 Date of marriag-e: 
 
 5th Child: 
 
 
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 Date of marriag-e: 
 
 6th Child: 
 
 
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 Born: 
 
 Died: Date of marriage: 
 
J. 
 
 RECORD OF MY TH CHILD'S MARRIAGE, 
 
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 Place of birth : 
 
 Date of birth: 
 
 School attended: 
 
 Residence: 
 
 Occupation: 
 
 Traits of character, etc. : 
 
 Place of marriage : 
 
 Date of marriage: 
 
 Full name to whom married: 
 
 Place of birth : 
 
 Date of birth: 
 
 School attended: 
 
 Residence: 
 
 Occuj)ation: 
 
 Traits of character, etc. : 
 
 Fathefs full name: 
 
 Mother's full maiden name: 
 
 • 
 
 Christian Names of Their Children : 
 
 1st Child: 
 
 Full Names to Whom iVIarried: 
 
 Married to: 
 
 Born: Died: 
 
 Date of marriatre: 
 
 2nd Child: 
 
 Married to : 
 
 Born: l>ied: 
 
 Date of marria^re: 
 
 3rd Child: 
 
 Married to: 
 
 Born: Died: 
 
 Date of marriag-e: 
 
 4M Child: 
 
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 Born: Died: 
 
 Date of niarriape: 
 
 5th Child: 
 
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 Born: Died: 
 
 Date of inarriaire: 
 
 6th Child: 
 
 Married in: 
 
 Born: Died: 
 
 Date of marriag-e: 
 
RECORD OF MY - 
 
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 -TH CHILD'S MARRIAGE, 
 
 Place of birth: 
 
 Date of birth: 
 
 School all ended: 
 
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 Occupation: 
 
 Traits of character, etc. . 
 
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 Date of marriage: 
 
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 Date of marriaere: 
 
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NAMES AND ADDRESSES OF RELATIVES 
 
 OR OTHER FA.OTS WHICH SHOULD BE RECORDED. 
 
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