'^^6 
 
MAGNOLIA. 
 
 '■^ Situated on the St. Jolius Uiver, 28 miles south ot JmksonvHle, is conceded to be one of ttie flnest, healthiest and uios 
 '.beautllul locations In Florida. The. traveler, upon arrival, realizes for the first time that he has reached a tropical climate 
 V. The river at this point Is 5 miles wide and the view unsurpassed. In a park of 400 acres, containing pine and orange grove 
 "'and gardens where strawberries and other fruits and Howera are grown, stands the 
 
 MAONOLIA IIOTKL, 
 ''••'■whk'h with Its 2(X) handsomely-furnished rooms, is provided with every modern convenience for the comfort of guee- 
 -t.ilncludtng open ttres, gas, electric lights, bells, elevator and amusement hall for dancing and other entertainments. Mb 
 ' '-dally by Bent's orchestra ot New Vork city. ■ 
 
 The Mtttirnollit CottuKeo. si.x iu number, contain 12 rooms each, have open fire-places, closets and every requisite 
 ..toinf.ort To those who jtrefer the privacy of their own home, service of meals will he provided. 
 
 '■- ^; The Mngiiollu Siiljihiir MprliiK«, recently developed on the property, constitute an added attraction. In the .n 
 T' bathing house, salpluir baths, so couducive to health, may be enjoyed. 
 ■■">.■ Amunemeiiti*. Steam yachts, sail and row boats have been provided, also bowling alleys, billiards, etc,, etc. . "i 
 
 ■•SPQKTSMAN will find fish and game In the neighboring streams and woods; the TOURIST can revel in the tropi 
 • beauty which everywheie abounds, while the IXVAUD, escaping the rigors of a northern winter, may here enjoy 
 { Jiealthful- odor of the pines. 
 
 :•-■■■ "How to Renoh MiiKnolla. Take Pullman car direct to .lacksonvllle. or by flrst-class steamer to Charleston, 
 '"Savannah and thence by steamer to Magnolia direct, or by rail from Charleston or Savanhah or .lacksonvllle, Tarn 
 '■i and Key West li. R. to .Magnolia. ('~'8 miles), or by steamer ro .Magnolia, landing at pier on the hotel grounds. 
 
 • , Opening. The "Magnolia Cottage " opens December Sth. and the hotel December 30th. 
 '• i Transient Rates, $4.00. 
 vvSpkoial Rates FOP. THE Se.\9on. RICHARD H. STEARNS, Manager, 
 
 Prop. ARGYLE HOTEL, BABYLON L. 
 
 \ ivEKPooL & London & Qlobe 
 
 **INSURANCE C0,^=^ 
 
 FIRE Losses i 
 Paid in U.S. ( 
 
 $36,500,000. 
 
THE 
 
 Florida Annual 
 
 1886 
 
 wnii 
 
 LARGE NEW TOWNSHIP MAP, 
 
 REVISED TO DATE. 
 
 >J, 
 
 EMCJ1ANGED 
 
 EDITED BY 
 
 C. K. MUNROE 
 
 OFFICE OF PUBLICATION 
 
 37 & 39 WEST 22D STREET, NEW YORK. 
 1^86. 
 

 copyright, 1886, 
 By William Whitlock. 
 
 P. 
 
 
 ART INTERCHANGE PRESS, 
 
 37 A 39 WEST 22D ST., 
 
 NEW YORK. 
 
7 able of Conte^tts. 
 
 The Annual for 1886. 
 
 PACE 
 5 
 
 Introduction to First Edition. By Mrs. H. B. Stowe 6 
 
 Florida Sectionally Considered. By R. C. Long- 
 West Florida 
 
 Middle Florida ......*...*....!.. 14 
 
 East Florida J, 
 
 22 
 
 South Florida , 
 
 30 
 
 Preparing Land for an Orange Grove. By Major O. P. Rooks 46 
 
 A Model Florida Farm -^ 
 
 Resources of Florida — 
 
 Staple Commodities 
 
 Tropical and Semi-Tropical Fruits , . 
 
 Small Fruits ^ 
 
 Early Vegetables * g 
 
 Woods " , 
 
 Stock Raising /• 
 
 F-h ^-.^v.'.;;;;.;;;:;;;:;:;::::;::::;;;::; el 
 
 Fertilizers 
 
 Springs 71 
 
 Florida Lands. By R. C. Long 
 
 How to Procure Them 
 
 73 
 
 Their Characteristics 
 
 ^ 75 
 
 State Government 
 
 79 
 
 The Public Schools of Florida. By H. N. Felkel 82 
 
 Traveler's Guide to Florida. By Kirk Munroe— 
 
 Hints to Tourists and Invalids a . 
 
 Routes and Places go 
 
 Hints to Sportsmen. By " Al Fresco" 
 
 Hunting 
 
 Fishing ^^ 
 
 ^ 103 
 
J^, Tabic of Coiitt'nts. , 
 
 The Indian River. By Wallace R. Moses i I'd 
 
 Lake Worth ' "6 
 
 Up the Ocklawaha i IQ 
 
 The Fountain of Youth : Pascha Florida. A Dream of Ponce de Leon 123 
 
 The Florida Rose 124 
 
 Statistical Tables. Prepared by Charles a Choate— 
 
 L Chronological 125 
 
 IL Distances from Jacksonville 127 
 
 in. Latitude and Longitude 133 
 
 IV. Areas and County Sites 134 
 
 V. Population 135 
 
 VI. List of Governors 137 
 
 VII. United States Officers 138 
 
 VIII. State and County Officers 140 
 
 IX. Important Laws 149 
 
 X. Public Lands 150 
 
 XL Railroads, Canals and Telegraph lines 151 
 
 XII. Church Organizations 154 
 
 XIII. Masonic and Other Societies 155 
 
 XIV. State Census 158 
 
 XVI. Meterological Record 160 
 
 XVII. Florida Post Offices 164 
 
 XVIII. A List of the Forest Trees of Florida 170 
 
 XIX. School Statistics 176 
 
 Publisher's Department 177 
 
 Advertisements 178 
 
 Items of Interest 179 
 
s 
 
 The Aiimial Jor 1886. 
 
 ~^ O great was the demand for last year's Annual, that it was found 
 necessary to pubhsh a second edition, which has, at this time of 
 writing, become entirely exhausted. This fact shows that the 
 periodical is a necessity to all contemplating a residence in, or a visit to, 
 the State of Florida, and that the demand for the information contained 
 within its covers is steadily increasing. Much of the matter in this 
 publication is of such a standard character as to require no changes 
 from year to year. Some portions of the book are entirely re-written to 
 meet the exigencies of each successive season, and other pages are 
 carefully, revised, in order that they may keep pace with the rapid devel- 
 opment of the wonderful region in whose interest they are printed. 
 
 There is one feature of this rapid development of the State, that is so 
 detrimental to its best interests, that it is clearly the duty of the Annual 
 to utter a word of warning, and caution its readers against it. This is 
 the effort, on the part of unscrupulous real estate speculators, to foist 
 upon the unsuspecting public large tracts of worthless Florida lands at 
 fancy prices. Their plan of operation is to acquire at a nominal price, 
 say $1.25 per acre, several thousand acres of land, generally remote 
 from any railroad or navigable stream. They form a company with a. 
 catching title such as "The Sunny Southern Home Company," "The 
 Poor Man's Safe Investment Company," or "The Paradise Park Land 
 Company," publish a glittering prospectus containing a map of the pro- 
 posed town or winter resort, on which are laid down broad avenues, 
 spacious squares, and many other delightful things that exist only in 
 imagination, fill the papers with flaming advertisements, and open pleas- 
 ant offices in northern cities for the reception of their victims. They 
 generally offer building lots of 50 x loo ft. or 40 x 200 ft. for five dollars 
 a lot, and say that after the first month prices will be raised to $7 50, 
 and at the end of another month to $10 per lot; and that thus those 
 who purchase during the first month will at least have doubled their 
 money in two months' time, even if they do nothing with their lands. 
 In this way thousands of acres of utterly unproductive lands, about as 
 valuable for the location of homes as though they were in the heart of 
 the everglades, are annually sold to persons, who, when they come to 
 visit them, are inclined to revile the whole State, declare it a worthless 
 sand heap, and all its real estate men a set of sharks and swindlers. 
 Within the past few months Marion County, which, taken as a whole., 
 
6 The Animal for 1886. 
 
 is one of the richest and most fertile in the State, has been particularly 
 unfortunate in having several of^ these "schemes'" located within its 
 borders. There is plenty of good land in Florida to be had of honest 
 real estate agents, at reasonable prices ; but he who purchases without a 
 personal examination of the propert}' in question, or at least thoroughly 
 satisfying himself, by careful inquiry from reliable parties, is more than 
 likely to find himself the dupe of some of the sj>urious schemers above 
 uientioned. 
 
 As, in addition to attracting the attention of immigrants, Florida is 
 each year becoming more and more popular as the winter resort of tour- 
 ists, and transportation facilities within its borders are being extended 
 with marvelous rapidity, *'The Traveler's Guide" has been made an 
 enlarged and important feature of this year's Annual. This is supple- 
 mented by a number of tables of distances over various railroad and 
 steam-ship lines, which will be found among the "Items of Interest." 
 
 A.S Florida stands alone and unrivaled as a winter resort and a home 
 for the countless number of those who are unable or unwilling to endure 
 the rigors of a northern winter, so the Florida Annual occupies the 
 position of the sole representative abroad of all sections of the State. It 
 is controlled by no company or individual interest, and is only published 
 v.-ith the view of disseminating the most reliable information to all who 
 are in any degree interested in the great State which it aims to represent. 
 
 The Editor. 
 
 Introduction to First Edition. 
 
 BY MRS. HARRIET BEECHER STOWE. 
 
 HEN the editor of this Annual came to me in Florida, last 
 winter, and asked me if I would undertake its introduction to 
 my kind friends — the public — I readily consented to do so. 
 I did this because I knew that such a periodical as he proposed to 
 publish was greatly needed in Florida, and would meet a long-felt want. 
 Having known the editor for years, I also knew that he was personally 
 acquainted with Florida, its people, its resources, and its needs, and was 
 well qualified to represent them to the world at large. 
 
 My readiness to accede to his request was, however, chiefly because 
 I foresaw that the publication of his Annual would afTord me^the means 
 ■of furnishing trustworthy information in reply to constant letters of 
 inquiry, which were being addressed to me and to which I had neither the 
 time nor strength to leply. 
 
Introduction. y 
 
 During my years of winter residence in Florida I have been beset 
 ■with letters, from every portion of this and other countries, containing 
 all manner of inquiries about Florida. Invalids have written for infor- 
 mation as to its climate, poor men and women to have me tell them 
 how to gain a livelihood from its soil, and rich men concerning invest- 
 ments in its lands, or orange groves. I have been asked questions 
 regarding its school system, the religious privilege?, and the lands of 
 Florida. How much land does the United States own, how much still 
 belongs to the State, and how many acres have been granted to rail- 
 roads and canals? What are the homestead laws? What the rates of 
 taxation ; and what is the feeling of Floridians towards Northerners ? 
 What is the best soil for growing oranges, and which for raising cab- 
 bages ? Is the rearing of silk-worms in Florida profitable ? Is there 
 much danger to be apprehended from alligators, snakes, poisonous in- 
 sects or plants ? Are fevers prevalent ? Is Florida possessed of any 
 mineral wealth : if so, how much; and if not, why not? Some writers 
 have desired me to send them descriptions of the most attractive resorts 
 in Florida with lists of their hotels and boarding-houses, together with 
 rates of fare and board. All these questions have been propounded to 
 me, and I have spent much time in answering them to the best of 
 my ability. 
 
 I now find the most important of them answered in this Annual, 
 which in addition contains a store of information as valuable to me as 
 it must be to all who take a near, or even remote, interest in the past, 
 present, or future of Florida. Therefore I shall hereafter refer my 
 correspondents to its pages for answers to their various questions, and 
 I feel assured that in making such reference I am doing them a greater 
 service than if I undertook to write personal replies to their several 
 letters. 
 
 The removal of the home to a new country involves many grave 
 considerations, and should not be undertaken lightly or unadvisedly ; 
 and a work like this furnishes those stores of information which are 
 necessary for making up an intelligent judgment: as such 1 recommend 
 it to all who seek a home in Florida. 
 
 IlARTFORn, Conn., July 24, 1883. 
 

 
 cEvcvrTof I •? 
 
 J, M. LEE, 
 
 Proprietor. 
 
 ALSO OI" THE 
 
 Sanford House, 
 
 Sankoud. 
 
 Hotel India Kivkk, 
 Rock Ledue. 
 
 Leon Hotel, 
 Tallahassee. Fla. 
 
 THE NEW EVERETT HOTEL 
 
 (As P^ni,ai;<;ed is tiik) 
 
 Largest, most costly, and being- 
 built entirely of Brick. Stone 
 and Iron, is the safest Hotel in 
 Jacksonville. 120 "Rooms, witli 
 batlis and closets. 100 Rooms 
 commanding view of St. Johns 
 Rriver. 535 feet of continnous 
 piazza. The Hotel fronts north, 
 southeast and west. Steam heat, 
 ^levator and elegant music. 
 
 .) V( KS«>>V!LLt;, 
 
 I'LOHIOA. 
 
 Loading Winter Re- 
 sort Hotels of the 
 United States. 
 
 OPEN DECEMBER TO 
 MAY. 
 
 I'Ol'ULAR PKICE8. 
 
FloT' ida Sectionally Considered. 
 
 BY K. C. LONG. 
 
 THE State of Florida is divided into four geographical sections, 
 commonly designated as West, Middle, East, and South Florida. 
 There is really no such division legally authorized ; but by its 
 citizens such a subdivision of territory is tacitly recognized, 
 and the several parts are always spoken of by the above names. 
 All of that portion of the State lying south of the State of Alabama 
 and west of the Apalachicola River, embracing the counties of Escam- 
 bia, Santa Rosa, Walton, Holmes, W^ashington, Jackson, and Calhoun, 
 is known as W^est Florida. 
 
 The section of country lying between the Apalachicola and 
 Suwanee Rivers, embracing the counties of Gadsden, Liberty, Frank- 
 lin, Leon, Wakulla, Jefferson, Madison, Taylor, Lafayette, and Hamil- 
 ton, is known as Middle Florida. 
 
 That portion of the State situated east of the Suwanee River and 
 north of the 29th parallel of latitude, embracing the counties of 
 Suwanee, Columbia, Baker, Nassau, Duval, Clay, St. John's, Putnam, 
 Bradford, Alachua, Levy, Marion, and Volusia, is termed East Flor- 
 ida. 
 
 That immense region in the peninsula south of the 29th parallel, 
 containing the counties of Hernando, Sumter, Orange, Hillsborough, 
 Polk, Brevard, Manatee, Dade, and Monroe, is called South Florida. 
 
 The four following articles are intended to present a descriptive 
 outline of these several sections in the order named : 
 
 WEST FLORIDA. 
 
 Outside of the old Spanish town of Pensacola, West Florida re- 
 mained cut off from the balance of the world until the opening of the 
 Pensacola and Atlantic Railroad, which was finished in 1883, from Pensa- 
 cola to Chattahooche on the Apalachicola River, where, after pass- 
 ing through the counties of Santa Rosa, Walton, Holmes, Washington, 
 and Jackson, it connects with the western terminus of the Florida 
 Railway and Navigation Company's Road, which traverses the State 
 eastwardly to Jacksonville on the St. John's River. 
 
 9 
 
lO Florida Sectionally Considered — West Florida. 
 
 Before the construction of this trunk line, connecting at Pensa- 
 C(^la with the Louisville and Nashville system of railways, there was 
 IK) means of getting into or out of this great western territory of the 
 State except by tedious traveling over heavy roads in private convey- 
 ance, or by means of some of the little mail hacks, often n(jthing 
 more commodious than an old rickety buggy, that plied between 
 the widely separated country post-offices. Notwithstanding this fact, 
 very considerable settlement had been made in these western counties 
 as early as 1830. when the population of the seven counties amounted 
 to 10,678, and, without any organized plan of inducing immigration, 
 and entirely without any facilities of transporting people, enough from 
 the outside world had straggled into that part of Florida to bring its 
 population up to 45,233 in 1880, only about 9,000 of which are to be 
 credited to the city of Pensacola ; so that in a period of fifty years, in 
 the first thirty of which it was subjected to all those embarrassments 
 that attend the settlement of a new frontier country, and the last twenty 
 years to those never- to- be -described impediments that attend civil 
 war, bankruptcy, reconstruclion, and resurrection, this western portion 
 of Florida his more than doubled her population twice, which is quite as 
 good a showing as can be made by any part of the South, and perhaps 
 of the Union, except those Western Stales which owe their phenomenal 
 development to the great tide of European immigration daily poured 
 into them, and of which none has been directed to West Florida. 
 
 The settlers of this region have been chiefly from the Southern 
 States — Alabama, Tennessee, Oeorgia, and the Carolinas furnishing the 
 greater part. In the Euchee Valley, in Walton County, many years ago, 
 settled a colony of educated Scotch farmers, who have bred a race of 
 Macs in those regions who have long been the moving spirits of the 
 country, supplying able men for every position of trust, usefulness, and 
 responsibility. 
 
 The inducements that have brought together this population of 
 45,000 and upward have been very simple : none of the extra- 
 ordinary causes that sometimes in a few years, or even months, throw a 
 great concourse of people into a section of country recently a wilderness 
 — such as the discovery of gold, the opening of mines, or the "striking 
 of oil." Nothing analogous to the orange grove and tropical fruit 
 craze, that has done so much in settling other parts of the State, has 
 had anythmg to do with carrying people to West Florida ; but gradu- 
 ally, almost one by one, these people have drifted down from more 
 Northern States with their families and household effects transported in 
 wagons, in search of healthful locations where the soil was fertile enough 
 to be turned to agricultural pursuits, and the natural vegetation sufficient 
 to sustain their flocks. No country his yet been discovered that possessed 
 all the advantages that covetous men desire, and many of the prime ob- 
 jects sought by immigrants in other lands may be wanting in that section ; 
 but certainly, in one or two particulars, it stands without a rival outside 
 of the State to which it belongs. A perfect climate and determined 
 healthfulness may be regarded as chief among the attractions. 
 
 The country is comparatively high, not, indeed, in comparison with 
 
Florida Sectionally Considered — West Florida. 1 1 
 
 Kentucky, Tennessee, or North Georgia, but so very much higher than 
 mucli of Louisiana, Mississippi, the coast counties of Carolina and 
 Georgia and the peninsular portion of Florida, as to be considered in 
 these latitudes quite elevated. Certainly the point of greatest altitude 
 in Florida is to be found in Walton County. The proximity of the Gulf, 
 and the boundless extent of forest reaching in every direction, tend to 
 equalize temperatures and make the climate one of the most delightful 
 to be found anywhere. We have no data from which to compile a table 
 of diurnal temperatures for this part of the State, but from personal 
 experience can pronounce it almost identical with that of Tallahassee 
 in the middle section of the State, where the latitude and other topo- 
 graphical conditions are very much the same, and we refer here to a 
 meteorological table, to be found elsewhere in this book, for a fair 
 reading of the mean temperature of the western portion of the State. 
 
 Of the healthfulness of West Florida, as indeed of the balance of the 
 State, we can speak in the highest praise. There is no longer question 
 of the established fact that most of the diseases prevalent in the United 
 States, when they occur, as most of them sometimes do, in Florida, are 
 universally of a milder type than they assume elsewhere. 
 
 Pensacola, being a port to which shipping from the West Indies and 
 South American ports is constantly arriving, has been subject to 
 visitations of yellow fever, which has several times become epidemic 
 there and caused many deaths, and it is quite probable that this will 
 continue to be the case. It, however, never spreads into the country, 
 and the country residents of Escambia County have never had cause to 
 feel any apprehension on the score of yellow fever. 
 
 THE SOILS 
 
 of West Florida are of several varieties of marked differences. The 
 greater portion of the section is sandy and not possessed of any won- 
 derful degree of fertility, yet it is rarely so poor as not to give very 
 satisfactory returns to labor bestowed upon it. 
 
 Certain portions, however, possess as choice agricultural lands as are 
 to be found in the South Jackson County, for instance, is one of the 
 richest agricultural regions of Florida. In it clay predominates in the 
 soil, and abundant crops of corn, cotton, cane, potatoes, oats, rye, rice, 
 and hay are made by its farmers. Since the recent provision of railroad 
 facilities, no section of Florida offers greater inducements to a class 
 of farmers of moderate means who desire cheap lands of excellent 
 quality, generally cleared, where staple farm crops can be profitably 
 handled. 
 
 Some excellent farming lands are to be found in Walton and Holmes 
 Counties also, and what are known as the Euchee Anna Valley Lands 
 in Walton are the centres of much prosperous husbandry. 
 
 Calhoun County can boast of much excellent hammock land. The 
 resources of this county have not as yet been developed, but the time 
 is near at hand when the attention of immigrants will be directed to 
 the Chipola country in Calhoun County. In it are orange groves, of 
 
12 Florida Sectionally Considered — West Florida. 
 
 which no boasts have been made, that would open wide with surprise 
 the eyes of some of the proprietors in the " orange belt." It is safe to 
 predict a future of wonderful prosperity for Calhoun County. 
 
 One of the attractions that West Florida offers to immigrants is 
 the adaptiveness of much of the greater part of its area to profitable 
 stock raising, especially sheep. The country is well watered, not with 
 ponds, cypress swamps, and lagoons ; but with clear running streams, 
 having their sources in determined springs. The natural grasses of 
 the pine woods in this part of Florida are more diversified and of a finer 
 character than on the pine lands of other parts of the State, and afford 
 very satisfactory food to flocks and herds. The grazing qualities of 
 West Florida do not compare with those of some parts of Texas and 
 other Western States and Territories, where mesquite and other noted 
 grasses abound ; but we question whether sheep raising is not really 
 more profitable in West Florida than in any of the Western States, 
 where the grass is naturally better, because of the small percentage of 
 loss from severe weather and diseases. Such cold winds, accom- 
 panied with rain, as occur in Texas, for instance, so constantly 
 during the lambing season, and are such prolific sources of loss to 
 flock owners, are entirely unknown in West Florida, Avhere the perfect 
 equability of the climate allows the safe dropping of lambs in the open 
 fields and woodlands throughout the entire winter. No housing nor 
 extra v/inter feed is necessary to keep a flock in fair condition. The 
 abundant shade, absence of waxy mud, cacti, burrs, etc., are also items 
 to be considered. Certain it is that the ownership of flocks has for 
 some years been found to be attended with steady and sure profits in 
 West Florida, and it is practically the only part of the State where this 
 industry has assumed such proportions as to entitle it to be ranked 
 among the available resources of the section. 
 
 The Census of 1880 shows returns of something over 54,000 sheep 
 for the seven counties of West Florida, and, as most of those engaged 
 in the business had recently become so, it is likely that 1890 will find 
 twenty times as many fleeces in Florida west of the Apalachicola as in 
 1880. 
 
 The permanent improvement of the open range pasturage by the 
 introduction on those lands of the Bermuda and other grasses, grown 
 so successfully in Middle Florida, is declared to be entirely practicable, 
 and in many instances has already been successfully accomplished. 
 
 The cattle of this part of Florida are larger and fatter, owing to the 
 better character of the pasture, than those of the southern portion of 
 the State. There are in West Florida no " cow men " who count their 
 horns on so extensive a scale as some of the "cattle kings" of the 
 southern part of the State ; but nevertheless there are some large and 
 profitable herds in this section. The Census of 1880 shows upward 
 of 62,000 cattle in the seven counties of West Florida, Jackson County 
 alone claiming 11,727 head, and, as Jackson is an agriculiural county, 
 having 70,000 acres of land — more than 10 per cent, of its total area — 
 improved and under cultivation, it compares very well in its cattle in- 
 terest with even Manatee County of the south, which has 2,995,200 
 
Florida Sectionally Considered — West Florida. 13 
 
 acres, with but 1,993 acres under cultivation, and with ?iooo head of 
 cattle. 
 
 Since the completion of the railroad through West Florida a great 
 impetus has been given to its cattle trade. Texas is sending numer- 
 ous buyers to that section, who are paying the highest prices for stock 
 cattle. 
 
 In the past, as probably for some years in the future, the most ex- 
 tensive industry and source of wealth to West Florida has been and 
 will be, the handling of her ' 
 
 PINE TIMBER, 
 
 than which no finer supply, both as to quantity and quality, is to be 
 found in the South. 
 
 The fine harbor of Pensacola has for years attracted the ships of all 
 nations in quest of the great stores of yellow pine timber and lumber 
 to be obtained there ; and mills for the manufacture of these com- 
 modities have been for a long time operated at Pensacola, at several 
 points on Escambia Bay, the Blackwater, and the Apalachicola. But 
 as only such parts of the great pine forest have been invaded as the 
 "logmen" found easily accessible to the currents of the Escambia 
 Blackwater, Yellow River, Choctawhachie, Chipola, and Apalachicola 
 Rivers, the sawing of lumber in that section of the State is but in its 
 infancy. The construction of the Pensacola and Atlantic Railroad 
 alone will make available the standing timber on millions of acres 
 that heretofore have been shut out from the world's commerce Every 
 month now sees the establishing of additional mills a^ng the line of 
 this great highway, and, as heavy as have been Pensacola's exports here- 
 tofore, they are likely to be doubled in a year or two, or as soon as the 
 outside world discovers the opportunities for the safe investment of 
 capital in the timber lands of these western counties. The following 
 is a statement of the shipment of lumber from Pensacola for the years 
 ending October 31, 1881 and 1882, respectively : 
 
 FOR YEAR ENDING OCTOBER 31, 1881. 
 
 IJE8TINATION. 
 
 Tonnage. 
 
 Great ^Britain 246 
 
 Continent of Europe | gy 
 
 Africa and Australia 6 
 
 W. Indies, S. America, &c. 85 
 
 Coastwise 130 
 
 Total i 564' 339, 182 
 
 195,920 
 
 55,336 
 
 4.592 
 
 33,083 
 
 50.251 
 
 Hewed Timber Sawed Timber Lumber, 
 Cubic Feet. Cubic Feet. Lineal Ft. 
 
 3,669,703 
 878,844 
 
 5,565 
 39,908 
 29,366 
 
 4,623,386 
 
 5,773,185 
 
 756,888 
 
 193,595 
 
 19.342 
 
 13,109,000 
 
 I 7,078,000 
 
 395,000 
 
 21,663.000 
 
 34,073,000 
 
 6,743,010 {88,318,000 
 
14 Florida Sectionally Considered — Middle Florida. 
 
 FOR YEAR ENDING OCTOBER 31, 1882. 
 
 DESTINATION. 
 
 > 
 
 Tonnage. 
 
 Hewed Timber 
 Cubic Feet. 
 
 Sawed Timber 
 Cubic Feet. 
 
 Lumber, 
 Lineal Ft. 
 
 Great Britain 
 
 Continent of Europe.. . . 
 Africa, Australia, &c . . . . 
 W. Indies, S. America,&c. 
 Coastwise 
 
 263 
 134 
 
 6 
 134 
 125 
 
 215,477 
 80,250 
 
 3,335 
 55,158 
 55.716 
 
 3,19^417 
 
 1,248,418 
 
 24,782 
 
 57,919 
 81,042 
 
 6,914,573 
 
 1.647,931 
 
 23.509 
 
 129,585 
 
 13,996,000 
 
 17.305,000 
 
 1,595,000 
 
 35,112,000 
 
 37,943,000 
 
 
 Total 
 
 662 
 
 409,936 
 
 4.603,57s 
 
 8.715,598 
 
 105,951,000 
 
 
 Life has but just begun for West Florida ; so entirely has it been 
 isolated heretofore that it has known but little of the outside world. 
 For fifty years her councilors and legislators have had long miles of 
 dense forest to traverse in the saddle, rivers to swim, and days to spend 
 in reaching the capitol at Tallahassee ; and, as few human beings have 
 the push of the average member of a legislature, it was natural that, 
 under these uninviting conditions, their constituency should have re- 
 ceived but small accessions from beyond their borders. But now the 
 most southern of all the great iron highways that connect the waters of 
 the Pacific and the Atlantic passes east and west through the heart of 
 this fine territory. A stream* of travel has already entered Florida over 
 it, and another season will show the section to thousands of eyes that 
 will see more or less to attract them. The population, capital, and 
 industries of these western counties will undoubtedly double in the 
 next ten years. What West Florida has to offer is substantial, and 
 shows for itself. 
 
 MIDDLE FLORIDA. 
 
 Middle Florida embraces the counties of Gadsden, Liberty, Frank- 
 lin, Wakulla, Leon, Jefferson, Madison, Taylor, Lafayette, and Hamil- 
 ton, and occupies that section of the State lying between the Suwanee 
 and Apa^achicola Rivers, 
 
 The northern portion of this area, or so much of the counties of Mad- 
 ison, Jefferson, Leon, and Gadsden as lie north of the line of the 
 Florida Railway and Navigation Company's Road, is a section entirely 
 unlike any other in Florida. The yellow-pine trees, and level, sandy 
 lands, so conspicuous elsewhere in Florida, are not found here ; but in 
 their stead is a high, rolling country, a firm, clayey soil, and, where not 
 cleared and under cultivation, magnificent forests of oaks of many 
 varieties, hickory, ash, cherry, sweet-gum. poplar, magnolia, and many 
 other hard-wood trees. 
 
 The general appearance of this hill country is so unlike the greater 
 
Florida Sect tonally Considered- — Middle Florida. 1 5 
 
 portion of the State, that a traveler who for days before has been gazing 
 into the gloomy depths of endless pine woods, with their weird same- 
 ness, can scarcely credit his senses when he glances at this beautifully 
 picturesque region from the car windows. This section of Middle 
 Florida is an oasis of rich agricultural country, situated in the great 
 pine waste of southern Georgia and northern Florida. It bears un- 
 mistakable evidences of belonging to the geological period of volcanic 
 upheaval that made the West Indies. Scientists recognize in this dis- 
 turbance relations to the Andean rather than the Alleghanean system. 
 It is probable that this part of Florida was for ages an island in the 
 warm Southern seas, its tropical hill-tops rich in forest life, long before 
 the little coral masons laid the foundation of the reefs on which the 
 sea-waves have since raised the peninsula and coast line of the State. 
 
 As long ago as 1823, the commissioners authorized to select and 
 locate the site of the territorial capital were induced by the beauty of 
 this region to determine upon it as the most suitable place in the new- 
 ly-acquired country for the establishment of its seat of government, 
 and Tallahassee was laid out on its hill-tops, Immediately after the 
 establishment of the United States Land Ofifice at the capital, the fer- 
 tility of the extensive belt of red clay lands in this middle region at- 
 tracted the attention of wealthy planters in Virginia and the Carolinas, 
 who at once began entering the fine hammocks, and removing to 
 them their large families of slaves. 
 
 In a very few years broad acres of the mighty forest had fallen be- 
 fore the busy axes of the slave forces, and the fertile plateaux and val- 
 leys were as rapidly converted into fields of corn, cane, cotton, and 
 tobacco. 
 
 The wonderful productiveness of this semi-tropical region was 
 soon a source of immense profit to its fortunate owners. The young 
 capital began to grow and prosper, and was soon the home of people 
 of cultivation and taste, who constructed comfortable and in some in- 
 stances luxurious homes, in which for many years was expended a 
 bounteous hospitality, that made the Tallahassee country famous for 
 the attractiveness of its social surroundings. Very much the same 
 atmosphere extended into the adjoining counties of Gadsden, Jeffer- 
 son, and Madison, and the pretty little towns of Quincy, Monticello, 
 and Madison gathered around them a population of wealthy men. 
 This was then the Florida. The growing of oranges was never engaged 
 in by these plantation proprietors for profit ; and, notwithstanding that 
 the great St. John's flowed as majestically then as now, the fact that 
 nowhere on its banks was the land fertile enough to encourage agri- 
 cultural pursuits forbade the opening of plantations there. 
 
 The Civil War, and its attendant consequences, put an end, tempo- 
 rarily, to the prosperity of this Middle region of the State. Many an 
 old mansion, once the scene of gayety and luxury, now stands a 
 decaying ruin — in the vicinity of the towns of Middle Florida — amid 
 the splendid trees of surrounding parks, deserted by its once proud 
 but generous inmates, who, in the unsettled state of things succeeding 
 the war, removed to the towns for mutual protection. Other grand 
 
1 6 Florida Sectionally Considered — Middle Florida. 
 
 old homes have been consumed by fire and decay. Long hnes of 
 tumble-down negro quarters, dilapidated sugar and gin houses, and 
 abandoned orchards catch the eye from almost every prominent hill-top, 
 and, despite the really beautiful natural surroundings, an observer must 
 feel sad at the many evidences of departed glory and happiness. 
 
 The country above described has been called by a brilliant and de- 
 lightful writer, " The Tallahassee Country, or Piedmont Florida," and 
 his descriptions are so truthful and pleasant that we cannot do better 
 than to quote what he says. He thus describes the view westward 
 from the high hill on which the City of Tallahassee is situated : 
 
 " Towardsevery side the hills swelled up, colored with colors that 
 suggested fertility and abundance ; their rounded brows, their slopes, the 
 valleys between them were full of green crops ; comfortable home- 
 steads and farm buildings reposed in the distance, each cluster of 
 which had its own protecting grove of oaks standing about it in the be- 
 nignant attitudes of outer lares and penaies; it was that sort of pros- 
 pect which the grave old English v/riters would have called ' goodlye, 
 pleasaunt and smylynge.' These hills carried with them no associa- 
 tions of hills. They did not in the least suggest agitations or upheavals. 
 They only seemed to be great level uplands, distended like udders 
 with a bounteous richness almost too large for their content. And this 
 indeed has always been the tone of things — not only of the hills, but of 
 the social life in Tallahassee." 
 
 Of the many beautiful lakes the same writer says : 
 
 " Lake La Fayette — so called from its situation on the estate granted 
 to the Marquis de La Fayette by the United States — Lake Jackson, 
 Lake Bradford, Lake Miccosukie and Lake lamonia (pronounced with 
 the I long and the accent on the antepenult) [all in Leon County], all 
 form charming objective points for excursions and offer substantial 
 results of fine fish, as well as lovely views by way of invitations. Wild 
 duck, brant, and geese are also found, often in great numbers. * * 
 * * The environment of these lakes is varied and beautiful. The 
 hills surround them with gently receding curves, now with bolder bluffs, 
 now with terraces rising one above another to the height of a hundred 
 feet in all ; many growths of great, glossy-leaved magnolias, of water- 
 oaks and live-oaks, of hickory, ash, wild cherry, and mock orange, 
 glorify the shores ; and between, around, and over these hang the 
 clematis, the woodbine, and wild grape vines." 
 
 It was in this part of Florida that the very complicated and peculiar 
 political process, termed reconstruction, most particularly worked it- 
 self out. Much of the former wealth of the people consisted of slaves, 
 who were owned in great numbers in the counties of Gadsden, Leon, 
 Wakulla, Jefferson, and Madison, and so outnumbered the white popula- 
 tion, that, under the administration of the carpet-bag regime, which relied 
 upon the support of these n?wly liberated people entirely for its hold 
 upon the State government, the social establishment was more entirely 
 upset, and a more lasting injury was done in this section than any- 
 where else in Florida. 
 
 The colored race in the South have never shown themselves a 
 
Florida Sectio7ially Considered — Middle Florida. ly 
 
 vicious people. On the contrary, history offers no parallel of a people 
 exhibiting more universal amiability and docility. Such teachers and 
 lessons as the Southern negroes were subjected to, by the very unprin- 
 ciplad and reckless class of carpet-bag adventurers who became their 
 political leaders after the war, would have made of any other 
 race of men on earth a host of fiends. But it was a rare ex- 
 ception when the most designing white politician could so far inflame 
 the passions of one of these people as to make use of him as an insti- 
 gator of riot and disorder ; and when this did occur, it was gen- 
 erally with some idle but nervous individual in whose veins there was 
 more Caucasian than African blood. Nevertheless the political tur- 
 moil, that was diligently kept up in Middle Florida by the white leaders 
 of the negro cohorts until 1876, when the administration of the State 
 government passed into the hands of Floridians, retarded the progress 
 of the middle portion of the State many years. Leagues, midnight 
 drills, secret societies, politically-religious, or religiously-political har- 
 ranguings and teachings, at which the attendance of every male 
 and female was exacted by the political preachers, kept the colored 
 people in a state of feverish excitement, and caused them to neglect 
 their farms and crops, to abandon the country in large numbers and 
 flock to the towns. Intemperance rapidly gained a hold upon them as 
 a people, and all their suspicions and fears were kept aroused toward 
 the whites. 
 
 The majority of the negroes, being idle, were soon led to pilfer and 
 steal. Thousands of cattle, hogs, and sheep were stolen and de- 
 stroyed. Families, who owned thousands of acres of land on which 
 large herds had been profitably kept for years, found it difficult, even by 
 the utmost watchfulness, to protect and keep a single cow. The sheriffs, 
 constables, justices of the peace, and bailiffs, were all negroes ; the 
 juries were the same, and to bring a thief to justice was simply impos- 
 sible. So that very soon no effort even was made to restrain the wide- 
 spread waste and ruin that resulted. 
 
 With this state of affairs, which grew rapidly worse and worse, from 
 1865 to 1876, the condition of the country very naturally became des- 
 perate. 
 
 Planters and farmers who had struggled to embrace the situation, 
 and who, fully recognizing that a radical change in their circumstances 
 demanded a corresponding change in their conduct and management, 
 had sought by every legitimate means to overcome the manifold ob- 
 stacles thrown in their way, and to adapt themselves to the temper of 
 things, gradually became disheartened. Crops, for want of proper 
 work, were abandoned. Year after year prices declined. Encum- 
 brances matured. Taxes were quadrupled to support the corrupt and 
 extravagant government. The sheriff's hammer was raised, and mer- 
 cilessly fell on the hearthstones of the people. Land rapidly depre- 
 ciated in value. Estates that in 1861, or even in 1865, were valued at $25 
 to $50 per acre, were knocked off at foreclosure sales at $1.50 to $3.00 
 per acre, and even then bid in by the mortgagees. 
 
 Certainly no section of the South could have become more absolutely 
 
a8 Florida Sectionally Cofisidercd — MiddU Florida, 
 
 dead and unprosperous than Middle Florida. While men and money 
 were rapidly being attracted to the eastern part of the State, and hotels 
 and orange groves were springing up every day along the St. John's and 
 the shores of the inland lakes of the peninsula, not a sign of improve- 
 ment nor advance could be noted in Middle Florida. No public spirit 
 could be aroused. Men seemed unable to even hope for a change. 
 This was the condition of things up to the close of 1876; but m the fall 
 of that year the clouds began to break. The State government passed 
 into the hands of citizens of the State. The carpet-bag and scallawag 
 office-holders and their henchmen were discharged from further duty. 
 Men of integrity and character were entrusted with the administration 
 of affairs, and immediately a reaction set in. 
 
 Allusion has been made to these dismal days of reconstruction 
 merely as explanatory of the causes which have operated to retard the 
 advance of the middle section of the State, while the eastern and south- 
 ern sections were so rapidly filling up with settlers from all parts of 
 the world. 
 
 But the wave of prosperity that has gradually raised itself and been 
 sweeping over the Southern States has at last reached this charming, 
 but of late neglected, part of Florida. The spirit of improvement is 
 aroused and fairly getting abroad in the land. New railroads are 
 being proposed and built, and old lines repaired and extended. 
 
 Until recently Middle Florida could only be reached from the North 
 and West, after a long circuitous journey by way of Jacksonville or 
 Live Oak, over a very rough line of rail. Now, under a consolidation 
 effected in 1884, the Florida Central and Western Railway from Jackson- 
 ville to the Chattahoochee River is a well equipped branch of the great 
 Florida Railway and Navigation Company's .system. Its track h;is 
 been relaid with steel rai's, and, connecting at its western terminus with 
 the Louisville and Nashville, Pensacola and Atlantic line, it gives 
 quick and direct transit from all points north and west through West 
 Florida to all points in the middle section, and thence, via Jacksonville, 
 to all points in the east and south. The Savannah, Florida and West- 
 ern Railroad Co. have also made a connection from their trunk line in 
 Southern Georgia through the county of Gadsden to Chattahoochee, 
 thus supplying much-needed transportation facilities to the region of 
 splendid lands lying in the northern and western parts of the State. 
 The Thomasville, Tallahassee and Gulf Railroad Company, chartered 
 by the last Legislature, have already secured their right of way from 
 Thomasville, in Georgia, through the beautiful hill country of Leon 
 County, via Tallahassee, and across the great hammock and timber 
 belts of Wakulla County, to the new and thriving town of Rio Carra- 
 belle on St. James' Island, where ships of heavy tonnage from all parts 
 of the world ride at anchor in the deep water of Dog Island Harbor. 
 Another thoroughfare has been surveyed, called the Georgia, Florida 
 and Midland Railroad, to run west from Gainesville, in Alachua County, 
 to Old Town on the Suwanee, and thence northwesterly, through the 
 splendid lands of Taylor and Lafayette Counties, into Jefferson, Leon, 
 and Gadsden, and thence to Montgomery, Alabama. 
 
Florida Sectionally Considered — Middle Florida. 19 
 
 New and elegant steamers are plying the waters of the Apalachi- 
 cola. 
 
 Commodious hotels, with all modern conveniences, are being built. 
 Tallahassee possesses fine hotels in the Leon, the Morgan and the 
 St James. Monticello and Madison have both organized hotel com- 
 panies, and have built and opened fine places of entertainment for the 
 winter visiters who are brought to them by the new lines of travel. 
 Foreign ca;> 'al is stepping in and finding investments in lands and 
 manufactories. Home money, that has lain hidden away since the dark 
 days of '65, is coming to light and declares itself ready to assist in re- 
 habilitating the land. Coats & Co., the great thread-making Scotch- 
 men, have found in Madison County an <Tbundant supply of the finest 
 long staple cotton ; and in Mr. John Englis they have engaged a super- 
 intendent under whose direction an extensive spinning establishment 
 has been located to prepare the raw material for their mills abroad. 
 
 The very elevated character of the country in the northern part 
 of Middle Florida, and the nature of the scenery and surroundings, 
 where gracefully swelling hill-sides, open valleys, green and invit- 
 ing meadows, great areas of well-kept farm lands, with cosy settlements, 
 patches of deep, semi-tropical forest, where the high arches of the live- 
 oak are filled with waving palms, deep, clear-water lakes meeting among 
 the hiils which rise precipitously from the water's edge, are thrown to- 
 gether in delightful confusion— and all this where the roadways are 
 hard and smooth, horses and vehicles abundant, and hotel accommoda- 
 tions excellent, is well calculated to prove very attractive to that mass 
 of restless visitors who visit this sunny clime in winter. 
 
 No great water-way, like the St. John's of the east, invites the excur- 
 sionist ; but that great resource of pleasure-seekers, riding and driving, 
 can be as thoroughly enjoyed in Middle Florida as anywhere in the 
 world. 
 
 In every direction from the towns along the line of the Florida Rail- 
 way and Navigation Company's Road, excellent roads, free from sand 
 or mud, extend into the surrounding country. 
 
 Springs out of which rivers emerge with a single burst, as large at 
 their source as at any point along their course, abound in Middle Flor- 
 ida. Chief among these is the wonderful Wakulla Spring, in the county 
 of the same name. It is 400 feet in diameter and 180 feet deep, and 
 yet so entirely pellucid that the smallest coin can be seen upon its bot- 
 tom. 
 
 The palm-grown banks of the Ocklocknee, Sopchoppy, Wakulla, 
 St. Mark's, Aucilla, Wacissa, Econfeenee, Finhaloway, and Steinhatchee 
 are as weird and tropical in their appearance as the most enthusiastic 
 explorer could desire. 
 
 Game is so abundant that it is questionable whether finer sport can 
 be found anywhere than in the extensive covers among the large plan- 
 tations of Middle and Western Florida, in which quail abound. 
 
 The strongest recommendatory feature of Middle Florida, and one 
 that v/ill outweigh all others with a large class of practical men, is the 
 fact that so large a part of it is so admirably adapted to mixed farm- 
 
20 Florida Sectionally Considered — Middle Florida. 
 
 ing. The very extensive plai)tation clearings in Gadsden, Wakulla, 
 Leon, Jefferson, and Madison Counties offer facilities to settlers for ob- 
 taining small farms of from i6o to 320 or more acres, already cleared 
 and grassed, on which all the staple farm crops can be profitably grown, 
 improved breeds of cattle, sheep, and swine kept ; and with the great 
 fertilizing assistance of these latter, together with the natural strength 
 and durability of the clayey loam, early vegetable growing for North- 
 ern markets, at a season when this region virtually commands a monop- 
 oly of the market, can be made a most profitable and interesting ad- 
 junct to the regular operations of the farm. 
 
 The long list of fruits and berries that find a genial climate and soil 
 in Middle Florida is to many minds quite as inviting as the orange of 
 other sections. Nor must it be overlooked that throughout Middle Flor- 
 ida splendid old orange-trees are to be found bearing luscious fruit. 
 Periodically, at intervals, usually, of fifteen years, cold waves have 
 swept over this section of the State, doing more or less damage to the 
 orange-trees. The last occurrence of the kind was in December, 1880, 
 and its effects are still to be seen, though on the lower Apalachicola River 
 and in Lafayette and Taylor Counties the damage done was very slight. 
 
 The establishment, throughout Middle Florida, of commodious 
 churches and schools is a source of great satisfaction to its people, and 
 a decided attraction to many from other States. Besides the presence 
 of well-organized and well-conducted public and private schools in all the 
 towns and country neighborhoods, there is established at Tallahassee 
 the West Florida Seminary, with a male and female department and 
 a corps of competent instructors. Within the year has been incorpo- 
 rated and founded the Florida University, of which one college (the 
 Medical) has been put upon a starting basis, and has just been opened. 
 
 The carefully compiled tables, showing the result of a series of ob- 
 servations taken in Tallahassee from January i, 1881, to July 1, 1883, 
 and published in another portion of this book under the heading of Sta- 
 tistical Tables, will, in the absence of any other data, serve as a fair 
 record of temperature for all the hill country, extending from the 
 Suwanee westward to the Apalachicola. 
 
 From the tables referred to it will be seen that, through a period of 
 thirty months, embracing the summer solstice of 1881, 1882, and 1883, 
 the highest range of the mercury was 97 ^^ once in 1 881, 95" 07ice in 1882, 
 and 94*^ once in 1883 ; and that during the same period the lowest range 
 of the thermometer was 32'' four times in 1881, twice in 1882, and but 
 once in the first six months of 1883. These several temperatures were 
 only attained for an hour or so at a time, the high degrees coming only 
 at 2 p. M., and the low register at 7 a. m. and 9 p. m. 
 
 The difference between the highest summer temperature and the 
 lowest winter register for 1881 was 65** ; the difference in 1882 was 61'', 
 and for 1S83 the difference was 60''. 
 
 The average mean daily temperature for the fifteen fall and winter 
 months of the above period, /. e , January, February, and March of 1881, 
 1882, and 1883, and October, November, and December of 1881 and 1882, 
 is 63.73. 
 
Florida Sectionally Considered — Middle Florida. 21 
 
 The average mean daily temperature of the fifteen summer months, 
 7. e., April, May, and June of 1881, 1882, and 1883, '^'^^ J^'y» August, 
 and September of 188 1 and 1882, is 79.10. 
 
 The difference between the average daily temperature of winter and 
 summer being only fifteen and ihirteen-hiindredths degrees. 
 
 The forest growth of the red lands of Middle Florida is of a great 
 variety of hard-wooded, umbrageous trees that afford an abundant 
 shade, and the clayey lands of the region are carpeted with grasses of 
 many varieties, so that even at mid-day, under the direct rays of the 
 semi-tropical sun, few places are to be found where the heat is not 
 endurable. 
 
 Middle Florida has just arrived at a period when very radical 
 changes are taking place in the economy of its development. 
 
 In the past its industries have been restricted to the production of 
 the great staple, cotton, and some sugar .and tobacco. Little was done 
 other than could be accomplished by the crude usages that obtained 
 generally throughout the South in the application of slave labor under 
 the old regime. 
 
 Now the young men of the country have taken hold of the reins, 
 and the plough-handles as well. 
 
 Diversified farming is rapidly becoming the order of the day. More 
 corn and grain are being raised ; improved live stock is being intro- 
 duced ; lands, instead of being exhausted year after year to produce 
 cotton, are being broken deep and rotated with different crops. Ex- 
 tensive areas are being put to grass, and year by year the number of 
 marketable products is increasing. 
 
 The filling up of Southern Georgia and East and South Florida by 
 thousands of people who are turning their attention to fruit culture, has 
 created a demand. This has tended to develop in Middle Florida the 
 production of corn, grain, bacon, hams, lard, beef and poultry, and 
 given a wonderful impetus to dairy industries to supply those sections 
 with butter. 
 
 The establishment of railway facilities, and the introduction of re- 
 frigerating cars, and improved shipping packages, has practically made 
 of Florida the early vegetable garden for the North and West. And 
 this at a season of the year when there is no competition. 
 
 Middle Florida, by virtue of the superiority of her soil, and the 
 elevated character of her lands, which exempts them from March 
 frosts, is eminently fitted for the conduct of this new and exceedingly 
 profitable industry upon a most extensive scale. 
 
 Commencing operations only a few years ago, so very satisfactory 
 have been the results of this "truck business" with those engaged in 
 it, that their example is being rapidly followed by others. New men 
 from all parts of the country are dropping in and giving their attention 
 to the enterprise. Lands suitably located for the business have sud- 
 denly risen in value, and are selling daily to new comers, who improve 
 and plant them. 
 
 When made an adjunct to the regular farm operations, and con- 
 ducted in conjunction with the keeping of improved live stock, there is 
 
22 Florida Sectionally Considered — East Florida. 
 
 no question that the growing of early vegetables in the South for North- 
 ern markets is a very sure and profitable business As to whether it can 
 be successfully conducted by the operator who on a small piece of land 
 confines himself to gardening alone, and depends upon the purchase 
 of commercial fertilizers, is to be doubted. 
 
 When one considers the equable and delightful climate, the 
 naturally fertile and lasting quality of the soil, the very elevated and 
 healthful location, picturesque beauty of the country, excellent and 
 abundant supply of pure water, the great diversity of profitable pur- 
 suits, facilities for rapid transportation to both Eastern and Western 
 markets, the admirable character of the roads, the social and cultivated 
 character of the people, the supply of effective labor, the presence of 
 good schools, and the comparative absence of fleas, sandflies, and 
 mosquitoes, it is not hard to understand why Middle Floridians are so 
 proud of their " Piedmont homes," nor why the stranger finds so 
 much there to attract him. 
 
 EAST FLORIDA. 
 
 This division of the State of Florida embraces the thirteen coun- 
 ties of Nassau, Duval, Baker, Columbia, Suwanee, Alachua, Levy, 
 Marion, Volusia, St. John's, Putnam, Clay, and Bradford, and covers 
 the area east of Suwanee River and north of the twenty-ninth parallel 
 of north latitude. 
 
 Notwithstanding that the city of St. Augustine, in St. John's 
 County, is the oldest settlement in the United States, East Florida is 
 in most particulars a new country. The town civilization that estab- 
 lished itself at Fernandina, Jacksonville, St. Augustine, and Palatka, 
 prior to the civil war, did very little toward developing the country 
 districts, and except at a few points along the banks of the St. John's, 
 there was really very little settlement of the eastern portion of East 
 Florida. 
 
 \x\ the counties of Marion, Alachua, Suwanee, and Columbia, 
 where the better quality of the soil encouraged agriculture, the devel- 
 opment was much more rapid and extended. 
 
 It must be borne in mind by the reader of to-day that, throughout 
 the South in ante-bellum days, the development and prosperity of a 
 section depended entirely upon its adaptability to the employment of 
 slave labor. The African slave was imported and bred for agricul- 
 tural purposes ; and under the very wasteful and expensive methods of 
 applying his labor, that ever accompanied his use, the negro could 
 only be introduced wherever the lands were fertile and adapted to the 
 support of a population by agricultural pursuits. 
 
 As long ago as 18.40-45, all lands in the Southern States that could 
 be made profitable by negro labor were eagerly taken up, and appro- 
 priated to the production of corn, grain, cotton, tobacco, and sugar. 
 
 The light sandy lands of the pine regions in the South were never 
 
Florida Sectionally Considered — East Florida. 23 
 
 regarded by old slave-owners as worth the clea''ing, and consequently 
 they have remained standing in the markets for twenty to thirty- five 
 years in Florida, at from seventy cents to $1.25 per acre. 
 
 In the counties of Marion and Alachua, in East Florida, there were 
 discovered long ago some sections of country where there was a good 
 productive soil, resting on clay, but a few inches removed ; and here 
 was found the old Southern planter before the war, with his slave 
 forces ; and here was developed a considerable degree of prosperity. 
 In a somewhat less degree the same facts apply to Columbia 
 County, where, in the vicinity of Lake City, are some agricultural 
 lands. 
 
 From the foregoing statements, a new-comer to Florida can 
 account for the great numbers of negroes now to be found i.i Marion 
 and Alachua, as compared with other counties of East Florida. 
 Those were the places, m the old planting days, where the lands were 
 good enough to attract the owners of these people. The presence of 
 negroes in numbers may be safely counted on in Florida as an evidence 
 of good farm land. And their absence from among the population of 
 a county is a certain indication that neither corn, cotton, cane, grain, 
 nor tobacco has ever been profitably produced there on a scale large 
 enough to establish a character. 
 
 It follows from the above that there is only a small part of the 
 great territory of East Florida that possesses a soil suited to agricul- 
 ture. If the old standpoint of the slave-owner were still to be occupied 
 by us, we should feel constrained to treat East Florida as she was 
 treated for so many years — leave her to her own solitudes, a compara- 
 tively unoccupied waste of thin, sandy land. Her lands are no richer 
 now than they were before the war ; not one bushel more of corn can 
 be made to-day on her sands than twenty years ago, be the experi- 
 menter who he may ; and if the conditions and surroundings of 1S50-60 
 remained the same to-day, we should look in vain for any very wide- 
 spread prosperity in East Florida. 
 
 But those conditions have very materially changed, and even 
 greater changes are in immediate prospect. 
 
 Railroads have been built, steamship lines extended, and East 
 Florida has virtually been moved from 600 to 1,200 miles nearer the 
 centres of civilization, and the cost in time and money of reaching 
 those centres reduced to insignificance. These were matters of very 
 little moment to the planters of the olden time. A bale of cotton, 
 once made, was so much money ; the hauling it one hundred, or 
 even two hundred, miles to market, or a seaport, with oxen and 
 slaves, that would be otherwise idle, was not an item of expense to be 
 charged against the crop, and when once aboard a ship there was no 
 waste or damage. The planter generally " drew on his crop," and 
 spent the proceeds before it got to market. 
 
 During the period in which these railway and steamship facilities for 
 quick transit have been developing, another revolution has been worked 
 in the whole means and method of fertilizing in the South. The opening 
 of the Carolina phosphate beds, the manufacture and cheap transporta- 
 
24 Florida Scctionally Considered — East Florida. 
 
 tion of condensed fertilizers, and adoption gradually in the South of a 
 system of high culture, or "intense farming," unknown and utterly 
 impracticable in former times, enables a man to convert land, hereto- 
 fore considered unfit for the purpose, into productive farmsteads, and 
 exact from small areas results that, under the old "scratching" sys- 
 tem, would have required ten times the surface. 
 
 Then, too, sections of the country that in former days, by reason 
 of their remoteness from market, were restricted to the production of 
 those commodities that could bear long keeping — such as syrup, sugar, 
 cotton, and tobacco — have now, through the greatly improved oppor- 
 tunities of shipment, every facility furnished for the successful hand- 
 ling of the most perishable stuffs. 
 
 Hundreds of thousands of acres in East and South Florida, that 
 twenty years ago would not have supported the laborers and teams 
 attempting to produce corn or cotton on them, have been 
 found, under the new condition of things, to be susceptible not 
 only of supporting a population, but of making of those who properly 
 understand turning the new advantages to account a class of the most 
 prosperous, independent, ready-money farmers in the world. 
 
 " Farmer " is scarcely the proper term to apply to the class of pro- 
 ducers who are making homes in the greater part of East and South 
 Florida. That term conveys the idea ordinarily of the combina- 
 tion of interests that embraces the handling of live stock, especially 
 improved cattle, swine, and sheep, in conjunction with staple crops ot 
 husbandry. It is not orthodox to disassociate the idea of double-ploughs, 
 sub-soilers, reapers, threshers, corn-cribs, grain-bins, hay-mows, etc., 
 etc., with a farmer ; and of these things East and South Florida know 
 nothing. 
 
 The soils there are not adapted to the growth of grasses, or, at 
 least, grasses of a nutritious and civilized character, and consequently 
 the care of good cattle or live stock of any kind is abandoned. Cattle 
 and hogs, or an apology for both, run on the " range " in considerable 
 numbers, and are about as thin as they can be and live, and either for 
 beef, milk, or pork, such stock is about as poor as it gets to be 
 anywhere in the world. But, to get back to the matter of the farmer ; 
 there are many people looking toward Florida, especially from the 
 Eastern and Middle States, who do not care to " farm ;" they never 
 were farmers, but they are tired of the severe climate of the North, and 
 desirous of finding comfortable homes in a more genial one. Ordi- 
 narily the means of these people are limited, and even if they desired it 
 they could not, on the score of expense, purchase 320 to 1,000 acres 
 of the grass-producing agricultural lands of Middle Florida. Such 
 persons feel the necessity of engaging in some profitable pursuit as a 
 means of immediate livelihood. They have not the means Jo buy a 
 ready-made orange grove, nor the chameleon-like organization that 
 would enable them to live on air until one newly started comes into 
 bearing. 
 
 In the purchase of a small parcel of land along the line of some 
 of the numerous railroads now operating and buildmg in East Florida, 
 
Florida Sectionally Considered — East Florida. 25 
 
 along the banks of the grand old St. John's or the margin of any 
 of the innumerable clear-water lakes of the interior, traversed by 
 steamers, no matter how poor and sandy it may be, such persons find 
 what they want. The climate is the first and greatest attraction, and 
 healthfulness is pretty well insured when they forget about half 
 they learned at home about eating, and learn to adapt their food to 
 their new climatic condition. They become gardeners, horticulturists, 
 apiarists, etc., and can stay out-doors for twelve long months without 
 having a sun-stroke or frost-bite. No matter if the land is thin and sandy, 
 the first steamer dumps a ton of concentrated fertilizer of some sort 
 at your wharf, and your five or ten acres is put on a par with "better 
 lands elsewhere, and at a cost of time and money perhaps less than 
 might have to be expended in the North or West in labor alone to get 
 the clods pulverized and land in shape for seed. Besides, an East 
 Florida gardener finds his market in New York, Boston, and Philadel- 
 phia ; he sells in these cities delicacies at a season when such things 
 cannot be obtained from any other quarter to people who are willing 
 and eager to pay roundly for them. He has only one-quarter of an 
 acre in strawberries, perhaps ; but then he gets from this little 
 "patch" two hundred and fifty quarts of shipping berries. He sends 
 them to New York early in February, and, say, lor the first one hun- 
 dred quarts gets I2.50 per quart or I250. The next one hundred 
 quarts brnig him |ioo, and the last 50 quarts that go forward some 
 time in March, fetch only 40 cents per quart, or $20 more. 
 This gives him $370 from a little patch of ground scarcely larger than 
 a cemetery lot, and with little more trouble than the picking. Now, as 
 long as a man can do this he can afford to pay pretty high prices for 
 poor land, and lavish the " s:o' minyoe," as the negroes call it, on his 
 garden. So with tomatoes, beans and other truck. Profits are enor- 
 mous, if you hit it right, and failures mean stupendous fizzles when you 
 chance to miss the mark. 
 
 Another, and indeed much the most prominent, industry in East 
 Florida is the growing of oranges. 
 
 Orange-grove making is the pursuit that first infused life into Florida 
 after the late war ; and the field first occupied and devoted to this 
 business was the region along the St. John's River. 
 
 More recently the opening up of the counties south of the 29th par- 
 allel have carried the orange-planting industry much further south, 
 and the northern portion of South Florida and the southern part of 
 Eatt Florida have come to be called the '• Orange Belt " of the State. 
 
 There are sound reasons for ascribing to this orange belt many ad- 
 vantages for orange-culture over more northern portions of East 
 Florida, or the extreme southern parts of the State ; but we are very 
 much inclined to think that rather too much is being made of any such 
 advantages. Or, in other words, there is no part of East Florida in 
 which the orange does not thrive. 
 
 There is certainly much apprehension to be felt from the effects of 
 severe and unexpected cold waves in the counties of Nassau, Duval, 
 Baker, and part of Columbia, which, when they come, do more or less 
 
26 Florida Scctionally Considered — East Florida. 
 
 injury to young trees, and newly-formed fruit. But the experience of 
 forty years past is that such cold waves are of the rarest occurrence. 
 Twice only, during that period, have they been of such severity as to 
 materially injure a crop, and never of a character to kill or seriously 
 injure trees properly cared for. 
 
 There is, probably, very much yet to be learned upon the subject of 
 ihe range, direction, and intensity of these cold waves which sometimes 
 visit Florida. They are exceedingly erratic in their course, often seem- 
 ing to rise and pass over a section, again to make themselves felt ia 
 localities much further south. 
 
 Just how far down the peninsula of Florida can positive exemption 
 be claimed from injury, by cold to the orange crop, the writer is un- 
 able to state ; but certainly the cold wave which occurred in December, 
 1880, reached very much below sections that had heretofore boasted 
 of being beyond the possibility of such a thing. 
 
 As time progresses other enemies to the orange, and casualties more 
 seriously to be apprehended than low temperature, may develop them- 
 selves. The scale insect, which first appeared in Florida many years 
 ago, is acknowledged to have killed all the trees then in the State. 
 Men have learned to guard against the ravages of that particular pest ; 
 but who knows when some other more formidable enemy may appear ? 
 
 It can be truthfully claimed, however, that there is no part of East 
 Florida where oranges cannot be profitably grown. And, unless on 
 the one score of apprehension of a possible catastrophe from one of 
 those very unusual cold snaps, an intending settler should decide to 
 go south of 28*^ latitude, we should feel disposed to say that his chances 
 of success in orange-culture would be just as well assured in Nassau, 
 or any other of the northern counties, as in any portion of the State 
 north of the latitude last mentioned. 
 
 We have spoken of the lands of East Florida as being generally 
 poor, except in some parts of Marion, Alachua, Columbia, and Suwanee 
 Counties. This assertion, however, requires some explanation, for fear 
 of misleading minds entirely unfamiliar with the character of Florida 
 lands. 
 
 All the pine lands of Florida are poor, when compared with the allu- 
 vial soils of the Western States, and a man coming from the black 
 lands of the Western prairies must feel his soul sicken when he looks 
 for the first time upon the sandy soil of the pine woods, and thinks of 
 trying to farm on such ground. 
 
 But our Western friend can learn a good deal if he will keep his 
 eyes open. 
 
 Intermingled with the predominating sand there are throughout the 
 piney lands of Florida quantities of lime, and great variety of shell 
 remains that in most cases are accompanied by other plant-food 
 elements. 
 
 These qualities enable Florida sands to readily assimilate whatever 
 of vegetable, animal, or gaseous character is offered to them. The 
 effort to recuperate the poorest Florida land by rotating and turning 
 under fertilizing crops is attended with most marvelous success. The 
 
Florida Sectionally Considered — E^st Florida. 2"/' 
 
 truth of the matter is, that, in these sea-fanned arid semi-tria^ical lati- 
 tudes, half of the soil, or at least half its producing energy, is in the 
 atmosphere. 
 
 We not only bask in the sun- warmed air, but actually farm it. 
 Just how much of the productive power of East Florida's sandy 
 soil is attributable to this source of energy, we cannot undertake to de- 
 termine, but there is every reason to believe that if the lands of this 
 section were as rich in plant food as the alluvial bottoms of the Ohio 
 or the Missouri, under the influence of our semi-tropical sun, and rain 
 supplying Gulf currents, they would soon become utterly uninhabitable 
 by man, be he the sturdiest tree-feller and bush-chopper that ever 
 came out of the Pine-tree State. 
 
 Florida would be a jungle that would defy the most daring pioneer. 
 On the other hand, we are disposed to believe that if the sandy lands 
 that do exist in East Florida, and on which can now be seen flourish- 
 ing orange groves and vegetable gardens for which the owners would 
 not entertain an offer of $2,000 per acre, were moved to the north- 
 ward, and away from the rain belts and sun baths of their present 
 latitudes, they would be utterly valueless for any purpose save to 
 sprinkle a^floor or supply crude material for a glass factory. 
 
 So that the man who is disposed to turn his nose up when he first 
 encounters these sandy lands, and hears them, as he thinks, absurdly 
 called " soils," has first to observe a bit, and consider the conditions 
 before forming too hasty a judgment. 
 
 About the first decided set-back his skepticism encounters will 
 be the bland and matter-of-course air with which an East Florida land 
 agent will offer him a ten-acre lot for one thousand dollars. 
 " One hundred dollars per acre for that sandbank ?" 
 " Yes, sir, and a bargain, I can tell you, at that. Why, look up the 
 road there a little way. Five years ago I sold that twenty-acre tract 
 to the present owner for ten dollars per acre. He put out 600 orange- 
 trees on ten acres of it, at a cost of one dollar each, and he has since 
 xtinstd o?ie t/ioiisajid dollars per aa-e. But, sir, he did not take it ; he 
 would have been a fool to have taken it. Just calculate, in four years 
 more his 600 trees will be in full bearing, and he will have 600 more on 
 the other ten acres that will be in bearing, say, in five years. Twelve 
 hundred bearing trees will give him, say, the first year, at 300 oranges 
 to the tree, 360,000 oranges, worth, at 2 1-2 cents apiece, $9,000, and 
 the next year he may safely count on 500 oranges to the tree, worth, 
 for his entire crop, $15,000. And the next year — well, you see how it is." 
 These revelations are perhaps followed up by a quiet talk, on some 
 hotel piazza or steamboat deck, with some settler he meets from his 
 own State, who says he came here twelve years ago, and was fortunate 
 enough to find a piece of Government land that suited him, which he 
 got hold of at a cost of $1.25 per acre. It was rather remote from market, 
 and away from the river and railway. In fact, it was a rather dismal out- 
 look ; but his means were limited, and he could not afford to do better. 
 His wife's health was such that he did not dare risk another winter 
 North, so he had to make the best of it. 
 
28 Florida Sectionally Considered — East Florida. 
 
 Labor was scarce and the land poor, and it took a good deal of 
 ready money for fertilizers, etc., but he managed to put out 400 trees 
 the first year, and has been adding to them every year smce. He found 
 people dropping in around him pretty last, and soon the vacant land 
 was all entered. In a year or two he sold off two ten-acre lots of his 
 entry for ten dollars per acre. This helped him along and kept the pot 
 boiling, and enabled him to go a bit into the vegetable business. Then 
 the railroad came along. He has had three crops from his first trees, 
 and each year the crop is increasing as later plantings mature. He 
 sold his last season's crop to a man who took them on the trees and 
 paid $2,500 for them, and he thinks his present crop will bring double 
 that sum. 
 
 So the story is told over and over again by men from all quarters of 
 the world. The prospecting visitor hears the matter talked by every- 
 body. He hears nothing else talked. The words " grove," ' ' bearing 
 tree," "sour stumps," "thousand," "ten thousand," "sweet seed- 
 lings," "twenty thousand," "high hammock," "lake front," "first- 
 class pine land," "thirty thousand," fill the gaps between the revolu- 
 tions of the steamer's wheels, and by the time he reaches Palatka he 
 has just the worst case of orange fever imaginable. 
 
 And then it is that he falls an easy and willing victim to the 
 wily vendor of choice locadons, and is in a desperate hurry to 
 secure a tract of the very sand he regarded so contemptuously two 
 days before. 
 
 We doubt not some such experience as this has come to many 
 thousand people within the past ten years, and in most cases they are 
 to be found to-day occupying comfortable homes that enterprise and 
 taste have caused to spring up like magic in all the accessible parts 
 of East Florida. 
 
 'lYue it is, and a stranger is soon struck with the foct that nowhere 
 perhaps can one find so many people ready to "sell out" to new- 
 comers as in East Florida. 
 
 Ordinarily this might be attributed to some general cause of dissat- 
 isfaction prevailing among these new settlers, not apparent on the sur- 
 face ; but, in fict, it is attributable to a very different cause, or rather 
 combination of causes. 
 
 Prominent among these is the fact that not only a large 
 amount of real sturdy pluck and enterprise is necessary to enable a man 
 successfully to contend with a tract of raw woodland and convert it 
 into a finished, comfortable home, with a bearing orange grove around 
 it ; but considerable time is necessary to do this, and during all that 
 iwa^ ?i constant outlay 0/ ready money, and no chance of return for many 
 years. 
 
 The immigrant who goes to the great West may expend his entire 
 means in getdng himseff established the first year, but the second 
 season sees his wheat and corn ready for market, and some of his 
 money coming back, or, in other words, he is in about as prosperous a 
 condition at the beginning of his third year as he is likely to be at the 
 end of his tenth or twentieth. His operations are of an annual char- 
 
Florida Sectionally Considered — East Florida, 29 
 
 acter, and the result of his efforts is reached whenever he gets as much 
 land under cultivation as he and his team can handle. 
 
 But the East Florida orange-grower plays for a much larger stake. 
 If he can hold his grip for ten years, even on but ten acres in orange- 
 trees, he is a rich fnan. Upon an investment contemptibly insignificant, 
 and practically within the meansof almost any industrious man, he may 
 surely expect an income in ten or twelve years that would represent 
 the interest to be derived from several hundred thousand dollars in- 
 vested in United States bonds or other good securities. 
 
 These facts are, of course, very tempting and seductive, and cause 
 many a man, and woman too, to embark in the enterprise, possessing 
 all the energy of purpose necessary for the undertaking, but lacking 
 the steady source of ready money to enable them to carry out the pro- 
 ject. Indeed, hundreds of sanguine tempers are so dazed with the 
 splendor of the end to be attained that they fail to fully weigh and con- 
 sider the means necessary for its attainment. 
 
 This is true of all other businesses in a greater or less degree, and we 
 find men in every walk of life who have incautiously undertaken more 
 than circumstances will always admit of their accomplishing. 
 
 It is just in this particular that crange-growing has an incomparable 
 advantage over almost any other pursuit or venture we know of. There 
 is no such thing connected with the undertaking as an absolute failure. 
 A tree once put in the ground is there, and there it will stay ; so 
 much is done. The first year it grows some, and 8 per cent, or 10 
 per cent, of the time that must elapse before this investment of, say 
 50 cents or ^i will be worth $20 per annum has passed. 
 
 Another year rolls by ; the settler's means are getting smaller, but 
 his tree is larger, and another round per cent, of his period of proba- 
 tion is removed. The ten acres he purchased two years before, in a 
 wild, rough state, has 700 to 1,000 young trees on it in a thrifty con- 
 dition, and is two years nearer a bearing period. Now the two years 
 of time that have been killed is the profit on this mans investment. He 
 is worth much more money than when he began, although some years 
 yet removed from a time when the golden harvest shall gladden his 
 heart and reward his patience and pluck. But heseesthat his means are 
 not going to hold out. He recognizes that he underrated the expense 
 of the thing, and that he cannot pull through. Unlike his stalwart 
 neighbor, he cannot hire himself out as a laborer, and thus support 
 his family while his trees are growing ; he happens to be a delicate 
 man, who came to Florida to recover from the drain upon his system 
 of business confinement. Why not grow vegetables, and thus support 
 himself until the bearing time comes? 
 
 Why, because it takes ready money, and lots of it, to grow vege- 
 tables, just as it does orange-trees, and our friend has none No, 
 he sees his mistake ; but sees too that he can sell this place of his (for 
 purchasers are plenty ; every train or steamer brings them in numbers) 
 for a great deal more money than it has cost him ; and with the pro- 
 ceeds of this sale he can find another lot of wild land one hundred 
 miles further down in the woods, and with his enlarged means and 
 
<30 Florida Scctionally Considered — East Florida. 
 
 experience, and the advantage of 10,000 two-year-old seedlings he has 
 in nursery, he can begin again under more favorable auspices, with no- 
 fear of failure. 
 
 He finds on the nearest hotel piazza, or lolling under the oaks in 
 any of the parks, numbers of intelligent visitors who are just as much 
 enchanted with the idea of an orange grove as he was three years ago, 
 with the wide difference that they have the means to buy the desired 
 thing in an advanced state of progress. 
 
 In a day or two we see it announced that " Mr. Take-advantage-of- 
 
 the-circumstances has disposed of his handsome young grove near 
 
 to Mr. Ready-to- pay-for-a-gocd-thing-when-he-finds-it, for the sum 
 of $15,000, and we understand that Mr. T. contemplates removing to 
 Hillsboro County, where he will plant another grove, and engage in 
 the extensive culture of pineapples." 
 
 This is indeed the history of many a Northern man's experience in 
 Florida. Many a one has become rich in planting groves who never 
 owned a bearing tree. This is why so many of limited means under- 
 take this long-waiting business of grove-making every day, and why 
 almost any man who owns a young grove is ready to sell. Every year 
 added to the age of a grove enhances its value materially, especially 
 where, as is the case in East Florida, each year swells the number of 
 wealthy people coming into the country, anxious to buy ready-made 
 or well-advanced groves. 
 
 It has been quite the custom for interested persons to talk or write 
 extensively of the easy, certain and inexpensive methods of growing 
 rich in cultivating oranges and early vegetables in East Florida. 
 Statements are recklessly made that one has only to buy young trees^ 
 stick them out, and cultivate the space between them in vegetables for 
 shipment North, to be certain of an easy and comfortable support 
 from the sale of his truck crops while he waits for his grove to come 
 into bearing. This is utterly untrue. In the whole range of man's 
 pursuits there is perhaps none attended with greater risks than the 
 production of marketable vegetable crops. 
 
 There is a degree of industrious perseverance, nice discriminating 
 judgment, wide range of observation, careful attention to details, and 
 ready familiarity with nature's mysteries and man's cunning, necessary 
 to the successful pursuit of this highest phase of agriculture, that ex- 
 ceptionally few men attain. And their efforts prove satisfactory and 
 profitable only where the conditions are most favorable. 
 
 In East Florida the most serious drawback to this industry is the 
 almost universal poverty of the soil. Other than this, the conditions 
 are excellent. But even this is a difficulty in a great measure to be 
 overcome by judicious fertilizing with commercial manures. 
 
 Nevertheless there are men in East Florida, and they are~ not scarce, 
 who have met with fair success at growing vegetables on poor, sandy 
 land. This has been done by heavy fertilizing, the selection of certain 
 kinds of vegetables that require the least fertility of soil, and the ob- 
 taining of crops ready for market so early as to have no competitor, and 
 thus realizing fancy prices. 
 
Florida Scctionally Co7isidercd — East Florida. 31 
 
 Among the list of vegetable crops that experience has shown can be 
 handled profitably in East Florida for shipment North, cucumbers, 
 peas, string-beans, and tomatoes are perhaps the most reliable. 
 
 Vast quantities of these commodities are annually produced in East 
 Florida, and the extension and improvement of the business is rapidly 
 helping to better the condition of the people. Railroad men and others 
 directly interested in the development of this industry, and who give 
 the closest attention to its history and progress, express the opinion 
 that the business is to assume gigantic proportions in the near future, 
 and will, both in its extensiveness and the profitableness of its results, 
 soon become a formidable rival of orange-culture. 
 
 The absence of good grasses in East Florida is certainly a great 
 drawback to this section ; but the proximity of a dairy region like that 
 lying in Middle Florida, west of the Suwanee River, greatly relieves this 
 inconvenience, enabling the people either to obtain fresh and cheap 
 supplies of dairy products, or excellent thoroughbred cattle. 
 
 In the matter of hotels, railways, and steamboats, no part of Florida 
 can compare with this Eastern Section in facilities for comfortably 
 entertaining the great tide of restless winter visitors who drift into 
 these sunny latitudes in search of health. 
 
 Fernandina, Jacksonville, St. Augustine, Ocala, Palatka and Gains- 
 ville, also Sanford and DeLand, are well i)r<ivi(led with commo- 
 dious and well kept hotels, while at all points along the St, John's, and 
 at the smaller inland towns, less pretentious, but comfortable quarters 
 can be found. 
 
 In the matter of railway communication East Florida is admirably sup- 
 plied. Beside the trunk line of the Florida Railway and Navigation Com- 
 pany's roads (the Transit), extending from the Atlantic at Fernandina to 
 the warm waters of the Gulf at Cedar Keys, this same company operates a 
 branch thirty miles long from Fernandina to Jacksonville. This, in ad- 
 dition to the great commercial advantages resulting to each place, practically 
 places the splendid surf-bathing of the Amelia Island beach at the very 
 doors of the residents of Jacksonville. The Florida Central and Western 
 Railway, which traverses the northern portion of the State from east to 
 west, and extends from Jacksonville to the Chattahoochee River, is also 
 controlled by the Florida Railway and Navigation Company. This im- 
 portant division, after leaving Jacksonville, intersects the Transit Division 
 at Baldwin near the western border of Duval County, and thence extends 
 across the southern point of Nassau County and through the pleasant vil- 
 lage of Sanderson, the county scat of Baker County. It then crosses 
 Columbia County, passing through Lake City, which is located in one of 
 the best pine land farming districts of the State. The next county on this 
 line is Suwanee, in which the principle station is at Live Oak, a place of 
 rapidly growing business and much enterprise. Here a junction is made 
 with the New Branford Branch of the Savannah, Florida and Western 
 Railway, which extends south from Dupont in Georgia on the main line 
 to Lake City, New Branford on the Suwanee River, and to Gaines- 
 ville, where it connects with the Florida Southern R. R. From Live 
 Oak the F. C. & W. road passes on to the Suwanee River, which it crosses 
 
32 Florida Sectionally Considered — East Florida. 
 
 at the busy mill town of EUaville, and" here the frontier of East Florida is 
 reached. 
 
 A very important branch of the Savannah, Florida and Western Rail- 
 way, known as the Way-Cross Division, passes through East Florida from 
 Way-Cross, on the main line in Southern Georgia, to Jacksonville. Form- 
 ing a short and direct hne between Jacksonville and Savannah, this road 
 supports an immense tratilic, and forms the favorite avenue of approach 
 to Florida from the North. 
 
 The Jacksonville, St. Augustine and Halifax River Railway Company 
 operate a line of road between Jacksonville and St. Augustine, 35 miles. 
 At the latter place they connect with steamers for the Halifax and Indian 
 River countrv. 
 
 South from Jacksonville the Jacksonville, Tampa and Key West R. R. 
 runs up the western bank of the St. John's River to Palatka, a short dis- 
 tance above which city it crosses to the east bank, and, passing through 
 Crescent City and De Land, is continued to Enterprise and Sandford ; 
 though to reach the latter city it has again to cross the river at the foot of 
 Lake Monroe. It makes connection at West Tocoi with a fine ferry boat 
 for Tocoi and the broad guage St. John's River Railway for St. Augustine ; 
 at Green Cove Springs with the Green Cove Springs and Melrose R. R. , 
 which extends from the river across Clay County to Melrose in Putnam 
 County, though it is only in operation ten miles to Sharon ; and at 
 Palatka with the Florida Southern R. R. for Ocala, Gainesville and 
 Leesburg, Brooksville, Lakeland, and Tampa. 
 
 From Waldo in Alachua County the Peninsular Division of the Flor- 
 ida Railway and Navigation Company's system leaves the Transit Divi- 
 sion and runs due soutli through Ocala, Wildwood and Panasofkee to 
 Plant City in Hillsboro County, where a junction is effected with the 
 South Florida Railroad. 
 
 From Wildwood, in Sumter County, the Leesburg Division of the 
 same great system extends eastward to Leesburg and Tavares in the lake 
 region, where it connects with a road for Apopka and Orlando. 
 
 A very important, but very short line of railway extends from the St. 
 John's River at De Land Landing to the prosperous and flourishing city of 
 De Land, five miles away. This little road, built to accommodate this 
 model city, which is doubling its population with each successive year, 
 will be eventually extended eastward to New Smyrna on the coast. 
 
 Orange City, just south of De Land, is connected with the St. John's 
 with a tram road about five miles in length. 
 
 By examining this list of railroads it will be seen that there is not a 
 single county in East Florida that is not traversed by one or more of the 
 iron highways. 
 
 So much has been written on the subjects of the 
 
 CLIMATE AND HEALTHFULNESS OF EAST FLORIDA, 
 
 that the topic is quite threadbare ; and yet very little has been said on the 
 subject that is wholly true. 
 
 Why enthusiastic people should feel it incumbent on them to ex- 
 aggerate the admirable qualities of Florida's climate, and misrepresent 
 
Florida Sectionally Considered — East Florida. 33 
 
 by hiding its objectionable features, we are at loss to understand. For 
 certainly good features are as many and the bad features as few as in 
 any section of the civilized world. If everything else in Florida were 
 as satisfactory as its climate, it would, indeed, be the most desirable 
 part of the earth. 
 
 Throughout Florida there are some days every M-inter, and during 
 some winters many days, when the weather is very disagreeable and 
 trying to invalids who have come South for the benefits of the climate 
 alone. Such people take great offence at these spells of weather, and 
 after drinking in the balmy air and sunshine for weeks at a time, out of 
 doors under the trees, a change for only a day or two that confines 
 them to the house induces them often to declare the Florida climate a 
 delusion and a snare. Such people forget that instead of one day, or 
 even a week of bleakness, they would, if at home, have for months to 
 endure ten times as disagreeable a condition of things. 
 
 The current of Arctic water that comes south off the Atlantic coast 
 of the Northern States, and intervenes between the shores of the Con- 
 tinent and the western edge of the Gulf Stream, extends itself well 
 down the Atlantic coast of Florida, and is a broad barrier to the Gulf 
 Stream as far down as Cape Canaveral. The waters of this Arctic 
 belt are many degrees lower in temperature than the north-flowing 
 waters of the Mexican Stream. The result is that whenever the wind 
 is from the northeast or east during the winter months, the air is 
 chill and disagreeable in those portions of Florida subjected to its in- 
 fluence. 
 
 Not only this, but when two currents of such marked differences of 
 temperature come in contact, the vapor arising from the one is con- 
 densed by the cold air overhanging the other, and the result is wet, 
 foggy weather. The northeast or east wind drives in-shore great 
 mantles of the ocean fogs and the dampness of these winds makes them 
 the more hateful. 
 
 These winds do occur. They are the exceptions in our winter 
 weather; but still, when they blow, East Florida, owing to her geograph- 
 ical position, cannot escape them. They are the same currents that 
 occasionally drive in-shore up the entire Atlantic coast of the United 
 States, and the only difference in them — between Florida and on Long 
 Island — IS that the southern sun takes about 75 per cent, of the chill 
 out of them before they reach the former. 
 
 No other part of the State of Florida is as much exposed to these 
 damp, chill northeasters as the territory north of Cape Canaveral, and 
 extending westward or inland for perhaps seventy-five miles. 
 
 This is the one real cause of complaint, if such it be, that can be 
 urged against the winter climate of East Florida. In summer the period 
 of high temperatures lasts pretty evenly from the middle of May to 
 the middle of September ; often a little later. 
 
 About the healthfulness of East Florida, or indeed any part of 
 Florida, it is difificult to be authoritative. 
 
 Leaving out of the problem the matter of occasional fevers of a 
 light form during the summer months (and of these more presently), 
 
34 Florida Sectionally Consukred — East Florida. 
 
 there is really very little to be said o'li the score of diseases to be appre- 
 hended in any part of Florida, and we are satisfied, from twenty years' 
 knowledge of East Florida, during two years of which period we 
 generally slept on the ground, with one blanket, and no roof other than 
 the forest trees, that that section of the State is quite as healthful as any 
 part of Florida. 
 
 Men sicken and die there, as they do everywhere else, but none of 
 the formidable diseases that exist further north, and are so fatal to child- 
 life especially, such as scarlet fever, diphtheria, measles, and conges- 
 tion, are ever of a severe type in the Florida climate, and such things 
 are not dreaded as they are in colder latitudes. 
 
 It is of the rarest occurrence that any throat or lung troubles origi- 
 nate in Florida, and quite as rarely does its climate fail to be of benefit 
 to visitors or settlers who come here affected wi;h disorders of that 
 nature. 
 
 One of the most common inquiries made concerning Florida's cli- 
 mate, by men from sections further north, is whether a man from such 
 places can " work out " in a Florida sun with impunity. 
 
 We think that, with the exception of the perfect security in Florida 
 against sun-stroke, a case of which has never been known in the State, 
 there can be little difference between working out in a Florida sun or 
 an Ohio sun. But, certain it is, it cannot be done on the same diet. 
 
 When northern men learn to imitate the Creoles and Spanish 
 Americans of the tropical and semi-tropical latitudes in matters of diet 
 and clothing, they will have little cause to complain of the hot sun. 
 
 Our observation is that most northern people make themselves sick 
 in summer when they attempt to work in an August and September 
 sun ; but we could never see the slightest occasion or profit in working 
 out during those months. The spring crops are harvested, and it is 
 yet too early to begin the planting of the fall crops. People of all 
 southern latitudes learned ages ago to take matters easily. Along 
 the shores of the Mediterranean the same customs obtain now with 
 regard to the proper division and employment of time that existed 
 in the time of the Caesars. The peoples among whom these southern 
 customs had their origin have passed from the face of the earth. 
 A great tide of northern immigrants swept over their land, by whom 
 such customs were set at defiance and ridiculed. But while the con- 
 querors and the conquered, together with their very languages, have 
 passed away, their customs yet remain, and have followed correspond- 
 ing latitudes into the Western World. 
 
 The energetic northern man, migrating to Florida, is apt to set 
 at defiance the tropical sun, and Vv'age a relentless war upon night air. 
 He adheres 1 5 his accustomed northern diet, builds a little sweat-box of 
 a cottage on a northern plan, and goes slashing away at his "work as 
 though there were seven months of winter ahead of him to make pro- 
 vision again.'Et. But, alas ! before that season arrives he discovers that 
 he has a liver in him which seems larger and harder than Plymouth 
 Rock. 
 
 He begins to talk of the debilitating effects of the southern climate. 
 
Florida Sectionally Considered — East Florida. 35 
 
 and discusses learnedly and bitterly on miasmatic and malarial poi- 
 sons. 
 
 This man wrestles with the fever for a year or two ; his Yankee 
 pluck enables him in most cases to hold his own, fever or no fever. 
 Gradually it dawns upon him that every one else in his neighborhood 
 is not an absolute know-nothing. Little by little, his conceit is ex- 
 changed for southern habits, and in course of time we find our industri- 
 ous friend taking things coolly on a shady piazza, while " Remus " or 
 " Julius Csesar " plies the hoe and guides the plough in the field hard 
 by. For a real southern Southerner look to a converted Yankee. 
 
 This process of becoming acclimated after one gets south is expen- 
 sive and severe. 
 
 Before the northerner leaves home for a southern latitude, let him 
 for a moment consider the ways of people who for hundreds of years 
 have adapted themselves to southern suns. No man of sense can con- 
 clude that the Egyptians, the Arabs, the Greeks, the Romans, the 
 Moors, the modern Italians, Spaniards, Portuguese, Spanish Americans, 
 and the Anglo-Saxon and French Creole people of the Southern States 
 have all been lazy idiots, that could only be enlightened by northern 
 philosophy. 
 
 Let him ask himself why the Mexican, Brazilian, or Cuban spends 
 large sums of money building an adobe house, with heavy walls and 
 roof of masonry, distressingly plain in its architecture ; when, for one- 
 tenth the sum, he could erect a wooden cottage of modern style ? Or 
 why the Louisiana Creole affects cooling fruit syrups, lime-juice, 
 white linen, panama hat, and low-quartered pumps, instead of beer, tea, 
 quinine, woolen-wear, brimless Derby, and boots ? 
 
 Let northern folk, when they quit their native latitudes and seek 
 to make homes in the South, come prepared to observe and learji, and 
 not determined to teach, in those things relating to climate and modes 
 of life at least, and we will ensure them against much needless incon- 
 venience and suffering that fall to the lot of many a poor fellow who 
 sets out to display his northern energy under a Florida sun. 
 
 A very large proportion of the population of East Florida are 
 settlers from New England, and the thrift and enterprise of those 
 people has made itself apparent in a most marked degree. 
 
 The Middle and Western States also have contributed largely 
 toward building up the waste places, and quite a number from foreign 
 shores have cast their lot there. 
 
 Every one who has settled there has not been entirely successful, 
 any more than in other parts of the world, and dissatisfied parties are 
 often seen moving away, some to the southern or western parts of the 
 State, and others back to the homes from which they originally came. 
 
 But the population is steadily increasing. 
 
 A larger proportion of the settlers in Florida are people of culture 
 and moderate means than is ordinarily the case with those moving to 
 new States. 
 
 Much brighter days are in store for East Florida than she has yet 
 seen. 
 
2,6 Florida Sectionally Considered — South Florida. 
 
 The extension of railroads, south and west, will divert part of the 
 tide of settlers who have heretofore selected East Florida, mainly on 
 account of her superior facilities for transportation ; but so rapid is 
 the increase of immigration to the State that the number of those 
 who are settling in East Florida is much greater than that of those 
 who are leaving. 
 
 SOUTH FLORIDA. 
 
 South Florida, comprising the Counties of Brevard, Dade, Monroe, 
 Manatee, Polk, Hillsboro', Hernando, Sumter, and Orange, a territory 
 of 27,500 square miles in extent, is a region which has of late years 
 attracted more widespread and interested attention than any other sec- 
 tion of the American Union. Its peculiar characteristics of climate and 
 productions possess a romantic interest for the majority of people of 
 colder latitudes, difficult to define, yet substantial enough to form an 
 important, if unacknowledged, element in the progress which has marked 
 its recent history. Much of its territory, known as the Everglades, is 
 an unsurveyed and unexplored region, of which the possibilities, in an 
 agricultural or commercial point of view, are as utterly unknown as 
 those of the interior of Africa ; while the remaining portion has become, 
 within a few years past, the seat of an active and prosperous civiliza- 
 tion. 
 
 Nearly every known portion of this vast region offers substantial 
 attractions to the tourist, the sportsman, and the seeker after health or 
 pleasure, as well as to the immigrant desiring to engage in commercial 
 pursuits, in the production of fruits and vegetables, or in the more 
 substantial, but equally profitable, staples — corn, cotton, tobacco, rice, 
 and sugar. 
 
 On the Atlantic side of this peninsular region, extending a distance 
 of nearly one hundred miles, is the Indian River, a beautiful sheet of 
 salt water, varying in width from one to seven miles, and separated from 
 the waters of the Atlantic by a continuous narrow strip of land which 
 extends without a break from a point near the 29th parallel of latitude 
 southward to Indian River Inlet, a distance of about 120 miles. Below 
 the Inlet, and extending in like manner some forty miles further south, 
 is a continuation of this vast salt-water lagoon, known as the St. Lucie 
 Sound, which Lerminates at Jupiter Inlet. The country lying along the 
 Indian River, chiefly in Brevard County, is famous for the production 
 of the celebrated " Indian River oranges," which are claimed to be of 
 finer quality than those raised in any other section of the State ; and 
 for pineapples, which are being raised in large numbers. This region 
 also possesses peculiar attractions for the sportsman, and its delightful 
 winter climate renders it especially fitted for the enjoyment of camp life. 
 The belt of country immediately adjacent to the river is covered with 
 a heavy growth of pine forest, standing on a gently undulating grass- 
 clad upland, clear of undergrowth, and presenting the appearance of a 
 vast park. Occasional openings and clumps of live-oaks and palmetto- 
 
Florida Sect tonally Considered — South Florida. 37 
 
 trees add variety to the landscape ; and the rapidly inci easing- number 
 of clearings and settlements, orange groves, pineapple fields, and vege- 
 table farms, add to, rather than detract from, the many natural charms 
 of the scenery. 
 
 Westward from this strip of timbered lands and rich, well-drained 
 soil, lie vast prairies, affording pasturage for innumerable cattle. In- 
 jurious frosts seldom visit this region, and the most tender semi- 
 tropical fruits are cultivated with almost universal success. Cocoanut- 
 trees can be grown along the more southern coast, and the sugar-cane 
 attains here its greatest perfection, ripenmg fully, and requiring to be 
 replanted only every seventh or eighth year. 
 
 The country lying immediately south of the Indian River region, 
 comprising Dade County, is, with the exception of a narrow strip along- 
 the coast, an unknown and uninhabited territory, of vast extent, known 
 as the Everglades, and supposed to be almost entirely submerged for 
 the greater portion of each year. This region extends into and occu- 
 pies a large portion of Monroe County, which adjoins Dade on the 
 west, and has a coast line on the Gulf of Mexico of about one hundred 
 and seventy-five miles, not including the Florida Keys. Any attempt 
 to describe this terra incognita would be vain, as little is known of it, 
 save that it consists of a vast swamp, or saw-grass marsh, interspersed 
 with numerous small islands or hummocks, some of which were visited 
 by the soldiers of the United States Army during the Seminole Wars. 
 
 No white man has ever thoroughly explored it. A few of the '* cow- 
 men " in South Florida have some acquaintance with portions of its 
 borders and a few of the beaten paths that lead to Indian settlements. 
 Five years ago a single white man dropped a tiny canoe into the 
 waters of the Suwanee River where it is crossed by the Florida Central 
 and Western Railway, and made his way down the Gulf coast of the 
 peninsula — entered the Caloosahatchie River — ascended it — and worked 
 his way into the great dismal, watery waste of Okeechobee. On this 
 shoreless inland sea of solitude he wandered for eight days and nights, 
 searching for the mouth of the Kissimmee River. This lonely adven- 
 turer was the editor of this periodical — Mr. C. K. Munroe, of New 
 York, and there is every reason to believe that he was the first white 
 man, or perhaps the first man of any color, who ever took a boat into 
 Okeechobee from the Gulf 
 
 This exploit was only little over five years ago. Since then, Major 
 Williams, of the New Orleans Times-Democrat, with an exploring party 
 entered the great lake from the Kissimmee, and reached the Gulf by 
 way of the Caloosahatchie. A glance at the map will show that there is 
 yet a vast domain, quite one hundred miles long, north and south, with 
 an average width of 60 or 80 miles, over which no surveyor's chain has 
 ever been stretched, and of which all knowledge is as conjectural as of 
 the interior of the Dark Continent beyond the path of Stanley. 
 
 Such parts of this great savannah as have been surveyed have passed, 
 under the provisions of the Swamp and Overflowed Land Act of Con- 
 gress, from the General Government to the State of Florida ; and it is 
 largely of these lands that the purchase of 4,000,000 acres from the 
 
3o Florida Scctionally Considered — South Florida. 
 
 State, by Hamilton Disston, of Philadelphia, consists. Such a purchase 
 would have been madness in any one possessed of less nerve, money, 
 and executive ability, than Mr. Disston ; for to make them available, 
 or in any way marketable, it became, first, necessary to drain them, the 
 accomplishment of which piece of engineering involved the lowering of 
 Okeechobee's broad surface many feet. The bailing out of a lake 50 
 miles long and 30 in width, fed by rivers and creeks, is somewhat of 
 an undertaking, even in these days of gigantic engineering schemes ; 
 but the ends to be accomplished — the reclamation of millions of what 
 are suspected to be the richest lands on the continent, and they consti^- 
 tuting wholly the only bit of semi-tropical territory over which our 
 nation's flag waves — was an inducement worth an earnest endeavor. 
 
 With the organization of the Atlantic and Gulf Coast Canal and 
 Okeechobee Land and Drainage Company, Mr. Disston began the 
 work ; and in less than three years the long submerged shores of the 
 mysterious inland sea have risen above the waters, a wide and deep 
 water-way has been made through the broad fields of mud and saw- 
 grass that interposed between the western edge of the lake and the 
 navigable channel of the Caloosahatchie. 
 
 Miles and miles of country have been drained ; the most sanguine 
 expectations of the resolute and adventurous projectors have been even 
 more than realized, both as to the practicability and cost of the enter- 
 prise and the very valuable character of the land thus made available. 
 
 The Company claim that a soil of most exceptional fertility and of 
 great depth is here to be found, where the climate is better suited to 
 the culture of sugar-cane than anywhere else on the globe ; and that 
 the production of sugar is to be the great pursuit in this sunny land so 
 soon as these lands are put upon the market. 
 
 The Florida Keys, comprising a long chain of low coral islands, 
 extending from the southern extremity of Dade County, in a south- 
 westerly curving direction, into the waters of the Gulf, and terminating 
 with the Dry Tortugas, 70 miles west of the island of Key West, lie 
 in the only really tropical region of the United States. Of these keys 
 many are mere islets, covered with a dense growth of mangrove bushes ; 
 others support a growth of palms and other tropical trees, and a num- 
 ber of them offer large areas of tillable soil. Some years ago they 
 were unlighted and uninhabited, and were the dread of shipmasters 
 and the paradise of wreckers. Now they are dotted with light-houses, 
 whose flashing beacons have saved many a good ship from destruction. 
 The largest of these islands is Key Largo, on which the raising of pine- 
 apples is proving a remunerative industry. 
 
 The pineapple, cocoanut, banana, plaintain, date, orange, lime, lemon, 
 citron, shaddock, grape fruit, are practicable crops, giving tremen- 
 dous profits to the producers in the southern parts of the peninsula. 
 More than five hundred thousand cocoanut-trees have been planted 
 around Key West and along the keys, reefs and mainland of the extreme 
 Southern Atlantic and Gulf shores of the State,and more than that num- 
 ber of pineapples. Tifink of 10,000 pineapples to an acre ! — no fertiliz- 
 ing necessary — no ploughing : only afewhoeings needed. If they are 
 
Florida Scctionally Considered — Sotith Florida. 39 
 
 sold at one cent apiece, the result is one hundred dollars per acre. But 
 pineapples must not be put at one cent, nor yet at 5 cents ; but, to be 
 surely within bounds, let us ask 7 cents apiece for them, and receive 
 seven hundred dollars per acre on a crop that one man can handle many 
 acres of. 
 
 An acre will support fifty cocoanut-trees, that require no fertilizing, 
 no fencing, and no pruning. At from nine to twelve years of age these 
 trees mature from 80 to 150 nuts to the tree ; suppose they only bear 40 
 to the tree on an acre of 50 trees, and are sold at one cent apiece. But 
 cocoanuts do not sell for one cent apiece anywhere, and when they 
 bring five cents apiece, and the yield is 20,000 to ten acres, the 
 comfortable annual income of $1,000 can be literally picked up in the 
 sand. 
 
 No fear of ever glutting a market either ; for whatever may betide 
 other fruits, there are boys enough in the country to use up all the sur- 
 plus of a cocoanut crop. 
 
 Who are the people to grow these things, and where will 
 they come from ? It is hard to guess ; but there is in this country 
 a class of people who ought to find in South Florida the one place 
 fitted for them. It comprises the thousands of invalids and deli- 
 cate people who cannot cope with the busy world and its host of great 
 healthy men. How many people in the United States who must die 
 soon in the homes they now occupy, and who are prevented from leav- 
 ing them because they cannot labor in the agricultural South, might 
 find a new lease of life and fortune in South Florida ? 
 
 There are many other tropical and semi-tropical fruits successfully 
 grown in South Florida, such as the guava, mango, sapadillo, "alligator 
 pear," pawpaw, sugar-apple, and many others ; but we know too little 
 of them to discuss them. 
 
 Vegetable growing will, for the few who shall obtain exceptionally 
 fertile locations in South Florida, convenient to quick transportation, 
 be very profitable for a few varieties of garden stuff — especially 
 tomatoes, which, when offered early, border rather on the luxurious than 
 substantial side of the food supply. But until railroads are completed, 
 the southern part of the peninsula can do very little in this line. 
 
 We think truck-farming and tropical fruit-growing rather incom- 
 patible industries, except in very exceptional cases, for live stock and 
 plenty of them are essentials to a good truck-farm. And they must 
 be such stock as can be profitably kept enclosed. For this pur- 
 pose a much better grassed country is necessary than exists in such 
 places as will produce tropical fruit. What may be developed in this 
 industry, of raising early vegetables for shipment North, in South 
 Florida, when that section becomes better supplied with shipping 
 facilities and the people become by experience more familiar with 
 methods and economies in cultivation and fertilizing, we are unable 
 to say ; but at present only occasional localities have been able to 
 attempt it. Results of such experimenting as has been had in 
 those places affording ready transportation have been fairly satis- 
 factory — mainly owing to the fact that their earliness has given them 
 
40 Florida Sectionally Considered — South Florida. 
 
 an advantage in the markets. A poor man who comes to South Flor- 
 ida expecting to put the bulk of his capital into an orange grove, and 
 rely upon supporting himself growing vegetables until his trees mature, 
 is likely to be sooner or later disappointed, and had better post himself 
 thoroughly before he undertakes it. 
 
 In the northern part of Monroe County is the Big Cypress Swamp, 
 which lies between the Everglades and the Culf coast, and extends north- 
 ward nearly to the Caloosahatchie River. This stream, which is the 
 outlet to Lake Okeechobee, flows into Charlotte Harbor, one of the 
 finest land-locked harbors on the entire Gulf coast. The river is navi- 
 gable for its entire length of 75 miles, having a depth of about six feet, 
 at low tide, for a distance of 30 miles up from the Gulf. It is two 
 miles wide at its mouth, on the south bank of which is situated Punta 
 Rassa, noted as a port for the shipment of immense numbers of cattle 
 to Cuba, and as the terminus of the cables of the International Ocean 
 Telegraph Company, extending to Key West and Havana. About 
 twenty miles up the river is Fort Meyers, a town of considerable im- 
 portance. 
 
 Charlotte Harbor extends a considerable distance northward into 
 Manatee County, and the Myakka River, Peace Creek, and Trout- 
 eating Creek flow into it, through the central part of the county, from 
 the north and north-cast. Fisheating Creek flows through the eastern 
 portion of the county into Lake Okeechobee, which, with the Kissim- 
 mee River, form its eastern boundaries. 
 
 Manatee is a very large county and, like Monroe and Dade, com- 
 prises a considerable area of marsh and swamp lands ; but it also con- 
 tains a number of large prairies, which support many cattle. Along 
 the Gulf coast and the Manatee River, which empties into Tampa 
 Bay, near the northwest corner of the county, are fine lands, which 
 produce, besides great quantities of vegetables, some of the finest- 
 flavored oranges grown in the State, rivaling in popularity those of 
 the Indian River country. In the region near the mouth of Manatee 
 River are several of the largest and most profitable orange groves in 
 Florida, and the only coffee ever raised in the United States for 
 actual use was produced in the same locality. 
 
 The country along the Gulf coast from Key West to Punta Rassa, 
 on the Caloosahatchie, is low and insular in character, being intersected 
 by innumerable streams, and fringed with countless numbers of coral 
 islands covered with a dense growth of mangrove. North of Charlotte 
 Harbor the same protecting chain of islands extends ; but they are 
 larger, and offer facilities for cultivation, while the mainland itself is 
 higher, and supports a heavy growth of pine forest. Just north of 
 Tampa Bay, which is the next large indentation above Charlotte 
 Harbor, the coast line is marked by bluffs, along which flourishing 
 settlements are springing into existence — Clearwater Harbor, Dunedin, 
 Yellow Bluff, Tarpon Springs on the Anclote River, and Bayport being 
 already well established. 
 
 The coast of Hillsboro' and Hernando Counties is indented at 
 short intervals with bays, which form the mouths of rivers of crystal 
 
Florida Scctionally Considered — Soiilh Florida. 41 
 
 clearness. These rivers take their rise a few miles back in the country in 
 magnificent springs, whose waters are clear as crystal and whose source of 
 supply is never failing. , 
 
 Tampa Bay lies wholly in Hillsboro' County, and is a beautiful sheet of 
 water about twenty-five miles in length and from eight to twelve miles wide. 
 At its northern extremity it is divided into two large arms, known as Old 
 Tampa Bay and Hillsboro' Bay, an 1 at the head of the latter is Tampa, 
 oneofthi oldest settlements on the Gulf Coast. The peninsula which 
 separates Old Tampa and Tampx Bay from the Gulf is a heavily timbered 
 section of country, in which orange groves are being rapidly set out. 
 Here, too, are raised many of the very earliest vegetables that find their 
 way to Northern markets. 
 
 Tampa is the largest and most important city on the Gulf Coast of 
 Florida, and is the base of supply for Hillsboro', Manatee and portions of 
 Polk and Hernando Coundes. It is connected by steamers with New 
 Orleans, Cedar Keys, Key West and Havana, and by the South Florida 
 Railroad with Sanford and the St. John's River. Since the opening of this 
 railroad early in 1884, Tampa has increased in area and prosperity with 
 immense strides. In every direction the buildings of sleepy old Tampa 
 are being replaced by the new hotels, dwelling houses and blocks of stores 
 of wide awake new Tampa. The Florida Southern Railway, which con- 
 nects with the South Florida at Lakeland, gives Tampa a direct all-rail 
 route to the North ; and the new line of steamers to Havana makes it 
 one of the most important ports on the gulf. 
 
 Adjoining Hillsboro' on the east lies Polk, one of the most progressive 
 of the upper counties of South Florida. It contains much good farming 
 land, immense tracts of valuable timber, and is being rapidly settled by a 
 most excellent class of immigrants from the North and West. One of its 
 chief attractions is the vast number of clear, sandy-bottomed lakes with 
 which the whole county is dotted. These not only offer their banks for 
 beautiful budding sites and an abundant water supply for domestic uses, 
 but afford fine water protection against the injurious frosts, which, at long 
 intervals and for very short periods, find their way even thus fur south. 
 Polk County is traversed from east to west by the narrow guage South 
 Florida R. R., that extends from Sandford to Tampa, and has a branch 
 running south to Bartow, the county seat. In the eastern part of the 
 county lie large tracts of the rich bottom lands that are being drained and 
 thrown into the market at Government prices by the Disston Company. 
 So great hns been the rush into Polk County during the past year that all 
 the valuable United States lands have been pre-empted, though lands here 
 are still so cheap as to offer tempting inducements to settlers. 
 
 Hernando County lies north of Hillsboro", along the Gulf coast, and 
 is one of the richest agricultural sections of South Florida. It possesses 
 many of the characteristics of Middle Florida, having high hills and a clay 
 sub-soil. Its products are consequently more varied than those of the 
 country lying south of it, large quantities of corn, oats and other grains 
 being grown in some portions of the county. Brooksville, the county seat, 
 is its largest town. Along its northern boundary flows the Withlacoochee 
 River of the South, emptying into the Gulf, and navigable for small steam- 
 ers for a hundred miles. A number of beautiful lakes are situated in the 
 
42 Florida Scctionally Considered— Soiiili Florida. 
 
 north-eastern portion of the county, Charla-Apopka being the largest. On 
 the Homosassa River, one of the spring-fed crystal streams flowing with 
 the Gulf in the northern part of the county, is located what was, before the 
 war, one of the finest sugar plantations in the South, that of Senator David 
 Yulee. At the head of Crystal River, ten miles north of Homosassa, is a 
 growing settlement, containing half a dozen stores, a saw mill and a school 
 house. 
 
 East of Hernando County, between it and Orange, lies Sumter County, 
 centrally located and possessed of advantages of soil, climate, water priv- 
 ileges and transportation facilities unexcelled in the State. On account of 
 the facilities that are now offered for its development, this couoty will prob- 
 ably attract a larger tide of travel and immigration than any other during 
 the present year. 
 
 The navigable waters of the Ocklawaha, including the numerous lakes 
 of which it is the outlet, penetrate far into the county from the north. 
 The Withlacoochee, which forms its western boundary, is navigable lor 
 more than half its length. The Florida Southern R. R. and the Peninsu- 
 lar Division of the Florida Railway and Navigation Co.s system traverse 
 the entire length of the county. The Leesburg Division of the latter 
 system extends east through the northern part of the county, from Wild- 
 wood to Leesburg and to Tavares in Orange County. By the St. John's 
 and Lake Eustis K. R., Sumter County is placed in direct communication 
 with the St. John's River at Astor ; and Leesburg, its largest town, is 
 but seven hours' travel from Jacksonville by either of two systems of 
 railway. On the south it is in communication with Tampa by rail, via 
 Lakeland and the South Florida R. R. 
 
 Beside its general excellence, Sumter County possesses several espec- 
 ially attractive features. Directly in the middle of the county, surround- 
 ing' the village of Centre Hill, on the Florida Southern R. R., is a section 
 of rolling hill country covered with a rich black soil that would delight 
 the heart of even a Western farmer. Here is ibund in abundance both 
 lime and sand stone. 
 
 Near Lake Apopka, on the eastern boundary of the county, there are 
 hills that attain a height of five hundred leet. Such an elevation is so 
 rare in Florida that these breezy summits are eagerly bought for building 
 sites, and they will soon all be occupied by a community of hill lovers. 
 
 Five miles north from Leesburg, at an elevation of 120 feet above it, 
 begins a chain of the most delicious little spring-fed lakes that extends 
 north into Marion County. The Florida Southern R. R., on its way from 
 Leesburg to Ocala, threads its way among these, and along its line are 
 springing up a series of pleasant and flourishing villages. Among them 
 are Montclair, Fruitland Park, Lady Lake and Conant, all of them new, 
 but all in good hands, and offering excellent opportunities for investment. 
 At Fruitland Park, " Windermere," the property of Major 0.^^ P. Rooks, 
 who only reclaimed it from the unbroken wilderness five years ago, is one 
 of the finest places in the county. 
 
 The crowning glory of Sumter County is its lakes. Beside Lake Pan- 
 asofkee in the west and Lake Apopka, which lies partly within its borders 
 on the east, it contains within its limits the greater part of Lakes Harris, 
 
Florida Sectionally Considered — South Florida. 43 
 
 Griffin, Eustis and Dora, the country round about which constitutes the 
 highly vaunted " Lake Region" of Florida. It is a glorious country, and 
 is possessed of some of the most magnificent orange groves in the State; 
 but it is also attracting much attention as a truck country, and every month 
 witnesses the opening of new truck farms in this favored locality. These 
 four lakes and Lake Apopka are all connected by a series of canals with 
 the Ocklawaha River, and each of them supports several little steamers that 
 make frequent trips between the many pretty villages that dot their shores. 
 
 The lakes form a portion of ihe boundary between Sumter and Orange 
 Counties, and Eustis and Tavares, two of the most enterprising and thriv- 
 ing towns in Orange County, are located on their shores. 
 
 Orange County, which lies between Sumter and Volusia, with a 
 portion extending southward between Polk and Brevard, and another 
 northward between Marion and Volusia, is about eighty miles in length, 
 north and south, and in its widest part about fifty miles in breadth. No 
 region on the. face of the earth has been so thoroughly, skillfully and 
 persistently advertised as Orange County; and for some years its was 
 a general impression among seekers after information concerning Florida 
 that not an orange worth having was produced outside its limits, and 
 that no other quarter of the State was utterly and entirely free from 
 the effects of frost. Much of this misconception, due quite as largely 
 to the enthusiasm of new comers as to the representations of interested 
 advertisers, has disappeared ; but the genuinely superior advantages of 
 Orange County remain, and are thoroughly appreciated by its residents. 
 The natural transportation facilities afforded by the St. John's River, 
 before the construction of railroads, did much to bring Orange County 
 into prominence ; and the early inauguration of the industry of orange- 
 culture, by enterprising immigrants and far-seeing winter residents of 
 ample means, placed it in the van of progress, so far as South Florida 
 was concerned. These advantages, added to the excellence of the classes 
 of immigrants constantly settling in and improving the country, have com- 
 bined to maintain the progress which has marked its recent history. To 
 the advantages of transportation afforded by the St. John's River, which 
 skirts the entire eastern boundary of the county, are now added facilities 
 for rapid transit by rail by the St. John's and Lake Eustis Railroad, which 
 extends from Astor on the St. John's River, one hundred and forty'miles, 
 from Jacksonville to Leesburg on Lake Harris, a distance of about forty 
 miles into the heart of the "lake region;" the South Florida Railroad, 
 from Sanford to Kissimmee City in the lower part of the county and 
 thence to Tampa and Bartow, and the Leesburg Division of the Florida 
 Railway and Navigation Company's system, which has penetrated the 
 county at Tavares, where it connects with the Tavares, Orlando and At- 
 lantic Railroad, which is built to Orlando, and passes through the pro- 
 gressive city of Apopka. 
 
 Orange County contains several cities, among which Sanford and 
 Orlando are already well established centres of trade ; the former being 
 the upper terminus of steamboat lines from Jacksonville and the start- 
 ing-point of steamboats for the Upper St. John's and the Indian River 
 country, and the latter the county seat. Between the two, along the 
 
44 Florida Sectionally Considered — South Florida. 
 
 line of the South Florida Railroad', which here skirts a series of ex- 
 quisite lakes, is springing up a series of charming winter resorts, filled 
 with the cottage homes of wealthy Northerners, who here spend the 
 months from November to May, in the midst of orange groves, flowers, 
 and the other surroundings of the semi-tropics. Winter Park, Mail- 
 land, Longwood, and half a dozen more, belong to this class of cottage 
 cities. Kissimmee City, on the same line of railroad and forty miles 
 from Sanford, is but three years old, but is growing rapidly, and is at the 
 head of Kissimmee River navigation and the point of departure for 
 Lake Okeechobee steamers and for Punta Rassa on the Gulf 
 
 Kissimmee City is particularly interesting as being the headquarters of 
 two of what are known in Florida as the Disston Companies, the Kissimmee 
 Land Company, which is merely a sub-division of the Florida Land and 
 Improvement Company, and the Okeechobee Land Company, which was 
 formerly the Atlantic and Gulf Coast Canal and Okeechobee Land Company. 
 These companies are the outgrowth of the purchase in t88i, by Mr. 
 Hamilton Disston, of Philadelphia, of 4,000,000 acres of Florida lands at 
 twenty-five cents per acre. The effecting of this great sale, though keenly 
 criticised at the time, has proved of incalculable benefit to the State, and 
 reflects lustre upon the administration under which it was consummated. 
 Up to that date no railroads could be built because no titles could be 
 obtained to State lands. The State was burdened with an indebtedness of 
 one million dollars for which the public lands were pledged. A decree 
 has been written, though it was never issued, for a sale of State lands to 
 satisfy the clamorous creditors. No oft'ers were made in this country or 
 Europe that approached a solution of the difficulty until in 1 881, when 
 Mr. Disston offered the amount of the entire indebtedness for 4,000,000 
 acres of land. 
 
 At this time Mr. Disston was Treasurer of the Okeechobee Land Com- 
 pany, which is engaged in lowering the water in Lake Okeechobee, and 
 draining mimense bodies of land known as swamp, and overflowed, that lie 
 adjacent to the great lake and its feeders and outlets. The 4,000,000 acre 
 purchase was made a-nd drainage operations were begun about the same time. 
 
 Since then the mileage of railroads within the State limits has more than 
 trebled and so has the number of steamers plying on the St. John's River. 
 Immigration into the State is increasing 100 per cent, annually, and the 
 annual increase of tourist travel is over fifty per cent. Above all, as a 
 result of these gigantic schemes, and the vast amount of advertising that the 
 State receives through them, the attention of capitalists is turned toward 
 Florida more than toward any other State in the Union. 
 
 As the greater part of the Disston purchase and all the drainage opera- 
 ations are within the limits of South Florida, it is this portion of the State 
 more than any other that is directly benefited, and it is at Kissimmee City 
 more than at any other point that their immediate results are ..apparent. 
 Here the dredges are built, and from here they are operated. The beauti- 
 ful Lake, Tahopekaliga, at the northern extremity of which Kissimmee 
 City is located, has been lowered six feet by the drainage operations ; and, 
 at its lower end, what was once a vast impassable swamp, almost entirely 
 submerged, is now a flourishing field of sugar cane. A broad canal has 
 
Florida Sectionally Considered — South Florida. 45 
 
 been cut through Cross Prairie four miles to East Tahopekaliga Lake, 
 which heretofore has had no regular outlet, and by its means vast tracts of 
 land formerly worthless now await cultivation. 
 
 Although much has been done in this direction, the work is only 
 begun, and for many years to come Kissimmee City will be an important 
 point as the headquarters of these gigantic undertakings. 
 
 While in the interior these drainage canals are being dug, the eastern 
 coast is the scene of equally important canal operations, and when the 
 Florida Coast Line Company's Canal is opened from St. Augustine to 
 Biscayne Bay, a wonderful change for the better will be effected in the 
 Indian River Country. This coast canal now very nearly connects the 
 Matanzas and Halifax Rivers, and work upon it is progressing very satis- 
 factorily. 
 
 People are pouring into the peninsular portion of the State in wonder- 
 ful numbers, and the development of this section is equal to anything that 
 has occurred in the history of Western civilization. Lands are rapidly en- 
 hancing in value, and maturing groves are commanding fabulous prices. 
 
 How firm the foundation may be upon which this visible prosperity 
 now rests, the future alone can disclose. Everything is so far secondary 
 to orange planting that there is little else seen upon which to base cal- 
 culations. 
 
 So far the wealth that has developed the section has been carried there 
 from elsewhere, and has not been the result of domestic production ; but 
 no man familiar with the conditions there can doubt that thousands of 
 souls are yet to find in South Florida the one place in North America 
 where they can realize their ideal of a semi-tropical home, where a life of 
 easy comfort can be enjoyed under laws and political institutions adapted 
 to American genius. It is a land where meet the best tempered edges of 
 two zones, and where the most desirable features of each blend harmon- 
 iously ; where the Southern palm lazily waves an evergreen welcome to the 
 sturdy Northern oak ; where the golden fruit of the tropics ripens side 
 by side with the ruddy representative of colder climes ; and where the 
 breath of the South Sea trade winds comes laden with ozone from the 
 boundless ocean, calling back the roses to pale cheeks that have blanched 
 under the ruder touch of borean blasts. 
 
Pi^eparing Land for an Orange Grove, 
 
 BY MAJOR O. P. ROOKS. 
 
 THE writer of the following article, Major O. P. Rooks, of Fruitland 
 Park, Sumter County, is a living example of what can be done in 
 Florida by men of energy and intelligence on a very small capital. 
 Major Rooks went to Florida, from Philadelphia, six years ago, 
 with health so shattered that his case had been pronounced hopeless, and 
 having recently met with a series of business reverses that had swept away 
 his property, leaving him the modest sum of $1,200 with which to start 
 life anew. 
 
 He selected a homestead of 160 acres in what was then a wilderness, five 
 miles north of Leesburg, in Sumter County, built a modest house of two 
 rooms on the banks of a small, but beautiful, lake, sent for his family and 
 set to work. The site that he had chosen for his future home was a high 
 sandy ridge, covered with a growth of pine and black jack, and pro- 
 nounced by the old settlers of the county to be utterly worthless and too 
 poor to grow cow peas, let alone oranges. But the land was dry and roll- 
 ing, it was I 20 feet higher than the level <^'^ Leesburg, it was dotted with 
 sand-bottomed, spring-fed lakes, and everything seemed to indicate that it 
 was perfectly healthy ; so Major Rooks located there, despite the warnings 
 of the old settlers, and there he has been ever since. 
 
 To-day he is hale and hearty, enjoys as good health as any man in the 
 State, and estimates the value of his property at about $50,000. His beau- 
 tiful place, which he calls " Windermere,"' is one of the show places of the 
 county, and the ten acres of land surrounding his house are filled with 
 every known variety of the citrus family, guavas, pine apples, and an infinite 
 variety of other fruits, besides hundreds of rare tropical trees, shrubs and 
 flowering plants. His vegetable garden would delight the heart of a Long 
 Island truck farmer, and his herd of milch cows supply his table with milk, 
 cream and butter, from one year's end to the other. .Above all there has 
 sprung up around him a thriving settlement of cultivated people from 
 England and from the North, who have built and are constantly erecting 
 pretty cottages in every direction among the lakes. The Florida Southern 
 Railway traverses the settlement, and all its evidences are of a growing and 
 substantial prosperity. 
 
 Within six more years this whole beautiful lake country will be one 
 vast orange grove. Major Rooks has set out several luge groves for him- 
 
Preparing Land for an Orange Grove. 47 
 
 self and others, and has already a number of bearing trees. An article 
 written by a man of his experience should certainly possess great value for 
 beginners in this fascinating business. — Editor. 
 
 The most serious problem confronting the settler of small means, who 
 has located in Florida, and desires to make an orange grove, is how to 
 meet the expenses of the first few years. In every case there is an interval 
 of trial more or less prolonged between the acquisition of land and the 
 producing of a bearing grove; and to many, this period of anxious, and 
 often unremunerative waiting, presents a fatal barrier to their hopes of ever 
 becoming successful orange growers. It is for the benefit of these begin- 
 ners, and in hopes of being able to give them a few hints as to the taking 
 of the first steps, that I have complied with the request of the editor of this 
 Annual to state my methods. 
 
 The first thing to be done after the land for the future grove has been 
 secured; is to clear the same. In my own case I have not only been able 
 to clear my land and make it pay all the expense thus incurred, but have 
 realized a profit from the same during the first year. 
 
 We will suppose that the grove is to cover five acres of ground, which 
 is ample to start with. The laud is the same as mine, high rolling pine 
 land, v/ith a clay sub-soil, and covered with a thick undergrowth of blick 
 jack, v/illow oak and persimmon, with an occasional live oak or water oak 
 standing here and there. 
 
 The tools to be used in clearing it are a long handled shovel, an axe, 
 a hammock hoe, and a double-bladed steel mattock. The land is first 
 grubbed systematically and carefully, and the black jack roots are cut oif 
 ten or twelve inches below the surface, to prevent future sprouting. Then 
 they are collected in piles and left to dry until ready for the stove. There 
 is no wood in Florida the ash of which contains so much potash as the 
 root of the black jack. From five acres of land thus cleared I have ob- 
 tained a year's supply of the best stove wood, and from eight to ten barrels 
 of ashes. These pay the expense of grubbing. 
 
 Next, with a Dixie plow, turn under the wire grass, pine needles, burrs, 
 oak leaves, and all other vegetable matter already on the land, instead of 
 burning it, as is the common practice. The accumulation of several years 
 of this natural mulch is equal to so many crops of cow peas when turned 
 under as a fertilizer. 
 
 Now uncover the tap roots of the pine trees, by digging beside each a 
 hole about three feet deep and two feet across. Make up your mind which 
 way you wish the tree to fall, and dig the hole on that side. Collect all 
 the broken pine branches, lightwood knots and old logs, on your land, 
 and make a pile of this inflammable material, cut small, in each hole. 
 Prepare forty trees in this manner and have them already for firing before 
 you apply the match to one. Then Hght them ail at once, and after that 
 one man can attend to this number of fires. 
 
 When you first uncover the tap root cut a few gashes in it with your 
 axe, and it will catch fire the more easily. In from thirty-six to forty- 
 eight hours the tap root will be burned through, and the tree will fall, tear- 
 ing up, as it does so, most of the lateral roots. 
 
48 Preparing Land for an Orange Grove. 
 
 Cut and split all available portions of the fallen trees into fence rails, 
 burn the rooti and branches, fill up the holes, and your ground is 
 thoroughly cleared and ready for cultivation, with no unsightly stumps 
 left to worry you and interfere with your future labors. If this work has 
 been done with hired labor, the actual expense is not over thirty dollars 
 per acre. 
 
 We will suppose that this work of clearing has been done in the 
 winter. In February or March plant cow peas, and during the two following 
 months, cultivate them twice. In June or July, when the peas are in bud, 
 plow a furrow between every two rows, pull up the vines, trample them 
 mto the furrows, and cover them with the plow. On the ridges thus 
 formed plant sweet potatoes. From land thus treated I have uniformly 
 harvested from one hundred to one hundred and ninety bushels of the 
 finest sweet potatoes in the following December. 
 
 After the sweet potatoes are gathered, turn the vines under and prepare 
 the ground for your grove by plowing and harrowing. 
 
 Meantime a nursery has been started, and you now have little trees 
 nearly a year old and ready to bud. If you can afford it, however, you 
 would better plant your first five acres with two-year-old trees, having one- 
 year-old buds, which can be bought for from thirty to fifty cents apiece, or 
 even with much older trees ; of course what you will do in this matter 
 depends entirely upon the length of your purse. If you have cattle set 
 out your trees in rows. 20 feet by 50 feet apart, and cow-pen between the 
 rows by means of a portable fence, leaving the cattle for about a week in 
 each spot, before moving the fence along. If you have no cattle, set the 
 trees out in rows, 35 feet by 35 feet apart. In any case plant vegetables 
 and small fruits between the rows ; of these latter nothing is more profit- 
 able than hardy guavas, which wiU begin to bear in the second year from 
 the seed. Pien-to, or flat peaches, have also afforded me good returns, and 
 they will bear in three years from the seed. 
 
 Pay especial attention to your nursery, and plant in it every seed you 
 can get hold of; you can never have too many nursery trees, and you will 
 always find a good market for all you do not wish to use yourself 
 
 Be constantly on the outlook for natural fertilizers. You cannot make 
 your land too rich for orange trees, for they are the most voracious devourers 
 of plant food that I know of Gather up all the debris of the woods, 
 leaves, pine needles, etc., carefully save all stable manure, and in the dry 
 season dig muck from the edges of the lakes and ponds. It will pay you 
 in the end. Remember that nothing you can raise requires better feeding 
 or more unremitting care and attention than the orange tree. 
 
 Phenomenal trees hive been known to bear truit at the age of five years 
 from the seed ; but as a general thing orange trees must be ten years old 
 before they bear at all, and twelve years old before they yield paying crops. 
 For five years after that, or until they are between fifteen and twenty years 
 old, their yield will double with each year. At their maturity they will 
 yield from twenty to forty dollars ($20 to $40) worth of fruit apiece every 
 year, and with from seventy-five to one hundred trees to the acre, you can 
 calculate the profits for yourselves. 
 
Preparing Land for an Orange Grove. 49 
 
 At present prices a thrifiy two-year-old grove is worth about $300 per 
 acre : and I have known older groves, not yet in bearing, to sell for $1,000 
 per acre ; while for bearing groves, well located, such fabulous prices are 
 paid by wealthy Northerners every winter, that I will not lest your cred- 
 ulity by quoting them. 
 
 The following classification and description of the several varieties of 
 orange most successfully and profitably grown in Florida, is given by Wm. 
 Lipsey, a nurseryman of Archer. 
 
 Magnum Bonum. — Size, large to very large ; color, clear, light orange ; 
 skin thm, smooth and glossy ; pulp, fine, tender, melting, juicy, sweet and 
 vinous. 
 
 Homosassa. — Medium size, skin very thin, remarkably smooth and 
 satiny ; color, bright ; pulp very fine ; remarkably juicy, sweet, vinous and 
 fine flavor. 
 
 Nonpareil. — Size, above medium ; bright color ; skin thin, pulp tender 
 and melting ; juice, sub-acid and vinous. 
 
 Old Vini. — Size, above medium ; color, dark orange ; skin rather rough ; 
 pulp somewhat coarse, juicy, sweet and remarkable for a sprightly aro- 
 matic flavor. 
 
 Peerless. — Fruit closely resembles Magnum Bonum ; very large, round ; 
 color, light clear orange; skm smooth and thin ; fruit heavy and juicy, sub- 
 acid ; flavor, delicious. 
 
 Navel. — Size, large to very large ; skin rough, rather thick and tough ; 
 pulp very fine, melting, tender, juicy, sweet and good flavor ; valuable for 
 late ripening and carrying qualities. 
 
 Tardiff. — Large, dark orange ; skin smooth and thin ; fine grain, juicy 
 and sweet; valuable on account of its late ripening, juicy and good after 
 all others are gone. 
 
 Maltese Blood. — Fruit, large, sweet, juicy and seedless ; pulp red veins, 
 and'when fully ripe and perfect, it is said to be blood red all through; 
 tree thornless. 
 
 Sweet Seville. — Small; color, dark; skin, thin; juicy; pulp very fine, 
 juicy, melting, very sweet and sprightly. 
 
 Mediterranean Svjeet. — Large, bright, thin skin, juicy, sweet and de- 
 licious ; an early and prolific bearer ; thornless. 
 
 Mandarin or Tangerine. — Color, dark orange or more crimson ; rind 
 loose, separating readily from pulp ; sells at large prices in the fashionable 
 markets. 
 
 Satsuma. — Size, medium; flattened, deep orange color ; smooth, thin 
 rind, which is sweet, aromatic and easily detached from the pulp ; color of 
 pulp, dark orange ; segments part freely ; fine grain, tender, juicy, sweet 
 and delicious ; thornless and seedless. 
 
 The following estimates are approximately true of the comparative 
 results from one acre of land under proper cultivation, viz. : 
 
 One acre, properly cultivated, with good reliable seed, planted in good 
 land, well drained, in corn, will produce twenty-five bushels, worth $25. 
 With fifteen dollars' worth of fertilizer, properly applied, this result may be 
 increased to fifty bushels, worth $50. 
 
50 A Model Florida Farm. 
 
 In cotton, the same land, tillage, manure, labor and expense may pro- 
 duce $80. 
 
 In sweet potatoes under similar circumstances, with much less labor 
 and exi)ense, the producer will get at least two hundred bushels, 
 worth >^ioo. 
 
 The same acre in orange trees, in full bearing, will yield two hundred 
 and fifty boxes of oranges, worth to the producer $500. 
 
 As to freight, transportation companies receive none of the corn and 
 a very small proportion of the svv-eet potatoes produced. From the cotton 
 they receive but a small sum for transporting as compared with the sums 
 realized for carrying the orange crop. In cotton it requires sixteen acres 
 to till a car, while it requires two cars to carry the produce of one acre in 
 oranges. Practically the merchants of the town and the people thereof 
 have from every acre of oranges sold $500 added to the circulating medium 
 of the community, while from each acre in cotton they receive less 
 than $100. 
 
 Of course it requires, as a rule, about ten years from the seed for an 
 acre of oranges under ordinary culture to yield two hundred and filiy 
 boxes of oranges. Nevertheless, this has been accomplished in som.; 
 instances in six years, and frequently in seven or eight years, by thorough 
 cultivation. To the producer the cost of transportation to the railroad 
 or steamboat is of paramount importance. Distance from point of delivery 
 rapidly diminishes the profits on field crops, and those of orchards and 
 groves. To illustrate, take ten acres, eight or ten miles away from lines of 
 transportation. Only one load can be delivered per day, and with man 
 and team at $3.50, the cost for the cotton will be at least 70c. per bale ; 
 corn, II cts. per bushel ; sweet potatoes, per bushel, 12^ cts.; oranges, 
 20 cts. per box. 
 
 Or, to sum up, the actual cost of delivery will be : 
 
 For ten acres, cotton, - _ _ $7.00 
 
 " " " corn, - - - 55-00 
 
 " " " sweet potatoes, - - 250.00 
 
 " " " oranges, - - 500.00 
 
 The cost within two miles would not exceed one-fourth, probably one- 
 fifth of the above estimate. Hence it is evident that it is far better to pur- 
 chase good orange land convenient to transportation at one hundred 
 dollars per acre, than to pay eight or ten dollars per acre for land eight or 
 ten miles distant from the line of transportation. 
 
 A MODEL FLORIDA FARM. 
 
 In connection with this article by Major Rooks, it is interesting to 
 know what can be done with a small farm in Floridaby judicious planting, 
 well directed industry and liberal fertilizing, and this is well illustrated by 
 the following article taken from the Florida Dispatch. 
 
 Within two or three miles of Jacksonville, and on the river bank, west 
 of that city, is a small farm of about twelve acres, owned by Capt. William 
 
A Model Florida Farm. 5 1 
 
 James, and which, diminutive as it is, shows what " intensive " farming will 
 do. In this contracted space are concentrated a variety of productions, 
 producing profitable crops, that would do credit to a five hundred acre 
 farm. 
 
 Capt. James came from Illinois in 1869, and selected this place, though 
 one of the most unpromising in the neighborhood, and determined to see 
 what could be done with Florida land. After four years of hard toil and 
 abundant fertilizing, it was in a condition to produce crops, and to-day 
 the soil is making its owner a return that is the wonder of the whole 
 country around for miles. It is yielding him a handsome competence, 
 and promises him in the near (uture, an independent fortune, as fortunes 
 are estimated 'in agricultural communities. The land has increased in 
 value presumably from five to seven hundred times its original value. 
 
 Ranking first in importance are the three orange groves of five hundred 
 trees, and of various ages. These groves will soon be consolidated into 
 one, by filling up the intervening spaces. A considerable portion of the 
 trees are nine, and a few fifteen years old. The two younger portions are 
 not yet in bearing condition, but from the portion that is, there were sent 
 North last year 185 boxes — and the present season promises to increase 
 that yield over one-half. Clean cultivation is insisted upon. 
 
 Next in importance, if it does not rank first, as it certainly does as a 
 rare and curious feature of Florida agriculture, is a grove of one hundred 
 Japan Plum trees, on about three-fourths of an acre of ground. If we 
 correctly understood our informant, they are but eight years old, and bear 
 an average of three bushels to the tree. These plums realize in the North- 
 ern markets twenty-five cents per quart at the lowest, and sometimes forty 
 and fifty cents. Beautiful as an orange grove is, this plum grove takes 
 just now the champion belt for beauty over the tree with the golden 
 fruit. It is, at present, in full bloom, and exceedingly fragrant, the fruit 
 ripening in January. Oh! think of that. Northerner, as you shiver over 
 your blazing fires in bleak New England ! And then, strawberries will 
 be ripe when the sleigh bells are jingling over your snow-clad hills and 
 valleys. 
 
 Strawberries, yes — two acres of them on the low damp soil, close by 
 the river, are growing luxuriantly near the plum grove ; from this "patch " 
 eight thousand quarts of berries were gathered last season. On the west 
 side of the dwelling — a comfortable, but unpretentious structure — another 
 acre has just been planted, and in due season will tell the inevitable tale 
 of careful cultivation. These berries, when ripe, all go North in refriger- 
 ators of a capacity of from forty- eight to one hundred and twenty quarts, 
 but chiefly in such as contain eighty quarts, and they arrive at their desti- 
 nation as fresh as when first put into the boxes for shipment. 
 
 Then, there is another novelty — a fig orchard of half an acre, only two 
 years old, yet producing last season a profitable crop. Relative to this 
 orchard or grove we obtained but little information, except that it was a 
 decided success. 
 
 Nor do even the Japanese persimmon trees, of which there are several on 
 the place, with fruit as large as a good sized apple, fill the full measure of 
 what might be termed rare and unusual productions in this latitude, for 
 
52 
 
 A Model Florida Farm. 
 
 there are Pecan trees in full bearing.- The nuts are abundant, and find 
 ready sale in Northern markets. 
 
 Adjacent to the house is quite a variety of flowers, among which 
 several kinds of roses are conspicuous. Not far from these is a Date 
 Palm, some twenty-five or thirty feet high, and it is worth going many 
 miles to see, although it is but merely an infant, being only ten years old. 
 
 There are several varieties of peaches grown, but the Northern species 
 do not seem to take kindly to the soil and climate ; while the Concord 
 and Isabella grape show even less appreciation of this salubrious clime ; 
 but his large vineyard of the Scuppernong grape manifests, by a bounteous 
 yield, that it is "lo the manor born." 
 
 An abundant grass crop. Now don't incredulously smile»at that — for it 
 is true 1 The crop of grass — crab and crow-foot — was indeed a gratifying 
 one last season. If no error was committed in noting the statements 
 made, there were some three tons to the acre harvested — twenty-five large 
 hay-wagon loads from an area of less than three acres, and this too in 
 defiance of the "cracker " notion that grass for hay will not grow in paying 
 quantities in Florida. A single bale of this hay, at our agricultural fair last 
 year, won a ten-dollar premium. 
 
 As a protection againsi cold and violent winds, as well as against frost 
 in winter, the three orange groves (soon to be one) on the north and west 
 are hedged in by rows of water oaks and cedars ; these keep off", or rather 
 break the force of the strong winds, and thus aff"ord a degree of warmth, 
 which, however slight, has been found sufficient to preserve the trees from 
 injury ; the growth of natural timber or " woods " a little distance away on 
 one side, and the river on the other, also serving the same useful purpose. 
 
 The owner of this place has purchased the right to use all the manure 
 of an extensive livery stable in Jacksonville, and applies to each acre about 
 twenty-five double loads annually, and of commercial fertilizer from three 
 to five hundred pounds. Thus the soil is well fed and grows more pro- 
 ductive and valuable every year, in spite of the heavy drain upon it, and 
 in a ratio far exceeding the expense, heavy as it is. 
 
 The reader has now been given a sketch of what we think he will 
 concede to be a model farm, though but a small one ; still it shows what 
 can be done with Florida land, and is a conclusive proof of the efficacy of 
 intensive, farming ; and it is likewise an evidence of what resolute, per- 
 severing effort will achieve in rendering fertile what are now apparently 
 sterile wastes of land. Three words cover the whole case — industry, tact 
 iiYid/ertilizers. 
 
Resources of Florida. 53 
 
 Resources of Florida, 
 
 STAPLE COMMODITIES. 
 
 THE staple commodities of Florida for markets outside the State 
 are enlarging in number. The long and short staple cotton, 
 corn, rye, oats, rice, sugar, syrup, tobacco, vegetables of almost 
 every variety, and fruits, tropical and semi-tropical, as well as 
 most of those grown in temperate zones, fish, sponge, lumber, turpen- 
 tine, resin, etc., are the most prominent. The cereals grown in the 
 United States generally do well also in Florida, with the exception, 
 perhaps, of wheat, which is supposed to be more subject to rust in 
 Florida than further north. For the want of proper mills for converting 
 the grain into flour, but few experiments have been made in wheat. 
 
 In the census of 1880 the average of the corn crop of the State of 
 Georgia per acre is put down at 9.2 bushels. South Carolina at 9.3 
 bushels, and Florida at 9.4 bushels. Florida, therefore, is not entirely 
 in the rear. The average per acre of the oat crop in Alabama is put 
 down at 9.2 bushels, and Florida at 9.4 bushels. 
 
 A larger area in Florida is suited to the growth of Sea Island cotton 
 than in any other one of the States. Indeed about half the whole 
 American supply is raised in this State. 
 
 At the Atlanta Exposition, in 1882, a bag of long-staple cotton, from 
 Levy County, Florida, took the first premium. 
 
 As this staple brings double and sometimes treble the price of the 
 short staple, the localities best suited to its growth will be turned to its 
 production. 
 
 The small grain cereals generally have been found to do well in 
 Florida as far as they have been tried. Rice does finely, even on the 
 poor pine lands when sufficiently fertilized. After cow-penning the 
 ground, 60 bushels per acre have been produced. The reclaimed 
 swamp lands will be eminently fitted for its production. While this 
 grain feeds a majority of the world's people, the straw is excellent 
 forage for horses and cattle. But the sugar-cane will, perhaps, be the 
 larger crops on the richer lands, whether swamp, low hammock or 
 high. The world's demand for the product of the cane is enlarging, 
 the price is enhancing, and no substitute has yet been found that will 
 adequately supply its place. Another incentive to its production is 
 the improved machinery brought into use in the last few years for con- 
 verting its juice into sugar and syrup, and purifying its granulations up 
 to the highest grades. 
 
f4 Resources of Florida. 
 
 Jute is now being experimented with in this climate, and with every 
 prospect of success. This is the proper soil and climate for it. Its 
 growth will diversify Florida crops, and the manufacture of its fibre 
 will diversify labor, and diversity of lab:f is one of the great wants 
 of the South. There will be a home demand for the manufactured 
 article. This will save expense of freightage from abroad and import 
 duties upon arrival. 
 
 Another plant proaucmg textile fibre is the Sisal hemp. This 
 piant was introduced into Florida while yet a Territory, from Yucatan, 
 by one Dr. Perrine, who engaged with the United States Government 
 to introduce and grow tropical plants, in consideration of a township 
 of land south of the 26th degree of north latitude. His enterprise, for 
 some cause, failed, and the grant failed with it; but some of the plants 
 he in'roduced found in the locality a genial home, and still live without 
 attention and tillage. 
 
 TROPICAL AND SEMI-TROPICAl- FRUITS. 
 
 The pineapple is largely an air plant, and in a suitable clim.ate will 
 do well, even in a poor soil. Very fine pineapples have been grown as 
 far north as Tampa, about 28 degrees north latitude, and will do well 
 up to 29 degrees. On the islands between Key West and the mainland 
 and along the Indian River it is a staple crop. Indeed it may be 
 grown profitably anywhere south of 29 degrees north. 
 
 The cocoanut just at present is attracting great attention in the 
 counties of Monroe and Dade. There are trees in prosperous and 
 prolific bearing at Fort Myers, near the northern boundary of Monroe 
 County. With a little protection to the plant for the first several years 
 during the coldest nights it will do well as far north as the Manatee 
 River. 
 
 The date-palm, from which is obtained the date of commerce, is a 
 somewhat hardier plant than the cocoanut, and will do well further 
 north ; date-trees, and very old ones, are bearing at St. Augustine, 
 and in Franklin County, at Apalachicola As yet this fruit has not at- 
 tracted much attention as an investment, as about twenty years are 
 generally required to obtain fruit from the seed. 
 
 The guava, a tree in its size and shape and manner of growth not 
 unlike the peach-tree, does about as well in the southern counties of 
 Florida as it can anywhere. From its fruit is made the guava jelly of 
 commerce, so widely and so favorably known over the world. The 
 taste for the fruit, like the taste for most tropical fruits, is an acquired 
 one, but when acquired is fully endorsed. Some persons like the fruit 
 upon first tasting it, but the majority require frequent tasting before 
 the flavor becomes decidedly agreeable. The full crop jipens in 
 August and September, but the trees have blossoms and fruit all the 
 year, and all the year the fruit is ripening. They grow with less atten- 
 tion than the peach, and sometimes bear the second year from the seed. 
 The fruit is ordinarily about the size of the peach, and fully as varied 
 in size and quality. So far experience has demonstrated no other 
 
Resources of Florida. 55 
 
 means of utilizing this fruit for market than by canning, or as jelly 
 and marmalade. 
 
 The "sugar-apple " is placed by the Spaniards at or near the head 
 of the fruit list for its excellence. In its flavor it is one of the most 
 concentrated sweets known among fruits; but the first taste has a smack 
 of somethmg repulsive, soon lost in a few repetitions, and then the 
 acquired taste is very agreeable. It grows upon a shrub but little, if 
 any, larger than the pomegranate, and in size and shape is somewhat 
 like the pine cone. It decays too soon after ripening for transporta- 
 tion, and as yet has established a use only at home. It thrives as far 
 nortn as Tampa. 
 
 The pomegranate, several varieties of sweet and sour, grows finely 
 in every part of the State. It is not a marketable product, but when 
 properly prepared makes a most delightful sub-acid summer drink — is 
 a decided febrifuge much in vogue. The tree with its rich foliage 
 and brilliant coral-like flowers is highly ornamental. 
 
 The coffee-plant has attained maturity in the open air in but one 
 county in the State, or even the United States. It sometimes attains 
 a height of ten or twelve feet Mrs. Atzeroth, of Manatee County, has 
 sent several pounds of the matured grain to Washington City, and re- 
 ceived a premium for the same. She is engaged mainly, however, in 
 raising the plants for sale. Whether it can be grown profitably on a 
 large scale, and will figure among the available crops of Florida, is yet 
 to be tested. 
 
 The mango is another tropical fruit of high flavor, and is now 
 bearing abundantly as far north as the 28th degree of north latitude. 
 In size and shape it somewhat resembles a pear, and in flavor has been 
 likened to the apricot. This is a marketable fruit — finds ready sale in 
 Texas and Louisiana markets. 
 
 The sappadillo (after a little familiarity with it) is a very luscious 
 and desirable fruit. The tree attains about the dimensions of the 
 orange, but will not stand the cold quite so well. A few trees are 
 growing as far north as the Manatee River. They are not yet in bear- 
 ing, but, as they grow finely, promise well. 
 
 The alligator pear, or Laurus Persea {Linnceus), is a tree somewhat 
 larger than the orange, resembling in the general appearance of its 
 foliage and growth the magnolia. The fruit, when matured, is about 
 the shape and color (the only similarities) of the pear, is palatable, 
 flavor peculiar to itself. Preferred by many to any other tropical fruit. 
 Is marketable; bears transportation quite as well as the orange. Attains 
 perfection as far north as 29 degrees north latitude. As yet has 
 attracted little attention. 
 
 The orange can be more extensively and profitably grown in Florida 
 than in any other State of the Union. Louisiana, Texas, and California 
 will in time compete with us in the production of this popular fruit ; 
 but from advantages we enjoy in certain peculiarities of climate, soil, 
 and seasons, it is more than likely that Florida will ever retain a superi- 
 ority over any other section of- the country in its production. 
 
 The history of orange-growing in Florida as an industry is very 
 
55 Resources of Florida. 
 
 recent, though the primeval forests abound, in some localities, in native 
 wild groves. With the first settlement of St. Augustine by the Span- 
 iards it is probable that the orange was planted and cultivated with 
 success. During the period of American occupation, from the cession 
 in 1819-21 up to the close of the civil war in 1865, many Floridians 
 had planted and matured extensive groves, prominent among which 
 was the renowned Dummit Grove on Indian River, together with others 
 of less size at St. Augustine and at several points along the St. John's 
 River and at Tampa Bay. Still these ante-bellum groves were merely 
 among the embellishments of home surroundings with a few wealthy 
 proprietors, as fish-ponds or other ornamental features sometimes are 
 upon the premises of Northern men of wealth ; but nowhere in Flor- 
 ida was orange-growing regarded as a business to be pursued solely for 
 profit. 
 
 After tne .ate war the winter climate of Florida was sought by hun- 
 dreds of Northern people in pursuit of health. The beauty of the rich 
 golden fruit, amid its dark, green foliage, attracted the eye, and, as 
 many of these visitors bought and improved homes along the banks of 
 the St. John's and other accessible points, they began the propagation 
 of the orange. Gradually the facilities for its culture and the wonder- 
 ful profitableness of the business became apparent, and induced invest- 
 ments in small tracts for the purpose. Year after year, as at various 
 points additional trees and young plantings came into bearing, the 
 great superiority of the Florida fruit over any other made itself felt in 
 the North. The demand for " Florida oranges" began to grow, prices 
 advanced, improved methods of propagating by budding, pruning, and 
 fertilizing obtained ; year by year the demand and supply continued to 
 increase. Soon choice locations adapted to the culture of the fruit 
 began enhancing in value — lots that for fifty years had remained 
 vacant at $1.25 per acre, were found to command and readily bring $50 
 to $100 per acre. And so the enormous profitableness of this industry 
 became noised abroad, and the " Orange fever" was fairly established, 
 and not without good cause; for, however extravagantly the subject 
 has in many instances been treated by some writers, not always with- 
 out selfish purposes in inducing sale and settlement of lands, there is 
 no shadow of doubt as to the really sure and safe ground for the invest- 
 ment of untold thousands of dollars in making orange groves. One 
 grove alone, the Harris, will yield its proprietor 163,000 net profit this 
 year. 
 
 One thousand dollars per acre per annum has time and again been 
 realized from this business. Indeed, double that amount per acre has 
 been frequently made ; and with proper culture and fertilization, 
 where the latter is needed, $1,000 per acre is an available crop. Like 
 all excellent things, orange culture has many and serious obstacles to 
 its successful accomplishment Being a new business, there is not a 
 vast amount of experience to govern and direct the beginner. Almost 
 as many different theories exist as to the most approved methods of 
 culture as there are men engaged in it. 
 
 The natural enemies of the tree and fruit are numerous, and not 
 
Resources of Florida. 57 
 
 very well understood. An entomologist, recently sent from tl.e fiureau 
 at Washington, reports having discovered no less than thirty-five differ- 
 ent insects that are in a greater or less degree damaging to the orange. 
 Judicious selection of locality, as well as location for groves, are most 
 important matters. The selection of stocks, buds, seeds, and the best 
 methods of planting, protecting and cultivating, are all material factors 
 of success. Frosts, droughts, gales, and other casualties are to be 
 considered, and time is largely of the essence of the undertaking. We 
 believe, from experience thus far, that on a?i average it requires twelve 
 or fifteen years to make an orange grove very profitable from the time 
 of planting. True it is that in some, perhaps many, instances, where 
 the environments were in all respects most favorable, much better re- 
 sults have been obtained. 
 
 The writer has had numerous inquiries made of him from all parts 
 of the country as to the advisability of poor men going to Florida 
 for the purpose of engagmg m orange culture. He is frequently asked : 
 " How much capital is required to enable a man to engage in growing 
 oranges ?" " Can a man with very moderate means put out an orange 
 grove and make a support off the land while the trees are growing ?" etc. 
 These, like many others of analogous character, are very pertinent in- 
 quiries, but quite beyond most persons' capacity to answer. The 
 amount of capital required depends, of course, on the extent to which 
 the enterprise is pursued. The cost of land, trees, labor, and support 
 are all involved, and these vary as to localities, and what might be 
 thought a support by different people. 
 
 It has been customary heretofore by writers on this subject to sub- 
 mit estimates of the cost of these several items, appended to which 
 frequently occurs such an entry as " Value of five acres in bearing trees, 
 
 at 7 years old, $ ," etc. . We will attempt no such table. We have 
 
 been quite unable to reconcile the great discrepancies of experimenters 
 in their estimates of bringing a grove into bearing ; too much so, at any 
 rate, to be able to digest therefrom reliable data for the guidance of 
 others. 
 
 We believe, however, that orange-growing, while it of course can 
 be engaged in at a decided advantage by those who have means to con- 
 duct it on a cash basis, and be independent of support until such time 
 as the grove is an assured success, does not, nevertheless, present any 
 insurmountable features to *' poor men," — by which term we mean, in 
 this instance, men without ready money and dependent upon their 
 own labor for a support. Indeed, in the knowledge of the writer, 
 many of the most successful and to-day independent orange propri- 
 etors in Florida began the business with no other capital than their own 
 labor. 
 
 But for fear of misleading minds prone to overlook the details when 
 so dazzlinoj a prospect is offered them of converting in a few years 
 acres of $1.25 land into bonanzas yielding princely incomes, we caution 
 them that there is a long, hungry gap between raw pine woods and 
 groves of bearing orange-trees. It takes hard work, plenty of pluck, 
 assured health, good luck, and favorable auspices. To all of which a 
 
58 Resources of Florida. 
 
 large family, bad health, indolei>ce, inexperience, or accidents are 
 possible drawbacks. 
 
 It has been urged that the profits of orange-growing would directly 
 attract so many to the business as to overstock the market and break 
 it down ; but a little reflection will dissipate such fears. Apples sell 
 as readily now, and at as good prices, as they did forty years ago, and 
 yet there are millions of acres suitable to growing apples where there 
 are hundreds suitable for growing oranges, and there are millions of 
 apples now on the market where there used to be one. If the apple 
 nidrket cannot be so overstocked as to break it down, much less can 
 the market for oranges. The consumption of the orange within the 
 United States is put down at 600,000,000 per annum. A little above 
 50,000,000 of that supply is furnished at home; the remainder, aj 
 shown at the custom-houses, is made up of receipts from abroad. 
 Florida furnishes about one-twelfth of the supply, while foreign 
 sources furnish the other eleven-twelfths. Florida fruit is of a better 
 quahty and richer flavor, and the foreign article finds a market among 
 us only because the home supply fails to meet the demand. And 
 this demand is increasing almost as rapidly as orange-trees in Florida 
 are multiplying. 
 
 Other members of the citrus familj', viz., the lemon, lime, citron, 
 grape, fruit, and shaddock, can be successfully grown in at least a large 
 portion of the State. The lime and lemon will be about as widely 
 used as the orange, though not so abundantly, and as not a tithing of 
 so many are engaged in growing them, they will, perhaps, be about as 
 profitable. 
 
 The grape-fruit is only a larger and coarser variety of the orange. 
 The shaddock is a yet larger fruit — measuring some ten or twelve 
 inches in diameter. 
 
 The citron is a healthy, vigorous grower and prolific bearer, though 
 less hardy than the lemon or the orange. By a process, as yet not un- 
 derstood in Florida, from this fruit is prepared, in the East, the citron 
 of commerce ; which art, when acquired here, will develop only another 
 source of industry and revenue to the State 
 
 The banana is one of the most popular of tropical productions. It 
 is generally relished from the first ; but even this fruit requires a little 
 practice to develop in full a palatable sense of its richness and deli- 
 cacy. Moreover, it belongs to the family — the plaintain — which is 
 claimed to be the richest of all the fruits in nutritious matter. It has a 
 number of varieties. The hardiest of these, and the one most widely 
 scattered over the State, is the African. This variety needs to be quite 
 ripe to be in its highest degree palatable. Most of the other varieties, 
 as the French, Fig, Dwarf, Red, Cavendish Lady-finger, and Apple, are 
 regarded as more delicate in their flavor. 
 
 Parties growing for the market are selecting some one or other of 
 these finer varieties, even though of more delicate vitality. This plant 
 sprouts or tillers from a single root or bulb, each sprout in its turn be- 
 coming the parent of another generation of sprouts, which attain their 
 maturity in about fourteen months, when the pendant fruit is developed 
 
Resources of Florida. 59 
 
 at the top, after the ripening of which the sprout dies and makes room 
 for a younger one. One season, therefore, is not sufficient for the 
 wants of the plant. The first white frost disposes of its leaves, and a 
 freeze of the stem also. 
 
 With a little painstaking the fruit can be ripened all over Florida, 
 and even further north. Let the plant, when it comes up in the spring, 
 have tillage and fertilization (it requires a rich soil), and at the com- 
 mencement of cold weather take up and shelter from cold by embank- 
 ing in earth, as in case of sugar-cane. The leaves will perish, but the 
 stem will be preserved with more certainty than the eye of the sugar- 
 cane. In the following spring, if these stems are reset and cultivated, 
 ripened fruit during the summer will be assured. This precaution, 
 however, is only necessary during some winters in the extreme northern 
 counties of the State. It is very tenacious of life, and bears caking up 
 and resetting almost like an onion. The plant belongs to the order 
 of Afiisas, and is closely allied to the Af. Textillis or ManiHa hemp of 
 the Philippine Isles It furnishes a fibre of extreme tenacity and dura- 
 bility, and may in time come to be extensively utilized as a fibre-pro-; 
 ducing plant. Another property of probable value possessed by this 
 plant is its juice, which is very abundant in stem and leaf, trickling in 
 quite a stream when fresh cut ; and makes an indelible dye, which can 
 be varied in color by the addition of other matter, and this dye 
 improves with age. The fruit is worth far more than its cost for both 
 food and ornamentation, and no Florida home is complete without its 
 surrounding of the rich semi-tropical foliage of the banana. 
 
 The Japan plum, or loquat, as well as the Japanese persmimon,' 
 flourishes throughout the State ; both are excellent fruit, with growing 
 popularity, and promise to be profitable products for markets beyond 
 the State. The persimmon is as large as an apple, and in some of its 
 varieties of much the same shape. Some specimens of the fruit are 
 seedless. The flavor is rich and pleasant. 
 
 The peach, though it grows about as well in the far south of the' 
 State as farther north, yet does not fruit as regularly. Sometimes,] 
 for several years together, the tree will cast every bloom. In the 
 northern counties, while the orange-tree grows well, and even better 
 than in the thinner lands of the southern counties, and for the last half 
 a century have grown full crops for more than three-fourths of the 
 years, yet are liable occasionally to be killed down by a severe freeze ; 
 but the peach, in at least its earlier varieties, offers a high remunera- 
 tion for its tillage. In North Florida it can be ready for the earliest 
 market and command monopolizing prices. The pien-to, or flat peach 
 of China, begins to ripen in the neighborhood of Tallahassee, in Leon 
 County, in the last week in April, and continues for a month These 
 peaches brought extravagant prices in New York last spring. 
 
 Pears of very many varieties, but especially the Dwarfs, have been 
 for many years favorite incumbents of the orchards in the northern 
 and middle portions of the State, and are found to succeed well. 
 
 Grapes of several varieties grow wild throughout Florida. They 
 rarely if ever occur in the pine woods ; but, in hammock land, trees are 
 
6o Resources of Florida. 
 
 hung and festooned in every direction with the luxuriant growth of 
 vines. 
 
 In many localities considerable attention has been given to the 
 cultivation of domesticated varieties. The Concord, Catawba, Ives, 
 Clinton, and other American grapes of that family have been found to 
 grow and fruit well wherever the proper attention has been given the 
 pruning, etc. As to the cultivation of grapes of that character on a 
 large scale for making wine we know of no very extensive operations, 
 and it is questionable whether the rainy season, which occurs during 
 vintage in July, will not prove a serious drawback, until experience 
 and selection have induced a variation in the grape that will induce 
 earlier ripening. The Delaware is a determined success in Middle 
 Florida. 
 
 The scuppernong has been more extensively propagated than any 
 other grape. 
 
 Of the production of any varieties of European wine grapes we are 
 unable to give any reliable information. Many experiments have been 
 made, and no7ie, we think, have so far been very favorable. 
 
 Apples, so far as we know, have never been extensively nor satis- 
 factorily grown in Florida. There are in some of the northern coun- 
 ties small orchards of considerable age that have borne fruit abundantly 
 for years, but are not of choice varieties. 
 
 Figs of every known variety do well in Florida, but in the most 
 southern counties are a little uncertain about fruiting. When it does 
 bear in those sections, the fruit is quite as good as that grown farther 
 north, and it may be that painstaking in its tillage will discover a reme- 
 dy for this irregularity. In the East it is an article of great commercial 
 value, and when Florida has acquired skill in preparing her fruits for 
 market, the fig will probably become prominent among the list. The 
 tree attains great age, and continues to bear indefinitely. Every home 
 has its fig-trees of different varieties, and the fruit is among the most 
 wholesome articles of diet. The tree and fruit have no known 
 enemies. 
 
 Plums of many wild varieties are found throughout the State. 
 Little attention has been bestowed on them. Some of the early South- 
 ern varieties have been found profitable for shipment North. They 
 ripen about the first of April, and can be put in the Northern market 
 at a time when they have no other fruit to compete with. 
 
 The pecan of the West grows finely all over the State. It requires 
 no tillage and nursing. Comes into bearing from the planting of the 
 nuts in ten or twelve years. The fruit is abundant, falls when ripe, is 
 easily and cheaply gathered, bears keeping and rough shipment any 
 distance in any climate, and is quoted in the New Orleans market 
 to-day at i6 1-2 cents per pound, wholesale, for the beat quality of 
 Texas nuts. 
 
 The Reverend Charles Beecher, of Massachusetts, has on his South- 
 ern home at Newport, on the St. Mark's River, 21 miles south of Talla- 
 hassee, a very fine grove of pecan-trees in full bearing. 
 
 The almond grows well in Florida. Little success has been had in 
 
Resources of Florida. 6i 
 
 maturing fruit of any other variety than the hardshell — which variety 
 is not marketable. We know of no drawback to the successful produc- 
 tion of other varieties, save the heretofore want of proper care and at- 
 tention. 
 
 OF THE LIST OF SMALL FRUITS OR BERRIES, 
 
 we think experience in Florida discards all except the blackberry, 
 whortleberry, and strawberry. Currants, gooseberries, raspberries, so 
 far as we know, have never proved a success in Florida. 
 
 Blackberries and dewberries grow wild all over the State in great 
 profusion. Some attention has been given in Middle Florida, where 
 labor is abundant and cheap, to drying the berries for shipment. The 
 dried fruit commands 8 to 14 cents per pound, net. 
 
 Whortleberries grow luxuriantly in Hernando County, and ripen in 
 April. 
 
 Strawberries are one of the prominent subjects of interest to the 
 fruit growers and market gardeners. This delightful fruit, so eagerly 
 sought after in every market, grows to great perfection throughout the 
 State of Florida. The fruit comes into the market too early to find 
 competition from any other section, and Florida strawberries enjoy a 
 monopoly in the Eastern seaboard markets for many weeks during 
 January, February, and March. The production and shipment of 
 the berries North is rapidly increasing, and has now assumed such 
 proportions as to secure the provision by the transportation com- 
 panies of suitable refrigerating cars for their proper preservation in 
 transitu. 
 
 EARLY VEGETABLES. 
 
 The raising in Florida of early vegetables for shipment to Northern 
 markets is rapidly assuming extensive proportions, and will, in all 
 time to come, prove a most important and profitable feature of her 
 industries. 
 
 In South Florida tomatoes, cucumbers, and beans thus far have been 
 the leading articles for shipment. The tomato has been the most 
 profitable. In that section of the State the fall and winter months are 
 best suited for vegetable growing Beans, peas, cucumbers, potatoes, and 
 cabbages can be grown at seasons which command for them monopo- 
 lizing prices. Five, six, and seven hundred dollars per acre have been 
 realized, both from cabbages and tomatoes. Cucumbers have paid as 
 much to the area in tillage, to the early grower, as any vegetable on 
 the list. The great drawback, thus far, to early market gardeners has 
 been the want of ready and reliable transportation facilities. These, 
 however, are rapidly multiplying and extending. And the vegetable 
 and fruit trade will soon be so immense in this proportion as to com- 
 mand for their use all the commercial facilities that human skill and in- 
 dustry can supply. The State seems likely soon to become a vast, 
 fruit orchard and vegetable garden. 
 
 The sweet potato comes nearer being a universal crop in Florida 
 
62 Resources of Florida. 
 
 than any other the soil produces. It is easily propagated from the 
 roots, sprouts, or vine, and sometimes the seed, though the latter mode 
 is rarely used. From its easy propagation and cultivation, its large 
 yield, and the variety and excellence of the dishes prepared from it, 
 it is one of the indispensable crops. In the southern counties it may be 
 planted at any season of the year, and generally is not taken from the 
 ground until needed for use 
 
 The Irish potato, or " white potato," is accredited with being a na- 
 tive of Chili and Peru, and was introduced into North America by the 
 Spaniards, from whence it was in 1586 carried by Sir Walter Raleigh 
 to England, and perhaps acquired its name of " Irish " from the ex- 
 tent to which it is grown in Ireland, and the excellence with which the 
 Irish soil produces it. This tuber has within the last year or two 
 taken a very prominent place among the very profitable early crops in 
 Florida. On the best class of lands truckmen have been getting 
 about an average of thirty barrels of first-class shipping potatoes per 
 acre, which, getting into the Eastern markets about the time the old crop 
 is exhausted, have been ncttitig, over cost of shipping and selling, about 
 $4 per barrel, making, say, from $100 to $120 per acre, realized from 
 land in a short period of generally 100 days, and leaving the ground 
 ready for some other crop by first of May. 
 
 There are in Florida many plants from which starch may be ob- 
 tained, but there are three which are cultivated solely with a view to 
 its preparation. These are the Maranta Arundemiiea, or '' arrow- 
 root of commerce;" coontie, or "Florida arrowroot;" and the 
 Manihat Utilissima; or cassava. 
 
 Arrowroot grows well on good land. It is not extensively grown 
 for market, but frequently is grown and utilized for food purposes, as 
 well as starch-making. 
 
 Coontie is indigenous to the southern counties, where it grows 
 most luxuriously. On the Miami River, in Dade County, parties have 
 been engaged in manufacturing starch from this plant for the Key 
 West market. It is there sometimes appropriated to the uses of the 
 table. Doubtless tillage would improve it in its useful properties, just 
 as other plants have been thus improved and developed. 
 
 Cassava. — Parties who have cultivated this plant pronounce it to be 
 a most excellent food crop for fattening hogs. They say that an acre of 
 this crop will go further in feeding than an acre of potatoes. Like the 
 potato, it may be propagated by cuttings of the stems From this 
 plant is prepared the tapioca of commerce. Recently this plant has 
 been utilized in the production of glucose, which it is found to yield in 
 quantities. 
 
 Tobacco has been found, from the earliest settlement of Florida, to 
 be well adapted to both the climate and soil, and has been-, at different 
 periods and in different localities, extensively produced. Several 
 varieties of marked difference in character and quality are commonly 
 cultivated. Experience has taught that Florida tobacco possesses a 
 fineness and toughness of leaf that admirably suits it to the use of 
 wrappers for cigars. Before the war a wide reputation was established 
 
Rcsoiircej of Florida. 63 
 
 by the planters in the County of Gadsden for the production of what 
 was termed the " Florida Speckled Leaf," which was pronounced the 
 very best for wrappers grown anywhere, and commanded unusually 
 high prices. The lands of that county were found to be peculiarly 
 suited to its production. One thousand pounds was the average yield 
 per acre, and several handsome fortunes were amassed by its culture. 
 A highly flavored and fragrant article of tobacco is being extensively 
 planted for home consumption in many portions of the State. This 
 (luite equals in the excellence of its flavor the Cuban weed ; is indeed 
 grown from seed originally introduced from that island. What are 
 known as shell hammocks in the County of Wakulla, in Middle Florida, 
 and indeed in many other parts of the State, are most admirably suited 
 to the production of this Cuba variety, and are just now attracting re- 
 newed attention for that purpose. 
 
 Melons of every variety, from the classic pumpkin to the primitive 
 gourd, abound in Florida, are of the very finest quality, and in the 
 cantaloupe and watermelon furnish only an additional entry to the 
 shipping list of the truckman, and are by no means one of his least 
 profitable interests. 
 
 500 acres were planted in watermelons in Jefferson and Madison 
 counties this year. 
 
 Silk might easily be made a most profitable industry in Florida. 
 The Morns Miillicaitlis and M. Alba — both grow most luxuriantly. 
 Cuttings of either laid horizontally in furrows, and covered in early 
 spring, put up a vigorous sproui at every joint, and grow in ten years 
 to be hedges of stout canes. These kept cut back, so as to stool and 
 multiply the number of sprouts, and not allowed to grow into trees, and 
 thus elude the reach, will the third year, and thereafter, furnish heavy 
 crops of foliage for feeding the worms. 
 
 Honey is rapidly becoming a staple product of Florida, whose 
 climate and flora seem specially adapted to the propagation of bees. 
 Even in the winter months, in South Florida, there is a supply of 
 flowers quite sufficient to support the hives. This permits heavier tolls 
 to be made on them, as less honey must be left to feed during winter. 
 Bees work in South Florida all winter. 
 
 Mr. W. S. Hart, of New Smyrna, is the m.ost prominent apiarist in 
 Florida, and is Vice-President of the North American Bee-keepers 
 Society. 
 
 This gentleman says : " In some portions of Florida bee-keeping 
 pays better than in any other State. I have never seen or known 
 of a diseased colony of bees in the State. The enemies are 
 toads, dragon-flies, ants, moths, and birds. I consider the coast 
 counties south of 29th parallel unsurpassed for the industry. Our 
 bees winter perfectly on summer stands and gather honey or pollen 
 every month in the year. Some of the leading honey and pollen 
 producing trees are the maple, willow, sweet-gum, bays, orange, myrtle, 
 oak, bass-wood, hickory,, youpon, mock-olive, saw-palmetto cabbage- 
 palmetto, and mangrove, the last two of which come together in the 
 middle of summer, and are unequaled as honey-producers by anythin*; 
 
64 Resources of Florida. 
 
 else in the whole vegetable kingdom known to the writer. They pro- 
 dr.ce honey in abundance of the filiest quality, and we think it safe to 
 say never fail to produce a good crop. We also have honey-producing 
 vines and plants too numerous to mention." 
 
 WOODS. 
 
 Numerous inquiries have been addressed to the writer from differ- 
 ent quarters as to the supply and location of different commercial 
 v/oods to be found in Florida. 
 
 Besides her boundless areas of yellow pine, whose timber is supply- 
 ing the world's markets, there is in Florida, perhaps, a larger supply of 
 cypress timber than in any other section of the United States. This 
 timber for the manufacture of staves for syrup and sugar barrels and 
 hogsheads is unsurpassed, is being extensively sawed and shipped to 
 the prairie States as railroad cross-ties, and is rapidly coming in de- 
 mand, especially in Germany, for ship-building. It is, too, the shingle 
 timber of the South. Untold fortunes are still standing in this timber 
 along the numerous rivers, lakes, lagoons, and swamps. 
 
 The live-oak, so durable and valuable for ship-knees, is still abun- 
 dant along the coast and rivers, and of the most gigantic size. 
 
 Red cedar, of the very best quality, abounds in all the low ham- 
 mock lands along the coast and rivers. The cutting of this timber has 
 for years been a prominent industry. Large supplies are consumed by 
 cedar-mills at Cedar Keys and Tampa, where quantities o^" this wood are 
 sawed to supply the pencil factories of A. W^ Faber & Co 
 
 White-oak, suitable for stave timber, is to be found in very consid- 
 erable quantities in many portions of the State — in the counties of Jack- 
 son, Calhoun, Gadsden, Jefferson, and Wakulla, in Middle Florida. 
 Especially in the great hammocks along St. Mark's and VVakulla Rivers, 
 in the latter county, are to be found rich supplies of this valuable timber, 
 ready of access from the streams. So rapid is growth, that upon large 
 plantation tracts, cultivated up to the beginning of the late war, and 
 since then left idle, forests of white-oak have sprung up, and, in the 
 short space of twenty-two years, attained a growth that will square from 
 ten to twelve inches. It is a curious sight to ride through a forest of 
 stately trees and count the old corn ridges beneath them. 
 
 Red-oak is the principal timber growth over ext-nsive areas of 
 high hammock in the hill country of Middle Florida. This timber, 
 while somewhat too porous and too brash to be used in the manufac- 
 ture of agricultural implements, answers admirably for staves for a 
 certain class of barrels, and furnishes a most abundant supply of tan- 
 bark, making the manufacture of leather a cheap and profitable indus- 
 try in that section. 
 
 Many other varieties of oak abound throughout the State. - 
 
 Hickory is abundant over extensive areas Trees of the most 
 extraordinary size are to be found in all the hammocks. The climate 
 of Florida makes the second growth of this ordinarily slow-growing 
 tree rapid, and inexhaustible supplies of most excellent hickory can for 
 
Resources of Florida. 65 
 
 years be drawn from the hammocks all over Florida. The same is 
 true of the ash in many localities. 
 
 Poplar is a common growth along most of the rivers ; the supply 
 is good. 
 
 Wild cherry and black walnut are not so abundant, but are very 
 rapid growers and attain great size. Several enterprising spirits pro- 
 pose the planting of extensive plantations of black walnut on the shell 
 lands along the St. Mark's Railroad in Wakulla County. The cheap- 
 ness of the lands (Old Forbes' Purchase), their wonderful fertility, the 
 rapidity with which a wood of black walnut attains marketable growth 
 (about fifteen years), and the absence of any cost of culture and fen- 
 cing, it is thought, makes such a scheme a safe and sure investment. 
 
 '• Stinking cedar" ( Tarreya T.ixifolia Arnott) is an evergreen, be- 
 longing to the yew tribe of conifers, peculiar to Florida, and confined 
 to a rather limited locality near Aspalaga, on the Apalachicola River. 
 The timber is possessed of the most remarkable durability, great 
 lightness, is soft, splits straight, can be rived as thin as card-board, 
 has elasticity, receives a high polish, and ought to be valuable for any 
 purposes requiring these qualities in a high degree. It is said that the 
 dead trunks of the torreya are to be found imbedded in the alluvial 
 drift of the Apalachicola River bottom in a perfect state of preser- 
 vation (as to the heart), and that they must, from every indication, 
 have been exposed to the decomposing influences of earth and water 
 for centuries. The lamp-posts in the Capitol Grounds in Tallahassee 
 are made of this remarkable wood. 
 
 Red bay [Laurens Carolinensis) is commonly termed " Florida 
 mahogany." It is very abundant throughout the hammocks and 
 swamps of Florida. Its dark-colored, handsomely-veined wood makes 
 it valuable for cabinet work. It commands ready sale in the markets. 
 
 It would be quite an endless task to enumeri.te the long list of 
 Florida woods that have been and could be utilized in the arts. As yet, 
 except in the case of pine, cypress, cedar, and live-oak, very little has 
 been done in manufacturing timber from the many valuable trees in the 
 State. Vast forests of most valuable wood have been felled and 
 burned. As transportation facilities are increased and manufacturing 
 developed, more attention will be directed to the sawing of hard 
 woods. 
 
 STOCK-RAISING, 
 
 as applied in Florida, embraces so many purposes, methods, and de- 
 grees of profitable success, that it is quite difficult in the limits of a pub- 
 lication of this character to discuss it intelligibly to one totally unfamil- 
 iar with it. 
 
 Along the coast, in all the counties east of Escambia, are to be 
 found larger or smaller herds of cattle. These run at large through 
 the pine woods, swamps, or salt marshes, and thrive on the coarse 
 pasturage in a manner quite profitable and satisfactory to their owners, 
 who " round up " once a year, mark and brand the new calves, and give 
 
66 Resources of Florida. 
 
 little other attention. So little expense attends this sort of stock-rais- 
 ing that, notwithstanding the poor character of the cattle produced, 
 they prove valuable. Indeed, the hide and tallow in a five-year-old 
 steer would return a good profit on the cost of his keep. These cattle 
 are small, with thick heavy necks and fore-parts and narrow loins, but 
 when fat will clean, at four years old, about 500 to 600 pounds, which 
 finds ready sale among Floridians at from 6 to 10 cents per pound. 
 There are stock-men in all the coast counties west of the Suwanee, 
 however, who realize very handsome results from the sale of these 
 cattle. It is doubtful whether the rough pasturage they rely upon will 
 admit of a very marked improvement in these cattle, even if crossed 
 with improved breeds. 
 
 In the northern counties of Middle Florida, on the red lands, 
 where many varieties of excellent pasture grasses abound, and where 
 stock are kept under fence, a very different tone of things exists. 
 Thoroughbreds of the Durham, Devon, Jersey, Ayreshire, Hereford, 
 and Alderney breeds have for some years been introduced and liber- 
 ally used, until a large percentage of the cattle in that section are 
 grades of one or the other of these bloods. The Bermuda grass pas- 
 turages of these counties are naturally of a very fine quality, and of 
 recent years are receiving a degree of attention tending very greatly to 
 their rapid improvement. Stock-raising of all kinds is being fostered 
 by the farmers as most profitable adjuncts to their farming operations, 
 not only in the growing of manures, but the ready sale at good prices 
 of the dairy products and increase. Near the towns of Madison, Mon- 
 ticello, and Tallahassee are to be found several herds of thorough- 
 breds that do credit to their owners, and are fast winning a reputation 
 for these places for excellent dairy products. Butter exhibited at the 
 annual exhibition of the Middle Florida Agricultural and Mechanical 
 Association compares most favorably with the production of any dairy 
 districts. This is a rapidly growing industry in these localities, and 
 bids fair to take a prominent place. 
 
 In South Florida cattle-raising is a leading industry. More capital 
 has been employed in it than in the tillage of the soil, until within the 
 last few years. 
 
 That this investment pays well has this practical proof : more 
 money has been made in that business than in any other, until quite re- 
 cently, and a number have thus grown wealthy. The cattle are not so 
 large as those grown in Texas. First, because the native grass of that 
 part of Florida is less nutritious than that of Texas, and, further, far 
 less attention has been given here to improve the native breeds 01 
 stock. The buyers in the Cuban markets, to which shipments are 
 made, are said to prefer the Florida to the Texas beef. If the South 
 Florida grass be not so nutritious, it seems to impart a more agreeable 
 flavor to the flesh. 
 
 As cattle-raising has been a paying enterprise in the past history of 
 the State, so it is likely to be still, in some places, for years to come. 
 Gradually, however, it will be forced to retire before the tread of a pop- 
 ulation too dense to leave it, as at present, the whole land surface for 
 
Resources of Florida, 6/ 
 
 pasturage. These cattle-men have a large experience of their observ- 
 ing powers through what they see and what they hear, and the thinking 
 each one does for himself. They are really better informed frequently 
 than some who know far more than they about books. These men will 
 see the trend of things, and be ready to change their investments 
 as soon as it will be best for them and for the country. 
 
 As the inquiring immigrant must needs pass through the country, 
 the better to see if it be suited to the supply of his wants, and as a 
 thinly-settled country is, for that reason, less inviting to the traveler, it 
 may be pertinent for his encouragement to mention one prominent 
 feature in the population of the Southern counties. I mean the cordial 
 hospitality which is met at their hearthstones. As in nature they are 
 the same with other men, we suppose ready hospitality must result from 
 their employments and surroundings. They need frequently the help 
 one of another in herding their stock ; then, in the woods and at the 
 table of some one of their number, most of the men of a pretty wide 
 circle frequently take their meals together. They are thus put in sym- 
 pathy one with another. Another characteristic of the section is to 
 add but little to their bill of fare because of the company. The dishes 
 ordinarily provided for the family are set before the guests. And as it 
 costs less trouble, so he is the more heartily welcome than in many 
 places where there is more preparation and more pretension in the re- 
 ception given. From whatever source this trait of character may 
 have originated, it is now the habit of the people, and will sometimes 
 cheer the traveler as he journeys through a strange land. 
 
 Sheep have been found to do well in Florida wherever they have been 
 given a fair trial. In many portions of the State, where the land is very 
 thin and sandy, the vegetation is correspondingly sparse and coarse ; 
 and while sheep will live on it and increase at a fair rate, they of 
 course under such circumstances produce an inferior quality of both 
 wool and mutton, and tend very much to become bare of wool on the 
 legs and bellies ; but their continued presence has been found to gradu- 
 ally overcome these very drawbacks, and, under their grazing, pine 
 woods, originally very scant of vegetation, have in a few years become 
 enriched ; new characters ofweeds and grass have sprung up, and sheep 
 and new crops prove of mutual benefit to one another. In some other 
 portions of the State, especially in the counties west of the Apalachicola 
 River, the rolling pine woods furnish pasturage of a much better char- 
 acter, and sheep have been found to do proportionately well. There 
 are to be found in that part of the State some very fair flocks, and the 
 profits therefrom, when compared with the cost of their maintenance, 
 show a «<?/ perhaps beyond what is realized by breeders of a higher class 
 with more expensive surroundings. Sheep, like goats, feed upon a 
 greater variety of plants than cattle, and are susceptible of profitable 
 handling on pastures that would not support a herd. 
 
 On the red lands of the middle and northern portions of the State 
 sheep have always proved profitable. Heretofore the extensive cul- 
 ture of cotton and other agricultural crops has rather tended to keep 
 all available lands in cultivation ; but as the supply and quality of col- 
 
68 Resources of Florida, 
 
 ored labor has decreased in that section, many broad acres have been 
 turned out. On .hese old plantations the Bermuda grass, having no 
 longer the plough and hoe to contend with, has asserted itself, and ex- 
 tensive pasturages of this nutritious crop new invite the introduction of 
 flocks. 
 
 The farmers of this section are, as a rule, very intelligent and wide- 
 awake people ; are not slow to perceive the advantages of the new op- 
 portunity, and are beginning to turn attention and money in this new 
 channel. Bucks of improved strains are being introduced, both of long 
 and medium wools. 
 
 In the southernmost counties of the State sheep husbandry is rapidly 
 increasing, and is thought to be more profitable than cattle. 
 
 Hogs can be raised as cheaply and of as fine quality as anywhere. In 
 ante-bellum times all planters in Middle Florida were large pro- 
 ducers of bacon. The difficulty of protecting them from theft in that 
 region since the "old plantation smoke-houses" ceased to be a certain 
 source of supply, has done much to limit the business. Yet many small 
 farmers in all the northern counties have introduced Berkshire, Poland 
 China, Essex, and Chester White breeds, and beside their entire home 
 supply have a surplus of bacon, hams, and lard to dispose of at good 
 prices. In many other portions of the State this character of stock is 
 allowed to run at large ; they gain a living in the woods, and in one 
 and two years grow large enough to kill, having cost their owners 
 nothing. ' 
 
 Horses in some parts of the State are being bred profitably, and of a 
 most excellent quality. The " cow-ponies" in use among the cattle- 
 men of the South are a breed as peculiar to Florida as is the mustang 
 in Texas. They are admirably suited to the uses made of them. In 
 Madison, Jefferson, Marion, Alachua, Leon, Gadsden, and Jackson 
 Counties, some thoroughbred stallions have for some years been made 
 use of, and many very stylish youngsters are to be found in the stables 
 of breeders in those localities. The presence of nutritious grasses in 
 those counties, together with the firm smooth roadways, gives advan- 
 tage and attraction to the raising of horses and mules that is wanted 
 elsewhere. 
 
 In the annual premium list of the agricultural shows and stock ex- 
 hibitions in those sections, a prominent place is given native colts. Less 
 attention has been directed to the acquirement of speed in the produc- 
 tion of horses in that part of Florida than to the acquisition in the 
 colts of style, bottom, and general usefulness. 
 
 FISH. 
 
 The great variety and excellence of the fish in Florida is not one of 
 the least attractions, whether to the sportsman or more practical house- 
 wife. The lakes ancl streams of the fresh waters abound in fish of 
 the finest quality, prominent among which are the black bass, pike, 
 jack, bream, and many varieties of the perch family. Along the coast 
 the list of varieties is longer than the fisherman's list of names for 
 
Resources of Florida. 69 
 
 them. Red snapper, black snapper or grouper, sheephead, red-fish, 
 black-fish, pompano, Spanish mackerel, rock-fish, mullet, and a long 
 list of small " pan-fish" are chief among the marketable varieties. The 
 pompano is regarded as the choice among epicures. The snapper and 
 grouper are both deep-water fish, and are taken in great numbers by 
 smacks on the banks off shore for the Havana, New Orleans, and 
 Galveston markets. They can be kept for weeks in the "wells" 
 of the fishing smacks without injury. On both the Atlantic and 
 Gulf coasts there are extensive fisheries, where, in the season of 
 the "run," mullet are taken in vast numbers at the seine-yards. 
 Some of the strikes made by the fortunate seine-masters number 
 hundreds of barrels. These fish take salt quite as well as the mack- 
 erel of the northern waters, and furnish an abundant supply of 
 cheap and wholesome food to the inhabitants. 
 
 Along the Gulf coast west of the Suwanee, and especially on the coast 
 line of Wakulla and Franklin Counties, the revenue derived from this 
 industry is considerable. The proximity of those points to the south- 
 ern counties of Alabama and Georgia enables the small farmers of those 
 sections to reach the Florida coast in their farm wagons. About the 
 first of October, when the "run" of the fish commences, the Georgia 
 and Alabama farmer takes his wife and children in his wagon and 
 journeys southward. A week of recreation is spent, after the year's 
 work, on the beach, where these "up-country" folk enjoy the salt air 
 and water, and return home with several barrels of pickled fish to be 
 eaten during the winter. Last fall it was estimated that more than 
 three hundred Georgia wagons passed through Tallahassee alone, on 
 their way to the fisheries. How many fisheries there are on the whole 
 coast we are not advised, nor what quantities of fish are shipped to 
 points beyond the State, but assuredly it is a growing and paying in- 
 dustry. Perhaps no waters abound in fish in greater quantity or of bet- 
 ter quality than the waters of the coast of Florida. There was shipped 
 from Cedar Keys, in 1880, 1,701,000 pounds of barreled fish, of the 
 value of $68,000. Key West Statistics of two years ago, state 
 that about one dozen schooners of Key West, aggregating 750 tons, 
 were then engaged in the taking of fish for the Havana market. Re- 
 cently the catch of several fisheries along the coast have been uti- 
 lized in the manufacture of a fish fertilizer, which is taking a high 
 place among the farmers and promises to develop into an extensive 
 industry. 
 
 Green Turtle may be mentioned as another commodity of the 
 Florida coast. In Key West the beef and turtle markets adjoin. 
 They are both supplied with about equal regularity, and very many pre- 
 fer the turtle to the beef, particularly after the latter has been submit- 
 ted to the hardships of a voyage from the mainland. Turtle are 
 shipped alive to the Northern markets from Key West, and some- 
 times car-loads of them pass over the Florida Transit and West 
 India Railroad from Cedar Keys on their way North. One of the 
 sports of persons living near the coast is walking the beach in April 
 and May, watching for and "turning" the turtle that crawl out 
 
70 Resources of Florida. 
 
 upon the shore in that season to lay. When they find the tur- 
 tle making her nest or laying her eggs, a sufficient number of persons 
 lay hold and turn her upon her back. She is then helpless, unable to 
 re-turn herself, so as to have the use of her feet. Parties are thus 
 supplied with both the turtle and her eggs, and both are prized as 
 savory food. 
 
 Oysters are so continuous around the coast that, when the railroad 
 and canal system now in course of construction shall have been complet- 
 ed, a supply, at short notice, will reach any part of the interior of the 
 State in a few hours, at the expense of gathering and shoru freightage. 
 Cedar Ki ys has already commenced their shipment, and for all the 
 distance tuat ice can make them safe freightage, fresh, canned, and 
 in the shell, this commerce is likely to extend. The supply seems in- 
 exhaustible. 
 
 Sponge. — The gathering of sponge along the Gulf coast has rapidly 
 become an industry of considerable importance. The principal 
 sponge reefs lie to the southeastward of, the port of St. Mark's, between 
 that point and Cedar Keys. It has been quite impossible to ascertain 
 definitely the number of vessels engaged in this business, or the 
 value of the aggregated catch. The Statistics already referred to 
 give the number of vessels from that port alone engaged in taking 
 sponge at 150, and the value of the sponge shipped from that point 
 during the past year as amounting to $250,000. Since Cedar Keys, 
 St. Mark's, Rio Carabelle, and Apalachicola are also extensively engaged 
 in this business, it will be fair to estimate the number of additional 
 craft on the reef at three times the above number, and the value of the 
 whole amount of sponge taken in the year at a little short, if any, of 
 $750,000. Spongers report the growth of these fish on the reef to be 
 increasing, and there is reason to expect the business to develop much 
 greater proportions. 
 
 FERTILIZERS. 
 
 Phosphatic rocks have been found in Alachua and Clay Counties. 
 Some of these rocks from Clay were sent to the office of the Scientific 
 A7nerica/i, with the inquiry as to whether they were of such character 
 and firmness as suited them for building material. The reply was that 
 they would do well for building material, but much better for agricul- 
 tural purposes That they contained a large percentage of the phos- 
 phate of lime — that which gives to the rock near Charleston, S. C., its 
 value as a fertilizer, the mining of which has proved such a bonanza 
 since the war. 
 
 Green marl is also found in some of the counties in several portions 
 of the State. The green marl of New Jersey, besides the lime, clay, 
 and sand of ordinary marl, is said to contain about 4 per cent, of phos 
 phoric acid, one of the scarce and yet important elements of plant food. 
 
 Over an extended area embraced between the Wakulla ana St. 
 Mark's Rivers, in Wakulla County, and indeed extending far to the west- 
 ward of* the former river, there exists a rich deposit of phosphr/ic rock, 
 
Resources of Florida. 71 
 
 and the soil of the hammocks in which this roclc is found gives evi- 
 dences in its forest growth of a fertility surpassed by none in Florida. 
 Nowhere could the utilization or manufactory of a commercial ferti- 
 lizer be more cheaply and conveniently engaged in than there, on ac- 
 count of the transportation facilities enjoyed both by water and rail. 
 
 All over the State are sulphur springs, and an examination may 
 find beds of sulphur near the surface worth working. Some prepara- 
 tion has already been made for working the lime deposits of Levy 
 County. 
 
 SPRINGS. 
 
 Besides innumerable springs of ordinary character and dimensions, 
 sources of creeks and streams, as in other countries, Florida possesses a 
 feature in spring formation as novel in character as they are surpass- 
 ingly beautiful in appearance. 
 
 The bursting of great rivers at one bound from the earth is the re- 
 markable feature of some of Florida's fountains. 
 
 Beneath the surface of limestone formation underlying the State 
 numerous rivers course toward the sea. In many places no evidences 
 of them are observable until they rise to the surface through great 
 caverns or fissures in the limestone, often of wonderful depths. Most 
 prominent among these is Silver Spring in Marion County, and the 
 famous Wakulla Spring in the county of that name, sixteen miles south 
 of Tallahassee. Thousands of visitors have seen the Silver Spring, 
 upon which steamboats float. The Wakulla, being in a section here- 
 tofore less traversed by winter visitors to Florida, is not so familiarly 
 known. Both deserve descriptions our space will not admit of. Their 
 great size, depth and transparency are their most striking features. 
 Lying on the bottom of Wakulla Spring, 180 feet (so reported from 
 actual measurement) below the surface, a dime piece can be as dis- 
 tinctly seen as through the atmosphere. Indeed, an object is even 
 more plainly discernible than at the same distance through the air, as 
 the boil of the waters gives them the conformation of a lense, and thus 
 they acquire magnifying properties. 
 
 Certainly, no natural object can be more beautiful than the ap- 
 pearance of this great fountain, on a clear day, when no wind dis- 
 turbs the face of its waters. 
 
 The Blue Spring of Volusia County, in South Florida, a little way 
 east from St. John's River, is thus described by a writer : 
 
 " There is a basin 70 feet in diameter and about 40 feet in depth. A 
 huge bowl, from the centre of which a column of blue-tinted water 
 presses upward with such force that the centre of the surface is convex 
 to the extent of perhaps ten inches, and it is impossible to put or keep 
 a boat on this summit, such is the force of the hydraulic pressure up- 
 ward and laterally. This stream, which this gigantic spring feeds, is 
 about 50 feet wide, and an average depth of 10 feet, with a current of 
 about five miles an hour. The scenery about this locality is beautiful 
 and picturesque in the extreme, and worth a long journey to see." 
 
7^ Resources of Florida. 
 
 There are many such springs- to be found in different parts of 
 Florida. They are all subterranean rivers up to the points where they 
 break forth. They all contain lime enough to precipitate any sedi- 
 ment or discoloring matter, leaving the water perfectly clear. Fish 
 of many sorts and sizes are seen gamboling in their depths or gliding 
 about through the waters seeking their food. The ripples on the sur- 
 face refract the rays of the sun, when at the proper angle, and give the 
 varied colors of the rainbow, and lend a sort of enchantment to the 
 view. 
 
 There are also mineral springs in several parts of the State, whose 
 waters, as tested in many cases, have curative properties, and 
 are the resort of invalids. Of this class are the Newport Springs 
 on St. Mark's River, in Wakulla County, the Hampton Springs 
 of Taylor, the White Sulphur Springs of Hamilton, the Suwanee 
 Springs of Suwanee, and the Green Cove Springs of Clay. 
 
 Persons afflicted with rheumatism, dyspepsia, and diseases of the 
 liver have met with very remarkable cures from drinking and bathing 
 in the waters of these springs. 
 
Florida Laitds, 
 
 BY R. C. LONG. 
 
 HOW TO PROCURE THEM. 
 
 UNITED STATES lands still vacant in Florida are subject to 
 entry by land warrants, by purchase, and by homestead entry. 
 Such lands are to be found in almost every township in the 
 State. In the older settlements, where transportation facilities 
 have been long enjoyed, and the lands are of good quality, very little, if 
 any, vacant land can be found. All inquiries as to United States lands 
 should be addressed to L. A. Barnes, Register United States Land 
 Office, Gainesville, Florida. 
 
 The State Land Office, with Hon. P. W. White as Commissioner, is 
 at Tallahassee. All inquiries as to vacant State lands should be made 
 to him. Such a map as is so often asked for, showing the location of 
 all vacant land in the State, was never published by any State, and 
 would be quite impracticable, since daily entries would require a daily 
 revision of the map to make it accurate. Indeed, we would advise in- 
 tending purchasers to rely solely on their personal inspection of land 
 in selecting locations. First find a piece of land that suits you, then 
 ascertain to whom it belongs, and, whether public or private land, 
 secure it by purchase. The State lands are to be found scattered 
 everywhere. Like the United States lands, few State lands of any 
 value or desirable quality are left in sections of the country where land 
 is good, settlements old, and agriculture has been pursued for any 
 length of time. 
 
 School lands and Seminary lands are subject to entry at their ap- 
 praised value, not less than $1.25 per acre. A large portion of these 
 lands is held at $1.25 per acre, but some tracts are valued as high as 
 $7. Payment may be made in United States currency or State scrip. 
 
 Internal I/nprovetnent lafids are generally $1.25 per acre, none less; 
 some as high as $6.50 per acre. 
 
 Swamp lands — for forty acres — $1 per acre ; for more than forty and 
 not exceeding eighty acres, 90 cents per acre ; for more than eighty 
 and not exceeding two hundred acres. So cents per acre ; for more 
 than 200 and not exceeding six hundred and forty acres, 75 cents per 
 acre ; for more than six hundred and forty acres, 70 cents per acre. 
 
 In case of entries of land at less than $1 per acre, the land must not 
 be in detached pieces, but must lie in a body. 
 
 73 
 
74 
 
 Hoiv to Procw'c Laud in Florida. 
 
 For Internal Improvement and Swamp lands nothing is receivable 
 in payment except United States currency. 
 
 Terms of sale in all cases cash. 
 
 Lands cannot be reserved from sale for the benefit of any applicant. 
 An application not accompanied with the full amount of purchase 
 money does not give any priority. 
 
 But by act of March 7, 1881, " actual settlers upon any of the public 
 lands of this State may enter the lands upon which they reside or have 
 in cultivation, not to exceed 160 acres, to be taken in compact form 
 according to th'i legal subdivisions, at the prices now or hereafter to be 
 established for such lands, by paying one-third the purchase money at 
 the time of the entry, one-third of the same within two years thereafter, 
 and the remaining one-third within three years after the date of entry." 
 
 By act of i6thof February, 1872, the right of homestead is given on 
 the overflowed and swamp lands, as follows : 
 
 "■ Section 6. Any person who is the head of a family, or who has 
 arrived at the age of twenty-one years, and is a citizen of the United 
 States, or who shall have filed his declaration of an intention to be- 
 come such, as required by the laws of the United States, shall, from 
 and after the first day of April, be entitled to enter one-quarter sec- 
 tion, or a less quantity, of the unsold swamp and overflowed lands 
 granted to the State of Florida by act Congress, approved 28th day of 
 September 1850. Any person owning or residing on land may, 
 under the provisions of sections six to thirteen of this chapter, enter 
 other lands contiguous to his or her said land, which shall not, with 
 the lands so already owned and occupied, exceed in the aggregate t6o 
 acres. 
 
 '' Section 7. The person applying for the benefit of section six 
 shall file with the Commissioner of Lands his or her affidavit that he or 
 she is the head of a family, or is twenty-one years or more of age, and 
 that such application is made for his or her exclusive use and benefit, 
 and that the said entry is made for the purpose of actual settlement 
 and cultivation, and not directly or indirectly for the use and benefit 
 of any other person or persons whatsoever, and upon filing said 
 affidavit with the Commissioner of Lands, and upon payment of ten 
 dollars where the entry is more than eighty acres, and of five dollars 
 where the entry is not of more than eighty acres, he or she shall there- 
 upon be permitted to enter the amount of land specified. Provided, 
 however^ that no deed shall issue therefor until the expiration of five 
 years from the date of such entry ; and if at the expiration of such 
 time, or any time within two years thereafter, the person making such 
 entry, or, if he be dead, his widow, or, in case of her death, his heirs or 
 devisees, or, in case of a widow making such entry, her heirs or de- 
 visees, in case of her death, sliall prove by two credible witnesses that 
 he, she, or they have reclaimed said lands by means of levees and 
 drains, and resided upon and cultivated the same for the term of five 
 years immediately succeeding the time of filing the affidavit afore- 
 said, and shall maice affidavit that no part of said land has been alien- 
 ated ; then, in such case, he. she, or thev shall be entitled to a deed." 
 
Florida Lands. 75 
 
 THEIR CHARACTERISTICS. 
 
 As to what lands are best to purchase and as to the relative merits of 
 pine and hammock lands, there is a theory that we are disposed to en- 
 tertain with regard to why the greater portion of the State of Florida 
 is covered with pine-trees, which are evergreen, instead of deciduous, 
 and other hard-wood trees, the growth of which upon land in Florida 
 causes it to be distinguished as "hammock," a distinction, so far as 
 the original character of the soil is concerned, without a difference. 
 
 From various causes, frequently from lightning, often from care- 
 lessness and accident, and sometimes purposely by the owners of 
 cattle, the wild lands of Florida are annually burned over. 
 
 The stock-men resort to this means of getting rid of the tough, dry 
 grass stems in early spring, and inducing a fresh and tender growth of 
 grass for their half-starved cattle that have wintered on dhnate and 
 wire-grass in the open woods; but it is also true that the same practice 
 was resorted to by the former Indian inhabitants, whose object was to 
 furnish tender picking for the herds of deer, to induce these animals to 
 leave the swamps and resort to the dry country. 
 
 The pine-tree is propagated from seeds that fall from the cones 
 late in the autumn. The seeds are provided with thin membranous 
 wings, upon which they are blown by the winds and distributed over 
 the land. The winter rains plant them. Early in the spring the 
 young pine appears as a green spike that shoots up six or eight inches 
 before its leaves begin to spread, after which it grows rapidly for eight 
 or nine months. The green leaves of this young tree are practically 
 non-combustible, and the only bud it bears is in the top of the tall 
 stalk and thoroughly enveloped in a green coating. 
 
 When it is about ten or eleven months old, the annual wood-burning 
 takes place. Fire sweeps over the face of the pine region ; every sprig of 
 grass, every weed, and every deciduous shrub and tree that has sprung 
 up since the last annual burn, is destroyed. All the hard-wood growths 
 have their eyes or buds distributed regularly along the stalks and stems, 
 entirely unprotected from the fire, and as the growth of all plants of 
 this character is slow in its early stages as compared with those of the 
 pine, none gets far enough advanced in the twelvemonth to rise above 
 the flames; and so they perish, while the young pine escapes with a se- 
 vere scorching, which the bud survives. Thus, upon the principle of 
 the survival of the fittest, the pine becomes master of the situation and 
 sole proprietor of the wood land. But natural and artificial barriers are 
 often offered to the progress of these forest burns. 
 
 Natural impediments 'consist of gullies, creeks, rivers, or ponds, 
 across which the fire does not cross when traveling before some pre- 
 vailing wind. If the rainy season, which comes in the winter before 
 the usual burnings begin, has been an exceptionally wet one, all de- 
 pressed places become filled with water. These flats sometimes extend 
 considerable distances in irregular courses. Imagine the woods on 
 fire, and the flames traveling slowly along the surface toward the 
 south-west before a gentle north-east wind, destroying every vestige 
 
^6 Florida Lands. 
 
 of vegetation not too much grown^o be within its reach. Suddenly it 
 encounters a slight depression in the surface of the land, where stands 
 an inch or two of rain-water. This depression reaches perhaps in an 
 irregular course for miles either way. it of course puts an end to the 
 "bu'rn." On the opposite side of this wet depression the little oaks, 
 hickories, magnolias, and bays, that have put up since the last burn, are 
 not swept away this year, but get another year's growth. This first 
 season's escape is enough to give these deciduous trees a foothold, 
 and enable them to rear their heads high enough to escape complete 
 destruction, even should no -protecting water interpose the second 
 year. 
 
 Here, then, we have an incipient hanunock, making its beginning on 
 sandy "piney woods" land, in no particular different from, or better 
 than, that over which the fire has swept, and which remains pine 
 land. 
 
 In a very few years, in this semi-tropical climate, this young 
 orchard of hard-wood bushes has become a pronounced hammock of 
 spreading shade-trees, whose shadows protect the originally poor and 
 sandy soil from the summer's sun, and whose annual crop of castaway 
 foliage tends year after year to add mould to the ground, which, under 
 these two powerful fertilizing agencies, gradually changes from the 
 original white sand to a dark, often black, loamy soil, as fertile as fertile 
 can be. It is no uncommon thing lo find such parcels of land in South 
 Florida of wonderful fertility, possessing an upper soil of partially de 
 composed leaf mould several feet deep. 
 
 'rhese hammocks command high prices. They are esteemed so 
 much more fertile and desirable than adjacent pine lands, and the 
 comparative growth of orange-trees while young is so obviously in 
 favor of the hammock land, that the uninitiated are readily induced to 
 appreciate the greater value attached to hammock land. 
 
 Now we would offer a word or two of friendly caution on this head 
 to new settlers in South Florida — or, indeed, in any part of Florida 
 where the soil is sandy — especially to poor men, whose supply of ready 
 money is more or less precarious. We say be cautious how you give it 
 away in double, triple, and quadruple prices for a tract of hammock 
 land when a fair piece of pine land can be had at very much lower 
 prices. 
 
 Remember three things, viz. : 
 
 ist. That the most troublesome and expensive process that a settler 
 in the woods has to encounter is the felling of trees and clearing of 
 land. 
 
 2d, That in Florida it costs from two to ten times as much to clear 
 an acre of hammock land as it does to prepare an acre of pine land ; 
 and 
 
 3d. Bear in mind that twenty, thirty, or fifty years ago these ham- 
 mocks were identically like the present pine woods ; that any potash, 
 phosphates, or nitrogenous matter they may now contain in excess of 
 the adjacent pine land is entirely owing to the annual supply of foliage 
 deposited and the moisture engendered by the shade ; and that from 
 
Floj'ida Lands. 'J'J 
 
 the moment you cut the first bush you are removing tJic only source of 
 supply of these essential elements. Remember that the processes of 
 decomposition of vegetable matter are rapid; that so soon as the supply 
 of humus is exhausted in this costly hammock land, it will resolve itself 
 into its original condition, and about the fourth or sixth year of culti- 
 vation will become a tolerably fair quality of sandy land, not a bit better 
 than the pine lands proper. 
 
 Calculate what advantage the man, paying fancy figures for a piece 
 of hammock, and exorbitant prices to get it cleared, and then exhaust- 
 ing it in a few years, has over a more frugal person who saves his cash 
 by buying pine land, costing little to clear, and building it up in a few 
 years by judicious cultivation, and the turning under of fertilizing 
 crops. 
 
 There is no question that the making of an orange grove on ham- 
 mock land is attended with much more satisfactory appearances and 
 results during the first few years; but before purchasing land, let the 
 prudent immigrant take a careful look at two old groves — one on one- 
 dollar-and-a-quarter pine land (or lands worth $5 to $10 per acre at 
 most, if purchased from individuals), and the other on quondam ham- 
 mock land, that cost the owner probably $50 to $100 per acre, and if 
 he can see a sufficient difference in the character of the trees and fruit 
 of the latter over the former to justify the great difference in cost, he 
 will be able to do more than we can after twenty years of observa- 
 tion. 
 
 A good point for an immigrant to make a note of is the fact that 
 in the majority of cases the difference between the original cost of pur- 
 chase and clearing pine lands in Florida, and hammock lands, if judi- 
 ciously expended in suitable fertilizers and tillage, will make of the for- 
 mer better land than the latter. 
 
 What is said above with regard to the comparative merits of ham- 
 mock and pine lands relates only to hammocks occurring in sandy 
 regions, and not to such as stand on clay soil, of which latter very 
 extensive areas occur in some parts of the State. In South Florida 
 the County of Hernando can boast as excellent clay hammock lands as 
 are to be found in the South. Indeed, but for the fact that it was only 
 just before the beginning of the late civil war that this part of Florida 
 was relieved from the dangers of Indian hostilities, Hernando County 
 would have developed under the old slave system, as did Marion, Ala- 
 chua, and the red clay lands of Middle Florida. So that a statement 
 heretofore made, to the effect that the presence of negroes in numbers 
 among the population of a county is a certain indication of the suit- 
 ableness of such place to agricultural purposes, and their absence is to 
 be taken as evidence of unfitness for such ends, does not apply to Her- 
 nando. 
 
 These red clay lands are good, and when a settler is asked to pay 
 his money liberally for such property, he need not hesitate to do so, for 
 in them he will find a heritage for his children. They are not " good 
 just a little bit on top," like a sugared cake, but are good all the way 
 through, and when the leaf mould and black top soil is all worn away 
 
78 Florida Lands. 
 
 forty years after being cleared and cultivated, the raw clay that remains 
 will make profitable crops of anything, and that without fertilizing. 
 
 The word " hammock" is made too general a use of by land-men in 
 dealing with new-comers to Florida. There are many grades of ham- 
 mock land in Florida. 
 
 The only two that we think possess such real superiority as to justify 
 paying more money for them than for good pine land — especially if the 
 latter has a clay subsoil — are the red clay and hilly areas of some of 
 the counties in Middle Florida, or the splendid belt of hammock of like 
 character in Flernando, and the black soil s/iell hammocks to be found 
 in many parts of the State, and especially in several of the counties of 
 South Florida. The strength and heart of these lands was put 
 into them long before any of the tree growth now covering them was 
 in existence. There is a wealth of fertility in them that never wears 
 out, and the capabilities, of these lands is simply wonderful. 
 They are scarce and high-priced, and if the Government of the 
 United States, or the State, still own any subject to entry, which we 
 question, it is somewhere in'Soutli Florida, probably among the Inter- 
 nal Improvement lands proper, belonging to the State, some of which 
 are yet to be had in Hernando and Polk Counties. 
 
 There is another character of haamiock land to be found along- 
 some of the rivers of South Florida, a familiar sample of which is the 
 old Gamble hammock, near the town of Manatee, in Manatee County. 
 
 This i.s not red clay, nor yet the shell and black earth that distin- 
 guishes the shell hammocks proper, and is utterly unlike the leaf mould 
 that overlies the hidden sand of the character of hammock we first 
 described as being the result of the exclusion of fire in the pine 
 woods. 
 
 The character of the soil is rather more like the black bottom lands 
 of some of the Western rivers. It contains sand, will scour a plough, 
 it is deep, black, and underlaid with shell and marl. Often coral and 
 bones of the manatee are interspersed in it But one objection can 
 ever be urged to hammock of this character, and that is, that they fre- 
 quently lie low, and are adjacent to streams that keep them wet, so that 
 drainage is often difficult and always expensive. 
 
State Goveriifnent, 
 
 1^ HE powers of the government of the State of Florida, like those 
 of the sister States, are divided into the three departments of 
 Legislative, Executive, and Judicial. 
 Legislative power, vested in Senate and Assembly, is designated 
 the Legislature of the State of Florida. The Legislature meets on the 
 first Tuesday after the first Monday in January, every two years, and 
 may hold its sessions not longer than sixty days. 
 
 The members of the Assembly are chosen biennially on the first 
 Tuesday after the first Monday in November. Senators are chosen 
 for the term of four years at the same time and places as members of 
 the Assembly, in such way that one-half of the whole number are 
 elected biennially. 
 
 The Legislature fixes the ratio of representation, but the Constitu- 
 tion provides that each county shall have at least one representative, 
 and one additionally for every one thousand registered voters; but no 
 county shall have more than four. The Legislature also fixes the 
 number of Senators, which, however, under the Constitution, shall 
 never be less than one-fourth nor more than one-half of the whole 
 number of the Assembly. At present the number of Assemblymen is 
 104, and the number of Senators 32. The pay of members of the 
 Legislature is a/^r diem fixed by law for each day's actual attendance, 
 and in addition thereto 10 cents mileage. 
 
 The Executive power is vested in a Governor, who is elected for 
 four years. To be eligible, he must have been for nine years a citizen 
 of the United States and three years a citizen of Florida. 
 
 A Lieutenant-Governor is elected at the same time and places as 
 the Governor, and is President of the Senate, but has only a casting 
 vote. He becomes Acting-Governor upon the removal from office by 
 death, inability, or resignation of the Governor. 
 
 The Governor has a Cabinet of Administrative officers, consisting 
 of Secretary of State, Attorney-General, Comptroller, Treasurer, 
 Superintendent of Public Instruction, Adjutant-General, and Com- 
 missioner of Lands They are appointed by the Governor and con- 
 firmed by the Senate. 
 
 The Judicial powers of the State are vested in a Supreme Court, 
 Circuit Courts, County Courts, and Justices of the Peace. 
 
 The Supreme Court consists of the Chief Justice and two Associate 
 Justices. They are appointed by the Governor and confirmed, by the 
 
8o State Government. 
 
 Senate, and hold their offices for life or during good behavior. The 
 Supreme Court appoints its own Cleric. 
 
 There are, as the Constitution requires, seven Circuit Judges, ap- 
 pointed by the Governor and confirmed by the Senate, who hold their 
 offices for eight years. 
 
 The Executive appoints a County Judge for each county, who is 
 confirmed by the Senate, and holds his office for four years. 
 
 The Governor appoints as many Justices of the Peace as he may 
 deem necessary, who hold office for four years, but are subject to re- 
 moval by the Governor for reasons satisfactory to him. 
 
 The Governor, by and with the consent of the Senate, appoints in 
 each county a Sheriff and CJerk of the Circuit Court, who is also Clerk 
 of the County Court and of the Board of County Commissioners, 
 Recorder, and cx-ofiico Auditor of the county. He holds his office for 
 four years. 
 
 The Governor appoints, by and with the consent of the Senate, in 
 each county an Assessor of Taxes and Collector of Revenue, who hold 
 ©ffice for two years, subject to removal upon recommendation of the 
 Governor and consent of the Senate. 
 
 The Governor appoints in each county a County Treasurer, County 
 Surveyor, Superintendent of Common Schools, and five County Com- 
 missioners, each of whom shall hold his office for two years, and is 
 subject to removal by the Governor when, in his judgment, the public 
 good will benefit thereby. 
 
 A Constable may be elected by the registered voters of each county 
 — one Constable for every two hundred voters ; but under the Consti- 
 tution every county is entitled to at least two, and no county shall have 
 more than twelve. 
 
 The salary of the Governor is $3,500 ; that of the Justices of the 
 Supreme Court, each, $3,000 ; that of the several Judges of the Circuit 
 Court, $2,500. 
 
 Every male person of the age of 21 years, and of whatever race, 
 color, nationality, or previous condition, who shall, at the time of offer- 
 ing to vote, be a citizen of the United States, or who shall have resid- 
 ed or had his habitation, domicile, home, and place of permanent 
 abode in Florida for one year, and in the county for six months next 
 preceding the election at which he shall offer to vote, shall, in each 
 county, be deemed a qualified elector. 
 
 Every elector shall, at the time of his registration, take and sub- 
 scribe the following oath : " I, , do solemn iv swear that I 
 
 will support the Constitution and Government of the United States, 
 and Constitution and Government of the State of Florida, against all 
 enemies, foreign and domestic ; that I will bear true faith, loyalty, and 
 allegiance to the same, any ordinances or resolutions of any^State Con- 
 vention or Legislature to the contrary notwithstanding. So help me 
 God." 
 
 Disfranchisement results from the conviction of bribery, perjury, 
 larceny, or other infamous crime, or for being directly or indirectly in- 
 terested in any bet or wager, the result of which shall depend upon 
 
State Government. 8 1 
 
 any election or for being principal or second in a duel, or shall send 
 or accept or be the bearer of a challenge or acceptance to fight a duel. 
 
 The Constitution provides that institutions for the insane, blind, and 
 deaf, and such other benevolent institutions as the public good may 
 require shall be fostered by the State. 
 
 An asylum for the insane has been founded, where the idiotic are 
 also received. This institution is located upon a high hill on the 
 eastern side of the Apalachicola River in Gadsden County. A part of 
 the buildings erected originally by the United States Government 
 for an arsenal, and subsequently turned over to the State, and then 
 fitted by erection of new buildings and proper alterations for present 
 uses. The inmates are comfortably provided for. The males and 
 females of both colors have compartments for themselves, and in 
 these their separate rooms There is connected with the asylum about 
 1, 800 acres of land for such uses as the institution may have for it. 
 
 A State Deaf and Dumb and Blind Asylum was chartered by the 
 last Legislature: 
 
 The policy adopted by the State of Florida in the care of convicts 
 for penal crime is to lease them for terms to contractors, who employ 
 them upon railroad construction or in other ways, instead of confining 
 them within the walls of a State Prison. 
 
 E:<perience has demonstrated that the plan of hiring the convicts to 
 labor in the open air is both humane and healthful, and more agreeable 
 to the prisoners themselves than close confinement. It is, moreover, 
 less expensive to the State. They are hired out at present at $15 each 
 per annum, with such obligations to provide for their safe keeping as 
 are deemed necessary. 
 
 The pooulation of Florida, under the census returns of 1880, was 
 269,493. The increase in population in Florida during the decade 
 from 1870 to 1880 was something over 30 per cent., and for the years 
 1879 and 1880 there was an increase at the rate of 60 per cent. As 
 this tide of immigration has been largely increased during the last 
 four years, it is fair to estimate that the annual rate of increase in her 
 population is now not far from 20 per cent., or that at present it is about 
 500 000. 
 
 The vote of the State in the general election of t88o was : Demo- 
 cratic, 28,000; Republican. 23,000 —total. 51,000. 
 
The P^cblic Schools of Florida. 
 
 H. "N. FELKKL. 
 
 THE present educational system of Florida was provided fur in the 
 Constitution adopted in 1868, and the first schools were put in 
 operation under it during the schi^lastic year of 1S69-70. The 
 system does not differ essentially froni those in operation in the 
 States of New England and the West. 
 
 The Superintendent of Public Instruction is the head of the depart- 
 ment, and is one of the seven cabinet officers and constitutional advisers 
 of the Governor. He is also the President of the Board of Education, 
 before whom come all questions of appeal from the counties. Each, 
 county, under the law, is constituted a school district. The county or 
 district school officers are, a County Superintendent, a Board of Public 
 Instruction, and local School Trustees. The County Superintendent 
 is the Secretary and Executive Officer of the Board. It is his duty to 
 visit the schools at least once during each three months when the 
 schools are in session, to organize and conduct teachers' institutes, and 
 to look after the general welfare of the schools. The Board of Public 
 Instruction have the management and disposition of the school finances 
 of the county. It is also their duty to locate the schools and to ap- 
 point the local trustees. 
 
 The revenue for the support of the schools of the State is derived 
 from the following sources : (i) The interest on the Common School 
 Fund ; (2) the Constitutional Tax ; (3) County Taxes. The Common 
 School Fund is that fund which has accrued from the sales of school 
 lands— the sixteenth sections granted by the General Government — 
 and from fines and forfeitures. This fund is invested for the most 
 part in the bonds of the State of Florida, and gives an annual interest 
 of about $1 8,00c. This amount is apportioned, each year, among the 
 several counties, on the basis of the school population The Constitu- 
 tional Tax is a tax of one mill on the assessed property valuation of the 
 State, and the Superintendent is required to appoi'tion it in the same 
 manner and on the same basis as the interest on the Common School 
 Fund is apportioned. The County Taxes are provided for by statute. 
 They are levied by the County Commissioners, the rate being not 
 less than two and a half and not more than four mills. In the wealthier 
 and more populous counties, the school revenue, arising from the 
 sources named, is ample, and good schools are maintained from six to 
 ten months of the year. In others, more sparsely settled, where the 
 taxable resources are limited, the revenue has not been sufficient to 
 continue the schools for longer than three months of the year, but the 
 
The Public Schools of Florida. 83 
 
 tide of iiiiinigration pouring into the State will, in a short time, so 
 swell the property valuation as to give ample funds for all purposes. 
 
 The following statistics are given to show the growth of the public 
 schools since 1876: 
 
 1876 — Total number of schools, 656 ; attendance, ci,coo. 
 1877 — Total number of schools, SS7 ; attendance, 31,133. 
 1878 — Total number of schools, 992 ; attendance, 36,961. 
 1879 — Total number of schools, 1,050 ; attendance, 37,034. 
 1880 — Total number of schools, 1,131 ; attendance, 39,315. 
 i88j — Total number of schools, 1,239 ! attendance, 51,945. 
 
 It will be seen, from the foregoing ligures, that during the past six 
 years the schools of the State have averaged an increase of nearly one 
 hundred per annum. Public sentiment, which, in the beginning, was 
 antagonistic or indifferent to the free schools, is now fully alive to the 
 importance of this interest, and the progress made in the past may be 
 taken as an earnest of what may be expected in the future. 
 
 As to ti.; quality of instruction in the public schools of Florida, it 
 may be stated that, in this respect, they will compare favorably with 
 those of the older States. 'I'he high schools and academies in most 
 of the towns and villages arc provided with competent teachers, many 
 of whom were graduated from the leading colleges of the country, so- 
 that there is scarcely a section of the vState where a young man may 
 not leave his own county prepared to enter college. 
 
 Among the leading institutions devoted to higher education are 
 the East and the West Florida Seminaries, the one located at Gainsville, 
 the other at Tallahassee. These schools have an annual endowment 
 arising from a fund accruing to the State from what are known as " Semi- 
 nary Lands." The institutions are both in a very flourishing condition, 
 and each year adds to their influence and efficiency. They are regularly 
 chartered, and have authority to grant diplomas and confer degrees. 
 
 One of the great needs of the public schools of Florida has been 
 that of better qualified teachers for the smaller country schools. This 
 need, however, is now being met by the organization of normal schools, 
 and teachers' institutes. The last Legislature appropriated three 
 thousand dollars for 1883, and the •same amount for 18S4, for normal 
 instruction, to be applied in connection with four of the leading 
 schools of the State two for white teachers and two for colored. 
 The schools have been set to work in the manner indicated by the 
 law, and their efforts can but result in giving to the schools more 
 thorough and efficient teachers. There was also made an appropria- 
 tion of two thousand dollars, to be used in holding teachers' institutes 
 in different sections of the State. 
 
 The Florida State Agricultural College, which is located at Lake City,, 
 was opened for the first time in October of 1884. At present only the 
 western wing of what is to be a handsome and commodious building, 
 when it is finished, is occupied. Farm buildings, propagating houses,, 
 conservatories, etc., will be added from lime to time as they are demanded 
 by the course of instruction. 
 
Traveler s Cniide to Florida, 
 
 BY KIRK MUNROE. 
 
 HINTS TO TOURISTS AND INVALIDS. 
 
 T is no wonder that the traveler contemplating a winter trip to Florida 
 becomes confused and undecided as to when, wliere, and how he shall 
 go, and what he shall take with him, as soon as he endeavors to ac- 
 quire information from those who have been there and pretend to 
 'know all about it. Probably no State in the Union is at once subjected to 
 such exaggerated praise and unqualified condemnation. From one friend 
 he will learn that winters in Florida are invariably warm arid dry ; and 
 from the next that they are always cold and wet. One will advise him to 
 take only summer clothing ; and the other will insist that he will need the 
 same warm garments that he would in the North. He will be told that 
 •outside of Jacksonville he will get nothing fit to eat, and that good 
 hotels exist everywhere ; that St. Augustine is the only place in which 
 to spend the winter, and that it will be as much as his life is worth to 
 face the raw east winds of St. Augustine. The west coast and the 
 east coast will be represented in glowing and dismal colors ; the St. 
 John's vwll, in a breath, be pronounced the most glorious river in the 
 world, and the most monotonous and uninteresting. He will hear that 
 the State is one vast swamp, and that it is nothing but a dr}-, sandy, 
 pine barren, that good lands do not exist ; and that Florida contains 
 the finest farming lands in the South. Flis friend A. will beg of him not 
 to visit a country where every breath is malarious, where fevers taint 
 every breeze, and where poisonofls reptiles and insects infest every 
 locality that can be named ; and the next day B. will take his oath that 
 he never heard of a case of malaria or fever in Florida that was not 
 imported, and that the poisonous reptiles and insects are but the ofi"- 
 spring of A.'s too vivid imagination. The climax will be capped when 
 he hears that the Floridians hate Northerners with a deadly hatred, and 
 make use of every opportunity for insulting them ; and is told directly 
 afterward by his neighbor over the way that Floridians are the most 
 courteous and hospitable of people, and welcome Northerners with an 
 overpowering cordiality. 
 
 Having gathered this various and somewhat contradictory infor- 
 mation, the traveler either decides to go somewhere else, or turns 
 toward Florida with his mind filled with a confusion of eager antici- 
 pation and apprehensive dread, neither of which is destined to be 
 
Traveler s Guide — Hints to Tourists a?id Invalids. 85 
 
 realized. He who goes to Florida prepared to make the best of every- 
 thing, and to extract as much pleasure as possible from his trip, will 
 enjoy himself and have a good time ; while he who is prepared to find 
 fault with whatever fails to meet his anticipations, will be corre- 
 spondingly miserable. 
 
 All things taken into consideration, Florida is no better and no worse 
 than the other States of the Union, over which she can claim absolute 
 superiority in but one thing — her winter climate. This is what makes 
 Florida ; it is everything to the State, and so fully do its inhabitants 
 realize the fact, that, from the moment the visitor sets foot within her 
 borders until he leaves them, he is daily and hourly reminded that this 
 wonderful climate was invented and prepared, and is now owned and 
 controlled, by the Floridians themselves. The salutation with which 
 each and every inhabitant greets the stranger is, " Well, sir, what do you 
 think of our climate ?" And woe be unto him if he is not prepared to 
 admit, without hesitation, that it is undoubtedly the most v/onderful 
 climate in thisworld or any other, and that it reflects great credit upon 
 its proprietors. 
 
 After having listened to innumerable panegyrics on the climature, 
 and mastered the contents of the various publications on the meteor- 
 ography of Florida, the visitor may, in his turn, gradually assume the 
 air of climatic proprietorship, and even venture to propound to more 
 recent arrivals the invariable meteorological conundrum. 
 
 It has been noticed that this proprietary attitude toward the climate 
 is more apt to be assumed by imported than by native Floridians ; and 
 that the more recent the importation the more vivid is the impression 
 that he is one of the authors and promoters of the grand climato- 
 logical scheme. 
 
 On the whole, it is a very good climate, and to the traveler recently 
 escaped from the rigors of a Northern winter it is glorious, and he is 
 disposed to admit all the excellence that is claimed for it. At the same 
 time it is a capricious climate, and subject to sudden changes which he 
 must be prepared to encounter. The weather of three winters ago was 
 charming throughout the entire Florida season, being warm and dry from 
 November to May. Winter before last was very wet, and in the northern 
 part of the State rain fell nearly every day through December and January. 
 Last winter was decidedly cold until the ist of February ; but even during 
 this cold spell there was no trace of snow, and but very little ice, though 
 frosts were almost of nightly occurrence. Occasionally the sun would shine 
 with a welcome heat, the warm south wind would blow, and for a few days 
 the air was that of summer ; then, perhaps, a " Norther" would set in, and 
 in a few hours the temperature would be lowered 20 or 30 degrees. 
 
 In view of these changes, it is not safe to visit Florida in winter 
 without being provided with both winter and summer clothing, and 
 being prepared to change from one to the other two or three times a 
 day if necessary. Light flannels should be worn throughout the season, 
 and the traveler who leaves his heavy overcoat, or her warm wrap, 
 behind, when setting out for the " Flov;ery land," will have cause to 
 regret them. A heavy overcoat is a necessity on the steamer while en 
 
S>6 Traveler s Guide — Hints I'o Tourists and Invalids. 
 
 route for Florida, it will often be found very comfortable while there, 
 and it will form a most important addition to the wardrobe of him who 
 returns to the North by sea in the spring. Passengers leaving Savan- 
 nah al)out noon, of a day between the first and the middle of May, fancy 
 that they can never feel cool and comfortable again, and that overcoats 
 might as well be stowed away in trunks down in the lower hold ; 
 but when, a few days afterward, they reach New York or Boston, 
 possibly in the small hours of the morning, and find the temperature 
 away down almost to the freezing-point, as frequently happens, they 
 would give a great deal for the now inaccessible overcoats or heavy 
 wraps. It is well therefore always to have these within reach, from the 
 time of departure for the South until you return. 
 
 To those travelers who go South in search of health a few words of 
 advice may not come amiss. In the first place, do not wait until it is 
 too late for any earthly agency to help you before trying the climate of 
 Florida. It will not cure the man who stands with one foot already in 
 the grave, though it may prolong his days ; but if sought when the first 
 symptoms of disease are discovered, it will work miracles. 
 
 In the second place, be sure to stay long enough in Florida. Do 
 not imagine that, because summer heats prevail there in April and 
 May, it is time for you to return to the North. It will be as much as 
 your life is worth to do so before the first of June, and if you can wait 
 until the middle of that month, so much the better. 
 
 Go early and stay late. Leave the chilly North some time in November; 
 and, if you can arrange to do so comfortably, travel south slowly. Spend 
 a few days in Washington, or at that most charming of seaside resorts, the 
 Hygeia, at Old Point Comfort, rest for a week each in Charleston and 
 Savannah, and reach Florida early in December. 
 
 If you reach Florida in October, or even early in November, you 
 will be very apt to get a touch of the Dengue, which is not dangerous, but 
 is a very uncomfortable kind of a fever. 
 
 Do not imagine, because you have crossed the Florida line, that you 
 are in the tropics and may safely defy the coldly insinuating breath of 
 winter. Florida is nearly 400 miles long from north to south, and be- 
 tween Fernandina and Key West many varieties of weather may be found. 
 The invalid should not think of spending the time from the middle 
 of December to the middle of February north of a line drawn across the 
 middle of the Stale ; and at the same time he should seek the most com- 
 fortable quarters. Unfortunately, the further South he goes, the poorer will 
 he find the accommodations. On the Gulf coast there is a good hotel at 
 Palma Sola, another at Tarpon Springs, kept by Mr. and Mrs. Alfred 
 Jones, who have, in years gone by, made the Homosassa famous for its 
 good hving, and several indifferently well kept houses in Tampa. Going 
 inland, the Tropical House, at Kissimmee City, will prove a pleasant sur- 
 prise to the tired traveler, and he will find an equally good hotel equally 
 well kept at Winter Park. The Sanford House, at Sanford, and the 
 Brock House, at Enterprise, are too well known to require praise, and, 
 with one exception, these are the most southerly of the good hotels in 
 which an invalid can be made comfortable. The exception is the Cocoanut 
 
Travelers Gtiide— Hints to Tourists and Invalids. 87 
 
 Grove House, away down on Lake Worth, on the south-east coast, in the 
 latitude of the Bahama Islands. The finest and best kept hotel on the 
 east coast, south of St. Augustine, is the Atlantic House, at Oak Hill, on 
 the Hillsborough River. The cuisine of this house is most admirable, 
 and its game dinners are of a character to delight the heart of an epicure. 
 
 In February it is safe to travel slowly towards the northern part of the State, 
 keeping pace with the delicate feathery green that at this season begins 
 to fringe the cypresses along the St. Johns. This northern part of 
 Florida, which was once a synonym among travelers for all that was rude, 
 rough, coarse and uncomfortable, is now blessed with a dozen or more of 
 the finest hotels in the South. In Palatka was the exquisitely kept and 
 home-tike Putnam House, endeared to many a tourist's heart. It had 
 been largely added to, and was almost ready for the reception of its win- 
 ter guests, when late in the autumn of 18S4 it was destroyed by a disas- 
 trous fire that swept away most of the business portion of the city. Only 
 two of the smaller hotels v.ere spared, and the accommodations for visit- 
 ors during that winter were very limited. Now, the new Putnam has 
 arisen on its site. It is a fine building, larger and handsomer than the 
 old one ; but it is not managed by the Orvises, who did so much for the 
 popularity of the old Putnam. 
 
 At Magnolia, 28 miles from Jacksonville, is the Magnolia House, 
 which, with the new San Marco, at St. Augustine, is under the management 
 of Mr. O. D. Seavey, of the Maplewood, at Bethlehem, New Hampshire. 
 They are, beyond a question, the finest hotels in the State, and would do 
 credit to the most fashionable Northern resort. 
 
 In Jacksonville of course are fine hotels, but none of them compares in 
 comfort with the Windsor or sets so good a table. It is managed by the 
 Orvises, who are so pleasantly identified with the Equinox, at Manchester, 
 ' Vermont, the only first-class hotel in the Green Mountains, and with the late 
 lamented Putnam, of Palatka. The Everett Hotel, in Jacksonville, is also 
 a first-class house, and enjoys the advantages of being the nearest one to 
 the principal railway stations and steamboat wharves, as well as of offering 
 a magnificent view up and down the river. For persons of more moderate 
 means, the St. Marks, at $2.50 per day, offers a most satisfactory resting 
 place. If you want to go fishing or duck shooting, ask Mr. Fred. Foster, 
 the proprietor of the St. Marks, where to go, and if you would have good 
 luck, follow his advice implicitly. 
 
 The Egmont, at Fernandina, is another charming hotel, and he who is 
 not satisfied with its accommodations could not be pleased with the best 
 that New York has to offer. In I'allahassee, the most beautiful spot in 
 Florida in which to spend the weeks from the first of March to the middle 
 of May, is the new Leon Hotel, under the S9,me management as the 
 Everett, in Jacksonville, and the Sanford House, at Sanford. 
 
 But this chapter on hotels must be brought to a close. At each one of 
 those mentioned in the foregoing list the visitor will be satisfactorily and, 
 in many of them, luxuriously entertained. They are the best in Florida. 
 Besides these, large and well kept hotels are to be found in De Land, 
 Green Cove Springs, Orlando, Ocala, Gainesville, Eustis, Monticello and 
 Pensacola. A pleasant hotel, the Hernando, was opened last winter in 
 Brooksville. Probably no place in the State feels the lack of good hotel 
 
88 Traveler s Guide —Hints to Tourists and Invalids. 
 
 accommodations so greatly as Leesburg, in Sumter County. Good and 
 cheap boarding houses exist in nearfy every city and town of any import- 
 ance in the State, but they have to be searched for very careiuliy, and, 
 when found, made note of". 
 
 If the invalid is possessed of sufficent strength, and would reap the 
 fall benefit of the glorious Floridian climate, let him eschew hotels and 
 cruise down the Indian River or along the Gulf Coast, traveling leisurely, 
 bathing in hot sunshine and filling his lungs with salt air. If he prefers 
 the land to the water, let him travel in a light wagon or on horseback 
 through the vast pine woods and across the inland highlands of the Slate, 
 visit the lake region of Orange County, the elevated hills of Sumter, 
 the magnificent hammocks of Hernando, or hunt cattle with the cow boys 
 of South Florida. In fact, let him spend the winter in the open air and 
 engaged in active exercise. No better prescription than this could be written 
 by the foremost physician of the world, and, if it is followed carefully, the 
 most beneficial results are guaranteed. 
 
 A valuable hint to invalids and to all other travelers as well, which 
 applies to all parts of Florida, is to carefully avoid exposure to the heavy 
 night dews, and keep under cover as much as possible between the hours of 
 sunset and sunrise. 
 
 ROUTES AND PLACES. 
 
 The quickest and most direct way of reaching Florida is by the all-rail 
 '* Waycross Route,'' which maybe recognized wherever it is seen advertised 
 by the sign of the polar bear and the alligator shaking hands. The " Way- 
 cross Route" means the splendid Savannah, Florida and Western Railway, 
 the best built and best managed road in the South. Its line extends from 
 Charleston, S. C, to Jacksonville, Florida, and west to direct connections 
 with New Orleans. Over it Pullman buffet cars are run into Jacksonville 
 from all the principal cities in the North. It is the fast mail route, by 
 which the distance from New York to Jacksonville is covered inside of 
 thirty-six (36) hours, and papers printed in New York one morning are 
 read in Florida on the aternoon of the next day. Nothing in the whole 
 range of travel is more marvelous than the climatic change experienced by 
 him who on a bleak winter's day steps aboard the train in a Northern city, 
 and, traveling via the " Waycross,'' finds himself on the following day amid 
 the orange groves and warmth of Florida. 
 
 If the traveler is willing to spend two days' more time on his journey, 
 and wishes to trv a sea voyage, the fine steamers of the Ocean Steamship 
 Company leave New York three times every week for Savannah, where, on 
 the wharf, the trains of the Savannah, Florida and Western Railway await their 
 coming, and in six hours' more time Jacksonville, 166 miles away, is 
 reached. It is well, however, not to hurry away from this citv, for it is 
 full of interest, and well repays a visit. It is unfortunate in i^s leading 
 hotels, which fall far short of what they should be ; but this fault is more 
 than condoned by the numerous attractions that it does offer. 
 
 Savannah is a typical Southern city, and is remarkable for the 
 number of its open public squares oi- parks, of which there are twenty-four 
 
Travelers Guide — Routes and Places. 89 
 
 within its limits. A peculiar charm is lent to them by the numbers of 
 Southern shade trees with which they are ornamented. Of course everj'body 
 visits Bonaventure, which, with its giant moss-draped live-oaks, is the most 
 weirdly beautiful cemetery in the South. It may be reached by a four- 
 mile drive over a capital shell road, or by the horse cars of the Coast Line 
 Railway. These cars also run to Thunderbolt, a quaint resort on a salt 
 water river, a mile beyond Bonaventure, famous for its fish dinners and 
 milk punches. 
 
 If, when he is ready to leave Savannah and pursue his southward 
 journey, the traveler would still proceed by water, a most interesting trip, 
 by the fine boats of the Florida Railway and Navigation Company, 
 known as the "Montgomery Route," through the vast salt marshes and 
 lagoons behind the Sea Islands that fringe the Georgia coast, offers itself. 
 By going this way he will finally cross the broad expanse of Cumberland 
 Sound, passing old Dungenness, on Cumberland Island, once the home of 
 Gen. Nathaniel Greene, but now owned by Mr. Andrew Carnegie, of 
 Pittsburgh, and be landed at Fernandina, whence he will proceed by train, 
 33 miles, to Jacksonville. 
 
 The favorite route to Florida, for those who wish to prolong their ocean 
 voyage to its greatest possible length, is by the Mallory Line from New York 
 to Fernandina. Every Tuesday and Friday a steamship of this line 
 leaves Pier 20, East River, in New York, and three or four days later it 
 reaches Fernandina, having made a few hours' stop on the way at Port 
 Royal, in South Carolina. This break in the voyage is usually highly 
 appreciated by the passengers, who here obtain their first glimpses of 
 genuine Southern scenery, and who generally profit by the detention of 
 the steamer to take a run ashore. The shores along the river, between its 
 mouth and the quaint old town, abound in earthworks, relics of the civil 
 war, old plantation houses, moss-hung live-oaks, palmetto trees and other 
 objects of interest novel to the Northern eye. A walk of a mile and a 
 half from the wharf takes one to the ruins of an old Spanish fort. 
 
 If Port Royal is left late in the afternoon, Fernandina is reached 
 early the next morning. Its harbor is the finest on the Atlantic coast 
 south of Chesapeake Bay, and in it, during the War of 181 2, when the city 
 belonged to Spain and was consequently a neutral port, more than 300 
 square-rigged vessels rode at anchor at once. The city was founded by 
 the Spaniards in 1632, and is located on Amelia Island, which is especially 
 noted for its magnificent ocean beach. Fernandina is a charming place in 
 which to spend the closing weeks of the Florida season, and offers hotel 
 accommodations equal to any in the State. 
 
 Other routes to Florida from the North are : the Louisville and Nash- 
 ville from Cincinnati, Louisville, and St. Louis, to Pensacola, in the extreme 
 western part of Florida, and thence east to Jacksonville ; the Cin- 
 cinnati Southern, from Cincinnati and Louisville to Chattanooga, Atlanta 
 and Jesup, and thence over the Savannah, Florida and Western ("Way- 
 cross") to Jacksonville and the great " Monon Route " from Chicago, by 
 which the traveler may stop off and visit the Mammoth Cave. 
 
 These are all -rail routes. By sea a fine line of steamships, owned by 
 the Boston and Savannah Steamship Company,makes weekly trips between 
 
go Traveler s Guide — Routes and Places. 
 
 the capital city of New England and Savannah. The voyage occupies 
 seventy hours, and is one of the pleasantest and most interesting along the 
 Atlantic coast. 
 
 Steamships, carrying freight only, connect Philadelphia and Savannah, 
 making weekly trips. 
 
 The Merchants' and Miners' Transportation Company maintains a 
 weekly line of passenger steamers between Baltimore and Savannah, and lines 
 of freight steamers are run between Boston, Baltimore, and Fernandina. 
 
 A very popular line is that of the New York and Charleston Steamship 
 Companv from New York to Charleston. At this point a connecting line of 
 two new iron steamers, the "City of Palatka " andihe "City of Monticello," 
 is run semi-weekly to Palatka, on the St. Johns River, seventy-five miles 
 above Jacksonville. Between Charleston and Palatka these steamers touch 
 at Savannah, Fernandina, Jacksonville, and all landings along the St. 
 Johns River. 
 
 The best way to send boats to Florida from New York, is by the 
 Warren Ray line of schooners, of which the New York office is at 62 South 
 Street. 
 
 Jacksonville, the largest and most important City in Florida, is 
 the point at which nearly all the railway and steamboat lines centre, and 
 is practically the gateway of the State. Most of its business is conducted 
 by Northern men, and many of its characteristics are Northern, but its 
 climate, its foliage, and the condition of its streets, are strictly Southern. 
 It is possessed of a number of first-class hotels, in which the accommoda- 
 tions offered are equal to those of the best Northern summer resorts, and 
 of a quantity of smaller hotels and boarding houses that are as well kept 
 as others of a similar class in any part of the country. Prices for board and 
 lodging range all the way from one to five dollars per day, and good 
 rooms, without board, may be obtained for from eight dollars to twelve 
 dollars per month. Thecityiswell provided with street railways; and public 
 convevances of all descriptions, in which the charges are moderate, meet 
 every incoming train and boat. Jacksonville is located on the west bank 
 of the St. Johns River, twenty-five miles from its mouth, and large steamers 
 and sailing vessels lie at its wharves. It has a water system, a fire depart- 
 ment, and is lighted bv gas and electricity. 
 
 One of the most attractive of its social features is the Jacksonville Club, 
 whose charming and handsomely appointed house is always thrown hos- 
 pitably open to well accredited visitors. 
 
 The short excursions that may be made from Jacksonville are many and 
 delightful. To the north, and only -^^t^ miles away, via the F. R. & N. Co.'s 
 Railway, lies Fernandina and its magnificent beach. On the east, 35 miles 
 distant, by way of the Jacksonville, St. Augustine and Halifax River Rail- 
 way, is the ancient city of St. Augustine. On the south, on the line of the 
 Jacksonville, Tampa and Key West Railway, is Magnolia, with its splen- 
 did hotel and beautiful surroundings, twenty-eight miles distant ; and 
 Green Cove Springs, one mile beyond, offering wonderful sulphur 
 springs and fascinating woodland v.alks. 
 
 By boat, on the St Johns, daily excursions may be taken down the 
 river to its mouth, near which are Pilot Town, May Port and P'ort George 
 
Traveler s Guide — Routes and Places. 91 
 
 Island, on which is one of the most beautiful drives in Florida. Arlington, 
 only five miles down the river, and on its opposite shore, is a delightful 
 place for a picnic, or in which to spend a few days. 
 
 Up the river, and on its eastern shore, is Mandarin, Mrs. Stowe's winter 
 home, distant fifteen miles from Jacksonville by boat. The tourist is also 
 taken by boat up the river to Fruit Cove, Hibernia, Magnolia, Green Cove 
 Springs, Tocoi, and so on up to Palatka, which is distant seventy-five miles 
 by river and fifty-five bv rail. 
 
 St. AugUStiriG, the most attractive of all Southern cities to the tourist, 
 may, in addition to the route already mentioned, be reached by taking boat 
 up the river to Tocoi, forty-nine miles, and from there the St. Johns 
 Raihvay, eighteen miles further ; or by train up the west bank of the river 
 to West Tocoi, at which point a ferry connects with the same railway to 
 the " Ancient City." The attractions of St. Augustine are its old Spanish 
 Fort, which is called both San Marco and Marion ; its plaza, cathedral and 
 old slave market, its splendid sea wall, quaint houses with balconies over- 
 hanging the narrow streets, its many palms and other tropical foliage, its 
 unexcelled facilities for boating, hunting and fishing, and the opportunities 
 afforded for driving and horseback riding. It is a United States military 
 post, and being the headquarters of a regiment, its inhabitants are treated 
 several times each week to the music of the fine regimental band. St. 
 Augustine contains a great number of boarding houses, and several fine 
 hotels, the largest and best of which is the elegant new San Marco, located 
 just outside the old city gates, within a short walk of Fort Marion, and 
 opened for the first time this season. 
 
 Palatka, located on the western bank of the St. Johns River, is one 
 of the important cities of Florida, and, in addition to many attractions, 
 has heretofore offered unexcelled hotel accommodations ; but a ter- 
 rible fire swept over the city on the 8th of last November, that not only 
 destroyed all of its hotels, except two small ones, but also the entire busi- 
 ness portion of the city. Rebuilding was at once begun, and the Putnam 
 House will be open as usual. Col. Hart's Orange Grove, across the 
 river from the city, is one of the show groves of the State. Palatka is the 
 point of departure for steamboats going up the Ocklawahaand to Crescent 
 City. It is also the eastern and northern terminus of the Florida Southern 
 Railway, which runs to Gainesville, Ocala and Leesburg. 
 
 The Ocklawaha boats leave Palatka in the morning, and 
 occupy the entire day and the following night in making the 
 trip to Silver Spring, which place is reached about seven o'clock 
 the next morning. These boats are necessarily small and of light 
 draught ; but they are remarkably comfortable, and the table spread 
 aboard of them is excellent. From Palatka they go for twenty- 
 five miles up the St. Johns to Welaka, opposite which place they enter 
 the mouth of the Ocklawaha (Crooked Water). The trip up this weird, 
 uncanny stream is most interesting, more especially after dark, when 
 the watery pathway is illuminated by the ruddy glare of a lightwood 
 fliare set on top of the pilot-house. The "gateway of the Ocklawaha," 
 two enormous cypress-trees growing in the river, so close to each other 
 that there is barely room for the steamer to pass between them, is passed 
 
92 - Traveler s Guide — Routes and Plaees. 
 
 about midnight, just above the Eure1<a landing. Silver Spring Run, the 
 nine miles Tong outlet of the world-renowned spring, is entered about 
 sunrise, and the remainder of the trip over its crystal waters, that reveal 
 with startling distinctness every object on the bottom, is most fasci- 
 nating. No words can describe the marvelous beauties of the glorious 
 spring itself. It must be visited, and its wonders seen, to be appreci- 
 ated, or even understood. 
 
 The St. Johns, above Palatka, narrows very considerably from 
 the great width that it has maintained to this point, and every mile of 
 progress southward over its waters adds to its interest, and its tropical 
 appearance. Opposite Welaka, twenty-five miles from Palatka, is the 
 mouth of the Ocklawaha ; then cones the broad, beautiful expanse of 
 Lake George, and beyond it Volusia on one side of the river, and .Astor 
 on the other. 
 
 At Astor is the terminus of the St. Johns and Lake Eustis Rail- 
 way, running southeasterly from the river into the heart of the glorious 
 Lake Region, and to Fort Mason, Eustis, Tavares, and Leesburg. 
 
 De Land, 162 miles up the river from Jacksonville, is the next 
 point of interest. From the landing the traveler is whirled for five miles 
 through the pine wood, on a gently ascending grade, over the Orange 
 Ridge, De Land and Atlantic Railway, to the model Florida city. Located 
 on a high sandy ridge, in the midst of a pine forest, De Land is one of 
 the most healthful spots in the State; and being a community of thrifty, 
 enterprising Northern people, it is also one of the most prosperous and 
 progressive places in the South. There are no paupers in De Land, and 
 its residences and public buildings are all roomy, comfortable structures, 
 built in good taste, and neatly painted, in which respect they differ from 
 the majority of Florida houses. In the city are twenty stores, all carrying 
 large stocks of goods, five churches, three hotels, besides many other busi- 
 ness places, and, what is most important of all, a fine public school and 
 an academy. The latter is under the management of Dr. J. H. Griffith, of 
 Troy, N. Y., and in it students of both sexes are fitted for college or for 
 teaching. De Land is surrounded, for miles in every direction, by orange 
 groves in all stages of development, from those just set out to those filled 
 with magnificent trees in full bearing. Being but twenty-five miles from 
 the Atlantic coast, the air of the place is kept sweet by the ever-blowing 
 salt sea breezes, that here mingle with the resinous odors of the pines and 
 the perfume of orange blossoms. 
 
 Sanford, the most important city on the St. Johns above Palatka, 
 is beautifully situated on the south side of Lake Monroe, which is but a 
 widening of the river. It is 193 miles from Jacksonville by the river, or 
 twelve hours' sail by the fast steamers, and is by rail about half that dis- 
 tance, and can be reached in about half the time. The Jacksonville, 
 Tampa, and Key West Railway has for some time been graded between 
 Palatka and Sanford, and it is expected that trains will run between the 
 two cities in time for this season's tourist travel. Nine miles above Pa- 
 latka it crosses to the east side of the St. Johns, and runs via Crescent 
 City, Seville, De Land, and Orange City to the lower end of Lake Mon- 
 
Traveler s Guide — Routes and Places. 93 
 
 roe, where it again crosses the river to reach Sanford. This city is the 
 head of lower river navigation, and the point of departure for the small 
 up-river boats, which run 150 miles further to Rockledge and the Indian 
 River country. It is also the terminus of the South Florida Railroad, by 
 which it is connected with Tampa, 115 miles away on the Gulf coast. 
 Sanford is a city of phenomenal growth, and was founded in 1870 by 
 General Henry S. Sanford, of Connecticut. 
 
 Winter Park, seventeen miles by rail, south of Sanford, is one of 
 the most charming resorts of Northern people in Florida. It is situated 
 amid a series of beautiful lakes, is well laid out, and contains many fine 
 residences, and a large new hotel, which is under the same management 
 as the famous Argyle at Babylon, Long Island. 
 
 Orlando, tv.enty miles from Sanford, on the South Florida Rail- 
 road, is a flourishing and prosperous city, and is the county -seat of Orange 
 County. A second line of railroad, finished during the summer of 1885, 
 connects it w-ith Apopka, Tavares, and the Lake Region. 
 
 Kissimme'e City, forty miles from Sanford, is beautifully located 
 on Lake Tahopekilaga. and is at the head of the vast system of inland 
 navigation that, by way of the Kissimmee River, Lake Okeechobee, and 
 the Caloosahatchie River, is now opened to the Gulf. It is also the 
 head-quarters of the wide-spreading operations of the Disston Drainage 
 Company, and the place where all their dredges, snag-boats and steam- 
 ers are built. It boasts a most excellent hotel, at which trains are 
 stopped for meals. Twelve miles from Kissimmee is the flourishing two- 
 year-old English settlement of Runnymede, one of the most interesting 
 places in the State. Here is located a model farm and school of agri- 
 culture, in which is taught the management of horses, cattle, sheep, pigs, 
 bees, and poultr}-, orange-growing, sugar-planting, etc. Visitors will find 
 in Runn3nnede a large hotel, and several boarding-houses. 
 
 Bartow Junction is sixty-eight miles from Sanford, and seventeen 
 miles further, on a branch line of road, is Bartow, a comparatively old 
 town, into w'hich the railroad has infused new life and energy. 
 
 Xjakeland, eighty -three miles from Sanford, is pleasantly located 
 amid a number of small lakes on the highest land traversed by the South 
 Florida Railroad. It is an important point, as here the Florida South- 
 ern Road, from Leesburg and the North, forms a junction with the South 
 Florida. There is a fairly well kept railway eating-house here, at which 
 many of the trains stop for meals. 
 
 Plant City, ten miles beyond, is a new place that is growing 
 rapidly, and discounting the future, when it, too, hopes to be an impor- 
 tant railway junction. It is proposed that the Peninsula Division of the 
 Florida Railway and Navigation Company's Railways shall cross the 
 South Florida Road at this point. 
 
 Tampa, 115 miles from Sanford, has always been an important 
 place ; but now, as the terminus of two railroads, and the point of de- 
 parture of steamers for Key West, Havana, and the many small ports 
 along the Gulf coast of Florida, it is rapidly becoming a business centre 
 of very considerable magnitude. Tampa contains a number of hotels, 
 
94 Tj'avelers Guide — Routes and Places. 
 
 and many boarding-houses ; but they are all small, and olTer but indiffer- 
 ent accommodations. 
 
 Palma Sola (Lone Palm), situated at the mouth of Tampa Bay 
 on its southern side, and 36 miles from Tampa, is one of the most 
 important and promising of the new Gulf ports. It is located just within 
 the mouth of the Manatee River, and with its fine store, carrying an 
 immense stock of general merchandise, its wharves, warehouses, saw 
 and planing mills, good hotel, and neat cottages, it looks like what it is, 
 a busy, prosperous, and flourishing place. The great industry of Palma 
 Sola is fishing, and within its corporate limits are sev^eral extensive fish- 
 eries, from which many thousands of packages of the finest food fish of 
 the Gulf of Mexico are annually shipped to the North and to the interior 
 of Florida. The fine swift steamer i\f'i?-garef, Captain Warner, makes 
 daily trips between Tampa and Palma Sola, the run occupying but two 
 and a half hours each way. The steamer Maiiatec plies every week 
 between Palma vSola and Charlotte Harbor, touching at Punta Rassa, 
 Fort Myers, Fort Ogden and intermediate points, and the Governor 
 Safford makes two trips a week up the coast to Cedar Key, touching at 
 all the coast ports. 
 
 From Tampa the fine steam-ship, Alascotte, 275 feet long and capa- 
 ble of making seventeen knots an hour, runs direct to Havana, touching 
 at Key West She has just been built and placed on this rontehy the 
 Plant Investment Company, for the purpose of carrj-ing passengers and 
 the U. S. mails. 
 
 The Morgan steamers from New Orleans and Cedar Keys, for Key 
 West and Flavana, also run into Tampa Bay, and may be boarded from 
 Palma Sola. 
 
 Above Palma Sola on the Manatee River are Braidentown, Mana- 
 tee, Palmetto, Fogartysville, and Ellentown. On Sarasota Bay, only a 
 few miles from Palma Sola, is a thrifty Scotch settlement recently 
 formed by a colony from the old country. 
 
 Punta Kassa, a day's run down the coast from Tampa Bay, at 
 the mouth of the Caloosahatchee River, is not a town or even a village, 
 but is of importance as being the terminus of the telegraph cable to 
 Cuba, and a port from which large shipments of cattle are made. 
 
 Fort Myers, twenty miles up the river from Punta Rassa, is a 
 place of about 500 inhabitants and the most important town in that 
 part of the State. It is the headquarters for the army of settlers who 
 are pouring into this section, and rapidly occupying the fertile lands of 
 the Caloosahatchie valley. The coming industry of this portion of the 
 peninsula is the raising of cocoanuts, of which thousands are now being 
 annually planted. 
 
 Of the western central portion of Florida the largest and most im- 
 portant places are Gainesville, Ocala, and Leesburg. 
 
 Gainesville is seventy miles from Jacksonville, and may be 
 reached by the F. R. and N. Railroad from Jacksonville, the S. F. and 
 W. Railway from Live Oak, or the Florida Southern from Palatka. It 
 is an important railroad centre,, and the seat of a large and rapidly 
 
Traveler s Guide — Routes and Peaces. 95 
 
 growing business. It boasts a good hotel, a militaiy academy, a num- 
 ber of factories, a daily newspaper, and other evidences of well-estab- 
 lished prosperity. 
 
 Ocala, 66 miles from Jacksonville and about thirty, due south from 
 Gainesville, is a city of equal importance with the latter as a railroad 
 and business centre. The F. R. and N. Co.'s road, the Florida Southern, 
 and the Silver Spring, Ocala, and Gulf Railroads pass through it. It is 
 located in the very midst of the rich farming and orange lands for which 
 Marion county is famous, and is one of the most enterprising and 
 rapidly-growing cities of the State. 
 
 Lieesburg, 150 miles from Jacksonville and forty miles southeast 
 of Ocala, is also an important railroad centre and stands on the western 
 border of the famous Lake Region, about which cluster the most pro- 
 ductive orafige groves and truck farms of the State. Midway between 
 Ocala and Leesburg lies Lake Weir, a magnificent sheet of water, bor- 
 dered by a beach of white sand and surrounded by bold bluffs which are 
 being crowned wi^h some of the most charming winter homes in Florida. 
 From Leesburg txain may be taken for Fort Mason, Astor, and the 
 St. John's River, for Tavares, Apopka, and Orlando, for Brooksville or 
 for Tampa. From here also a small steamer may be taken for a pleas- 
 ant trip around Lake Harris, touching at Yallaha and Lane Park. 
 
 Cedar Key is 127 miles from Jacksonville, and may be reached 
 either from there or Fernandina by the road of the F. R. and N. Co. 
 It is famous for its fisheries and is a port whence steamers may be taken 
 for New Orleans, Key West, Havana, or any of the Gulf ports of Flor- 
 ida. It is also a good place in which to obtain an outfit for a cruise or 
 a hunting expedition down the west coast. 
 
 The various points of interest on the eastern coast of Florida, south 
 of St. Augustine, may best be reached from Sanford. 
 
 Enterprise is situated four miles across Lake Monroe from San- 
 ford, and is one of the places at which the traveler may take the stage 
 for the Indian River. The terminus of the stage line is Titusville, 
 where is a fairly well-kept hotel, and from which steamers ply up and 
 down the Indian River. The most interesting place in Enterprise is 
 the magnificent orange grove and fine winter residence of Count Fred, 
 de Bary. 
 
 Rockledge, the most beautiful and most important of all the 
 Indian River settlements, is reached by steamers Waunita and Astatula 
 from Sanford to Lake Poinsett, the head of St. John's River navigation, 
 and a three-mile stage ride across countiy, through swamps and pine 
 forests. Rockledge offers to the tourist a large and well-appointed 
 hotel, just completed, and unlimited entertainment in the way of boat- 
 ing, burning and fishing. It is the outfitting point for all Indian River 
 trips, but is in itself so beautiful as to well repay a visit of some length. 
 The India7i River Sun, published here, is one of the best and most 
 interesting of Florida papers outside of Jacksonville. At Rockledge 
 the traveler may take steamer for a hundred miles southward to Jupiter 
 Inlet, which is the extreme southern point of the extended system of 
 salt water lagoons that go by the general name of Indian River; or he 
 
96 Traveler s Guide — Routes and Places. 
 
 may, at Rockledge, engage passage on one of the numerous small sail- 
 ing craft that constantly ply up and down the river. At Jupiter, if he 
 would go still further south, and visit Lake Worth, the inlet to which 
 is ten miles below Jupiter Inlet, he must trust to passing sharpies or 
 yachts. 
 
 !Lake Worth, which is described at length in the chapter on the 
 Indian River, is one of the most beautiful places in Florida, and well 
 repays one for the difficulties he must encounter in reaching it. 
 
 Ne'W Smyrna, on the Hillsborough River, which, with the Halifax 
 and Matanzas Rivers, form another series of salt water lagoons, extend- 
 ing north from Indian River to St. Augustine, is distant only eight hours 
 from St. Augustine by steamer. This steamer connects with the Jack- 
 sonville, St. Augustine and Halifax River Raihvay, and makes an out- 
 side ocean trip from St. Augustine to Mosquito Inlet. *From New 
 Smyrna small steamers and numerous sail boats ply up the Halifax 
 River to Daytona, ,the most flourishing town on the eastern coast, and 
 one of the most beautiful, and down the Hillsborough River to Oak 
 Hill, where is located the Atlantic House, the best sportsmen's hotel in 
 the State. There is also a good hotel at New Smyrna, but the place 
 itself is of but little importance or interest, 
 
 Talialiassee, the capital of the State, " the Floral City, " is due west 
 165 miles from Jacksonville, and is reached by the F. R. & N. Co.'s Rail- 
 way (Western Division). Leaving Jacksonville about eight o'clock in the 
 evening, by the F. R. & N. Co.'s Railway, the traveler soon retires to his 
 comfortable sleeping-berth, wearied of the monotony of the pine barrens 
 through which he is riding. As he sleeps he passes through Baldwin, 
 Olustee (where a great battle was fought in 1864), Lake City, Live Oak, 
 whence a branch of the Savannah, Florida and Western Railway runs to 
 New Branford, the head of steamboat navigation on the vSuwanee River; 
 EUaville, where the Suwanee River is crossed, and where the song of " Old 
 Folks at Home'" was written; Madison, and Drifton Jc, or Monticello 
 Station, connected by a branch road with the beautiful, old-fashioned city 
 of Monticello, four miles away. Now it is time to leave his berth and look 
 out for Tallaha.ssee. 
 
 'I'he train is running through a rich hill country, dotted with lakes and 
 groves of oak and magnolia, and at the first view of Tallahassee, crowning 
 a hill-top and bathed in sunlight, it is hard to realize that this is still Florida. 
 
 The Leon Hotel in Tallahassee is a well kept, first-class house, recently 
 built, and offering every modern convenience to both transient guests and 
 those seeking a winter home in the Floral City. Besides this and several 
 other hotels, the city is well supplied with comfortable boarding-houses. The 
 fine red-clay roads of this section of country offer many attractive drives, 
 among the pleasantv:;st of which are those to Lake Jackson, five miles, a 
 body of water seventeen miles long ; to Wakulla Spring, sixteen miles, one 
 of the most famous springs in Florida ; to Thomasville, Ga.% thirty-five 
 miles ; to the Bubbling Spring, on the old Branch Place ; and to the 
 Natural Bridge, acro.ss the St. Mark's River, twenty miles. Here was 
 fought one of the two battles of the Civil War contested on Florida soil. 
 St. Mark's, the old seaport of Middle Florida, is connected with Talk- 
 
Traveler s Guide — Routes and Places. 97 
 
 hassee by a twenty-one mile railroad. Near St. Mark's is Newport, once 
 a flourishing place, but now nearly deserted, where are some fine sulphur 
 springs. 
 
 From Tallahassee westward, touching at Quincy on tlie way, the rail- 
 road runs through the same fine hill country to Chattahoochee, its terminus 
 on the Apalachicola River. Here is located the State Insane Asylum. 
 The Y. R. & N. Co.'s Railway connects here with the Pensacola and 
 Atlantic Railroai, which runs due west 170 miles, through a fine, but as 
 ?s yet little developed country, to Pensacola. Connection is also made at 
 Chattahoochee with the CHmax Branch of the Savannah and Florida and 
 Western Railway. 
 
 Pensacola is a city of about 6,000 inhabitants, situated on Pensa- 
 cola Bay, ten miles from the Gulf of Mexico. It is noted as being the 
 principal lumber shipping })ort in the South, and in its harbor ride vessels 
 of all nations. The Continental Hotel is the principal one, and the ob- 
 jects of greatest interest near the city are the Navy Yard, and the remains, 
 still to be traced,- of the old Spanish forts, San Miguel and 8an Bernard. 
 
 A writer in Harpers Weekly describes Pensacola as follows : 
 
 " The approach to Pensacola from the sea is of ever-varying beauty. 
 Long lines of sandy beach and dark woodland point in converging lines to 
 the distant harbor. Closer in is the tall light-house pointing finger-like 
 heavenward, with a background of dark trees and peeping cottages, below 
 which runs, like a ribbon of satin, the snow-white beach for miles. Pre- 
 sently the long ocean swell ceases, and we are passing the forts. On the 
 left are the ruins of Fort McRae, now only a few massive arches of tough 
 masonry tottering amid the surges rippling under their gloomy shadows, 
 wdiile opposite is Fort Pickens, gray, straight-faced, and sturdy, crouching, 
 as it were, on the land's end of historic Santa Rosa Island. In spite of 
 its battle record it looks quite modern, with the great guns gazing vigil- 
 andv out to sea. In the distance the remains of old Fort Barancas lie 
 sleeping with the memories of General Jackson and the Spanish command- 
 ant who blew- it up at the capture of the place by the American army in 
 1812. 
 
 " As we enter the harbor we find it land-locked and of immense mag- 
 nitude, its further shores appearing as if on the horizon. It is a shelter for 
 the navies of the world. 
 
 " To the left appears the town, fronted by the massive buildings of the 
 Navy-yard, the great derricks holding aloft boilers for expectant hulls. 
 The size of the place can only be guessed at from the steamer's deck by 
 house roofs and distant spires. 
 
 '• The lower part of the town has an essentially nautical flivor. The 
 sandy streets are filled w-ith a motley crowd of mariners. The talk is of 
 ships and cargoes, and the bell of the Norwegian chapel, nesthng almost 
 under the yard-arms of the ships at dock, mingles with the forecistle bells 
 striking the hour, tolled may be by some ancient quarter-master of a se.xton ; 
 and strangely out of place seems a back-country ox-cart, whose great broad 
 wooden-tired wheels, and crates of 'gophers,' or land-turtles, roll silently 
 over the sand. 
 
q8 fravclers Guide — Routes and Places. 
 
 "The wharves are immense structures, thickly laced with car tracks, 
 walled in by masses of closely packed shipping, whose interlocked spars 
 and masts are as a forest through which a road is cut. Here the smaller 
 iron steamers, those ' ocean tramps,' nestle beside the great three-masters 
 to secure a share of the vast forests of lumber annually exported, which 
 by train loads continually pour on the docks. 
 
 " Out on the broad harbor are fleets of vessels clustered about great 
 timber rafts which have been floated out to them, and from which their 
 gaping holds are being rapidly filled. Tugs are towing out rafts to ones 
 further distant. Here are two just spreading their wings to sail. There 
 is one just arrived and dropping anchor, and in the offing more are inward 
 bound. It is an animated scene, rendered doubly delightful by a balmy 
 air, a cloudless sky, and the odors of pine freshly cut." 
 
 I 
 
Hints to Spoftsmen, 
 
 BY "AL FRESCO.' 
 
 HUNTING. 
 
 IF we take into consideration its accessibility, facilities for reaching 
 various points, cheapness of traveling, abundance of game and> 
 fish in various localities, and unequaled climatic conditions, 
 
 Florida as a hunting-ground cannot be excelled by any portion of the- 
 United States or Canada. Sporting in Florida has been misrepresentec^ 
 through the ignorance and stupidity of soi-disant sportsmen who a: 
 nually visit the State. They first appear in Jacksonville, clothed in sport- 
 ing suits, are supplied with that piscatorial abortion, a "trunk rod,'" 
 and a breech-loading gun or rifle ; and they create a sensation wher- 
 ever they appear. Steamboat and railroad runners " mark them down" 
 as legitimate game, and stuff them as full as a Thanksgiving turkey. 
 They are sold excursion tickets to points where quail are so plentiful 
 that they can be ''shipped to New York and made to pay all expenses;" 
 to lakes "black with ducks;" to sections where "the water is alive 
 with fish ;" and to points where "turkeys gobble fi )m every bush;" 
 and "where 'gators can be bagged by hundreds." These quasi sports- 
 men visit Waldo, Palatka, Sandford, Ocala, Enterprise, and St. Angus- 
 tine, reap disappointment, have an acute attack of cacoethes scribendi^ and 
 on their return grossly misrepresent the sporting resources of the State. 
 They are so verdant as to suppose that game can exist in quantity in 
 cities, towns, and villages, and that fish can be caught in street gutters 
 and mud-holes. These silly sportsmen forget that for eighteen years 
 thousands of their ilk have been traveling over the railroads and rivers of 
 Eastern Plorida, and have shot and destroyed almost every living thing. 
 In Florida, as everywhere else, sportsmen must abandon main lines of 
 travel and thickly settled neighborhoods, and visit sections to which 
 "pot hunters" and " fish hogs" have not found their way. 
 
 Jacksonville is, par excellence, the objective and distributing point 
 of the State, and I shall offer no apology for referring to it as a start- 
 ing-point. In the creeks emptying into the St. John's River, a few miles 
 from its mouth, fair duck-shooting can be secured. There is daily 
 Steamboat communication with Mayport, at the mouth of the river 
 
 L.ofC. 
 
!00 Hints io Sportsmen — Hunting. 
 
 where boats can be hired and comfortable quarters may be obtained. 
 From about the middle of November to the last of December ducks 
 exist in immense quantities in the St. John's River, at points from seven 
 to twelve miles belov/ Jacksonville. 
 
 A railroad opened in 1884 now connects, from Jacksonville and Sl 
 Augustine. En route to the latter city, the sportsman will leave Diego 
 Plains, where good quail and snipe shooting will be found, to his left. 
 By securing the services of one of the old hunters who kill game for the 
 St. Augustine market, the sportsman may be given a shot at a deer. At 
 the head of the Matanzas River, south of St. Augustine, good duck and 
 snipe shooting are to be had. A company is now engaged in cutting a 
 canal from the head of the Matanzas River to the head of the Halifax 
 River. When completed it will furnish a boat route from St. Augustine 
 to the head of the Mosquito Lagoon, and by way of the Haulover to the 
 'head of the Indian River. On the Halifax River and Mosquito Lagoon, 
 ducks, snipe, and curlew will be found in quantity. From Jacksonville, 
 sportsmen can reach New Smyrna, on the Halifax River, by the pro- 
 peller Greenwich, which makes two trips each week. 
 
 Steamboats leave Jacksonville daily for Enterprise and Sanford, 
 and connect with boats for Lake Poinsett, the head of navigation on 
 the St. John's, and a drive of three miles from Lake Poinsett will land 
 them at Rock Ledge, on the Indian River. At Sand Point or Rock 
 Ledge, boats and boatmen can be hired for a trip to the lower end of 
 Indian River. By ascending any of the tributary streams of this river, 
 deer may be found in sufficient numbers to justify the expenditure of 
 time and money. Within a few years they have diminished in numbers 
 in the territory west of the Indian River ; for the Indians have hunted 
 them for their pelts, numbers of Northern and Western sportsmen 
 have visited the section each winter, and as a consequence they have 
 ■been thinned out and rendered wild. On the peninsula, between 
 Indian River and the Atlantic, bear are common. They visit the ocean 
 beach at night to pick up anything edible the water has deposited. 
 If the sportsman is anxious to cultivate the acquaintance of a bear, 
 let him envelop himself in a sheet and walk to windward. Owing 
 to the whiteness of the beach, bruin will be visible at a long distance ; 
 but the disguise of the hunter will prevent the animal from noticing 
 his approach. 
 
 By taking an outside boat trip from Jupiter Inlet to Lake Worth, 
 good hunting can be secured, and an almost unknown wilderness 
 found extending from Lake Worth to Lake Okeechobee. In the 
 section referred to, plenty of deer and an occasional bear and panther 
 will be found, and the sportsman will be rewarded for his exertions. 
 South of Bay Biscayne is the old Indian Hunting-ground, where 
 •superior hunting still exists. But, if reports are true,^ sportsmen 
 must keep a " weather eye" open, or they will be subjected to a coat of 
 saliva, and introduced to the buccal dcvelopnicnt of a python, which 
 •some of the Indians assert inhabits this section, and is much dreaded 
 by them. Barnum should send his employees to the section with 
 orders to capture the reported monster. They might not secure a sea 
 
Hmts to Sportsmen — Hunting. loi 
 
 setpent, but they might capture the great Eunietes tnarinus, which is 
 reported to inhabit the Indian Hunting-ground. At one time the Keys 
 were well supplied with deer, but wreckers and others have destroyed 
 them. At Cape Sable, deer can still be found. At North Cape Sable,, 
 Shark River enters the Gulf. Along the margin of this stream purs- 
 lain (portulacca) grows in abundance, and, at night, deer feed upon it. 
 By using a fire-light or " jack," and quietly paddling near the shore, no 
 difficulty will be experienced in supplying the larder with venison. 
 
 Leaving Jacksonville by the Way Cross Railroad, the adventurous 
 sportsman will find a section worthy of notice — the great Okefinokee 
 Swamp in Southeast Georgia and North Florida. Various attempts 
 have been made to explore it in a thorough manner, but with only par- 
 tial success. If the autumnal rains have been sufficient, it can be 
 crossed in flat-bottomed boats from points near the railroad. The 
 Swamp contains a number of creeks, ponds, lakes, and islands. During 
 the winter, ducks and snipe exist in countless numbers, and on the 
 islands deer and bear are common. Well-developed rattlers are plen- 
 tiful during the summer on the islands, and an occasional one may be 
 found in winter. Fish are more than plentiful in the streams, 4agoons, 
 and ponds. The fly fisherman or the hand-liner, with a spoon or 
 spinner, will find ample employment. If desired, the sportsman can 
 leave the swamp by the head of the Suwanee River, descend this stream 
 to the crossing of the Savannah, Florida and Western Railroad, and take 
 train at this point, or he can continue to descend the stream to the 
 Gulf. 
 
 In the western portion of the State, west of the Suwanee and east 
 of the Chattahoochee Rivers, the country is, as a rule, high and rolling. 
 In ante-bellum times large corn and cotton fields existed, but they 
 have been " turned out," abandoned as regards cultivation, and have 
 grown up with bushes and sedge-grass ; and in these old fields quail do 
 most congregate. At many points, if the autumn has not been very 
 dry, the sportsman will experience no dii^culty in securing a bag. It is 
 probable that no portion of the Union offers greater inducements to the 
 wing shot than the section between Madison and Quincy. The only 
 drawback to sport is the absence of the usual autumnal rains. When 
 this is the case, birds seek spring heads and damp places, where they 
 are difficult to flush on account of the density of the undergrowth. In 
 the section referred to there are many beautiful lakes and ponds,where 
 duck can be shot in quantity, m many of the marshes and around some 
 of the lakes excellent snipe shooting exists, and at certain points a 
 few woodcock will be found. I have not visited that portion of the 
 State west of the Chattahoochee River, but from information obtained 
 from reliable parties, I believe that at certain points fair deer and 
 turkey shooting will be found. Since the railroad has been completed 
 from Jacksonville to Pensacola the western portion of the State can be 
 reached in about twenty-one hours. 
 
 An almost unknown and untrodden sporting-ground exists oh the 
 Gulf coast between the Suwanee River and St Mark's. The coast line 
 is a shoal, grassy flat, without undertow, breakers, or rollers, and can 
 
7 02 Hints to Sportsmen — Hunting. 
 
 be safely navigated in a small boat;. For miles adjoniing the coast, set- 
 tlements do not exist, and deer and turkeys are plentiful. The small 
 rivers emptying" into the Gulf can be ascended and excellent camping- 
 grounds found, near which good sport can be had. In addition to 
 game, the rivers teem with sheephead, channel bass, cavallii, sea trout, 
 and black bass, and in a few minutes the frying-pan can be supplied 
 with fish. This section can be reached from Jacksonville by the Flori- 
 da Central and Western, and Transit Railroads to Cedar Keys, or by 
 the Way Cross line to Way Cross ; thence via the S., F. and W. R. R. to 
 New Brand ford, and from the latter place by steamboat to the mouth 
 of the Suwanee River or Cedar Keys The section referred to is well 
 worthy of notice, for pot hunters, fish hogs, and the owners of trunk 
 rods have not visited it. During the winter months ducks exist in 
 countless numbers, and the expert can bring to bag "honk honkers." 
 If sportsmen are not provided with boats, their wants will be supplied 
 by Mr. Mitchell, of the firm of Mitchell & Anderson, Cedar Keys, 
 who also keep a supply of groceries and creature comforts, and will 
 use every effort to accommodate sportsmen. 
 
 Amoftg the islands, between Cedar Keys and the mouth of the 
 Suwanee River, excellent duck, snipe, and curlew shooting will be 
 found, and, if the sportsman is accustomed to the business, he can bag 
 Avild geese. On many of the streams between Cedar Keys and Tampa 
 Bay fair duck shooting can be secured. When I entered the Homo- 
 sassa River first, many portions of it were literally black with ducks ; 
 others followed in my tracks, and for years ducks had no rest, so that 
 at present it is difficult to secure a bag. Near the head of the Homo- 
 sassa deer and turkey abound. Between Clear Water Harbor and the 
 northerly end of Tampa Bay there will be found a narrow and shallow 
 channel, known as Indian Pass. Southeast of this Pass, and to the 
 northeast of the stream, is a broad mud flat, where snipe, curlew, and 
 duck can be shot in sufficient numbers to gratify the most ardent 
 sportsman. On the islands and mainland bordering Sarasota Bay but 
 little game will be found. Leaving Sarasota Bay by Little Sarasota or 
 Casey's Pass, Kettle Harbor will be sighted, and a safe harbor may be 
 made. If desired, Charlotte Harbor can be reached by an inside pas- 
 sage leading from Kettle Harbor, or by the outside route to Little 
 Gasparilla Pass. Having been informed that the inside passage is 
 badly obstructed by mud flats, I never attempted its navigation, but 
 selected the Gulf for my route. I have found deer very plentiful on 
 the islands of Charlotte Harbor, but, with the exception of Pine and 
 Sanibel Islands, they are at present few and far between. On the main- 
 land north of Pine Island fair deer and turkey shooting can be ob- 
 tained. This harbor is the paradise of the snipe and curlew shooter, 
 for at times some of the mud flats and oyster bars are literally covered 
 with birds. On some of the islands, notably Little Gasparilla, rac- 
 coons are very plentiful, and during a moonlight night, along the bay 
 side of the island, they can be seen in great numbers. On more than 
 one occasion I have killed them in daylight when feeding on the coon 
 oyster-beds. In cruising among the islands in Charlotte Harbor, fresh 
 
Hints to Sportsmen — Fishing 103 
 
 water is an important item, and a few hints in regard to it may not be 
 amiss. A depression exists in the centre of Little Gasparilla Island, 
 where potable water will be found. At the fish ranch, on the northerly- 
 end of La Costa Island, is a fresh water well. On the westerly side of 
 Pine Island, near the large shell mound, and at the easterly side of 
 Usisipi Island, at the foot of the shell mound, wells exist, from which a 
 supply of excellent water may be secured. It is not generally known, 
 but good water can be secured on most of the islands if a shallow hole 
 is dug in a low place. No sportsman should take a boat trip on this 
 coast without a shovel. 
 
 At Bird Key, near the island of L^sisipi, a large rookery exists, 
 where immense numbers of sea birds roost at night — a point where the 
 taxidermist can obtain any quantity of specimens. Sanibel Island is 
 situated at the southerly end of the bay, and two years since it was 
 well supplied with deer. In its bayous and extensive marshes on the 
 bay side, ducks, curlews, and snipe can be bagged in quantity. Char- 
 lotte Harbor presents many attractions to the gunner as well as the pis- 
 cator. Superior oysters can be found at Masteehet and in the bayous of 
 Sanibel, and large, tender, and delicious clams can be obtained at many 
 points. The water in the bay is warm and delightful for sea bathing. 
 Sanibel, at its southerly end, affords an excellent camping-ground, and, 
 if home comforts are desired, Jake Sumerlin, at Punta Rassa, will do 
 his best to make it pleasant for visitors. 
 
 By ascending the Caloosahatchie River, unsettled points will be 
 found, where deer and turkey exist in sufficient numbers to warrant 
 the expenditure of time and money in reaching them. My experience 
 is, that ducks are very wild on this stream, and difficult to shoot. 
 
 Leaving Charlotte Harbor and continuing down the coast, Estero 
 Bay is entered by Bowditch's Pass. Here the sportsman will find him- 
 self in a large and beautiful sheet of water, studded with islands, on 
 many of which deer, duck, snipe, and curlew will be found in plenty. 
 The sportsman should ascend Corkscrew River, a stream emptying 
 into Estero Bay. On the banks of the stream he will find an almost 
 untrodden field, where deer and turkey exist in great numbers, and a 
 ■locality that has not been haunted by Indians or whites. South of 
 Estero Bay excellent hunting and shooting will be found; but in visiting 
 this section, the sportsman must cut loose from civilization and its 
 adjuncts. 
 
 A railroad has been completed from Sanford to Kissimmee City, 
 and this winter a line of steamers will be run down the Kissimmee 
 River to Lake Okeechobee, opening up a new and hitherto almost 
 unknown field to sportsmen. On the river, ducks are plentiful, and, at 
 many points, deer will be found. By ascending Istokpoga Creek, 
 Lake Istokpoga can be entered, and around it will be found a 
 sporting locality worthy of a visit, 
 
 FISHING. 
 
 Fishing in Florida is truly worthy of the notice of the disciples of 
 old Izaak. I have fished in many places in the United States and in 
 
104 Hints to Sportsmen — Fishing. 
 
 other lands, and, in my opinion,,no place in tiie Union can equal 
 Florida for piscatorial sports. I admit that many visit the State and 
 leave it disappointed ; this is simply because they are captured by 
 steamboat and hotel runners, and are mduced to visit localities where 
 thousands have preceded them, and captured everything covered with 
 scales. 
 
 If the piscator desires to enjoy the comforts of first-class hotels and 
 amusements of various kinds, he can remain in Jacksonville ; for in 
 the streams emptying into the St. John's Siver, near the city, he will 
 find fair fishing with the fly, live bait, or spinner. My friend, Mr. Fos- 
 ter, of the St. Mark's Hotel, indulges in an occasional fish during the 
 winter, and frequently returns with from fifteen to thirty pounds of 
 bass and pickerel. At Jones' boat-yard, a good boat and boatman can 
 be hired, and the best fishing points visited. If the piscator simply 
 desires fishing from the docks or in mid-stream, he can fasten to catfish, 
 ranging from one to thirty pounds ; and I can assure the uninitiated 
 that, with rod and reel, a fifteen-pound "catty" will furnish consider- 
 able sport. Mayport, a fishing village at the mouth of the river, can 
 be reached daily by a comfortable steamer. If the weather is warm, 
 fair sheepheading and good sea-trout fishing at the jetties near May- 
 port, and on the oyster-bank in front of Pilot Town, can be indulged in. 
 At the hotel here the fisherman will find a good room and bed and 
 a fair table at a cost of from $1.50 to $2.00 per day. But the great 
 fishing attraction of Northern Florida is the red snapper. From nine to 
 twelve miles from the coast there exist patches of a rocky bottom, known 
 as "banks." The banks are amply supplied with the gorgeously 
 colored red snapper, weighing from twelve to thirty pounds. During 
 a " snapper fish " there are frequently caught from three to six grouper 
 weighing from fifteen to forty-five pounds. In addition, the banks are 
 literally alive with sea bass, porgies, and other small fry, the latter 
 affording capital sport for rod and reel. When the wind is from the 
 west, even those who are usually the victims of mal de 77ier may 
 safely visit the banks without contributing their mite to old Neptune. 
 In Jacksonville there are two ocean tugs, one of them being the Seth 
 Lo2i>, well known in New York harbor. The charter of the Low is 
 $75 per day, and she can comfortably accommodate forty fishermen. 
 I frequently indulge in snapper fishing, and would advise visitors to 
 Florida to try it. 
 
 At St. Augustine, fair sheepheading, and whiting fishing, can at 
 times be secured, and occasionally channel bass and drum can be 
 caught in the surf. At Matanzas Inlet, south of St. Augustine, fair, 
 and, at times, excellent fishing can be had At New Smyrna, on the 
 eastern coast, the winter resort of that genial gentleman and expert 
 fisher, "S. C. C," much amusement is in store for the piscator. 
 Sheephead, channel bass, and cavallii are plentiful, and, if variety is a 
 desideratum, sea trout, skate, sea bass, croaker yellow tail, shark, and 
 tarpon fishing can be indulged in. 
 
 At Indian River Inlet, fishing is all the most ardent fisherman can 
 desire. Fish exist in immense quantities and in endless variety. Dr. 
 
Hints to Sportsmen — Fishing. 105 
 
 M., of St. Louis, visited me several years since, and requested me to 
 aid him in the purchase of a suitable outfit for Indian River fishing. 
 On his return the Doctor stated that I had "made a fool of him," and 
 suggested that I should recommend the next applicant to provide him- 
 self ''with a five-tined pitchfork, for, v/ith such a fishing-rod, he could 
 fill a boat in a few minutes at the Inlet." My friend Q , late Secretary 
 of State of Pennsylvania, visited Indian River Inlet in the early part 
 of 1882. I requested him to ascertain how many sheephead he could 
 capture within one hour. On his return he informed me that, with the 
 aid of his fisherman to bait hooks and unhook fish, he landed fifty- 
 three in one hour. The tributaries of the lower Indian River are 
 stocked with large-mouthed and channel bass, and very large cavallii ; 
 and the rod or hand-line fisherman can amuse himself until he is forced 
 to cease landing fish from sheer exhaustion. Ki the outlet of Lake 
 Worth, ten miles south of Jupiter Inlet, the fisherman will become satiated 
 with sport. 
 
 In some of the tributaries of the upper St John's River, fair bass, 
 bream, and pickerel fishing will be found. In Lake Harney, above 
 Enterprise, an industrious fisher may land from twenty to forty large- 
 mouthed bass in a day. In the channels, lakes, and tributaries of the 
 St. John's, above Lake Harney, anglers will tire of landing bass The 
 Kissimmee River is noted for its bass fishing ; but, owing to their lack 
 of fight and resistance, such fishing has no charm for the writer. I 
 have not referred to the streams of West Florida, for, until recently, 
 that section has not been accessible ; but I have reason to believe that 
 the fishing in them is excellent. 
 
 On the southwest coast of Florida, south and east of Cedar Keys, 
 excellent fishing will be found at many points. In 1875 I visited 
 Homosassa, and published the results of my observations in the Forest 
 and Stream. Since then hundreds have visited the locality, and have 
 been so loud in their praises of it, that I shall refrain from repeating the 
 threadbare story. The inhabitants along the entire -coast claim that 
 fishing is excellent in their neighborhoods ; but, in my opinion, the 
 statements are " fishy," until Long Boat Inlet, Sarasota Bay, is reached, 
 and at which point the fisherman can obtain good sport. In Billy Bow- 
 legs Creek, a tributary of the Bay, superior fly fishing for cavallii 
 will be found. But at Charlotte Harbor the fisherman will find fish 
 worthy of his steel. At little Gasparilla Inlet, if the fisher uses min- 
 nows or cut bait, on the young flood, with rod and reel or hand-line, 
 he will become tired of landing sea trout, channel bass, cavallii, and 
 bone-fish. Inside the inlet, along the shore, in water four to five feet 
 deep, sheephead congregate in endless numbers. Fiddlers can be cap- 
 tured in quantity on the beach, and, by using them for bait, sheephead 
 weighing from one to three pounds can be hooked as fast as the bait 
 touches bottom. One morning, at the old dock at Usisipi, I fished 
 for a fry for breakfast, and in a few minutes landed nine distinct 
 species of fish — among the rest, grouper, sea bass, angel fish, sea trout, 
 and sheephead. At any of the inlets of the harbor fish can be cap- 
 tured in quantity and in great variety. If a spoon or spinner is used 
 
io6 Hints to Sportsmen — l-'ishing. 
 
 for trolling- at any of the passes, channel bass can be hooked ad libitum. 
 From the pier at Punta Rassa the fisherman can surfeit himself with 
 sport. My friend "Q." called on me en route to Punta Rassa, and, as 
 he had caught fifty-three sheephead in one hour at Indian River Inlet, 
 I requested him to ascertain what could be accomplished at the former 
 point. Seated on the pier-head, with the assistance of his fisherman 
 to bait lines and unhook fish, he landed fifty-six large sheephead in 
 one hour. This feat was witnessed by my friend, Dr. R. J. Levis, of 
 Philadelphia, and must not be pronounced a "fish story." To those 
 who have been accustomed to fish for sheephead at Barnegat or Little 
 Egg Harbor, N. J., such stories may sound ''fishy;" but, having 
 tried it in Florida, I can assert that the number captured within 
 a given ]X'riod will only depend on the rapidity of baiting, hauling up, 
 and unhooking. If the fisherman tires of landing fish weighing from 
 three to thirty pounds, he can indulge in the exercise of hauling in 
 shark and jew-fish. Shark can be hooked in any number and size, 
 and jew-fish sometimes weigh three hundred pounds. If variety is 
 desired, parties can ascend the Caloosahatchie to Fort Myers, and 
 replenish their stores. Proceeding a few miles further, until the 
 islands are left astern, a point will be reached where cavallii and tarpon 
 do most congregate. If the fisherman is disposed to tackle a streak 
 of greased lightning, ami treat himself to an acrobatic performance, 
 let him hook a tarpon. At many points these fish are plentiful, and 
 measure from four to seven feet in length. It has been n;iy lot to 
 hook many varieties of fish, and in many localities ; but, in my humble 
 opinion, for running, jumping, and fighting, tarpon are A i. The 
 fisherman who captures a tarpon will have something to talk about 
 upon his return to the Nortli. Tiie mouths of tarpon are tender and 
 hooks tear out. The margins of their jaws are supplied with minute 
 teeth, which will cut a thick line. Experience in the capture of tarpon 
 has taught me to use a stout cotton line, of 72 threads, and 6co feet 
 long, and a snood composed of the. strongest piano wire. I make three 
 links of the wire, and solder the ends of the same, 'i'o each link I firmly 
 solder three No. 3 Virginia hooks. To the upper link 1 attach a piece 
 of piano-wire two feet long, and to the proximal end of the wire a 
 strong brass swivel. To a great extent tarpon are surface feeders, 
 and I attach a suitable float from three to five feet above the hooks. 
 For bait I use one-half of a large mullet. Three of the hooks are run 
 through the mullet, and, in addition, I use a sail needle and thread, 
 and tie the bait to the tackle at several points. A single hook and 
 ordinary snoods are useless. Every summer those who fish for channel 
 bass in the St. John's River, hook numbers of tarpon, which either tear 
 away or cut off the snood. 
 
 For fishing, camping, shooting, and climate, I prefer, Charlotte 
 Harbor to any point in the State ; and I look forward to the day when 
 I can leave Jacksonville in a palace-car and reach my old haunts inside 
 of ten hours. My beard is white, my bald pate merely furnishes some 
 microscopic down, and the crowfoot wrinkles on my face mark many 
 a mile-stone on the war of life ; but I still look forward with bright 
 
Hints io Sport S7)icn — Fishiiig. 107 
 
 anticipations to the hour when 1 shall use a spinner, cast a fly, and engage 
 in another tussle with a tarpon or a jew-lish. 
 
 Tackle for Florida fishing is an important matter. Down here fish 
 have not been educated, and strength of tackle is more important than 
 fineness. It matters but little to the fish whether the bait is attached 
 to a mist-colored leader or a clothes-line. There are those who will 
 always use fine tackle, but the majority believe in landing fish by 
 "Scotch navigation." An unfortunate feature connected with Florida 
 fishing is that at some points, as at Indian River Inlet or Punta Rassa, 
 when the bait reaches bottom, there is no telling what kind or size of 
 fish may appropriate it. When fishing for sea trout or channel bass, it 
 is annoying to have a skate, tarpon, or shark appropriate the bait, and 
 unceremoniously rob the fisherman of a hundred yards of cuttyhunk 
 line. But experience will teach the piscator where and how to fish so 
 as, to a great extent, to avoid such misfortune. 
 
 Spinners and spoons can be used for the capture of a great variety 
 of fish in Florida waters, more particularly black bass, channel bass, 
 sea trout, cavallii, and pickerel. A spoon or spinner specially adapted 
 to use in Florida waters has yet to be designed and constructed. 
 Northern tackle dealers advertise, "Tackle for Florida Fishing ; " but 
 the advertisers have not examined one of their spoons and spinners 
 after it has been tugged at and pounded en the bottom of a boat by a 
 cavallii weighing from twelve to fifteen pounds, or a channel bass rang- 
 ing from fifteen to thirty-five pounds. It is but seldom that one of the 
 fragile baits sold for " Florida fishing" will capture a second fish. I 
 believe that a spoon will be constructed adapted to Florida fishing, but 
 it is in the womb of the future. 
 
 Shipley cS: Son, of 503 Commerce Street, Philadelphia, have had 
 hooks manufactured to meet the requirements of fishing in this State. 
 For the capture of channel bass, drum, and cavallii, I have thoroughly 
 tested a hook sold by them, and known as "6750^, extra fine cast steel 
 filed-pointed hooks " These hooks are made of the best of steel, 
 are admirably finished and tempered, and in no instance have I found 
 one of them to break or bend. Last summer, while engaged in bass 
 fishing, during the course of one day I hooked and brought to 
 gaff in a rapid tide-way six sharks from five to seven feet in length, 
 and in no instance did a hook disappoint me. 1 have, at various times, 
 tested many makes and patterns of hooks, but have found none to 
 equal the one referred to. A hook that will not bend or break is a 
 desideratum ; and for the accommodation of visitors I have induced 
 a Jacksonville firm to keep a full line of these hooks. I have reason 
 to believe that during the present season an artificial bait manufacturer 
 in the North will construct for Florida fishing a spoon that will stand 
 the racket. 
 
 Fishermen visiting Florida should provide themselves with a split 
 bamboo or other fly rod, and short, heavy bass rods, cuttyhurk lines, 
 bass and lake flies and hackles. Spoons are very useful if they are 
 strong and furnished with strong hooks. Ordinary tackle suited to 
 ordinary requirements, of good quality, can be purchased here as 
 
io8 Hints to Sportsmen — Fishing. 
 
 cheaply as in the North. For trolling with spoon or spinner, a large- 
 sized braided cotton line will be found useful, and for tarpon fishing a 
 good quality of cable-laid seventy-two strand cotton line, costing forty- 
 five cents per pound, will serve an excellent purpose. 
 
 Fishing in Florida cannot be equaled, but the fisherman must of 
 necessity visit the points where fish exist. I'o accomplish this end, a 
 suitable boat is a necessity. Boats with boatmen can be obtained at 
 Jacksonville, St. Augustine, Daytona, Titusville, Rock Ledge, Cedar 
 Keys, Tampa, and Manatee. At Cedar Keys sloops and schooners 
 of from four to six tons can be chartered at from five to six dol- 
 lars per day. This will include captain, boy, small boat-stove, bed- 
 ding and dishes. These vessels will comfortably accommodate four per^ 
 sons. If more than two are in the party a second skift', costing about 
 twelve dollars, should be purchased. The cost of provisions will depend 
 on the appetites and tastes of the marooners ; but it must be remembered 
 that the larder can be supplemented with venison, fish, oysters, and the 
 best of clams. The southwest coast of Florida is shoal and protected 
 nearly its entire length by islands or reefs, and, as breakers or undertow 
 do not exist, it can be safely navigated in a small boat. My first boat 
 trip on the coast, lasting sixty-three days, w^as made in a batteaux 
 modeled boat, twenty-one feet long, and seven feet six inches beam. 
 Based on experience, I had a cruising boat built by Mr. Chappell, of 
 Jacksonville, and I have found her well adapted to the cruising require- 
 ments of the State. Her length is sixteen feet, beam six feet, model 
 rather full, with good entrance and run ; opening of cock-pit four by five 
 feet, depth from deck timbers to floor nineteen inches, cat-rigged, draught 
 when loaded, fifteen inches aft. In this boat I carry a two-hole stove ; 
 when not in use it is stowed in a box, which furnishes a seat in the 
 cock-pit. Three five-gallon water-kegs, two thin mattresses and blankets, 
 provisions packed in starch-boxes and stowed well forward ; movable 
 camp-chest, in which I stow several days' provisions, cups, saucers, 
 knives, forks, milk-can, sugar-dish, etc. There is a capacious locker aft, 
 in which I stow boat compass, powder, shot, clothing, and other impedi- 
 menta. In the afterpart of the cock-pit 1 have a permanent seat in which 
 I stow fire-wood. On each quarter under deck I have racks ; on one 
 side are placed within reach gun and rifle, and on the other fishing-rods. 
 By careful stowing I can carry necessary luggage and six weeks' pro- 
 visions for two persons. I carry a tent made of ten-ounce duck, and 
 when a storm threatens or at night I anchor, throw tent over boom, 
 fasten edges to moulding on each side, place trees under boom aft, and 
 haul throat halyards taut. Forward I have aprons, which I tie together 
 and fasten to screw-eyes on deck. This gives me a protection 
 with six feet of head room between lower part of boom and the cock- 
 pit floor. When the time arrives to indulge in "tired nature's sweet 
 restorer," I place water-kegs on stern sheets, stove-box and camp-chest, 
 on deck under awning, and thereby obtain ample sleeping-room for 
 two persons. I carry a fourteen-foot pushing-pole, lashed to under 
 part of boom, and a pair of nine-foot oars. In my hands this boat has 
 proved sea-worthy, having made a trip in her from Key West to 
 
Hints to Sportsmen — Fishing. ■ 109 
 
 Cedar Keys, a portion of the way in a gale. I iiave found lier well 
 adapted to the coast. For the many this boat would be too small, and I 
 would advise the purchase or building of a boat from twenty to twenty- 
 two feet long, provided with a light movable cabin extending well 
 aft. A boat of this size will comfortably accommodate two persons, 
 and at the end of the cruise she can be sold to advantage. Persons can 
 ship boats to Jacksonville by schooner at a Jow figure, and Peter 
 Jones will pay charges and care for them until the arrival of owners. 
 If persons wish a boat built in Florida, they can have justice done them 
 in Jacksonville. The most important points to be considered in the pur- 
 chase or construction of a boat for Florida cruising are light draught, 
 ample stowage room, and a large movable cabin. 
 
The Indian River. 
 
 BY WALLACE R. MOSES. 
 
 INDIAN RIVER, proper, begins about 28" 30' of latitude, and for 
 the first ten miles of its southward course is paralleled by Mos- 
 quito Lagoon, from which it is separated by a narrow strip of land 
 from half a mile to three miles in width. Its course is SS.E. and 
 NN.W., and it is one of the straightest bodies of water in this country. 
 A line stretched from its northern limit to the narrows, a distance of 
 seventy-five or eighty miles, would not touch either shore. It varies in 
 width from seven-eighths of a mile to seven miles. At Titusville, the 
 county seat of Brevard County, is the Bay of Biscay, the largest widen- 
 ing of the river, pear-shaped, and about twelve miles long by seven 
 wide. At the narrows it is broken for twelve or fifteen miles by low 
 mangrove islands, so that the channels for boats are reduced to fifty 
 yards or less in width at places ; then for thirty-five or forty miles 
 further it resumes its average width of a mile, widening frequently into 
 wider bays or coves The water is not as salt as that of the ocean. 
 Beginning directly opposite Titusville, Merritt's Island, for thirty-five 
 miles, separates Indian River into two parts. The easternmost is 
 known as Banana or East Indian River. Banana Creek, twelve miles 
 long, unites them on the north. The south end, or ''foot," of Merritt's 
 Island terminates in a sharp point of coquina rock not over ten feet in 
 width. The greatest breadth of the last ten or twelve miles of the 
 island is not more than one-fourth of a mile, and the last mile it is re- 
 duced to fifty yards. Banana River varies in width from seventy-five 
 yards to three or four miles, and is navigable for the boats that sail 
 Indian River. Fish teem in its waters. 
 
 From the mouth of the St. Lucie River, south to Jupiter inlet and 
 Lighthouse, the river is much narrouxi, and is known by the names of 
 Jupiter Narrows, Hope Sound, and Jupit-^r River. 
 
 The St. Lucie is the most important tributary, and is the proposed 
 eastern terminus of the Okechobee Land & Drainage Company's 
 canal, which, when completed, \vill give a water-course through Lake 
 Okechobee and the Caloosahatchie River to the Gulf of Mexico. 
 
 Means of transportation are at present somewhat meagre, and 
 consequently expensive. Fifteen or eighteen lines of railroad have 
 been incorporated, to run from various points to the head of the 
 
The Indian River. Ill 
 
 river, but most of them are directed toward Titusville. Each new 
 road, as it is incubated (on paper"), is to be the one that is sure to be 
 buiit. Some eight or ten years ago these projected roads were firmly 
 accepted as estabhshed facts, but the building of the first has yet to be 
 accomplished. 
 
 For a number of years freight was brought almost wholly by small 
 steamers up the St. John's south from Sanford to Salt Lake (connected 
 by a creek with the St. John's), then hauled seven miles to Titusville. 
 Oranges and other exported produce went by the same tedious route, 
 when there was high water in Salt Lake ; at other times to Deep Creek, 
 near the north end of Lake Harney, a distance of twenty-five miles, 
 and sometimes Enterprise, lorty miles from Titusville, was the depot. 
 
 In the summer of 1880 a lake was discovered in the St. John's 
 River prairie, two and a half miles west of Rockledge — a thriving com- 
 munity of orange-growers on Indian River ; and after exploration it was 
 found to connect by a creek with Lake Poinsett, an expansion of the 
 St. John's. A steamboat route was soon established, and gave great 
 relief to the whole river populace, and to the Lake Worth country as 
 well, for all had been paying extortionate passenger, freight, and haul- 
 ing rates by the Salt Lake route. 
 
 During the past winter the Lake Poinsett route was favored by 
 semi-weekly and tri-weekly steamers, and a daily line will be established 
 this season. This new route has greatly stim.ulated the production of 
 vegetables and fruit. 
 
 Communication is established between Port Orange and Daytona, 
 on the Halifax,and New Smyrna, on the Hillsboro, with Indian River, by 
 small sail-boats ; — the semi-weekly mail and freight being carried by 
 yachts from these and intervening post-ofifices to Titusville. 
 
 A small steamer carries the mail twice a week from Titusville to 
 Jupiter, at the extreme southern end of the Indian River system of 
 lagoons, and return. From Jupiter it is carried stiU further to the Lake 
 Worth settlements overland. A large express and freight business is 
 also conducted by these boats, and many boats do nothing else. An 
 attempt is being made to establish a tri-weekly mail service between 
 the head of Indian River and Lake Worth. 
 
 The best lands are usually found within a narrow strip, on either 
 bank of the river, not averaging more than one mile wide on the west 
 side, and less on the east. They consist of high and low hammock, 
 with marl, coquina, and sand subsoils, and rolling pine lands. The 
 bulk of the inferior land, west from the river, is flat pine. Some of 
 these lands are high enough for cultivation, but have no drainage, and, 
 being underlaid with sand pan or hard pan, hold the water. 
 
 The largest body of hammock extends northward from Titusville to 
 the head of the river, and, with sm^all , breaks here and there, to St. 
 Augustine or beyond. The well-known Turnbull Swamp forms a 
 portion of it. It has not been developed to any extent, although there 
 are some fine groves in it at La Grange. Other large bodies lie adja- 
 cent to the settlements of City Point and Rockledge. There are other 
 extensive hammocks at and near Indian River Narrows; the St. Lucie 
 
112 
 
 The Indian River. 
 
 River and Hope Sound, and isolated hammocks of limited area, may 
 be found, improved and otherwise, along the entire length of the 
 river. 
 
 The pine lands along the Indian River are thin, and the timber 
 small and low. There are some good bodies of land on Merritt's 
 Island, that, with fertilizing, are well adapted to the growth of pine- 
 apples, and are being thus developed. 
 
 The general characteristics of the high lands are sandy and leachy, 
 making it difficult to grow successfully anything but fruits. The low 
 hammocks produce excellent crops of vegetableF, 
 
 Prices of land vary from five dollars to fifty dollars per acre, and 
 some very choice lots, near settlements, are held as high as two hundred 
 dollars per acre. 
 
 There are no vacant desirable State or United States lands imme- 
 diately on the river. 
 
 Oranges, lemons, limes, citrons, pineapples, guavas, mangoes, scup- 
 pernong and other grapes, corn, sweet and Irish potatoes, and almost 
 every kind of vegetables and strawberries are raised along the Indian 
 River. Oranges, lemons, pineapples, mangoes, and guavas, only, are 
 considered profitable. Many other tropical and semi-tropical fruits can 
 undoubtedly be raised ; but as yet they have received but little atten- 
 tion. Much of the land is such that, unless trees or plants have good 
 tap roots, they suft'er for lack of moisture. The pineapple seems to be 
 an exception to some extent, though a drought, at cei'tain periods of its 
 growth, dwarfs the fruit. 
 
 The Indian River oranges are noted for their superiority, and are 
 the chief staple raised. Pineapples are being extensively cultivated, 
 and, when of choice variety, they bring remunerative prices. This in- 
 dustry bids fair to assume large proportions in the near future. The 
 lands and climate on the east side are peculiarly well adapted to their 
 growth, and the acreage is being largely extended. Guavas can be 
 raised in abundance ; but, owing to their perishable nature, they require 
 more rapid transportation to market than now exists. Mangoes are a 
 fine fruit, and can be raised profitably wherever the pineapple succeeds, 
 and possibly elsewhere. They are rare as yet. 
 
 Game, except where the country is thickly settled, is tolerably 
 abundant on the Indian River. Ducks abounded last winter. The 
 choice varieties can be found in the marshes from the head of the river 
 south on the east side. The marshes opposite Titusville and Aurantia 
 have long been celebrated for their duck-shooting, and in them may be 
 found teal, mallards, widgeon, blue-bills, red-heads, and occasionally a 
 canvas-back. Coot and black, or " raft ducks," can be found by the 
 million. The raft duck are so called from their habit of collecting to- 
 gether in vast numbers, so that at a mile or so they appear like a raft 
 of timber floating on the water. They are seen in flocks covering acres 
 in extent. The duck is proverbially a wary game bird, and Indian 
 River ducks are no exception to the rule. It is difficult at times to get 
 within ordinary gun-shot — 40 to 60 yards — as they usually rise at about 
 80 yards from the advancing sail or row boat, settling shortly, to re- 
 
The Indian River. 1 1 3 
 
 peat as before. One can frequently sail for miles amidst a constantly 
 recurring whirr of rising ducks. 
 
 Bear can be found in limited quantities at most all seasons of the 
 year, and they frequently swim the riv^ at the Narrows. They are very 
 fond of turtle eggs, which are laid in June and July, principally, on the 
 ocean beach. 
 
 The loggerhead turtle is by no means to be despised as game ; 
 they weigh from 300 to 500 pounds, and, if properly dressed, provide 
 fair steaks, resembling buffalo meat. The eggs are cooked in various 
 ways, of which the most popular is to beat them thoroughly, add pep- 
 per, salt, fine-chopped onions, flour, and water ; stir together, and fry. 
 This makes a rich and palatable dish. The shell of the t%^ is flexible, 
 and can be bent and indented without breaking. The turtle, after 
 starting to lay, is so intent upon her business that nothing of an ordi- 
 nary nature disturbs her until she has finished. She chooses a place 
 just above high-water mark in v/hich to dig a hole Using her flippers, 
 she scoops out the sand to the depth of eighteen to twenty-four inches, 
 and in this nest proceeds to deposit her eggs. It is an easy matter, 
 after she has fairly begun laying, to approach and remove the eggs as 
 fast as they are dropped, and often a hat or basket is placed in the 
 nest so that the .eggs may be removed without disturbing her ladyship. 
 Green turtle are caught in seines stretched between stakes just inside 
 Indian River Inlet in the winter season. They are sent to the North, 
 and net the catcher from three to eight cents per pound gross weight. 
 
 Deer can be found in large numbers ; only go where they are. At 
 some places they are a pest, particularly those known as field deer. 
 No ordinary fence will keep them out, and many are the devices that 
 have been tried to trap them. Guns and dogs, separate or combined, 
 and a steady warfare, are the surest methods The Indians are of 
 some benefit, as they frequently travel north from the Everglades, kill- 
 ing large numbers, and disposing of the hides and meat at the settle- 
 ments of St. Lucie, Eau Gallic, Rockledge, City Point, and Titusville. 
 
 City-bred sportsmen may think that South Florida needs a game 
 law to protect her deer ; but if they had had two or three successive 
 seasons' struggle with them to see' which should get the most potatoes, 
 when a large part of their living, and that of their stock, depended on 
 this crop, as sometimes happens, they would possibly change their 
 minds. The old bucks will paw the potato-beds and destroy a large 
 number besides what they eat, and, if they have families of four or five 
 does and fawns, they can make potatoes very scarce in a short time. 
 
 Wildcat, panther, foxes, squirrels, oppossums, raccoon, turkey, quail, 
 curlew, plover, snipe, yellow-legs, and sand-pipers are all to be found 
 on the Indian River. Otter have been quite plentiful for a year past, 
 and, at the prices quoted tor skins, trapping them ought to be a profit- 
 able business. 
 
 Line fishing is good at Indian River and Jupiter Inlets ; red snap- 
 per, red and black bass, pompano, cavallii, sheepshead, and sailors 
 choice are the principal and best fish. Mullet can be found in large 
 quantities. They are fattest and best from June to October. They are 
 
114 
 
 The Indian River. 
 
 caught only by seines or cast nets. Sharks and porpoises are numer- 
 ous at ihe inlets, and occasiona-lly a five or six foot shark may be 
 found in the river ; but I have never heard of any one bein^r injured 
 by them. , 
 
 Oysters abound all through Indian River Narrows and south to Fort 
 Capron for some twenty or twenty-five miles. They are of large size 
 and exquisite flavor when fat, or removed and bedded. They can be 
 bought at an average of one dollar per barrel at Titusville and Rock- 
 ledge during the winter. 
 
 The accommodations for sportsmen are fairly good. Good hotels 
 and boarding-houses can be found at all of the principal settlements, 
 though the demand at times exceeds the supply Good yachts, accom- 
 panied by a competent hunter and guide, \. io usually is the skipper 
 and owner, can be engaged at fairly reasonable rates. These boats are 
 fitted with small cabins, and sometimes with a wood or oil stove. 
 The right kind of a boat will also carry a flat-bottomed skiff for ascend- 
 ing shallow creeks and bayous. 
 
 Hotel charges are from %2 to %t, per day, and from !$io to $15 per 
 week. Boarding-houses less. 
 
 On the Indian River the cost of living is less than hi most sec- 
 tions of Florida. There are a number of good gtores and some 
 very poor ones in the several settlements. Prices range about the 
 same as in most Southern villages, and are less in some particulars. 
 Rents are nominal ; most residents own their land and buildings. 
 Many of the latter are primitive, but answer for the climate. Some 
 good houses and stores are being built, evidencing an increased pros- 
 perity and an influx of ready money from the outside world. Fresh 
 meat is scarce, except in winter, at the settlements. Price ranges 
 from eight to fifteen cents per pound for beef and venison. 
 
 Not a great deal of money has been spent heretofore in articles of 
 dress, but the rapidly-increasing influx of winter visitors is gradually 
 causing a more extravagant expenditure in that line. 
 
 During eight months in the year the general verdict seems to be 
 that the climate of the Indian River country is as near perfection as 
 can be found, and during the remaining four months it is not bad, 
 and is much pleasanter than in the interior of many of the Southern or 
 even Northern States. 
 
 The mercury at noon-time, during the hottest weather, rarely gets 
 above 96", and no existing record shows it to have gone to 100^ in the 
 shade. The usual summer range is from 85'' to 95". These figures 
 do not represent here the oppressiveness that the same figures do in- 
 land or in places where there is a still heat. On Indian River, and pre- 
 sumably on the wliole easiern coast of Florida, the winds blow steadily 
 from the ocean nearly the whole summer, principally from the south- 
 east. Even very hot days, with light, off-shore winds, are generally fol- 
 lowed by cool nights, in which that terrible sultriness known to some 
 sections is rarely felt. One of the wonderful peculiarities of Florida is 
 the rapid radiation and dispersion of heat after nightfall 
 
 The winter average is about 70" or 7c:'-\ It i/oes as low as xz^ for 
 
The Indian Kiver. !K 
 
 a few hours nearly every winter on some portion of the river, and as 
 high as 85'^. Frost is known, but rarely a freeze. One, in 1S81. and 
 another :n 1883, did some damage on the west bank of the river. On 
 Merritt's Island and the beach ridge,,^ however, anywhere within 200 
 yards of the river, frost rarely occurs. This coast is therefore c^.■ 
 pecially adapted to pineapple and other tropical fruit culture. 
 
 The prevailing winds are the southeast trade winds in summer, and 
 west, northwest, and north in winter. They blow so regularly that advan- 
 tage is frequently taken of the fact by boatmen to regulate their trips up 
 and down the river. Occasionally a miscalculation is made, and a man 
 finds himself a hundred miles from home with a howling headwind that 
 sometimes runs on a nine days' schedule from the northwest. 
 
 Very destructive gales have recurred bi-annually for a number of 
 years. The year 1882 was an exception. These gales are in fact hurri- 
 canes, and are said to rise in the West Indies. They usually come 
 from the eastward, and blow from twelve to seventy-two hours. Trees, 
 fences, and houses that are not well anchored or protected by timbers 
 are badly demoralized and scattered. 
 
 August, September, and October are the gale months, or, in native 
 parlance, the '-galey season." October 25th is the latest that one has 
 been known to occur. The October gales are usually followed by a 
 violent but short-lived return gale from the northwest. 
 
 The experienced resident hauls out his yacht or flat-bottorned boat 
 during this season, as no ordinary anchor or rope will hold it. 
 
 It may well be understood and believed that few rivers afford such 
 advantages for yachting as does this most fascinating stream. No 
 tide nor current interferes with the progress of the boat. This is caused 
 by the smallness of the ocean inlets and the narrows between them. 
 Everybody living directly on the river owns a craft of some sort, and 
 regattas on fixed dates are favorite diversions, while scrub racing is con- 
 tinually going on, the river being the grand highway of the country ; 
 roads, except near the settlements, being used but little. Most of the 
 Indian River boats are flat-bottomed and provided with centre-boards. 
 They range froni fifteen to forty feet in length ; and all rigs are repre- 
 sented by them. The sharpie model, carrying two leg-of-mutton sails, 
 is quite a favorite, as it is roomy and of light draft. 
 
 In this connection it may not be inappropriate t(j mention the "trade 
 boats" which ply the river. They are a useful class, and carry directh 
 to the houses of the people what they may require in good variety and 
 quality of all kinds of groceries and clry-goods. What they do not have 
 in stock will be brought by order. They perform the same service as 
 the peddlers' carts in the North. 
 
 As in all warm climates, insects of various kinds, hues and habits, 
 may be found (or will find you). Among the most industrious of them„ 
 is the mosquito. The flea also is ever-present. Mosquitoes during the 
 summer are troublesome over most of the river at night, though 
 some localities are free from them. They are becoming less as the 
 population increases. Among the Mangrove islands they are very numer- 
 ous, and no one should venture there without a mosquito bar. 
 
1 1 6 The Indian Rwer. 
 
 From the Narrows south to Fort Capron, or St. Lucie, 'as the post- 
 office is named, the river is broad, and its navigation comparatively easy ; 
 on this run of about fifteen miles no settlements are seen except a couple 
 oflog houses on the eastern shore and the comical little shanty, perched 
 on piles, of Tom Zeller's, the turtle fisher, on the west bank, five miles 
 above St. Lucie. 
 
 Opposite St. Lucie is the Indian River Inlet, through which trading 
 schooners from Jacksonville find their way after their ocean voyage. At 
 Fort Capron Mrs. Hogg keeps a store, the last one to be found as the 
 traveler journeys southward. South of this point all is plain sailing as f^ir 
 as Jupiter Narrows, about twenty miles f'urther on. Before these are 
 reached, Eden and Waveland, both post-offices, and the mouth of the St. 
 Lucie River, are passed on the right hand or western side. (3n the eastern 
 or left hand side the most interesting point on this run is the ' ' Cuba Place," 
 where Old joe has always on hand, and for sale, an abundant supply of 
 fresh vegetables, fruit, eggs and chickens. Here may be seen the first 
 ■ bearing cocoa-nut palms that are to be found on the river, and here, too, is 
 an extensive banana plantation. 
 
 A few miles beyond the Cuba Place, on the same side of the river, is 
 House of Refuge No. 2, a government station, in charge of Mr. David 
 Brown, by whom visitors are most hospitably entertained. Mr. Brov;n, 
 his wife, daughters, son and son-in-law, form the most southerly chapter 
 of the St. Nicholas Agassiz Association, and have contributed to it some 
 of its most valuable papers and specimens. Here may be obtained beauti- 
 ful pelican skins, which are so highly prized by Northern ladies for making 
 bonnets, mufts, tippets, etc. 
 
 From this point south to Jupiter Light, eighteen miles, navigation is 
 the most intricate, difficult and dangerous on the whole Indian River, and 
 it should not be undertaken without a pilot. On the St. Lucie River, and 
 in the waters between its mouth and Jupiter, may still be found the IMantee 
 or Sea Cow, rarest of all North American marine animals. Jupiter is the 
 extreme southern point of the Indian River system of lagoons, and here 
 the Lokohatchie River, draining the eastern everglades, flows into the sea. 
 and forms Jupiter Inlet, out of which vessels bound for Lake Worth must 
 pass before undertaking the ten mile run down the coast to Lake Worth 
 Inlet. Jupiter is also the most southerly point of steamboat navigation on 
 the east coast. 
 
 LAKE WORTH. 
 
 Besides the outside route to Lake Worth, there is an inside passage 
 through the saw grass, along the edge of the everglades, that is practicable 
 for sm.all boats if their crews have stout arms, long poles, and know the 
 way. A stranger would become speedily lost in the intricacies of the 
 swamps, amid which a thousand small tortuous streams meanller. Many 
 of these are larger, for a considerable distance, than the one that should 
 be taken, but they all finally dwindle to nothingness in the impenetrable 
 saw grass. These overflowed fresh water lands are separated from the salt 
 waters of Lake Worth by a narrow Sandy Ridge, across which an old, 
 
Lake WortJi. 1 1 j 
 
 rickety, wooden tramway offers an opportunit}- for carrjing small boats. 
 Although the distance from Jui. iter by this pasl^age is only about twelve 
 miles, the trip is so extremely diflicult that last winter two small boats, in 
 one uf which the editor of this Annual worked his passage, were three 
 days in making it, and they were three days of the most exhaustive labor 
 and the greatest discomfort. 
 
 The outside route to Lake Worth is also fraught with difficulty and some 
 peril, for the bar across its Inlet is one of the shoalest and most dangerous 
 to cross on the entire coast. When it is successfully passed, and the 
 traveler finds himself floating in safety over the placid waters of the lake, 
 he feels repaid for all he has undergone even before he lands, for he 
 has reached the most delightful place on the eastern coast and one of the 
 most beautiful in Florida. 
 
 The lake is a salt water lagoon, about twenty --five miles long, and varv- 
 ing from hnlf a mile to two miles in width. Its western shore is moderately 
 h'gh, and is covered with a pine forest, stretching away to a series of fresh 
 water lakes, and the overflowed lands of the "Big Saw Grass" surrounding 
 Lake Okeechobee. This country is uninhabited and abounds in o-ame 
 deer, bear, panther, wild cat, coons, "possums and turkeys. The glory of 
 Lake Worth does not, iiov/ever, lie in its western shore, but in the narrow 
 strip of land that separates it from the ocean on the east, and on which is 
 the seitiement. This strip is nowhere more than half a mile wide • but 
 presenting a rocky £ice to the lake, it slopes gently back until a hei'>ht of 
 forty feet is attained, and then slopes as gently downward to the bold bluft' 
 that confronts the ocean. The foundation of this ridge is a porous lime 
 rock, called by the settlers "coralline," and it is covered by a deposit of 
 black vegetable mould, several feet in depth, that supports a most mag- 
 nificent tropical growth. Some fifteen families of Northern people have 
 settled along this ridge, and are devoting themselves to the raising of cocoa 
 nuts, pine-apples, bananas, guavas, tomatoes and potatoes, besides all 
 sorts of niinur tropical fruits, and a great variety of vegetables for their own 
 use. So rich and productive is the soil, that, with the crudest of cultiva- 
 tion, one grower, from an acre of ground, shipped over $500 worth of 
 tomatoes last season, besides raising two other crops on the same ground 
 during the year. When they can obtain such results, it is no wonder that 
 the owners of this land hold it at from $100 to |200 per acre, and offer 
 very little of it for sale even at these prices. 
 
 The settlement has no roads, the only approach to one being a trail cut 
 through the dense jungle of rubber trees, palms, mastiCs, and a hundred 
 other varieties of tropical trees, bound together by giant lianas, and a mesh 
 of smaller vines, that form the natural growth. Only occasional gleams of 
 sunlight ever penetrate this woodland path, and its dark, silent depths are 
 charming, after the glare of the lake. The place of teams is taken by boats, 
 of which every settler owns at least one, that he uses for all purposes of 
 communication and transportation with other parts of the settlement. 
 Although Lake Worth has a post-office and a hotel, it has no store, nor does 
 it feel the need of one, as it is in direct communication with Jacksonville 
 by means of weekly schooners. The captains of these take orders from 
 the settlers for everything needed, from a bar of soap to a barrel of flour 
 
ii3 Lake Worth. 
 
 or from a pair of shoes to a silk dress, and fill them in the Jacksonville 
 stores. 
 
 The Gulf Stream flows so close to the coast at this point, that it is never 
 more than a mile from shore, and an easterly wind drives its waters into 
 the inlet. Lake Worth is in the same latitude as the Bahamas, and only 
 separated from them by fifty miles of ocean. The lowest point ever touched 
 by the mercury in a thermometer, on its eastern shore, is 43°, and its 
 average winter temperature is 70'-'. Whether it is from its proximity to the 
 Gulf Stream or from other causes, is not knovvm — but certain it is that no 
 other place in Florida offers such magnificent fishing grounds as the v/aters 
 inside and outside of Lake Worth Inlet. Here the magnificent pompano 
 are as common as catfish off the Jacksonville docks ; and king fish, blue 
 fish, sheepshead, yellow tails, grunts, snappers, sea bass, cavallii, moon fish, 
 and a score of other varieties, may be had in such prodigious quan- 
 tities that the most enthusiastic angler becomes tired of the sport of catch- 
 ing them. Green and loggerhead turtles also abound in this favored 
 locality, and conchs may be picked up by the thousands on the bar. 
 
 Alreadv several fine winter residences have been erected at Lake Worth, 
 and, with slightly improved facilities for reaching it, it will become one of 
 the most popular, as it is already one of the most charming, of known 
 winter resorts. At present the schooners "Mary B." and "Bessie B." make 
 weekly trips outside, from Jacksonville to Lake Worth, the run occupying 
 two or three days. From Rockledge the schooner " Illinois'" makes 
 weekly trips down the Indian River to Lake Worth, offering a pleasanter 
 method of travel than by the irregular steimer to Jupiter. At Jupiter a 
 sort of a hotel has been established on the old Government sloop "Stead- 
 fast," for the benefit of Lake Worth travelers. 
 
up the Ocklawaka. 
 
 TO visitor to Florida who has any regard for his own peace of mind 
 can leave the State without having made the trip up the Ocklawaha 
 River, at lea^^t to Silver Spring. He may have explored every 
 other river in the State from its source to its mouth, but if he has 
 neglected this one river, his friends who have sailed its "crooked waters" 
 will insist upon it that he has failed to see the chief object of interest, and 
 really knows nothing of Florida. In itself the Ocklawaha is no more 
 remarkable than a dozen other rivers in the State, nor is Silver Spring more 
 wonderful than several others which are hardly every visited ; but ihev 
 come within the radius of the main line of winter travel, while the others 
 do not. However much people may enthuse over the delights of the wil- 
 derness, and announce their love of "roughing it," the popular routes of 
 travel are always those upon which are the most comfortable sleeping 
 accommodations and the best set tables. In Florida the great highway of 
 travel is the St. Johns River, up which boats run three hundred miles 
 south from Jacksonville. 
 
 A night's stay in Palatka is imperative, because the boats from Jackson- 
 ville reach there in the afternoon, and the Ocklawaha boats leave there in 
 the morning. So at Palatka the traveler spends a night, and by nine o'clock 
 next morning is ready and anxious for his trij) up the Ocklawaha. 
 
 The Ocklawaha River boats, five in number, are built expressly for the 
 navigation of this particular stream, and are all alike in general features. 
 They are short, narrow, flat-bottomed, built without guirds, low and 
 compact. Their ch;muoys rise but little above the roof of the pilot house, 
 in front of which, or on the lower deck forward, are the seats which the 
 passengers occupy ;ill day, and far into the night, while viewing the novel 
 scenes constantly presented during the journey. As compared with the 
 rude, awkward crait of a few years ago, these boats are models of comfort, 
 and are admirably fitted for the service they perform. They are all of the 
 stern-wheel, or ' wheelbarrow" pattern, each wheel being so enclosed as 
 to be protected from contact with overhanging trees or branches. Most of 
 them bear Indi.vn names, such as Osceola, Okakumkee, Astatula, or Tus- 
 kawilla ; and often during the winter the rush of travel is so great that three 
 of them filled with passengers leave Palatka at the same time. 
 
 Starting at nine o'clock in the morning, the boat, with her merry com- 
 panv — Wx Ocklawaha River travelers are proverbially jolly souls — -steams 
 for three hours up the St. Johns, to Welaka, on the left bank, opposite 
 
I20 Up the Ocklawaha. 
 
 which the "crooked water, " which is the meaning of the Indian word, 
 " Ocklawaha," debouches into the larger stream, and here the trip really 
 begins. The moment the broad St. Johns is left behind, the character of 
 the scenery changes. Entering the narrow, wonderfully tortuous channel, 
 winding through vast cypress swamps, and bordered by a dense growth of 
 magnificent trees hung with moss and interlaced with a maze of vines and 
 creepers, is like plunging from an open clearing into a dark forest. Palms 
 and other strange forms of semi-tropic vegetation fascinate the eye, and 
 new and curious specimens of animal life present objects of never-fliiling 
 interest. The alhgator, which to Northerners is the greatest curiosity in 
 Florida, and which is now rarely seen from the decks ot the St. Jolms 
 River boats, here becomes common, and at length fails to arouse any great 
 amount of interest. So clear is the water, that frequently the "'gator," 
 startled from his siesta among the "bonnets" or rushes on the bank, can 
 be seen making his way far beneath the surface to a more secure retreat. 
 Shooting from the deck of the steamer, which was allowed during the 
 earlier days of Ocklawaha navigation, became such a nuisance, and so 
 threatened the destruction of some of the leading attractions of the river, 
 that it is now strictly prohibited, much to the disgust of those fledgeling 
 sportsmen who look upon every species of undomesticated bird or beast as 
 their legitimate target, and to the satisfaction of all sensible travelers. 
 
 Although ihe alligator is the star and leading attraction in this grand 
 spectacle, he is ably supported by a select feathered troupe, which are to be 
 seen at their best in these watery fastnesses. Most beautil'ul of these is the 
 great snowy heron, which, vvith his companion, the great blue heron, is 
 such a treasure to the curiosity dealers, and works up so effectively into a 
 fire screen. At every bend, perched upon some dead limb, is seen the 
 comical water-turkey or snake-bird, stretching his long neck, and ducking 
 his head in a ridiculous state of indecision as to whether he shall fly or 
 not, and fhially solving the problem by dropping like a shot into the liver, 
 and disappearing beneath its surface. His cousin, the cormorant, shares 
 his indecision, and affords almost as much amusement as the water-turkey 
 by his frantic and erratic eftbrts to escape the approaching steamer. The 
 speckled limpkin attracts attention at once by the peculiarly discordant 
 cry, not unlike the laugh of a hyena, with which he makes his presence 
 known, and which may be heard echoing through the dismal swamps 
 at all hours of the day and night. A limpkin's q.%% is about the size of a 
 hen's ^%%, and very good to eat. Beside these, are the ibis and egret, the 
 crane, curlew and many others, curious in form and habit. 
 
 The various landings along the river afford but little idea ot the country 
 beyond, as most of them are merely shed-like warehouses, built upon 
 shaky little wharves, and connected with the mainland by roads of corduroy 
 laid through the swamps. They bear such names as Sunday BlufT, Limpkin 
 Bluff, Forty-foot Bluff, lola, Gores, Eureka, and Duriso's, and the few 
 cadaverous looking natives, whose straight, lank hair and dirty iiomespun 
 suits form prominent features at each landing, do not convey in their forms 
 or countenances any reassuring impressions as to the healthfulness of the 
 adjacent country. But who cares for malaria or chills and fevers when on 
 a trip up the Ocklawaha ? TIt v ( an't be contracted in one d ly, and none 
 
up the OcklazvaJia. 121 
 
 of the gay party of tourists has got to live there ; so, with a word of pity 
 for the unfortunates who must make this their home from one year's end to 
 the other, the subject is dropped, and attention is again directed to the 
 river. 
 
 A steady subject of inquiry is, "When shall we pass the down boats ? " 
 And when, about sunset, their whistles are heard and answered, all hands 
 crowd to the best positions for seeing and exchanging greetings with the 
 returning tourists as they pass. If the place of meeting is very narrow, as 
 is generally the case, the upward-bound boats hug the bank closely, and 
 wait for the others to pass. As the boat on which we were making our 
 first trip up the river thus drew to one side to give the others room, a com- 
 ical accident occurred that came very near being serious. Beside us sat an 
 enthusiastic old gentleman, whose jolly face and bald head were sur- 
 mounted by a tall and very shiny silk hat. With him were his two pretty 
 daughters, and the three were in a state of great excitement over the meet- 
 ing of the down boat, on which they expected to see friends. As soon as 
 she came in sight they began to wave their handkerchiefs. The old gen- 
 tleman, having attached his to a gold-headed cane, was waving it high 
 above the others, when suddenly there was ajar of the boat, a crash over- 
 head, and from a tall cypress, into which the up boat had run while hug- 
 ging the bank too closely, a dead limb came tumbling. It struck fairly on 
 the top of the shiny silk hat, drove it down over the beaming face, and scat- 
 tered twigs and splinters over the rest of the passengers. In the confusion 
 which followed, the down boat passed unheeded. Nobody was hurt, and 
 it was as good as a play to see those two pretty girls strive to release their 
 father from the envelopment of that now disreputable-looking silk tile. 
 The lining caught on his rather prominent nose, and every attempt to lift 
 the hat elicited a howl of pain from the old gentleman, and much vigorous 
 language. At length a release was effected by the aid of a ready penknife, 
 and soon afterward, with a swollen nose, and disguised by an old slouch 
 felt hat borrowed from the captain, the respectable father of the pretty girls 
 presented the typical aspect of a venerable rake, just emerged from.a rough- 
 and-tumble mel^e. 
 
 The greatest enjoyment of a trip up the Ocklawaha comes after the sun 
 has set, and the scenery is enveloped in the blackness of a dark night. A 
 burning brand is thrust among the resinous light-wood knots that fill an 
 iron fire-pan on top of the pilot-house. A burst of flame springs forth, and 
 discloses by its yellow glare a scene so weird and uncanny as to baffle de- 
 scription. The black water shimmering in the fire-light, the gaunt tree 
 trunks rearing themselves into an upper vagueness, from which depends, 
 straight and motionless, the cerement-like hangings of gray moss, the dark 
 lagoons penetrating the swamps, and bordered by fantastically horrible 
 forms, the hurried flight of startled night-birds, all combine to form a 
 picture that will remain forever indelibly impressed upon the minds of those 
 who view it. The passengers involuntarily gather closer together, and talk 
 in more subdued tones, as they gaze upon the rapid unfolding of the Nvon- 
 derful panorama, which fascinates them as by a spell. Suddenly a few 
 chords are struck from a banjo on the lower deck, and a dozen rough but 
 melodious voices break out in some old plantation melody abounding in 
 
122 Up I he OckUnvaha. 
 
 minors and long-drawn refrains, and in perfect harmony with the hour and 
 surroundings. One of these songs was so similar to those sung by the 
 Arab boatmen on the Nile, that for the moment the writer felt himself to be 
 sitting on the little deck of a dahabeeyah, floating down with the smooth 
 current of the majestic Egyptian river. The first few lines were 
 
 "All night long, 
 
 Jesa, Jesa, 
 On my knees, 
 
 Jesa, Jesa, 
 Begging God, 
 
 Jesa, Jesa, 
 To gib me ease, 
 
 Jesa, Jesa.'" 
 
 The refrain, '' Jesa, Jesa,'" running through the song in a base monotone, 
 was identical \vith the "Allah, Allah,' or " Moosa, Moosa," of the Arabs, 
 and lent the peculiar rhythmical drone that forms so prominent a feature 
 of Oriental melodies. 
 
 A few of the passengers remain on deck undl nearly midnight to witness 
 the passage of the "gate of the Ocklawaha," which is simply the passing of 
 the steamer through a channel so narrow that there is barely room for it, 
 and bounded on either side by an immense cypress tree : but the majority 
 retire early in order to be up in the morning in dme to see the " Run." 
 
 Soon after daylight the boat leaves the river, and, turning sharply to the 
 right, enters the " Run," a stream so clear that it is like a body of crystal 
 glass confined by wooded banks. For nine miles the steamer makes her 
 way against the swift current of the " Run." Its bottom is of white sand, 
 from which spring long feathery grasses and other beautiful forms of marine 
 vegetation, that wave in the transparent waters as though tossed by currents 
 of air. At the end of the nine miles the boat glides over the bosom of 
 Silver Spring, and runs up to a little wharf on its further shore. A cush- 
 ioned row-boat awaits the tourist who would still further explore the won- 
 drous beauties of the spring, and in a moment after entering it he 
 experiences all the sensations of an aeronaut. His boat has become an 
 air-ship, and is floating in thinnest ether, high above the world, down upon 
 which he gazes. So still is the water, and so wonderfully distinct the 
 shadows, that a photograph taken of some object upon the bank of the 
 spring is equally accurate whether inverted or held upright. 
 
 Silver Spring is wonderful, and as well worth seeing as though it were 
 the only one of its kind in the State, and it well repays the two hours al- 
 lotted to its inspection. At the end of this time the traveler either returns 
 to his boat, which is prepared for the return trip to Paiaika, or takes the 
 cars, and reaches Palatka in a few hours, instead of the next morning, as 
 will be the case with the boat. 
 
 Some idea of the crookedness of tlie Ocklawaha may be gained by com- 
 paring the distance traveled by the steamers between Palatka and Oka- 
 humkee, the head of navigation, which is 275 miles, with that of an air- 
 line, which would be but eighty. Very truly does the name " crooked 
 water" apply to this mysterious river; but in this very crookedness lies its 
 chief charm, whxh is that of constant anticipation. 
 
THE FOUNTAIN OF YOUTH: FASCHA FLORIDA. 
 
 A JJREAM OF PONCE DE LEON. 
 
 I. 
 
 A STORY of Ponce de Leon, 
 
 A voyager, withered and old, 
 Who came to the sunny Antilles, 
 
 In quest of a country of gold. 
 He was wafted past islands of spices. 
 
 As bright as the Emerald seas. 
 Where all the forests seem singing. 
 
 So thick were the birds on the trees ; 
 Tiie sea was as clear as the azure, 
 
 And so deep and so pure was the sky 
 That the jasper-walled city seemed shin- 
 ing 
 
 Just out of the reach of the eye. 
 By day his light canvas he shifted, 
 
 And rounded strange harbors and 
 bars ; 
 By night, on the full tides he drifted, 
 
 'Neath the low-hanging lamps of the 
 stars. 
 Near the glimmering gates of the sunset, 
 
 In the twilight empurpled and 'dim, 
 The sailors uplifted their voices. 
 
 And sang to the Virgin a hymn. 
 "Thank the Lord !" said De Leon, the 
 sailor. 
 
 At the close of the rounded refrain ; 
 "Thank the Lord, the Almighty, who 
 blesses 
 
 The ocean-swept banner of Spain ! 
 The shadowy world is behind us. 
 
 The shining Cipango, before ; 
 Each morning the sun rises brighter 
 
 On ocean, and island, and shore. 
 And still shall our spirits grow lighter, 
 
 As prospects more glowing unfold : 
 Then on, merry men ! to Cipango, 
 
 To the west, and the regions of gold ! " 
 
 II. 
 There came to De Leon, the sailor. 
 
 Some Indian sages, who told 
 Of a region so bright that the waters 
 
 Were sprinkled with islands of gold. 
 And they added : " The leafy Bimini, 
 
 A fair land of grottos and bowers. 
 Is there ; and a wonderful fotmtain 
 
 Upsprings from its gardens of flowers. 
 That fountain gives life to the dying, 
 
 And youth to the aged restores ; 
 They flourish in beauty eternal, 
 
 \Vho set but their foot on its shores I " 
 Then answered De Leon, the sailor : 
 
 " I am withered, and wrinkled, and old; 
 
 I would rather discover that fountain, 
 Than acountry of diamonds and gold." 
 
 III. 
 Away sailed De Leon, the sailor. 
 
 Away with a wonderful glee. 
 Till the birds were more rare in the azure, 
 
 The dolphins more rare in the sea ; 
 Away from the shady Bahamas, 
 
 Over waters no sailor had seen. 
 Till again on his wondering vision, 
 
 Rose clustering islands of green. 
 Still onward he sped till the breezes 
 
 Were laden with odors, and lo ! 
 A country embedded with flowers, 
 
 A country with rivers aglow ! 
 More bright than the sunny Antilles, 
 
 More fair than the shady Azores. 
 "Thank the Lord !" said De Leon, the 
 sailor. 
 
 As feasted his e3'e on the shores, 
 " We have come to a region, my brothers. 
 
 More lovely than earth, of a truth ; 
 And here is the life-giving fountain, — 
 
 The beautiful fountain of youth." 
 
 IV. 
 
 Then landed De Leon, the sailor. 
 
 Unfurled his old banner, and sung ; 
 But he felt very wrinkled and withered. 
 
 All around was so fresh and so young. 
 The palms, ever-verdant, were blooming, 
 
 Their blossoms e'en margined the 
 seas \ 
 O'er the streams of the forests, bright 
 flowers 
 
 Hung deep from the branches of trees. 
 " 'T is Easter." exclaimed the old sailor ; 
 
 His heart was with rapture aflame ; 
 And he said : " Be the name of this 
 region 
 
 As Florida given to fame. 
 'T is a fair, a delectable country, 
 
 More lovely than earth, of a truth ; 
 I soon shall partake of the fountain, — 
 
 The beautiful fountain of youth ! " 
 
 V. 
 
 But wandered De Leon, the sailor. 
 In search of that fountain in vain ; 
 
 No waters were there to restore him 
 To freshness and beauty again. 
 
 And his anchor he lifted, and murmured. 
 As the tears gathered fast in his eve, 
 
124 
 
 The Florida Rose. 
 
 " I must leave this fair land of the 
 flowers, 
 Go back o'er the ocean, and die." 
 Then back by the dreary Tortugas, 
 
 And back by the shady Azores. 
 He was borne on the storm-smitten 
 waters 
 To the calm of his own native shores. 
 And that he grew older and older. 
 
 His footsteps enfeebled gave proof ; 
 Still he thirsted in dreams for the fount- 
 ain, — 
 The beautiful fountain of youth. 
 
 VI. 
 
 One day the old sailor lay dying 
 
 On the shores of a tropical isle, 
 And hisheart was enkindled with rapture. 
 
 And his face lighted up with a smile. 
 He thought of the sunny Antilles, 
 
 He thought of the shady Azores, 
 He thought of the dreamy Bahamas, 
 
 He thought of fair Florida's shores. 
 
 And when in his mind be passed over 
 
 His wonderful travels of old. 
 He thought of the heavenly country'. 
 
 Of the city of jasper and gold. 
 "Thank the Lord !" said De Leon, the 
 sailor, 
 
 "Thank the Lord for the light of the 
 truth, 
 I now am approaching the fountain, — 
 
 The beautiful fountain of youth." 
 
 VH. 
 
 The cabin was silent; at twilight 
 
 They heard the birds singing a psalm. 
 And the wind of the ocean low sighing 
 Through groves of the orange and 
 palm. 
 The sailor still lay on his pallet, 
 
 'Neath the low-hanging vines of the 
 roof ; 
 His soul had gone forth to discover 
 The beautiful fountain of youth. 
 
 H. Butter WORTH. 
 
 THE FLORIDA FOSE. 
 
 Where green the savannas, and ceaseless the flov/ 
 Of the lordly St. John to the seaboard below; 
 Where the pine tree its resinous odor distils. 
 And the scent of magnolia the atmosphere fills ; 
 Where ripens the lime, and the orange tree grows, 
 There grew into beauty a Florida Rose. 
 
 There, earth is an Eden, the climate a balm ; 
 Bright hues deck the fields and aloft waves the palm^ 
 O'er the hammocks its perfume the jessamine flings, 
 To the live-oak the solemn gray drapery clings ; 
 Wide the cypress its vast leafy canopy throws,. 
 And in loveliness blossomed the Florida Rose. 
 
 From the coast of the Gulf to the shore of the sea,. 
 From the everglade dark to the reef and the key, 
 No flower ever flourished so stately and fair. 
 So loaded with sweetness the bright summer air; 
 Till away to the land of the tempest and snows,. 
 Was carried, in triumph, the Florida Rose. 
 
 Ah! the Florid.a Rose, mine it never can be; 
 It has left me forever, and blooms not for me. 
 No bud may I gather, no dew-drop e'er sip 
 From its blossoms, or press to its petals my lip. 
 Still the lordly St. John to the wide ocean flows, 
 And I mourn for my darling, my Florida Rose ! 
 
 David Tlaye. 
 
Statistical Tables, 
 
 Prepared by Chas. A. Choate. 
 
 THE following statistical tables will be revised and added to each 
 year ; thus furnishing a vast amount of reliable and valuable 
 information regarding Florida. 
 
 I.— CHRONOLOGICAL. 
 
 Florida discovered by Juan Fonce de Leon March 27, 15 12 
 
 Ponce de Leon landed near Fernandina April 2, 15 12 
 
 Fernandez de Cordova landed on Florida coast 1517 
 
 Ponce de Leon made first Governor (Adelantado) , 1521 
 
 Pamphilo de Narvaez sailed from Spain for Florida June 17, 1527 
 
 Narvaez anchored in Clear Water Harbor , April 14, 1528 
 
 Hernando de Soto sailed from Cuba for Florida May 18, 1539 
 
 De Soto landed in Tampa (Espiritu Santo) Bay May 30, 1539 
 
 Don Tristan de Lunas Colony landed at Pensacola 1559 
 
 Ribault entered St. John's River (River of May) May i, 1562 
 
 Laudonniere arr. in St. Augustine Bay June 22, 1564 
 
 Ft. Carolina, St. John's River, b'lt by Huguenot Colony. , . .July, 1564 
 Pedro Menendez s'l'd from Cadiz, Spain, for Florida. . . ..July i, 1565 
 English fleet, under Sir John Hawkins, arr. St. John's 
 
 River Aug^sJ^ 3, 1565 
 
 Menendez arr. and named St. Augustine Bay August 2b, ^^65 
 
 St. Augustine founded by Menendez August 29, 1555 
 
 Ribault arr. St. John's River August 29, 1565 
 
 Menendez arr. St. John's River September 24, 1565 
 
 Ribault's fleet wrecked off Cape Canaveral September 10, 1565 
 
 Huguenot Colony, Ft. Carolina, massacred by Me- 
 nendez September 21, 1565 
 
 Laudonniere and Huguenot survivors return to 
 
 France September 25, 1565 
 
 Ribault and companions massacred by Menendez 1565 
 
 Spanish forts, St. John's River, taken by De Gourgues 1568 
 
 St. Augustine burned by Sir Francis Drake 1586 
 
 St. Augustine ravaged and burned by pirates 1665 
 
 Pensacola settled by Spaniards 1696 
 
 Pensacola taken by French under Bienville May 14, 17 18 
 
 Pensacola retaken by Spaniards 1718 
 
 125 
 
1 26 Statistical Tables. 
 
 Pensacola retaken by French under De Champ- 
 
 meslin September 1 8, i y 1 9 
 
 Pensacola retaken by Spaniards 1722 
 
 St. Augustine besieged by Gen. Oglethorpe June 20, 174c 
 
 Battle at Fort Moosa — Oglethorpe repulsed June 25, 1740 
 
 Siege of St. Augustine raised July 7, 1740 
 
 Second invasion by Oglethorpe 1743 
 
 Seminole Nation founded by Creek Chief 1750 
 
 Exchange of Cuba for Florida by England and 
 
 Spain February 10, 1763 
 
 Invasion of Florida by Spanish Army 1779 
 
 Pensacola occupied by Spaniards May 10, 1781 
 
 Exchange of Florida for the Bahamas by England and Spain . . 1783 
 
 West Florida ceded by Spain to France . 1785 
 
 Independence of West Florida declared at Baton 
 
 Rouge September 26, 18 10 
 
 Secret acts ('ongress, taking possession of Florida 
 
 January 15 and March 3, iSii 
 
 Republic of Florida formed at St. Mary's 181 2 
 
 Fernandina surrendered to U. S. authorities March 19, 1812 
 
 Pensacola occupied by English August 4, 1814 
 
 Pensacola taken by Gen. Jackson November 7, 1814 
 
 Seminole War begun in Georgia 1S17 
 
 Apalachicola massacre by Semiroles. . , November 30, 181 7 
 
 Spanish fort at St. Mark's taken by Gen. Jackson April 7, 1818 
 
 Pensacola again occupied by General Jackson May 25, 1S18 
 
 Florida formally ceded by Spain to the U. S February 22, 1819 
 
 Seminole treaty October 18, 1820 
 
 Territories of East and "West Florida formed March 30, 1822 
 
 The two Territories merged in Territory of Florida . . . March 3, 1823 
 
 John Branch, of Florida, app'd Sec. of the Navy March 9, 1829 
 
 Gen. R. K. Call app'd to command army in Florida. December 6, 1835 
 
 Seminole War in Florida 1835 to 1842 
 
 Battle near Alachua savannah December 19, 1S35 
 
 Battle of Micanopy December 20, 1835 
 
 Massacre of Gen. Thompson's party by Osceola. . .December 28, 1835 
 
 Massacre of Maj. Dade's command December 28, 1835 
 
 Battle of Withlacoochee December 31, 1835 
 
 Second battle of Micanopy January 9, 1836 
 
 Battle of Wetumka. fanuary 9, 1836 
 
 Battle of Dunlawton January iS, 1836 
 
 Gen. Scott app'd to command army in Florida January 21, 1836 
 
 Second battle of Withlacoochie . . February 29, 1836 
 
 Third battle of Micanopy J'ajie 9, 1836 
 
 Battles of Wahoo Swamps November 17, 18, and 21, 1836 
 
 Gen. Jessup app'd to command army in Florida. . . . December 8, 1836 
 
 Battle of Hatcheelustee January 27, 1837 
 
 Battle of Lake Monroe February 8, 1837 
 
 Treaty with Seminoles at Camp Dade March 6, 1837 
 
Statistical Tables. 127 
 
 Osceola and 71 prisoners captured by Gen. Jessup October, 1837 
 
 Battle of Okeechobee December 25, 1837 
 
 Battle of Wacasassa River December 26, 1837 
 
 Battle of Jupiter Creek January 15, 1838 
 
 Battle of Jupiter Inlet January 24, 1838 
 
 Death of Osceola at Fort Moultrie January 30. 1838 
 
 First State Constitution adopted January 11, 1839 
 
 Gen. Armistead app'd to command army in Florida May 6, 1840 
 
 Battle of Chakachatta June 2, 1840 
 
 Battle of Wakahoota September 6, 1840 
 
 Harney's expedition to the Everglades December, 1840 
 
 Battle of Pilaklikaha April 19, 1842 
 
 Seminole War declared ended August 14, 1842 
 
 Florida admitted as a State March 3, 1845 
 
 Chattahoochee Arsenal seized by Confederates January 6, 186 1 
 
 Fort Marion, St. Augustine, seized by Confederates. ..January 7, 1861 
 
 Ordinance of Secession passed at Tallahassee January 10, 1861 
 
 Fort Pickens, Pensacola, besieged by Confederates. .January 18, 1861 
 
 Battle of Santa Rosa Island Uctober 9, 186 1 
 
 Pensacola evacuated — Navy Yard burned May 10, 1862 
 
 Battle of Olustee February 22, 1864 
 
 Battle of Natural Bridge April 6, 1865 
 
 William Marvin app'd Provisional Governor July 13, 1865 
 
 Ordinance of Secession repealed October 28, 1865 
 
 New Constitution adopted February 25, 1868 
 
 Fourteenth Amendment ratified June 9, 1868 
 
 Government transferred to State authorities July 4, 1868 
 
 II.— DISTANCES FROM JACKSONVILLE. 
 
 The Florida Central and Western, the Transit and Peninsular, the 
 Leesburg and Indian River, and the Fernandina and Jacksonville Rail- 
 roads have been consolidated under the general title of the Florida Railway 
 and Navigation Co., of which the several divisions are the Central, Western, 
 Southern, Leesburg, Jacksonville Branch, St. Marks Branch, and Monti- 
 cello Branch. 
 
 M.LE8. 
 
 Astor— Up St. J. R. & St. J. & L. E. R. R 134 
 
 Aucilla— F. R. & N. Co. R. R. (Western) 131 
 
 Apalachicola— F. R. & N. Co. R. R. (Western) & Apa. River 286 
 
 Argyle— F. R. & N. Co. (Western) & P. & A. R. Rs 285 
 
 Archer— F. R. & N. Co. R. R. (Western k Central) 85 
 
 Altoona— Up St. J. R. & St. J. & L. E. R. R 153 
 
 Anclote— F. R. & N. Co. R. R. (Central) St'r from Cedar Kevs 200 
 
 Arrendondo— F. R. & N. Co. R. R. (Western & Central) ' 80 
 
 Abe's Spring — F. R. & N. Co. R. R. (Western) Chatta. River & team . . 235 
 
 Aathony Place— F. R. & N. Co. R. R. (Southern) 116 
 
 Acron — Drive from Altoona " 161 
 
1 28 Statistical Tables. 
 
 MILES 
 
 Apopka— Drive from Orlando 227 
 
 Arlington — Down St. J. R , 5 
 
 Auburndale— Up St. J. R. & S. F. R. R 265 
 
 Buffalo Bluff— Up St. J. R 87 
 
 Beecher — Up St. J. R 105 
 
 Blue Spring— Up St. J. R 168 
 
 Boulogne — E. F. (Wavcross) R. R 42 
 
 Baldwin— F. R. & N. Co. R. R. (Western) 19 
 
 . Bristol— F. R. & N. Co. R. R. (Western) down Apa. R 227 
 
 Bluff Springs— F. R. & N. Co. (Western) ck R & L. R. Rs 411 
 
 Bonifay— F. R. & N. Co. (Western) & R & A. R. Rs 261 
 
 Bellevue— F. R. & N. Co. (Western) & P. & A. R. Rs 316 
 
 Bronson— F. R. & N. Co. (Western & Central) R. R 94 
 
 Brooksville — F. R. & N. Co. (Western & Southern) R. R. & Stage. . . . 190 
 
 Boardman— J. T. & K. W. & F. S. R. Rs 103 
 
 Bel Air— St. J. & S. F. R. R 1 90 
 
 Bartow— Up St. J. R. & S. F. R. R 275 
 
 Beresford — Up St. J. R 165 
 
 Blake — Drive from Daytona 1 70 
 
 Barrsville — Drive from Lake City 72 
 
 Biscayne — Boat from Key West 518 
 
 Beauclerc — Up St. J. R 11 
 
 Bayport — F. R. & N. Co. R. Rs. (Central) Str. from Cedar Keys 175 
 
 Braidentown — ^Str. from Tampa 21s 
 
 Cabbage Bluff— Up St. John R 165 
 
 Callahan — E. F. (" Waycross ") R. R 20 
 
 Cedar Keys— F. R. & N. Co. R. R. (Western & Central) 127 
 
 Cottondale— F. R. & N. Co. (Western) & R & A. R. Rs 244 
 
 Climax— (Ga.) F. R. & N. Co. (Western) & S. F. & W. R. Rs 223 
 
 CampviUe— F. R. & N. Co. (Central & Southern) R. R 64 
 
 Canaveral — Boat from Titusville 270 
 
 City Point — Boat from Rockledge 275 
 
 Crescent City — Up St. J. R. and Str. from Palatka 95 
 
 Crystal River — F. R. &N. Co.'s R. R. (Central) & boat from Cedar Keys. 159 
 
 Clear Water Harbor — Str. from Cedar Kevs 217 
 
 Cypress— F. R. & N. Co. (Western) & P. & A. R. Rs 225 
 
 Charlotte Harbor — Drive from Tampa 390 
 
 Camp Izard — Drive from Ocala 146 
 
 Citra— F. R. & N. Co. R. R. (Southern) 91 
 
 Conant — J. T. & K. W. and Fla. Southern Rs 150 
 
 Cotton Plant — Drive from Ocala 134 
 
 Crestview— F. R. & N. Co. (Western) & P. & A. R. Rs 310 
 
 Carabelle — Boat from St. Marks 226 
 
 Chattahoochee— F. R. & N. Co. (Western) R. R 205 
 
 Centre Hill — Drive from Leesburg ^ 176 
 
 Crawfordsville — Drive from Tallahassee 185 
 
 Chipley— F. R. & N. Co. (Western) & P. & A. R. Rs 252 
 
 Daytona — Stage from Volusia 167 
 
 Dutton— F. R. & N. Co. R. R. (Western) \ 30 
 
Statistical Tables. 129 
 
 MTLES. 
 
 Dunedin — Boat from Cedar Keys 212 
 
 Drayton Island — Up St. J. R 116 
 
 De Land— Up St. j. R 162 
 
 Drifton— F. R. & N. Co. R. R. (Western) 138 
 
 Dupont— (Ga.) F. R. & N. Co. (Western) & F. Br. S. F. &. W. R. RS...130 
 
 Edgewater — Up St. J. R 80 
 
 Evinston— J. T. & K. W. & F. S. R. Rs 102 
 
 Eau Gallic — Boat from Rockledge 275 
 
 Eden — Boat from Rockledge 360 
 
 Eustis— Up St. J. R. & St. J. & L. E. R. R 162 
 
 Escambia— F. R. & N. Co. (Western) & P. A A. R. Rs 376 
 
 Euchee Anna — F. R. & M. Co. (Western) & R & A. R. Rs. drive from 
 
 Ponce de Leon 284 
 
 Eurek-a — Up St. J. and Ocklawaha Ks 160 
 
 Enterprise — Up St. J. R 204 
 
 Ellaville— F. R. & N. Co. R. R. (Western) 95 
 
 Fantville — Drive from Ocala 141 
 
 Fellowship — Drive from Ocala 146 
 
 Fort George — Down St. J. R 28 
 
 Fort Ogden — Drive from Tampa 241 
 
 Fort Dade — Stage from Brooksville 212 
 
 Francis— J. T. & K. W. & Fla. S. R. Rs 60 
 
 Fruit Cove — Up St. J. R 19 
 
 Federal Point— Up St. J. R 58 
 
 Fort Gates— Up St. J. R 106 
 
 Fort Reid— Up St. J. R 203 
 
 Fernandina — F. R. & N. Co. R. R. (Jacksonville Branch) 33 
 
 Fort Mason^Up St. J. R. & St. J. & L. E. R. R i6(> 
 
 Fort Gadsden— F. R. & N. Co. R. R. (Western) ct .Xpa. R 271 
 
 Fairbanks— F. R. & N. Co. R. R. (Western & Central) 65 
 
 Fort Meyers— F. R. k N. Co. R. R. (Western & Central) & Str. from 
 
 Cedar Kevs 265 
 
 Fruitland Park— J. T. & K. W. and Fla. Southern Rys .• 155 
 
 Gruelle— J. T. & K. W. & Fla. Southern Rys 95 
 
 Georgianna — Boat from Rockledge 275 
 
 Georgetown — Up St. J. R .,110 
 
 Gulf Hammock — Drive from Cedar Keys 135 
 
 Grahamsville — Up St. J. & Ocklawaha Rs 193 
 
 Glencoe — Stage from Enterprise 235 
 
 Green Cove Spring — Up St. J. R 30 
 
 Glen St. Marv— F. R. & N. Co. R. R. (Western) 30 
 
 Greenville— F. R. & N. Co. R. R. (Western) 124 
 
 Gainesville — F. R. & N. Co. R. R. (Western & Central) 70 
 
 Holly Hill — Drive from Daytona 171 
 
 Hilliard— S. F. & W. R. R 30 
 
 Hatch's Bend— F. R. & N. Co. (Western) & S. F. & W. R. Rs. k 
 
 Suwanee R. Str 117 
 
 Horse Creek—Up St. J. R. & S. F. R. R 248 
 
 Hibernia — Up St. J. R : 23 
 
130 Sicitis/ica/ 'J'ablcs. 
 
 MILES. 
 
 Hart's Orange (}rove— J. T. & K. W. R. R. d- Str. from Palaika 75 
 
 Hart's Roaci— F. R. & N. Co. R. R. (Jacksonville Brancli) 21 
 
 Houston— F. R. & N. Co. R. R. (Western) 76 
 
 Hawthorne— F. R. & N. Co. R. R. (Western & Southern) 70 
 
 Interlachen— J. T. & K. W. & F. S. R. Rs 72 
 
 lamonia — Drive from Tallahassee 181 
 
 Ichatucknee— F. R. & N. Co. (Western) & S. F. & W. R. Rs 117 
 
 lola— F. R. & N. Co. R. R. (Western) & Apa. R 24 7 
 
 John's Pass — Stage from Tampa 214 
 
 "Johnson— J. T. & K. W. & F. S. R. Rs 79 
 
 Jasper— F. R. & N. Co. (Western) & Fla. ]3r. S. F. & W. R. Rs 98 
 
 Keuka— J. T. & K. W. & F. S. R. Rs 74 
 
 Key West— F. R. & N. Co. (Western l^ Central) & Str. from Cedar 
 
 Keys ■. . 350 
 
 Kissimmee— Up St. J. R. & S. F. R. R 233 
 
 Lady Lake— J. T. & K. W. & F. S. R. Rs 152 
 
 Lane Park— Up St. J. R. & L. E. R. R 175 
 
 Lloyd's— F. R. & N. Co. R. R. (Western) 146 
 
 Liverpool — Drive from Tampa 255 
 
 Largo — Boat from Key West 474 
 
 Lake Worth — Up St. J. R., Ind. R. Str. & Boat from Jupiter 384 
 
 Lake Butler— F. R. & N. Co. R. R. (Central) and Drive from Temple's 
 
 Mills 56 
 
 La Grange — Up St. J. R. to Enterprise, Stage & Boat from Titusville. . 256 
 
 Longwood— Up St. J. R. & 8. F. R. R 203 
 
 Lake George — Up St. J. R 115 
 
 Lake Beresford — Up St. J. R 163 
 
 Lake Weir Landing — Up Ocklawaha River 226 
 
 Lcesburg— F. R. & N. Co. R. R. (Central and Southern) 144 
 
 Leesburg— J. T. & K W. A F. S. R. Rs 1 60 
 
 Lake Griffin— Up St. J. & Ock. Rs 284 
 
 Lake City— F. R. & N. Co. R. R. (Western) 59 
 
 Live Oak— E. R. & N. Co. R. R. (Western) 82 
 
 Lake de Funiak— F. R. & N. Co. (Western) & P. & A. R. Rs 289 
 
 Lawtey— F. R. & N. Co. (Western and Central) R. R -^S 
 
 Lochloosa — F. R. & N. Co. R. R. (Western and Southern) 90 
 
 Mt. Dora— Up St. J. R. & St. J. & L. E. R. R 1 70 
 
 Mc Meekin— J. T. & K. W. & E. S. R. Rs 81 
 
 Mac Williams— J. T. & K. W. & E. S. R. Rs 67 
 
 Melrose— E. R. & N. Co. R. R. (Southern) & Drive from Campville. . 70 
 
 Malabar — Up St. J. R. & Boat from Rockledge 300 
 
 Melbourne — Up St. |. R. & Boat from Rockledge 295 
 
 Moss Bluff- Up St. J. & Ock. Rs 270 
 
 Mac Kinnon— Up St. J. R. & S. E. R. R 227 
 
 Miami — Boat from Key West -. 512 
 
 Midway— F. R. & N. Co. R. R. (Western) 1 76 
 
 Marion— F. R. & N. Co. (Western) & S. F. & W. R. Rs 93 
 
 Miccosukie — F. R. &N. Co. R. R. (Western) and Drive from Tal- 
 lahassee 181; 
 
Statistical Tables. . 131 
 
 TILES. 
 
 Miakka — Drive from Tampa 221 
 
 Mossy Head— F. R. & N. Co. (Western) & P. & A. R. Rs 296 
 
 Montclair— F. R. & N. Co. R. R. (Southern) 14 ? 
 
 McAlpine— F. R. & N. Co. (Western) & S. F. & W. R. R> 94 
 
 Mandarin — Up St. j. R i 5 
 
 INIagnolia— Up St. j. R 28 
 
 Mt. Royal— Up St." J- 1^ i ' 2 
 
 Mellonville — Up St." J. R 195 
 
 Mayport — Down St. J. R 25 
 
 Mouth of Ocklawaha R.— Up St. }. R .102 
 
 Madison— F. R. & N. Co. R. R. (Western) 1 10 
 
 Momicello— F. R. & N. Co. R. R. (Mont o Br.) 142 
 
 Mt. Pleasant— F. R. & N. Co. R. R, (Western) 198 
 
 Molino— F. R. & N. Co. (Western) and P. & A. and P. k L. R. Rs. . . 396 
 
 Marianna— F. R. & N. Co. (Western) and P. & A. R. Rs 234 
 
 Milton— F. R. & N. Co. (Western) and P. & A. R. Rs 349 
 
 Manatee— F. R. & N. Co. R. R. (W. & C.) and Sir. from Cedar Kevs. . 150 
 
 MiUview— F. R. & N. Co. (Western) P. & A. and P. k P. R. Rs 378 
 
 Micanopy— j. T. & K. W., and F. S. R. Rs 113 
 
 Maiiland— S"t. ]. R. and S. F. R. R 208 
 
 New Troy — Suwanee R. Str. from New Branforu 113 
 
 Nashua— Up St. J. R 95 
 
 Newmansville — F. R. & N. Co. (Western & Central) and S. F. cK: W. 
 
 R. Rs 85 
 
 New Switzerland — Up St. J. R 23 
 
 Norwalk — Up St. J. R ". 103 
 
 New Branford— F. R. & N. Co. (Western) and S. F. & W. R. Rs 106 
 
 New Smyrna — Up St. J. R. and Stage from Enterprise 228 
 
 Oak Hill — On Hillsborough R., Str. from New Smyrna 240 
 
 Orange City — Up St. J. R 204 
 
 Ormond — On Halil'ax R., Stage from St. Augustine 75 
 
 Old Town— Suwanee R., Sir. from New Branfortl 139 
 
 Orange Springs — Up Ock. R 137 
 
 Oceola— Up St. J. R. and S. F. R. R 211 
 
 Orange Park— J. T. & K. W. Ry 12 
 
 Orange Mills— Up St. J. R d^ 
 
 Okeehumkee — Up St. "j and Ock. Rs .... 350- 
 
 Ocala— I. T. & K. W. and F. S. R. Rs no 
 
 Ocala— F. R. & N. Co. R. R. (Western & Central) ' 106 
 
 Olustee— F. R. & N. Co. R. R. (Western) 47 
 
 Otter Creek— F. R. & N. Co. R. R. (Central) 106 
 
 Orange Lake— F. R. & N. Co. R. R. (Western & Souiliern) 85 
 
 Orlando— Up St. J. R. and S. F. R. Rs 215 
 
 Phoenix— F. R. & N. Co. R. R. (Western & Central) Drive from Waldo ..61 
 Pine Barren— F. R. & N. Co. (Western) and P. & A. and L. & N. R. Rs. .402 
 Powelton— F. R. & N. Co. (Western) and P. & A. and L. & N. R. Rs. . 392 
 
 Pinellas — Boat from Tampa 198' 
 
 Plant City— Up St. J. R. and S. F. R. R 286 
 
 Palma Sola — Str. from Tampa 213 
 
1^2 . Statistical Tables. 
 
 MII.KS. 
 
 Pine Level — Drive from Tampa 380 
 
 Panasofflvee— F. R. & N. Co. R. R. (Western & Southern ) 139 
 
 Padlock— F. R. & N. Co. (Western) and S. F. & W. R. Rs 86 
 
 Pine Mount— F. R.' & N. Co. (Western) and S. F. & W. R. Rs 90 
 
 Perry — Drive from Madison 135 
 
 Port Orange — Boat from Daytona 173 
 
 Piccolata — Up St. J. R 44 
 
 Palatka— J. T. & K. W. R. R 55 
 
 Pendryville— Up St. J. & Ock. Rs 308 
 
 Pensacola — F. R. & N. Co. (Western) and P. & A. R. Ks 369 
 
 Pensacola June — F. R. & N. Co. (Western) and P. & A. and P. L. R. Rs . 4 i 5 
 
 Ponce de Leon— F. R. & N. Co. (Western) and P. & A. R. Rs 278 
 
 Punta Rassa— F. R. & N. Co. (Western & Central) & Sir. from Cedar Keys . 250 
 
 Perry June— J. T. & K. W. and F. S. R. Rs 05 
 
 ■Quincy— F. R. & N. Co. R. R. (Western) 189 
 
 Rockledge — Up St. J. R. and Team from Lake Poinsett 270 
 
 Reddick— J. T. & K. W. and F. S. R. Rs in 
 
 Remington Park — Up St. |. R . . 2 s 
 
 Rolleston-Up St. J. R . . ". 78 
 
 River Junction — F. R. & N. Co. (Western) R R 209 
 
 Rico's Bluff— F. R. & N. Co. R. R. (Western) and Apo. R 237 
 
 Rixford— F. R. & N. Co. (Western) and Fla. Br. S. F. c^ W. R. Rs. . : . 86 
 
 Rosewood — Y. R. & N. Co. (Central) 117 
 
 South Lake Weir— J. T. & K. W. and Fla. S. R. Rs 147 
 
 Stanton— J. T. & K. W. and Fla. S. R. Rs 146 
 
 Summit— Up St. J. R. and St. J. & L. E. R. R 147 
 
 Suwanee Shoals — Drive from Lake City 68 
 
 St Nicholas — Down St. J. R 4 
 
 St. Lucie — Boat from Rockledge 336 
 
 Shingle Creek — Drive from Kissimmee 240 
 
 Sanitaria— Up St. J. R. and S. F. R. R 268 
 
 Salem — Drive from Madison 153 
 
 Spring Warrior — Drive from Madison 143 
 
 Spring Garden Centre — Up St. J. R 158 
 
 Snead's— F. R. & N. Co, (Western) and P. & A. R. Rs 213 
 
 Sarasota — -Boat from Palma Sola 225 
 
 Steinhatchee — Drive from New Branford 130 
 
 San Mateo— Up St. J. R 79 
 
 Seville— Up St. J. R 120 
 
 Spring Grove — Up St. j. R 122 
 
 Sanford — Up St. J. R 1 93 
 
 Savannah, (Ga.) — S. F. & W. P.. R. ("Waycross") 166 
 
 Silver Spring — Up St. J. and Ock. Rs 211 
 
 St. Augustine— Up St. J. R. and St. J. R. R 67 
 
 St. Augustine— J. St. A. & H. R. Ry \ 35 
 
 Sanderson— F. R. & N. Co. R. R. (Western) '^ 
 
 Sulphur Springs— F. R. & N. Co. R. R. (Western) 79 
 
 Suwanee Springs— F. R. & N. Co. (Western) and Fla. Br. S. F. & W.R. Rs. 90 
 St. INLark's— F. R. & N. Co. R. R. (St. M. Br. ) 186 
 
Statistical Tables. 133, 
 
 MILES. 
 
 Starke— F. R, & N. Co. R. R. (Western & Central) 45 
 
 Santa Fe— F. R. & N. Co. R. R. (Western & Central) 51 
 
 Sumterville— F. R. & N. Co. R. R 141 
 
 Tarpon Springs — Str. from Cedar Key 200 
 
 Temple's Mills— F. R. & N. Co. R. R. (Western & Central) 42 
 
 Tangerine — Str. from Tavares 210 
 
 Tocoi— Up St. J. R : 49 
 
 Tallahassee— F. R. & N. Co. R. R. (Western) 165 
 
 Tampa— F. R. & N. Co. R. R. (Western & Central) Str. from Cedar Keys . 280 
 
 Tampa— Up St. J. R. and S. F. R. R 308 
 
 Tavares— Up St. J. R., St. J. & L. E. R. R 200 
 
 Titusville — Up St. J. R. and Stage from Enterprise 250 
 
 Umatilla- Up St. J. R. and St. J. & L. E. R. R 156 
 
 Volusia — Up St. J. R 134 
 
 Webster— F. R. & N. Co. R. Rs 167 
 
 West Apopka — Drive from Orlando 240 
 
 Warrington — Down Pensacola Bay 375 
 
 Whitesville— F. R. & N. Co. R. Rs 130 
 
 Waukeenah — Drive from Monticello 151 
 
 Wacissa — Drive from Monticello 158 
 
 Welaka— Up St. J. R 100 
 
 Wekiva— Up St. J. R 184 
 
 Waycross, (Ga.)— S. F. & W. R. R 76 
 
 Welborn— F. R. & N. Co. R. R. (Western) 71 
 
 Wakulla Spring — Drive from Tallahassee 181 
 
 Waldo— F. R. & N. Co. R. R. (Western & Central) 56 
 
 Wildwood— F. R. & N. Co. R. Rs 132 
 
 Winter Park— Up St. J. R. and S. F. R. R 210 
 
 Waite's— J. T. & K. W. & Fla. Southern 86 
 
 Yulee— F. R. & N. Co. R. R. (Western & Cential) 60 
 
 Zellwood — Str. from Tavares 212 
 
 III.— LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE. 
 
 THE STATE. 
 
 Latitude, between 24^^ 25' and 31° 00', North. 
 Longitude, between 80° 2 and 87" 37', West. 
 
 RELATIVE LATITUDE OF CITIES AND TOWNS. 
 
 Key West and Amoy, China ; Moorshedabad, India. 
 
 Apalachicola and New Orleans, Louisiana ; Galveston, Texas ; Ning Po, 
 
 China ; Suez, Egypt. 
 Tallahassee and Mobile, Alabama ; Austin, Texas ; Cairo, Egypt. 
 
 RELATIVE LONGITUDE OF CITIES AND TOWNS. 
 
 Key West and London, Canada ; Cleveland, Ohio ; Columbia, South 
 Carolina ; Augusta, Georgia ; Matanzas, Cuba. 
 
 Tallahassee and Apalachicola and Lansing, Michigan ; Dayton, Oh'o ; 
 Covington, Kentucky ; Atlanta, Georgia. 
 
134 Statistical Tables. 
 
 IV.— AREAS. 
 
 THE STATE. 
 
 Square miles, land 54,240 
 
 " " water 4,44° 
 
 Total area in scjuare miles 58,680 
 
 Acres, land 34,713,600 
 
 Extreme length of peninsula 400 miles 
 
 Average width of peninsula 100 " 
 
 Length, east and west, of northern portion 375 " 
 
 Average width, north and south, of northern portion 65 
 
 I. — Comparative Average Areas. 
 
 PER CENT. 
 
 Florida is to average area of all the States 1.094 
 
 " " area of California 378 
 
 " " area of Rhode Island 45-38i 
 
 2. — Comparative Increase in Number of Farms iti Georgia., Alabama, 
 
 and Florida. 
 
 1870. 
 
 Georgia . 
 
 Alabama. 
 
 Florida.. 
 
 69,956 
 67,382 
 10,241 
 
 138,626 
 
 135,864 
 
 23,438 
 
 Increase. 
 
 98.2 per cent. 
 101.6 
 128.9 
 
 THE COUNTIES. 
 
 -County Sites and Area of Counties. 
 
 COUNTY SITE. 
 
 Alachua Gainesville . , 
 
 Baker , Sanderson . . 
 
 Bradford - Lake Butler. 
 
 Brevard 
 
 Calhoun 
 
 Clay 
 
 Columbia 
 
 Dade I Miami 
 
 Duval , Jacksonville 
 
 Escambia Pensacola. , . 
 
 Green Cove Springs. 
 Lake City 
 
 Franklin. 
 Gadsden. 
 
 Apalachicola, 
 Quincy 
 
 SQ. MILES. 
 
 i 
 
 ACRES. 
 
 1 
 
 1,260 
 
 806,400 
 
 1 500 
 
 320,000 
 
 550 
 
 352,000 
 
 ' 4,390 
 
 2,809,600 
 
 1,160 
 
 742,400 
 
 640 
 
 409,600 
 
 860 
 
 55i»4oo 
 
 i 7,200^ 
 
 4,608,000 
 
 900 
 
 576,000 
 
 I 720 
 
 460,800 
 
 ; 690 
 
 441,60c 
 
 i 540 
 
 345>6oo 
 
Statistical Tables. 
 County Sites and Area of Counties — Continued. 
 
 135 
 
 Hamilton . . . . 
 Hernando . . . 
 Hillsborough. 
 Holmes . . . . . 
 
 Jackson 
 
 Jefferson . . . . 
 La Faj-ette . . 
 
 Leon 
 
 Levy 
 
 Liberty 
 
 Madison. . . . 
 
 Manatee 
 
 Marion 
 
 Monroe 
 
 Nassau 
 
 Orange 
 
 Polk 
 
 Putnam 
 
 St. John's . . 
 Santa Rosa. . 
 
 Sumter 
 
 Suwanee . . . . 
 
 Taylor 
 
 Volusia 
 
 Wakulla 
 
 Walton 
 
 Washington . 
 
 COUNTY SITE. 
 
 SQ. MIJ,ES.I ACRKS. 
 
 Jasper 
 
 Brooksville . . . 
 
 Tampa 
 
 Cerro Gordo. 
 Marianna. . . . 
 Monticello. . . 
 New Troy . . . . 
 Tallahassee . . 
 
 Bronson 
 
 Bristol 
 
 Madison .... 
 Pine Level. . . 
 
 Ocala 
 
 Key West . . . . 
 Fernandina . . . 
 
 Orlando 
 
 Bartow 
 
 Palatka 
 
 St. Augustine, 
 
 Milton 
 
 Sumterville . . 
 Live Oak. . . . 
 
 Perry 
 
 Enterprise, . . 
 Crawfordville . 
 Euchee Anna. 
 Vernon 
 
 540 
 
 345,6' 
 
 i,7co 
 
 1,088,000 
 
 1,300 
 
 832,000 
 
 540 
 
 345,600 
 
 1,000 
 
 640,000 
 
 500 
 
 358,400 
 
 940 
 
 601,600 
 
 900 
 
 576,000 
 
 940 
 
 601.600 
 
 800 
 
 5 12,000 
 
 850 
 
 544,000 
 
 4,680 
 
 2,995,200 
 
 1,680 
 
 1,075,200 
 
 2,600 
 
 1,664,000 
 
 640 
 
 499,600 
 
 2,250 
 
 1,440,000 
 
 2,060 
 
 1,388,400 
 
 860 
 
 550,400 
 
 1,000 
 
 640,000 
 
 1,260 
 
 806,500 
 
 1,380 
 
 883,200 
 
 660 
 
 422,400 
 
 1,080 
 
 691,200 
 
 1,340 
 
 857,600 
 
 580 
 
 371,200 
 
 1,360 
 
 870,400 
 
 1,330 
 
 211,200 
 
 v.— POPULATION. 
 
 Trir, STATF. 
 
 I. — Comparative Increase by Decades. 
 
 Census of 1840 54,477 
 
 1850 87,445 
 
 " i860 140,424 
 
 " 1870 187,748 
 
 " 1880 269,493 
 
 1885 339,057 
 
 Pop. 
 
 Increase. 
 
 (Territorial.) 
 
 60.5 percent. 
 
 60.6 " 
 
 33-7 " 
 43.6 " 
 25.8 " 
 
136 
 
 Statistical Tables. 
 
 2. — Census of 1880 — Raoe, Sex, and Nationality. 
 
 Native 259,584 Foreign , 9,909 
 
 White 142,605 Black 126,690 
 
 Male 136,444 Female 133,049 
 
 Voting population 61,699 
 
 3. — Comparative Increase, 1870 to 1880, in Georgia, Alabama, aftd 
 
 Florida. 
 
 
 1S70. 
 
 1S80. 
 
 Increase. 
 
 Alabama 
 
 Georgia 
 
 996,992 
 
 1,184,109 
 
 187,748 
 
 1,262,505 
 
 1,542,180 
 
 269,493 
 
 26.6 percent. 
 
 30.2 
 
 43-6 
 
 Florida 
 
 4. — Population of Cities and Towns over 4,000. 
 
 County. 
 
 THE COUNTIES. 
 
 5. — Population by Counties. 
 
 1S70. 
 
 Alachua. . 
 Baker . . . 
 Bradford. 
 Brevard . . 
 Calhoun.. 
 
 Clay 
 
 Columbia, 
 
 Dade. . . . 
 
 Duval. . . . 
 
 Escambia, 
 
 Franklin. 
 
 Gadsden. 
 
 Hamilton. 
 
 17,328 
 1,325 
 3,67 ^ 
 1. 216 
 
 998 
 2,098 
 
 7,335 
 85 
 [1,921 
 7,817 
 1,256 
 9,802 
 5,749 
 
 1880. 
 
 16,462 
 
 2,303 
 
 6,1 12 
 
 1,478 
 
 1,580 
 
 2,838 
 
 9,589 
 
 257 
 
 19,431 
 
 12,156 
 
 1,791 
 
 12,169 
 
 6,790 
 
 18S5. 
 
 26,255 
 2,895 
 6,815 
 
 2,376 
 2,094 
 
 4,317 
 11,187 
 
 332 
 2-1,955 
 ^7,050 
 
 2,297 
 11,406 
 
 7,255 
 
Statistical Tables. 
 Population by Counties — Continued. 
 
 m 
 
 County. 
 
 Hernando . . . 
 Hillsborough. 
 Holmes ... 
 Jackson .... 
 Jefferson . . . . 
 La Fayette.*. . 
 
 Leon 
 
 Levy 
 
 Liberty. . . . . , 
 Madison. . . . , 
 Manatee. . . . 
 
 Marion 
 
 Monroe 
 
 Nassau 
 
 Orange 
 
 Polk 
 
 Putnam 
 
 St. John's . . . 
 Santa Rosa. . 
 
 Sumter 
 
 Suwanee 
 
 Taylor 
 
 Volusia 
 
 Wakulla 
 
 Walton 
 
 W^ashington. . 
 
 1870. 
 
 1880. 
 4,248 
 
 1885. 
 
 2,938 
 
 7,173 
 
 3,216 
 
 5,814 
 
 8,285 
 
 1.572 
 
 2,170 
 
 3,223 
 
 9,528 
 
 14,372 
 
 16,728 
 
 3,398 
 
 16,065 
 
 15,573 
 
 1,783 
 
 2,441 
 
 4,030 
 
 5,236 
 
 19,662 
 
 17,375 
 
 2,018 
 
 5,767 
 
 6,678 
 
 1,050 
 
 1.362 
 
 1,325 
 
 1,121 
 
 14,798 
 
 14,697 
 
 1,931 
 
 3,544 
 
 5,484 
 
 0,804 
 
 13,046 
 
 17,365 
 
 5,657 
 
 10,940 
 
 15,040 
 
 4,247 
 
 6,635 
 
 8,619 
 
 2,195 
 
 6,618 
 
 15,425 
 
 3,169 
 
 3,181 
 
 6,623 
 
 3,821 
 
 6,261 
 
 . 9,572 
 
 2,618 
 
 4,535 
 
 5,714 
 
 3,312 
 
 6,645 
 
 7,432 
 
 2,952 
 
 4,686 
 
 9,427 
 
 3,556 
 
 7,161 
 
 8,876 
 
 1-453 
 
 2,279 
 
 2,182 
 
 1,723 
 
 3,294 
 
 6,667 
 
 2,506 
 
 2,723 
 
 2,896 
 
 3,^-^41 
 
 4,301 
 
 4,747 
 
 2,302 
 
 4,089 
 
 5,089 
 
 VL— LIST OF GOVERNORS. 
 
 TERRITORIAL. 
 
 Andrew Jackson July, 1821, to June, 1822 
 
 Wm. P. Duval 1822, 1834 
 
 John W. Eaton 1834, 1835 
 
 Richard K. Call 1835, 1839 
 
 Robert R. Reed 1839, 1840 
 
 Richard K. Call 1840, 1844 
 
 John Branch 1844, 1845 
 
 STATE. 
 
 W. D. Moseley July, 1845, to June, 1848 
 
 Thomas Brown 1848, 1852 
 
 James E. Broome 1852, 1856 
 
138 Statistical Tables. 
 
 Madison Perry < July, 1S56, to June, i860 
 
 John Milton i860, 1865 
 
 A. K. Allison (acting) 1865 
 
 Wm Marvin (provisional) July to Dec. 1865 
 
 David S. Walker, Sr Dec, 1865, to July. 1868 
 
 Harrison Reed 186S, 1873 
 
 Ossian B. Hart 1873 
 
 Marcellus L. Stearns 1873, 1877 
 
 George F. Drew 1877, 1881 
 
 Wm. D. Bloxham 1881, 1885 
 
 £. A. Perry , iSSq, 1889 
 
 Vn.— UNITED STATES OFFICERS. 
 CONGRESSIONAL. 
 
 SENATORS. 
 
 Hon. Wilkinson Call, Jacksonville ; term expires 1885. 
 Hon. Charles W. Jones, Pensacola ; " " 1887. 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 First District. — F.scambia, Santa Rosa, Walton, Holmes, Washing- 
 ton, Jackson, Calhoun, Franklin, Fiberty, Gadsden, Wakulla, Leon, 
 Jefferson, Taylor, Fa Fayette, Levy, Hernando, Hillsborough, Mana- 
 tee, Polk, and Monroe Counties. 
 
 Hon Robert H. M. Davidson, Quincy ; term expires t888. 
 
 Second District. — Madison, Suwanee, Hamilton. Columbia, Ala- 
 chua, Bradford, Baker, Nassau, Duval, Clay, St. John's, i'utnam, Sum- 
 ter, Marion, Volusia, Orange, Brevard, and' Dade Counties. 
 
 Hon. Charles Dougherty, Xul'usia; term expires 1888. 
 
 JUDICl.'VL. 
 
 UNITEi:) STATES CIRCUIT COURTS. 
 
 Fifth Judicial Circuit. — Districts of Georgia, Florida, Alabama, 
 Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas 
 
 Hon. Wm. B. Woods, Atlanta, Ga., Supreme Court Justice assigned; 
 Hon. Don A. Pardee, New Orleans, La., Circuit Judge 
 
 E. M. Cheney, Jacksonville, U. S. Attorney, Northern District ; (t. 
 B. Patterson, Key West, U. S. Attorney. Southern District.- 
 
 W. C. Bird, Jacksonville, Marshal, Northern District; Peter Wil- 
 liams, Key West, Marshal, Southern District. 
 
 Philip Walter, Jacksonville. Clerk, Northern District ; F. O. Locke, 
 Key West, Clerk, Southern District. 
 
Statistical Tables. 139 
 
 Terms. — Northern District: Jacksonville, first Monday in De- 
 cember ; Tallahassee, first Monday in February ; Pensacola, first Mon- 
 day in March. Southern District : Tampa, first Monday in March ; 
 Key West, first Monday \\\ May and November. 
 
 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURTS. 
 
 Northern District. — Alachua, Baker, Bradford, Brevard, Calhoun, 
 Clay, Columbia, Dade, Duval, Escambia, Franklin, Gadsden, Hamil- 
 ton, Holmes, Jackson, Jefferson, La Fayette, Leon, Levy, Liberty, 
 Madison, Marion, Nassau, Orange, Putnam, St. John's, Santa Rosa, 
 Sumter, Suwanee, Taylor, Volusia, Wakulla, Walton, and Washington 
 Counties. 
 
 Hon. Thomas Settle, Jacksonville, District Judge. 
 
 E. M. Cheney, Jacksonville, U. S. Attorney. 
 
 W. C. Bird, Jacksonville, Marshal. 
 
 Piiilip Walter. Jacksonville, Clerk, Eastern Division. 
 
 Terms. — Eastern Division, Jacksonville, first Monday in Decem- 
 ber ; Middle Division, Tallahassee, first Monday in February ; West- 
 ern Division, Pensacola, first Monday in March. 
 
 Southern District. — Hernando, Hillsborough, Polk, Manatee, and 
 Monroe Counties. 
 
 Hon. James W. Locke, Key West, District Judge. 
 G. B. Patterson, Key West, U S. Attorney. 
 Peter Williams, Key \\ est, Marshal. 
 E. O. Locke, Key West, Clerk. 
 
 Terms. — Tampa, first Monday in March ; Key West, first Monday 
 in May. 
 
 COLLECTORS OF CUSTOMS. 
 
 Jno. E. Grady Apalachicola 
 
 W. A. Mahoney Fernandina 
 
 J. V. Harris Key West 
 
 Jno. McGuire Pensacola 
 
 Jno. F. House St. Augustine 
 
 E. Higgins Jacksonville 
 
 Joseph Hirst Cedar Keys 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS. 
 
 Wm. D. Bloxham, Surveyor-General Tallahassee 
 
 S. C. Thompson, Revenue Collector. . . Jacksonville 
 
 Louis A. Barnes, Register Land Oflfice Gainesville 
 
 Jno. F. Rollins, Receiver Land Oflfice Gainesville 
 
140 Statistical Tables. 
 
 VIII.— STATE AND COUNTY OFFICERS 
 
 EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT. 
 
 E. A. Perry Governor 
 
 Milton H. Mabry Lieutenant-Governor 
 
 John L. Crawford Secretary of State 
 
 C. P. Cooper Attorney-General 
 
 Dr. E. S. Crill Treasurer 
 
 Wm, D. Barnes Comptroller 
 
 David Lang Adjutant-General 
 
 Dr. C. L. Mitchell Commissioner of Lands and Immigration 
 
 Albert J. Russell Sup't of Public Instruction 
 
 Cabinet Officers. — Secretary of State, Attorney-General, Comptroller, 
 Treasurer, Superintendent of Public Instruction, Adjutant-General, 
 and Commissioner of Lands and Immigration. 
 
 Board of Cojumissioners of State Institutions. — The Governor and 
 Cabinet. 
 
 Board of Education. — Superintendent of Public Instruction, Secre- 
 tary of State, and Attorney-General. 
 
 Board of Far do7is. — The Governor, Justices of the Supreme Court, 
 and Attorney-General. 
 
 Bureau of Imtnigration. — The Governor, Comptroller, and Com- 
 missioner of Lands and Immigration. 
 
 Board of State Canvassers. — The Secretary of State, Comptroller, 
 and Attorney-General. 
 
 Board of Trustees., Internal Improvement Fund. — The Governor, 
 Comptroller, Treasurer, Attorney -General, and Commissioner of Lands 
 and Immigration. 
 
 N. M. Bowen, Tallahassee, State Printer. 
 
 H. S. Duval, Chattahoochee, State Engineer. 
 
 JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT. 
 SUPREME COURT. 
 
 Hon. Geo. G. McWhorter, Jacksonville, Chief Justice. 
 Hon. R, B. Van Valkenburgh, St. Nicholas, Associate Justice. 
 Geo. P. Raney, Jr., Tallahassee, " ** 
 
 D. C. Wilson, Clerk. 
 Jno. A. Pearce, Marshal. 
 
 T^rwj.— Semi-annual, second Tuesday in January and June, in 
 Supreme Court Room in the State Capitol at Tallahassee. 
 
Statistical Tables. 14 1 
 
 CIRCUIT COURTS. 
 
 First Ciniiit.—^dintdi Rossa, Escambia, Walton, Holmes, Washing- 
 ton, and Jackson Counties. 
 
 Hon. Jno. F. McClellan, Judge; Wm. H. Milton, State Attorney. 
 
 Terms. — Santa Rosa, last Monday in March, and second Monday in 
 October ; Escambia, second Monday in April, and first Monday in 
 December ; Walton, first Monday after fourth Monday in April, and 
 fourth Monday in October ; Holmes, second Monday after fourth 
 Monday in April, and second Wednesday after fourth Monday in 
 October ; Washington, third Monday after fourth Monday in April, 
 and second Monday after fourth Monday in October ; Jackson, fourth 
 Monday after fourth Monday in April, and third Monday after fourth 
 Monday in October. 
 
 Second 0;r/^//.— Franklin, Calhoun, Liberty, Wakulla, Gadsden, 
 Leon, and Jefferson Counties. 
 
 Hon. David S. Walker, Sr., Judge ; E. C. Love, State Attorney. 
 
 Terms. — Franklin, fourth Monday in April, and last Monday in 
 October ; Calhoun, first Thursday after third Monday in April, and 
 first Monday in November ; Liberty, third Monday in April, and first 
 Thursday after first Monday in November ; Wakulla, first Monday in 
 April, and third Monday in November ; Gadsden, second Monday in 
 April, and second Monday in November ; Leon, third Monday in 
 March, and second Monday in December ; Jefferson, first Monday in 
 March, and fourth Monday in November. 
 
 Third Circuit.— TdiyXox, La Fayette, Madison, Hamilton, Suwanee, 
 and Columbia Counties. 
 
 Hon. E. J. Vann, Judge ; B. B. Blackwell, State Attorney. 
 
 Terms. — Taylor, first Tuesday after first Monday in April, and first 
 Tuesday after first Monday in October ; La Fayette, sixth Tuesday after 
 fourth Monday in April, and sixth Tuesday after fourth Monday in 
 October ; Madison, second Monday in April, and second Monday in 
 October ; Hamilton, fourth Monday in April, and fourth Monday in 
 October ; Suwanee, first Monday after fourth Monday in April, and 
 first Monday after fourth Monday in October ; Columbia, third Mon- 
 day after fourth Monday in April, and third Monday after fourth 
 Monday in October, 
 
 Fourth Circuit. — Nassau, Duval, Baker, Bradford, Clay, and St. 
 John's Counties. 
 
 Hon. James M. Baker, Judge ; A. W. Owens, State Attorney. 
 
 Terms. — Nassau, third Tuesday in April, and third Tuesday in 
 October ; Duval, first Tuesday in May, and first Tuesday in Novem- 
 ber ; Baker, second Tuesday in April, and second Tuesday in October ; 
 Bradford, first Tuesday in April, and first Tuesday in October ; Clay, 
 
142 Statistical Tables. 
 
 fourth Tuesday in March, and fourth Tuesday in September ; St. 
 John's, second Tuesday in March, and second Tuesday in September. 
 
 Fifth Circuit. — Alachua, Levy, Marion, Putnam, and Sumter 
 Counties. 
 
 Hon. Thos. F. King, Judge ; Wm. A. Hocker, State Attorney. 
 
 Terms — Alachua, fourth Monday after fourth Monday in March, 
 and first Monday after fourth Tuesday in November; Levy, fourth 
 Tuesday after fourth Monday in March, and fourth Tuesday in Novem- 
 ber ; Marion, fourth Monday in March, and third Monday in October ; 
 Putnam, third Tuesday after fourth Monday in March, and third 
 Tuesday in November ; Sumter, third Monday in March, and first 
 Monday in October. 
 
 Sixth Cu'cuit. — Hernando, Hillsborough, Polk, Manatee, and Mon- 
 roe Counties. 
 
 Hon. H. L. Mitchell, Judge ; S. M. Sparkman, State x\ttorney. 
 
 Terjns. — Hernando, second Monday in March, and fourth Monday 
 in October ; Hillsborough, fourth Monday in March, and second Mon- 
 day in October ; Polk, third Monday in May, and second Monday 
 after fourth Monday in October ; Manatee, first Monday in May, and 
 third Monday after fourth Monday in October ; Monroe, second Mon- 
 day in April, and fifth Monday after fourth Monday in October. 
 
 Seventh Circuit. — Orange, Volusia, Brevard, and Dade Counties. 
 Hon. Eleazar K. Foster, Judge; John T. Beggs, State At- 
 torney. 
 
 Terms. — Orange, second Monday in May, and second Monday in 
 December ; Volusia, second Monday in April, and second Monday in 
 November ; Brevard, third Monday in March, and third Monday in 
 October ; Dade, first Monday in March, and first Monday in October. 
 
 LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT. 
 
 SENATORIAL DISTRICTS. 
 
 First District — Escambia County. 
 
 Second District — Santa Rosa County. 
 
 Third District — Jackson County. 
 
 Fourth District — Washington and Holmes Counties. 
 
 Fifth District — Calhoun and Franklin Counties. 
 
 Sixth District — Gadsden County. 
 
 Seventh District —Liberty and Wakulla Counties. 
 
 Eighth District — Leon County. 
 
Statistical Tables. 143 
 
 Ninth District — Jefferson County. 
 
 Tenth District — Madison County. 
 
 Eleventh District — Hamilton County. 
 
 Twelfth District — Taylor and La Fayette Counties, 
 
 Thirteenth District — Alachua County. 
 
 Fourteenth District — Columbia County. 
 
 Fifteenth District — Bradford County. 
 
 Sixteenth District — Nassau County. 
 
 Seventeenth District — Putnam County. 
 
 Eighteenth District — Duval County, 
 
 Nineteenth District — Marion County. 
 
 Twentieth District — Orange County. 
 
 Twenty-first District — Dade and Brevard Counties. 
 
 Twenty-second District — Hernando County. 
 
 Twenty-third District — Sumter County. 
 
 Twenty-fourth District — Monroe County. 
 
 Twenty-fifth District — Walton County. 
 
 Twenty-sixth District — Suwanee County. 
 
 Twenty-seventh District — Polk and Manatee Counties. 
 
 Twenty-eighth District — Clay and Baker Counties. 
 
 Twenty-ninth District — Volusia County. 
 
 Thirtieth District — Hillsborough County. 
 
 Thirty-first District — St. John's County. 
 
 Thirty-second District — Levy County. 
 
 APPORTIONMENT OF MEMBERS OF ASSEMBLY. 
 
 Escambia County, three ; Santa Rosa County, two ; Walton, two ; 
 Holmes, one ; Washington, one ; Franklin, one ; Calhoun, one ; Jack- 
 son, three ; Liberty, one ; Wakulla, one ; Gadsden, three ; Leon, four ; 
 Jefferson, four ; Madison, three ; Taylor, one ; Hamilton, two ; Su- 
 wanee, two ; La Fayette, one ; Columbia, three ; Alachua, four ; Levy, 
 two ; Bradford, two ; Clay, one ; Baker, one ; Nassau, two ; Duval, 
 four ; St. John's, two ; Volusia, one ; Orange, two ; Putnam, two ; 
 Marion, two ; Sumter, two ; Hernando, two ; Hillsborough, two ; 
 Polk, one ; Manatee, one ; Dade, one : Brevard, one ; and Monroe, 
 two. 
 
 The Legislature is composed of 108 members (32 Senators and 76 
 
1 44 
 
 Statistical Tables. 
 
 Members of Assembly), and meets biennially, on the first Tuesday after 
 the first Monday in January, counting from its first session in 1868, 
 under the existing constitution. 
 
 LIST OF SENATORS, 1886, 
 
 WITH POST-OFFICE ADDRESS. 
 
 ISt . 
 2d.. 
 
 3d.. 
 
 4th. 
 
 5th. 
 
 6th. 
 
 7th. 
 
 8th. 
 
 9th. 
 loth. 
 nth. 
 1 2th. 
 13th. 
 14th. 
 15th. 
 1 6th. 
 17th. 
 1 8th. 
 19th. 
 20th. 
 
 2ISt . 
 
 22d. . 
 
 23d . 
 
 24th . 
 
 25th. 
 
 26th. 
 
 27th. 
 
 28th. 
 
 29th 
 
 30th. 
 
 31st. 
 
 32d. . 
 
 S. R. Mallory. . . . 
 J. M. Landrum. . . 
 J. H. McKlNNE. . . 
 Miles Mountien. . 
 
 W. T, Orman 
 
 I. N. Shepherd. . . 
 
 W. H. Neel 
 
 y. E. Proctor 
 
 j. D. Cole 
 
 J. N. Stripling . . 
 
 Jas. Burnam 
 
 W. D. Hankins. . 
 
 D. C. Martin. . . . 
 H. L. R. Roberts. 
 
 J. L. Gaskins 
 
 H. C. Baker 
 
 E. S. Crill 
 
 E. C Sammis 
 
 H. W. Chandler.. 
 
 J. G. Speer 
 
 H. S. Williams . . 
 
 A. S. Mann 
 
 Geo. M Lee 
 
 G. B. Pendleton. 
 
 A. R. Jones 
 
 Wm. Bryson 
 
 J. W. VVhidden . . . 
 S. M. Hendricks. 
 
 C. Delano 
 
 J, T. Lesley 
 
 C. M. Cooper 
 
 J. L. F. COTTRELL. 
 
 POST-OFFICE. 
 
 Pensacola 
 
 Milton 
 
 Marianna 
 
 Vernon 
 
 Appalachicola 
 
 Chattahoochee 
 
 Orange 
 
 Tallahassee 
 
 Monticello 
 
 Madison 
 
 Hamilton 
 
 Steinhatchie 
 
 Gainesville 
 
 Lake City ... 
 
 Starke 
 
 King's Ferry 
 
 Palatka 
 
 Jacksonville 
 
 Ocala 
 
 Oakland 
 
 Rockledge 
 
 Ciystal River 
 
 Leesburg 
 
 Key West 
 
 Crestview 
 
 Live Oak 
 
 Davidson 
 
 Green Cove Spring . . . 
 Spring Garden Centre. 
 
 Tampa. 
 
 St. Augustine 
 
 Cedar Keys 
 
 Escambia. 
 
 Santa Rosa. 
 
 Jackson. 
 
 Washington. 
 
 Calhoun. 
 
 Gadsden. 
 
 Wakulla. 
 
 Leon. 
 
 Jefferson. 
 
 Madison. 
 
 Hamilton. 
 
 La Fayette. 
 
 Alachua. 
 
 Columbia. 
 
 Bradford. 
 
 Nassau. 
 
 Putnam. 
 
 Duval. 
 
 Marion. 
 
 Orange. 
 
 Brevard. 
 
 Hernando. 
 
 Sumter. 
 
 Monroe. 
 
 Walton. 
 
 Suwanee. 
 
 Manatu. 
 
 Clay. 
 
 Volusia. 
 
 Hillsborough. 
 
 St. Johns. 
 
 Levy. 
 
Statisiicai Tables. 
 
 M5 
 
 LIST OF MEMBERS OF ASSEMBLY, 1886, 
 
 WITH POST-OFFICE ADDRESS. 
 
 Gainesville 
 
 Waldo 
 
 Gainesville 
 
 Joella 
 
 Sanderson 
 
 Starke 
 
 Lake Butler 
 
 Kissimmee 
 
 Wewahitchka 
 
 Green Cove Spring. 
 
 Mikesville 
 
 Lake City 
 
 Benton 
 
 Miami 
 
 Jacksonville 
 
 J, N. Llinton 
 
 T. J. Forest 
 
 Benj. Rush 
 
 Jas. McCaslin 
 
 *n. c. h erndon . 
 
 w. w. tumblin 
 
 John Croft 
 
 W. J. Brack.. 
 
 J. N. Richards 
 
 R, W. Davis (Speaker). . . 
 
 John F. Niblack 
 
 Bascom H. Palmer 
 
 Daniel N. Cone 
 
 J. W. EWAN 
 
 W. B. Owen. 
 
 G. W. Wetmore 
 
 Wm. James 
 
 T, V. GiBBS 
 
 J . E. YONGE 
 
 j. D. Emmons 
 
 J. M. Tate 
 
 H. L. Grady 
 
 A. W. Snider 
 
 D. W. Miller 
 
 E. Owens 
 
 W. L. Peeples 
 
 W. L. Altman 
 
 B, F. Kirk 
 
 N. A. Carter 
 
 J. S. Taylor 
 
 Wm. Pitt Head 
 
 W. F. Green 
 
 J. A. Robinson 
 
 J. L. Powell 
 
 A. C. White 
 
 R. W. Washington 
 
 B. C. GiBBES 
 
 W. A. Byrd I 
 
 J. C. Smythe Aucilla. . . 
 
 T. P. Chaires Old Town 
 
 rOST-OFFICR. 
 
 Pensacola 
 
 Williams' Station. . . . 
 
 Powelton 
 
 Appal achicola 
 
 Mt Pleasant 
 
 Concord 
 
 Quincy 
 
 Belmont 
 
 White Springs 
 
 Brooksville 
 
 Fort Dade 
 
 Clear Water Harbor. 
 
 Plant City 
 
 Sterling 
 
 Greenwood 
 
 Marianna 
 
 Sneed's 
 
 Monticello 
 
 Alachua. 
 
 Baker. 
 Bradford. 
 
 Brevard. 
 
 Calhoun. 
 
 Clay. 
 
 Columbia. 
 
 Dade. 
 Duval. 
 
 Escambia. 
 
 Franklin. 
 Gadsden. 
 
 Hamilton. 
 
 Hernando. 
 
 « 
 
 Hillsborough. 
 
 Holmes. 
 Jackson. 
 
 u 
 
 Jefferson. 
 
 u 
 a 
 a 
 
 La Fayette. 
 
146 
 
 Sta.'isthal 7'ablts. 
 
 LLSr OK MEMBERS OK ASSEMBLY.— Contixlkd. 
 
 D, S. Walkei^, Jr 
 
 Clinton Snekd 
 
 E. C. Weeks 
 
 S. W. Frazier 
 
 E. H. Brewer. 
 
 Samuel Quincy 
 
 M. J. Solomon 
 
 VVm. F. Hughey 
 
 A. B. Osgood 
 
 E. J. Alexander 
 
 Z. T. Crawford 
 
 H. E. Miller 
 
 W. A. WlLKERSON. . . . 
 
 Jas. p. Perkins. 
 
 Fernando Figueredo, 
 
 John Wilkinson 
 
 R. E. Robinson 
 
 R. Mc. S. Byrne 
 
 B. M. Robinson 
 
 Jno. W. Bryant 
 
 Jos. Hicks 
 
 G. W. Lyle 
 
 C. J. Perrenot 
 
 John Wilkinson, Jr. . 
 Otto Gudenrath. . . . 
 Wm. C. Middleton. . . 
 
 Wm. Himes 
 
 L, E. Snow 
 
 S. T. OVERSTREET 
 
 A. J. McLeod 
 
 John R. Kelly 
 
 H. S. Adams 
 
 R. W. Ash MORE 
 
 C. D. Monroe 
 
 J. A. McLean 
 
 W. W. Miller 
 
 J'OST-OFFICE. 
 
 Tallahassee. 
 
 Archer . . . 
 Levyville. 
 Bristol . . . 
 Madison , 
 
 Pine Level. 
 
 Ocala 
 
 Flemington. 
 Fort Myers. 
 Key West . . 
 Fernandina 
 
 Leon. 
 
 Levy. 
 
 Liberty. 
 Madison. 
 
 Manatee. 
 
 Marion. 
 
 Monroe. 
 Nassau. 
 Oran^re. 
 
 Fort Mason 
 
 San ford 
 
 Lakeland 
 
 Georgetown 
 
 San Mateo 
 
 Milton 
 
 Otahite 
 
 Florence | St. Johns. 
 
 Moultrie 
 
 Webster 
 
 Wildwood 
 
 Live Oak 
 
 Perry 
 
 Oak Hill . . . 
 Sopchoppy- • • 
 
 Freeport 
 
 Euchee Anna . 
 Vernon 
 
 Polk. 
 Putnam. 
 
 Santa Rosa. 
 
 Sumter. 
 
 Suwanee. 
 
 Taylor. 
 Volusia. 
 Uakulla. 
 Walton. 
 
 it 
 
 Washington, 
 
Statistical Tables. 
 
 M-; 
 
 '.r. 
 
 
 J 
 
 iu 
 
 n 
 
 6 
 
 ^ 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 rt ,- M ^ jj 
 
 ffi-i^ 
 
 
 
 ^;5 
 
 
 5.3 
 
 ..S S-? 
 
 awiH 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 ^—"SC^ 
 
 < • 
 
 >-A 
 
 )5 
 
 ;:-; 
 
 ^ 
 
 ■ a . 
 
 U 
 
 
 <- 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 • •^a = .^ ":- Sj 5;5-^M.^<i5'^ ^^^(v!0'-A> p-'HT<«fo^- o.^ g 
 -^ ^ ^. -^^> ■• ?^ ' ■ ^-" -^ ->3 -^ <i ^ ^ <;• 
 
 
 c 
 
 > 
 
 
 
 n 
 
 c 
 
 jC 
 
 ? 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 -s s 
 
 << « m a u 
 
 O a 
 
 K a K K 
 
148 
 
 Stat ist ici 7 1 Ta bit s . 
 
 5 g 
 u z 
 
 H 
 Z 
 
 S 
 
 H 
 
 < 
 a, 
 
 W 
 Q 
 
 W 
 > 
 
 < 
 
 H 
 
 CO 
 
 < 
 
 •i5 • S . 
 
 <^^ 
 
 CA 
 
 — o . o 
 E 6 c ii 
 S « S "= 
 
 O .gx 
 
 >!i tJ oj C 
 
 rt - rt u; 
 
 o e 
 
 -5 
 
 C/2 
 
 o 
 
 X! 
 C 
 
 o 
 
 -a 
 
 0) 
 
 J3 
 
 ci 
 
 E 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 K 
 
 ri 
 
 > 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 <=i 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 O 
 
 ■^< 
 
 *: 
 
 o 
 
 e^ 
 
 § 
 E 
 
 u, 
 
 H 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 jQ 
 
 
 i"? o^ 
 
 o ."gig 
 
 
 
 
 W^ 
 
 
 raj« S OS .:|c". Sen « .^"o 
 ^15 '=5 33—,-' _-2 
 
 ci (u 
 
 i ? rt 5; s 9- 
 
 > u ■> > 
 
 
 
 
 C (L''g 
 
 ^2 
 
 O ii ■.'5 ^ tu, — I r/^ • . " 
 
 
 Pi ^ 
 
 S55 
 
 Jo^ io-g 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 5. 
 C 
 
 U 
 
 ,t; 
 
 _£ 
 
 c 
 
 .5 
 
 
 _) ,J kJ S S 
 
 S /5 O 
 
 = -: rt 
 
 ^ ^ 
 
Statistical Tables. 149 
 
 IX.— IMPORTANT LAWS. 
 
 LIMITATION OF ACTIONS. 
 
 Actions are barred : 
 
 For recovery on Judgments and Contracts under seal in, .20 years. 
 
 '* " of Real Estate after adverse possession of .. . 7 " 
 
 " " on Contracts not under seal in 5 " 
 
 " " for recovery for any Article charged in Store 
 
 account in 4 " 
 
 " " on any Liability created by Statute, except 
 
 penalty or forfeiture in 3 " 
 
 " " for Trespass on Real Estate in 3 " 
 
 " " for Detainer in 3 " 
 
 " " for Injury to Personal Property in 3 " 
 
 " " for Relief against Fraud in 3 " 
 
 " " on Contract not written in 3 '* 
 
 " " on Open Account in 2 " 
 
 " " for Statutory Penalty in 2 " 
 
 " " for Libel, Slander, Assault, Battery in 2 " 
 
 RATE OF INTEREST. 
 
 Legal rate 8 per cent. 
 
 By contract no limit. 
 
 HOMESTEAD AND EXEMPTIONS. 
 
 Exempt f ran Forced Sale under any Process of Latv. — Homestead^ 
 owned by head of family residing in the State, in the country, 160 
 acres ; homestead, in any incorporated city or town, 1-2 acre ; personal 
 property to the amount of $1,000. 
 
 Note. — Such real estate is not alienable without the joint consent 
 et husband and wife, when that relation exists ; and no property is ex- 
 empt from sale for taxes, purchase-money, or liens for improvements or 
 labor. The owner must actually reside on city or town homestead, 
 which must comprise only the residence and business house of the 
 owner, not exceeding $1,000 in value. 
 
 Exempt f7-oni Forced Sale where Liability was incurred before May 10^ 
 1865. — Personal property to the amount of $1,000. 
 
 Exempt from Execution, Attachment, and Distress. — Necessary wear- 
 ing-apparel and bedding of every person, and necessary wearing- 
 apparel, bedding, household, and kitchen furniture of every family — 
 such furniture not to exceed $200 in value ; the farm of every farmer 
 owning in fee forty acres, of which five acres or more are in actual 
 cultivation and productive use, the whole, including improvements, not 
 exceeding $1,000 in value ; the boat of every fisherman, pilot, or resi- 
 dent upon any island, and the boat and flat of every ferryman, the same 
 
I 50 Statistical Tables. 
 
 in either case not exceeding ^200 in value ; bounty lands located by 
 any soldier under warrant issued 5y virtue of any Act of Congress, 
 while in the possession of such soldier, if he has no other lands exem])t. 
 
 Exempt from Execution, Attachment, and Distress, except when Defend- 
 ■ant is Removing or Resides out of the State, o> is Secreting or fraudulently 
 Disposing of his Property to avoid Paymentof Just Debts. — The horse, sad- 
 dle, and bridle, or the horse, saddle, vehicle, and harness, of every clergy- 
 man, not exceeding $300 in value ; the horse, saddle, bridle, medicir.e, 
 and professional books of every surgeon and physician, and the profes- 
 sional books and libraries of all professional men, not exceeding $300 
 in value ; one set of working-tools or instruments of every mechanic, 
 artist, dentist, artisan, or tradesman, not exceeding $300 in value; 
 the horse and gun of every farmer engaging in the actual cultivation 
 of five or more acres of land, not exceeding ^200 in value ; such 
 property of every actual housekeeper with a family as is necessary 
 for the support ot himself and family, not exceeding $300 in value — 
 if all other exemptvons above are waived. 
 
 X.— PUBLIC LANDS. 
 
 UNITED STATKS LANDS. 
 
 Land Office, Gainesville. I-. A. Barne.s, Register. 
 
 Total acres surveyed up to June 30, 1879 30»i5i>946 
 
 '' " unsurveyed up to June 30, 1879 7>779)574 
 
 Price, $1.25 per acre. 
 
 STATE LANDS. 
 
 Land Office, Tallahassee. C. L. Mitchell, Commissioner. 
 
 I. — Swa^np and Overflowed Lands. 
 
 Total acres patented to the State to Jan. i, 1884 15,686,242 67 
 
 Disposed of prior to Jan. i, 1883 2,077,377 58 
 
 " " since Jan. i, 1883 8,241,658 83 10,319,036 41 
 
 Total acres on hand, January i. 1885 5,367,206 26 
 
 2. — Internal PmprovemetU Lands. 
 
 Total acres on hand, January 1, 1883, 175,970 00 
 
 *' " patented since January i, 1883 16,474 35 
 
 192,444 35 
 Total acres disposed of since January i, 1883 25,113 69 
 
 Total acres on hand, January i, 1885 167,330 66 
 
Statistical Tables. 151 
 
 3. — -School Lands. 
 
 Total acres on hand, January i, 1883 588,467 00 
 
 " " Indemnity lands acquired since January i, 1883 17,032 35 
 
 605,499 35 
 Total acres disposed of since January i, 1883 95)899 9' 
 
 Total acres on hand, January i, 1885 S09.599 44 
 
 4. — Setninary Lands. 
 
 Total acres on hand, January 1, 1883 33,820 00 
 
 " " disposed of since January i, 1883. 1,680 07 
 
 Total acres on hand, January i, 1885 32,139 93 
 
 5. — Recapitulation. On hand January i, 1885. 
 
 Swamp and Overflowed Lands 5,367,206 26 
 
 Internal Improvement Lands '. . . 167,330 66 
 
 School Lands '. 509iS99 44 
 
 Seminarv Lands 32,139 93 
 
 Grand total 6,076,276 29 
 
 PRICES. 
 
 Internal Improvement Lands $2 oc to $7 00 per acre. 
 
 School Lands, i6th Section, average i 25 " 
 
 " " Indemnity i 25 to 2 50 " 
 
 Seminary Lands i 25 to 10 00 " 
 
 The unsold residue of Swamp and Overflowed Lands has all been 
 granted to aid in the construction of railroads, and withdrawn from 
 sale. 
 
 XL— RAILROADS, CANALS, AND TELEGRAPH-LINES. 
 
 RAILROADS -COMPLETED. 
 
 Chatlahoochec and East Pass ; Climax (Ga.) on S. F. & W. Ry. to Gulf 
 of Mexico, at or near East Pass. Completed, Climax to River Junction 
 (Fla. ), 30 miles. 
 
 East Florida (commonly known as Waycross Short Line), Waycross 
 (Ga.), on S. F. & W, Ry. & Jacksonville. Completed, 42 miles. 
 
 Florida Railway and Navigation Company : comprising Central Divi- 
 sion (Florida Transit R. R.), Fernandina to Cedar Key, 1 55 miles ; Western 
 Division (Florida Central and Western R. R.), Jacksonville to Chattahoochee 
 
152 Statistical Tables. 
 
 River, 209 miles ; Southern Division j(Florida Tropical and Peninsular R. 
 R.) Waldo to Panasoffkee and Tavares, 103 miles; Jacksonville Branch 
 (Fernandina and Jacksonville R. R. ), Hart's Road Junction to Jacksonville, 
 22 miles; St. Mark's Branch, Tallahassee to St. Mark's, 21 miles ; Monti- 
 cello Branch, Drifton to Munticello, 4 miles; total, 514 miles. 
 
 Florida Southern : Georgia Line and Charlotte Harbor, with branch 
 to Tampa, and branch from Gainesville to Palatka. Completed, Palatka 
 to Gainesville, 60 miles, and from Perry Junction on Palatka branch 
 to Leesburg, 69 miles, and branch from Micanopy Junction to Micanopy, 
 
 8 miles. 
 
 Jacksonville, St. Augustine and Halifax River, 80 miles. Completed 
 from Jacksonville to St. Augustine, 35 miles. 
 
 Jacksonville, Tampa and Key West : Jacksonville to Sanford and 
 branch to Indian River. Completed, Jacksonville to Palatka, 55 miles. 
 
 Live Oak and Rowland's Bluff (now S. F. &W. Ry. ) Completed from 
 Live Oak to Gainesville, 68 miles. 
 
 Melrose and Green Cove Springs : from Green Cove Springs, on St. 
 Johns River, to jVIelrose, 30 miles. Completed to Sharon, 10 miles. 
 
 Orange Ridge,' De Land and Atlantic : from De Land Landing on St. 
 Johns River to New Smyrna oh the Coast, 28 miles. Completed, De Land 
 Landing to De Land, 5 miles. 
 
 Pensacola and Atlantic : Pensacola to River Junction, on Chattahoochee 
 River, 160 miles. Completed, 160 miles. 
 
 Pensacola and Perdido : Pensacola to Millview, on the Perdido River, 
 
 9 miles. Completed, 9 miles. 
 
 Pensacola and Louisville : Pensacola to Pensacola Junction, on Mobile 
 and Montgomery R. R., 36 miles. Completed, 36 miles. 
 
 Savannah, Florida and Western Railway — Florida branch : Dupont, 
 Ga., to Live Oak, Fla., 48 miles. Completed, 48 miles. 
 
 South Florida : Sanford to Tampa, 150 miles. Completed, 150 miles. 
 Indian River branch : Sanford to Lake Jessup, 7 miles. Completed, 7 
 miles. Bartow branch building. 
 
 St. Johns Railroad : Tocoi, on St. Johns River, to St. Augustine, 1 8 
 miles. Completed, 18 miles. 
 
 St. Johns and Lake Eustis : Astor, on St. Johns River, to Lane Park, 
 on Lake Harris, 35 miles. Completed, 35 miles Building from Fort 
 Mason, on Lake Eustis, to Leesburg. 
 
 Total, completed, 1,359 miles. 
 
 RAILROADS BUILDING. 
 
 Florida Railway and Navigation Company : building from Leesburg to 
 Plant City and Charlotte Harbor, with branch to Brooksville. 
 
 Florida Southern : building from Leesburg to Pemberton's Ferry, on 
 Withlacoochee River. 
 
Statistical Tables. 153 
 
 International Railway and Steamship Company . Georgia Line to Key- 
 West, with branch to Tampa. 
 
 Jacksonville and Atlantic : Jacksonville 'Ji Pablo Beach, on Altantic 
 Coast. 
 
 Jacksonville, Tampa and Key West : building from Palatka to San- 
 ford. 
 
 * Orange Ridge and Do Land : building east from De Land towards the 
 coast. 
 
 Seville and Halifax River : building from Seville, on St. Johns River, 
 to Daytona, on Halifax River. 
 
 South Florida, Bartow branch : building from Bartow Junction to 
 Bartow. 
 
 Tavares, Orlando and Atlantic : building from Tavares to Orlando. 
 Many other Railroads are proposed. 
 
 CANALS. 
 
 Santa Fe Canal : Waldo, on Transit Railroad to Lake Santa Fe, 
 10 1-2 miles. Completed. 
 
 Florida Coast Line and Canal Transportation Company : Matanzas 
 River, St. John's County, through Smith's Creek to the head of 
 Halifax River, and from Mosquito Lagoon to Indian River, 12 miles. 
 Building. 
 
 Atlantic and Gulf Coast Canal and Okeechobee Land Company : 
 Head of Navigation on Caloosahatchee River, through Lake Okeecho- 
 bee to Atlantic Coast, 80 miles. Building. 
 
 Atlantic and Mexican Gulf Canal Company (known as the Barge 
 Canal) : Fernandina to New Orleans, through St. Mary's River, Okee- 
 finokee Swamp, Suwanee River, and inland water-ways to New Or- 
 leans. 
 
 Florida Ship Canal Company : St. John's River to the Gulf Coast. 
 
 TELEGRAPH-LINES. 
 
 International Ocean Telegraph Company : Lake City to Punta 
 Rassa, with cable to Key West and Havana. 
 
 Western Union Telegraph Company : On all lines of completed 
 railroads 
 
 Apalachicola and Majrianna, 75 miles. 
 
154 Statistical Tables. 
 
 Xri.— CHURCH ORGANIZATIONS. 
 
 ROMAN CATHOLIC. 
 
 Bishop — Rt. Rev. John Moore, D.D., St. Augustine. Churches, i6; 
 priests, secular, ii ; religious women (including novices and postulants), 
 66 ; ecclesiastical students, 5 ; chapels, 10 ; stations visited, 70 ; con- 
 vents, 9; academies, 8; parochial schools, 16; Cathclic population, 
 
 15,200. 
 
 PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL. 
 
 Bishop — Rt. Rev. John Freeman Young, Jacksonville. Churches and 
 missions, 49; rectories, 10; value of church property, $222,516.01; 
 priests and deacons, 27; membership — Episcopal population, 6,223; 
 communicants, i, 994. 
 
 AIETHODIST EPISCOPAL. 
 
 President of Conference — Bishop Thomas Bowman, D.D. , LL.D. 
 Churches, 53; parsonages, 13; value of church property, $71,699; 
 preachers, 51; membership, 2,695. 
 
 METHODIST EPISCOPAL (sOUTH). 
 
 President of Conference — Bishop H. H. Kavanaugh, St. Louis, Mo. 
 Churches, 160; parsonage^;, 34; value of church property, $147,360; 
 preachers, 161; membership, 14,117. 
 
 BAPTIST. 
 
 President of Convention — Rev. W. N. Chaudoin, Jacksonville. 
 Churches, 427 ; white membership, 9, 190 ; colored membership, 16,857 ; 
 — total, 26,049; total contributions, $65,959.56. 
 
 PRESBYTERIAN. 
 
 Churches, 13; ministers, 11; membership, 285; value of church 
 property, $25,500 — total contributions, $2,550. 
 
 PRESBYTERIAN (sOUTH). 
 
 Churches, 41; ministers, 21; membership, 1,450; Sunday-school 
 teachers and pupils, 1,054 ; total contributions, $16,657. 
 
Statistical Tables. 
 
 155 
 
 XIII.— MASONIC AND OTHER SOCIETIES. 
 
 FREE AND ACCEPTED MASONS. 
 
 Grand Master — Robert J. Perry, Key West, Monroe County. Lodges, 
 81 ; membership, 2,314 ; annual receipts, $2,338. 
 
 Lods;es. 
 
 Jackson 
 
 Washington. . . , 
 Harmony 
 
 Joppa ... 
 
 Hiram 
 
 Tuscan 
 
 Bronson 
 
 Pine Hill 
 
 Waldo 
 
 Madison 
 
 Cherry Hill . . . 
 
 Welborn 
 
 Dade 
 
 Escambia 
 
 Santa Rosa . . . . 
 
 Perry 
 
 Duval 
 
 Marion 
 
 Solomon 
 
 Gee 
 
 Withlacoochee . 
 
 Enterprise 
 
 Naval 
 
 Hillsborough. . 
 
 Alachua 
 
 Lake City 
 
 Gadsden 
 
 Micanopy 
 
 Orange City . . 
 
 Manatee 
 
 Callahan 
 
 Tefferson 
 
 Palatka 
 
 Mikes vi He .... 
 
 Orange 
 
 St. Johns 
 
 Chipola 
 
 Citra 
 
 Orion 
 
 Gainesville .... 
 
 Bradford 
 
 Barrett 
 
 Miccosukie. . . . 
 
 Hayward 
 
 Providence .... 
 
 Amelia 
 
 Fort Dade 
 
 Marston 
 
 Shiloh 
 
 Brown 
 
 Lake Butler. . . 
 
 I 
 
 2 
 3 
 4 
 
 5 
 6 
 
 7 
 9 
 10 
 II 
 12 
 13 
 14 
 15 
 16 
 
 17 
 18 
 
 19 
 20 
 21 
 22 
 23 
 24 
 25 
 26 
 
 27 
 28 
 
 29 
 30 
 31 
 32 
 11 
 34 
 35 
 36 
 37 
 38 
 
 39 
 40 
 
 41 
 42 
 43 
 44 
 45 
 46 
 
 47 
 48 
 
 49 
 50 
 51 
 
 y- 
 
 \V. MASTERS. 
 
 Jacob R, Cohen . . . . 
 Edw. B. Jordan . . . . 
 
 D. L. McKinnon. . . 
 Wm. M. Sanders. , . 
 Thos. W. Conrad. . 
 
 K M. Beall 
 
 Lazarus B. Lewis. . 
 
 E. P. Ward 
 
 Sain'l J. Kennard. . 
 Angus Paterson . . . . 
 
 Jason Truluck 
 
 J no. H. Campbell. . 
 
 J. J. Delaney 
 
 E. A. Perry 
 
 [no. G. Ellis 
 
 Sam'l D. Waller. . . 
 Isador Grunthal. . 
 H. H. Schwerin . . . 
 Wm. A. McLean. . . 
 
 H. H. Spear 
 
 Joshua T. Godfrey 
 Seth S. Bennett . . . 
 B. A. Philabert.... 
 
 E. A. Clark 
 
 F. P. Olmstead . . . . 
 
 L. Harrison 
 
 N. T. Scott 
 
 J. T. Miller 
 
 H. J. Hammond . . . 
 J. C. Pelot 
 
 G. W. Hodge.s 
 
 J. B. Roach 
 
 W. E. Hansom 
 
 Jno. F. Niblack. . . 
 
 J. J. Combs 
 
 A. L. Wellman .... 
 
 A. Scott 
 
 W. P. Tompkins. . 
 
 A. McMillan 
 
 M. F. Miller 
 
 L. W. Kickliler.... 
 
 W. F. Bynum 
 
 J. H. Smith 
 
 VV. F. Sylvester ... 
 
 J. M. Driver 
 
 F. W. Hoyt 
 
 J. C. Overstreet.. . 
 
 J. W. Stevens 
 
 8. P. Mayo 
 
 N. R. Carter 
 
 M. L. McKinney. . . 
 
 ADDRK.SS. 
 
 Tallahassee. . . 
 
 Quincy 
 
 Marianna 
 
 McCrab ... . 
 Monticello . . . . 
 
 Bartow 
 
 Bronson 
 
 Lake Butler . . . 
 
 Waldo 
 
 Madison 
 
 Mikesville .... 
 
 Welborn 
 
 Key West. . . . . 
 Pensacola . 
 
 Milton 
 
 Perry 
 
 Jacksonville. . . , 
 
 Ocala 
 
 Jacksonville. . . 
 Chattahoochee 
 
 Bellville 
 
 Enterprise 
 
 Warrington . . . 
 
 Tampa 
 
 Newnansville . . 
 
 Lake City 
 
 Concord 
 
 Micanopy 
 
 Orange City . . . 
 
 Manatee 
 
 Callahan 
 
 Waukeenah . . . , 
 
 Palatka 
 
 Mikesville 
 
 Apopka 
 
 De Land 
 
 Greenwood . . . 
 
 Citra 
 
 Vernon 
 
 Gainesville. . . . 
 
 Starke 
 
 Live Oak 
 
 Miccosukie. . . . 
 
 Ellaville 
 
 Providence . . . . , 
 Fernandina .... 
 
 Fort Dade 
 
 Fort McCoy 
 
 Hamburg 
 
 Levy ville 
 
 Lake Butler . . . . 
 
 Leon. 
 
 Gadsden. 
 
 Jackson. 
 
 La Fayette. 
 
 Jefferson. 
 
 Polk. 
 
 Levy. 
 
 Bradford. 
 
 Alachua. 
 
 Madison. 
 
 Columbia. 
 
 Suwanee. 
 
 Monroe. 
 
 Escambia. 
 
 Santa Rosa. 
 
 Taylor. 
 
 Duval. 
 
 Marion. 
 
 Duval. 
 
 Gadsden. 
 
 Hamilton. 
 
 Volusia. 
 
 E.scambia. 
 
 Hillsborough. 
 
 Alachua. 
 
 Columbia. 
 
 Gadsden. 
 
 Alachua. 
 
 Volusia. 
 
 Manatee. 
 
 Nassau. 
 Jefferson. 
 
 Putnam. 
 
 Columbia. 
 
 Orange. 
 
 Volusia. 
 
 Jackson. 
 
 Marion. 
 
 Washington. 
 
 Alachua. 
 
 Bradford. 
 
 Suwanee. 
 
 Leon. 
 
 Madison. 
 
 Bradford. 
 
 Nassau. 
 
 Hernando. 
 
 Marion. 
 
 Madison. 
 
 Levy. 
 
 Bradford. 
 
156 
 
 Statistical Tables. 
 
 Lodges. — Co7itmued. 
 
 Friendship 
 
 Old Walton 
 
 Pasco , . . . 
 
 Orange Spring. . 
 Campbellton. . . . 
 
 Leesburg 
 
 Kind's Ferry. . . 
 
 Dawkins 
 
 Putnam 
 
 Mellonville 
 
 Walton 
 
 Dr. Feli.K Varela, 
 
 Fort Mason 
 
 Pine Level 
 
 Ezra 
 
 Orlando 
 
 Orient 
 
 Suwanee 
 
 Troy 
 
 Cedar Keys. . . . 
 Green Cove Sp. . 
 Ancient City. . . . 
 
 Volusia 
 
 Star 
 
 Ebenezer 
 
 Halifax 
 
 Pine 
 
 Stella 
 
 Landmark 
 
 Pine Land 
 
 53 
 54 
 55 
 56 
 57 
 5^5 
 59 
 60 
 61 
 62 
 
 63 
 64 
 
 6S 
 66 
 67 
 69 
 70 
 71 
 73 
 74 
 75 
 76 
 
 77 
 78 
 
 79 
 81 
 82 
 
 ^l 
 84 
 
 W. JIASIEK; 
 
 H. W. Long 
 
 R. C. Moore 
 
 J. A. Taylor 
 
 J. S. Livingston . . . 
 A. B. Hamilton 
 
 A. Stivender . . . . . 
 
 Jos.^ Mills, Jr 
 
 U. C. Herndon 
 
 S. E. Timmons . . . . 
 
 J. J. Harris 
 
 D. G. McLeod. 
 
 M. M. Cordero . . . 
 
 B. Dowd 
 
 F. B. Hagan 
 
 F. T. Hurlbert 
 
 W. C. Stubblefield.. 
 
 J. M. Caldwell 
 
 R. W. Adams 
 
 R. B. Hill 
 
 H. C. Schmidt 
 
 J. W. DeWitt 
 
 Roscoe Perry 
 
 Thos. Underbill . . . 
 
 J. C. White 
 
 Wm. Collins 
 
 J. Carreil 
 
 R. L. Caruthers. . . . 
 
 G. H. Thorn 
 
 J. W. Payne 
 
 J. P. Boyd 
 
 Cotton Plant 
 
 Otahite 
 
 Mt. Tabor 
 
 Orange Spring. . . . 
 
 Campbellton 
 
 Leesburg 
 
 King's Ferry 
 
 Sanderson 
 
 Banana 
 
 Sanford 
 
 P^uchee Anna , 
 
 Key West 
 
 Lake Eustis .... 
 
 Pine Level 
 
 Tisonia 
 
 Orlando , 
 
 Jasper 
 
 White Spring 
 
 New Troy " 
 
 Ced?r Keys 
 
 Green Cove Springs 
 
 St. Augustine 
 
 Volusia , 
 
 Bay View , 
 
 Cork , 
 
 Daytona 
 
 Whitesville 
 
 Fruitland 
 
 Lake City 
 
 Palatka 
 
 COUNTY. 
 
 Marion. 
 
 Santa Rosa. 
 
 Jetferson. 
 
 Marion. 
 
 Jackson. 
 
 Sumter. 
 
 Wassau. 
 
 Baker. 
 
 Putnam. 
 
 Orange. 
 
 Walton. 
 
 Monroe. 
 
 Orange. 
 
 Manatee. 
 
 Duval. 
 
 Orange. 
 
 Hamilton. 
 
 Hamilton. 
 
 La Fayette. 
 
 Levy. 
 
 Clay. 
 
 St. John's. 
 
 Volusia. 
 
 Hillsborough. 
 
 Hillsborough. 
 
 Volusia. 
 
 Marion. 
 
 St. John's. 
 
 Columbia. 
 
 Putnam. 
 
 INDEPENDENT ORDER OF ODD FELLOWS. 
 
 Grand Master. — M. W. J. A. Hooton, Pensacola, Escambia County. 
 Lodges, 13; membership, 420; reliefs, 1883,12,157.23; annual receipts, 
 $4,673.75 ; weeks' sickness benefits, 1883, 202. 
 
 Lodges. 
 
 NAME. 
 
 NO. 
 
 N. G. 
 
 ADDRESS. 
 
 COUNTY. 
 
 Florida. ...... 
 
 I 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 4 
 
 % 
 
 7 
 8 
 10 
 13 
 »5 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 Sam. F, Roberts 
 
 D. L. Furgerson, Jr. 
 W. M. Girardeau .... 
 
 C. E. McDonald 
 
 W. M. Mcintosh, Sr.. 
 A. H. D'Alembert. . 
 
 Jno. Mooney 
 
 Jno. H. Rouch 
 
 Jos. Bartlum 
 
 M. M. Cordero 
 
 Geo. Clark 
 
 S. W. Carroll 
 
 Jacksonville 
 
 Waldo 
 
 Monticello 
 
 Duval. 
 
 Union 
 
 Alachua. 
 
 
 Jefferson, 
 Escambia. 
 
 Pensacola. 
 
 Pensacola 
 
 Tallahassee 
 
 Leon. 
 
 
 Pensacola 
 
 Escambia. 
 
 Tampa 
 
 Mechanics' 
 
 Tampa ... 
 
 Hillsborough. 
 
 Starke 
 
 Bradford. 
 
 Key West 
 
 Cuba 
 
 Key West 
 
 Monroe. 
 
 Key West 
 
 Monroe. 
 
 
 Ellaville 
 
 Madison. 
 
 
 
 Hamilton. 
 
 
 
 
Statistical Tables. ^57 
 
 SONS OF TEMPERA^'CE. 
 
 C. C. INIcLean, G. W. P., Jacksonville ; James M. Fairlie, Grand 
 Scribe, Jacksonville. 
 
 Subordinate Divisions, 17, located at Jacksonville and its suburbs, 
 Bronson, Cedar Keys, and Kingsley's Lake. 
 
 GOOD TEMPLARS. 
 
 This organization is entirely in the hands of the colored people, and 
 is operated under the British Grand Lodge. They have a Grand Lodge, 
 and numerous subordinate lodges, all over the State. In almost every 
 station, circuit, and mission of the African M, E. Church, there are organ- 
 ized Temperance Unions actively at work. 
 
 KNIGHTS OF HONOR. 
 
 Albert J. Russell, Grand Dictator, Jacksonville ; Henry J. Stewart, 
 Grand Vice Dictator, Jasper ; J. Henr} Fry, Grand Assistant Dictator, 
 Palatka ; W.J. Woodward, Grand Reporter, Fernandina. 
 
 Lodges, 15 ; at Jacksonville, Fernandina, Jasper, Madison, Palatka, 
 Gainesville, Pensacola, Warrington, Blackwater, Fort Mason and Ocala. 
 
 Membership, about 420. 
 
 AMERICAN BIBLE SOCIETY. 
 
 Rev. J. L. Lyons, Jacksonville, Superintendent for Georgia and Florida. 
 Local agents, 18. 
 
 STATE SUNDAY-SCHOOL ASSOCIATION. 
 
 Rev. T. W. Moore, Monticello, President. 
 
 Sunday-schools, 720; teachers, 3,500; pupils, 25,100; county organ- 
 izations, 9. 
 
 SCOTTISH ASSOCIATION OF FLORIDA. 
 
 Dr. W. A. Spence, President, Jacksonville ; W. A. Buchanan, Secretary, 
 Jacksonville. 
 
 Membership, 60. 
 
158 
 
 Statistical Tables. 
 
 ABSTRACT OF THE 
 
 Comparative State^nent of Population. — A7ea of Lands Assessed. - 
 
 Namk of C'ouniv. 
 
 Alachua 
 
 Baker 
 
 Bradford 
 
 Brevard 
 
 Calhoun .. 
 
 Clay 
 
 Columbia 
 
 Dade 
 
 Duval ...... 
 
 Escambia. . . . 
 
 Franklin 
 
 Gadsden 
 
 Hamilton. . . . 
 
 Hernando 
 
 Hillsborough 
 
 Holmes 
 
 Jackson 
 
 Jefferson 
 
 Lafayette . . . . 
 
 Leon 
 
 Levy 
 
 Liberty 
 
 Madison 
 
 Manatee. . . . . 
 
 Marion 
 
 Monroe 
 
 Nassau 
 
 Orange 
 
 Polk 
 
 Putnam 
 
 St. Johns 
 
 Santa Rosa. . . 
 
 Sumter, 
 
 Suwanee 
 
 Taylor 
 
 Volusia 
 
 Wakulla 
 
 Walton 
 
 Washington . 
 
 Total 
 
 1,462 
 
 ,303 
 1,112 
 ,478 
 .580 
 
 12,150 
 1-791 
 
 1 2", 069 
 
 6,261 
 4.535 
 6.645 
 
 269.493 
 
 26,25s 
 2,895 
 
 *8oOo 
 2,376 
 2,094: 
 
 4i3i7 
 11,187! 
 
 332 j 
 21,955' 
 17,050 
 2,297 
 11,400 
 7.255 
 7,173 
 8.285 
 3.223 
 16,728 
 
 13.573 
 4,030 
 
 17-375 
 6,678 
 1,325 
 
 I -.697 
 5.484 
 
 °20,000 
 15,040 
 
 8,6ig 
 
 1S.425 
 6,623 
 
 9.572 
 5,714 
 7.432 
 9,427 
 8. 876 
 2,182 
 6,667 
 2,896 
 4,747 
 
 346,799 
 
 9,793 
 592 
 
 514 
 1,479 
 1,598 
 75 
 2,524 
 4.894 
 
 506 
 
 2,925 
 2,471 
 1,053 
 2.356 
 
 1,940 
 6,954 
 4,100 
 1.984 
 8,807 
 3.442 
 3.3" 
 1,179 
 787 
 4,741 
 1.715 
 
 ■373 
 173! 
 5461 
 
 81,083 
 
 763 
 
 492 
 2,287 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 S-3 
 
 
 
 ■" Jj 
 K 
 
 
 "^ 5 
 
 0^- 
 
 
 <6 
 
 " 5 
 
 S-o 
 
 sJ 
 
 J2 V 
 
 3 
 
 3 k 
 
 Y-. 
 
 ^c 
 
 537,575 
 
 29,156 
 
 29s,c6i 
 
 3,447 
 
 277,546 
 
 19,123 
 
 382,558 
 
 1.791 
 
 389,610 
 
 2,024 
 
 238.428 
 
 3.954 
 
 487,591 
 
 44,5 
 
 84,988 
 
 123 
 
 35',787 
 
 4.669 
 
 315,080 
 
 666 
 
 343-565 
 
 2,677 
 
 867,000 
 
 30,745 
 
 238,193 
 
 32,641 
 
 1,641,790 
 
 8,273 
 
 580,835 
 
 7,021 
 
 59,826 
 
 1,838 
 
 302,567 
 
 50,386 
 
 349,768 
 
 117,913 
 
 .= 85,912 
 
 5,787 
 
 387.167 
 
 111,214 
 
 499,954 
 
 9.590 
 
 497,366 
 
 2,945 
 
 402,176 
 
 81,944 
 
 952,414 
 
 3 415 
 
 1,177.483 
 
 17,029 
 
 124,872 
 
 1,000 
 
 354.299 
 
 4,168 
 
 771,032 
 
 16,440 
 
 423,196 
 
 7.288 
 
 257.125 
 
 99,611 
 
 282,548 
 
 2,827 
 
 410,411 
 
 1,196 
 
 371,431 
 
 11,463 
 
 333,965 
 
 24,087 
 
 327,970 
 
 624 
 
 214,388 
 
 10,919 
 
 335,121 
 
 11,80 
 
 156,858 
 
 
 493,726 
 
 5.994 
 
 7,103,182 
 
 790,298 
 
 5 aj — C =5 
 
 o H 
 la a >, 
 
 $2,195,488 
 261,135 
 530,424 
 609,512 
 23 ,300' 
 454,679 
 721,730 
 68,445 
 1,913,620 
 848,827 
 
 61,573 
 
 663,248 
 
 504,292 
 
 1,204,097 
 
 1,144,808 
 
 53,541 
 
 790,339 
 
 923.750 
 
 333-7.54 
 
 1,072.951 
 
 385,699 
 
 263.999 
 
 918,035 
 
 861,058 
 
 2,393,204 
 
 62,4361 
 
 879.24S1 
 
 2,200,358 
 
 1.122 758 
 
 1,258.32 
 
 419-595: 
 
 611,4761 
 
 i,505,245j 
 
 918,150 
 
 347.455 
 1,661,965 
 242 260 
 118.713 
 186,727 
 
 
 $560,93 i 
 
 ",725 
 90,400 
 23,010 
 
 329.15s 
 135,079 
 
 $30,963,225 
 
 2.905,760 
 
 1,506,457 
 
 134,452 
 
 81,418 
 
 40,445 
 
 23,305 
 
 183,635 
 
 2,875 
 
 108,065 
 
 190,465 
 
 2,055 
 
 435,845 
 
 471,483 
 
 i.ii6 
 
 82,670 
 
 2,060 
 
 662,555 
 
 941,107 
 
 473.296 
 
 696,825 
 
 59,°2S 
 
 671,705 
 
 492,125 
 
 I20-S57 
 152,656 
 
 115,555 
 4,326 
 
 234,265 
 3,210 
 7,865 
 10,060 
 
 fi 1,563,442 
 
 * Estimated. Returns not in. 
 
Statistical Tables. 
 
 159 
 
 STATE CENSUS FOR 1885. 
 
 Value of Real and Personal Estate fnmi Tax Returns of 1884. 
 
 e of Real 
 erty. 
 
 3 
 IS 
 
 5 
 
 « 
 
 0. 
 
 C 
 V3 
 
 E 
 '5 
 < 
 
 u. 
 
 1) u 
 
 ■£ 9 
 Oo 
 
 ate Value of all 
 inal Property. 
 
 
 8 
 
 x: 
 c 
 
 a; 
 
 SI 
 
 C 
 
 
 
 
 0^ 
 
 
 1- 
 
 
 "0 
 
 "0 
 
 =5^ 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 H& 
 
 
 lU a- 
 
 u iL 
 
 4) 
 
 « 
 
 
 ° c 
 
 M" 
 
 bcv 
 
 E-" 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 Xi V 
 
 Xlt/3 
 
 .C 
 
 .Q 
 
 11 
 
 (u c 
 
 a £ 
 
 j^a. 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 S 
 
 E 
 
 3 
 
 _3 
 
 3 <f. 
 
 \l 
 
 
 
 c 
 3 
 
 
 E- 
 
 A 
 
 2; 
 18,047 
 
 Z 
 
 J5 . 
 
 > 
 
 "^ 
 
 "' 
 
 (h 
 
 U 
 
 $2,756,423 
 
 2,524 
 
 2,242 
 
 9.138 
 
 $260,774 
 
 •^423, 293 
 
 $684,067 
 
 ^3,440,490 
 
 1.004 
 
 $.012 
 
 272,860 
 
 375 
 
 7,222 
 
 620 
 
 4,284 
 
 73,483 
 
 248.269 
 
 321,752 
 
 594,612 
 
 .004 
 
 .010 
 
 620,824 
 
 1,197 
 
 11,463 
 
 2.708 
 
 9,232 
 
 164,252 
 
 3.57-833 
 
 522,0,S5 
 
 1,142,909 
 
 .004 
 
 .006 
 
 632,522 
 
 263 
 
 39,276 
 
 
 1,052 
 
 219.930 
 
 87,810 
 
 307,740 
 
 940,262 
 
 .004 
 
 ,010 
 
 230.300 
 
 178 
 
 5,494 
 
 2',798 
 
 3,292 
 
 51,201 
 
 31,436 
 
 82,637 
 
 312,937 
 
 .004 
 
 .010 
 
 783,834 
 
 519 
 
 8.418 
 
 244 
 
 4,086 
 
 87.330 
 
 412,725 
 
 500,055 
 
 1,283.889 
 
 .004 
 
 .007 >^ 
 
 856,809 
 
 1,790 
 
 11,644 
 
 2.087 
 
 9913 
 
 197.846 
 
 219,030 
 
 416,876 
 
 1,273,685 
 
 .004 
 
 ,010 
 
 68,445 
 4,819,380 
 
 29 
 
 861 
 
 
 
 30 
 1.436 
 
 1,164 
 111,364 
 
 11,755 
 1,235,806 
 
 12,919 
 1,347,170 
 
 81,364 
 6,166,550 
 
 .004 
 
 .009 
 
 5.539 
 
 471 
 
 .004 
 
 .011 
 
 2^355.284 
 
 716 
 
 5,996 
 
 8,512 
 
 2,386 
 
 110,893 
 
 1,009 375 
 
 1,120,268 
 
 3.475.552 
 
 .004 
 
 .009 
 
 196,025 
 
 31 
 
 1,670 
 
 167 
 
 233 
 
 11,682 
 
 106,413 
 
 118,095 
 
 314.120 
 
 .004 
 
 .009 
 
 744,666 
 
 I.055 
 
 6,800 
 
 1,956 
 
 6,330 
 
 120,986 
 
 127.128 
 
 248,114 
 
 992.780 
 
 .004 
 
 .008 
 
 544,737 
 
 948 
 
 6,871 
 
 2,219 
 
 7,173 
 
 149,880 
 
 329,368 
 
 479,'48 
 
 1,023,985 
 
 .C04 
 
 .0061/2 
 
 1,227,402 
 
 1,333 
 
 17,575 
 
 2,806 
 
 9,199 
 
 161. 621 
 
 194,917 
 
 356.538 
 
 1,583.946 
 
 .004 
 
 .007 
 
 1,328,443 
 
 1,130 
 
 21,868 
 
 2,716 
 
 5.712 
 
 210,418 
 
 572-462 
 
 782.880 
 
 2.111,323 
 
 .004 
 
 ■005X 
 
 56,416 
 
 253 
 
 5.606 
 
 10,278 
 
 4,281 
 
 63,961 
 
 212,577 
 
 276,538 
 
 332,954 
 
 .004 
 
 .010 
 
 898,404 
 
 1.397 
 
 10,762 
 
 7.326 
 
 10,278 
 
 172,757 
 
 261,749 
 
 434,506 
 
 1,332,910 
 
 .004 
 
 .009 
 
 1,114,215 
 
 1,769 
 
 6,013 
 
 1,419 
 
 8,213 
 
 168.025 
 
 2IO,oSo 
 
 378.105 
 
 1,492,320 
 
 .004 
 
 .oo9>^ 
 
 355.809 
 
 546 
 
 12,147 
 
 538 
 
 8,753 
 
 220,750 
 
 56,655 
 
 177-405 
 
 533,214 
 
 .004 
 
 .009 
 
 1,508,796 
 
 1.929 
 
 6,191 
 
 1,694 
 
 5,708 
 
 163,109 
 
 265,744 
 
 428,823 
 
 1,937-619 
 
 .004 
 
 .01 I 14 
 
 857,182 
 
 1,024 
 
 1 1 ,407 
 
 423 
 
 5,356 
 
 124,806 
 
 192,754 
 
 317.560 
 
 1,174,742 
 
 .004 
 
 .007 
 
 265,115 
 
 168 
 
 4,881 
 
 1,581 
 
 2,771 
 
 46,925 
 
 17,647 
 
 64,572 
 
 329,687 
 
 .004 
 
 .011% 
 
 1,600,705 
 
 2,008 
 
 9,939 
 
 2,562 
 
 14,058 
 
 211,352 
 
 251,693 
 
 463,045 
 
 1,463,750 
 
 ,004 
 
 .012 
 
 863.118 
 
 888 
 
 72.894 
 
 3.025 
 
 7,218 
 
 4i2,572 
 
 192.140 
 
 644.712 
 
 1.507,830 
 
 ,004 
 
 .006 
 
 2.655,759 
 
 2,278 
 
 18,344 
 
 2,828 
 
 9.885 
 
 264,200 
 
 364.173 
 
 628.373 
 
 3.284,132 
 
 ,004 
 
 .010 ' 
 
 1,003,543 
 
 146 
 
 29.602 
 
 "5 
 
 57 
 
 157,377 
 
 343,210 
 
 500,587 
 
 1,504,130 
 
 .C04 
 
 .008 
 
 1,352.544 
 
 619 
 
 8,913 
 
 1,800 
 
 3,624 
 
 117,863 
 
 303,879 
 
 418,742 
 
 1,771,286 
 
 ,004 
 
 .009X 
 
 2,897,186 
 
 1,706 
 
 15,583 
 
 139 
 
 3.328 
 
 204,503 
 
 1,133.446 
 
 1,337-949 
 
 4,235,132 
 
 .C04 
 
 .010 
 
 1,181,783 
 
 950 
 
 24,108 
 
 1,651 
 
 7-134 
 
 225.421 
 
 279.149 
 
 504,573 
 
 1,686,353 
 
 .004 
 
 .01014 
 
 1.930,027 
 
 639 
 
 5, -07 
 
 7 
 
 1,307 
 
 76,477 
 
 591,383 
 
 667,860 
 
 2,597,887 
 
 .004 
 
 .009 14 
 
 911,720 
 
 688 
 
 7,440 
 
 970 
 
 1,301 
 
 65.479 
 
 143.132 
 
 208,611 
 
 1,120,331 
 
 .00.4 
 
 .008 
 
 732,033 
 
 699 
 
 13,402 
 
 '3.518 
 
 3,990 
 
 153,174 
 
 298,373 
 
 451,547 
 
 1,183,580 
 
 .004 
 
 .009 
 
 1,657,901 
 
 1,606 
 
 10,738 
 
 2,117 
 
 5,042 
 
 169,843 
 
 653.776 
 
 823,619 
 
 2,481,520 
 
 .oo<^ 
 
 .008 
 
 1,033,705 
 
 1.618 
 
 12,203 
 
 1,610 
 
 8,760 
 
 192.337 
 
 260,208 
 
 452,54s 
 
 1,486,250 
 
 .004 
 
 .008 
 
 351,78 
 
 338 
 
 8205 
 
 709 
 
 6,623 
 
 77,525 
 
 28,193 
 
 105.718 
 
 457,499 
 
 ,004 
 
 .014 
 
 1,892,230 
 
 Zi-i 
 
 11,409 
 
 III 
 
 2,594 
 
 122,023 
 
 339.747 
 
 461,770 
 
 2,354,000 
 
 ,004 
 
 .010 
 
 ^45,379 
 
 461 
 
 6,534 
 
 529 
 
 5.169 
 
 78,247 
 
 91.317 
 
 169.564 
 
 414,943 
 
 ,004 
 
 .oo8>j 
 
 126,578 
 
 532 
 
 12,693 
 
 16,942 
 
 6,795 
 
 135.742 
 
 407,158 
 
 542.900 
 
 669,478 
 
 .004 
 
 .oo7><J 
 
 190.787 
 
 357 
 
 9,040 
 
 5,184 
 
 6.096 
 211,827 
 
 90, III 
 
 211,776 
 
 301.887 
 
 498,674 
 
 .004 
 
 .007 
 
 $42, 526,667 
 
 36.386 
 
 501,414 
 
 106,622 
 
 % ,587,403 
 
 |i2.474,549 
 
 $18,061,952 
 
 $60,588,619 
 
 
 
i6o 
 
 Statistical Tables. 
 
 «3 
 
 
 
 ,'^ 
 
 <: 
 u 
 I— I 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 O 
 O 
 
 w 
 
 H 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 'ii 
 
 -^ 
 
 R 
 
 ^ 
 
 PI 
 
 
 
 -s* 
 
 e 
 
 fi 
 
 a: 
 
 "ii 
 
 .S 
 
 K 
 
 ^1 
 
 ^ 
 .^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 r% r^vo ^ 
 
 ^ u 
 
 1 -i- n 
 
 iinmND 
 
 Osl 1 
 
 
 
 tTB3JV[ 
 
 t^ O irioo ro -^ in -^ '^oo 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■"M 
 
 ooooOinLoqqqinq ; 
 
 
 i-H 
 
 
 IT) u-j mvo vo t^t^t^r-t^iou- 
 
 1 : 
 
 
 
 oooou-iotnooomo 
 
 
 
 
 ■x-Eiv: 
 
 H -ij-co 0^rn"^■^^Tro^O^H 
 ONCO CO 00 CO 0\ ON ON ONCO CO 00 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 yD n~-'0 C^O\rot^OOm M 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■UE3IAJ 
 
 W rO fO^O O t^ W W rooo P) \0 
 
 r^ 
 
 
 CD 
 
 
 r^ t^ c^ i>. t>.co 00 oo 00 t-. i^^ 
 
 
 
 
 \O»nCJt^iNO0**0000 
 
 i 1 
 
 
 
 •"IK 
 
 CO pi ONCO drn<^"^'^ind'^| • 1 
 
 
 i-H 
 
 
 \r>\0 »n^ t^ t^ t^ >. r-.vO vo -:t 
 
 1 : 
 
 
 
 CO t^O owt^ooooo 
 
 
 
 
 •XEJM 
 
 mT^lntv.l- w m w r^*w "-oo 
 
 OOOOOOOO O^a^0^0^a^0^ OnOO 
 
 
 
 
 (^ rn ^VO N Tj- t^ ^ O 
 
 „ 
 
 
 
 •UE3I\[ 
 
 
 00 
 
 
 00 
 
 
 r^ t>. c-^ t-^ t-^co oo 00 CO t~>. t-^ (^ 
 
 
 
 
 mo ONrON W OCO roO "^"" 
 
 
 
 •uiW 
 
 
 
 
 
 vo >n%0 'O t^ r^ t^ l^ t^ t-^vo \r 
 
 
 
 
 0000fnfn'-«in(N N 00 
 
 
 
 
 ■xcj^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 00000000 O^OOOnON OnOO 00 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 m M vo CO vo rovO 00 r" 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 •UE3J\; 
 
 
 t^ 
 
 H 
 
 ra 
 
 •>* 
 
 CO 
 i-H 
 
 
 vo t-- r^ t^oo 00 CO CO 00 t-^ r^ t^ 
 
 t^ 
 
 •u!IM 
 
 qo»nq 000 qqininq 
 vdcd ind\f^inuSiiS-«i-iN -^(^ 
 
 
 n 
 
 
 U-) mvo <j l^ t^ t^ r^ t-- ^v^O ^D 
 
 
 H 
 
 
 (NOOOOOOOOinOu- 
 
 
 k 
 
 
 
 t^O\ONOr^'^inO -^Tj-o 
 OOCOCOCOOO 0^0^0^ OnCO 00 t^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 in (N in "I Tj- t^ rovo in C) Th (^ 
 
 ! " 
 
 
 
 •uEaj^ 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 M 
 
 CO 
 
 
 VO t^ t^ t^OO 00 00 CO 00 t^ 1> 
 
 q 
 4 
 
 l" 
 
 R 
 
 ■"!W 
 
 qqqqqqqqqqo 
 
 n 
 
 r-H 
 
 
 in in invo t>. c^ (^ t^ t-^vo m "■ 
 
 
 M 
 
 
 oooooooooooo 
 
 
 H4 
 
 
 ■XEJ^i 
 
 (NCOONOtNWOOMVOt^N 
 OOOOCO OnOnOnOnOv OnOO 00 00 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 MinMMTMnNWO-Hino 
 
 N N 
 
 
 
 •UE3I/\[ 
 
 00 roovO roro-<*- ■'J-co foco 
 
 t^ 
 
 
 CSl 
 t> 
 00 
 1-1 
 
 
 o t^ t^ t^oo oo CO oo 00 r>. t^vo 
 
 
 
 
 OOOOOOOOOOOO 
 
 
 
 ■"!IM 
 
 N in ON '^ -^ t^ ro^ in "O 1/ 
 
 
 
 
 ininu~)t>.t^r^r^t^t^t^inu 
 
 ' : 
 
 
 
 OOOOOOOOOOOO 
 
 
 
 
 •XEJ\[ 
 
 OnOvo t^ONM inTj-inONt^CJ 
 (-^OO 00 CO CO On On On OnOO 00 CO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 « NO rri « ro in « Tf m H r 
 
 , « 
 
 
 
 
 00 H rJ-\0 OONN^WOVOO 
 
 t^ 
 
 
 00 
 
 l-l 
 
 
 NO t^ f-- 1^ t-»oo CO 00 00 00 hn r 
 
 ^ c^ 
 
 
 loooooooooooc 
 
 
 
 •"!H 
 
 
 ^ • 
 
 
 
 invO \0 NO t-^ t^ t^ t^ t-^ l^NO u 
 
 
 
 
 
 OOOOOOOOOOOC 
 
 
 
 
 •XEJ^I 
 
 On m t-^NO 00 00 M M r^-vo n 
 
 t^OO 00 OD CO 00 00 On OnOO 00 OC 
 
 "^ '. 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■s. 
 V. 
 
 
 < 
 
 > 
 
 
 
 > 
 
 
 Jt 
 
 
 
 
 t? 
 
 6i 
 
 It 1- 
 
 <5 
 
 
 
 
 ^-^SsRS^^ir^aggi 
 
 < 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 4^ 
 
 >.< 
 
 <^ 
 
 
 ^^ 
 
 ^< 
 
 c):C 
 
 IZ 
 
 O 
 
 > 
 
 'UB9J\[ 
 
 •XEJ\[ 
 
 NO t>. t^ C-^00 00 
 
 inNo lONo i^ tN. 
 
 O O OnOO b^ On 
 00 00 CO CO On On 
 
 nco 00 po ON I 
 
 OOh-O'^Nt^OinOO 
 *"!H ininoNONo" r^w TJ-M M t^ 
 inNO mNO t>. b- t-. t-^. !>. t^ND 
 
 "l-'^J-Ooo iniN t^O O mo 
 '^^IV w cj^o d d fo-^'^w MinM 
 
 000000 OnOnOnOnOnOn OnOO CO 
 
 ■^^\\ 
 
 1 O NO « NO On L 
 
 t^ t>. t^ t^CO CO C 
 
 C^ t^NO t>. 
 
 jvONONO b-t^r^t^i^i 
 
 COCOOOCO OnOnOnON OnoO 00 00 
 
 ) 00 oo 00 00 00 t^ hn 
 
 qoqqqini>,qqoNqq 
 ''■^'IM »H onnd m m in\d -=i- rn N pn M 
 - in ui\c t^ t^ i>H f*, c^ rxvo NO 
 
 OOCOCO OnOnOnOnOnCn OnOO 00 
 
 •UU3J\[ 
 
 •x^IM 
 
 t^ c-^ r-H t^ f-.oo c 
 
 vONo^No t>.r^t^i^t^ i^NO 
 
 > CO CO ON On ON ON ON OnCO 00 
 
 •XEJAI 
 
 O NO t^ t^ t^CO CO 00 00 l>. I--, t^ 
 
 ^ in-o NO NO t^ r^ t>^ t^ iv.\o NO 
 
 qqqqqqqqqqqc 
 
 DOOOOOob OnOnOnOn QnCO CO CO 
 
 qqqqqqqqqqqq 
 
 '^11^ -^ in On in d -^ rONo' vo" no rn in 
 
 in in inNO t^ h- r-. t^ t^NO no in 
 
 OOOOOOOOOOOO 
 
 JOOOOOO OnOnOnOnOn ONOO r*. 
 
 2 59-= 
 
 AfaS 
 
 
 'N 
 
 o NO t^ t-^co 00 OO 00 CO t^ rs.vo 
 
Statistical Tables. 
 
 i6i 
 
 i 
 
 Pi 
 
 <! 
 
 On « m ^00 N CO 
 
 I "^ m^o ^ "O t-^'O 
 
 lOOOOOOOOOOOO 
 ^'^IM d c> ''i-'O d ro <N •-J M 00 rn M 
 
 loo r-.00 00 Qs O 0\ ON a\CO 00 00 
 
 ■ireajv 
 
 lo ^o ^o r-. c>. 1 
 
 c-^ r^^ r^ 
 
 1 -^O \0 t^ t^ t~--\o •* I 
 
 } OO CO 0\ O ON OnOO 00 c 
 
 ho -o \o t^ r-^oo OO 00 OO t-^vo -o 
 
 oooooooooooo 
 
 I r^ t^oo CO CO ON ON O^ onco c 
 
 •U139J\[ 
 
 ■ r^ On "^ r-vNO 
 
 ) vO vO t^ t--00 OO CO 00 t^vO NO 
 
 •"IK CNO d 
 
 
 
 1 lovo \c (^ t^ r^NO -^ -^ 
 
 •XBJY I 
 
 lOOOOOOOOO 
 
 O^ On O* OnOO c 
 
 ) NO vo r^ r^oo c 
 
 I -^ lONO r^NO r-NO 
 
 •XBJM 
 
 ) 00 On On On On O^00 C 
 
 ■"E9IM ON. 
 
 . r^co t^oo t^ t~N.NO 
 
 •"IIM 
 
 _ I VO 'f t^ O N 
 
 I NO t^ tv.00 On On 
 
 I O O O o o 
 
 I t^ r^ r-^OO CO On 0> On OnOO 00 t^ I 
 
 'UB9K 
 
 O t^ ONI M 
 
 Ino vo NO r-. tv. c».oo CO c^ t-»NO 
 
 ■"IK 
 
 ) Tf -^NO LTJND r- t>.NO 
 
 ■^'^K 
 
 On On On On OnCO CO NO ' 
 
 > CO I-^NO NO I 
 
 • roNO NO NO NO NO 
 
 ! ^s. t^ t^OO On On On On QnOO 00 r> I 
 
 •xt;j\i 
 
 On On OnCO 00 C 
 
 •UC9IM ^CO 
 
 I NO NO t^ l>- t-N t-^00 OO t^ f^ t-^NQ I 
 
 ) tv. !>. I^\0 NO 
 
 ■xej\[| 
 
 o o q q o_ q q i 
 
 . d « M t^ w iri IN 6 
 On On On O ■ OnCO OO 00 ( 
 
 On On On QnoQ OO C 
 
 •UH9J\[ ^ 
 
 1 mco t-^oo t-<] 00 
 
 ■"!K 
 
 o NO 'O t-* f-.co C O 00 r^ f^'-o NO I 
 
 Onno' d CO 
 
 000000001 
 
 » -^ uOnO no (*^ t-v t-^ I 
 
 0000 qqqqi 
 
 . N « ci N CJ od ro d 
 On On On On OnGO 00 00 I 
 
 •ucaj^ 
 
 • 00 t^ r^NO I 
 
 ■UE9 J\[ ; 
 
 ) rOCO !>. On t-^NO 
 
 \ O '^ OX>~\ On 
 
 OMCO MinO W OCO O « 
 > NO NO t^ t^OO OO 00 t>- t^NO 
 
 ■^ ■«!»- ■«*• u-)NO NO t^ t^NO ■*!■ ■* ( 
 
 tooooooqoqqoqi 
 
 I t^ t--.00 CO On On On On OnCO t->. t^ I 
 
 K e s e' 
 2i S"^ ^H >>S;S 2 > 
 
 •x«ivi 
 
 JS 
 
 J CO CO r^ r^No no I 
 
 Tj- -^ UTO NO NO 
 
 . t^ r^NO -^ ( 
 
 •XEK 
 
 OS o (^ a* c-oo c 
 
 •UC3J\[ I 
 
 
 
 ,J!^ S < ^ — , 
 
 i O VO V Q O t^c o 00 c 
 
 ■ -^^ r^ (^ r^ t^vo ■**• ■*! 
 
 1 00 I-^OO CO CO On O t^ CsOO C 
 
 • >^ • \ * • ' oj ; o Q 
 
 •; g^ • • • : tS E " S E 
 
l62 
 
 Statistical Tables. 
 
 -ucajA; 
 
 •"!IM 
 
 ■xuiv 
 
 vc 'O *o r- t^oo CO CO t-*.\o "O 
 
 • m'O t^ t^'vO 
 
 o o o O o 
 
 r>.oo 00 a- o o o-^ c^oo co 
 
 -UEaj^ 
 
 ■ in O OnOO '^ f-' o^ f O W O W 
 
 
 
 I -^ rnvo "^i '<> '^€> O 
 
 o o o o o o o o o q o 
 
 O' CTAO' CO *^-<> "vd d^^d rnON 
 
 00 c^co CO o. o o a>oo oo t-^ 
 
 in m M N "O roco o\ n « 
 vd in^od d row t-^ON-" 
 » mvo t^ t^oo 00 CO t^'O ^o 
 
 •uip\[ 
 
 
 
 1 in-O t^'O ^o 
 
 I oooomoomo qq 
 
 *X^I^ 1 Tt- r^'O _t>oo vd r^oo 
 
 t*- t-^CO 00 O ON On Cn OnCO 1 
 
 O in d t^ ro M 
 
 1 -^ -1-vO "O C^'O 
 
 1 O O O O 
 
 0\ ONOO 00 t^ 
 
 I r-.o 00 -^ 
 
 •UE3J\i; I CO On O-CO vp O 
 
 insO i^oo 00 00 t^vO in •* 
 
 J ■»*- u-ivo i>. t^NO ■* (^ ■; 
 
 > CO O- On O O OnOO < 
 
 •UT33i;\[ ^ 
 
 invo "O t^ t>.co t^ t^vo o 
 
 •ujiv 
 
 000000000000 
 
 1 -ri- -^ invo t-^^o 
 
 000000 qoqqqo 
 c ?j invd 4- ON « inoo vd -*• - 
 
 CO CO CO 00 ON ON O O^ O\00 oo CO 
 
 I-^NO On On "^"NO O 00 ro O NO 
 ONod ^h 6\^^ 6 dod t^ON -4-06 
 in UTO NO t^co CO t-^ c^NO NO in 
 
 0000 qo qoqqqo 
 
 t^ M t^ >-.' oo' On ro d ri ^' rn On 
 C^OO CO 0> On On ON ONCO 00 t^ 
 
 I On O O w ■* 
 •UBOPY M d^ On On " 
 
 NO r^oo 00 c 
 
 I 00000000000 q 
 ;j\r 4od M N 4 4 -^ 4 d d d N 
 
 XEI^[ 
 
 t-^ f^oo CD a\ c\ On c^ oco c 
 
 •ui33I,\: 6 
 
 ■"ilM 
 
 t~N C~xOD ON ( 
 
 » ON O.CO CO l>. 
 
 
 
 
 -."- 
 
 : 1 
 
 X. 
 
 V. E 
 
 3 1 
 
 
 1- 
 > 
 
 1 
 
 
 •urajV: 
 
 •YCJ^ 
 
 ucaxvr 
 
 UEOJ;^ 
 
 "ill 
 
 XBJM 
 
 ucnjv: 
 
 >q o\«n N N 
 CO M vo H TO r^ 
 
 ^O t^oo 00 ONOO 
 
 ON c; in OS O r^ Cn^o vo On « r*^ 
 od ON ■* -"i-od d m N 00 i/i i>> n 
 m\o vo t^ r^oo to oo r^ t^^o ^ 
 
 ooooooooo 
 
 1 t^ t^ t^NO NO -^ < 
 
 r^TO ON ON On ON ON O^TO t^ 
 
 ■O NO NO t-, t^ t^ t^TO t^ t^^ 
 
 fO ro iriNO NO t^ t^ t^ r^vO -^ < 
 
 
 
 s ON 0> ONTO TO t^ 
 
 in inNO NO l^TO TO TO TO t^NO NO 
 ~o"'o O O^CT^O O O O O O 
 
 ^ t-^ O ^ 
 
 ON On ON ON Onto t^ t^ 
 
 - - . «J u 
 - "S i: 0.^2 = -^ = §• u O ci 
 
 > NO NO t-^ I>- 
 
 "jNo NO t>. r^co c 
 
 1 O -1- O NO -^ ( 
 
 1 inNO NO t^'O 
 
 O On On On OnCO t^ 
 
 m t-^vO On Ln M ONND CO NO O 
 iN w NO d 4 >« d •-« t-> CJ O 
 
 'O o NO r-^ r^oo co co r^ t^-o 
 
 On 0^ ON OnOO 00 r>- 
 
 1 inNO f-'Oo CO CO c*- r^\o no 
 
 ■"!IM 
 
 ) rONO NO t-^ t^NO 
 
 ■XT3J\r 
 
 On ON ON On ONTO TO t^ 
 
 J! "J I 
 
 __ : : : s; e J 6 s 
 
 KO,OE_3P.(jOai 
 
Statistical Tables. 
 
 163. 
 
 •ueai^ 
 
 * On 
 
 « m 
 
 M ^O 
 
 
 
 •"M 
 
 vO O f^ ■^ O ^ 
 
 *UE3p\[ 
 
 tJ-ococo n 6 cJw i>f^^ 
 invo ir>vO t^OO 00 00 t^ t-*.VO 
 
 •XB^\[ 
 
 moo 00 Ovo f^'*'^*^^^ 
 6 r^ 6 ON'O o w (> <?>oo I 
 CO fO ^ -^ ^ f^ t^^ "^ ■* ' 
 
 1 CO "^ •<*• "^ O M 
 
 000 00 t^ O I-" 
 
 O U~iOO ■'J-CO 00 iflOO f^ N 9 ^ "1" 
 6 6\-^ 6 ■«" ONod 00 in H On C3 TO 
 
 MOO t^O '-'O N '-' t^^^ 
 rri fn ■*■ m m\D vo t-*u-)ir, m 
 
 pO 00 N t^t^ON'^O »-' 
 
 . rs. t^oo 00 o o fiN t>oo 00 t^ 
 
 •uE3i\; 
 
 ro^O 'O ■*•« M On»^ ^^^ 
 
 ^SJ^^v^^cScSm" K>o' 
 
 q 
 a. 
 
 ooqqqqqq°". ■? 
 
 
 q 
 
 q q q q q w '^ 
 r^ S.00" & a- 0- ooo r~ t^ 
 
 
 •"M 
 
 •XBp\[ 
 
 •UB3p\[ o t^iAt>4d 6 6 ■fi,'>^ 
 
 oqoooqqqqqqq 
 ■ -^ m -^ ■* iJ^^ ^ c^ in -^ ro >-i 
 
 •X-EJ\[ 
 
 oqoqqqqqq°o°. I 
 r>. r^ r-.oo co o^ on o\ onoo t^ i^ 
 
 3 O-^ 0) 5J 
 
 l^ti s < ?; ^,-.< cJ- c iz o 
 
t64 
 
 Statistical Tables. 
 
 TABLE XVII.— FLORIDA POST-OFFICES. 
 
 County-sites in italics. HFoncy- Order Offices dctwted thus : * 
 
 
 ALACHUA. 
 
 
 Archer* 
 
 Hawthorne * 
 
 Newnansville 
 
 Arredondo 
 
 Island Grove 
 
 Orange Heights 
 
 Campville 
 
 Joella 
 
 Palmer 
 
 Evinston 
 
 Jonesville 
 
 Phoenix 
 
 Fairbanks 
 
 La Crosse 
 
 Trenton 
 
 Frankland 
 
 Lochloosa 
 
 Waldo * 
 
 Gahiesville * 
 
 Louise 
 
 Windsor 
 
 'Grove Park 
 
 Melrose 
 
 Yulee 
 
 Gruelle 
 
 Micanopy * 
 
 BAKER. 
 
 
 Darbyville 
 
 Glen St. Mary 
 Olustee 
 
 BRADFORD. 
 
 Sanderson 
 
 Burrin 
 
 Lawtey 
 
 Temples Mills 
 
 Hampton 
 
 Providence 
 
 Waverly 
 
 Lake Btitler 
 
 Santa Fe 
 Starke 
 
 BREVARD. 
 
 Worthington 
 
 ■Canaveral 
 
 La Grange 
 
 New Haven 
 
 City Point 
 
 Malabar 
 
 Rock Ledge 
 
 Eau Gallic 
 
 Melbourne 
 
 St. Lucie 
 
 Eden 
 
 Micco 
 
 Titusville * 
 
 Georgianna 
 
 Narrows 
 
 Tropic 
 
 Haulover 
 
 CALHOUN. 
 
 
 Abe's Spring 
 
 lola 
 
 West Wynnton 
 
 Chipola 
 
 Marysville 
 
 CLAY. 
 
 Wewahitchka 
 
 •Green Cove Spring 
 
 Lakeside 
 
 Novella 
 
 Hibernia 
 
 McRae 
 
 Orange Park 
 
 Highland 
 
 Magnolia 
 
 Sharon 
 
 Kingsley 
 
 Middleburg 
 
 COLUMBIA. 
 
 Wilderness 
 
 Barrsville 
 
 Lake City'' 
 
 Mount Carrie 
 
 Benton 
 
 Leno 
 
 Mount Tabor 
 
 Blount's Ferry 
 
 Mikesville 
 
 Suwanee Shoals 
 
 Fort White 
 
 DADE. 
 
 - 
 
 Biscayne 
 
 Lake Worth 
 Miami 
 
 Waveland 
 
Statistical Tables. 
 
 165 
 
 • 
 
 DUVAL. 
 
 
 Baldwin 
 
 Jacksonville * 
 
 Oklahoma 
 
 Beauclerc 
 
 Mandarin * 
 
 Philips 
 
 Chaseville 
 
 Maxville 
 
 Register 
 
 Fort George 
 
 Mayport 
 
 St. Nicholas 
 
 Fulton 
 
 • 
 
 New Berlin 
 
 ESCAMBIA. 
 
 Tisonia 
 
 Bluff Springs 
 
 Millview 
 
 Pine Barren 
 
 Escambia 
 
 Molino 
 
 Powelton 
 
 Ferry Pass 
 
 Olive 
 
 Warrington 
 
 Mc David 
 
 Pensacola * 
 
 FRANKLIN. 
 
 
 Apalachicola 
 
 Brick Yard 
 Carrabelle 
 
 GADSD'EN 
 
 St. Teresa 
 
 Alamo 
 
 Glen Julia 
 
 Quincy 
 
 Chattahoochee 
 
 Midway 
 
 Scotland 
 
 Concord 
 
 River Junction 
 
 HAMILTOl 
 
 
 Baker's Mill 
 
 Hamilton 
 
 Marion 
 
 Belleville 
 
 Jasper 
 
 Tyner 
 
 Belmont 
 
 Jennings 
 
 HERNANDO 
 
 White Spring 
 
 Anclote 
 
 Gulf Key 
 
 Oriole 
 
 Bayport 
 
 Hatton 
 
 San Antonio 
 
 Brooksville * 
 
 Hernando 
 
 Scrub 
 
 Chipco 
 
 Hudson 
 
 Stage Pond 
 
 Crystal River 
 
 Istachatta 
 
 Tompkinsville 
 
 Ellerslie 
 
 Lecanto 
 
 Tuckertown 
 
 Floral City 
 
 Lenard 
 
 Wiscoa 
 
 Fort Dade* 
 
 Mannfield 
 
 HILLSBOROUGH. 
 
 
 Alafia 
 
 Disston 
 
 Peru 
 
 Anona 
 
 Dunedin 
 
 Pinellas 
 
 Bay View 
 
 John's Pass 
 
 Plant City 
 
 Bloomingdale 
 
 Keystone Park 
 
 Tampa * 
 
 Cork 
 
 Keysville 
 
 Tarpon Spring- 
 
 Clear Water Harbor 
 
 Limona 
 Mango 
 
 HOLMES. 
 
 Yellow Bluff 
 
 Bon i fay 
 
 Izagora 
 
 Westville 
 
 Cerro Gordo 
 
 Ponce de Leon 
 
 
1 66 
 
 Statistical Tables. 
 
 JACKSON. 
 
 Campbellton 
 Cottondale 
 Cypress 
 Dellwood 
 
 Graceville 
 Greenwood 
 Haywood's Landing 
 Mariatina * 
 
 Neal's Landing 
 Ochesee 
 Sampson 
 Snead's 
 
 
 JEFP^ERSON. 
 
 
 Aucilla 
 Beazley 
 
 Lloyd's 
 Monticello * 
 Pinhook 
 
 LA FAYETTE. 
 
 Wacissa 
 Waukeenah 
 
 Hatch's Bend 
 McCrab 
 
 Mayo 
 New Troy 
 
 LEON. 
 
 Old Town 
 Steinhatchee 
 
 Bloxham 
 
 Braden 
 
 Bradfordville 
 
 Centreville 
 
 lamonia 
 
 Miccosukie 
 
 LEVY. 
 
 Sunny Hill 
 Tallahassee * 
 
 Atsena Otie 
 Bronson * 
 Cedar Key 
 
 Gulf Hammock 
 Levy vi He 
 Otter Creek 
 
 LIBERTY. 
 
 Rosewood 
 Williston 
 
 Bristol 
 
 Coe's Mills 
 Orange 
 
 MADISON. 
 
 Rock Bluff 
 
 Ellaville * 
 Greenville 
 
 Hamburg 
 Lee 
 
 Madison * 
 
 MANATEE. 
 
 Mosely Hall 
 West Farm 
 
 Arcadia 
 Braidentown 
 Charlotte Harbor 
 Davidson 
 Fort Greene 
 Fort Ogden 
 
 Liverpool 
 
 McMullen 
 
 Maltese 
 
 Manatee 
 
 Miakka 
 
 Osprey 
 
 Palma Sola 
 
 Palmetto 
 
 Parish 
 
 Fine Level 
 
 Popash 
 
 Rye 
 
 Sarasota 
 
Statistical Tables. 
 
 167 
 
 
 MARION. 
 
 
 Anthony Place 
 
 Flemington 
 
 Orange Springs 
 
 Bellview 
 
 Fort McCoy 
 
 Reddick 
 
 Boardman 
 
 Grahamsville 
 
 Santos 
 
 Camp Izard 
 
 Harvard 
 
 Silver Spring 
 
 Candler 
 
 Heidtville 
 
 South Lake Weir 
 
 Citra 
 
 Lake Weir 
 
 Sparr 
 
 Cotton Plant 
 
 Martin 
 
 Stanton 
 
 Eastlake 
 
 Moss Bluft" 
 
 Summit 
 
 Eureka 
 
 Ocala * 
 
 Welshton 
 
 Fantville 
 
 Ocklawaha 
 
 Whitesville 
 
 Fellowship 
 
 Orange Lake 
 
 MONROE. 
 
 
 Alva 
 
 Largo 
 
 Punta Rassa 
 
 Key West* ■ 
 
 Ft. Myers 
 
 NASSAU. 
 
 
 Boulogne 
 
 Crav'ford 
 
 Hart's Road 
 
 Brandy Branch 
 
 Button 
 
 Hilliard 
 
 Callahan 
 
 Evergreen 
 
 Italia 
 
 Crandall 
 
 Fernandina * 
 
 ORANGE. 
 
 King's Ferry 
 
 Acron 
 
 Kissimmee 
 
 Ponceannah 
 
 Altamonte 
 
 Lake Irma 
 
 Ravenswood 
 
 Altoona 
 
 Lake Jessup 
 
 Sanford * 
 
 Apopka* 
 
 Lake Maitland 
 
 Seneca 
 
 Bryan ville 
 
 Lakeville 
 
 Shingle 
 
 Campbell 
 
 Longwood 
 
 Snowville 
 
 Cassia 
 
 Mac Kinnon 
 
 Sorrento 
 
 Eustis* 
 
 Merrimack 
 
 Spring Grove 
 
 Forest City 
 
 Moody 
 
 Sylvan Lake 
 
 Fort Mason 
 
 Oakland 
 
 Tangerine 
 
 Fort Reed * 
 
 Ocoee 
 
 Tavares 
 
 Geneva 
 
 Orlando * 
 
 Troy 
 
 Glendale 
 
 Oviedo 
 
 Umatilla 
 
 Gotha 
 
 Paola 
 
 Willcox 
 
 Hawkinsville 
 
 Penryn 
 
 Winter Park 
 
 Higley 
 
 Pine Castle 
 
 Zellwood 
 
 Indian Springs 
 
 Pittman 
 
 POLK. 
 
 
 Acton 
 
 Chicora 
 
 Medulla 
 
 Auburndale 
 
 Fort Meade* 
 
 Sanitaria 
 
 Bartow 
 
 Horse Creek 
 
 Wahneta 
 
 Brandon 
 
 Lakeland 
 
 
i68 
 
 Statistical Tables. 
 
 
 PUTXAM. 
 
 
 Banana 
 
 Interiachen 
 
 Palatka * 
 
 Bridg'eport 
 
 Johnson 
 
 Penn 
 
 Buffalo Bluff 
 
 Keuka 
 
 Pomona 
 
 Cone 
 
 Lake Como 
 
 Putnam Hall 
 
 Crescent City 
 
 Lake George 
 
 Ridgewood 
 
 De Soto 
 
 MacWilliams 
 
 San Mateo 
 
 Drayton Island 
 
 McMeekin 
 
 Satsuma 
 
 Eton i ah 
 
 Mannville 
 
 Sauble 
 
 Federal Point 
 
 Mt. Royal 
 
 Syracuse 
 
 Francis 
 
 Nashua 
 
 Verdiere Point 
 
 Fruitland 
 
 Norwalk 
 
 Welaka 
 
 Georgetown * 
 
 Orange Mills 
 
 ST. JOHNS. 
 
 Westonia 
 
 Carterville 
 
 Orange Dale 
 
 St. A ugustine * 
 
 Fruit Cove 
 
 Picolata 
 
 Switzerland 
 
 Matanzas 
 
 Racy Point 
 
 Tocoi 
 
 Moultrie 
 
 Remington Park 
 
 SANTA ROSA. 
 
 
 Blackwater 
 
 Holt 
 
 Oak Grove 
 
 Chaffin 
 
 Mary Esther 
 
 Otahite 
 
 Eagan 
 
 Milton * 
 
 SUMTER. 
 
 
 Astabula 
 
 Leesburg* 
 
 Silverton 
 
 Bamboo 
 
 Minneola 
 
 Sligh 
 
 Bloomfield 
 
 Montclair 
 
 Sumterville * 
 
 Centre Hill 
 
 Okahumkee 
 
 Webster 
 
 Exeter 
 
 Orange Home 
 
 West Apopka 
 
 Lady Lake 
 
 Oxford 
 
 Wildwood 
 
 Lane Park 
 
 Panasoffkee 
 
 SLTWANNEE. 
 
 Yalaha 
 
 Bellton 
 
 Live Oak* 
 
 Pine Mount 
 
 Branford 
 
 Luraville 
 
 Poplar 
 
 Dicey 
 
 McAlpin 
 
 Rixford 
 
 Ichetucknee 
 
 Newburn 
 
 Suwannee 
 
 Houston 
 
 O'Brine Station 
 
 Welborn 
 
 Little River 
 
 Padlock 
 
 Taylor. 
 
 Wilson 
 
 Perry 
 
 Shady Grove 
 
 Stephensville 
 
 Salem 
 
 Spring Warrior 
 
 
Statistical Tables. 
 
 169 
 
 
 VOLUSIA. 
 
 
 Barberville 
 
 Glencoe 
 
 Osteen 
 
 Beresford 
 
 Harwood 
 
 Ponce Park 
 
 Blake 
 
 Holly Hill 
 
 Port Orange 
 
 Daytona * 
 
 Lake Helen 
 
 Seville 
 
 De Land 
 
 New Smyrna 
 
 Spring Garden 
 
 Eldora 
 
 Oak Hill 
 
 Spring Garden Centre 
 
 Emporia 
 
 Orange City * 
 
 Volusia 
 
 Enterprise 
 
 Ormond 
 
 WAKULLA. 
 
 Winnemissett 
 
 Crawfordville 
 
 St. Mark's 
 
 Sopchoppy 
 
 Curtis Mills 
 
 Smith's Creek 
 
 WALTON. 
 
 Wakulla 
 
 Argyle 
 
 Freeport 
 
 Natural Bridge 
 
 Bethel 
 
 Lake de Funiak 
 
 Portland 
 
 Crestview 
 
 Limestone 
 
 Red Bay 
 
 Euchee Anna 
 
 Mossy Head 
 
 WASHINGTON. 
 
 Sterling 
 
 Caryville 
 
 Miller's Ferry 
 
 St. Andrew's Bay 
 
 Chipley 
 
 Point Washington 
 
 Vernon 
 
 Econfina 
 
 Porter 
 
 
170 
 
 Statistical Tables. 
 
 XVIII. —A LIST OF THE FOREST TREES OF FLORIDA. 
 
 Comprising iSo Species, or 42 per cent, of all fou7id in the United States. 
 
 Prepared by Prof. A. H. CuRTiss, Agt. loth Census, 
 Department of Forestry. 
 
 Explanations : In the subjoined table are given, in the 
 
 First Column — Botanical names of species and of orders, the latter in CAPITALS. 
 
 Second Column — Names most commonly used in Florida, In this particular popular 
 usage is inaccurate and often conflicting. Opposite the ordinal names is given the num- 
 ber of species found in Florida and in the United vStates (e.g., " Magnoliacese, 4-8," 
 may be read thus, In Florida there are four of the eight Magnoliaceous trees of the 
 United States). 
 
 TJiird Column — Greatest diamter observed by me, the measurements (expressed in 
 inches) being made four feet from the ground. 
 
 Fourth Column — Weight in pounds (omitting fractions) of a cubic foot of kiln-dried 
 wood (according to Prof. Sargent's tests). 
 
 Fifth Column — The figure i designates West Indian Trees found in sub- tropical 
 Florida; 2, trees which, in Florida, are confined to the Chattahoochee region, or s, 
 which taper out in the central part of the peninsula. The letters added to i indicate 
 that those trees extend northward along the eastern coast to (c) Cape Canaveral, or (m) 
 Mosquito Inlet; and on the western coast to (r) Cape Romano, (h) Charlotte Harbor 
 or the Caloo>ahatchie, (t) Tampa Bay or Anclote Keys. An s at the right of this 
 column, indicate that the tree grows usually in swamps or low grounds. 
 
 IJOTANICAL NAME. 
 
 MAGNOLIACE^. 
 Magnolia grandiflora 
 
 glauca 
 
 Fraseri 
 
 Linodendron Tulipifera 
 
 ANONACE/E. 
 Anona laurifolia 
 
 CAPPARIDACE^. 
 Capparis Jamaicensis 
 
 CANELLACE/E. 
 Canella alba 
 
 TERNSTRCEMIACE^. 
 Gordonia Lasianthus 
 
 TILIACE^. 
 Tilia Americana pubescens. . . 
 
 MALPIGHIACEyE. 
 Byrsonema lucida 
 
 COMMON NAME. 
 
 4-8 
 
 Magnolia 
 
 White Bay 
 
 Cucumber Tree 
 
 Poplar, White Wood 
 
 1—2 
 Pond Apple 12 
 
 I — I 
 
 Cape 
 
 I — I 
 
 Cinnamon Bark 
 
 I — 2 
 Tan Bay, Bull Bay 
 
 1—3 
 Linn, Basswood . . . 
 
 I — I 
 
 Glamberry. 
 
 31 
 
 6 43 j I c 
 62 ! I 
 
 30J 
 
 26 j 2 s 
 10 i 37 I I 
 
Statistical Tables. 
 
 171 
 
 List 0/ the Forest Trees of Florida. — Continued. 
 
 BOTANICAL NAMES. 
 
 ZYGOPHYLLACE/E 
 Guaiacum sanctum 
 
 RUTACEvE. 
 Xanthoxylum Clava-Hcrculis . 
 
 Cariboeum 
 
 Pterota 
 
 Ptelia trifoliata 
 
 SIMARUBE^. 
 Simaruba glauca 
 
 BURSERACE^. 
 
 Bursera gummifera 
 
 Amyris sylvatica 
 
 MELTACE^. 
 Swietenia Mahogoni 
 
 AURANTIACEiE. 
 Citrus vulgaris 
 
 OLACIN^ 
 Ximenia Americana , 
 
 ILICIN^.. 
 
 Ilex opaca , 
 
 Dahoon , 
 
 myrtifolia 
 
 Cassine 
 
 decidua 
 
 CYRILLACEyE. 
 
 Cyrilla racemiflora 
 
 Cliftonia ligustrina 
 
 CELASTRACE^, 
 Myginda pallens , 
 
 Schaefferia frutescens 
 
 RHAMNACE/E. 
 
 Reynosia latifolio , 
 
 Condalia ferrea 
 
 Rhamnus Caroliniana 
 
 Colubrina reclinata 
 
 SAPINDACE/E. 
 
 Sapindus Saponaria 
 
 Hypelate paniculata 
 
 trifoliata 
 
 Acer saccharinum nigrun\. . . , 
 
 dasycarpum , 
 
 rubrum 
 
 Negundo aceroides , . 
 
 COMMON NAME. 
 
 I — 2 
 
 Lignum Vitre . 
 
 4—7 
 
 Prickly Ash 
 
 Satin Wood, Yellow Wood 
 
 Wild Lime 
 
 Hop Tree 
 
 I — I 
 
 Bitter Wood, Paradise Tree. 
 
 2 — 2 
 Gum Elemi, W. Ind. Birch. 
 Torchwood 
 
 I — I 
 
 Mahogany , 
 
 I — I 
 
 Orange . . . 
 
 Purge Nut, Hog Plum 7 57 , m T 
 
 5—5 
 
 Holly 
 
 Broad-leaved Yaupon. . 
 Narrow-leaved Yaupon 
 
 Cassina 
 
 Possum Haw 
 
 2 — 2 
 Titi, Leatherwood . . . . 
 Titi, Buckwheat Tree 
 
 2—3 
 False Boxwood 
 Boxwood 
 
 4—7 
 Darling Plum . . . 
 Black Ironwood. 
 
 Buckthorn 
 
 Soldier Wood . . . 
 
 7 — 20 
 Bastard Dogwood .... 
 
 Ink Wood 
 
 White Ironwood 
 
 Black or Sugar Maple. 
 White or Silver Maple. 
 Red or Swamp Maple. 
 Box Elder 
 
 u 
 
 ►J 
 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 
 K 
 
 < 
 
 
 
 Q 
 
 & 
 
 12 
 
 71 
 
 12 
 
 32 
 
 15 
 
 56 
 
 7 
 
 46 
 
 4 
 
 52 
 
 24 
 
 26 
 
 28 
 
 iq 
 
 9 
 
 65 
 
 36 
 
 45 
 
 10 
 
 
 7 
 
 57 
 
 16 
 
 35 
 
 8 
 
 33 
 
 4 
 
 43 
 
 4 
 
 46 
 
 6 
 
 
 6 
 
 42 
 
 10 
 
 39 
 
 6 
 
 56 
 
 7 
 
 48 
 
 8 
 
 68 
 
 20 
 
 81 
 
 5 
 
 34 
 
 Z^ 
 
 51 
 
 20 
 
 52 
 
 18 
 
 60 
 
 22 
 
 57 
 
 15 
 
 43 
 
 20 
 
 33 
 
 22 
 
 39 
 
 14 
 
 27 
 
 I 
 
 I C H 
 
 I C H 
 I C 
 
 I R 
 I M 
 
172 
 
 Statistical Tables. 
 
 List of the Forest Trees of Florida. — Continued 
 
 KOTANICAL NAME. 
 
 ANACARDIACE/E. 
 
 Kims copallina , 
 
 Metopium . 
 
 LEGUMINOS,4i. 
 
 Piscidia Erythrina 
 
 Gleditschia triacanthos. . . .. 
 
 raonospenna 
 
 Cercis Canadensis 
 
 Lysiloma latisiliqua 
 
 Pithecolobium Unguis-Cati. 
 
 ROSACEzE, 
 
 Chrysobalanus Icaco 
 
 Prunus Americana 
 
 angustifolia 
 
 umbellata 
 
 serotina 
 
 Caroliniana 
 
 sphrerocarpa 
 
 Pirus angustifolia 
 
 Crataegus coccinea 
 
 tomentosa 
 
 arborescens 
 
 spathulata 
 
 flava 
 
 HAMAMELACE^. 
 Liquid ambar styraciflua .... 
 
 RHIZOPHORACE^. 
 
 Rhizophora Mangle 
 
 Conocarpus erecla 
 
 Laguncularia racemosa 
 
 MYRTACE.E, 
 Calyptranthes Chy traculia . 
 Eugenia buxifolia 
 
 dichotoma 
 
 monticola 
 
 longipes 
 
 procera 
 
 CORNACEiE. 
 
 Cornus florida , 
 
 Nyssa sylvatica 
 
 uniflora 
 
 CAPRIFOLIACEyE. 
 
 Sambucus Canadensis , 
 
 Viburnum prunifolium 
 
 obovatum 
 
 COMMON N.\.MK. 
 
 2—8 
 
 Sumac 
 Poi-son Wood . 
 
 6 — 25 
 Jamaica Dogwood. 
 
 Honey Locust 
 
 Water Locust 
 
 Red Bud 
 
 Wild Tamarind . . . 
 Loncf Cod 
 
 Sweet Gum . 
 
 Mangrove 
 
 Button Wood 
 
 Bastard Buttonwood. 
 
 6—6 
 
 Pimento 
 
 Gurgeon Stopper. 
 
 Naked Wood 
 
 White Stopper . . . 
 
 Stopper 
 
 Red Stopper 
 
 3-6 
 
 Dogwood 
 
 Black or Sour Gum . , 
 Tupelo, Cotton Gum. 
 
 3-6 
 
 Elder 
 
 Black Haw.. 
 Swamp Haw. 
 
 24 
 
 13—34 
 
 Cocoa Plum 12 
 
 Wild Plum, Sloe 
 
 Yellow Chickasaw Plum . . , 
 
 Hog; Plum 
 
 Wild Cherry 
 
 Mock Olive 
 
 West Lidian Cherry 
 
 Crab-apple 
 
 Scarlet Thorn or Haw .... 
 
 Black Thorn or Haw 
 
 Tree Thorn or Haw 
 
 Hog's Haw 
 
 Yellow or Summer Haw . . . 
 
 2 s 
 
 2 s 
 I 
 
 I II 
 
 I M T S 
 I C T S 
 I C T S 
 
 I 
 
 I C li 
 
 I M H 
 
 I M 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
Statistical Tables. 
 
 ^71 
 
 List of the Forest Trees of Florida. — Continued. 
 
 BOTANICAL NAME. 
 
 RUBIACEyE. 
 Exostemma Cariba^um . . . 
 
 Pinckneya pubens 
 
 Genipa clusiaefolia 
 
 Guettarda elliptica 
 
 ambiVua 
 
 ERICACEAE. 
 
 Vaccinium arboreum 
 
 Andromeda ferruginea. . . 
 Oxydendrum arboreum. . . 
 
 MYRSINACE^. 
 
 Myrsine Rapanea 
 
 Ardisia Pickeringia . . 
 
 Jacqulnia armillaris 
 
 SAPOTACE/E. 
 Chrysophyllum oliviforme . . . 
 Sideroxylon mastichodendron . 
 
 Dipholis sahcifolia 
 
 Bumelia tenax 
 
 lycioides 
 
 cuneata 
 
 Mimusops Sieberi 
 
 EBENACE^. 
 Diospyros Virginiana 
 
 STYRACACE/E. 
 
 Symplocos tinctoria 
 
 Halesia diptera 
 
 tetraptera 
 
 OLEACE/E. 
 Fraxinus Americana 
 
 viridis. ... 
 
 platycarpa 
 
 Forestiera acuminata . . . . . 
 Chionanthus Virginica. . . 
 Osmanthus Americanus. . 
 
 BORRAGINACE.E. 
 
 Cordia Sebestena 
 
 Bourreria Havanensis 
 
 BIGNONIACE/E. 
 
 Catalpa bignonioides 
 
 Crescentia cucurbitina 
 
 VERBENACE/E\ 
 
 Citharexylum villosum 
 
 Avicennia nitida 
 
 COMMON NAME. 
 
 5—5 
 
 Prince Wood 
 
 Georgia Bark. . . . 
 Seven- Year Apple. 
 Naked Wood 
 
 Sparkle berry . 
 
 Sour Wood . 
 
 False Candle Wood 
 Marl Berry, Cherry. 
 Toe-wood 
 
 7-8 
 
 Satin Leaf 
 
 Mastic 
 
 Bustic 
 
 Black Haw 
 
 Iron wood, Mock Orange 
 
 Ants' Wood, Downwood Plum 
 Wild Sapadillo, Dilly 
 
 I — 2 
 
 Persimmon . 
 
 Sweet Leaf 
 
 Snow-drop Tree. 
 
 6-15 
 
 White Ash 
 
 Green or Swamp Ash. . . . 
 
 Water Ash . 
 
 Privet 
 
 Fringe Tree 
 
 Devil Wood, Wild Olive. 
 
 2—4 
 
 Geiger Tree. 
 .Strong Back. 
 
 2—4 
 
 Catalpa . 
 Calabash. 
 
 o 
 
 •A 
 
 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 
 
 < 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 > 
 
 Black Mangrove. 
 
 8 
 
 58 
 
 .5 
 
 ?>7s 
 
 5 
 
 64 
 
 8 
 
 52 
 
 4 
 
 55 
 
 4 
 
 47 
 
 8 
 
 48 
 
 6 
 
 46 
 
 6 
 
 52 
 
 6 
 
 ^4 
 
 6 
 
 43 
 
 12 
 
 S8 
 
 .S6 
 
 6^ 
 
 24 
 
 58 
 
 8 
 
 45 
 
 ID 
 
 47 
 
 ID 
 
 ';o 
 
 15 
 
 68 
 
 12 
 
 49 
 
 10 
 
 .3,1 
 
 7 
 
 36 
 
 5 
 
 35 
 
 7)- 
 
 41 
 
 18 
 
 44 
 
 12 
 
 22 
 
 10 
 
 42 
 
 6 
 
 40 
 
 12 
 
 51 
 
 12 
 
 45 
 
 8 
 
 50 
 
 12 
 
 28 
 
 6 
 
 39 
 
 6 
 
 54 
 
 24 
 
 57 
 
 I M H 
 
 I .>r H 
 
 I C II 
 I C R 
 I 
 
 I C 
 I 
 
 2 
 2 S 
 
 I C 
 I Ml 
 
174 
 
 Statistical Tables. 
 
 List of the Forest Trees of Florida. — Continued. 
 
 BOTANICAL NAME. 
 
 NYCTAGINACE^. 
 Pisonea obtusata 
 
 POLYGOXACE^. 
 
 Coccoloba Florid ana 
 
 uvifera 
 
 LAURACE/E. 
 
 Persea Carolinensis 
 
 Carolinensis palustris. 
 Nectandra VVilldenoviana . 
 Sassafras officinale 
 
 EUPHORBLA.CE.E. 
 
 Drypetes crocea 
 
 glauca 
 
 Sebastiania lucida 
 
 Hippomane manciiiella 
 
 URTICACE/E. 
 Ulmus fulva 
 
 Americana 
 
 alata 
 
 Planera aquatica 
 
 Celtis occidentalis 
 
 Ficus aurea 
 
 brevifolia . 
 
 pedunculata 
 
 Morus rubra .... 
 
 Sponia macranthea 
 
 PLATANACE/E. 
 Platanus occidentalis 
 
 JUGLANDACE/E. 
 
 Juglans nijj;ra 
 
 Carya alba 
 
 tomentosa 
 
 porcina 
 
 amara 
 
 aquatica 
 
 MYRICACE^. 
 Myrica cerifera , 
 
 CUPULIFER^. 
 
 Quercus alba 
 
 stellata 
 
 lyrata 
 
 Michauxii 
 
 virens 
 
 coccinea [ Scarlet Oak 
 
 tinctoria j Black or Quercitron Oak. 
 
 COMMON NAME. 
 
 Beef Wood . 
 
 2 — 2 
 
 Pigeon Plum. 
 Sea Grape. . . 
 
 4—5 
 Red Bay. Sweet Bay 
 
 Swamp Bay 
 
 Lance Woutl 
 
 Sassafras 
 
 4—4 
 White Wood . 
 Guiana Plum 
 Crab Wood . . 
 Manchineel . . . 
 
 10—14 
 
 Slippery Elm 
 
 White Elm, Swamp Elm. 
 
 Wahoo, Red Elm 
 
 Water Elm 
 
 Hackberry 
 
 Wild Fiu, Rubber Tree . . 
 
 Red Mulberry. , 
 False Mulberry 
 
 1—3 
 Sycamore, Button-ball. 
 
 6— II 
 
 Black Walnut 
 
 Shell Bark Hickory 
 
 Red Hickory 
 
 Pig Nut Hickory . 
 Bitter Nut Hickory. 
 Swamp Hickory . , . 
 
 Wax Myrtle. 
 
 17—44 
 
 White Oak 
 
 Post Oak 
 
 Over-cup Oak 
 
 Swamp Chestnut Oak . 
 Live Oak 
 
 CJ 
 
 u5 
 
 /. 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 h 
 
 ^ 
 
 —, 
 
 < 
 
 c 
 
 u 
 
 '$■ 
 
 18 
 
 41 
 
 24 
 
 61 
 
 24 
 
 60 
 
 36 
 
 40 
 
 12 
 
 
 6 
 
 48 
 
 6 
 
 32 
 
 eNe 
 
 14 58 
 
 7 68 
 
 12 37 
 
 12 
 
 44 
 
 24 
 
 41 
 
 22 
 
 47 
 
 12 
 
 33 
 
 24 
 
 4S 
 
 48 
 
 16 
 
 12 
 
 40 
 
 22 
 
 
 24 
 
 37 
 
 6 
 
 22 
 
 84 
 
 37 
 
 27 
 
 38 
 
 48 
 
 S-2 
 
 ^4 
 
 SI 
 
 08 
 
 S2 
 
 36 
 
 47 
 
 24 
 
 45 
 
 12 
 
 35 
 
 36 
 
 46 
 
 24 
 
 51 
 
 32 
 
 52 
 
 60 
 
 52 
 
 96 
 
 59 
 
 27 
 
 46 
 
 3& 
 
 44 
 
 I C R 
 I M T 
 
 1 C R 
 
 2 S 
 
 I R 
 I 
 
 2 
 
 2 S 
 
Statistical Tables. 
 
 175 
 
 List of the Forest Trees 0/ Florida. — Continued, 
 
 BOTANICAL NAME. 
 
 CUPULIFER.E.— Continued. 
 Quercus falcata 
 
 Catesbagi 
 
 aquatica 
 
 nigra 
 
 cinerea 
 
 Phellos 
 
 Castanea pumila 
 
 Fagus ferruginea , 
 
 Ostrya Virginica 
 
 Carpinus Caroliniana , , . , 
 
 BETULACEiE. 
 
 Betula nigra 
 
 Alnus serrulata 
 
 SALICACE^. 
 
 Salix nigra , 
 
 Populus monilifera 
 
 CASUARINACE^. 
 Casuarina equisetifolia 
 
 CONIFERS. 
 Chamgecyparis sphoeroidea. 
 
 Juniperus Virginiana 
 
 Taxodium distichum 
 
 Taxus Flondana 
 
 Torreya laxifolia 
 
 Pinus Tseda 
 
 serotina 
 
 inops, var. clausa. . . . 
 
 mitis . . 
 
 glabra 
 
 australis 
 
 Cubensis , , , 
 
 PALMACE^, 
 
 Sabal Pahnetto 
 
 Thrinax parviflora 
 
 argentea 
 
 Oreodoxa regia 
 
 Cocos nucifera 
 
 COMMON NAME. 
 
 17—44 
 
 Spanish Oak, Red Oak. 
 Black Jack, Scrub Oak . . 
 
 Swamp Oak 
 
 Black Jack, Barren Oak. 
 Turkey Oak, Blue Jack. 
 
 Water Oak 
 
 Chinquapin 
 
 Beech 
 
 Hop Hornbeam 
 
 Hornbeam, Iron wood . . , 
 
 2 — 12 
 Black Birch, River Birch. 
 Alder 
 
 2—25 
 Black Willow. 
 Cottonwood . . 
 
 I — I 
 Australian Pine. 
 
 12-83 
 
 Juniper, White Cedar 
 
 Red Cedar 
 
 Cypress 
 
 Florida Yew 
 
 Savin, Stmking Cedar , 
 
 Loblolly or Old Field Pine. 
 
 Pond Pine 
 
 Upland Spruce Pine 
 
 Short-leaved Yellow Pine.. 
 
 Lowland Spruce Pine 
 
 Long-leaved Yellow Pine. . . 
 Pitch Pine .,,,,,,,, 
 
 5-6 
 •Palmetto, Cabbage Tree, 
 
 Silver Thatch 
 
 Prickly Thatch 
 
 Royal Palm 
 
 Cocoa Nut 
 
 43 
 45 
 45 
 46 
 40 
 47 
 37 
 43 
 52 
 45 
 
 36 
 29 
 
 28 
 24 
 
 57 
 
 12 
 
 24 
 84 
 4 
 IS 
 36 
 24 
 20 
 
 24 
 32 
 48 
 
 36 
 
 18 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 24 
 18 
 
 27 
 37 
 45 
 38 
 
 -^6 
 
 I 
 I 
 
 I R 
 I 
 
1/6 
 
 Statistical Tables. 
 
 XIX.— SCHOOL 'STATISTICS. 
 
 The following table shows the number of schools, the number of 
 children attending school, and the amount of money collected for school 
 purposes for the years named. 
 
 COUNTIES. 
 
 Alachua 
 
 Baker 
 
 Bradford 
 
 Brevard 
 
 Calhoun 
 
 Clay 
 
 Columbia . . . . 
 
 Dade 
 
 Duval 
 
 Escambia 
 
 Franklin 
 
 Gadsden 
 
 Hamilton 
 
 Hernando. . . . 
 Hillsborough. 
 
 Holmes 
 
 Jackson 
 
 Jefferson 
 
 Lafayette 
 
 Leon 
 
 Levy 
 
 Liberty 
 
 Madison 
 
 Manatee 
 
 Marion 
 
 Monroe 
 
 Nassau 
 
 Orange 
 
 Polk 
 
 Putnam 
 
 Santa Rosa. . . 
 
 St. Johns 
 
 Sumter 
 
 Suwanee 
 
 Taylor 
 
 Volusia 
 
 Wakulla 
 
 Walton 
 
 Washington . . 
 
 Total. 
 
 NUMBER 
 OF SCHOOLS. 
 
 1876. 1884. 
 
 29 
 
 6 
 
 13 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 24 
 
 43 
 
 15 
 2 
 
 35 
 8 
 22 
 26 
 10 
 34 
 25 
 15 
 43 
 23 
 8 
 
 33 
 17 
 29 
 
 5 
 
 18 
 24 
 15 
 17 
 16 
 10 
 10 
 
 23 
 II 
 10 
 10 
 
 24 
 12 
 
 77 
 24 
 
 49 
 22 
 
 7 
 37 
 
 52 
 29 
 
 5 
 46 
 
 49 
 40 
 61 
 14 
 64 
 44 
 26 
 
 52 
 38 
 12 
 62 
 
 43 
 62 
 10 
 44 
 94 
 43 
 56 
 44 
 19 
 50 
 50 
 19 
 44 
 20 
 30 
 
 676 11,504 
 
 NUMBER OF 
 CHILDREN AT- 
 TENDING SCHOOL. 
 
 1876. 1884 
 
 1,782 
 
 355 
 508 
 
 105 
 465 
 658 
 
 1,535 
 572 
 151 
 
 2,487 
 146 
 564 
 448 
 19S 
 
 1,001 
 
 1,130 
 228 
 
 2,103 
 556 
 131 
 
 1,353 
 300 
 
 1,681 
 649 
 696 
 576 
 277 
 639 
 
 414 
 
 317 
 802 
 166 
 366 
 336 
 736 
 331 
 
 3,741 
 610 
 
 1,810 
 327 
 
 685 
 1,611 
 
 2.845 
 
 348 
 1.897 
 1,200 
 1,209 
 1,913 
 
 634 
 2,692 
 
 1,985 
 
 572 
 
 2,229 
 
 1,531 
 
 269 
 2,885 
 1,246 
 3,048 
 1,104 
 1.425 
 7,987 
 
 938 
 1,564 
 1,540 
 
 925 
 1,510 
 1,175 
 
 426 
 
 1,131 
 
 572 
 
 1,069 
 
 1,514 
 
 28,444 58.311 
 
 Add State Apportionment. 
 Total 
 
 AMOUNT OF STATE AND 
 
 COUNTY TAXES 
 FOR SCHOOL PURPOSES. 
 
 1876. 
 
 $7,373 50 
 
 477 04 
 
 1,210 40 
 
 "3 38 
 
 198 42 
 
 2.271 01 
 5,226 47 
 
 46 22 
 6,491 32 
 6,154 29 
 
 1,374 74 
 5,013 68 
 
 3,247 39 
 2,180 90 
 
 3,135 77 
 
 187 40 
 5,977 83 
 4,884 70 
 
 810 74 
 9,728 38 
 2,360 24 
 
 660 47 
 6,762 81 
 
 993 22 
 
 7.272 00 
 9.326 84 
 5,262 76 
 
 5,535 39 
 1,507 66 
 3,655 06 
 1.758 72 
 4,483 85 
 1,410 75 
 1,382 II 
 668 08 
 2,667 04 
 1,005 09 
 1,216 98 
 1,012 95 
 
 Si44,725 99 
 _i4,i2i_37 
 ;i 58,846 36 
 
 ^2,772 00 
 1,781 37 
 4.329 40 
 3,760 00 
 938 53 
 3,000 00 
 2,922 00 
 
 17,701 32 
 
 10,428 66 
 
 1,283 07 
 
 3,543 70 
 3,562 42 
 4,174 16 
 3,986 24 
 999 46 
 2,559 96 
 5,300 00 
 2,128 00 
 6.715 00 
 5,602 41 
 756 CO 
 2,912 66 
 5,354 00 
 
 10,155 45 
 5,613 00 
 5,583 00 
 
 13,694 31 
 2.606 26 
 6,943 78 
 4.532 52 
 3,997 25 
 
 10,157 08 
 
 2,442 26 
 
 649 00 
 
 9,630 00 
 
 1,276 59 
 
 ^2,038 65 
 1,651 07 
 
 $187,480 58 
 24,213 06 
 
 $211,693 64 
 
Publisher s Department. 
 
 WM. WHITLOCK, Publisher. 
 
 For the benefit of our advertisers and in order to ensure a reading of their adver- 
 tisements, we devote every other page, or half the space in this department, to reading 
 matter of the mosfattractive nature, thereby making this department one of the most 
 interesting in the book. 
 
 No advertisements will be received later than December ist of each year, and 
 those received by November 1st are assured a reading notice among Items of Interest, 
 or in other portions of the Annual. 
 
 For advertising space and preferred positions in the Annual for 1887 application 
 should be made at office of publication, 37-39 West 22d Street, New York City. 
 
 ADVERTISING RATES. 
 
 Outside Cover Page, ....... $100.00 
 
 iMside Cover Pages, ........ 80.00 
 
 Ordinary Pages, ........ 50.00 
 
 INDEX TO ADVERTISEMENTS. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 A. B. Shipley & Son 187 
 
 Bail & Long ... 181 
 
 Boston & Savannah S. S. Co 4th p. cover 
 
 Chas. W. Campbell, Jr 185 
 
 Disston Land Companies ^th p. cover 
 
 English Colony of Sumter Co lyj 
 
 Hotel San Marco t^8 
 
 J. M. Lee 8 
 
 London, Liverpool and CJlobe . .2d p. rover 
 
 Magnolia Hotel 2d p. cover 
 
 Mallory S. S. Co 3d p covei' 
 
 Maplewood Hotel 178 
 
 Runnymede School of Agriculture . . * 187 
 
 Silk Farming . .. ^ 183 
 
 St. Mark's Hotel 183 
 
 Thos. Cook & Son 187 
 
 Warner W. S l8q 
 
1,78 
 
 A di urtist'i/i I ni:> . 
 
 TXHTI^IEIH! 0-^eE.u^T lES: O OT ::H] Xj s . 
 
 HOTEL SAN MARCO, 
 
 Srp. AUGUSJIIINB, PLOI^IDA. 
 
 The San Marco, just completed, is the largest and most elegant hotel in Florida. 
 It is surrounded by forty acres of grounds, has accommodations for 600 guests, and is 
 fitted with every modern convenience and sanitary appliance. It is supplied with the 
 purest water and has most thorough drainage. 
 
 Terms, $4.50 per day. Special rates for the Season.. 
 
 Address i 0. D. SEAVEY, MANAGER. 
 
 MAGNOLIA HOTEL, 
 
 ST. JOHNS r^IVBI^. 
 
 The Magnolia is the finest and most imposing building along the entire length ot 
 the St. Johns River. It is situated at Magnolia, 28 miles south of Jacksonville, and its 
 location is one of the most healthful and Isest drained in thj State. The grounds em- 
 brace 400 acres pine and orange groves, besides a larg. garden, from which vegetables, 
 strawberries and other fruits are constantly supplied. 
 
 Terms, $4-.50 per day. Special rates for the Season. 
 
 Address: 0. D. SEAVET, MANAGER, MAGNOL IA, CLAY CO., FLORIDA. 
 
 THE MAPLEWOOD, 
 
 BETHLEHEM, NEW HAMPSHII^E. 
 
 The Maplewood, the Palace Hotel of the \Vliite Mountains, has accommodatiQns 
 for 500 guests, and ranks as one of the finest summer hotels in the country. 
 
 Terms, $4-.50 per day. Special rates for the Season. 
 Address; 0. D. SEAVEY, MANAGER, MAPLEWOOD, GR4FT0IT CO.. KEW HAMPSHIRE. 
 
Items of Interest. 
 
 ORANGE CULTURE. 
 
 How is land cleared ? 
 
 Cut down trees, sell the saw logs if near a mill, burn out roots and all refuse, 
 and your land is cleared ready for the plow. If a non-resident has to hire this 
 done, upon heavily wooded land it will cost him from $25 to $30 an acre. 
 
 How many acres should a settler of limited means purchase ? 
 
 Five or ten acies of grove is all that a man of moderate means and ambition 
 has any business with ; it is all he can take care of. If he has only .$2,000, it 
 would be well for him to buy ten acres and set one-half out to grove and raise 
 small fruit and vegetables, if land is suitable, on the other half until his grove 
 gets into bearing. 
 
 How many orange trees are set out to the acre? 
 
 There is a great difTerence of opinion among orange growers ; the extremes 
 being 50 and 100. Groves set out with trees 30 feet apart have 50 to the acre ; 
 25 feet apart give 65 to the acre ; 20 feet apart, about 90 to the acre, and 18 feet 
 apart give about 100 to the acre. As the trees grow old they naturally need more 
 room for their tops and roots. The largest showing in a fe^v years, are from the 
 orchards with trees close together. In the long run, however, the opposite course 
 will secure the best results. Tweniy-hve feet apart is considered a desirable 
 compromise between the two extremes. 
 
 How old should orange trees be when they are set out? 
 
 Three to four years. If sour stock is used it should be budded with sweet 
 varieties when two years old, and set out when four years old. 
 
 How large are the nursery oiange trees when set out? 
 
 About one inch in diameter near the ground. Experiments have been made 
 with comparatively large trees, when a bearing grove was desired in a very short 
 time, but it requires extreme care, is expensive, and often fails. 
 
 / want to avoid hard manual labor, such as we have to do on a fann north.. 
 Can I get a living while an orange grove is growing, and at what kind of labor ? 
 
 This is a question often asked, and difficult to answer, as it depends entirely 
 on circumstances. There is always a demand for skilled labor, such as that of 
 the carpenter, and of unskilled labor in the clearing of other's land and the culti- 
 vation of the groves of non-residents. It would be safer, however, to depend upon 
 the raising of pineapples, strawberries, cabbages, etc., etc., which can be sent to 
 New York in January, and sold at fancy prices. The man, however, who desires 
 to "avoid manual labor " should invest in the New Jerusalem, as it is doubtful 
 whether he can be suited in Florida. 
 
 Hozv soon should orange trees begin to bear after being set out? 
 
 Supposing the stock to be four years old when transplanted, the budded trees 
 will begin to bear a little in three years, and the seedlings in four or five years, 
 
i8o Items of I Hi crest. 
 
 but this depends largely upon soil and fertilizing, etc., etc. After they begin to 
 bear it will take two or three years longerWor them to be old enough to yield a 
 paying crop. 
 
 IVIiat do yoti mean by a paying crop / 
 
 So that it will pay for its own care and something besides. When a grove is 
 four years old its trees ought to average loo oranges each, and these are worth 
 nearly one cent each on the trees. 
 
 If a tree tliat lias been planted four years ought to Inar too oranges, loliat 
 should be tJie reasonable expectation of annual increase where best of care is 
 given ? 
 
 50 per cent, per annum, or s:iy 
 
 At 4 years too oranges 
 
 " 5 " 150 
 
 " 6 " 225 
 
 " 7 " 338 
 
 " 8 " 500 
 
 " 9 " -. 750 
 
 " 10 " 1125 
 
 What 7voutd be the net value of a crop of oranges from a 20 year old grove pef 
 acre ? 
 
 If the trees are set out 25 feet apart, the 65 trees, with say 4,000'oranges to the 
 tree (an under estimate), would make 260,000 to the acre, which at f of a cent 
 each, would make the crop worth $1,050. The probabilities would be that it 
 would be worth nearer $2,500. This income would therefore be ten per cent, 
 upon a value of twenty or twenty-five thousand dollars per acre ; and this, in one 
 sense, is what the grove is really worth per acre when it is 20 years old. 
 
 Can the orange tree become too old to be profitable ' 
 
 A five-year-old grove begins to be profitable. A ten-year-old grove is very 
 valuable ; while one 20 or 25 years old is as good as a gold mine. Trees 50 years 
 old bear from 8,000 to 10.000 oranges each, and a five-acre grove of such trees 
 would give an income that would make its owner an aristocrat. [Why didn't 
 your father go to Florida and set out a five-acre grove 40 or 50 years ago ? Your 
 sons' father could do it yet. — Ed.] Harriet Beecher Stowe's grove is about 
 45 years old and is one of the oldest in Florida ; but in southern Europe trees are 
 growing which are over 200 years old. 
 
 What are some of the best records made by orange trees ? 
 
 From 3,000 to 10,000 oranges upon a single tree. A tree 12 or 15 years old, 
 which has had ^^(?^ care, should yield 3,000 oranges. A tree 20 or_25 years old 
 should have 5,000 oranges, while the trees that bear 8,000 or 10,000 are 40 or 
 50 years old. 
 
 Could one make an orange grove in five rears so that it luould be profitable ? 
 
 Mr. O. N. Hull has 160 acres of grove at De Land, Fla., and it is reported that 
 in January and February of 1886 he expects to pick over 10,000 boxes of oranges. 
 A part of this grove has been set out four years, and a part five years. It is all 
 located upon high pine lands. 
 
 What cotild a nonresident get for his oranges on the trees, the purchaser to do 
 his own picking and marketing ^ 
 
 About J of a cent each on the average. It is estimated that one can buy land 
 at $50 an acre, and raise oranges and sell them at [ of a cent each on the trees 
 and ilien make 20^0 on the investment. 
 
A dvcrl iscments. 1 8 E 
 
 LEROY D. BALL 
 
 ►iJAND^^ 
 
 RICHARD a LONG, 
 
 OF TALLAHASSEE, FLORIDA, 
 
 have had a number of Old Plantations placed in their 
 hands to be sold. 
 
 These plantations are located on rolling clay lands, 
 embracing hills, valleys, plateaus and meadows. They 
 are generally cleared, and are especially suited to 
 
 STOCK RAISING 
 
 in connection with fruit o-rowinof and general farming. 
 
 Prices range from $7 to $10 per acre for tracts of 1,000, 
 2,000 or 4,000 acres, lying from 6 to i5 miles from Talla- 
 hassee. For small sized farms, nearer to town, prices range 
 from $2 5 to $30 per acre. 
 
 Letters addressed to Messrs. Ball and Lono- Talla- 
 hassee, Florida, will receive prompt attention, and if 2 5 
 cents in stamps are sent, the writer will receive in return a 
 copy of a pamphlet descriptive of Leon County, Florida^ 
 published by the Leon County Farmer's Club. 
 
i82 Ilcuis of Interest. 
 
 Is there much difference in different yeats in the size of orange crops, i. c, are 
 there '''off" years, as there are with apple f'^ 
 
 No! it is the remarkable characteristic of orange culture that when the orange 
 trees once begin bearing, the yield is a reliable crop each )-ear. 
 
 IIo7i' are oranges shipped safely by rail from Floiida, cohere the mercury is in 
 the go'j, to the North, ivhere it may be below zero? 
 
 By the use of refrigerator cars, especially arranged for the purpose. In these 
 cars, by properly combining ice to insure cold, with hay to insure warmth, and 
 with agents scattered along the route at difTerent points to insure care, every 
 danger is overcome, and fruit is delivered at northern points in zero weather in 
 perfect order. 
 
 Hoiv can a small orange gro7cer market his fruit? 
 
 Through the agency of the Florida Fruit Exchange at Jacksonville, Fla., a 
 company of leading orange growers who have combined to protect their interests 
 in the forwarding and sale of their fruit. Their agent at Jacksonville has daily 
 telegraphic reports of state of market at all business centers, and ships all con- 
 signments to him, in the light of information thus received, to the agents of the 
 Exchange in northern cities, who sell and report, and proceeds are promptly 
 remitted. Small growers' chances are as good as large under this system. 
 
 What is the dura/ion of the orange shipping season ? 
 
 From November ist to April ist, but December, January and Februarv' are 
 the busiest of the season. 
 
 Are oranges picked while green, so that they ivill ripen while being ti-ans- 
 ported ? 
 
 No ; the orange is not so perishable as the apple. The orange picked from 
 the tree is no riper or better than the orange on the fruit-stall in the North. 
 Occasionally a grower becomes anxious to realize on his crop, and picks his 
 oranges too soon. 
 
 Do oranges have to be picked as soon as they are ripe ? 
 
 No ; an orange that is entirely dead ripe in December will hang on the tree 
 until March, and is ready at any time to be picked and shipped. It is not good 
 for the next crop to leave them on the trees after they begin blossoming in 
 March. 
 
 Are sour oranges of any use / 
 
 Every resident leaves a few of his sour (natural stock) trees unbudded, as a 
 few sour oranges are desirable for orangeade and inarmalade — the fruit is hand- 
 somer and larger than the sweet orange, and a few of these trees are often left 
 about the houses for ornament. Very little, if any, of the sour natural fruit is sent 
 north by any responsible shipper. 
 
 /dow can I get Florida oranges frotn my local fruit dealer ? 
 
 Demand them ! You should remember, however, that the demand is in excess 
 of the supply, and immense quantities of foreign oranges are sold as " Floridas " 
 after the Florida crop has been exhausted. 
 
 / ha-iC frequently seen wagon loads of small sour Floiida oranges huckstered 
 abotit the streets at very cheap rates, but which were dear at any price. 
 
 There is not one chance in a thousand that they were Florida oranges at all. 
 The huckster was probably lying, that is all ! Instead of being prejudiced against 
 Florida fruit by this deception, however, the wise man will reflect that, if the repu- 
 
Advertisements. 1 83 
 
 St. Mark's Hotel, 
 
 (Opposite Post Office), 
 
 JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA. 
 
 CONVENIENT TO ALL THE 
 
 St. John's River Steamboats. 
 
 Take Street Cars at Railroad Depots. 
 Rate, $2.50 to $3.00. 
 
 SILK FARMING 
 
 Mrs. SLLSU CiLLL ZdOUG. 
 
 The most complete manual on silk culture ever published, has lately 
 been issued, under the above title, by Mrs. Ellen Call Long, of 
 Tallahassee, Florida. If the beginner would learn how to make 
 
 SILK FARMING PROFITABLE 
 
 he should procure this fascinating little book, study its precepts, and 
 follow its rules. Price, per 1^000 Copies, $100. Price, per Single 
 Copy, 25 Cents. Address, 
 
 Mrs. ELLEN CALL LONG, Tallahassee, Fla. 
 
184 Itctns of Interest. 
 
 tation of fruii from Florida is so high, the only way to sell inferior fruit is to call 
 it Florida fruit. The fraud is really a compliment to this State. 
 
 How can I prevent myself being "sold" by Iiaving itifcrior oranges palmed off" 
 on me for Floridas ? 
 
 Purchase only from a reliable dealer if you cannot judge for yourself, and do 
 not think you are being swindled when he asks more for the Floridas than for 
 those from Louisiana or for the imported varieties. The Florida orange culture 
 is as yet in its infancy and cannot supply the demand. Any one who has eaten 
 a good specimen of our fruit will not afterwards take any other. 
 
 / am a A^orthern dealer and am troubled by ha7niig my oranges frozen ; ho-v can 
 I remedy the difficulty? 
 
 Oranges shipped in the hulls of steamers to New York City cannot freeze. 
 Those forwarded bj' express from New York are reasonably sure of a safe and 
 unfrosted journey. If an orange becomes frozen it should be put in <:<?/(/ water or 
 a cold room until the frost comes out. 
 
 What time of the year should I expect to find the best Flonda oranges on sale 
 in the N'orth? 
 
 In February and March and possibly April. The longer they hang on the 
 trees the sweeter they grow, and the late picked oranges will be found much 
 sweeter than those picked in November, December and January. 
 
 Are the larger oranges better than the smaller? 
 
 The medium sizes are generally the choicest, as the largest are apt to be coarse 
 flavored, and the smallest ones do not secure enough of the sun (from their posi- 
 tion on the trees) to fully mature in size. Probably the very sweetest orange that 
 is marketed is the rusty coated and rather ill-looking orange, which might be con- 
 sidered inferior by an amateur. 
 
 Ho7V can I tell a S7veet orange when I see it? 
 
 The skin is smoother and thinner, and they should he much heavier, the weight 
 being evidence of juice. There is much difference among sweet oranges; those 
 from young trees are not as sweet as those from old trees ; those picked in 
 November and December are not as sweet as if ihey were allowed to hang on the 
 trees until February and March. Unlike the apple, they will not drop when ripe, 
 but hang on the trees awaiting the time when the grower thinks he can obtain the 
 best prices, and all the time they are growing sweeter in the sun. 
 
 Occasionally one comes across an orange that does not scetn to have a/ry juice 
 and is almost dry. What is the trouble with it? 
 
 It may be because it is from a grove in the northern portion of Florida or some 
 other State where it has been slightly touched by frost. Frost will make the juice 
 leave the fruit and go back to the tree and stay there. It is more probable, how- 
 ever, if it is a Florida orange, that it is from a grove where the owner has not 
 given the grove any fertilizer to eat. The success of such an experiment is very 
 much like that of tiie man who tried to get along without feeding his horse. There 
 are frauds of this kind even in Florida (we confess it with tears), but one such 
 experiment is generally enough for the grower, as he finds that such fruit does 
 not sell. The wav to detect these oranges is to " heft" them in your hands ; pick 
 out the thin-skinned heavy fruit and you will be all right. 
 
 Are there many varieties of sweet oranges? 
 
 Yes, over 30. To most of the tourists "an orange is an orange," and they 
 pass an opinion, upon oranges in general, with about the same accuracy that a 
 southern man would who should describe all apples as being like a Russet that 
 
Advertisements. 185 
 
 IMPORTANT TO INVESTORS 
 
 CHAS. W. CAIVLRBKL Jr., 
 
 Surveyor & Inspector of Lands, 
 Union Block, - - - Oeala, Fla. 
 
 Will furnish reliable "iusidc" information concerning the lands and properties 
 
 of the following companies : 
 FLORIDA RAILWAY AND NAVIGATION CO. 
 
 FLORIDA LAND AND IMPROVEMENT CO. (Disston purchase.) 
 FLORIDA LAND AND MORTGAGE CO. (Reed purchase.) 
 FLORIDA LAND AND IMPROVEMET CO.. of New Jerse 
 (Lands of Donnell, Lawson & Simpson.) 
 MARION LAND AND IMPROVEMENT CO. 
 (New England Colony at Belleview.) 
 HOMOSASSA COMPANY. (In Hernando County.) 
 Such information being based upon personal inspection and surveys, I make 
 choice selections from above lands for those desiring to invest, guaranteeing the 
 quality to be as represented. 
 
 Will accept commissions to examine and report upon any piece of property in 
 East and South Florida. 
 
 BARGAINS FOR CASH IN MARION COUNTY. 
 Good, high rolling Pine Lands, distant 1 to 3 miles from the towns of Belle- 
 view, Candler, Whitesville and Lake Weir, each of which is a thriving and grow- 
 ing community, having churches, schools, post-office, stores, railroad and 
 telegraph. In shoil distance of famous Lake Weir, Boating and Fishing. 
 
 No need to go into backwoods for cheap lands, as these lands are sold in 40 
 acre tracts at the low price of $4 to $6 an acre. Terim rmh, <>r instalments. 
 
 Map of MARION CO. and List of Great Bargains 
 
 will be mailed free on application with stamp from Wio^a living out of the State. 
 
 To persons applying at my office these maps are sold at the rate of 35 cents 
 each, or $3 per dozen. 
 
 Agent in Ocalafor lands of FLORIDA RAILWAY & NAVIGATION CO. 
 $1.50 to $8 an acre — cash or instalments— which is beyond all doubt the most superior 
 Public Land Grants ov Piirnhase in Florida. 
 
 MARION LAND AND IMPROVEMENT CO. 
 
 Superior Hammock and Pine fjunds in small tracts. Residence and Business 
 Lots in the wonderful new town of iielleview, which I claim has the Best Lands, 
 Best Tributary Country, Best Material Growth, Best Solid Promise for the 
 Future of any interior town of its age in Florida. 
 
 CHAS. W. CAMPBELL JR, C. E., 
 
 Greneral Land Agent, 
 Union Block, - _ _ OCALA, FLA. 
 
 All Kinds of Land Surveying and Mapping Promptly 
 
 Executed and by Contract. 
 
 Returns property for assessment and pays taxes for non residents. All kinds of 
 
 Florida Property Bouu-ht and Sold on Commission. 
 
1 86 Items of Interest. 
 
 he had just eaten. Some of the best varieties are Mag^num Bonum, Homasassa, 
 Stark's Favorite, St. Michaels, Belle, OM Vini, Navel, Seedless and Maltese 
 Blood. Let the "honest doubter" get a heavy, medium sized, thin-skinned Mag- 
 num Bonum orange which has been picked from an old tree in February, and he 
 would not exchange it for a peck of the best imported fruit. 
 
 What are Mandarin and Tangerine oranges? 
 
 The stock of the former was brought from China, and the latter from Tangiers, 
 Africa. They thrive in Florida, and the fruit is shipped very early in the fall, as it 
 matures before other varieties. The trees are very small, and the fruit is corres- 
 pondingly small. They are called "kid glove" oranges, as a lady can eat one 
 without removing or soiling her gloves. The skin is loose, and is easily removed. 
 and the sections of the orange almost fall apart, so loosely do they grow. They 
 bring a very high price. 
 
 Is it as profitable to raise lemons as oranges ? 
 
 Some people think so. They are more tender, and grow on a smaller tree than 
 the orange, hence do not have so large a yield ; but it is possible to secure tioo 
 crops a year (the orange has but one crop), and the culture of lemons is increasing 
 from year to year. The Florida lemon has to compete directly with those imported 
 from Sicily, and are on the same grade as to quality, while the Florida orange is 
 vastly better than those imported. 
 
 Is there any difference betzveen the northern part and center of tJie State in rais- 
 ing oranges ? 
 
 If you visit Florida to investigate orange culture, you will have to go south of 
 Palatka to see if at its best. 
 
 What propot tion of the State of Florida is adapted to orange ctiU.jire ? 
 
 Probably one-quarter of the entire State is wholly worthless by being under 
 water ; then the northern part of the State is not sufficiently secure from frost to 
 make it a safe investment. (J)nly a portion of what remains, or probably not more 
 than one tenth of the State, could be said to be adapted to the raising of oranges. 
 Published statistics of the State show that of the 59.000 square miles in the State, 
 over half, or 31,000 square miles, are '"low lands." Land must be high enough 
 so that the roots of the orange tree will not reach down into standing water, if 
 fruit is desired. Trees will grow all over the State, but fruit will not mature 
 except where the conditions are right. 
 
 Why cannot they raise as good oranges in Southern Europe as you do in 
 Florida ? 
 
 It is probably due to the difference in climate. Whatever the reason is, the 
 difference in the fruit is very decided. One of the best evidences of the superior- 
 ity of the Florida orange is that dealers frequently try to sell foreign fruit by 
 calling it Florida. In Europe they are now budding into their trees the varieties 
 they have obtained from us. 
 
 /;/ 7vhat respect is the Florida orange h.ltcr than those imported from Spain oi' 
 Sicily ? 
 
 Try them and see. Be sure to get a good specimen of each. — Emporia ( Fla.J 
 Gazette. 
 
Advertisements. 187 
 
 THOS. COOK & SON, 
 
 ■» TOURIST AND EXCURSION AGENTSf 
 
 (ESTABLISHED 1S41.) 
 
 OHiPK- oirpir>p<5i26l BROADWAY, NEW YORK. 
 CHItl- <->^FH-Ei>. j LUDGATE CIRCUS, LONDON. 
 
 JACKSONVILLE, FLA., 69 WEST BAY STREET. 
 
 TOURIST TICKETS for the Single Journey or Round T-iip for Individual Travelers to and from 
 
 all parts of 
 
 Including the St. John's River, St. Augustine, Palatka. Sanford, Entepnse, Tampa, The Ocklawaha 
 
 River, The Indian River, 
 
 TO KEY WEST, HAVANA, NEW ORLEANS, MEXICO, Etc., Etc., 
 
 BY THE i;kst li.vf.s fop. 
 
 Staterooms and Sleeping Cab Berths Reserved. 
 
 Full Programmes with Maps and all NucEssAitv Information sent Free on Applioatiox. 
 
 Passage Tickets by all chief Lines of Ocean Steamers, 
 
 Tickets Issled to all parts of the Globe. 
 
 THOS. COOK & SON, 
 
 69 West Bay Street, Jacksonville, Fla. 201 BROADWAY, NEW YORK 
 
 THE PHILADELPHIA FISHING TACKLE HOUSE. 
 
 MANUFACTURERS OF FINE FISHING TACKLE OF EVERY DESCRIPTION. 
 Tackle for Fishing in Florida Waters a Specialty. 
 Our celebrated Bethabara Wood Rods are stronger than Split Bamboo, and as tough and elastic as 
 tempered steel. _ 
 
 A. B. SHIPLEY & SON, 
 
 503 Commerce Street, Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
 66|]Pages catalogue price list will be sent by mail. 
 
 All communications to be addressed to the Superintendent of the Model Farm 
 Runnymede, Kissimmee, Florida. 
 
 -^tcRUNHYMEDE SCHOOL OF AGRICULTURE 3|k- 
 
 NEAR KISSIMMEE, FLORIDA, U. S. A. 
 
 Subjects Taught: — The Management of Horses, Cattle, Sheep, Pigs, Bees 
 and Poultry ; Orange Growing, Sugar Planting, Truck Farming, Carpentering, 
 Cooking, etc, P'or fullest particulars apply to the Secretary. Address as above. 
 
188 
 
 Items of Interest. 
 
 DISTANCE TABLES. 
 
 {Via Mallory Steatn-ships. 
 
 New York to Fernandina. Miles. 
 
 L H. Barnegat 
 
 L. H. Absecom 
 
 L. H. Five Fathom Bank 
 L. H. Fenwick Island.. . 
 L. S. Winter QnaitLT.. . . 
 
 L. H. Body Island 
 
 L. H. Hatteras 
 
 L. H. Cape I.ookout. . . . 
 L. S. Frying-Pan Shoals. 
 L. H. Cape Roman 
 
 
 60 
 
 27 
 
 87 
 
 35 
 
 122 
 
 29 
 29 
 
 151 
 
 180 
 
 130 
 
 38 
 64 
 
 310 
 348 
 412 
 
 90 
 80 
 
 502 
 
 582 
 
 New York 10 Fernandina, Miles. 
 
 L. H. Charleston - . 
 
 34 
 
 6 
 
 47 
 
 20 
 16 
 14 
 
 78 
 7 
 
 6t6 
 
 City of Charleston up 
 harbor 
 
 the 
 
 622 
 
 S. B. Port Roval 
 
 663 
 
 683 
 679 
 093 
 
 757 
 764 
 
 City of Port Royal up 
 harbor 
 
 the 
 
 L. H. Tvbee Island 
 
 Cit}' of Savannah up river .... 
 L. H. Fernandina 
 
 City of Fernandina 
 
 {Via South Florida R.R.) 
 
 Sanford to Tampa. 
 
 Miles. 
 
 S. & I. R. Junction 
 
 Belair.. . .'. 
 
 Crystal Lake ... . 
 
 Bents 
 
 Soldier Creek. . . . 
 
 Longwood 
 
 Altamonte 
 
 Mayo 
 
 Maitland 
 
 Winter Park 
 
 Wilcox 
 
 Orlando 
 
 Eight Oaks 
 
 Troy 
 
 Gatlin 
 
 Reynolds' Mill. . . 
 
 Pine Castle 
 
 Big Cypress 
 
 McKinnon 
 
 Kissimniee 
 
 Campbells 
 
 Lake Locke 
 
 Emmaton 
 
 Davenport 
 
 3 
 4 
 5 
 7 
 9 
 12 
 
 14 
 15 
 17 
 20 
 22 
 23 
 24 
 25 
 26 
 
 27 
 29 
 
 34 
 40 
 
 44 
 
 52 
 54 
 
 57 
 
 Sanford to Tampa. 
 
 Miles. 
 
 Haines City 
 
 Bartow Junction. 
 
 Auburndale 
 
 Fitzhughs 
 
 Acton 
 
 Lakeland 
 
 South End Y. . . . 
 
 Plant City 
 
 Cork 
 
 Sparknian 
 
 Seliher 
 
 Mango 
 
 Orienta 
 
 East Cove 
 
 Tampa 
 
 6r 
 68 
 
 72 
 
 77 
 
 '.8 
 u o 
 >'3 
 
 ir9 
 I II 
 
 115 
 
 Bartow Branch. 
 
 Mll.HS. 
 
 Bartow junction. 
 Winter 1 Inven. . . 
 Gordon'^ville 
 Bartow . . . . . 
 
 5 
 12 
 17 
 
Items of Interest. 
 
 DISTANCE TKSLY.^.— Concluded. 
 
 ( Via Indian RiTcr. ) 
 From Titusville to Miles. Lake Worth Inlet to 
 
 City Point 
 
 ■Mocritt 
 
 Corea 
 
 Rock Ledge 
 
 *Georgiana 
 
 *Tropic 
 
 Eau Gallie 
 
 Melbourne . . 
 
 Malabar . . . . 
 
 Micco 
 
 Sebastian 
 
 ^Narrows P. O. [Sta. No. i, 
 
 4 miles S.j 
 
 St. Lucie 
 
 Eden 
 
 Waveland [Station No. 2,opp] 
 
 Jupiter 
 
 Lake Worth Inlet 
 
 Lake Worth P. O 
 
 Miles. 1 
 
 
 14 
 
 3 
 
 17 
 
 2 
 
 19 
 
 I 
 
 20 
 
 5 
 
 25 
 
 8 
 
 33 
 
 2 
 
 35 
 
 4 
 
 39 
 
 b 
 
 45 
 
 8 
 
 53 
 
 7 
 
 6o 
 
 6 
 
 66 
 
 14 
 
 8o 
 
 i6 
 
 96 
 
 5 
 
 102 
 
 i6 
 
 118 
 
 12 
 
 130 
 
 4 
 
 134 
 
 Miles. 
 
 House of Refuge No. 3 
 
 Hillsboro' Inlet 
 
 House of Refug-e No. 4 
 
 New River Inlet 
 
 House of Refuge No. 5 
 
 Narrows (Nonows'j Cut [Mi 
 
 ami opp.] 
 
 Bears (or Beaus') Cut 
 
 Cape Florida 
 
 Soldier Key 
 
 Elliott's Key 
 
 Key Largo 
 
 Newport P. O 
 
 Key West 
 
 30 
 100 
 
 Situated on east side of the river. 
 
 25 
 40 
 
 51 
 57 
 74 
 
 80 
 
 84 
 go 
 
 95 
 103 
 III 
 141 
 
 241 
 
 FROM CANAVERAL LIGHT HOUSE 
 
 (BURN ham's landing) 
 
 North. 
 
 To Head of Banana River 
 
 West Mouth Banana Creek 
 
 Titusville , 
 
 South. 
 
 George's Island 
 
 Dr. Wittfeld's (east landing) . 
 
 South End Merrill's Island 
 
 Total distance from Burnham's Landing to Titusville Wharf via South 
 End Merritt's Island 
 
 9 
 
 20i 
 2S| 
 
 12 
 
 13^^ 
 23 
 
 57S 
 
 Canaver.al Light House is situated in latitude 28° 27' 3797" ; longitude 80" 34' 
 25.03", being directly east of a point 6 miles north of City Point posioffice. 
 
[tcvis of Interest. 
 
 Every specie of fish lias its regular hours for feeding, but bass and pickerel digest 
 their food the soonest, and ai-e therefore almost akvays hungry. A pike or pickerel 
 weighing ten pounds will pull a dead weight of twenty pounds off a level bank when 
 hooked. These same fish have been known to jump at least four feet clear of the 
 surface and to throw themselves from one pond into another. Fish can see at night just 
 as well as a cat. Does a fish ever sleep? He does. If you will watch a gold fish for 
 a day or two you will find hun taking occasional naps. If man could invent some way 
 to get up a race between fishes the result would astonish you. A pickerel is probably 
 one of the swiftest of our fresh water fish. He moves for a short distance so fast that 
 you simply see a flash. Almost every species of fish can see on all sides and behind hijii 
 as well as in front. Their gills are the most delicate filters in the world. Every tooth 
 in the mouth of a fish which preys upon other fish is set in such a way that every at- 
 tempt to escape fastens the victim more firmly. A redhorse or mullet, weighing five 
 pounds, could not take a small apple into its mouth. A pike weighing three pounds 
 could almost swallow a man's fist. When a bass is first hooked, he will run towards 
 you. A sheepshead or dogfish will jump for the surface. A mullet v/i!l dive for the 
 bottom. 
 
 The interesting ruins, to be seen a few miles back of New Smyrna, are not those of 
 old Spanish forts, as many people are led to suppose, but are the remains of ante-bellum 
 sugar mills. This, however, does not deti"act from their picturesqueness. 
 
 The view from the roof of the State capitol at Tallahassee is the finest in Florida. 
 
 That the name "orange" is a favorite one in Florida may be suspected from the 
 following list of places in ihe State bearing the name : Orange County, Orange, Orange 
 City, Orange Lake, Orange Park, Orange Mills, Orange Grove, Orange Tree, Orange 
 Bend, Orange Dale, Orange Heights, Orange Springs — and doubtless there are many 
 more that have not yet reported. 
 
 " \Vliat is the difference between a cabbage and an orange?" 
 
 "I don't know; do you V pleasantly answered the man. 
 
 "You don't? Well, you would be a nice fellow to send after oranges, wouldn't 
 
 you ?" 
 
 Any young Englishman visiting Fruitland Park, in Sumter County, will find him- 
 self in the midst of a charming and congenial circle of fellow countrymen, who have 
 settled there under the guidance of Mr. G. Chetwynd Stapylton. 
 
 Near Lake Land, on the line of the South Florida Railway, there stands an orange 
 tree that, during the past summer, displayed four crops of fruit, all of one season's 
 growtli, hanging from its branches at the same time. The first crop was golden and 
 ripe ; the second green, but full sized ; the third half grown, and the fourth about the 
 size of a musket ball. 
 
 Sportsmen in Florida soon discover that only the most unremitting care will keep 
 their weapons from rusting in the all-pervading dampness. 
 
 It is stated that unimproved orange lands in Italy are worth a thousand dollars per 
 acre, and that the price of orange lands in California is rapidly approaching that figure. 
 
 Maps or tracings of public lands for sale in Florida, as well as lists of such lands, 
 may be procured by application to Chas. A. Choate, Tallahassee, Florida, who will 
 furnish them at reasonable rates. 
 
 Last season's crop of fruit from a nine acre orange grove on the Indian River was 
 di>posed of for $10,000 on the trees. The Spear Grove, near Sanford, thougk only 
 five acres in extent, yields an aimual income of from $15,000 to $20,000. 
 
 In going up the St. Johns, by steamer, 208 landings are passed between Jacksonville 
 and Sanford. 
 
Advertisements. loi 
 
 — ^THE^^s — 
 
 ENGLISH COLONYofSUMTER COUNTY 
 
 -On the FLOKIDA SOUTHERN RAILROAD, between Fiuitland Park and Conant. Lakes and hlgb 
 
 rolling pine lands, health, scenery and society. For Particulars of the Colony and Lands 
 
 in CENTRAL and SOUTHERN FLORIDA, and general information, address. 
 
 STAPYLTON & CO., 
 
 ^■"sDelaSav St.. WESTMINSTER.) GARDENIA, p. O. FRUITLAND PARK, 
 
 Lo^■Do^f, England. ( SUMTER CO., FLORIDA. 
 
 Members of the National Association of Real Estate Dealers of America. 
 A General LAND AGENCY and INVESTMENT Business conducted. 
 
 Properties inspected and reported on in any part of the State. Groves planted and cared for 
 
 A Great Art Journal 
 
 FOR ONE DOLLAR. 
 
 The Art Interchange, with three (3) handsome colored plates, will be sent on 
 trial for three months to any address for above amount. 
 
 The Art Interchange is the handsomest and most practical of any art journal. 
 It offers fortnightly hints on decoration, numerous working patterns of the full 
 size for'art work of all kind of embroidery, painting, wood-carving, repousse or ham- 
 mered_brass-work and a magnificent colored plate in every alternate issue. 
 
 It answers any question in its notes and queries department, and thus anticipates 
 the difficulties of others and at the same time gives innumerable hints and suggestions 
 to art workers. 
 
 Established eight (8) years. 
 
 The acknowledged authority. 
 
 Always independent and ever progressive. 
 
 The cheapest as well as the best. 
 
 Doubling its circulation yearly. 
 
 Price only $3.00 a year. | For six mouths $1.6*5. 
 
 Sample copy sent for only 20 cents with one of the handsome colored 
 platesatid catalogue of art books. Address, 
 
 WM. WHITLOCK, Publisher, 
 
 37 & 39 West 22d Street, New York. 
 
t^n 
 
 A dvertisements. 
 
 *PALMA SOLA, FLORIDA,* 
 
 The Youngest and Largest Town in the State. 
 
 CITY LOTS AT LOW PRICES. 
 
 5)760,000 ACRESs 
 
 In thb most Tropical Pakt of the State, the Property of the 
 
 Fla. Land and Improvement Co.. 
 
 Fla. Southern Railroad Co., 
 
 Fla. Land and Mortgage Co. of London, 
 
 Palraa Sola is provided with a saw mill, planing mill, fine hotel, the largest and 
 best stocked store in the Gulf Coast, and the most extensive fisheries in Florida. It 
 is in daily connection with the Railroad at Tampa, by means of the fine swift steames 
 " Margaret," which makes the 36 mile trip down Tampa Bay in two and a hall 
 hours. Do not leave Florida without seeing Palma Sola, or you will always regret. 
 having done so. 
 
 Prices from $1 .25 to $20.00 Per Acre. 
 
 w, s. \varne:r, 
 
 LOCAL AGENT, 
 
 N£fy YORK OFFICE: Palmo Sofo, Manatee Co., FJorida. 
 
 33 SO. WILLIAM ST., N. Y. CITY. 
 
 Send for Circulars andlPamphlets. 
 
TO FLORIDA 
 
 BY THE 
 
 Mallory Steamship Line, 
 
 Without Change, 
 between 
 
 Nezv York 
 and Fernandina. 
 
 SAIJJN-(r FROM IVEJV YORK, PIER 21, EAST RIVER, 
 
 Every TUESDAY and FRlDAY-30'clock p. m. 
 
 ■STEAMERS arrive at FERNANDINA Tuesday morning, where direct 
 connection -is made with the FERNANDINA and JACKSONVILLE SHORT LINE 
 for TACKSONVILLE and all points on the ST. JOHN'S, OCKLAWAHA, INDIAN 
 and HALIFAX RIVERS, and with FLORIDA RAILWAY AND NAVIGATION 
 CG'S SYSTEM, which reaches nearly every point in the State. 
 
 SAILING FROM FERNANDINA, FLA. 
 
 Every WEDNESDAY and SATURDAY. Evening. 
 
 After arrival 0} Trains from JACKSONVILLE and CEDAR KEYS. 
 
 i;^" PASSENGERS from points on ST. JOHNS RIVER arrive in JACKSON- 
 VILLE on THURSDAY morning, and'take the .MORNING or AFTER- 
 NOON train for FERNANDINA. 
 
 I[^" PASSENGERS landed on STEAMERS' WHARF, and .step at once on board 
 STEAMERS, where DINNER IS SERVED AT 6 P, M. 
 
 IIt^~ BAGGAGE transferred FREE from Boat to Train, at J.ncksonville, and checked 
 through to New York. 
 
 i^=- THROUGH TICKETS, SINGLE or EXCURSION, on sale at all principal 
 points in Florida, also points NORTH and EAST. 
 
 STATE ROOMS secured in advance by all agents of connecting Lines. 
 FREIGHT RATES as low as the lowest. Through Bills of Lading issued. 
 ALL [UST CLAIMS PROMPTLY SETTLED. 
 
 For Rates of Freight and Passage, Maps, Printed Matter and general information, 
 
 apply to 
 
 C. H. MALLORY & CO., Gen'l Agt's. 
 
 Pier 20, East River, N. V. 
 
 ^^ETH SPRAGUE, 
 
 3 Old State House, Boston. 
 A. McMURTRIE, Agent, 
 
 1O4 Walnut St., Philadi-lphia, 
 
 FORCE & WATERBURY, Ag'ts., 
 
 104 Walnut St., Baltimore. 
 
 JOHN RICH, General So. Agent, 
 
 Jacksonville, Fla. 
 R. W. SOUTHWICK, Ageat, 
 
 Fernandina, Fla, 
 
 THE ONLY DIRECT STEAMSHIP LINE. 
 
LIBRftRY OF CONGRESS 
 
 DISSTON LAND COMP..':""^^ 
 
 Florida Land and Improvement Company, 
 
 A. & G. C. C. and Okeechobee Land Co., 
 Kissimee Land Company. 
 
 2.500.000 ACRES CHOICE LANDS, 
 
 For Sale in East and Sbilth Florida, adapted to the Cultivation of Oranges and all 
 kinds*of Tropical Fruits, Sugar-Cane, Rice, Etc. 
 
 PRIC^ $1.25 PER ACRE AND UPWARDS. 
 
 Full Informa^icm and Circulars forwarded on application. Address 
 
 No. 305 WALNUT STREET, 
 '"^^^IH"^^'' \ PHILADELPHIA, PA. 
 
 BOSTON AND SAVANNAH 
 STEAMSHIP COMPANY. 
 
 Direct Weekly Steamship Line between BOSTON and SAVANNAH, and all 
 
 POINTS IN FLORIDA. 
 
 Unsurpassed passenger accommodations at following rates : 
 First-Class Passage, $20. Steerage Passage, $12. 
 
 THE MAGNIFICENT IRON STEAMSHIPS, 
 
 City of Macon and Gate City, 
 
 Will sail alternately every Thursday, at 3 p.m., from Nickerson's Wharf, Congress 
 Street, and every Thursday, on tide, from Savannah. 
 
 Insurance effected by this Company at J^ of i per cent. 
 
 Through Rates of Passage and Freight to all points in Florida and the South. 
 
 For Freight or Passage apply in Boston to 
 
 WM. H. RING, Nickerson's Wharf, or 
 A. De W. SAMPSON, 201 Washington Street, Agent, or to 
 
 RICHARDSON & BARNARD, Savannah, Ga. 
 
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 
 
 014 499 036 5 •