.■it'!mwnrn>.i.M,if.ii iiiig- — ^^ |P 526 S37 Copy 1 SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY OF THE STATE OF INDIANA TO ACCOMPANY COLTON'S COMMON SGllOOL- CEOGR API}^ WITH AN ENTIRELY NEW MAP OF THE STATE ENGRAVED EXPRESSLY FOR THIS BOOK. SHELDON AND COMPANY, NEW YORK AND CHICAGO. COPYRIGHT, 1883, BY SHELDOM if CO. Xongituae "IVost S5 fium Gnt-mvich INDIANA ScuIl' of Miles 6 10 -M 30 10 State Capita] INDIANAPOLIS i-i Principal places ~ thus_„ Evansvllle Other large Cities & Towns do Madison County Towns -- Decatur Peru© Bailroads Canals Loiiyil.iKie ^Vpst 9 from \\^isliington yjsl-d-O'.Jinffr'sTf.T. INDIANA. INDIA]N^A. MAP QUESTIONS. PosiTiox. — Give the latitude and longitude of Indiana. Bound the State. What large lake in the north-west? What river sepa- rates Indiana from Kentucky ? Surface. — Describe the surface of Southern, Central, and Northern Indiana. Which part is broken and hilly? Which part is generally level ? Which part prairie ? EiVERS AND Lakes. — What large river bounds Indiana on the south? What river flows into the Oliio River in the south-east part of Indiana ? What river flows into the Miami ? What large river runs across Indiana from east to west and then flows south into the Ohio Eiver ? What river empties into the Wabash near its mouth ? What river flows through the north-west part of the State ? What river flows from Michigan into Indiana and back again into Michigan ? What river is formed l)y the junction of the St. Joseph's and St. Mary's at Port Wayne ? Into what State and what large lake does the Maumee River flow ? Describe the Kankakee River. Where is the Calumet River? What two forks form the White Eiver ? What large lake touches the north- west part of Indiana ? What portion of the State has many small lakes ? Counties and Towns. — Which counties are drained by the Ohio Rivei- ? Which by the Wabash ? Wliich *y the White ? Which by the Whitewater ? Which by the Kankakee? What is the capital of Indiana? In what county is it situated? Name the principal towns on the Ohio River ? On the Wabash ? On the St. Joseph's? In what county do you live? Bound this county? Describe its surface, and draw a map of it. Wliat streams flow through it ? What is the county seat ? Name the other principal towns ? HOW TO DRAW THE MAP OF THE STATE. 1. The length of the State is 376 miles, and its breadth 140 miles; that is, nearly in the ratio of 4 to 2 ("280 to 140). Hence, taking half the width of the State as the side, construct eight equal squares, which will include nearly all the State except what is contained in the half square at the left of the seventh. The location of the points A, B, C, etc., will be obvious from the drawing, 3. After the outline has been drawn, which may be on any scale required, as the relations to the squares will be always the same, the rivers and cities may be laid down. 3. The side of each square representing 70 miles in length, the area of each is 4,900 square miles; and as the State contains a little over seven and three-eighths of these squares, its area must be about 36,400 square miles. Its exact area is 36,350 square miles. Other distances may be ascertained by the scale in square 8. INDIANA INDIANA STATE HOUSE. SUGGESTIONS. The study of Geography should begiu at home. It is good philosophy and good sense to begin with what a child can see and understand, and liy easy steps proceed to what he cannot see and which is therefore more difficult. When a child has studied the geography of his own school dis- trict he has a foundation upon wliich to biiild other geographical knowledge. When he has constructed a map of his own school- room and neighborhood, he can begin to comprehend the map of a county or a state. This study of home geography should be oral, and precede the use of any text-book on the subject. When the use of the book is begun, the chief study should be upon our own country. The time" spent upon the United States should be four times that spent upon all the rest of the world, and the time spent upon our own State should be ten times that spent upon any other State. Hence the necessity for a special State Geography. LESSON I. 1. Locatioti.—\wiSx'&WA is situated between .37° 47' and 41" 46' North Latitude, and between 84° 44' and from Greenwich. C Longitude west 2. boundary. — Indiana is bounded on the north by an east and west line, drawn through a jioint ten miles north of the south- ern extremity of Lake Michigan ; on the east, by a line drawn due north from the mouth of the Great Miami Eiver ; on the south, by tlie low- water mark on the north side of the Ohio Eiver; on the west, by the center of the Wabash River to a point where- a due north line through the town of Vincennes would last touch the shore of the river, and from tliis point due north till it intersects the north line. Note. — It will be noticed ((C) that the above boundary includes a small portion of Lake Michigan, and the N. W. corner of the State is in the lake. (6) Tliat tlie State of Micliisan forms about 15 miles of the eastern boundary, and that the vviudings of the Oliio River make a projection of Switzerland county, the most eastern part of the State, (c) That, contrary to the general rule, the middle of ti.e Ohio River is not the boundary between this State and Kentucky. This is owing to the peculiar wording of the ordinance by which Virginia ceded the N. W. Territory to the United States, which reads, " Tlie, territory nortli-west of the River 0/iio." (d) The line due north from tlie " town of Vincennes " passed through the old Fort located there, and it leaves the river for the last time about 1.50 miles from its mouth. 3. jlrea. — Indiana has an average width of about 150 miles, and an average length of about 350 miles, and an area of 36,350 square miles; making it in size the twenty-ninth State in the INDIANA. Union. Excepting West Virginia, it is the smallest State west of the Alleghany Mountains. 4. Sii7'face. — Indiana is. for the most part, a plain with general inclination toward the south-west. 5. North of the Wabash River, excepting a few sandhills near Michigan City, and a few other slight elevations near water-courses, there extends an unbroken plain, with scarcely a hill to relieve the monotony. 6. The central portion, of the State is generally undulating, with now and then a locality that is somewhat broken. Morgan, Putnam, and Parke counties contain most of this hilly land. 7. The southern part, beginning about thirty miles south of Indianapolis, is more broken. While the most of it is compara- tively level or undulating (at least two-thirds being tillable), there are extensive tracts that are quite broken ; in some localities, hills rise almost to the dignity of mountains. In the vicinity of New Albany, begins a range of hills which extend many miles, and average nearly 500 feet in height, known as " The Knobs. " Most of the counties on the Ohio River are •' knobby." Brown is jjer- haps the most broken inland county. Weed Patch Hill, in tliis county, reaches an elevation of 1,147 feet. Bear Wallow Hill, six miles distant from Weed Patch, is about the same height. 8. The highest ground in Indiana is found about eight miles south-west of Winchester, in Randolph county. Tbis is 1,213 feet al)ove the sea-level, and is not a hill but a table-land. The lowest point is in Posey county (familiarly called "The Pocket"), it being but little more than 300 feet above sea-level. ELEVATIONS ABOVE THE SEA. Feet, Lake County (average) 700 Strubeu " " 1,040 Switzerland County (average) 750 Posey " " 450 Marion " " 750 Brown " " 950 Randolph " •' (highest in the State) 1,100 Union Depot at Indiansipolis 721 Surface of Lake Michigan 585 Low water in tlie Ohio at New Albany 375 Low water " " Evansville 326 Low water " " the mouth of the Wabash 313 N. W. quarter of State (average) 700 N. E. ■• " " 875 S. E. " " " 780 S W, " '■ " 593 Average for the entire State 735 Questions. — 1. Where is Indiana situated? 3. How is it bounded? 3. What is the average widtli of the State? What is the average lengtli of the State ? What is its area in square miles ? 4, What is the general character of its surface? 5. Wliat north of the Wabash? 6. The central portion? 7. The southi'rn part ? Wliich counties contain most of the hilly land? Where are " The Knobs "? What is their average height? 8. Where is the highest ground in Indiana ? Where is the lowest point ? What is the average elevation above the sea of the whole State? What county has the greatest elevation ? Which the next greatest ? LESSON II. RIVERS. 1. The rivers of the State belong principally to the Mississippi system. Only about one-ninth of the State is drained by the Lake or St. Lawrence system. 2. The Ohio Siyer, which forms the southern boundary for the distance of 380 miles, is the principal river. Thirteen counties border itpon it, and eleven county-towns are located upon its banks. The Ohio is navigable its entire length, except for about two miles between Jeffersouville and New Albany. At this point occur a series of rapids, known as the " Falls of the Ohio," the entire descent being 22 feet. During high water, boats pass over these falls without danger ; but, during ordinary stages, navigation is carried on through a canal on the Kentucky side. This canal is furnished with locks, and admits boats of all sizes and at all stages of the water. Before the era of railroads, the Ohio River furnished the State its chief outlet for trade and travel. The Ohio valley, including that of the Whitewater, comprises about 5,500 square miles. 3. The WabasJi is the second river in size and importance. With its tributaries, it drains about three-fourths of the State. It has its rise in Ohio, not far from the Indiana line, and takes a gen- eral westerly course across the State till it reaches Williamsport in Warren county. From this point it flows in a southerly direction. Its entire length is abast 660 mihs.- During high water small boats have ascended as far as Logansport, but the river is legally navigable only to LaFayette. The principal Ijarriers to navigation are the rapids at Mt. Carmel, 91 miles from the mouth of the river and one mile from the mouth of White River. Here occurs a descent of 8 feet in less than 1,000 feet. Boats can pass this point only in times of high water. The government appropi-iations for the improvement of the river have been used in removing sand- bars and other minor obstructions, and the river below Mt. Carmel is extensively navigated. Ohio River boats run to New Harmon}'. Aliove the fall, boats run regularly as far as Terre Haute. An ap- propriation sufficient to build a canal around the falls at Mt. Car- mel has been asked of Congress, but not yet secured. 4. jyhife Siiver, next in importance and size, empties into the Wabash, 90 miles from its mouth. Its valley contains about 9,000 square miles. Forty miles from its mouth it divides into two main branches, the East and the West Forks. It is ntivigable 53 miles to Edwardsport on the West Fork, and 60 miles to Portersville on the East Fork. The West Fork, on which Indianapolis is situ- ated, has its rise near the Ohio line, not very far from the source of the Wabash. The East Fork, the upper part of which is called Blue River, has its rise in the east central part of the State. The other principal tributaries of the Wabash are the Salamonie, Mis- sissinewa, Eel, and Tippecanoe rivers. 5. yVhiteit'ater 3iiver, upon which Richmond is situated, has its rise in the eastern part of the State, flows south, and empties into the Great Miami River, near its mouth. 6. T/ie Ji^a7ikakee Sirer, which drains a small district in the north-west part of the State, rises near South Bend, and finds its COMMON SCHOOL GEOGEAPHY. way to the Mississippi through the Illinois Eiyer. It makes in its course not less than 3.000 bends. Its length in the State is about 200 miles, but a direct line from its source to tlie point wlicre it leaves the State measures 75 miles. Its fall is only 3 inches to the mile. It is bordered by a low plain, varying in width from one to 20 miles, averaging 10 miles. This valley is, for the most i)art, an unreclaimed marsh, nearly destitute of timber. The number of acres in the marshes of the Kankakee and its tributary that can be made productive by straightening and deepening the channel, and thus securing proper drainage, is estimated at 400,000. This work will, doubtless, be done at no distant day. THE RIVERS THAT BELONG TO THE ST. LAWRENCE SYSTEM. 7. 2'/ie St. J^osej)h^s, which has its rise in Michigan, makes a "south bend"' into Indiana, returns to Michigan, and empties into Lake Michigan. Its chief Indiana tributary is the Elkhart Eiver. 8. 2'he ^taumee, which is for^ied by the junction of the St. Josejoh's and St. Mary's at Fort Wayne, flows through Ohio to Lake Erie. 9. The Calumet, which drains Lake and Porter counties, is of importance because of the width and depth of its mouth, which forms a good harbor. It admits large lake boats, and smaller boats may ascend two or three miles. Questions ■ — 1. To what system do the rivers of tlie State principally belong? What portion of the State is drained by the St. Lawrence system? 3. What river forms flie southern boundary of the State ? How many of the counties of Indiana border on this river ? How many county towns are located on its banks ? Where are the " Falls of the Ohio "? 3. Which is the second most imiwrtant river of the State? What . portion of the State does it drain ? What is its general course through the State? What are the principal barriers to the navigation of the Wabash River? 4. What river is next in importance and size? What can you say of this river? 5. What can you say of the Whitewater River? 6. About the Kankakee? 7. 8. 9. Name and describe three of the rivers which belong to the St. Lawrence system. LESSON III. LAKES. 1. Lake M^ictiiffati, which forms nearly one-third of the northern boundary line, is the only lake of commercial importance. The harbor at Michigan City is gaining importance year by year. The government began the improvement of this harbor as early as 1836, but all permanent improvement has been made within the past ten years. It affords a retreat for vessels in the southern part of the lake in time of storm. The " outer harbor," shielded by piers, is intended specially for this protection; the "inner harbor," used chiefly for commerce, is formed by the improvement of Trail Creek, which flows into the lake at this point. To prevent sands from forming a bar at the mouth of the creek, piers have been extended more than '2\ miles into the lake. This insignificant stream has been opened to the width of 1.50 feet and to the depth of 16 feet for a distance of at least 1^ miles, and the work is yet incomplete. It affords room for 75 large vessels to load and un- load at the same time. Fifteen years ago, 180 small vessels landed each year. In 1883, 800 large lake boats entered the harbor. In 1870, the lumber trade amounted to 16,000,000 feet. In 1882, " " " " 200.000,000 feet. This trade is becoming immense, and affects the Chicago markets. 3. ITutidreds of s matt takes dot the northern part of the State, as many as 50 being found in each of several counties. While most of these arc small and of little importance, many of them are becoming popular jilaces of resort in summer. The most noted are Lake Miixinkuckce, in Marshall county ; Sylvan Lake, at Rome City, in Noble county; Turkey Lake, in Kosciusko county. English Luke, which is simply an expansion of the Kan- kakee River, is the largest of these inland lakes. Many of them cover an area of from two to five square miles. All of them abound in fish, and most of them are the resort of wild ducks. While many of them have considerable depth, most of them are quite shallow. Beaver Lake, in Newton county, which formerly covered nearly an entire congressional townshii), has been drained into the Kankakee Eiver, and most of its former bed is now susceptible of cultivation. Many smaller lakes have entirely disappeared within the memory of men now living ; and the indications are that, iu the course of time, many more will give place to rich arable tields. SPRINGS. 3. The West fiaden and French Lick mineral springs in Orange county, the chalybeate springs near Greencastle, the Trinity and Indian springs in Martin county, and Wilson spring in Harrison county, are the most noted spri?iffs iu the State. NATURAL CURIOSITIES. 4. yfva?idotte Cave, in Crawford county, is one of the most wonderful caves in the world. Nest to Mammoth Cave, it is the largest on this continent. Its galleries have been explored a distance of twenty-two miles, and the grandeur of its chambers is not surpassed anywhere. "Mammoth Hall" is 350 feet long and 340 feet high, and contains Monument Mountain, which rises to the height of 175 feet. "Beauty's Bower," another chamber, has its walls studded with gypsum rosettes as white as snow, and is well worthy its name. 5. Jiiff Sock, in Martin county, is a huge rock, 43 feet high, and surmounted by a cap called the ''stopper." 0. Zost Siver, a tributary of the East Fork of White Eiver, is remarkable for the fact that it is lost underground, for about eight miles of its course, in Orange county. Questions.— 1. Wliat can you say of Lake Michigan ? How large was the lumber trade in 1870 ? In 1882? 2. What can you say of the smaller lakes of the State ? What has become of some of these lakes ? 3. Name the most noted springs in the State. 4. Describe Wyandotte Cave. 5. Jug Rock. 6. Lost River. lbsso:n^ IV. SOIL. 1. The soit of Indiana is of great variety, being composed of the elements contained in all the geological strata. Each variety of soil is specially adapted to certain forms of vegetation ; hence the great variety of products. The river and creek bottoms are especially fertile. Posey county has ]iroduced 180 bushels of corn to the acre ; Vermilion county has produced 64.7 bushels of wheat and 110 bushels of oats to the acre. Other sections show almost INDIANA. equal results. Except souic of the most broken sections of the soiitli, and some of the sandy barrens and dunes of the north-west, and a comjjaratively small area of swamp land, all can be profit- ably cultivated. Perhaps no other state in the Union contains so small a per cent of waste land. 2. jyfat's/ies . — The niarslies of the Kankakee and its tribu- taries, amounting to 400,000 acres ; the marshes of Allen and Huntington counties, approximating 25,000 acres; the "Cypi'ess Swamps," covering 15,000 acres, and " Monitour's Pond," embracing (.1,000 acres, both in Knox county, while comparatively useless now, will, in time, by drainage, become the richest lands in the State. cal purposes ; but in the near future it will be used as a fertilizer of the soil, and then its full value will be appreciated. 5. Cement. — Cement that meets all the requirements of the market, is prepared from native beds in Clark county. It is uf good quality, and is generally sold as Louisville Cement, though made in Indiana. "Portland Cement," not equaled by the best European brands, is made from the clays and chalks at South Bend. Large beds, yet unworked, are found in Harrison county. 0. KaoltH . — The best of kaolin is found in Lawrence county. It is clear and white, and the ware made from it ecjuals the genu- ine china. It is shipped to other States. Large beds of it, j'et PtTRDDE UNIVERSITY, LA FAYETTE, IND. 3. GrayeL— This is so plentiful as not to attract attention. It is found in large quantities in almost every county in the State. The roads of a country in all ages have been a key to the civilization of that country : civilization makes the roads, and roads advance the civilization. Other countries make their roads for the most part of broken stone, but nature has specially favored Indiana by importing, by means of the great " ice age," ready for use, with- out charge, the best material known. No other state can build so largo a number of roads in all its parts, for so little money, as Indiana. This is a great, but as yet little recognized, source of wealth. 4. Lime.~T\\Q eastern, central, and northern drift regions are underlaid with limestone that richly repays the labor of cal- cining. All limestone will yield lime when burned, but the above- named sections are especially rich. The lime of the upper Wab:ish, in Central and Southern Indiana, is the best in the world. It is ex- ported in large quantities. At present, it is used only for mechani- undeveloped, have been found in Harrison county, and small quantities in other counties. 7. Clay. — Ordinary brick clay is found throughout the State, and clays of peculiar quality and special value are found in many localities. A clay of ruddy fixed color is found at Dcli^hi. Fire clay is found throughout the coal region. Bricks made from it arc not affected by fire, and are used in building furnaces, fire- grates, and other structures subjected to intense heat. The time is not far in the future when this fire-clay will be used for window and door frames, roofs, cornices, etc., thus adding to the perma- nence and indestructibility of buildings. The supply is inex- haustible, and the futni'c will prove it a great source of wealth. 8. The ^iicatisfic 2ite lyorks of Indianapolis produce tiles of unsurpassed beauty and excellence, all from Indiana clays. These tiles are used for ornamental flooring, hearths, mantels, arches, etc. They are made in a great variety of colors from the COMMON SCHOOL GEOGEAPHY. native clays, without foreign coloring matter. These are the most extensive works of the kind in this country. 9. Gas. — A considerable area in Harrison and adjacent coun- ties yields a flow of gas from deep bores. This is produced by the internal heat of the earth, from the Intuminous beds of the Devonian Age. It can be used for illuminating purposes, for driving engines, burning lime, crockery, etc. Its value is not yet appreciated. 10. Sand foi- Glass. — In Clark, Harrison, Madison, and Parke counties have been discovered extensive beds of sand and friable sandstone of great value in the manufacture of glass. A part of it is as white as snow, and of ocean-washed purity. It is used not only in the manufacture of ordinary glass, but in making plate-glass that compares favorably with the best made in the Old World. Questions. — 1. What can you say of the soil of Indiana? 3. What of the marshes? 3. Of the gravi'l of the State? 4. Wliere is the hest lime in the world found? o. Wliat is said of cement? 6. Of kaolin? 7. Of brick clay? 8. Of the " Encaustic Tile Works"? U, Where is gas found? 10. Where sand for glass? LESSON Y. 1. Iro/i Oi'e. — There arc numerous deposits of bog iron ore found in the northern part of the State, inferior ores being found in many places in the coal region. In some localities tiiese depos- its are quite thick, and thougli inferior to the rich ores of Missouri, will prove valuable for mixing with the pure ores, and for making special grades of iron. 2. ¥eat and Turf are found in large rpmntities in some localities in the uorthern part of the State, but owing to the abundance and cheapness of other kinds of fuel have not yet attracted much attention. 3. Coal. — The Indiana coal fields embrace an area of about 7,000 scpiare miles, or more than one-fifth of the entire State. There are twelve seams, varying from the sui-face out-crop to 300 feet below. The average mining depth is about 80 feet. Five of these seams, ranging in thickness from 2^ to 11 feet, can be worked wherever found. The minor surface seams are worked for local purposes. 4. The quality of coal ranges from (food to superior. It is all bituminous and of three well-defined varieties, viz. : coking, non-coking or block coal, and cannel coal. The coking coal can be used for all ordinary domestic purposes. 5. The block or splint coal is the most valuable, and is found in an area of 600 square miles. It is the only coal that can be used for metallurgic purposes. No other can be used in iron furnaces. It is rich in carbon, and remarkably free from sulphur and phos- phorus, and is used in the manufacture of Bessemer steel. Cannel coal is found chiefly in Daviess county, and is of good quality. There are 150 mines in the State, and 5,000 men are employed in them. They produce over 2,000,000 tons yearly. Indiana now ranks sixth as a coal-producing State. A line drawn from the mouth of Blue Kiver at Leavenworth to Spencer, Owen county, and thence through Williamsport to the northern boundary of Warren county, will very closely indicate the eastern boundary of the coal-fields. 6. Suildhiff St07ie. — Indiana abounds in excellent building stone. Sandstone is found in the coal region, and in a few other localities. Limestone in great variety is found in numerous places east of the coal line. The Upper Siluriun stone occurs from the Ohio on the south to the Wabash on the north, taking a wide strip through the central part of the State, and, being found in layers, is in great demand for foundations, piers, abutments, and wherever great strength is required. Tlie Oolitic limestone of Owen, Lawrence, Monroe, Wasliington, Harrison, and Crawford counties is not surpassed as a building stone. It is comparatively soft when first quarried, and can be cut and sawed, but hardens with exposure. Prom this stone have been built the post-office, tlie court-house, and new state-house at Indianapolis, the custom- house at Louisville, etc. The supply is inexhaustible. 7. Scenerj'. — Indiana is too level to be noted for its natural scenery. Grand scenery is always at the exiDense of arability. Nevertheless the State furnishes many pleasing outlooks. Some of the views along the Ohio, and among the " knobs,"' are not sur- passed on this side of the mountains. A point just below New Al- bany commands a view of the cities of New Albany, Jefli'ersonvillc, Portland, and Louisville, Ky., also the Falls of the Ohio, many miles up and down the river, and a magnificent sweep into Ken- tucky. A "Bluff." 300 feet high, at Merom, Ind., the seat of Union Christian College, affords a view not often equaled for beauty. The extensive prairies, with not a tree or hill to interrupt the vision, dotted with farm-houses and villages, and covered with waving grains and grasses of various hues, present a sight that commands admiration. Qdestions. — 1. What can you say about the deposits of ir.in ore ? 3. About peat and turf? 3. How large are the coal fields? 4. Wliat about the varieties of coal? 5. Which is the most vaUuilile ? Where is cannel coal found? How many tons are produced yearly ? 6. What can you state about tlie building stone of Indiana? 7. What can you state about the scenery of the State and some of the most remarkable views? LESSON VI. CLIMATE. 1. The climate of Indiana is temperate and generally health- ful. As in most of the Middle States, sudden changes in tem- perature frequently occur. A change of 42° has been known to take place in twenty-four hours, though so great a change in so short a time is very rare. The government established a signal- sernce station at Indianapolis in 1872, and its records show the following facts : Tempebathke. Amount op Eain- FALL. Year. Highest. Lowest. Average. Most ill any month. Least in any month. Total yearly. 1873 96° —11° 50.8° 10.95 in. 0.80 in. 34.07 in. 1873 9.5° —13° .53.00° 11.28 in. 1.33 in. 53.33 in. 1874 97° — 3° 55.00° 5.79 in. 0.36 in. 43.60 in. 1875 93° —18.5° 50.5° 13.13 in. 1.01 in. 5458 in. 1876 93° —15° 53.30° 7..54 in. 0.90 in. 57..'i3 in. 1877 90° —11° 54.00° 6.21 in. 1.31 in. 39.08 in. 1878 96° —13° 55.40° .5..51 in. 1.33 in. 38.63 in. 1879 96° —33° 53.90° 6.94 in. 1.34 in. 43.88 in. 1880 94° —13° 54.40° 8.48 in. 1.44 in. 50.99 in. 1881 101° — 6° 54.90° 9.35 in. 0.83 in. 48.74 in. 1883 94° —10° 53.80° 9.35 in. 0.73 in. 53.68 in. INDIANA. 2. The difference in temperature between tiie northern and southern part of the State is not far from 8°. This makes a dif- ference of from two to three weeks in the leafing out of trees in the spring, in the time of the first frost in the fall, and in the time of planting and harvesting. The Ohio River seldom freezes over. The northern rivers and lakes are generally frozen for several weeks. Sleighing in the southern part of the State is almost unknown; in the central part it lasts usually but a few days at a time, while in the northern part it lasts for weeks, and occasionally for months. 3. The average rain-fall at Indianapolis is 47 inches. It averages a little more than this in the southern, and a little less in the northern part of the Sf ate. The prevailing winds are from the south-west. In the summer they change more to the south, and in the winter to the west and north-west. 4. Recently signal-service stations have been located in about seventy-five counties of the State, and reports are made by them to the Bureau of Statistics, at Indianapolis. The recent study of weather indications is of vast importance to the country. Its value to sailors and to farmers can hardly be estimated. Already the character of the weather for twenty-four hours can be predicted with a great deal of certainty ; aud, if equal advance is made in the approaching years, the character of the weather for the future week may be told with equal certainty. Questions. — 1. Wliat can you say of the climate of Indiana ? What was the largest amount of rain which fell iu the State for any year from 1872 to 1883? The smallest amount? 2. What is the general difference in tem- jierature between the northern and southern parts of the State? 3. What is the average rain-fall of the State? 4. What can you say of tlie signal-service stations 1 LESSON VII. FORESTS. 1. Originally more tlum three-fourths of the State was covered with a heavy forest. The most valuable of the native trees are the oak, walnut, ash, pojjlar, maple, hickory, and beech. The trees suitable for lumber are rapidly disappearing. About one- fourth of the State is yet covered with forests. 2. :P/'flr//v'(?.— About one-eighth of the State is prairie. This lies in the north-western part of the State. Prairies are found as far south as Vigo county, and as far east as Lagrange county. ANIMALS. .3. The primitive animals of Indiana were buffalo, beaver, bear, elk, and wolf, now extinct in the State ; otter, deer, wild-cat, fox, now very scarce ; raccoon, mink, muskrat, weasel, wild-turkey, wild-duck, wild-geese, prairie-chicken, quail, rabbit, squirrel, ground-hog, etc., still found in great numbers in many localities. Singing birds have increased rather than diminished with civiliza- tion. A great variety of fishes are found in the rivers and lakes. The only poisonous reptiles ever found in the State, the copper- heads and rattle-snake, happily are now nearly extinct. HISTORY. 4. ^•e-ffisfonc — ' ' Mouiid-'Siiildo-s . " — The mounds and old relics found in every part of the State form an interesting study. The stone implements and vessels, together with the skeletons found in the mounds, combine to prove that the " mound- builders" were a much older and more civilized race than the In- dians. This theory is generally accepted. These mounds arc variously arranged with reference to their uses, such as defense, water-supply, signaling, tombs, worship, etc. State Geologist Collett, in one of his reports, says, "All the mounds which have come under my notice are located so as to secure an outlook toward the sunrise, confirming the belief that the fires of the sun- worshipers have blazed upon every mound-capped eminence in the great valley of the continent." 5. These old relics are found in nearly every part of the State. Besides many private collections, a large number of them liavr been placed in the State Museum, of which they form a ver\ interesting part. It may be visited by any one at the State capital 6. J»dians. — When first visited by the white race, this State, in common with the entire Western country, was inhabited by Indians who were without fixed habitations, averse to labor, and delighting only in the chase and in war. Their history consisted wholly of traditions, and did not reach back to any earlier race. Wars and treaties, together with the tread of civilization, have forced most of these red men to the far West. Only a handful out of these nrighty tribes remain on Indiana soil. The last general removal to the country west of the Mississippi took place iu 1846. There remain now in the State about two hundred and sixty Miami Indians, and a few belonging to other tribes, less than three hundred in all. The.se are descendants of chiefs of tribes, and were allowed to remain on account of their distinguished ancestry. They are located as follows : About seventy in Miami, Grant, and_ Wabash counties eacii, and the remainder in Tippecanoe, Allen, and Huntington counties. Since 1880 they have drawn no annui- ties from the government. At that time the last payment on the Miami Reservation became due, and was paid. Each member of the Miami tribe received S69.5.86. At least one-half of these Indians own real estate. Many of them are indolent and shiftless. The men vote, and the children attend the public schools. The Indians found in Indiana were of the great Algonquin tribe, and most of them belonged to the Miami confederacy. 7. T/ie .Yort/i- If est Territory. — The territory now known as Indiana, originally occupied by the Indians, was claimed by France from the time of the discovery of the mouth of the Missis- sippi by La Salle in 1C82 to 1763, when it was ceded by treaty to Great Britain. It was held by England as a part of its colonial possessions from 1763 to the close of the Revolutionary War. It was claimed by Virginia as part of its territory from 1779 till 1784. By the treaty of peace of 1783, and by the deed of cession executed by Virginia in 1784, it became the property of the United States. In 1787. Congress organized "The Territory of the United States, north-west of the River Ohio," embracing what is now included in Ohio, Indiana. Michigan, Wisconsin, and most of that part of Minnesota west of the Mississippi River. The capital of the ter- ritory was Fort Harmar, now Marietta, Ohio, and the governor was General Arthur St. Clair. In 1800, Ohio was set off as an independent territory, and the remainder was organized as the Indiana Territory, with the capital at Vincennes, and General WiUiam Henry Harrison as its governor. 8. In 1805, Michigan was set off as an independent territory. 9. In 1809. Illinois, with the territory beyond, was taken away, leaving Indiana with boundaries nearly as at present. 10 COMMON SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY. 10. In 1811, occurred the battle of Tippecanoe, near La Fayette, the mos*^ important battle ever fought in the State. Li this con- flict General Harrison completely broke the power of the Indians, who were at this time led by the prophet, his brother, Tecumseh. being temporarily absent. 11. In 1813, Thomas Posey was made governor instead of General Harrison. 12. In 1813, the territorial capital was removed from Vincennes to Corydon, in order that it might be located as near as possii)le to the center of population. 13. December 11, 1816, Indiana was admitted into the Union as a State, with a population of 63,897, and Jonathan Jennings as governor. Note. — The entire State was then composed of the following counties: Wavne, Franklin, Dearborn, Switzerland, Clark, Jefferson, Harrison, Wash- ington, Knox, Gibson, Warwick, Posey, and Perry. These counties have been subdivided, until the present number is 93. 14. In ]8'^0, iiy an act of the legislature, a commission was ap- pointed to locate a permanent capital for the State as near as pos- sible to its center. The present site was chosen, June 7 of the same year, and the selection was confirmed by an act of the legis- lature, January 26, 1821, which declared that the new scat of government should be called Indianapolis. 15. In the autumn of 1824, the State records were transferred from Corydon to Indianapolis, in wagons drawn by oxen. Jan- uary 10, 1825, the general assembly met for the first time in the new capital. ' lePi^wTry T^TTMraKaT— Th'e~act^undgr which the North-west Territory was organized permitted slavery within its boundaries under certain restrictions. In 1810, the Indiana territorial legis- lature passed an act abolishing slavery, providing however, that slaves then held should remain in service a certain number of years, determined by age and former legal agreement. At this date, 1810, there were in Indiana 237 slaves ; in 1820, there re- mained 190 ; and when the census was taken in 1840, there were still three. 17. Governors of Indiana.— Territorial.— WiUiam H. Harrison, 1800-1811; John Gibson (acting), 1811-13; Thomas Posey, 1813-16. mate : Jonathan Jennings 1816-23 I Henry S. Lane 1861 . . . WUliam Hendricks 1833-25 James A. Ray 1835-31 Noah Noble 1831-37 David Wallace 1837-40 Samuel Bigger 1840-43 James Whitcomb 1843-48 (Elected U. S. Senator.) Oliver P. Morton 1861-69 Conrad Baker 1869-73 Thomas A. Hendricks 1873-77 James D, Williams 1877-80 (Died in office.) Paris C. Dunning 1848-49 Isaac P. Gray (0 weeks) 1880-81 Joseph A. Wright 1849-57 Albert G. Porter 1881 Ashbel P. Willard 1857-61 TABLE SHOWING GROWTH OF POPULATION. Questions.— 1. How much of Indiana was originally covered with forests? How much is now covered by forests? 3. How much of the State, and what part is prairie ? 8. What can you say of the animals of the State ? 4. What can you say about the " Mound Builders"? 6. What can you say about the Indians in this State ? 7. Give the history of the North- West Territory 'i 10. When was the battle of Tippecanoe fought, and what were its effects ? 13. When was Indiana admitted into the Union as a State? 14. When was Indianapolis selected as the capital of the State? 16, When was slavery abolished in Indiana? What was the rank of Indiana among tlie States of the Union, in population, in 1810 ? In 1880 ? LESSON VIII. EDUCATION. 1. Indiana has one of the best school systems in the United States. It had its foundation in the provision that set apart the sixteenth section of every congressional township in the State for school purposes. 2. Thus the State acquired 576,000 acres of land, 7,240 of which remain unsold. The fund arising from this, added to that from other sources, constitutes Indiana's permanent school fund, which may be increased but never diminished. June 1, 1882, this fund amounted to $9,207,411.51. No other State has so large a per- manent school fund. 3. The Indiana School Sjslem. — Officers : 1. Superintendent of Public Instruction. 2. State Board of Education. 3. County Superintendent. 4. City and Town Trustees. 5. Township Trustees. 6. School Directors. 4. Clauses of Schools : 1. District Schools. 3. Township Graded Schools. 3. Town and City Graded Schools. 5. University System: 1. State University, Bloomington. 3. Purdue University (Industrial), La Fayette. 3. State Normal School, Terre Haute. 6. Charitable and Educational Institutions : 1. School for the Blind, Indianapolis. 2 School for the Deaf and Dumb, Indianapolis. 3. Soldiers' Orphans' Home, Knightstown. 7. Reformatory and Educational: 1. Reform School for Boys, Plainfield. 3. Reform School for Girls, Indianapolis. 8. Special Agencies : 1. County Institutes. 2. Township Institutes. 3. State Teachers' Association (voluntary). 9 The State Superintendent is elected for a term of two years and has general charge of the schools of the State, and also super- vises the school funds and apportions the school revenues. 10 The State Board consists of the Governor, the State Super- intendent, the Presidents of the State University, the State Nor- mal School, and Purdue University, and the Superintendents ot the three largest cities in the State. 11. The Board forms an advisory council of the State Superm- tendent. It issues State certificates, appoints trustees of the State University, commissions high schools to send graduates to the State IN DIANA. 11 University without examiuatiou, and performs otiier duties in tlie interest of the educational work of the State. 12. County Superintendents hold office for two years. They examine teachers, visit and inspect schools, determine appeals from township trustees, receive statistical reports from trustees, make reports to the State Superiutendeut, hold institutes, and act as president of the County Board of Education. 13. City and Town Trustees are appointed for three years by the city or town council, one retiring each year. They levy local taxes, erect school-houses, emjjloy teachers, select text-books, etc. 18. T/ie State JYormal Sc/iool, at Ten-e Haute, established in 1871, is one of the best schools of its class in the United States Its relation to the public schools of the State is vital, and its in flnence is felt ia every county. 19. State Tax. — In addition to the interest on the permanent fund, the State levies a school tax of 16 cents on each SlOO worth of property. Local tax must be levied for erecting and supplying school-houses, and for supplementing the tuition State tax. 30. Counties contribute to the State school revenue according to their wealth, but draw from it in proportion to their school lawrcts'"' INDIANA DNIVEKSITV. 14. Tlie County Board is made up of the township trustees and the presidents of city or town boards and the county superin- tendent. They meet semi-annually, aud may adopt text-books, fix wages, make rules and regulations, adopt courses of study, etc. 15. Township Trustees perform for their respective townships tlie same duties as devolve upon city trustees. IG. Indiana Vniveysity, at Bloomington. was provided for in the Ordinauce of 1787, and in the first constitution of the State. It is a literary institution of high grade, and its government is healthful and vigorous. 17. ■Tuntiie University, located at Li Fayette, is an indus- trial scliDDJ, and is devoted chiefly to the study of agriculture aud the mechanic arts, and the subjects pei'taining to them. It has an endowment of $340,000, the gift of the government. It is named after John Purdue, who gave it $150,000. population. The school age is between 6 and 21 years. The statistics for 1882 show in the State 9,556 school buildings, 708,596 children of school age, and 13,359 teachers. 31. State Superintendents. — The State constitution of 1851 provided for a State Superintendent, and thus gave eificiency to the system. The superintendents, in order of time, are as follows: William C. Larabee, Caleb Mills, Samuel L. Rngg. Miles J. Flet- cher, Samuel K. Hoshour, George W. IIoss, Barnabas C. Hobbs, Jlilton B. Hopkins, Alexander C. Hopkins, James H. Smart, John M. Bloss, John W. Holcomb. XoTE. — Larabee, Rugg, Hoss, and Hopkins were each elected to a second term; Smart served three consecutive terms ; Hoshour and A. C.Hopkins were appointed to fill unexpired terms in office ; and Fletcher and M. B. Hopkins died in office. 33. Denominational and private institutions supplement and I greatly aid the work of the public schools. Many of them are of 12 COMMON SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY. high rauk. Of these schools, the followiug may be mentioned : Asbiuy University, Greencastle ; Wabash College, Crawfordsville ; Hanover College, Hanover ; Earliiam College, Richmond ; Butler University, Irvington ; Notre Dame and St. Mary's, Notre Dame ; Franklin College, Franklin ; Union Christian College, Merom ; Hartsville University, Hartsville ; Fort Wayne College, Fort Wayne ; Moore's Hill College, Moore's Hill ; De Pauw Female College, Nen- Albany ; Northern Indiana Normal School and Business Institute. Valparaiso; the Central Normal and Business Institute, at Ladoga ; Central Normal and Business Institute, at Danville ; Southern Normal, at Mitchell ; Spiceland Academy, Spiceland ; Rose Polytechnic Institute, Terra Haute. Questions. — 1. Is the school system of Indiana a fjood one 1 How much ofthelandin every congressional district is set apart for school ]iurposes? 2. How much land has the State thus acquired? How large was the school fund in June, 18y2? 3. What ofBcers does the school system emhrace? 4. How many classes of schools are there? 5. 6. 7. 8. Name the colleges, normal school, and charitable institutions of the State system. 19. How large is the State tax fur educational purposes? 23. What can you say of the denominational and private scliools and colleges of the State? LESSON IX. GOVERNMENT. 1. 'Y\\^ first COiistttiif ion of Indiana was framed in June, 1816. The constitution by which the State is now governed was formed by a convention elected for the purpose in 1851. It divides the government into three departments — legislative, executive, and judicial. 3. The Legislative consists of a senate of fifty memljers, elected by the people for four years ; and a house of I'cpresentatives of one hundred members, elected by the people for two years. These bodies, jointly, are called the " Legislature." They make all the laws, and elect United States senators. The regular sessions of the legislature begin on the Thursday following the first Monday in January of the odd years. In cases of emergency, the Governor may call extra sessions. 3. T/ie .Executive . — The chief executive officer is the Gov- ernor, elected by the people for four years. He must be over thii'ty years of age, and five years a citizen of the United States. 4. A Lieutenant-Governor is elected for four years. His chief duty is to preside over the senate. He becomes Governor in case of the death or resignation of the Governor. 5. The other executive State officers are a Secretary, an Auditor, a Treasurer, an Attorney-General, and a Superintendent of Public Instruction. 6. The county officers are three commissioners, a Clerk of the court, Auditor, Recorder, Treasurer, Sheriff, Surveyor, Coroner, and County Superintendent of Schools. 7. Township officers are: Justices of the Peace, Constables, As- sessor, Trustee, Superintendent of highways. 8. City and Toicn officers are Mayor, Council, Clerk, Treasurer, Assessor, Marshal, Police, School-trustees, and other minor officers appointed by the council. 9. The Judicial power is vested in a supreme court, composed of five judges, elected for six years ; thirty-idne circuit courts, one judge for each, elected for six years ; and superior courts in a few of the larger cities. It is the duty of these courts to interpret and enforce the laws. 10. Indiana is represented in Congress by two senators, elected for six years, and thirteen representatives, elected for two years. AGRICULTURE. 11. While Indiana is rich beyond most of the States in its mineral resources, it is eminently favored as an af/rici/lt/erat State. It is not surpassed in fertility, and produces several of the staples in greater quantity than any other State in proportion to its size. A few of the chief productions for 1882 are as follows: Wheat (bushels) 46,938,643 Corn " 115,699,797 Oats " 19,615,516 Potatoes " 7,300,396 Hay (tons) 1,303,317 Apples (bushels^ 6,986,698 Horses (number) 493,881 Cattle •■ 1,110,623 Hogs ■' 1,655,379 Sheep " 1,093,701 Butter (lbs. 1 36,937,124 Cheese " 833,110 12. Tiie home value of the chief agricultural products in 1882 was about $225,000,000. The value of manufactured products in 1882 was 8167,067,477. TABLE Showing Indiana's ntnnding, as compared withotlier Slates, in staple productions for ISSO. Tlic States are named in tJie order nf their standing. Wheat. Rank. Illinois, Iowa, Minnesota, Indiana. . 4 Corn. Illinois, Iowa, Missouri, Indiana. . . 4 Oats. Illinois, Iowa, New York, Penn- sylvania, Missouri, Wisconsin, Ohio, Indiana 8 Hat. New York, Iowa, Pennsylvania, Il- linois, Ohio, Indiana 6 Horses. Rank. Illinois, Texas, New York, Iowa, Ohio, Indiana Cattle. Texas, Missouri, Iowa, California, Ohio, Indiana 6 Hogs. Illinois, Iowa, Missouri, Indiana. . . 4 Sheep. California, Texas. Ohio, New York. Michigan, Peuusylvania, Mis- souri, Oregon, Illinois, Indiana. . 10 Since Indiana is the twenty-ninth State in area, and every State' named above surpasses it in size, this indicates for the " Hoosier State " a very high rank in this element of progress. Questions.— 1. When was the first constitution of Indiana framed ? When was the present constitution framed ? How does it divide the government ? 3. What can you say of the State Legislature ? 3. 4. 5. What can you say of the Governor? The Lieutenant-Governor? The other State officers? 6. The county officers? 7. Townsliip officers? 8. The city and town offi- cers? 9. The judicial power? 10. How is Indiana represented in Congress? 11. What can you say of Indiana as an agricultural State? How much wheat was raised iu 1882? Corn? Butter? 12. What was the value of the agricul- tural products in 1883? The manufactured products? INDIANA. 13 LESSON X. ROADS. 1. ^a/7roads .—Indiana, in 1882, had within its borders over 5,000 miles of ruih-oads. But few States are so well siijiplied. Of the ninety-two counties in tlie State, all but four are penetrated by at least one railroad. The exceptions are Brown county in the interior, and Ohio, Switzerland, and Perry counties on the river. The geographical position of the State, with the lake on the north and the hill-land on the south, compels all the great trunk- lines from the east to the west to pass through its territory. They greatly facilitate the transportation of State exports. Note. — The Louisville, New Albany aud Chicago road, extending from Jeffersonville to Michigan City, is the longest road entirely within the State. It Is also noted for being the crookedest road in the southern part and the straightest in the northern ; also for having a penitentiary at each end, and having on its line De Pauw College, State University, Asbury University, Wabash College, Purdue University, and near it the Northern Indiana Normal and Business Institute. The oldest raUroad in the State is the one running from Madison to Indianapolis. It was undertaken and partly built by the State. It was chartered in 1835, completed as far as Vernon in 1837, to Columbus in 1845, and to Indianapolis in 1847. 2. Common IRoads. — The two principal roads in the State. and almost the only ones in its early history, are the National Road, running from east to west and pa.ssing through Richmond, Indianapolis, and Terre Haute ; and the Michigan Road, running north and south aud passing through Madison, Greensburg, Shel- byville, Indianapolis, Logansport, and South Bend. 3. Canals. — In the early history of the State, it undertook to carry on an extensive system of " internal improvements." Canals were then believed to be essential to the prosperity of a State; and so about five hundred miles were constructed, fixing a great debt upon the State, all of which is not yet paid. The principal canal built was the Wabash and Erie, starting at Evansville, extend- ing to Terre Haute, and thence following the general course of the Wabash, running to Fort Wayne, and thence following the Maumee to Toledo. This was the longest canal in the United States. Railroads have long since rendered these canals useless ; and they are now only used in short sections for local purposes, and to furnish water-power for manufactures. 4. S/et-yey. —In 1785, the government adopted what is known as the rectangular system of surveying lands ; and with the excep- tion of certain grants in Knox, Clark, and a few other counties, Indiana was surveyed by this system. By this method a base line is established running east and west ; then a prime meridian cross- ing this at right angles is located. At intervals of six miles secondary lines are run parallel to these, and thus the territory is cut into squares six miles on a side. These squares are called congressional toiunships. 5. The base line and prime meridian from which Indiana was surveyed cross in Orange county, about six miles south of Paoli. These tiers of townships are numbered in each direction from these principal lines. The number at a township indicates its distance north or south of the base line ; its ramje shows its dis- tance east or west of the prime meridian. For example, we say Towxi. 7 K, Range 4 E. w A t j j 2 I. 1 o IV III. Eange II. West. I. II. Range III. Ea8t. IV. 1 1 Kate 1 Liiie. 1 1 i 2 Meiidi an. 1 3 4 4> a p.. S. C. Sections. — Each congressional township is divided into sections one mile square, and numbered from 1 to 3G. Each sec- tion may be subdivided into quarters, and these quarters may be further divided into halves. The government goes no further in its subdivisions. A section contains 640 acres, and the least amount the government will sell is 40 acres. Sections are always numbered as indicated in the diagram below. DI.\GH.\M 2. :i 6 5 4 3 2 1 o 7 8 9 10 11 13 ^ 18 17 16 15 14 13 CO c 19 30 31 23 33 34 30 29 38" "27 26 35 E- 31 32 33 34 35 36 1 Eange 4, East. 7. It is very important that every one should know how to locate and describe land. The validity of all deeds depend upon their accuracy in this regard. In the northern part of the State the civil and congressional townships generally coincide, in the southern part of the State they generally do not. Questions. — 1. What can you say of the railroads of the State? 2. Of the common roads? 3. Of the canals? 4. Describe the system under which Indiana was surveyed ? What are the squares called ? 5. Where do the base line and prime meridian cross ? 6. How are the congressional townships sub- divided and marked ? LESSON XI. PRINCIPAL CITIES. 1. Indianapolis is the capital of the State, and is the prin- cipal city. It is situated on the West Fork of White River, and is almost in the exact geographical center of the State. George Page was the first settler, in 1819. The city was originally one mile square, ten blocks each way, with the Governor's circle in u COMMON SCHOOL GEOGKAPHY. the center. The first raih-oad was bitterlj- opposed by some of its leading citizens on the ground that it would carry all the trade to the Ohio River. It now has fourteen railroads, and they are its life. Owing to them, it is the largest city in the United States not on navigable water. 3. Growth. — The following figures indicate its rapid growth : In 1819, 1; in 1826, 763; in 1847, 7,000; in 1850, 8,091 ; in 1860, 18,611 : in 1870, -48,344; in 1880, 75,056. The Marion county court-house, situated at Indianapolis, is one of the finest buildings of the kind m the United States. The new State Capitol is also a magnificent building. Located here are the Woman's State Prison and Girls' Reformatory, the Asylums for the Blind, the Deaf and Dumb, and the Insane. 3. Indianapolis is rapidly becoming a great manufacturing cen- ter, lis jobbing trade is large and increasing. Its first newspaper was printed in 1833; while it now has on ev fifty regular publica- tions. 4. ^ratisv/iie was laid out in 1817, and was named after E. M. Evans, one of its founders. It is called the Crescent City of Indiana, from the fact that the bend of the river on which it is situated forms a crescent. It is the second city, both in size and as a manufacturing and commercial center. 5. J^ort Waj'?ie was originally an Indian village. Genej-al AVayne captured it, and established Fort Wayne there in 1794. It was laid out in 1824. The Wabash and Erie Canal made it the gateway from the Wabash valley to Lake Erie. It is now a great railroad center, and is the metropolis of North-eastern Indiana. T!s location has suggested the name often appli(;d to it, " Summit City." Fort Wayne College is located here. 6. Terre JETaute, the "Prairie City," dates from 1816. Its proximity to the coal fields gives it prominence as a manufacturing city. It is the seat of the State Normal School and of the Rose Polytechnic Institute. 7. JVew Albany dates from 1813. It is located at the foot of the "Falls of the Ohio," and has a large river trade. On the •'Knobs," in its vicinity, are very fine views. Its proximity to Louisville destroys much of its local trade, but its manufactures give it prominence. The De Pauw Plate Glass Works are the most extensive in this country. 8. Z/tt J^ayette, founded in 1835, is on the Wabash, at the Iiead of navigation. The ground on which it stands was originally sold for $300. It has a large grain trade ; its manufacturing interest is large ; and it has seven railroads. It is also the seat of Purdue University. 9. South 'Jiend, situated on the " south bend " of St. Joseph's River, was located in 1831. It is noted for its extensive manufac- turing establishments. The Studebaker Wagon-woi-ks and the Oliver Chill Plow manufactory are the largest of the kind in the world. It is the seat of Notre Dame University. 10. michtnond, laid out in 1811, is in the eastern part of the State, and is noted for its large agricultural works. It was origi- nally called Smithville, and is often called the " Quaker City of the West." It is the seat of Earlham College. 11. Z/OffCDisjJort is at the junction of Eel River with the Wabash. It was named from the Indian chief, Logan. It was laid out in 1838. It is the seat of several important manufactur- ing establishments, and is growing rapidly. 13. Jeffersonville, located in 1803, is opposite Louisville, at the head of the "Falls." It has a large manufacturing interest, car-works, ship-yard, etc. It is the seat of the southern Peni- tentiary. 13. Vinceimes dates its history from 1703, and is the oldest city in the State. Its history involves much of the history of the North-West Territory. A few of the old French houses yet remain. An old brick house, the oldest in the State, erected by General Harrison in 1806, the bricks for which were brought from Marietta, Ohio, by the rivers, is still in good condition and occu- pied. Near it. a tree is pointed out as the one under which Gen- eral Harrison held consultations with the Indians. Old Fort Knox is still pointed out to visitors. Vincennes University is the oldest educational institution in the State. 14. Michiffa7i City, the only lake city, was located in 1831. It is noted for its large lumber and fish trade, and for being the seat of the northern State Prison. Its population in 1880 was 7,358. 15. JEJlMiart dates from 1833. It is situated at the junction of the Elkhart and Christian rivers with the St. Joseph. The city and county took their name from the river, and this takes its name from an island near its mouth, which the Indians fancied resembled an elk's heart. The superior water-power accounts for the extensive manufacturing establishments located here. Its population in 1880 was 6,953. 16. Origin of the 7i>07'd Ifoosier. — Indiana is known throughout the country as the " Hoosier State." The origin of this soubriquet is not certaiVily known ; several theories are given, but the two most probable are these : " In very early times, wlien most of the population of the territory now composing the State of Indiana was on its southern border, Louisville, Ky., was the principal town and place of resort on Saturdays, "muster days," and other public occasions, for all who lived within a reasonable distance on the north bank of the Ohio. A foreigner by the name of Lemenouski, who had been a soldier under Napoleon in the European wars, lectured on these wars in Louisville and also in Indiana ; and in his lectures he spoke in the highest terms of the bravery of the ' hussars,' his foreign accent making the word Iwosar. A 'man named Short, who had heard these lectures in Indiana, and was greatly impressed Ijy the bravery of these hussars, visited Louisville on a public day soon after, and as usual, in com- pany with his associates, drank too freely. Short got into a quar- rel, and affirmed that he was ' half-horse, half-alligator, and 'tother half snapping-turtle,' and clapped the climax by swearing that he was a 'hoosar.' His comrades joined him in a free fight, in which the Indiana crowd were victors, and they returned, claiming, in language more forcible than elegant, that they were regular ' hoo- sars.' After that, when Short and his friends would go to Louis- ville, the Louisvillians would say, •' Here come the hoosars.'' " Gradually this term was applied to all those living on the Indiana side of the river, and the form of the word was changed to ^' Hon.sier." QOESTIONS. — 1. What can you say of Indianapolis? 2. Of its growth? 3. Of its manufactures? 4. What can you say of Evansville? 5. Of Fort Wayne? 6. Of Terre Haute ? 7. Of New Albany ? 8. Of La Fayette ? 9. Of South Bend? 10. Of Richmond ? 11. OfLogansport? 12. Of Jeffersonville? 1.3. Of Vincennes? 14. Of Michigan City? 15. Of Elkhart? 16. Why is Indiana called the " Hoosier State "? INDIANA. 15 STATISTICS. Names of Countiee. |Orgaiiized. Adams 1836 Allen Bartholomew 1823 1821 1840 Blackford 1839 Boone 1831 Brown ... Carroll 1836 1823 Cas.s 1828 Clark 1801 Clav 1825 1830 Crawford 1818 1817 Dearborn Decatur De Kalb 1803 1821 1836 1828 Dubois 1818 Elkhart 1837 Fayette Floyd 1819 1819 Fountain 1825 Franklin Fulton 1811 1836 Gibson 1813 1831 Green Hamilton 1820 1823 Hancock 1828 Harrison 1809 1824 Henry 1822 1844 Huntington 1834 1815 Jasper 1838 Jay 1837 1810 Jennincrs 1816 Johnson 1823 1813 Kosciusko 1836 La Grange Lake 1832 1837 La Porte 1832 Area, Population, f q. miles. 1880. [Poptilatiou Name of County Scat, i of County ) Seat,18S0. 324 638 400 414 180 408 320 378 420 400 360 433 280 423 291 372 346 400 420 407 200 148 400 380 366 449 420 540 400 312 475 390 385 293 384 544 3.50 370 362 375 320 516 .558 384 480 450 15,385 54,766 23,777 11,108 8,021 25,932 10,264 18,347 37,610 38,638 35,853 83,473 13,856 21. .553 26,656 19,779 30.225 22,928 15,991 33.4.54 11,394 34,590 30,338 30,(;93 14,301 32,742 23.618 22,996 24,8119 17,123 31,836 22,975 24,016 19,584 21,80.^ 23,050 9,4!)5 19,282 25,977 16.453 19.537 26,323 26,493 15.630 15.091 30,976 Decatur Fort AVayne. . Columbus. . . Fowler Hartford City. Lebanon Nashville Delphi Logansport. . . Jefferson ville. Brazil Frankfort Leavenworth. Washington. . Lawrenceburg Greensburg. . . Auburn M iiucie Jasper Elkhart Connersville. . New Albany. . Covington. . . . Brookville. . . . Rochester. . . . Princeton Marion Bloom field . . . Noblesville. . . Greenfield. . . . Corydon Danville New Castle. . . Kokomo. ..... Huntingtofi. . . Seymour Rensselaer.. . . Portland Madison Vernon Franklin Vincennes. . . . Warsaw La Grange. . . Crown Point. La Porte 1,905 26,880 4,818 967 1,471 3,633 348 3,040 11,198 9,359 3,441 3,803 716 4,323 4,654 3,138 1,543 5,219 1,039 6,953 3,228 16,423 1,920 1,813 1,869 3,566 3,183 988 2,321 2,013 768 1,598 2,299 4,643 3,863 4,250 912 1,694 8,945 800 3,116 7,680 3,133 1,367 1,709 6.195 STATISTICS (Contimttd). Names of Countie..; .Organized, qmii's. Lawrence.. . . Madison . . . . Marion Marshal). . . . Martin Miami Monroe Montgomery, Morgan Newton Noble Ohio Orange Owen Parke Perry Pike Porter.. . . . . Poscv Pulaski Putnam Randolph .. . Ripley Rush Scott Shelby Spencer. . . . Starke St. Joseph. . Steuben. ... Sullivan.. . . Switzerland Tippecanoe. . Tipton Union V&nderburg. Vermillion.. Vigo Wabash ... Warren Warrick . . Washington Wayne Weils White Whitley . . . , 1818 1833 1821 1836 1820 1834 1818 1833 1822 1857 1836 1844 1816 1819 1821 1815 1817 18S6 1814 1839 1823 1818 1817 1833 1820 1822 1818 1849 1830 1837 1817 1814 1826 1844 • 1821 «^jI818 1824 1818 1835 1828 1818 1813 1810 1837 1834 1843 440 400 430 440 340 384 430 500 450 367 430 90 400 400 440 400 300 400 390 430 486 440 450 410 180 400 390 433 470 314 430 330 500 380 168 216 290 400 420 364 336 540 400 380 500 326 Population, 1880. 18,543 27,531 102,780 23,416 13,475 24,083 15,875 27,316 18,899 8,167 23.207 5,563 14,303 15,901 19,460 16,997 16,384 17,229 20,857 9,)r51 22,502 26,487 21,627 19,238 8,343 25,236 22,132 5,105 33,176 14,644 20,336 13,330 35,966 14,402 7,673 42,183 12.025 45656 35,343 11,497 30,162 18,954 38,614 18,442 13,795 16,941 Name of County Seat. Bedford Anderson Indianapolis Plymouth Shoals Peru Bloomington Crawfordsville. . . Martinsville Kentland Albion Rising Sun Paoli Spencer Rockville Cannelton Petersburg Valparaiso Mount Vernon.. . Winamac Greencastle Winchester . . . . Versailles Rushville Scottsburg Shelbyville Rockport. . . . , , Knox South Bend Angola Sullivan Vevay.. Population oi County Seat, 1880. 2,198 4,126 75,054 2,571 706 5,280 2,756 .5,251 1,943 982 926 1,806 696 1,6.55 1,684 1,834 1.193 4,461 8.730 835 3,644 1,958 455 2,515 454 3,745 2,382 816 13,279 1,280 2,161 1,884 La Fayette > 14,860 Tipton Liberty Evansville , . . Newport Tcrre Haute Wabash Williamsport Boonville Salem Richmond BlufEton Monticello Columbia City 1,2.50 1,096 26,0h„ 3,800 1,350 1,183 1,615 13,743 3,354 1,193 2,244 LIBRftRY OF CONGRESS I 014 751 825 W[r \ UBRARY OF CONGRESS If |((!(|l!i|l!|i!|!i||!ifi 014 751825 Conservation Resources Lig-Free® Type I Ph 8.5, Buffered