iipiPiiliilli^ =^*^-v .. '''^/^^•y "°^*^-'/ ^^/»^\/ % >*■ '%---.f^yj'- 'V=^-\- *^/W^'/ V^'^-'v'^ THE COMMERCIAL HISTORY OF THE SOUTHERN STATES COVERING THE POST-BELLUM PERIOD KENTUCKY EDITED BY A. B. LIPSCOMB Under the direction of the Louisville Commercial Club HISTORICAL RESUME OF KENTUCKY BY Colonel J. STODDARD JOHNSTON PRESS OF JOHN P. MORTON AND COMPANY 1903 THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS, Two Copies Received MAR 26 1903 Copyright tntiy CLASS L,<- XXc, No. ■'' top'^v ^ 1 COPYRIGHTED, I903, BV A. B. LIPSCOMB :ty- U^ DEDICATION TO THE LOYAL CITIZENS OF KENTUCKY EDITOR'S PREFATORY REMARKS T' HE chief end sought by the editor in the pubhcation of a commercial history of the Southern States is to set forth in an unselfish and impartial way the story of what has been accomplished and the many advantages now existing in the South along all the lines of commercial industry. Much has been written concerning Southern manners, Southern hospitality, Southern code of honor, and the indis- putable sovereignty of Southern society. The evolution of the New South from the ashes of the old without the shattering of old ideals has been well noted, and the value of the preservation of those ideals is now recognized even by our Northern friends. But very little, comparativel}-, has been written about the commercial spirit which from the time of its incipiency has pervaded the atmosphere of the New South and led to its industrial development. This surely can not be accounted for by the fact that success in this respect has been meager. The statistics afforded by the recent United States census confirm the statement that not only in agriculture but in the output of Southern mills and factories that growth has not only been highly gratifying, but has in many instances been prodigious. To supply in some small measure this deficiency in our literature is the purpose of this and other volumes. For the sake of accuracy in obtaining detailed information, and unlim- ited space in arranging the matter for publication, it has been decided to issue the history in fifteen volumes consecutively; that is, one State after another, and a volume for each. The work will be historical as well as commercial in its nature. After giving an historical account of the origin of each State repre- sented, it will deal extensively with the commercial advantages offered by the different sections and counties of each State respectively. The fact that Kentucky appears first is partly explained by the fact that the editor is a citizen of this State. To him it is no more than just and expedient that Louisville, the metropolis, the "Gateway to the South " — that vast expanse of territory rich in natural resources, fertile in every VI C O M M E R C I A L H I S T O K Y field and vallej', prolific in her yield of grain and manufactures — should be the first and chief exponent in heralding those riches to the world. When the publication of this work was first proposed, Hon. Henry Watterson, the famous editor and orator, readily consented to write an historical preface for the same, but since that time the press of his regular duties has demanded his entire attention, and he has therefore regretfully given up the task. However, in securing the services of Colonel J. Stod- dard Johnston, the editor feels that he could not have done better any- where. Colonel Johnston has all his life been identified with I\entucky and the South, and has for a long time been recognized as a writer of marked ability, especially on historical subjects. His contribution to this volume we believe will give to it a lasting value, and make it one of which every Iventuckian may feel justly proud. In the descriptive articles dealing commercially with every section of the State, the editor acknowledges the valuable aid rendered by Mr. John J. Gardner, the well-known statistician and editor of the Courier-Journal Almanac. Frequent usage has been made of Colonel I. B. Nail's " Hand- book of Kentucky" and some of the current histories. Correspondence has been conducted with many prominent and representative citizens rela- tive to the advantages offered by their respective counties. Mr. N. R. Harper has furnished information relative to the work being done by the colored people in Kentucky. Letters of endorsement and approval have been received from the governor and many others of more or less prominence throughout the State. For all of these the editor expresses his grateful appreciation, and cherishes the hope that this volume shall fitly describe the glorious deeds of the past and prove an inspiration for the still greater commercial power of our Commonwealth. FULFILLMENT OF PROPHECY If Henry Grady, brilliant apostle of the rehabilitated South, could come back, and were he permitted to address the New England Society along the same lines as those of his famous speech of December 21, 1886, he could choose no better text than that part of the late United States census report dealing primarily with the industrial development of the great and growing South. While to some it would appear as dry reading because of its statistical bulk, he would find in that voluminous document the unmistakable signs of SOUTHERNSTATES Vll the fulfillment of prophecy, and in its array of startling facts there would occur to him a foundation for a still more eloquent address than that deliv- ered sixteen years ago. And if the story of Southern progress as Grady narrated it then was enough to inspire his auditors, for the most part staid representatives of Eastern business circles, bankers, brokers, and merchants of New York City, to a high pitch of enthusiasm, what impression would the recital of the growth and prosperity of the last ten years make ? At that time the orator devoted his remarks primarily to the splendid agricultural growth as manifested by his constituency. He pointed to the soldiers "who stepped from the trenches into the furrows" and descanted on the " fields that ran red with human blood in April and were green with the harvest in June." To-day there would be another story to tell. A few short years have wrought a revolution in our business. King Cotton has been in no sense dethroned; miles of waving wheat and corn still proclaim our agricultural supremacy. But newer and not less important interests have arisen in our history to make void and meaningless that expression, "the prostrate South." The Census Report tells a wonderful tale. It confirms the statement that the South is now a manufacturer on a billion-dollar scale. It shows that the value of the products of the South's factories in igoo was $1,466,669,495, greater by nearly $450,000,000 than the value of the prod- ucts of manufacturers in the United States in 1850. The total for 1900 shows an increase of $549,440,468 over the total of 1890 in the value of the products and of $494,874,237 in the amount of capital invested, which, m 1900, amounted to $1,153,670,097. NEW INDUSTRIES The orator of to-day would, of necessity, expatiate upon the great manufacturing enterprises represented by this immense outlay of capital. He would notice the great lumber interests in Georgia, Alabama, Florida, and nearly all of the Southern States. Almost every State in the Union is now making use of Southern timber, and it is being exported in great quan- tities. He would not fail to observe the fact that our coal and iron are in great demand everywhere, and that our steel finds a ready market in foreign countries. He would not neglect to pay his respects to the various mills, working in wool, cotton, marble, and wood, and taking advantage of the wonderful opportunities that the South has to offer in the development of VIU COMMERCIAL HISTORY raw material. He would note the fact that our rice crop is constantly increasing. Add to this an account of the success of the extensive fertilizer plants, the utilization of the oil found in the remarkable cotton plant, the recent discovery of great phosphate fields in Tennessee, and the fact that the oil wells of Texas and Louisiana threaten to outrival in many respects those of Ohio and Pennsylvania, and we have a long story of uninterrupted success. Without going into any discussion about the fundamental causes that have brought about this splendid growth, or making any lengthy com- parison between the two census reports, that of 1890 and 1900, suffice it to say that the development of the South along almost every line of commer- cial industry has been well-nigh phenomenal. BETTER LEGISLATION With this great change in our pursuits there has been revealed a corre- sponding change in the customs and ideals of the Southern people. Espe- cially is this change in evidence in the making and the forms of our legisla- tion. Verily, the capitalists of both sections have struck hands together, and are a unit on the subject of the South as a profitable field of investment for capital and a Mecca for the workingman. Barriers in the way of trade relations no longer exist between the North and the South. Laws are being enacted with a common end in view since both have their manu- factures which must be protected. The Baltimore Sun, whose editor has made a careful study of present conditions in the South, thus speaks of the wonderful change that has been recently effected: "The South is evidently ceasing to be an exclusivel}' agricultural com- munity, but is acquiring diversified industries, with the new modes of think- ing that such change implies. New ways of looking at things are always evolved by contact with new interests, and new policies pre\ail. New ideas of banks and banking, of money and of standards of value are likel)' to develop when more money is handled and local examples abound. Already the orator begins to lose his preeminence in public life. The lawyer takes on new varieties in the State legislatures, the corporation lawyer helping to curb the fiery zeal of the rustic attorney. The cotton- mill owner, the mine owner, the ironmaker, the lumberman, and the banker and broker find their way more frequently than formerly to the 'halls of legislation' and to State offices. The 'horny-handed farmer' SOUTHERNSTATES IX still predominates to the public advantage, but he gets new ideas from rubbing up against the representatives of new interests. Thus more con- servative views are taken of public questions. Discussion modifies opinions, and rash decisions are avoided. Progress is, therefore, the striking fea- ture in the South at present, in public life as well as in industrial affairs. " THE PRESS AT WORK No one thing is calculated to do greater good in the way of stimulating that progress than a hearty, active interest in the affairs of the South upon the part of the leading daily newspapers of the South and Southwest. A significant fact to be noted is that the principal journals of the North and East have of late been devoting column after cohunn to an appreciation of the peculiar advantages offered by the South to the investor. A great trade journal, in celebrating its twentieth anniversary, has issued an elabo- rate edition, covering several hundred pages, and the writers of the most important articles are residents of the North and East. Outsiders can tell our story, it seems, better than we can tell it ourselves. MANY OBSTACLES AT FIRST When Lord Macaulay, the most broad-minded and versatile of all English historians, looked out upon England and saw the smoke of her thousand factories curling upward, viewed the ever-lengthening miles of rail- roads that were forming even at that early period a network across her lands and adding day by day to her rapidly accumulating gains, these and other substantial proofs of a great industrial era in the progress of his peo- ple brought forth this splendid tribute, paid to the man of industry every- where: "We see in almost every part of the annals of mankind how the industry of individuals struggling up against wars, taxes, famines, mischiev- ous prohibitions, and more mischievous protections, creates faster than gov- ernments can squander and repairs whatever invaders can destroy. We see the wealth of nations increasing and all the arts of life approaching nearer and nearer to perfection in spite of the grossest corruption and the wildest profusion on the part of rulers." Reviewing the industrial growth of the South for the last forty years in the light of this comprehensive statement, we find that its philosophy will apply in part — in part will not. The manufacturer of this section has risen X C O M M E R C I A L H I S T O R 'i' to the prominent place he now occupies in the world of business in the face of many adverse conditions. Verily, he has had to contend with many of the worst obstacles hinted at in this noted appreciation. He began his com- mercial career under inauspicious circumstances, to say the least. Even at so late a period as 1880 he had little promise of obtaining anything more than a mediocre success as a manufacturer. A comparative statement would help us to appreciate the difficulties under which he labored. His brother in the North and Middle West at that time had capital of his own and foreign capital at his command. He was enjoying well-developed rail- road facilities, and had the advantage of experienced managers and skilled operatives in his mills and factories. His success, in a commercial way, has been the result of a hundred j'ears' growth undisturbed. THE EXPERIMENTAL STAGE The manufacturer of the South, on the other hand, was in the begin- ning burdened with heavy debts, and had no means of obtaining credit. His chiefest hope for a means of livelihood was in the soil, but recently ensanguinated with the blood of his countrymen. From the sale of its products alone could he expect capital with which to invest along other lines than agricultural. Providence smiled benignly upon his fields, and having lifted some of his debts, he began manufactur- ing on a small scale. His mills and factories were at the first no more than e.xperiments. These experiments he must needs conduct without the aid of experienced managers or skilled labor, owing to his very limited capital. In most cases, though new at the business, he became his own manager and served an apprenticeship in cooperation with his employes. Railroad facilities were the poorest, and in many cases were not to be had at all. Modern machinery could not be introduced without a tremendous cost. With these and many other obstacles in the way of his progress, he was forced to meet competition of his more fortunate neighbors in the North and East. After all, his experiment has met with unqualified success. The thought of the great though dormant possibilities of his section grew upon him from time to time as he viewed with ever-increasing pride the slow but steady gain that was being made each year. Finally the full value and import of his relative position as to natural advantages and the magnitude of what his future commercial importance SOUTHERN STATES XI might be burst upon him intuitively, and the revelation worked its magic charm. From the ashes left him in 1S64, he has indeed lived to see "a brave and beautiful city" emerge phcenix-like and stretch forth her hands invitingly to the capitalist, great and small, to the home-seeker, to hfm who is "on pleasure bent," and to the workingman. The fiery enthusiasm and redoubled energy which the very prostrate- ness of the South evoked was more than fifty years of experience to him. THE PRESENT STATUS The man of the South is no longer an enigma in the industrial world. From a bare possibility in 1865 he has grown steadily, and of late years with such remarkable gains that to-day, 1903, he finds himself a potent factor in the making and distribution of the world's material wealth, and not, therefore, provincial or sectional, but national in his commercial im- portance. His success, be it known, is no longer an aspiration; it is now an accomplished fact. He no longer dreams of great prosperity; it has come to pass. His fond ambition to be commercially great is no longer a secret locked within his own bosom; the world has heard it, and rejoices with him. Situated in a land whose natural advantages will outrival that of any other corresponding region on the earth, he has learned to employ all the agencies known to man's invention and genius to beautify and per- fect his home, better say his workshop. If once when that land was deso- late, and his eyes were dimmed with tears, and his heart sore with remorse because his cause had been irretrievably lost, the world might have seen in him a supplicant and an object for sympathy (though he himself would never have admitted it), what shall we say of him now — forty years later — with his wounds healed, his eyes bright with expectancy, his heart full with joyous hope, his home restored, his wasted fields covered with plenteous crops of corn, cotton, wheat, and his wide territory crossed and recrossed with railroads that transport the products of his mills and mines and fac- tories, not only to the North and East, but to Europe and all parts of the civilized world — is he not a conqueror and a king .? SOME FAVORABLE CONDITIONS All of this material growth has been attained without the use of artifi- cial methods. The advancement of the Southern manufacturer has been steady and sure. It was due to no unnatural causes. His development XU COM M ERCI AL HISTO RY and ascendency along all the various lines of industry has heen chiefly due to his own efforts. In the spirit of self-reliance and practical knowledge of his own wonderful resources, upon which he has almost entirely depended for success, lies the inherent secret of his splendid achievements. Not until recent years has he found capital or friends to assist him in his mission. It has not been wholly up-hill business. We must concede that the many adverse conditions that have confronted him during this period of time have been offset by a series of favorable conditions not to be found elsewhere. The first of these is found in the fact that he has had at all times the benefit of an abundance of raw material of almost every kind with which to work, and all of which was capable of economical operation. The saving in the cost of importing material was no little one. Prophecy has been made by no less an authority than e.\-Controller James H. Eckels that in less than ten years the greater part of the world's cotton goods will be woven within the States where cotton is grown, and that Southern steel furnaces, within that length of time, will be furnished entirely with South- ern iron ore and heated altogether with Southern coal. Southern men will ship Southern products of every description only in a finished state. C L I M .\ T I C CONDITIONS Climatic conditions must not be overlooked in making a summar_\- of the causes that have contributed wonderfully to the prosperit\- of this favored section. The climate has proved a blessing to all classes, and especially to the numerous workers in the mills and factories. More than this, its winters afford a pleasant retreat for tourists from the rigors of the North, and in its mountain resorts there is relief from the e.\cessive heat felt in large cities during the summer season. With an influx of new capital and the application of modern ideas, the time is coming when the South shall easily rival the East in the way of noted hotels and pleasure resorts. In connection with the climate, it should be observed that this section has a soil with unecjualed possibilities as to the variety and character of its products. In addition to that most suitable for corn and cotton, wheat and tobacco, and other staples, there is a soil adapted for fruit and vegetable growing purposes. The great fertilizer plants, that have been for the last few years shipping large tons of their output to all parts of the world, have not neglected their own section. .A large per cent of their products have SOUTHERN STATES Xlll been distributed over the South itself. This means much for the quantity and quaHty of our garden products. It means that the North and East must in the future look to the South for their choicest fruits and vegetables. A BLESSING TO THE POORER CLASSES The mill owner and the manufacturer in the South has taken advantage of the large per cent of the poorer classes living in this section. He has helped them and they have rendered him honest service. Although the labor has not been of the most skilled sort, it has been abundant. He has suffered but little from strikes. He has opened up, by establishing these numerous enterprises, a means of employment for thousands of mountain people who hitherto had no industry to interest them beyond the acquisi- tion of their simple household needs. He has taught them the value of work. Thousands of negroes who but a few years ago were living in apparent idleness are now regularly at work in Southern coal mines and coke ovens, in phosphate beds and rock quarries, tempted by the sight of the weekly pay-roll. This has been done without any great injury to the farmer, and although it has had the effect of concentrating the greater part of the population of the South into the cities, it has not deteriorated one whit from the importance of agricultural pursuits. The change has been for the social and religious betterment of all classes concerned. But recently there has been a strong movement toward establishing training schools for Southern boys, white and black, where they can acquire a good literary education and get a fair knowledge of the mechanical arts. This can be done only at a considerable outlay of money, but when we consider what the value of it would be to the mill owner and the manufacturer, who represents better than any one else the greatest wealth of this section, and who at this time can well afford to spend some of that wealth, and what a striking improvement it would make in the social and economic conditions of the people, no one will gainsay the right for agitation of this important question. A NEW MAN WITH NEW IDEAS The man of the South to-day is a new figure in the political and indus- trial horizon of the United States. His chief hobby in politics is that which tends toward the further development and progress of his people. He is destined to play no little part in the attainment of this country's commer- XIV C O M M E I^ C I A L HISTORY cial supremacy. It can not be truthfully said that his is precisely the same nature and spirit that characterized the Southerner whose best days were before and immediately after the war. The era of commercialism has not taken away the old-time hospitality from his heart, has not removed the latch-string from his door, nor lost for him the high sense of honor or chiv- alric ideas that were so characteristic of the past. With respect and deference to all the traditions of that past, one must agree that in many respects he is a different man. The Southerner of to-day is no longer content with spending his industrial energies wholly on agricultural pursuits, as did his baronial father and grandfather. They were willing to walk over hidden treasures and leave them undisturbed. He had determined to dig them up and have the world share in his bounty. He has discovered more than any one else perhaps how lavish Dame Nature was in dealing with him, and he has profited much by the discovery. Consequently the picture of the South to-day is quite different from that one presented forty years . ago. Great acres that were covered then with forests are now open fields of waving wheat and corn. The sunny sky has become clouded somewhat with the smoke from numerous factories. The miner and his pick is no unusual sight. The whir of the loom and the buzz of the saw have been mingled with the song of the darkey picking his cotton and plowing his corn. Where there was one industry forty years ago to attract attention, now there is a score or more. For the last ten years the Southerner has gone about his work practically, using advanced methods and persistent energy, and the report of the late census is something beyond the estimate of the most sanguine of the prophets who fort}' years ago dreamed of what his future might be. The man of the South to-day is characterized by broadness in his views and liberality of thought. In his desire for the best legislation he seeks above all things for the public good. His views are expressed without rancor or show of selfishness. He is not overconfident. He is keenly alive to the fact that with all of his growth in the past and his present prosperous condition, he is to-day but laying the foundation for greater things to come. He is sowing seed — his chil- dren shall reap the harvest. Therefore he is desirous that the rights of capital shall be guarded as well as the privileges of the laborer. He is providing well for a necessarily great increase of population in the South within the next few years, and is making room for a larger consumption of home products. He has profited by the experience of other sections, and is trying to avoid the mistakes which were unavoidably made in the earlier history of his industrial growth. SOUTHERN STATES XV HIS CHANCES FOR THE FUTURE What of his future? If the man of the South deals diUgently and prudently with the mighty resources that are laid at his door and of whose enormous value he has just been apprised, what will the next ten years in his history bring forth? It is safe to say that no one is able to appreciate exactly what changes will take place and what growth will be manifested within that time. Young and strong and vigorous, he stands ready to meet the mighty opportunities of the future as fast as they present themselves. He has been educated through a long series of countless struggles and oft-repeated fail- ures, and with ever-increasing strength has learned to fight for his com- mercial supremacy. For his present status in the business world he has no apology to offer. He has done his best, and the odds have not always been in his favor. Weighed in the balance of his past achievements, we think well of his future. He shall, with the electrical impetus offered by this age of machinery and mechanism, push his way forward to his proper place — in the fore of all competing sections. TWO PHASES The historian of that period of the South, from 1850 until now, will, of necessity, discriminate between two phases of Southern life and character. One is a Southerner whose glory was attained in war and whose deeds of chivalry are justly accounted " the bravest ever known." His valor is best attested by the recital of the awful tragedy of the Civil War. The other is a Southerner whose glory was attained in times of peace, and yet it has excited the admiration of the world. He began his work upon a wasted, though beautiful, heritage, and in the mills and factories that he has built and operated, in the railroads that he has constructed, in the beds of stone and coal and iron and phos- phate that he has unearthed, in the mighty fabric of the South itself and the evidences of its enormous growth within a single generation, one may read at its best the story of his undying greatness. KENTUCKY Chaptkr I CIVIL HISTORY ENTUCKY was first organized as a State on the first day of June, 1792, at which date it was admitted into the Union as the fifteenth State. Of none of those which preceded or have followed it is there so much of romance as attached to its settlement. The older of the commonwealths had the advantage of having been founded under the protection of strong governments beyond the seas, with open front to the ocean, and with the Blue Ridge and Aileghanies as barriers against the strong and hostile Indian tribes of the West. With few excep- tions the Indians among or near them were either docile and friendly or too weak to offer serious resistance to the occupation of their territory. The experience of the Virginians with the Powhattan Indians, and the Pequod war in Massachusetts, had little more consequence than to furnish themes for romance on a small scale and illustrations for common-school histories. The only Indians east of the mountains powerful enough for injury were the Iroquois, or Six Nations, of New York, and in the Colonial period they were always friendly or under control of the whites. In the war of the Revolution, it is true, they took sides with the British, but with the e.xcep- tion of the massacre of Wyoming, an incident of war rather than settlement, there were few instances in which the whites suffered from the savage instinct. As regards Kentucky, on the other hand, all the circumstances were different. Its settlement was not the result of an organized coloniza- tion by royal or other patent, but of individual and voluntary migration, the early settlers being chiefly from remote parts of the older commonwealths, and with little or no scheme of co-operation. Besides this they found not only the most warlike and powerful Indian tribes hostile to their purpose. 2 HISTORIC ALSKETCH but in time braved, first, French opposition, and later that of the British combined with the other two. The territory now comprised within the boundaries of Kentucky was originally part of a grant from James I of England, in [606, to the \'^irginia colony, of all the land from the thirty-fourth to the forty-fifth parallels of latitude, and extending back from the coast westwardl}' to the South Sea, as the Pacific was then called, the distance between the two oceans being unknown or only vaguely surmised. It was more than two hundred years after the discovery of America, and more than a century after the settlement of Jamestown, before there was any recorded passage of the Blue Ridge. On the other hand, the French, who founded Quebec in 1608, the year after the English landed at Jamestown, followed the water route of the lakes, discovered the Mississippi, traced it to its mouth, and acquired all west of it, before there was a settler's cabin in the British territory one hundred miles from the coast. They had even penetrated the country watered by the Ohio, propitiated the Indians, and laid claim to all the territory between the Alleghanies and the Mississippi. Such was the condition when Virginians, animated b_\' vague reports from hunters and French e.xplorers of the vast territory, and inspired by the British greed for land, as contradistinguished from that of the French for traffic and the Spanish for gold, began to organize for the possession of part of that domain which they claimed under the original charter. Accordingly, in 1750, Doctor Thomas Walker, representing the Loyal Land Company, and in 1751 Colonel Christopher Gist, representing the Ohio Land Com- pany, of which Lawrence, half-brother of George Washington, was president, made each a trip through the eastern part of Kentucky, with little result other than to keep a journal of each day's journey. They saw no human being in their trips, and were the first white men of record who had traversed the countr}'. In 1769 Daniel Boone, a native of Buck's County, Pennsylvania, who lived on the Yadkin River in North Carolina, accom- panied John Finlay (a hunter and trader, who had told him of the fine country and game) to this country, and in compan\- with John Stewart, Joseph Holden, James Mooney, and William Cool, spent two years in hunting and exploring. After many perilous adventures which only he and his brother. Squire Boone, who joined him later, survived, they returned home. In 1770 Colonel Knox and a party known as the Long Hunters visited that part of Kentucky south of the Kentucky River and spent a year or more in hunting and exploring. In 1773 Captain Thomas Bullitt came to the Falls of the Ohio and surveyed two tracts of land of 2,000 acres S T A T E () F K E N T U C K Y 3 each, covered in part now by the city of Louisville, and in the same year the McAfee brothers, James, George, and Robert, came down the Ohio, and passing up the Kentucky River located lands in what is now Mercer County. In the year following, Hancock Taylor and John Floyd, deputies of William Preston, Surveyor of Fincastle County, Virginia, came down the Ohio, and after surveying large bodies of land near Louisville passed up into the bluegrass region and made extensive locations there. James Harrod and others, also in the same year, visited Kentucky and erected a log cabin at what is now Harrodsburg. Daniel Boone also came with Michael Stoner, bearing a message from Governor Dunmore to the survey- ors to return on account of a rising of the Indians, which culminated in the battle of Point Pleasant and their defeat on the lOth day of October by the Virginians under Colonel Andrew Lewis. In 177.1 and 1774 Simon Kenton had also explored the country about Maysville. It was not, however, until 1775 that any organized movement looking to the settlement of Kentucky was made. In the early spring of 1775 Colonel Richard Henderson, of North Carolina, and a number of associates came to East Tennessee, and on March 17th made a treaty with the Cherokee Indians at Wautauga, whereby for i," 10,000 he purchased from them all the land south of the Kentucky River, estimated at 17,000,000 acres. It was on that occasion that Oconistoto, the Dragging Canoe, one of the signers, remarked to Daniel Boone that he feared his white friends had bought a "dark and bloody ground," or words to that effect, referring to the fact that it had long been the scene of bloody Indian wars, as hunting ground or residence. From this a common belief arose and remains that Kentucke or Kentake, as it was first called, was an Indian word signifying "the dark and bloody ground." The true explanation of it is that Kentake is an Iroquois word, meaning a "meadow" or "grassy land," and that it was applied by the Iroquois when, early in the Seventeenth Century, returning from the conquest of the Cherokees in the South, they passed through that portion of Kentuck}' known as the "Barrens," then a prairie of five or six thousand square miles. They then so designated it, and it was afterward applied to the whole territory. Pending the conclusion of the treaty of Wautauga, the proprietors made preparations to take formal possession of the property, and on the loth day of March Daniel Boone was sent forward with a company of thirty men to blaze the way through Cumberland Gap to the Kentucky River, upon the south bank of which they proposed to build a fort and form a colony. He reached his destination March 22d, but not without having 4 H I S T (1 K I C A I . S K H T C H lost several of his men a few days before, from an Indian attack, in amlnisli. He set to work at once to biiiUi a fort at the mouth of Otter Creek, now m Madison County, and upon the arrival of Colonel Henderson antl his party, on the 14th of .\pril. the fort was nearly completed. Other parties under Benjamin Logan and James Harrod came in about the same time and built forts at St. Asaph's, near Stanford, Lincoln County, and at Harrodsburg. On the 23d of May, pursuant to a call by Colonel Henderson, representatives from these settlements met at Boonesborough as the Legislature of Tran- sylvania Colony, passed laws for its government, provided for the sale of lands to colonists, and adjourned to meet in September. But there was no other meeting. The governor of Virginia, claiming title both under the Colonial grant and a treaty with the Six Nations at Fort Stanwi.x, New York, in 1768, whereby \irginia had purchased all the territory of Kentucky east of the Tennessee, issued a proclamation repudiating Henderson's claim. This was followed by a similar proclamation from the Governor of North Carolina, and the Transylvania Colony ceased to exist as a separate government. Later, Virginia, recognizing the services of the Henderson Company in pro- moting the settlement of Kentucky, granted it two tracts, each twelve miles square, or 200,000 acres, at the mouth of Green River, part of which com- prises Henderson County, and North Carolina also gave to it 200,000 acres in Powell's Valley, Tennessee, then a part of North Carolina. In the fall of 1775 the family of Daniel Boone arrived in Kentucky, his wife being, as he said, "the first white woman who ever stood on the banks of the Kentucky River, "and from that time immigrants began to arrive both through Cumberland Gap and by way of the Ohio River. Of the great hardships and dangers suffered by these sturdy pioneers through the long years of contest with the Indians and their white allies northward for pos- session of the soil, space will not admit detail. The story of the sieges at Boonesborough, Bryant's and other stations, in which they held out in their rude stockaded forts, where the women molded bullets and cared for the wounded while the men fought, the massacres at night, the ambush in the daytime, the settler cultivating his crops with a rifle as a constant com- panion, and the privations inseparable from such life, make up a record of fortitude and heroism unsurpassed in any annals. Heroic figures stand out on the canvas whose names, too numerous to mention, will never die. Historians have overlooked the part played by these pioneers in the Revolutionary War. For, while Washington held the tidewater line facing eastward, George Rogers Clark and the hardy hunters, facing westward, held the line in Kentucky which protected the rear of Washington's army at the STATE OF KEN TUC KV 5 time of its sorest need. Had the assaults on Boonesborough by the Indians and the Canadians, under British instigation, been successful in 1778, and its defenders driven back to the Blue Ridge, as in Braddock's time, there might have been a different result to the unequal contest. They not only prevented this, but by his matchless strategy Clark, without the loss of a man, captured Kaskaskia and Vincennes, disconcerting the enemy and adding an empire to our domain. Nor did the struggle cease in Kentucky and the West, as in the East, with the close of the Revolutionary War. It was not until 1795, when the treaty of peace at Greenville, Ohio, termi- nated the Indian wars, which began before the Declaration of Indepen- dence, that the Kentucky pioneer was freed from the defense of his home and of the northern frontier. Nor was it until the close of the second war with England that he could wholly lay aside his arms. CIVIL ORGANIZATION OF THE STATE As soon as a sufficient number of immigrants had entered Kentucky to suggest a civil organization, its territory, which had formed part of Fin- castle County, Virginia, was, on the 5 th of December, 1776, erected into a county, with its present name, and given two representatives in the legislature. On the ist of November, 1780, the County of Kentucky was divided into three counties : Fayette, embracing the land north of the Kentucky River, Lincoln, that south of the Kentucky and Green rivers, and Jefferson the remainder, each with a colonel, lieutenant-colonel, and surveyor. In 1783 Kentucky was formed into a district, a district court was opened at Harrodsburg, and eight more counties were soon after- ward established. Thus, as population increased, new counties were organized and civil administration e.xtended, and in 1787 a representative in Congress was given to Kentucky as a district of Virginia. But the people of Kentucky early aspired to a separate government, on account of its remoteness from Virginia and because its local interests needed better atten- tion. Spain held the mouth of the Mississippi River, and notwithstanding that under the terms of the treaty of peace in 1783 free navigation of the Mississippi had been guaranteed, she levied heavy export and import duties at New Orleans as tribute upon the trade of Kentucky, of which the Mississippi was the natural outlet, as well as other exactions. Remon- strances and appeals to the parent government were ineffectual on account of the indifference of the commercial States of the East, which controlled 6 n 1 s 1 CI K 1 c A I. s K !■: re h the (."ontinental Congress, and which, i1e;il to tlie appeals of Kciitiuky, were in fa\or of surrendering the Mississippi to tiie control of Spain, and inclined to limit the boundary of the States to the Allei^hany Mountains. In 17S4 the people of Kentucky held a convention to make known their grievances on this score and to secure a separate government. Successive conventions of the same kind were held until \'irginia assentetl to its organization as a State in 1786, but it was not until February, 1791, that Congress gave its consent that it should be admitted as a State on June i, 1792. On the loth of December of that year the tenth convention of the State met at l)an\ille. where the previous ones had been held, and adopted the constitution which went into effect June 1, 1792. (^n the latter day the legislature met at Lexington, and Isaac Shelby, first governor of Kentucky, was inaugurated. On November 1 , 1 792, Frankfort having been in the meantime selected as the permanent capital, the legislature met there, an^^ it has remained the capital since. In 1799 a second constitution was adopted making the governor elective by the people, providing for a lieutenant-governor, and correcting some other objections to the first. Disquietude continueii in Kentucky t)\ er Spain's retention of the con- trol of the Mississippi, even to the verge of threatened hostilities. Cicnet. the French Minister to the United States, presuming upon the amity wliich had existed between the two countries, sought to embroil the latter in the troubles between the new Republic, which he represented, and England, operating not only in his diplomatic relations but by direct appeals to the people. He was, indeed, so violent that ^^'ashington requested his recall, and his successor arrived before he had been here a year. Hut he remained in this country and continued to foment dissension. One form in which this was manifested was in encouraging, in the West, hostile demonstrations against the Spanish possessions. To this end. being seconded by agents sent direct from France to Kentucky, the enlistment of troops was set on foot with a view to wrest from Spain the control of the Mississippi. A strong sympath}- was developed in Kentucky, and General George Rogers Clark accepted a commission as Major-general in the French army. Wash- ington had alread)' issued a proclamation enjoining neutrality and warning the people against enlisting for the purpose of making war upon any gov- ernment with which the United States was at peace. This had the effect of paralyzing Genet's schemes in the East, but in Kentucky, owing to the intensity of feeling against Spain's exercise of exclusive control over the Mississippi River and the prominence of the local leaders, they still had a dangerous \'itality. In anticipation of an expedition down the Ohio a s 'I' A r i; () 1 K i: N T u c K Y 7 Federal force was sent to Fort Massac, Illinois, just below Paducah, and every preparation made to enforce the neutrality laws. But the evidences of a possible conflict were so strong that on the 24th of March, 1794, Washington issued another proclamation, directed especially against the Kentucky movement, in such strong terms that the preparations making for the expedition were suspended and later abandoned. just prior to the issuing of the proclamation, James Innes, Attorney-general of Virginia, had come to Kentucky on a confidential mission to Governor .Shelby, and explained to him that negotiations were pending between Spain anfi the United States in which the latter had made the ultimatum that Spain should limit her claim to the territory on the east bank of the Mississippi to the 31st degree of latitude anfl concede the free and unlimited navigation of the river, with the right of deposit at New Orleans of all American goods free from the control of that power. This intelligence, together with the proc- lamation of the President, put an effectual stop to all further excitement upon the subject, and within the following year Spain signed the treaty making all the concessions enumerated above. Thus, largely through the persistence of the pioneers of Kentucky, maintained v\'ithout abatement for ten years, was secured a right guaranteed by solemn international treaty, but to which the commercial Eastern States had shown an inexcusable indifference. The earnestness with which Kentucky contended for its enforcement aroused the liast to a realization of the importance of the con- tention, and exerted a beneficial influence in promoting the ac(]uisition of Louisiana. Entering upon the Nineteenth Ontury fully organized by its more republican new constitution, Kentucky progressed rapidly in population and general development, finding in New Orleans and along the Mississippi a lucrative market for its productions. In 1811 the first steamboat appeared upon the Ohio, and by the end of the second decade the new invention had ceased to be a novelty. Just preceding and during the War of 18 12 the attention of her people was engrossed by military affairs, and from the battle of Tippecanoe, November 7, 181 1, to the 8th of January, 18 15, at New Orleans, her volunteers were ever to the front. Especially did they bear the brunt of defending the frontier of Indiana and Ohio, as at the battles of the River l-Jaisiti anrl the Thames, where fell the flower of her manhood. In 1818 an important addition was made to the territorial area of Ken- tucky by the purchase from the Chickasaw Indians of that portion of the State which is west of the Tennessee. As stated, Virginia had only 8 H 1 STO K ll A I S K 1 TC M acquired from tlio Six Nations, b\ tin- tro;it\- of l-'ort Sl;in\\i\, in \jbS, tlie territory east of the Tennessee, tlie icin.iiiiini; portion, as also tliat part of reunessee lying between tliat rixer.uul the Mississippi, belonj^inj; to the Chickasaws, who still >i\\i-lt there. In i ,S uS Trosiilent M,ulison .ii'pointeii ex-(unernor Isaac Shelb\, ol Kentucky, and tleneral Andrew Jackson, of Tennessee, coniinissioners to treat with these Indians for the pmchase ot this territory, anvl on the loth of I'tctiibcr, K'>i,S. .i tre.ity was duly signed wluM'ehy the land in question was pnrch.ised, the consideration being the payment of $^^i.X), ocxi, in annual installments of $io,ooo for fifteen \ears. riie kind was afterward surveyed by the United States in townships, sec- tions, and quarter-sections, the only portion of the State thus surveyed. It is unfortunate that this system was not observed as to the rest of the State, since it would have prevented much complication of titles, especially in the moimtaiiis. A I K 1 lU A I P i: K 1 o n With the new century began a critical period in the State's history. l\.entucky's tirst ventures in banking proved very disastrous. In 1802, under the guise of establishing an insurance company for the purpose of insin'ing the cargoes on the OW\o and Mississippi rivers against accident and loss, the legislature had, in elTcci. incorporated a bank. Its name was the Kentucky Insurance Company, into the charter of which was clan- destinely inserted a clause investing it with banking privileges of a danger- ous character. Later it was authorized to issue notes, payable to liearer, equal to its capital, money in its \aults, and real and personal property. .\ fictitious prosperity followed, and in time the natural result, a corres- ponding depression. In i8o(> the old Hank of Kentucky was chartered, coupling the State with its c.ipital stock and credit as a stockholder, with tlie right to name a proportional number of directors. In iSiJ it was forced to suspend specie payments, and in 1S15 the legislature authorized an increase of its capital to $3,000, chx\ with the right of any debtor to replevy his debt for one year if his creditor refused to take his pay in the notes of the suspended bank. This was what is known as the Stay Law, the agitation following which constitutes one of the most stormy periods of Kentucky's history, leading to the formation of a new Court of .Appeals, contending with the old for jurisdiction and precedence, and which for a time threatened to involve the people in a civil war. In iSiS forty more SI A I I-, Ml K KN'l' UC K V 9 banks were chartered, with a capital of $io,cxxj,ooo, notwithstanding that, in 1817, a branch of the United States Hank had been estabh'sfierl in I^ouis- ville and also in I.exin^;ti-35, which experienced an era of great prosperity, notwithstanding the general depression of 1837. The table giving the progress of population lor the several decades of that period shows that in 1S50, notwithstanding the drain Kentucky had suffered in eniigratii>n to newer States and tenitories, she numbered nearly one million souls within her boundaries. llu' Mexi- can War again appealing to the martial spirit of her people, they responded so readily that upon the call of the President for thirty companies, one hundred and five, being seventy-three more than were needed, responded within less than a month, and upon a second call a year later the same spirit was shown. At Monterey and Huena X'ista, and from \ era Cruz to the City of Mexico, they fully sustained the reputation of the State. TH !•: C 1\ 1 1. W .Uv But unforeseen disasters were aheaily brewing for a people w ho had as yet known no domestic discord greater than the excitement of liotly con- tested political campaigns. Parties had risen, ruled, and given way to rival ones, and yet the State progressed peacefully in its social and physical development until in iS6o. There was never within the compass of the Union any State which was in more amicable relation to all its sister States. In Jannary, i860, the Legislature of Kentucky, on invitation of that of Ohio, visited Columbus and received a most cordial welcome, and a few days later that of Tennessee joined those of Ohio and Kentucky in Cincinnati with every incident of cordial hospitality. Suddenly, after the Presidential election of that year, a war-cloud gathered over the land, which in the following spring burst in fury o\er it, and a bloodv line sepa- rated those who had lieen so "lately friends. In such a contest it was evi- dent that the brunt of war would fall upon Kentuck\', unless wise counsel could avert it. Effort was made in that direction, but failed, and it was not long until the admonition of the Cherokee Indian to Boone was realized in all its severity, and Kentucky became in very deed "the dark and bloody ground." Fafnilies were divided, and the hand of brother was against brother — not, indeed, in neighborhood strife, but in the two armies which dyed her soil with their blood. It is not proposed to enter into the details of that dark period of her histor\'. Suffice to say that each, as he saw his duty, followed his convictions and gave good account of himself on the field S T A T E O I- K K N T U C K V II of battle. It is far preferable to (Jwell on the return of peace and the revival of the ties of blood and friendship which once more were cemented as strongly as ever when the war-cloud passed away. The victors were generous, and from the day when General I^ee gave his sword at Appo- mattox to General Grant, who returned it with no more galling terms than that the Confederate soldiers .should return to their homes and remain unmolested until exchanged, all hostility engendered by war has ended. There has been no exchange, and the paroled soldier has lived up to his promise, claiming only to vie with his brother in blue in the battle for the true greatness of Kentucky, and for himself and his children to stand side by side with him and his at Santiago, or wherever the flag of the country needs their services. .And thus through nearly four decades Kentuckians have gone together hand in hand in promoting the happiness and prosperity of their State. That their efforts have been crowned with success is shown by the fact that the population of the State has been doubled since i860, and that in all the elements of development, mental, moral, and physical, she has worthily kept her place in the front rank of her sister States. Chapter IJ p h y s i c a i. description The territor}' embraced within the boundaries of Kentucky is situated between latitude 36° 30' and 39° 6' north, and between longitude 82° 2' and 8q° 40' from Greenwich, or 5° and 12° 38' west from Washington. Its area is given officially by the census of 1900 as 40,000 square miles, but by the State Geological Survey as 41,363 square miles. Prior to the census of 1880 it was given as 37,680, and an accurate topographical survey would probably show its close approximation to 42,000 square miles. Its greatest length is 41 1, and its greatest breadth 175 miles. Its river boundary is 813 miles; by the Mississippi on the west for fifty miles, by the Ohio on the north for 643 miles, and by the Big Sandy River on the northeast for 120 miles. The principal rivers besides these are the Tennessee, Cumberland, Green, Salt, Kentucky, and Licking, affording thorough drainage and a large system of navigation. Its frontage of navigable rivers is the largest of any State in the Union. The lowest portion of the State is that along the Mississippi, which is about 300 feet above sea level at low-water mark of the river, except the alluvial bottom lands. The rise eastward is gradual along the Ohio, attaining a height of 650 feet in the northeastern, but more abrupt in the central and southeastern portions, the elevation at Lex- ington being about 1,150 feet, and becoming more abrupt easterly, until on the extreme eastern borders the Cumberland Mountains attain an elevation of from 2,500 to 3,500 feet. The height of the hills above the valley bot- toms is rarely greater, however, than 700 or 800 feet. GEO LOGY The newest geological formation in the State is that portion west of the Tennessee River, which comprises about 2,500 square miles, chiefly of the quaternary and tertiary formations. Eastward is the gray orsubcarbon- iferous limestone of about 10,000 square miles. It is in this formation that occurs the cavernous limestone in which is found the Mammoth Cave, with its 200 miles of avenues. The subterranean area includes the whole or part of the counties of Butler, Christian, Edmonson, Grayson, Hart, S T A T E () F K E N T U C K ■i' (3. and Logan. The sub-carboniferous limestone belts upon three sides the western coal field of about 4,500 square miles of bituminous coal, with several workable strata of both the upper and lower coal measures, furnish- ing a good quality of domestic coal, extensively mined in a number of counties. The central or bluegrass region of the Lower Silurian formation has an area of about 10,000 square miles, with an elevation of from 800 to 1,150 feet above sea level. The Upper Silurian and Devonian formations, which surround the bluegrass region on three sides, have an area of about 2,500 square miles, with less elevation on the west and greater on the east. The eastern coal field, which comprises the mountainous portion of the State, has an area of about 11,600 square miles, with an elevation of from 75a feet on the Ohio River to 3, 500 feet on the Cumberland Mountains. It abounds in bituminous and cannel coal, with as many as eight or ten strata of workable thickness, above drainage, and except for transportation con- venient for mining. Among the varieties is found coking coal of superior quality, large quantities of which are now marketed from the Pineville and Middlesboro districts. Owing to the mountainous character of the country, and the fact that the Cumberland range constitutes a barrier which has hitherto pre- vented the construction of a railroad eastward from the State, except along the Ohio River on the north and through Cumberland Gap on the south, the large portion of this coal field has not as yet been developed as to its mineral resources. In addition to the topographical obstacle referred to, there exists another cause which has tended to retard the construction of rail- roads in this portion of the State. Under ordinary conditions it would seem that railroads should have already been constructed for the purpose of furnishing coal to other coalless parts of the State. But the Ohio River furnishes cheaper transportation for the coal of the Monongahela and Kanawha coal fields, which is floated down stream at minimum cost, and distributed throughout the State by the ten railroads which trav- erse it from north to south, with lateral roads reaching the consumers, at less cost than it could be supplied from home mines. As a result the great bulk of the coal mined in Kentucky finds its way to the South and Southwest, where it has no such competition. While the development of the Kentucky coal fields has not proceeded with the rapidity realized in most other States producing it, there is some compensation in the reflection that our fields contain a great resource which will furnish fuel for posterity long after those States, which have exceeded Kentucky in such development. 14 H 1 S ro K 1 L A 1. S K ETC II have exhausted their suppl\-. In both the coal tields of Kentucky the annual output of coal has increased steadily in the last decade, until it has reached about 6,ooo,ooo tons, making Kentucky ninth in such production. Of other minerals, the next in point of value is iron, which is found in botii the eastern and western portions of the State. Between the Ten- nessee and Cumberland ri\ers are found liinonite and brown hematite ores of a good grade, w hirh for many years have been more or less utilized. Several furnaces draw their ore from this field, and others are projected. On the periphery of the western coal field several kinds of iron ore are also toiuul. Init they ha\e not as yet been developed to any extent, .\bout the borders of the eastern coal fields are good bodies of l)oth liinonite and brown hematite ores. In some portions of this area early attention was given to the subject, iron iiaving been made in Hath and Estill counties long before the era of railroads. In the former, at Slate Creek furnace, cannon balls were made which were used in the defense of New Orleans by General Jackson, in iSi;. .\t .\shland, in Boyd Count}', for more than a quarter of a centurj' the ores of that region and of Bath County have been successfully used in making commercial iron. In Middlesboro are extensive furnaces, using, however, chielly the ores from the south side of the Cum- berland Mountains, and Kentucky ct)al for their reduction. Corresponding ores of the Oriskany belt are known to exist along the north side of the Fine Mountain, a range wholly within Kentucky, but as yet they have not been explored, although iu innnediate vicinity of fine coking coals. Petroleum is found in Kentucky in many localities, and there is now promise of its early utilization. Wherever the Devonian shale strata occur its presence is so commonly disclosed that our State geologists have regarded this as the source from which it is derived. In many parts of the State this formation is found from looto 150 feet thick, and so rich as to furnish oil bj- distillation, and to burn freely. The first oil well which brought petroleum to public attention was found in Cuinberhuul Count\ . Kentucky, in 1829, and at a depth of about 200 feet the oil flowed freely. It became known as rock oil. but excepit as a liniment its \alue was not recognized. Recently other wells h,i\ e been bored successfully in the same \icinity, and from the neighboring county of Wayne man\- thousands of barrels of oil were shipped to market tsvent} years ago. Later still richer developments have been made, resulting in the building of a pipe-line to So-nerset, Pulaski County, whence the oil is shipped by rail. In Knox County, within the past few years, man}' flowing wells have been bored with such indications of supply as have led to the projection of a pipe-line, with S T A T ]■- ( ) 1 K E N T L' C K ^ I 5 branches in other counties, to Parkersburg, West Virginia, where there is a refinery. In Hath and Rowan counties, contiguous to the Devonian for- mation, promising deveioiMiients have also been made. Simihir favorable indications have been shown also in the western portion of the State, wherever the same geological conditions prevail, and as far as theory, sus- tained by the developments already made, can be relied upon, it is highly probable that there are oil-bearing strata underlying a large area of the State. The incentives to further development are heightened by the fact that all the oil so far brought to light is a high grade of lubricating oil. Supplemental to oil, to which it owes its origin, may be mentioned asphaltum rock, which has been found in various portions of the State, chiefly near the border of the western coal field, but always in the Chester group of the sub-carboniferous limestone formation, wherever the sandstone is favorably situated for saturation by the (jil. These deposits have been successfully worked, and a good conunercial <]uality of asphaltum rock has been secured, and so extensively used in making asphalt streets in compe- tition with the Trinidad asphalt that their cost has been reduced quite one half, with equally good, if not better, practical results. Other minerals found in Kentucky are lead, which is exhibited in several of the blue- grass counties in fissures of the limestone caused by the geologic uplift of that now eroded region, but the extent of the deposits has not yet been demonstrated sufficiently to make their working profitable in competition with the richer and more easily mined deposits in Illinois and Missouri. The same may be said of certain deposits of fluor-spar, zinc, and argen- tiferous lead formed in a more defined dike formation in the western part of the State, particularl}' in Livingston, Trigg, Caldwell, and Logan counties. West of the Tennessee River are found pottery clays of a superior quality, suitable for making encaustic tiles and high grades of ornamental pottery, while in Madison and other counties which include the Devonian strata are excellent clays from which are made crockery, pottery, and tiling. Strata suitable for making vitrified brick are also found in various parts of the State, and are valuable also as fertilizers from the potash and soda they contain. At Cloverport, in Breckinridge County, vitrified brick for paving streets have been extensivelj' made for a tmrnber of years. There remain but two more productions of the State to refer to under this head, and these are timber and building stones. Few portions of the continent have as valuable timber as is to be found in Kentucky, embracing nearly every variety of growth to be found from Nova Scotia to the Gulf. The cypress and pecan are found in the southwestern part of I 6 H 1 STU K 1 C A L S K ETC H the State, and elsewhere are most of the valuable timber trees indigenous to the temperate zone. Especially is the growth of oak, beech, hickor\-, maple, and other hard woods of wide extent and varietj', including twenty- six varieties of oak. In the mountains are to be found several varieties of pine and the hemlock, while the poplar or tulip tree, chestnut, and all kinds of commercial timber, are well disseminated throughout the State. Originally Kentucky, except about 5,000 square miles of prairie in the south-central region, was covered with forest, and it is estimated that nearly fifty per cent of it still remains so. The lumbering interest of the State is large and prosperous. Of building stones there are many kinds, and so generally distributed that there is but a small portion of the State which has not an ample supply for the use of its population within its own limits. There is no granite in the State, the lowest formation exhibited being the magnesian limestone. or Knox dolomite, which underlies the Trenton, and has a limited exposure near Clay's Ferry, in Fayette County. It is a superior building stone, and is the material of which the Cla}' monument at Lexington is built. The birdseye limestone of the Trenton, found in the cliffs of the Kentucky River, is a handsome stone with a mottled appearance, from which it draws its name, and of which the Capitol at Frankfort is built. It is called Kentucky marble — a misnomer, as it is not of crystalline structure. There is no marble in the State. While in all the limestone regions good building stone is to be found, what is known as the Bowling Green stone, an oolite of the sub-carboniferous limestone, is the best commercial lime- stone in the State, and extensively found in many counties. It is similar to the Bedford, Indiana, stone, and is widely used. Various kinds of sandstone are well distributed throughout the State, and abound in the coal areas. The best commercial quality is the Waverley sandstone, of Rowan County, which is extensively quarried, and is similar to the Buena Vista stone, of Brown County, Ohio, much used in Cincinnati and other cities for the fronts of handsome house.*. Cement or water limestone is found in many parts of Kentucky, and in various geological horizons, the most notable at the Falls of the Ohio, where more than 1,000,000 barrels of the cement are made per annum. This review of the geology and mineral and timber resources of Ken- tucky has been made more in detail than the scope of a history of such limited proportions as this would suggest, but being in the nature of a commercial history it is more appropriate than the narrative of events common to other branches of history, to the exclusicjn of matters of inter- S T A T E () F K E N T U C K V I 7 est to the commercial reader. It is the more opportune, since from a mis- taken policy in State legislation the (ieological Survey, which had done so much to make known the resources of Kentucky, was ten years ago discontinued, and specific information upon such subjects is not easily accessible. .\ G K I C U L T U K E Notwithstanding the large area of its coal formation and the extent of its forests, Kentucky occupies a high rank in the variety of its agricultural products and the e.xtent of its commercial crops. It early took a leading position among the great prcjducing States, soon outstripping the older ones eastward, and only yielding the supremacy it had attained in several lines after the larger new States of the West and Northwest had become populated. In 1840 it ranked first in the production of wheat. In 1850 it was second in the production of swine. In i860 it was second in mules. In 1850 it was first in corn. In 1880 it ranked first in the production of tobacco, as also in 1890 and igoo. The annual crop of tobacco is about 400,000,000 pounds. In hemp it has always been first, ninety per cent of the total crop being raised in the State, while in rye, wool, and the value of live stock it stands high in the list. The soil of Kentucky varies with the several geological formations. Most of the bluegrass region, embracing about twenty-five counties, is a rich, clayey loam, enriched by the disintegration of the marine shells in the blue limestone. It is fertile and productive, and the land has a high market value. By a judicious system of rotation of crops, without the use of artificial fertilizers, its productive capacity has been so well maintained that after nearly a century of cultivation the soil shows no deterioration in the quantity or commercial value of its products. In the gray limestone region of the State, which has been designated as the sub-carboniferous, while the natural fertilit}' of the soil and the fertilizing elements of the under- lying rocks are not as great as those of the bluegrass region, nor the land of as high average value, its productive capacity is of an excellent grade. Improved agriculture, rotation of crops, and the use of clover and other grasses have demonstrated a similar capacity for keeping up production and restoring apparently worn-out lands. Besides, this region has shown itself especially adapted for fruit of all kinds, as have the more elevated and less fertile lands of the Devonian and Upper Silurian formations which belt the bluegrass region. \\'est of the Tennessee River is a fine agricultural dis- I 8 H I S T ( ) I< 1 C A L S K E T t H trict for the production of tobacco and all the cereal crops, and in no por- tion of the State has there been more de\elopment within the last decade than in this. The lands in the western coal field, not being mountainous, contribute also an excellent agricultural region, well adapted to all the staple crops, and embracing some of the most productive counties in the State. The eastern portion of the State, while more rugged in topography than the others described, with the greater part of its area still covered with timber, and more valuable for the minerals beneath its surface than for agriculture, has man\- fertile \alle\s and a fair soil, e\en in its most broken portions. Of recent \ears tobacco has been profitably raised in the Hig Sand\' and Cumberland River valle_\s, with results from low-priced lands rivaling those of the best portions of the State. It is capable of support- ing a very much larger population, and with increased railroad facilities will be an attractive field for a thrifty immigration. One of the most conspicuous adjuncts of agriculture in Kentucky, for which it is specially noted in several branches, is that of stock raising. The equability of its climate and the succulence of its grasses, coupled with care and skill in breeding from the l)est types, have led to the development of the highest grades both of horses and cattle known to the continent. For speed and endurance, both of the thoroughbred race horse and the trotter, it has long borne the jialm, while for saddle horses and those for general utility it is equallj- well known. It is here, too, that that useful branch of the equine famih^ the mule, has been developed to perfection and its serviceable qualities demonstrated. It was in Kentucky, also, that the short-horn cattle from England were first introduced and developed to a degree not excelled elsewhere, and hence distributed throughout the West and Southwest to improve the native stocks and become the standard type of beef cattle. For many years annual shipments of fat beeves have been made to England for Christmas beef, commanding even higher prices than their native cattle. The sheep, particularly the Southdown, for mutton, ha\e had a similar record, and large shipments of spring lambs are annually made to the Eastern markets. .As to the manufactures and other products of Kentucky, they belong more to the department of statistics than of histor\-, and are to be sought in the census reports or the exhibits of the various cities and counties of the State. In the matter of distilled spirits Kentucky is the second largest revenue-producing State in the Union, while for the cjuality, its production has always stood unri\aled. And in general it may be said that in the variety of its resources, its crops and products, it combines in great STATE OF KENTUCKY 19 degree, from its geographical position and climatic conditions, the ad\an- tages of the States both to the north and the south of it, with less loss from the cold of the one or the scorching heat of the other. The monthly mean temperature of the three winter months is 27°, 30°, and 35°, and for the three summer months, 73°, 76°, and ■j^°, with an annual mean of 55°. The minimum in winter is rarely below zero, and in summer rarely exceeds go°. The four seasons are clearly defined. The rainfall is equable, and e.xcessive floods or excessive drouths are of rare occurrence. The average rainfall is 46.87 inches. In healthfulness the State ranks very high. The census returns show that thirty States have a higher death rate than Kentucky. The ratio of deaths to the population is about one per cent, and no part of the State is subject to epidemics from local causes. That the conditions are favor- able for the production of a healthful, vigorous race of men is shown by the following official table, compiled from the measurements of United States volunteers during the Ci\il War, bv B. A. Gould: N.\TIVITV New England New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania Ohio and Indiana Michigan, Missouri, and Illinois Kentucky and Tennessee Free States west of the Mississippi River Canada Eui^land Scotland Ireland - (iennany Scandinavia _. 20 H 1 S T t> K 1 C A I. S K i: T C H p o p I' I . A r 1 C) N Kentuck\' may be suiil to comprise in its [lopulatioii the most ciistiiK"li\'e body of English-speaking people of the Anglo-Saxon stock, not onh- of any State in the Union, but of any civil division in the world. Out of a popu- lation of 2,147,174, as shown Ijy the census of 1900, there are only 50,249 persons of foreign birth, most of w hom are confined to the cities and a few counties, many of the counties having none. The white population is principally of English and Scotch descent, with a fair proportion of Irish blood. The State has contributed largely of its population to the settle- ment of the States to the north, south, and west, and both in the emigrants and in the home stock, as shown by the long list of distinguished names which have filled the roll of men in all stations of life — in field, forum, and pulpit — it has been demonstrated that the conditions in the State are as fa\orable for the de\elopment of mental and moral ipuilities as for physical excellence. The following will show the population of the State for each census; 1790,- - 72„ojj. 1S30, - - 687,917. 1870, - - 1,321,011. 1800, - - 220,595. 1S40, - - 779,828. 18S0, - - 1,648,690. 1810, - - 406,511. 1850, - - 982,405. 1890, - - 1,858,635. 1820, - - 564,317. i860, - - 1,155,687. 1900, - - 2,147,174. COMMERCIAL GROWTH OF THE STATE OF KENTUCKY ADAIR COUNTY I'oinLATiON (Ci;nsus lyooj, 14,88>S. County Seat. Coi.imhia. Situated near the middle of tlie south- ern part of the State, and is in the Eleventh Congressional, Third Appel- late, Twenty-ninth Judicial, Sixteenth Senatorial, and Thirty-seventfi Legislative Districts. Adair County was formed in iSoi out of a part of Green County. It was named in honor of Gen. John Adair, a distinguished soldier and statesman. The face of the country is rolling and hilly, soil fairly good, resting mainly on slate and limestone foundation. The river and creek bottoms are quite productive. The chief products are corn, wheat, oats, sorghum, grass, and tobacco. Most of the uplands are well adapted to fruit raising. Considerable attention is given to horses, nmles, cattle, hogs, and sheep. The country is well supplied with water. Green River is the largest stream, runs across the northern part. Russell's Creek through the center from east to west; together with Casey Creek, Glen's Fork, Peltus Fork, Big Creek, I^eatherwood Creek, and Crocus, all considerable streams, flowing through the various sec- tions of the county, furnish fine power for machinery, and water for stock and domestic purposes. The county is well sujiplied with timber of all kinds except ■walnut, poplar, and hickory. Tfie county is diversified with farm lands and forests. The farms are largely devoted to grasses and the raising of the crops named above. Vegetables grow- in profusion and in great variety, but are confined largely to local markets; truck farming and dairying are not car- ried on. There are no railroads in the county. One line of turnpike between Campbellsville, the nearest railroad point, and Columbia, a distance of twenty miles, is maintained by tolls. There are no free jiikes in the county. Public roads are maintained under the general law. The average price of farm lands, improved and unimproved, is about S4.30 per acre, prices ranging from $1.50 to S40 per acre, depending upon location and improvements. Farm laborers can be had at from fifty to seventy-five cents per day; by the month, with board and lodg- ing, at eight to nine dollars, and where the laborer furnishes his own board and lodging, thirteen dollars. The county has no bonded indebted- ness, and the rate of taxation is fifteen cents on the hundred dollars of assessed property, and a poll tax oi one dollar and fifty cents for county purposes. Columbia, the county seat, has a popu- lation of about eight hundred, mostly wliites. The colored population in the 22 C () M M i; K C 1 A L G K U W T H main live outside the corporate limits. It has two public schools, open five mouths in the year, and two high schools. the Columbia Male and Female High School and the Columbia Christian College, open nine months in the year, where the higher branches of education are taught. There are four church organizations in the town, and each one has a handsome church building. The town is healthy, and its moral and social tone is such as is fouud in all educational and Christian centers. The public schools of the county arc in good condition and improving yearly. There are seventy -five school districts for the whites and fourteen for the colored, in which schools are taught. The public schools are maintained by the school fund, and in niauy districts private schools are taught after the close of the public school year, and in this way Ex- cellent educational advantages are given in many districts eight and ten months in the vear. .\ L L EN CO I' N T Y l^OPULATiON (Census 1900), 1^,657. Cointv Skat, Scottsville. Situated in the Third Congressioiuil, Second .\ppellate. Eighth Judicial, Elev- enth Senatorial, and Twenty-second Legis-, lati\e Districts. Allen County was formed out of the southern parts of Barren and Warren counties in the year 1S15, and extends to the boundary line between KtutucUy and Tennessee. The surface is hilly, but the soil is productive and in the valleys is art of the county, is a town of im- portance. Bethel, five miles east of Shaqisburg, is an important village and is a large shipping point for cattle, hogs, and tobacco. Wyoming, Odessa, Key- noldsville, I'"orge Hill, 01ym])ia, and ^'ale are all thriving villages. Salt Lick, on the C. iN; O. railroad, in the eastern portion of the county, is the largest shipping point in the county. More than 500 men are now employed in the forest south of Salt Lick, making staves and getting out timber for shipment East. The timber lying adjacent to this place is of the best ([uality and the cpiantity is almost inex- haustible. The land in the eastern |)ortioii ol tlie county can be purchased for from Sio to S20 per acre, and this land is peculiarly ada])ted to fruit culture, timothy grass, and the cereals. BELL COUNTY Population (Censi-'s 1900), 15,701. Cointy Seat, I'ineville. Situated in the Eleventh Congression:il, Seventh Senatorial, Seventh Appellate, and Twenty-sixth Judicial Districts. Bell County was formed from parts of Harlem, Knox, and Whitley counties in the year 1867, and was named in honor of the Hon. Joshua F. Bell, who was a member of the legislature from that dis- trict at the time of the organization of the county. It is the impression of many ])eople living in western, central, and northern Keutucky, and people living in other States, that when one enters Hell County he or she is in great danger of being killed by a '•mountaineer" without any provo- cation whatever. This impression is false. When one comes to Bell County they find the best people on earth; not many are what may l)e tcniird rirli, l.ul lli(;y an- the most charitable people in the world. If afflictions or adverse fortune renders one a subject for assistance, no appeal is nec- essary other than the mere fact that they are a fit subject. It is fact that Bell County, up to a few years ago, has had a bloody record, but at a recent term of the Bell Circuit Court Judge Hall cleared the docket of murder cases, and to-day, with as many miners as there are in the county, and while the character of labor all over the country is in the greatest turmoil, will be found a most hospitable and peaceful people. If those who think them barba- rous and uncivilized would go into their midst they would find school houses and churches up every creek and hollow in the coiuity, and we will show them a hii])py, 28 C C ) M M i: K C 1 A L G K CJ \V T H ■church-going people who used to take a deHght in shedding the blood of their fel- low men. but have changed with the tunes to righteous, law-abiding citizens. Cumberland River and its tributaries furnish an abundant supply of water for all purposes for the entire county. Clear Creek empties into the river near Pineville, on the south side of Pine Mountain, and Straight Creek on the north side, affording magnificent water power and drainage. Yellow Creek, running directly through the ■city of Middlesboro, affords sufficient drainage for a city of 100,000 people. The mild climate, uniform temperature, and splendid water and drainage combine to make this county an extraordinarily healthy one. Pure rhonibohedral iron ore abounds in most evei'v section of the county. The north side of Pine Mountain shows three hundred feet of the best subcarboniferous limestone, while the northern side of same mountain is a solid mass of the finest build- ing l)lue-gray sandstone in the country; it is easily worked, uniform and durable. The best of domestic and coking coal in the market is mined and made at Pineville, Middlesboro, and Chenoa. More than one half million acres of the finest timber in the world is accessible to the people of Pineville and Middlesboro through the different streams and railroads •converging at these points: poplar, walnut, ash, oaks cf all kinds, lynn, chestnut, and chestnut oak, the latter furnishing the finest tanbark in the world. New coal mines are being opened up .continuously. Coal lands are being sought after and are being bought extensively. The public roads are not good in this county, and are kept up by the road militia, which would indicate that the old >• warn- ing out system '" is getting to be a failure. The Cumberland Valley branch of the Louisville & Nashville Railroad has within this county 20.23 niiles of railroad. The •Cumberland River & Tennessee Railroad 12.50 miles. The West Virginia, Pine- ville & Tennessee has 2.25 miles. The Middlesboro Belt Railway Co. has 18.03 miles. The Knoxville, Cumberland Gap & Louisville Railroad has 3.50 miles in the county. The five railroads furniah ample transportation for the i)roducts of the county. The agricultural products of the county are hardly sufficient for home consump- tion. Vegetables and fruits of all kinds can be had and are produced in abun- dance. Grains are grown successfully where interest is taken. Clover and orch- ard grass give better results than others. Pineville, the county seat, is situated at the base of Pine Mountain, which, at this point, rises to a height of 2,200 feet above the sea level, and 1,500 above Cumber- laud Valley, Pineville is the central point of distribution for Southeastern Kentucky, and is the only water gap from Jellico to the " breaks of the Big Sandy." Middlesboro University, a branch of the Richmond (Ky.) University, is located at Middlesboro, and its workings do credit and honor to its mother institution. Of the public schools in Bell County and the rapid strides they have made toward the front in the past two years too much can not be said. The teachers have a library of two hundred and forty volumes, eighty- nine of which constitute the prize given bv the State to the county showing the larg- est per cent of its teachers enrolling in the State reading circle, completing the course antl receiving certificates for the year 1895. Out of the fifty-two districts in the county, forty- five have globes and maps and charts, and in most all the districts the "backless bench" has disappeared, and desks of the very latest patent have taken their place. No district has supple- mented the public money to extend the term of the school beyond the term of five months. The bonded indebtedness of Bell County is 538,000: in 1894 this debt wasS6o,ooo. The rate of taxation for county pur])Oses is sixty cents per one hundred dollars. STATE OF K E N T U C K Y BOONE COUNTY Population (Census igoo), 11,170. County Skat, Burlington. Situated in tlit- Si.xtli Congressional, Sixth Appellate, Fifteenth Judicial, Twenty-third Senatorial, and Seventy- eighth Legislative Districts. Boone County, the thirtieth formed in the State, was organized in 179S, and was formed out of part of Campbell County and named in honor of Daniel Boone. It is the most northern county in the State. The area of the county con- tains 152,869 acres. The principal water courses of the county are the Ohio Kiver, which washes its northern and western border for forty-two miles, and Big Bone, Mud Lick, Gunpowder, Middle, Woolper and Ashby's Fork creeks. These creeks supply an abundance of stock water, but are not available for water power or navi- gation. The soil of Boone County along the river bottoms is of almost inexhaustible fertility, and the hill lands are well adapted to the growth of all kinds of agricultural products that can be grown in this latitude. The crops now principally grown are corn, wheat, hay, and tobacco. There is about ten per cent of tlie area of this county in timber land, in- cluding the varieties of oak, gum, poplar, hickory, ash. walnut, beech, sycamore, lynn, and water and ^ hill maple. There are no bodies of timber land in this county for sale. The noted Big Bone Springs, situated near a hamlet of the same name in the southern part of the county, was visited as early as 1773 by Captain Thomas Bullitt and the McAfee party. James Douglass, of this party, remained here for some time to explore these springs, examine and drink of their health-giving waters. The right kind of a hotel, under proper management, as a summer resort, would beyond doubt be a money-making investment, for this place is of national reputation. An electric railway from Cov- ington, a distance of twenty-two miles, to- these springs has been projected, and doubtless will be built at no distant date. At one of these springs salt was manu- factured by the early settlers, and this was continued until a few years ago. Anywhere here for acres around a well can be sunk and these same waters obtained. The bones of the largest mastodon ever discovered in the world, of which history relates, were discovered here, and are now in a museum in London, England. Some idea of the immensity of size of these gigantic animals of tradition can be realized when one has seen a tusk over sixteen feet in length and fifteen inches in circumference, this being the size of one that was unearthed here just a few years ago- Split Rock, located on the banks of the Ohio River, three and a quarter miles below Petersburg, and over a quarter of a mile above the mouth of Woolper Creek, is, in all the term implies, a natural curiosity. Several very brilliant sapphires, almost equaling the diamond in hardness and brilliancy, have been picked up here. Pleasure seekers and tourists for many miles around visit this curiosity of nature every summer. In the immediate vicinity of Split Rock, and situated on Taylor's Creek, are several caves, one of which is an almost square room, sixteen feet each way, in which a number of mummified pigmies of the human race have been found, some of which appear to be chil- dren but a few days old, petrified, retain- ing perfect form and features. lu the way of industries this county has a large distillery, cooper shop, flouring mill, saw and planing mill, steam and water grist mill, numerous toliacco ware- \o C O M Nf E R C I A I, G R ( ) W T H houses, and canning and preserving facto- ries that sell their products not only in this country but in Europe. The Ohio River, which runs almost two thirds the' way around the county, and the Ciucinnati. New Orleans & Texas Pacific and the Louisville & Nashville railways, which run through the eastern edges of the county for a distance of g. 13 and 9.48 miles respectively, furnish the county with ample transportation facili- ties. No other roads are projected at this time. The county has eighty-four and three- quarter miles of macadam roads, main- tained by the statutory charges of toll. The county has about 350 miles of dirt roads, which are maintained by a property tax of 10 cents on the Sioo worth of taxable property, and the working of these roads is supervised by overseers appointed bv the count}' judge. The roads are fnlly up to the average for such roads through the State. However, we do not find that the management of the road system in this county deserves any words of praise. With the exception of a few negroes, the labor of this county is performed by native white men. The average price per month for farm labor, with board, is about ? I 2 ; without board, about $ 1 7 per month . The League Institute, of Verona, and the Walton .\cademy, of Walton, are both institutions of learning that are an honor and credit to the county. The common schools are managed by an efficient and worthy superintendent and capable teachers. Burlington, the county seat, is situated near the center of the county, and eight miles from the nearest railroad station, Erlanger. The town has about 300 inhabitants, two general merchandise stores, one drug store, a bank, a good hotel, a printing office, which is owned and managed by W. I^. Riddell, editor of the Boone County Recorder, one of the best papers in the State outside the city of Louisville; also four nice church build- ings. The town is laid off in a square, with a beautiful court house in the center. The town is connected with the outside world bv long-distance telephone. BOURBON COUNTY PoprLATioN (Census igoo), i8,o6g. Cou.ntv Se.\t, Paris Situated in the Seventh Congressional, Fifth Appellate, Fourteenth Judicial, Twenty-eighth Senatorial, and Seventv. fifth Legislative Districts. Formed in 1775 from Fayette Countv, and named in honor of the famous Bour- bon family of France. Bourbon County was one of the nine counties organized by the Virginia Legislature before Kentucky became a State. It is bounded on the north by Harrison, the east by Mont- gomery, the south by Fayette, and west by Scott, and is watered by Stoner. Hink- ston, Houston, and Boone creeks, and the south fork of the Licking River. Located in the heart of the bluegrass region, the gently undulating soil is won- derfully fertile, producing generous yields of wheat, corn, barley, oats, hemp, tobacco, etc. The virgin half of the soil produces about 150,000 bushels of blue- grass seed per year, and furnishes grazing for sheep giving an annual wool clip worth $15,000; for valuable horse, mule, and hog stock, and for $300,000 worth of fine export beef cattle every year. Scores of the best race horses the turf has ever known were bred in Bourbon County. The soil furnishes an abundance of primitive limestone for building purposes. In the county are two undeveloped lead mines — one in Paris, and the other near STATE OF K E \ T U C K ^• 31 Millersburg. Near North Middletown is an oil well, bored during; the Civil War. Oak, ash. hickory, elm, sugar-tree, wild cherry, mulberiy and box elder constitute liberal timber resources. The walnut timber is being rapidly cut away. The fruit crop averages probably S6,ooo per year. None of the streams are navigable. There are two hundred and seventj'-six miles of excellent turnpikes and thirty- nine miles of dirt roads in the county — every mile being free. The pikes were freed without a lawless or violent act at an aggregate cost of §55,000. The thirty-eight miles of the Louisville & Nashville Railroad, comprising branches in four directions — to Lexington, Covington, \Mnchester and Maysville — and the Frankfort & Cincinnati (Kentucky Mid- land) eleven miles, going to Georgetown and Frankfort, afford railroad competi- tion and give Bourbon excellent shipping facilities. It has been proposed to ex- tend the Frankfort & Cincinnati road to the mountains of Eastern Keotucky. -Bourbon has no natural curiosities save a few Indian mounds, and a buffalo trace on Cane Ridge, but in her soil reposes the remains of Edward Boone, the pioneer and Indian fighter and brother of Daniel Boone. Bones of mastodons have been found in excavations near Paris. The average price of farm land in Bourbon is sixty dollars per acre. The farm hands employed are mostly colored. the wages being from Si 5 to Si 8 per month. There are no foreign colonies in the county. There is an excellent opening for tobacco, hemp, broom-corn manufacturing interests, and fruit can- ning enterprises. The county furnishes an abundant supply of these products. Paris, the county seat, is a beautiful and enterprising city of about 7,500 in- habitants. The city is located on high ground, and Stoner and Houston creeks, which flow through the corporate limits, offer fine advantages and locations for factories. The city is healthy and is a delightful place of residence, having electric lights, water-works, electric fire alarm system, competitive telegraph and telephone communication, ice factory, handsome business blocks and residences, well appointed stores, fine theater and school buildings, and nine churches. The people are progressive, intelligent, robust, and hospitable. The Millersburg Female College, a flourishing institution, has recently been improved and refurnished. The public schools are in an admirable condition. The public fund is supplemented by local taxation in but three of the count}- dis- tricts. The county has no bonded debt. The rate of taxation is eighty-seven cents on the Si 00, fifty-seven and one half for revenue, nine and one half for general purposes and twenty-five cents for turn- pikes. BOYD COUNTY PoruLATioN (Census igoo), 18,834. County Seat, Catlettsburg. Situated in the Ninth Congressional, Seventh Appellate, Twentieth Judicial, Thirty-second Senatorial, and Ninetv- eighth Legislative Districts. Boyd Count)' was taken from the coun- ties of Greenup, Carter, and Lawrence in i860, and was organized as a county in that year. It is situated in the extreme northeastern part of the State. The county is drained by the Ohio, Big and Little Sandy and their tributaries, which also afford an abundant water sup- ply for the county. East Fork drains the more central and western portion of the county, while the Big Sandy and its tribu- taries drain the eastern portion. The soil of Boyd County is particularly good along its ri\ers and creek bottoms. 32 COMMERCIAL GROWTH being for the most part a ricli sandy loam, and produces well, the principal products of the Boyd County farm being corn, wheat, oats, and some tobacco. The grasses usually grown in Kentucky grow well in this county. There is an abun- dant supply of good timber yet in the county, embracing all the species and varieties found in any of the other coun- ties in Eastern Kentucky, and large tracts of the same can be purchased at reason- able prices. Diversified farming is not engaged in in this county further than to supply domestic demands. The mineral resources of this county are very great, being the attractive feature for human effort here. The best of iron and coal are found in the count)', and the same has been largely developed and a large and very desirable class of population has been attracted here thereby. Boj'd County has most e.xcellent country roads, many of them being good turnpikes and are free of toll, but are maintained and kept up by the county. All of the public roads are kept in good condition. The Mavs\iUe& Big Saridv Railroad runs through the eastern part of the State, and the Elizabethtown, Lexington & Big Sandy roads run through the northern and western part of the county. These roads are operated by the Chesapeakt- & Ohio system, and together with the Ohio River bordering on the northern portion of the county, afford ample and convenient transportation for the county, and also sufficient competition in that line. Farm labor is supplied mostly by native vhites and can be employed at prices ranging from ten to twelve dollars per month and board. The educational facilities of the county are furnished princi- pally bv the common schools, which are well attended and are under good management. .■\shland, a considerable manufacturing city, is the principal town in the county, and has a population of nearly 5,000. Catlettsburg, the county seat, is situ- ated at the junction of the Big Sandy and the Ohio rivers. It is a thriving town of over 2,000 population. It has good schools and churches, and its merchants are wide-awake and progressive business men. B O Y L E C O U X 1' \' Popii.ATiON (Censis 1900). 13,817. Coi'NTV Seat, Danville. Situated in the Eighth Congressional, Fifth .Appellate, Thirteenth Judicial, Eigh- teenth Senatorial, and Sixty-fifth Legis- lative Districts. Boyle County, the ninety-fourth in order of organization, was formed in 1S42 out of parts of Mercer, Lincoln, and Casey counties, and is near, if not the geographi- cal center of the State, While it is one of the smallest counties in area (having only a little over a hundred thousand acres of land), its assessed valuation of prop- erty listed for taxable purposes is more than seven million dollars. Its soil is rich, deep, and easily cultivated, adapted to wheat, corn, tobacco, hemp, oats, millet. timothy, clover, orchard grass, bluegrass, and all other crops and grasses usually grown on bluegrass soil. There is but little timber in the county except the poplar, ash, walnut, cherry, and locust scattered through the woodland pastures of the farms. White and gray limestone furnish an abundance for building and road purposes. In the southern part of the county, near Junction City, are Linnietta Springs, of wide renown as a health resort. There are two lines of railroads, the Knoxville Division of the Louisville & Xashville running through the county from west to east, and the Cincinnati, New STATE OF KENTUCKY JO Orleans & Texas Pacific from north to south, crossing the L. & N. R. K. at Junc- tion City, in the southern part of the county. The county owns about loo miles of turnpikes and macadamized roads, all of which are maintained by taxation. There are no toll-gates in the county. The county has a large negro population, from which a large proportion of the farm laborers are obtained. The average wages per month with board is about Si 5, and without board about $zo. The educational facilities of the county are all that could be desired, there being more than fifty public schools, academies, and colleges distributed all over the county. Danville, the county seat, founded in 1782 by Walker Daniel, is one of the oldest towns in the State, and is to-day a thriving little city with about 6,000 inhabi- tants, one railroad, churches of all de- nominations, three national banks, one tri- weekly newspaper, gas and water-works, ice factory, flouring mills, and a number of other fldurishing mercantile and manu- facturing concerns. Danville is widely known as an educational center, having some of the oldest and best-equipped in- stitutions of learning in the South. Among them are the Kentucky Institute for the Deaf, established in 1823, Old Central College, recently consolidated with Central University at Richmond, Caldwell Female Institute, Hogsett Military Academy, an excellent City High School, and a number of other public and private schools for both white and colored pupils. Perryville, situated in the western part of the county, is a wide-awake business- like little city with several hundred inhabi- tants. It was in and around this town that the battle of Perryville was fought in October, 1862. BRACKEN COUNTY Population (Census igoo), 12,137. County Seat, Brookville. Situated in the Ninth Congressional, Sixth Appellate, Nineteenth Judicial, Twenty-sixth Senatorial, and Eighty-fifth Legislative Districts. Bracken County was formed out of parts of Campbell and Mason counties in 1796. It was named in honor of William Bracken, an early pioneer, and was the twenty-third county created in the State. The lands are mostly high and rolling and contain just enough limestone to make them fertile and especially adapted to the growth of tobacco, corn, wheat, oats, and hay, tobacco being the principal article of export. Bluegrass, with timothy and clo- ver, are abundant and grow to perfection. Also many varieties of fruits. Such is the character of the soil that, when seemingly exhausted, it can in a few years be reclaimed by grassing. The North Fork of the Licking River. Big Bracken, Locust, Turtle, Snag, Holts, and Big Kinkaid creeks are the prin- cipal streams, furnishing, with the Ohio River, abundant water for man and beast. All classes of timber usually grown in this section, especially hard wood, are found in this county. There are 175 miles of turnpike free to the traveling public. All roads of any im- portance have been macadamized. There are twenty-nine and three fourth miles of completed railroad in the county. Nine- teen and three fourths miles of the C. & O. run through the Ohio valley, and ten miles of road have just been completed from Wellsburg to Brookville. It was built by the citizens of the county. None but first-class farm hands are em- ployed, at from twelve to sixteen dollars per month. There is one vegetable and fruit can- nery located at Augusta. There are three C O M M E K C 1 A I, GRO W T H good banks aiul two li\e newspapers, which are well patronized. There is an excellent opening for both tobacco and shoe factories at Augusta, a live town with an estimated population of 2,000, where a model school building, costing §20.000. has just been completed on the site of the "Old .\cademy Build- ing, " one of the first institutions of learning erected west of the Alleghany Mountains. There are also excellent openings for manu- facturing enterprises at Wellsburg. Both of these towns are well located and have ex- cellent shipping facilities by rail and water. This county is noted for the growth of w hite Burley tobacco, especially the color, texture, and fiber of the plant when cured, and is one of the foremost, and possibly leads, the counties in northern Kentucky engaged in this industry. Brookville, the county seat, is situated near the center of the county, and is a thriving and prosperous town. Graded schools are maintained in -Augusta. Brook- ville. Johnsville, and Germantown, with competent and well-paid instructors. In some instances the public funds are sup- plemented by local taxation. In every part of the county there are convenient schools, mills, churches, and almost every convenience or necessity of modern civili- zation. BREATHITT C O I" X T Y Population (Census 1900), 14,322. County Seat, Jackson. Situated in the Tenth Congressional, Seventh .\ppellate. Twenty-third Judicial, Thirty-fourth Senatorial, and Ninety-sec- ond Legislative Districts. Breathitt County was formed in 1S39 from parts of Clay, Perry, and Estill coun- ties. The surface of the county is mountain- ous and hilly, but the valleys are very fertile and productive. The North and Middle Forks of the Kentucky River flow through the county, and with all their various tributaries it is well watered and drained. The North Fork is navigable for small steamboats as far up as Jack- sou, the county seat, during the rainy season, for about six months in the year. Breathitt is famous for its coal fields. It has inexhaustible fields of the finest caunel and bituminous coals, the George's Branch, Wilson Wedge, Buckhorn, Flint Kidge, and Howards Fork fields. There is also an almost inexhaustible bituminous coal field within the corporate limits of Jackson, the county seat, now being op- erated by the Jackson Coal Company. The above are only a few of the vast coal fields in this county. The county is covered with the finest oak. poplar, ash, cucumber, sugar-tree, beech, birch, and hickory timber. The poplar is being very rapidly worked out, but the rest of the timber is comparatively untouched, and almost inexhaustible in (piantity, and can be bought for from four to six dollars per acre. The countv is being dotted over with mills used for the purpose of manufactur- ing lumber. This business is increasing almost daily. The soil in Breathitt County produces fine vegetables, corn, oats, rye, wheat, tobacco, and the various grasses, also the finest apples are grown here. Corn and oats are the principal products now raised. There are two mineral springs on Cane Creek, about four miles west of Jackson, whose waters possess wonderful healing qualities. There are sixty-seven public schools taught in the county. The S. P. Lee's Collegiate Institute, a branch of STATE OF KENTUCKY 35 Central University, Richmond. Ky., is located at Jackson and has about two hundred pupils enrolled. This is a splendid educational institution, and has a manual training, domestic science, and musical department, and offers all the advantages to be found at any prepara- tory school in the State. BRECKINRIDGE COUNTY Population (Census 1900^, 20,534. County Seat, Hardinsburg. Situated in the Fourth Congressional, Second .Appellate, Ninth Judicial, Tenth Senatorial, and Twenty-eighth Legislative Districts. Breckinridge County was formed in 1799. and lies in the northwestern part of the State, on the Ohio River. Its principal water-courses are: Sinking Creek, Hardin's Creek, Clover Creek, Tar- fork Creek, Calamese Creek, Rough Creek, Bull Creek, and Town Creek. None of these streams are navigable, ex- cept for rafts at high tide. The soil is very fertile and grows fine crops of tobacco, wheat, corn, vegetables, and fruits. A great variety of timber, including all classes usually grown in this climate, is found in the county, which at one time was very heavily timbered. An abundance of natural gas is found in certain localities. The celebrated White Sulphur and Tar Springs, a noted health resort, is located four and one half miles south of Clover- port. Numerous mills, factories, and dis- tilleries are located at different points throughout the county. Cloverport, one of the most important towns, has three vitrified brick plants, shops of the L. , H. & St. L. railroad, two mills, a number of good stores and busi- ness houses. Hardinsburg, the county seat, is cent- rally located, is accessible by rail and turn- pike. It has a $40,000 court house, a S 12,000 jail (stone cells), several very costly private residences, two good hotels, two large flouring mills, one stave factory, and the Bank of Hardinsburg, with a cap- ital of $25,000. There are about seventy miles of railroad in the county, operated by the L., H. & St. L. R'y Co., which runs through some of the best portions of the county and has been the means of large improvement and development ; ten miles of macadamized road in the county, leading from Hardinsburg to Cloverport, and more being constructed on the public roads throughout the county. The educational facilities are excellent. The Breckinridge Normal College, situated at Hardinsburg, is a first-class institution. Cloverport has another fine school and so has Glendean. There are good public schools taught in every district in the county for five months in each year. BULLITT COUNTY Population (Census 1900), 9,602. County Seat, Shepherdsville. Situated in the Fourth Congressional, Bullitt County, named in honor of Third Appellate, Tenth Judicial, Twelfth Captain Thomas Bullitt, who, in company Senatorial, and Forty-first Legislative with a brave band of hardy Virginians. Districts. did considerable surveying in the vicinity 36 C O M M K K C 1 A 1 t,". K O \V T H of Shephervlsville and Bullitt's Lick, iu i77j, was carv-evl out of Jetferson and NelsoH counties iu 1700. and was the twenty-second county to be fonuet.1 after Kentucky l>ecan»e an oi-sunije^i State. Bullitt County is tra\-ei-sevl fivni east to wvst by Salt Ri\-er. which is navigable for a distance of twel\-e miles. Salt Riwr has two tributaines of innv>rtauce. the Rolling Fork, which flows into the ri\-er fivni the southeast, and Floyd's Fork, which flows frvHU the Bear^iiass country on the north. Rolliuj: Fork is navig«ble for a distance of tew miles, for small boats, and the fannei-s along its banks dei-^nd upon the river to mai'ket their crops atid stock. Wheat, com. oats. r>-e. barley, all kinds of grasses, fruits, and \-eg*tables are grown iu this county, especially wheat and com. The S;ilt Ri\-er \-alley. Cox's Creek bot- toms. Rolling Fork K^ttoms, and Flo\-d's Fork K>tloms are equal to any land in the State in the production of com, and whext the uplands ha\-e been taken care of and manured and do\-ered, twenty- se\i»a bushels of wheat ha\-e been averaged on large fields per acre. Hickory, ash. oak. pine, locust, linu. poplar, cedar, chejty, and in fact all kinds of timber iudigenous to Kentucky, grow iu Bullitt. Bullitt County contains many mineral wells, whose waters aK>uud in medicinal virtues. Chief among these is the well at Patx^iuet Springs, famous in antelvflUnn days as the foivm^vst sununer ivsort in the South. Shephervisville, the county seat, lies on the north bank of Salt River wheiv the main stem of the Lovjisville & Nashville RailiXKul Classes that stivam,,ind lies about eighteen miles south of Louisville, It is the oldest iucv»rpv>ratei.l town in Kentucky with the single exception of Hamxlslnu-g. and has a population of alK>ut thr«e hun- dred. It enjoys the distinction of having the largest and best stores to be found in the State outside of the lai-ge cities, a handsome new court house which cost $17,400, govxl gradexl schools for white and colore?*.! pupils, and in the past few yeare msuiy handsome residences h.ivo been erected. Gas, oil, ore, and the finest quality of building stvnie is found in the county. Theiv is but one college in Bullitt County, and that is for coloreil citi--eus. It was built by Eckstein Norton, for whom it was nametl, and has a large attendance, Bullitt has twenty-si.\ and one half miles of coixnpleted railiv>ad, belonging to the Louisville & Nashville Raila>ad Company, lujd ten miles of free turnpikes. The character of lalxir employed by farmers and others is as a rule high, and wages ver>" good. BUTLEK CO IN TV PoPCLATioK v^Cessvs 1900). 15.896. CovsTY Seat. Morg.\sto\vs, Situated in the Second .Appellate Court District, in the Third Congressional Dis- trict, in tlie Seventh Senatorial District, in the Eightli Judicial District, and to- gether with Edmouson County constitutes a Legislative District. In iSio the county of Butler was carved out of the counties of Logan and Ohio. Two years later Morg-.intown was incor- porated and establishetl as the county seat. The surface of Butler County is some- what broken, hills, flats, and valleys everywhere aK>unding, The soils of the uplands of the liujestoue section, which are restricteil to the southeastern portion of the county, are very rich and productive, and are well adapted to all Kentucky prod- ucts particularly to wheat and tobacco: the sandstone uplands of the rest of the countv are hardiv so fertile, but are well STATE OF KENTUCKY 37 arlapted to lighter grains, fruits, and melons. The valley lands and bottoms are as rich as any in the State, and their yields of corn can not be exceeer industry. The white oak of this, the Green Kiver section, is claimed to be the finest in the world, awards to that effect having been giving in sundry competitive exhibits both at home and abroad. Butler County is in the Western Ken- tucky coal field, and has some of the finest bituminous coals in the State. The annual output of commercial coal is more than 30,000 tons, and finds a market in Bowling Green, Evansville, and inter- mediate points along Green and Barren rivers. The principal mines are those located at Aberdeen, on Green River, and within one mile of Morgantown. The Aberdeen Coal & Mining Company and the West Aberdeen Coal Company oper- ate these mines. Nearly all freights to and from market are shipped by river, and a fine line of steamers ply from Bowling Green to Evansville, affording ready and reason- able rates of transjx/rtati'^i. A system of locks and dams on Green and Barren rivers permit navigation throughout the year, and the boats not only run from Bowl- ing Green to Evansville, but go to points far up Green River into Edmons'/n County as well. The government is constructing a lock between Woodbury and Brownsville, which when completed will permit all- year navigation to the latter point. Morgantown, the county seat.has a popu- lation of more than a thousand people and is most pictures'juely situated, standing on a high plateau overlooking the river. A fine mill, an excellent school, a flourishing bank, together with many first-class busi- ness concerns, contribute to make the town a commercial and educational center. The school system of the county will average with that of any county in the State of like conditions. Some of the most prominent men in the State, and many who have gone into other sections of the nation and won place and honor, have received their early education in Butler County schools. CALDWELL COUNTY POPULATIOK CCeSSUS I9O0), 14,510. CoUHTY SeaT, PbISCETOK. Situated in the First Congressional, First Appellate, Fourth Judicial, Fourth Sena- torial, and Ninth L-egLslative Districts. Caldwell County was the fifty-first or- ganized in the State, and was formed in 1S09 from a part of Livingston County. Tlie southern portion of the county is level, the soil very fertile, which makes it very productive, while the northern part is hilly and heawly timbered with the best quality of oak, poplar, walnut, and hickory. There is much valuable stone which is used to advantage in different ways, such as keeping the roads in repair, building purposes, and in being made into lime by the two large lime-works which are in operation. Coal has been found in many localities, but it is only being worked in two or three places at present. Spar also abounds in the county, and the mine now in operation will likely prove a great source of wealth to the county. The oil 38 C O M M E K C I A L G R O W T H fields are abundant, and a stock company organized in this county will begin oper- ating wells at once. The roads are in very good condition. and are kept so by a county fund raised for that purpose. It has two railroads, which intersect each other at the county seat, one running north and south and the other east and west. They are both of the Illinois Central system. Caldwell County is one of the best coun- ties in the western portion of the State for stock raising, and large numbers of cattle, sheep, and hogs are shipped to market every year. Fruit grows well in all parts of the county, consisting of apples, pears, peaches, grapes, plums, strawberries, etc. The Tradewater River with its tribu- taries water the northern portion of the county, while the southern part is watered by springs and creeks. There are quite a number of mineral springs in various parts of the county which are capable of being made beautiful health and pleasure resorts. Some streams capable of oper- ating machinery are found, the water of which is being utilized for such purposes. There are many natural curiosities in the county, such as caves, hills, and project- ing rocks towering far above us and often presenting the most beautiful scenery. There is in the county a Spanish fort and an Indian fortification that have many strange historical facts connected with them. There is an ice cave in which may be found ice at any time of the j'ear. The agricultural products of the county are corn, wheat, oats, rye, tobacco, fruits, and vegetables. The grasses are clover, timothy, orchard grass, and bluegrass. The farmers use the best improved machinery. Princeton, the county seat, a city of about 3,500 mhabitants, is located near the center of the county, and is the center of a rich agricultural region. It has many factories, foundries, and mills. It has two of the largest tobacco factories in the world, one of which is claimed to be the largest. The county has splendid educational advantages. The public schools of the county are in thriving condition, while the city of Princeton can boast of one of the best colleges in Western Kentucky. Princeton Collegiate Institute enjoys a large and increasing patronage from a number of the surrounding States. CALLOW" .\ \" C O U X T Y Population (Census 1900), 17,633. County Seat. Mlrkav. Situated in the First Congressional, First Appellate. Third J udicial. Third Senatorial, and Fifth Legislative Districts. Calloway County is situated in the southwestern portion of the State, and lies along the Tennessee State line. This county IS abundantly watered and well drained by the Tennessee and Blood rivers, and the east and west forks of Clark's River and their several tributaries, the Tennessee and Blood rivers draining the eastern section of the county and the east and west forks of Clark's River drain- ing the more central and western portions of the county. In the western portion of this county the land is level, while in the eastern section it is broken and hilly. Nevertheless all the land of the county, as a general rule, is fertile and productive. It is especially good along the river and creek bottoms, where most magnificent farms are located. The labor on the farms is performed by native white and colored hands, whose services can be procured for from ten to fifteen dollars per month and board. The staple products of the Cal- loway County farms are corn, wheat, oats, hay, and tobacco. STATE (JF KENTUCKY 39 Much jjood timber of oak, walnut, pop- lar, beech, and ash can be found in the county at reasonable prices per acre. There are no turnpikes in the county, the public roads being the ordinary county or dirt roads, and are under the supervision of road overseers appointed by the county court, and are kept in fair condition. The Paducah, Tennessee & Alabama Railroad runs through the central part of the county from north to south. School facilities are furnished by the common school system of the State, and in most of the districts are good and com- fortable school houses ; the schools are well attended and are in a flourishing condition. Murray, the county seat of Calloway County, is situated near the center of the county on the Paducah, Tennessee & .■Ma- bama Railroad; is a nice little town, with a population, according to the last United States census, of 1,822. It has churches and schools. CAMPBELL COUNTY PopuL.^TioN (Census 1900), 54,223. County Seats, Newport and .■\lexandi;ia. Situated in the Sixth Congressional, Sixth Appellate, Seventh Judicial, Twenty- fifth Senatorial, and Eighty-third Legis- lative Districts. Campbell County was organized in 1798, and was the nineteenth county formed in the State. When formed it included Ken- ton County, and is bounded on the north and east by the Ohio River, on the west by Licking River, and on the south by Pendleton County. It has two railroads running through it, the C. & O. R. R. and L. & N. R. R., together, about thirty miles. Fort Thomas is located in the north end, about three miles south of Newport, with an electric car line from Fountain Square in Cincinnati to Fort Thomas, and a second line running to Evergreen Cemetery, a distance of three miles, with a fair prospect of being built to Alexandria, the county seat. It also has located in the county the Government rifle range on the bank of Licking River, where every regiment in the United States army comes to practice target shooting. The county is about twenty-five miles from north to south, and about seven miles wide from east to west, and, because of its being located between the Ohio and Licking rivers, it is said to be the best fruit county in the State, equal to the famous fruit belt of Michigan; all kinds of fruit that are suited to this climate are raised in this country to perfection and in abundance, some farmers having fifty to one hundred acres in small fruit. It was conceded at the Ohio State Horticultural Society that the apples and peaches that came from Campbell County had the finest flavor and the highest and brightest color of any that were on exhibition. Campbell County has two county seats, Newport and .Alexandria, sixty miles of turnpike, and four hundred and forty miles of county roads. The common schools are as good as any in the Union. As a rule the people take a great interest in the schools and school buildings, and fully ninety per cent of the children at school age can read and write. There are some foreigners in the county, mostly Germans, and as a rule they are good, law-abiding people and good agri- culturists and horticulturists. Our farmers use the best of farm implements and seeds. All kinds of grasses gvow here ; Kentuckj' bluegrass is indigenous to this county. In the southern part of the county there is regular farming and stock raising, horses, cattle, sheep, and hogs, and all kinds of grain and tobacco, but in the northern part it is all tilled as a garden and fruit farm. 40 COMMERCIAL G K O \V T H Campbell County is the thiid in the State in point of vvealtli and population. Newport has several iron plants, one large rolling mill and bolt works, one shoe fac- tory, one pipe factory, one watch-case factory, and has a population of about 40,00c ; has two iron bridges spanning the Ohio River and two iron bridges span- ning the Licking River, and two suburban towns of about 7,000 each, and the county is as healthy as any place in the land. The face of the county is undulating, so no stagnant water is left. The Ohio River is navigable the year round. The Licking River is navigable as far as Falmouth about six months of the year. CARLISLE COUNTY PopuL.^TioN (Census 1900), 10,195. County Seat, Bardwell. Situated in the First Congressional, First Appellate, First Judicial, Second Sen- atorial, and Second Legislative Districts. Carlisle County was formed May 4, 1886. The surface is slightly rolling and the soil very productive. Mayfield Creek, along the northern boundary, is the largest stream in the State called a "creek." Obion Creek, almost as large, runs along the south line. These streams, with their numerous tributaries, furnish an abundant supply of water for power and domestic use. Excellent water for family use can be had from twenty to sixty feet under ground. There are some very fine tracts of oak and Cottonwood timber in the county. The oak is being used extensively for railroad ties. By a system of taxation of twenty-five cents on tfie one hundred dollars the roads of the county are worked and are in splendid condition. No tolls, no toll-gate raiders. The Illinois Central Railroad and Mobile & Ohio Railroad both cross the county. Many farmers are giving a great amount of attention to truck farming. The soil in the county produces some of the finest vegetables and berries in the State. The farm labor is native white, and is paid Si 2 to S15 per month, with board. Bardwell, the county seat, is an enter- prising town of 1,600; located on the Uhnois Central Railroad, has three white and two colored churches, public graded school building costing §7,000, where five teachers are employed ten months in the year. There are also two banks, capital stock 536,000. Hotel, opera-house, two flouring mills, saw and planing mills, box factory, electric lights, steam laundry; in fact a first-class, enterprising town. CARROLL COUNTY Population (Census 1900), 9,825. County Seat, Carrollton. Situated in the Sixth Congressional, Fifth .\ppellate. Fifteenth judicial, Twenty - first Senatorial, and Fifty-third Legislative Districts. Carroll County is located on the extreme northern border of the State, midway be- tween Louisville and Cincinnati. It w'as organized in 1838, and was formed out of portions of Gallatin and Trimble counties, and named in honor of Charles Carroll, of Carrollton, Maryland, The Ohio River extends along its entire northern boundary. The principal streams which drain the county are the Kentucky River, the Little Kentucky River, White's Run, Eagle Creek, STATE OF KENTUCKY 41 and Locust Creek. The bottom land of the Ohio River is very wide aud remark- ably fertile. The same is true of the broad valley of the Kentucky River and the bottom lands of the various streams traversing the county. Corn and tobacco, especially, are well adapted to these low lands and are grown in great abundance. The uplands, which is excellent limestone land, produces all the cereals, also hay and tobacco, and affords fine pasturage as well. The principal products of the ■county are the finest quality of Burley tobacco, wheat, corn, and hay, all of which are produced in abundance w-ithout the aid of commercial fertilizers. Facilities for travel and transportation by land are furnished by the Louisville & Nashville Railroad, which runs through the entire length of the southeastern part •of the county, and the Ohio and Kentucky rivers furnish abundant cheap and con- venient transportation by water. The county has one farmers' club, the Carroll County Agricultural and Improve- ment Society, which is doing much toward the promotion of agriculture. Farm labor is supplied by both white and black laborers, who are employed at prices ranging from S12 to ^15 per month and board, or from §16 to $20 per month without board. The county has excellent roads, of which about one hundred and twenty-five miles are macadam and are free from toll. The free turnpike system so far has given entire satisfaction. The public schools of the county are up to the standard of any in the State. Carrollton, the county seat, is situated at the junction of the Ohio and Kentucky rivers and is a growing business town with about 2,800 population. The princi- pal industries are the Barker Tobacco Company, the Carrollton Furniture Com- pany, the Carrollton Pressed Brick Com- pany, the Old Darling Distillery Company, the Jett Bros. Distilling Company, the Cameron Flouring Mill Company, the Adkinson Bros. Saw & Planing Mill Company, and Hill's Tobacco Factory. The town has excellent schools and churches, water-works, electric lights, a telephone exchange, custom-house, opera-house, a fine iron bridge across the Kentucky River, and a number of good stores and business houses of various kinds. CARTER COUNTY Population (Census 1900), 20,228. County Seat, Gray'on. Situated in the Ninth Congressional, Sixth Appellate, Twelfth Judicial, Thirty- fifth Senatorial, and One Hundredth Leg- islative Districts. Carter County was formed in the year 1 8 38 from parts of Greenup and Law- rence counties, and was named for Colonel Wm. G. Carter. It was the eighty-third county formed in the State. It is located in the extreme northeastern part of the State. The surface of the county is divided into hills and valleys. The county is well watered and drouths are almost unknown. The principal water- courses are the Little Big Saniy River and Tygorts Creek. The soil is generally very fertile and well adapted to the growth of corn, oats, wheat, rye, barley, millet, sugar- cane, tobacco, and all kinds of vegetables usually grown in the temperate zone. The timber consists of poplar, oak, and pine. Beneath the soil is found in many locali- ties iron ore, limestone, fire clay, cannel coal, and bituminous coal. No iron ore is now being taken out, but a number of excellent fire-clay mines are in operation and are being worked profitably. 42 COMMERCIAL G K O W.T H There are several large coal mines in operation, and the Kentucky Cannel Coal Company, whose mines are located on Stinson Creek, are mining a very superior grade of coal, all of which is exported, Spain being the principal customer. The greatest natural curiosity is the Carter caves in the west end of the county, which are grand structures and have been ex- plored for a distance of ten miles or more. The farming lands are being more ex- tensively developed, better care is being taken of them and the grade of stock is being improved. Tobacco is the staple crop. At Olive Hill an extensive fire-brick plant is in operation, and a stone-crushing plant, employing a large quantit)' of lime- stone daily. The Chesapeake & Ohio Railway passes through tlie count}- from east to west, and the Eastern Kentucky from north to south. Transportation facilities are amply sufficient for all the demands of the people. The public roads are not macadamized, but are kept in fair condition and are easily traveled except in prolonged seasons of rain in winter. They are maintained under the provisions of the general law. The principal labor is farm work, and average wages for that class of work is about fifteen dollars per month and board. The skilled labor about the mines and manufacturing plants is much higher. The common school system is flourishing and improving all the time as to methods and teachers. There are excellent graded free schools at Denton, Grayson, Olive Hill, and Willard. The sentiment among the people is for better educational facilities. Timothv. clover, bluegrass, and orchard grass flourish. Grayson, the county seat, contains about eight hundred inhabitants, four churches, a fine graded school emploving three teachers and in session nine months in the year, good public buildings, and a number of good stoies. CASEY COUNTY PopvLATiON (Census 1900), 15.144. Col-ntv Seat. Liberty. Situated in the Eleventh Congressional. Third Appellate, Twenty-ninth Judicial. Eighteenth Senatorial, and Forty-third Legislative Districts. Casey County was organized in 1806 out of a part of Lincoln County, and has 444 square miles of territory. The surface of the county is hilly. The soil is thin and broken, except portions of the bottom lands, which are very productive. This is especially true of the valley of the Roll- ing Fork of Salt River, that portion within the borders of Casey County con- taining as fine lands as there is in the State. Corn, wheat, and potatoes are the chief agricultural products, of which a surplus is raised. The county is well supplied with turnpikes, kept in excellent condition, and on all of which toll is collected. The dirt roads are good and are kept in repair bj' the general road law of the State. The timber of Casey County is unsur- passed by any in the State, though great inroads have been made on it of late years. The schools are in good condi- tion, with commodious houses and an excellent corps of teachers. There is a school in Middleburg, in the eastern end of the county, in which all the higher branches are taught. Liberty is the county seat, is on Green River, and has about 1,000 inhabitants. STATE OF KENTUCKY 43 CHRISTIAN COUNTY Population (Census igoo), 37,962. County Seat, Hopkinsville. Situated in the Second Congressional, First Appellate, Third Judicial, Sixth Senatorial, and Tenth Legislative Districts. Christian County was named in honor of Colonel William Christian, a noted soldier and Indian fighter, and was formed in 1796 out of a part of Logan County. It is situated in the southwestern part of the State, and is a border county to the State of Tennessee. Is one of the largest and most productive counties in the State, producing more wheat and tobacco than any other county in the State. Has pro- duced the enormous amount of 17, 000,- 000 pounds of tobacco in one year. The northern half of the county is broken, and in some parts quite hilly. The soil, while not so rich as the south- ern half, responds kindly to modern methods of good cultivation, and excel- lent corn, tobacco, and other farm crops are grown. It is far better adapted to the use of commercial fertilizers than the southern part of the county, and with their use makes the finest quality of tobacco. It is also much better adapted to the growth of fruits. The southern half of the county is level or slightly un- dulating, has a rich clay soil, well adapted to the growth of wheat, corn, tobacco and all other products which will grow in this latitude. The northern half of the county was heavily timbered, of which there still remains an ample supply for all purposes, and of the best quality, the hard woods mostly abounding. There is also an ample supply of building stone, bitu- minous coal, and iron ore. In some parts of the county there are a few Indian mounds, in which are found a great many very rare and interesting relics. The principal water-courses are Little River, Pond River, Red River, West and Little West Forks of Red River, Trade- water, Sinking Fork of Little River, and a few other minor streams. Excellent water power for mills or other manufacturing purposes is furnished by Little River, West Fork, Pond River, and Tradewater ; none, however, are navigable for steam- boats. The county has seventy-two miles of railroad, operated by the Louisville & Nashville and Illinois Central companies. All turnpikes are owned and operated by the county free of toll. Farm labor, principally colored, is plentiful and averages in price from Si I to Si 5 per month, with board. Educational facilities are good. Com- mon schools for white and colored pupils are taught in every school district in the county. There are several high schools and colleges, prominent among them being Major Ferrill's High School, South Ken- tucky College, and Bethel Female College, all located at Hopkinsville. Hopkinsville, the county seat, is a handsome, well-built city of over 8,000 inhabitants, with the best-built streets and sidewalks of any city of its size in the State, with all modern improvements, such as electric lights, water-works, four banks with a capital of nearly S500.000, twelve large tobacco warehouses, an ex- cellent graded school system, supplement- ed with the high school and two colleges already mentioned. The Western Insane Asylum is located near Hopkinsville. There are a number of other more or less important towns, of which Pembroke, with about 1,000 inhabitants, two good banks and other commercial and industrial institutions, is most prominent. Fairview, the birthplace of the Hon. Jefferson Davis, President of the Confederate States. LaFayette, Gracey, Julian, Newstead, Howel. Garretsburg, Bell, Oak Grove, Kennedy, Bellview, Crofton, and Kelly, are all thriving and prosperous towns. 44 COMMERCIAL GROWTH CLARK COUNTY Population (Census 1900), 16,694. County Seat, Winchester. Situated in the Tenth Congressional, Seventh Appellate, Twenty-fifth Judicial, Twenty-eighth Senatorial and Seventy- fourth Legislative Districts. Clark County was organized by act of the legislature in December, 1792, out of parts of Fayette and Bourbon, and was the fourteenth in order of formation. It originally comprised most of the territory between the Kentucky River and the Middle Fork of the same, and Cumberland Gap on the east and south, Licking River and Pound Gap on the northeast, and extending from Boone's Creek to the Virginia line. Four years later much of its territory was taken off by the formation of Montgomery County. In i8o5 it yielded part of its territory to the new county of Estill, and in 1852 it contrib- uted to the formation of Powell. The county stands on the dividing ridge between the waters of Kentucky and Lick- ing rivers. The southern and eastern portions are drained by Lulbegrud, Upper and Lower Howards, Two Mile, Four Mile creeks, and Red River, all tributaries of Kentucky. The northern part is drain- ed by Stoner, Strode's, and Hancock creeks, which flow into the Licking. The Kentucky River borders the southern line of the county for about twent^'-five miles, and the new lock at Valley View will bring slack-water navigation to the border of the county. The soil varies much in quality. A large portion of it is composed of the best of the famous bluegrass lands of the State, and is worth as much as similar land anywhere. For many years the Bur- ley tobacco of this section of the county has broken the record price of the year in the Louisville and Cincinnati markets. Other portions of the county are hilly and broken, but produce well. In the extreme eastern portion of the county land is quite thin. Fine building stone and stone for lime exists in various portions of the county, and evidence of oil and gas are strong in the eastern part of the county. Very little timber is left in the county, although some walnut lumber is still shipped from here, most of it going to Europe. The crops are those usually found in the bluegrass region: corn, wheat, rye, oats, hay, Hurley tobacco, hemp, and bluegrass seed are grown, while of late years considerable quantities of small fruits, principally strawberries, are raised. More attention is also being given to fruit- growing. Owing to the natural fertility of the soil, not much attention has been given to the use of fertilizers in the past, but their use is increasing rapidly. The latest and most improved farming imple- ments are generally used. Clark County has always stood high in stock-raising ranks, being especially noted for her short-horn cattle. More cattle are sold from this county than from any other in the State in proportion to its size. Of late years considerable attention has been given to the breeding of Jerseys and other breeds of dairy cattle. Horses, mules, sheep, and hogs receive close attention, and of late years Winchester has been the seat of a thriving trade in eggs and dressed poultry, including thousands of turkeys, which bring highest prices in the markets of Boston and other Eastern points. The 255 square miles in the county are traversed by 175 miles of turnpikes and 200 miles of dirt roads, all of which are free and are kept up by taxation. Three independent and competing lines of railroad run through the county, giving Clark County more miles of railroad in proportion to area than any county in the State except Jefferson. STATE OF KENTUCKY 45 Clark County's taxable wealth is about Jio,ooQ,ooo, and the credit of the county is of the highest class. Her bonded debt is not burdensome and is being steadily reduced. Clark is one of the four richest counties in the State, outside of the five which contain large cities. With the exception of a few planing mills and other manufactories, the labor of the county is mostly unskilled. Farm laborers receive from $io to 815 per month with board, but much of the land is tilled " on shares." The public schools of Clark county are above the average and most of the dis- tricts have good schoolhouses, w Inch are well equipped. Winchester, the county seat, has a popu- lation of about 7,000, with a fine sys- tem of water works, electric light, a splendid fire department, two telephone systems with lines running to other cities and to many parts of the country. Sev- enteen churches, a fine system of public schools, two colleges, fine public build- ings, and enterprising and successful busi- ness houses of many kinds. The city is very healthful, being one of the highest county seats in the State. The assessed valuation of the city is over §2.000,000. CLAY COUNTY Population (Census 1900), 15,364. County Seat, Manchester. Situated in the Eleventh Congressional, Fifth Appellate, Twenty-seventh Judicial, Thirty-third Senatorial, and Seventy-first Legislative Districts. Clay County was formed in the year i8o5. Situated in the southeastern por- tion of the State, bounded by the counties of Laurel, Knox, and Bell on the south ; Leslie and Perry on the east; Owsley and Jackson on the north, and Laurel on the west. The county has over 200 miles of navigable water within its boundary, in the streams of Red Bird, Big Goose Creek, and Little Goose Creek. The two former unite in the county and form the south fork of the Kentucky River, at what is known as the Buckskin Salt Works. The soil of the river bottoms, which are wide and extend the length of the rivers, is as productive as any soil in the State. The hills are productive of grass and fine crops of corn, oats, and wheat. The hills also contain a supply of coal, both soft and cannel, unexcelled in any other por- tion of Kentucky. So plentiful is the coal that it is dug and delivered at the county seat for four cents per bushel. The supply is inexhaustible. The portion of the county lying on the Big Goose Creek contains fine salt water, and ever since the formation of the county the salt works have been operated by the Whites, Garrards, Combs, and Bates. All, however, except the works owned by General T. T. Garrard, have suspended. His works supply this and many of the surrounding counties with salt made from his works, two miles from the county seat. No county in the State has such an inexhaustible supply of "natural gas" as has this county. On Sexton's Creek there are two wells, or natural gas springs, where the gas comes through the pores of the ground in quantities that will support great fires for whole seasons. The scenery along the water courses is picturesque, and in grandeur has nothing in the State that can excel it. The average price of land in the county is about Sio an acre. The county seat, Manchester, is located in the central portion of the county on Goose Creek, and has about 800 popula- tion, made up of the very best citizenship of Eastern Kentucky. 46 C Cl M M E K C I A L G K O W T H CLINTON C O f N T Y Population (Census 1900). 7.S71. County Seat. Ai.hany. Situated in the Eleventh Congressional , Third Appellate, Twenty-eighth Judicial. Sixteenth Senatorial, and Thirty - sixth Legislative Districts. Clinton County was created by an act of the legislature approved February 20, 1836, and the territory within its limits was taken from Wayne and Cumberland counties. Spurs of the Cumberland Mountains enter the county on the east and extend to near its center. They contain veins of excellent bituminous coal about three feet thick. Between these spurs are fertile valleys wliich, under a proper state of cultivation, yield crops of corn, wheat, oats, clover, orchard grass, timothy, fruits, etc. The western portion of the county is undulating, and is not so fertile as the valleys in the eastern part of the county, except on the rivers and creeks, but yield remunerative crops by the use of ferti- lizers. Potatoes and garden vegetables grow abundantly in all parts of the county. as the soil is generally well prepared by deep plowing, pulverizing the soil, and using stable manure. The climate and soil are adapted to the growth of fruit trees, which yield abun- dantly of well-matured and healthy fruit. The peach crop never fails on the hills, but does not do so well in the lowlands. There is an abundance of fine timber in the county, such as poplar, white oak, black oak, hickory, sugar tree, cedar, dogwood, chestnut, maple, elm, beech, etc. There is an abundance of blue, gray, and white limestone and other rocks suitable for building pur{>oses. The county is well watered : in addition to the rivers and creeks there are many bold springs of pure water in all parts of the county. Salt has been manufactured on Willis's Creek, in the northwestern part of the county, and it is believed that the countv is in the oil belt. There is an abundance of marl, which, if utilized, would enrich the whole county. The climate is healthy, and the summers, instead of being oppressive, are delightful in the timbered valleys. There are chalybeate springs on a high plateau northeast of Albany, the county seat, where a view of the surrounding country for many miles can be had, which gives great pleasure, as the scenery is so varied. The Cumberland River on the north is navigable a part of the year from Nash- ville. Tenn.. to Burnside, Ky., a station on the Cincinnati Southern Railwaj-. There are no railroads in the county; the nearest station is at Burnside, which is forty miles from the county seat. Albany, the county seat, on the south side of the center of the county, has a new and commodious court house, is abundantly supplied with water by springs from thirty to sixty feet deep, has six gen- eral stores, two drug stores, one grocery, one saddlery, two blacksmith shops, two hotels, two water mills, one steam roller mill, saw mill, planing mill and carding factory, one high school, one bank, three churches, and no saloons. The public schools of the county are in fair condition, but the State aid is not supplemented by local taxation. Some of the most prominent men of the State and nation were natives of Clinton County. During the civil war over one half of the male population enlisted in the Union army, and many of the others served in the Confederate army. On both sides they distinguished themselves for courage STATE OF KENTUCKY 47 and devotion to the banner under which they enhsted. The price of farm labor will average about Si2 per mouth. There are no foreign colonies here, but the people of this county are hospitable, and emigrants would be heartily received and furnished homes at cheap rates for lands. The resources of the county are abun- dant, varied, and valuable, but except to a very limited extent remain undeveloped. CRITTENDEN COUNTY Population (Census 1900), 15,191. County Seat, Marion. Situated in the First Congressional, First Appellate, Fourth Judicial, Fourth Senatorial and Seventh Legislative Dis- tricts. Crittenden County was formed out of part of Livingston County in 1842, and made the number of counties then in the State ninety-one. It is situated in the southwestern part of the State, on the Ohio River. The Ohio River forms its northern boundary, while on the east it is bounded by the counties of Union and Webster, on the south by Caldwell and Lyon, Livingston forming its western boundary. The land is high and rolling, w-ell watered and drained by the Ohio on its northern boundary and the Tradewater on the northeast, and the Cumberland for a con- siderable distance on its southern border, besides numerous streams flowing through the county, principal among which are Caney Fork and Crooked Creek, emptying into the Ohio on the north, and Pine Creek, Long Branch and others which flow into Tradewater on the northeast. The soil of Crittenden County is good, but that attention to fertilizing which the subject demands has not been paid to it by our farmers, nor has the proper atten- tion to the rotation of crops been had; nevertheless, a large surplus of farm products are shipped out of the county to other markets each year. Corn, wheat, oats, rye, tobacco, and hay are the prin- cipal staples of the Crittenden Count)' farm, timothy being the most profitable of all grasses grown in the county. The high and rolling lands of the county make it a most excellent locality for fruit culture, and all fruits grown in Kentucky are grown in this county most abundantly. The timber supply of Crittenden is good and abundant; hickory and oak most abound, and great forests tracts of this valuable timber can be had at reason- able prices. The Ohio Valley Railroad runs through the county, the county seat being situated on the same; and this railroad and the water courses spoken of afford good local facilities for transportation, either by land or water. There are no turnpike roads in the county, the public roads being the common dirt roads of the county, which are maintained and kept in repair by the road overseers, appointed by the county court under the road laws of the State. Diversified farming is only engaged in for domestic uses, saving fruit-growing, there being more fruit grown in the county than is sufficient for home consumption. The educational facilities of the county are mostly confined to the common schools, which are in good condition, well attended, and under good management. Marion, the county seat, is situated a little southeast of the center of the coun- ty, on the Ohio Valley Railroad. It is a flourishing town with a population of nearly 1,000. 48 COMMERCIAL G R C) \V T H CUMBERLAND CO U N T Y Population (Census 1900) 8,962. County Seat, Burksville. Situated iu the Eleventh Cougressioual, Second Appellate, Twenty-ninth Judicial, Sixteenth Senatorial, aud Thirty-seventh Legislative Districts. This county was formed in 1798 from a part of Green, and named for the Cum- berland River, which flows diagonally through the county from northeast to southwest. A small portion of this county lies on the subcarboniferous Lithostrotion lime- stone, but the greater part of the county is based upon the Waverly series, which are cut through by the rivers and creeks so as to expose the Devonian shales and the Upper Silurian in thin stratifications, and the Lower Silurian blue limestones in the beds of the rivers. There is no coal in the county, but oil in paying quantities has been found by wells sunk in the river aud creek bottoms. The first noted "American oil" well ever bored in the United States is situated three miles from Burksville, on the banks of the Cumber- land River. The oil was struck while boring for salt water, iu 1830, at a depth of 175 feet. Salt water abounds in this section, and some iron ores, but not in such quantities as in several of the neighboring counties lying to the north and east. The general surface of the county is broken and hilly, and abounds in knobby formations of thin soil, but the bottoms are of great fertility. Cumberland River, which is navigable by steamboats the greater part of the year, with its tributaries, drains the entire county. The United States government has begun a series of locks and dams on the river, which will soon be completed up to this point, and which will open up and give an impetus to many new industries. Its principal tributaries are Marrowbone, Crocus, Big Renox, Little Renox, Willis, Bear, and Goose creeks. The county abounds in sulphur and chalybeate water. The most noted of these springs are on Renox and Sulphur creeks, and possess remarkable health-giving properties. The greatest wealth of the county lies in its timber. It abounds in the best qualities of oak, poplar, and chestnut, besides walnut, cherry, ash, maple, hickory, and many others. The hard woods of the county are very valuable. Many of the farmers have planted thousands of young walnut trees on their idle land, and at no distant date the trees will be worth far more than the land. Corn, wheat, oats, rye, and tobacco are the staple crops, and the principal gracing and hay grasses are clover, redtop, timo- thy, orchard grass, bluegrass, and millet, all of which grow luxuriantly. Stock peas for hay, and sorghum in large quantities for fattening cattle, are also grown. The land is well adapted to the growth of dark tobacco, and when there was a demand for it this county produced more than any other county in the United States. The soil and climate are also adapted to small fruits, but their cultiva- tion is limited. The farmers pay a good deal of atten- tion to the raising of thoroughbred stock. No prettier horses are to be found in the State. The fattening of cattle for market is a profitable industry; the abundant mast all over the county affords excellent facilities for fattening hogs, large numbers of which are shipped to Louisville, Cincin- nati, and other points. Poultry and eggs are shipped in immense quantities, and bring more money into the county than any two of the other products com- bined. Many people, during the summer months, are engaged in pearl hunting, and STATE OF K i; N T U C K \ 49 many pearls of great size and brilliancy have been found. Burksville, the county seat, is situated on the north side of the Cumberland River, and is the largest shipping point above Nashville, Tenn. It has a good court house, several churches, an excellent public school building, a dozen stores and groceries, one bank, a large roller mill, and many handsome private residences. It is the seat of Alexander College, founded in 1872. which has a beautiful building and an endowment of several thousand dollars. Marrowbone is a flourishing town, with three churches, large roller mill, and several stores. Bakertown, Peytonsburg, Leslie, Cloyd's Landing, Amandaville. and Waterview are wide-awake villages. There are many beautiful churches and public schools located throughout the countv. DA \- I ESS COUNTY Population (Censls 1900), ^8,667. County Seat, Owmnsboro. Situated in the Second Congressional, Second Appellate, Sixth Judicial, Eighth Senatorial and Fifteenth and Sixteenth Legislative Districts. In the year of 18 15 a part of Ohio County was cut off and made into a new county, which was called Daviess, in honor of that brilliant lawyer and orator and gal- lant soldier, who gave up his life for his country on the bloody field of Tippeca- noe, Colonel Joseph Hamilton Daviess. The county contains about 400 square miles. It is situated in the far-famed "Pennerile'' section of the State. The county has about forty miles of frontage on the Ohio River and twenty-five miles of western boundary on Green River. The county is well watered and drained by Yellow, Pup, Blackford, Panther, Dela- ware and Rhodes creeks. The county is about one half level, one fourth rolling, and one fourth hill land. Most of the land in the county is a rich, sandy alluvial, very deep and pro- ductive; land that it is impossible to wear out. About one fifth of the land in the county is creek bottom, of which there is no richer land in the world. The soils of the county are well adapted to the growth of fruits and vegetables of all kinds, corn, wheat, tobacco, timothy, clover, and other cereals of this latitude. In the last five years a great deal of attention has been paid to the cultivation of strawberries and raspberries. Many farmers have turned their attention to raising tomatoes, sweet corn, beans, and peas for the canning factory, w'ith very profitable results. They get more money out of these crops than any other, and are able to get their money immediately. Daviess County is famous as a producer of corn, wheat, and tobacco. The soil is well suited to the finer grades of Burley, but it is for the heavier grades of dark tobacco that the county is best known. This is undoubtedly the best county in the State for the tobacco raiser, for he is always sure of getting the highest market price for his tobacco. The lands are worked both by tenants and hired labor, for the most part white: wages on farm §12 to S15 per month and board, or S16 to S20 per month when party boards himself. There is a great deal of coal in the county, worked in small, independent banks. The county is in the Western Kentucky coal and Illinois coal fields. Mines are scattered all over the county, furnishing fuel to every one at an average of Si. 2 5 per ton. For manufacturing purposes fuel can be had in Owensboro for fifty cents per ton. 5° C () M M 1-: K C 1 A L C. R O W T H There are three hnes ot railroad in the county, the L., H. & St. L. R. R., the IlUnois Central R. R., and the L. & N. R. R. These railroads, in connection with the Ohio River and Green River, guarantee the cheapest of shipping rates to and from this county. .An electric railroad is now under con- struction between Owensboro and Cal- houn, and will greatly benefit the county, through which it will run. Owensboro, the county seat, with a population of 16,500, is one of the most progressive towns in the State; it is situ- ated on the Ohio River, has gas, electric lights, electric street cars, eighteen churches, two daily newspapers, eight hanks, and two trust companies: two tele- phone companies: two telegraph com- panies; three express companies; city graded schools: an excellent high school: Owensboro Female College; St. Francis Academy: Young Men's Christian Associ- ation building, costing $25,000: four large flouring mills and elevators, the Owensboro Wagon Co., makers of the celebrated •'Owensboro" wagon: the Owensboro Wheel Factory: three buggy factories; two furniture factories; chair factory: two foundries, and machine works; five planing mills; two large saw mills; two cooperage, and several stave yards. The Cellulose Company, located in Owensboro, has the largest plant of its kind in the world. From the pith of corn-stalks they manufacture cellulose for packing behind the armor of war- ships: they also intend making smokeless powder and many other articles out of the same material. The company buys corn-stalks from the farmers of the coun- ty, paying enough for them to net the farmers a handsome profit for this article, which used to he awaste. Many distilleries are scattered over the county, and besides having made "Daviess County whisky" famous, they furnish a live market for all surplus corn. The assessed valuation of property in the county is £11,788,3(3. Total tax levy for all county purposes, including roads and bridges, twenty-five cents on the Si 00. County out of debt, with a considerable surplus. Population according to the last official census (1900), 33,667, which is constantly being increased bv immigration. EDMONSON CO U N T Y PoPL'L.\TiON (Census 1900), 10,080. County Seat, I^rownsville. Situated in the Third Congressional, Second Appellate. Eighth Judicial, Eleventh Senatorial, and Twenty-fifth Legislative Districts. Edmonson County, the seventy-ninth in the order of formation, was formed in the year 1825 out of parts of Warren, Hart, and Grayson counties, and was named in honor of Captain John Edmonson, who was killed in the battle of River Raisin, on January 22, 18 13. It lies on both sides of Green River. The surface of the county is generally uneven, part of it hilly and broken, and most of it gently undulating. The river and creek bottoms and valleys afford some rich and productive soil, but the ridges and tableland are usually thin and much less productive. Its principal streams are Green and Nolin rivers. Bear and Beaver Dam creeks, besides numerous smaller streams, which afford some fine locations for grist and saw mills and factories. The county abounds with excellent tim- ber, principally poplar, oak of all kinds, hickory, ash, walnut, sj-camore, gum, and beech, which is marketed principally in the shape of saw-logs and cross-ties, which are cut and rafted down the \arious STATE OF K E N T U C K \' 51 streams to Evaiisville and Henderson markets. The county is also underlaid with exten- sive beds of coal and iron, which are as yet undeveloped. The navigation of Green River is being improved by locks, and mines of coal, asphalt, etc. . are being opened up. Labor on farm is mostly white, and wages 50 cents with, and 75 cents per day without board; or ?I2 per month with, or Si 8 without board. Roads are worked by calling out hands ; road tax is talked of. Brownsville, the county seat of Edmon- son County, was established in the year 1S28, and was named in honor of General Jacob Brown. It is located on the banks of Green River, at the head of navigation, and is a thriving little town of about 250 inhabitants. It has an excellent court house and a good jail building; contains three dry goods and a grocery store, three hotels, two churches, one bank, one male and female academy. Brownsville lies in latitude 37° and 14', and longitude g° and 15'. Edmonson County surpasses any other county in the State in its natural curiosi- ties and strange formations. Indian Hill lies one mile from Brownsville, is circular at its base, and one mile in circumference: its altitude is eighty-four feet, and except on one side, which is easy of access on foot, perpendicular. The remains of a for- tification are seen around the brow, and a number of mounds and burial places are scattered over this area. A fine spring of water issues from the rock near the surface. Dismal Rock is a perpendicular rock on Dismal Creek, 163 feet high. The Mammoth Cave is about one half mile from Green River, twelve miles from Brownsville, and about seventy-five miles from Louisville, Ky. The cave abounds in minerals, such as nitrous earth, sand flint, pebbles, red and gray ochre, cal- careous spar, chalcedony, crystallized carbonate of lime, crystals of quartz, sul- phate of lime, Epsom and Glauber salts. The cave extends some ten or twelve miles, and to visit the portions already traversed it is said requires 150 to 200 miles' travel. It contains a succession of wonderful avenues, chambers, domes, abysses, grottoes, lakes, rivers, cataracts, and other marvels which are too well known to need more than a reference. There are several other interesting caves in the neighborhood, the principal of which are the Colossal Cavern and Grand Avenue Cave, which rival the Mammoth Cave in the beauty and grand- eur of their chambers, and excel in the number and variety of stalagmites and stalactites. The Chameleon Springs and the Chaly- beate Springs are popular summer resorts and watering places. ELLIOTT COUNTY Population (Census 1900), 10,387. County Seat, Sandy Hook. Situated in the Tenth Congressional, Seventh Appellate, Twentieth Judicial, Thirty-second Senatorial, and One Hun- dredth Legislative Districts. Formed by an act of the Kentucky Legislature in 1869 and 1870, situated on tlie headwaters of Little Sandy River. Within the county are several water- courses navigable for floating out lumber, staves, etc. The soil is a deep loam with clay subsoil, well adapted to and on which grow fine crops of clover, orchard grass, timothy, oats, and wheat ; also excellent corn crops. Cattle are being extensively raised at a good profit. The county has all varieties of lumber of this climate ; much valuable oak and yellow poplar is now being marketed. Bituminous and C (,> M M K K C 1 A I. i; K l> W T H cauuel coal : tlie bituininous coal is from two to four feet thick : cannel coal runs five feet thick. This deposit is in the southern part of the county. It is thought to have large deposits of asphalt, as Elliott borders on Carter, near the asphalt mines now beinj; develoi^ed at Soldier, Ky. ; good saw and flouring mills. The public loads are in fair condition, with iron bridges across the principal streams, and the roads are beuig materiall\- improved, .Av- erage price for farm labor is S13 per mouth with board, SiS without board: good common schools, with an excellent coii>s of teachei"s, and two normal train- ing schools, where many are being prepared as teachers, Sandy Hook is the county seat, beauti- fully located, well watered, and healthful. In the southeastern part of this county are dikes, and diamonds are supposed to be deposited. Many geologists have vis- ited these dikes, where some mining has been done. Some silver mines with a small per cent of silver have been found. There is a bright future for Elliott County when the tine deposits of black and yellow oil on the Middle Fork are developed. ESTILL COUNTY Popi LATioN (Censis 1900), ii,(ioy. CoiNTY Seat, Ikvine. Situated in the Tenth Congressional, Seventh Judicial, Twenty-ninth Senatorial and Seventy-third Legislative Districts. Estill County, named in honor of Cap- tain James Estill, a noted Indian tighter, was established by an act of the Legisla- ture of 1S07, and was organized in the year following. It is composed of por- tions of Madison and Clark counties. The Kentucky River washes the shores of the county for approximately fifty miles, and receives within its course numerous tribu- taries of greater or less extent, of which Station Camp, Miller's Creek, Buck and Doe, Drowning and Cow creeks are the most important. The banks of the Ken- tucky and its affluents are thickly wooded with choice timber of both hard and soft varieties, and the river and creeks are util- ized during the rainy se.ison of the year for floating millions of feet of choice tim- ber to the mills. Mill sites of the finest character, with water power m abundance, dot the river banks on both sides for the entire water front of the county. The soil along the river and creek bottoms is of remarkable fertility and admirably adapted to the cultivation of the coarser cereals, ludian corn is raised on these bottoms with great success, the annual inundations furnishing sufficient silt to enrich and rejuvenate the soil for endless successive crops. Xo county in the State is richer in its mineral deposits than Estill, although they lie as yet in an almost totally undeveloped state. Immense fields of bituminous coal; miles of iron ore of unsurpassed viuality, which lie unused for lack of transporta- tion facilities; .^inc in paying quantities; petroleum that shows on the surface its great extent, in one instance bubbling from the ground in a continuous flow, so that it cau be seen iu considerable quan- tity for a mile on the surface of the stream on which it is located; building stone, scarcely inferior to granite, in inex- haustible deposits: hundred acres of work- able clays, contaniing kaolin, aluminum, and all the best material for pottery; all these are the known minerals of Estill Comity; known without any eftort made to discover, much less to develop them. There are many mineral springs in the county, all of the varieties of sulphur, alum, and chalybeate being represented, in several instances as many as five springs in close contiguity, having no two STATE OF KENTUCKY- 53 waters alike. The Estill Sp/ings, situated on the outskirts of the county seat, have been a popular watering place for nearl)- three quarters of a century, and are well ]iatronized during the sununer season. Irvine has two mammoth saw mills that run as long as the river will furnish them timber: besides, scattered through the county, there are scores or more of mills of less capacity for sawing lumber. There are also four stave factories, and one for the manufacture of excelsior. The Louis- ville & Atlantic, running from Versailles to Irvine, a distance of sixty-one miles, is at present tlie only railroad tapping Estill County. Irvine, the county seat, is located in the Kentucky River valley, beautified and adorned by the loveliest of nature's scenery, and is healthful, the air being pure and salubrious and the waters noted for their health-restoring jiroperties. It has a population of nearly a thousand, and its people are polite, courteous, and to a large extent cultured and refined. It is tjuite a lumber emporium, quite an amount of capital being invested in that business. Its position on the border between the blnegrass and the mountains, the purity of its air and water, and many other things, make it one of the best locations for schools of high order in the State. F A Y E T T E C O U X T Y PoPL'LATION (CeNSLS I900), 42,071. COLNTY SeaT, LeXINGTON. Situated in the Seventh Congressional, Fifth Appelate, Twenty-second Judicial, Twenty-seventh Senatorial, and Sixty-first and Sixty-second Legislative Districts. Fayette is the central county of the celebrated bluegrass region of Central Kentucky. As originally constituted by the Legislature of Virginia, it was one of the three counties — Fayette. Lincoln, and Jefferson — composing the district of Ken- tucky, and was named after the distin- guished General Lafayette. It then in- cluded -'all that part of the county of Kentucky which lies north of the line, beginning at the mouth of the Kentucky River, and up the same and its middle fork to the head, thence south to the Washington line": thus including about one third of the present State. By the cutting off of many other counties it has been reduced to its present area. The surface of the county is a rolling upland, with the general level of the highest portions about i,ooo feet above sea level. The country becomes more broken towards the Kentucky River. ■which forms the southern boundary for about fifteen miles, and falls off very abruptly from the brink of the river hills to the 600 contour line. All the county drains into the Kentucky River, the southeastern portion by streams that have their courses entirely within or along the borders of the county, the rest of the county by streams that flow outside the limits before emptying. The former are streams of comparatively rapid fall, and might furnish some water power if only they were streams of greater volume. Streams of this class are Boone's, Elk Lick, and Raven. The streams of the other class are North Elkhorn, Town Branch of South Elkhorn, South Elk- horn, West Hickman, and East Hickman. These are streams of more uniform flow, and though the fall per mile is not great furnish some power for flour and grist nulls. None of these streams are navigable. Numerous caves and sinks abound in the county. One of the best known is Russell Cave, about seven miles from town on the Russell Cave pike. A copious spring — literally an underground stream — issues from one side of the main entrance. 54 C O M M i: K C 1 A L r, K O W" T H The greater part of the land of the county is arable, and pasture land is of the finest quality. The soil is of two princi- pal kinds: That with red subsoil, derived from the Trenton limestone, and that with yellow subsoil, derived from the limestone of the Lower Hudson. These soils are very similar physically, both being rather clayey in texture, though not containing a large proportion of true clay, but being composed largely of very fine sand. They are remarkably rich in phosphates and contain a large reserve of insoluble potash silicates, so that they are capable of retaining their fertility for a long time under proper till- age, and when depleted may be restored again by clover or grass. This soil of the second class (yellow subsoil) is peculiarly well suited to the white Burley tobacco and to hemp, but the growing of tobacco has nearly^ superseded that of hemp in late years. It is also productive of corn, and is fairly good wheat soil. ' "Taking the county as a whole, there is still considerable marketable timber remaining in woodland pastures, but it is wisely being preserved for other purposes, and it is to be hoped that Fayette County may never be more completely deprived of her native trees and shrubs than she is at the present time. Certainly their worth in money is trifling when compared with their a-sthetic value as a feature of the bluegrass landscape, and their useful- ness as a partial check on the sudden and e.xtreme drouths with which of late this region has been too frequently visited." As the raising of fine stock, especially horses, is one of the most important in- terests of the county, a large part of the best land is retained in permanent blue- grass pastures. Much of this laud, however, has recently been devoted to the production of tobacco, which is gen- erally raised by white labor "on shares." Aside from this, most of the farming is done by colored laborers, and the average price for good labor is about S14 jier month, with board. Railroads. There are in Fayette County about sixty-seven miles of rail- road, having mileage as follows: Louis- ville & Nashville, nine and one half miles; Louisville Southern, eight and one half miles: Cincinnati Southern. fourteen miles: Kentucky Central, nine miles; Le.x- ington & Eastern, twelve miles; Chesa- peake & Ohio, eleven miles; I-exington Belt Line, three miles. All railroads center in Le.\ingtoii. Turnpikes. There are from 350 to 400 miles of turnpike in the county, about 200 miles being Telford and the remaining macadam road. Lexington, the county seat, is a city of the second class, with a population of about 35,000, and is one of the oldest settlements in the State, the site having been visited by a party of hunters in June, 1775, and was named in honor of the battle of Lexington (Mass.). news of which had just been received by them. A permanent settlement was effected in 1779, and it was incorporated as a town in 1782 and as a city in 1832. The city has had an interesting history, and has long been famous as the home of many men who have occupied high places in the councils of the State and the nation. Its position at the intersection of sev- eral railroad lines extending in all direc- tions, together with its extensive system of turnpikes radiating into every part of the surrounding country, gives it the most coumiandiug commercial position in the eastern half of. Kentuckv, and has re- sulted in the development of many impor- tant business enterprises and in the building up of one of the handsomest cities of the State. The principal streets are paved with brick, and internal travel is further facili- tated by a veiy complete electric street railway system, which reaches every (juarter of the city. The Street Railway Company also operates the electric light system of the city and an extensive plant for the manufacture of ice. STATE OF KENTUCKY 55 The water supply of the city comes from Lake EUerslie, an artificial reservoir cover- ing 126 acres, three miles east of the city. The business interests of the city are extensive and varied. As a horse market it has long been famous, and the various racing meetings throughout the season at the Fair Grounds bring together a large number of horse breeders and owners from all parts of the country. Tobacco, hemp, and canning factories and flouring mills convert the raw materials from the surrounding farms into finished products. A large brewery has recently been added to the city's business in- terests, and a tobacco warehouse is in process of construction by the Continental Tobacco Company. Many large whole- sale and retail commercial houses serve as distributing agents for all kinds of food products and manufacturers. The public buildings of Lexington are large and imposing. The court house was erected at a cost of §200,000. The government building, in which are located the post-office and the offices of the Seventh Internal I^evenue District, is a splendid granite structure, erected in 1889, and is well adapted to its purposes. The Eastern Kentucky Asylum for the Insane is located upon the northern edge of the city. Two splendid general hospitals afford a refuge for those striken down by disease or accident: St. Joseph's, conducted by the Roman Catholics, and the Good Sa- maritan, managed jointly by the Prot- estant churches of the city. In its educational institutions I^exingtou stands pre-eminent. It has for many years been the Mecca of Chautauquans of Ken- tucky, and the annual gatherings of the assembly are largely and enthusiastically attended at Woodland Park, in the east- ern part of the city. The assembly has a large auditorium and numerous subordinate buildings beautifully situated in a noble grove of Kentucky's finest forest trees. Kentucky University and the Agricul- tural and Mechanical, or State College, as it is called, are both large and flourishing institutions and provide instruction for both men and women. The former is conducted under the auspices of the Christian Church, and in its l^iblc Col- lege especially, where students meet from all parts of the world, is an impor- tant auxiliary of that denomination. Its College of Liberal Arts offers courses in the usual branches of collegiate instruc- tion. The State College is a non-sectarian institution, supported jointly by the State and the Federal governments. While giving instructions in the usual classical studies it is also especially prepared to give thorough courses in scientific, agri- cultural, and engineering lines, its labora- tories and shops being amply equipped with the best modern apparatus for this work. Associated with the college, the Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station is constantly engaged in experimental work with farm and garden crops in the interest of farmers. Besides these two institutions, there are three others for the education of young ladies: Say re Institute, Hamilton College, and St. Catherine's Academy, con- ducted under the several auspices of the Presbyterian, Christian, and Roman Cath- olic churches. The American Missionary Association also maintains a large normal school for colored pupils. In addition to all tliese, there are several large commer- cial colleges, private schools, and the necessary quota of public schools for the needs of the community. The principal villages outside of Lex- ington are East Hickman, Athens, Cen- terville. Walnut Hill, Fort Spring, Chilesburg, Donerail, South Elkhorn, and Sandersville. The State Houses of Reform are located at Greendale, a station on the Cincinnati Southern Railroad, a few miles north of Lexington. 56 C O M M E K C 1 A L G K O W T H FLEMIXC. COUNTY PoiTLATION (Censis lyoo). I 7.074. County Seat. l-LEMiNGsmRc. Situated in the Niiilli Congressional. Sixth .\ppellate, Nineteenth Judicial, Thirty-fifth Senatorial, and Eiglity-eishtli Legislative Districts. Fleming County was formed in 1798 out of a portion of Mason, and was the twenty-sixth county in the State: was named in honor of Colonel John M. Flem- ing, who was head of the numerous family of Flemings. It is situated in the north- eastern part of the State, seventeen miles from the Oiiio Kiver. LicUiug Kiver tra- verses the southwestern border, and is fed by Fox, Fleming, and Johnson creeks, which in early days were noted for the numerous water mills that •• cracked the corn." The eastern portion of the county is mountain- ous and heavily timbered, poplar, pine, oak, and chestnut prevailing. Iron ore, oil. and building stone are fomid in the county in abundance. The soil is deep and rich, producing corn, wheat, any none. Fine turnpikes are scattered all over the county, and are sustained bj' taxation. I-"arm hands receive from JiS to S20 per month, and day laborers from Si to Sj per day. J'lemingsburg, the county seat, one of the prettiest towns m the State, has a jiopulation of 1,700, a substantial and commodious court house, one of the finest public school buildings in the State, elec- tric lights, telephone exchange, the best fire department in the State outside of Louisville, two newspapers, six churches, two banks, three hotels, one restaurant, one large flouring mill, three tobacco barns, four livery stables, four drug stores, five dry goods, one clothing, seven grocery, two hardware, two jewelry, two furniture, two millinery, and one agricultural supply stores; three blacksmith, two saddlery, and two carriage shoj>s: two undertakers, two dentists, seven physicians, thirteen lawyers, and three secret societies. I'lem- ingsburg is surrounded by a rich and un- dulating country, with extensive farms, fat mules, fine horses, cattle. liS34, and called Mills Point, but was changed in 1837 to Hickman, in honor of Hon. Edwin Hickman, of Tennessee. It is located about fifty miles below the mouth of the Ohio River, on the east bank of the Mississippi, and had a population in 1890, according to the eleventh census, of 1,652, but it is estimated now to be about 2,000. Its facilities for transportation, both by water and by rail, are first class. It is a flourishing town, with good schools and churches. 6o COMMERCIAL G K O W" T H GALL A T IX CO U X T Y POPILATION (CenSIS IQOO), 5,163. CoiNTY SeaT. WaRSAW. Situated in the Sixth Cougiessional, Fifth Appellate, Fifteenth Judicial. Twenty-third Senatorial, and Fifty-tliird Legislative Districts. The county of Gallatin, named after Hon. Albert Gallatin, secretary of the United States Treasury during President Jefferson's administration, was organized in 1798 from parts of Shelby and Frank- lin counties, and was the twenty-third county organized in the State. It was at one time one of the largest counties in the State, but territory has been taken from it at \arious times for the formation of other counties, until now it is one of the smallest. Owen Count}- was formed from it in iSig, Trimble, in part, in 1836. Carroll took the western half in 1838, forming Carroll Count}-, with Carrollton as the county seat, which originally w as Port Williams, the county seat of Gallatin County. Warsaw-, for- merly known as Fredericksburg, became the county seat of Gallatin. Gallatin County has always been a prosperous county, always paying into the State treasury- more revenue than it drew out, and being of little expense to the State, owing to the law-respecting citizenship it has within its borders. Many a circuit court passes without the return of a single indictment. The county is situated at the low-er end of the " great bend"' of the Ohio River, and is about midway between the two great cities of Louisville and Cincinnati. The surface of the county is generally hilly, though there is an extensive acreage of river bot- tom land, above high water mark. It is limestone soil, and is very productive. White Burley tobacco, corn, live stock, fruit, and garden farming are given especial attention. There is a small out- cropping of coal and lead in the western part of the county, and a very superior quality of tiling clay is also found. The timber supply has been about exhausted, there being only about five per cent of the forests left. The county is well watered by creeks. Eagle Creek bouuds it on the south, and the Ohio River on the north, the river boundary being twenty-one miles. The county is most desirably situated for anj- kind of busi- ness. The county seat, Warsaw, has a popu- lation of over 1,100, with several facto- ries and all the reasonable conveniences, such as first-class fire department, good sidewalks, and streets well lighted at night. The expenses are paid out of liquor licenses, from three hotel saloons, and the wharf privileges. The count)' has an excellent class of citizens, and has a jiopulation of about 6,000. The land will raise any kind of crop suitable to the climate. The land ranges in value from S5 to SSo. Farm labor is both white and colored: price, from $S to S16 per mouth with board, and from S15 to §20 per month without board. There are seventy-one miles of free turnpike, and ninety-four miles of dirt road, all kept up by a system of taxation. The tax rate is 60 1, cents for all pur- poses. The county debt is only about $20,000. The county is well supplied with good schools and churches, and the laws are faithfully executed. The people encour- age the incoming of evei'y good citizen, and are willing to assist every industrial enterprise. STATE OF KENTUCKY 6i GARRARD COUNTY Population (Census iguo), 12,142. County Skat. Lancaster. Situated in the Eighth Congressional, Fifth Appellate, Thirteenth Judicial, Eighteenth Senatorial, and Sixty-seventh Legislative Districts. Garrard County was formed in 1796 out of the counties of Madison, Lincoln, and Mercer, and was named in honor of James Garrard, who was then governor of the State of Kentucky. It is centrally located, its capital, Lancaster, being within twenty miles of the geographical center of the State. Jessamine County, from which it is separated by the Kentucky River, bounds it on the north: Madison County on the east; Lincoln and Rockcastle coun- ties on the south, and Boyle and Mercer counties on the west. It is, therefore, a " bluegrass " county. Part of the county is hilly, much of it undulating — what is called rolling land. The soil is highly productive of corn and the small grains, tobacco, and hemp. The "Buckeye" section of the county is hilly, and has been cultivated in grain for near a hundred years and seems to have lost little, if any, of its original fine productive quali- ties. Perhaps the best and fattest hogs of this county, and as fine as those of any county, are driven up out of " Buck- eye" for shipment in the fall. The tim- ber, for any but fuel and fencing purposes, is about exliausted. There is much oak timber in some sections of the county suited for milling purposes. Farming is diversified only in the usual way by rota- tion of crops, and there is no dairying or truck farming, and very little fruit grow- ing, carried on as a specialty in the county. There are 120 miles of turnpike road in the county, all of which can now be traveled free of toll, with a rate of taxation for maintenance of about 25 cents on the $100 worth of property. The other public roads of the county be- long to the general statutory system of roads, and are well kept. The Louisville & Nasfiville Railroad, " Kentucky Central Division," crosses the county, covering a distance of fourteen miles. The average price of farm lands, im- proved and unimproved, is about Si 5. The labor employed is native, and the average price per month is $13. The county seat is Lancaster, with a population of 1,500, laid off in a perfect square, extendmg one half mile in each direction from the center of the public square. It is a fifth-class city, with a graded school and six churches. The business houses are nearly all new and modern in their architecture, beautiful in design, and are large and comfortable. Many of the residences are handsome, comnrodious, and elegant in design and finish, and few cities have more shade trees, which are properly located for shading the houses and streets in the heated term. The public schools of the county are in good condition, with wide- awake teachers, trustees, and county superintendent. The county has no bonded indebtedness, and the rate of taxation for county purposes, including the turnpike tax, will be about 50 cents on the J 100. 62 COM M K KC I A L C. K O \V T H GRANT C O U N T Y Popri.ATioN (Census igoo), 13,239. Coi-nty Seat, Williamsiowx. Situated in the Sixth Congiessional, Sixth Appellate, Fifteenth Judicial, Twen- t_v-sixth Senatorial, and Se\'enty-seventh Lej^islative Districts. Grant County was created a county of the Commonwealth of Kentucky on the 12th day of February. 1820. It was created from a part of Pendleton, and contained all of the territory now em- braced within its boundaries excepting a small strip added from Campbell County in 1830 and a larger strip secured from Harrison County in 1833, and a small cut-off from Boone County in r868, and a very considerable piece attached from Owen County in 1876. Grant County was the sixty- seventh county formed in the State. Grant County, even in the beginning, was a beautiful spot; her peo- ple, though few and poor, were honest and loyal to the flag, and suffered untold hardships and dangers that their posterity might reap the harvest of riches and good government these pioneers had sown. The country is broken upland, with a deep, rich soil on a foundation of yellow clay, and that in turn underlaid with an inexhaustible supply of limestone. The timber has all been cut away, and nearly all of the county is in the highest state of cultivation. Corn, wheat, rye, oats, potatoes, and white Hurley tobacco are the chief crops cultivated. The tobacco crop frequently reaches as much as 5,000,000 jjounds, and the (|uality grown in the hills of Grant can hardly be etiualcd in the white Burley belt. Grant County is preeminently a stock- raising county. There are thousands of acres of bluegrass scattered from one end of the county to the other, and tim- othy, clover, and all other grasses do remarkably well on its soil. The stock raised in Grant County are fine cattle, sheep, horses, mules, and hogs. During recent years the county has been greatly improved by better methods of farming, and the agricultural popula- tion have increased their wealth until most of the farmers of the county are well-to-do. In every part of the county are to be found lovely homes, magnificent barns, and all of the conveniences that go to make country life the best life on earth to live. No county in the State has a better system of macadam turnpike roads than Grant County. The mileage is a little under 500 miles, and it all belongs to the county. The roads were made free some three years ago, and have been improved each year since, until they are now second to no roads in the State. Every neigh- borhood and nearly every home in the county is reached by a good turnpike road. The county has thirty miles of railroad. The Cincinnati, New Orleans & Texas Pacific passes along the Dry Ridge for more than twenty miles within the limits of the county. The Louisville & Nash- ville passes through the northern part of the county for a distance of approxi- mately nine miles. Grant County has no navigable streams. Its creeks are Big Eagle. Grassy Run, Clark's Creek, Arnold Creek, Ten Mile Creek, Fork Lick, Grassy Creek, and Crooked Creek. The schools are improving from year to year, and are now second to those in no county in the State. At Williams- town, Dry Ridge, Corinth, and Critten- den there are free graded schools, and in every neighborhood of the county a good public school, presided over by a compe- tent teacher. STATE OF K E N T L' C K 'i' Williamstown is the county seat of the county. It was founded prior to 1820, and is a beautiful little city situated in the center of the county, on the Cincin- nati, New Orleans & Texas Pacific Railroad. Within the county there are more than sixty church organizations, with that many places of public worship. The Baptist is the leading denomination, with the Methodist Episcopal Chuixh, South, Christian, Presbyterian, North and South, and Roman Catholic next in order. G R A \' E S C O U N T \' Popui.ATioN (Census 1900), 33,204. County Se.\t. Mavmeld. Situated in the Fiist Congressional, First Appellate, First Judicial, First Sena- torial, and First Legislative Districts. Graves County, organized A. D. 1824, is the central county in what is known as Jackson's Purchase, which lies between the Tennessee and Ohio rivers on the east and north, and the Mississippi River on the west, and borders on the Tennessee State line on the south. It is thirty miles from north to south, and eighteen miles from east to west, and is the only county in the State with four regular, straight lines. There are several pits of potters' brick and tile clay in the county, which are being worked with profit. Vast quanti- ties of this clay has been shipped to the East for the manufacture of ironstone china, fancy tiling, etc. A plant at May- field is manufacturing a very superior and handsome brick from clay found two and a half miles east of that cityT The West Fork of Clark's River and Panther Creek are live streams, and are fed by springs. These streams, wells, and cisterns, and artificial ponds, furnish the water supply of the county. There is also on these streams some fine timber, which is being rapidly used up bj' saw mills and other like industries. Agriculture is the chief occupation of the people, tobacco the principal crop, 15,000,000 to 25,000,000 pounds being raised annually. Wheat produces from ten to thirty bushels per acre, corn twenty- five to fifty bushels per acre, and oats grow fairly well. Clover, timothy, red top, and orchard grass are all success- fully grown, and with the stock pea crop furnish the hay of the county. Blue- grass is grown for ornamental purposes, and in time doubtless will be largely raised for grazing. Sorghum, melons, potatoes, turnips, and all kinds of vegetables, peaches, apples, pears, plums, berries of all kinds, do well and are grown for market pur- poses to some extent. Sheep do well here, barring the destructive "cur." There are several manufacturing enter- prises in the county, mostly at Mayfield ; the Mayfield Woolen Mills, Merit Pants Company, May Pants Company, Beau- mont Soap Factory, two planing mills, ice factory, water-works, electric lights, iron foundry, several tobacco rehandling houses and warehouses. West Kentuky College, located at May- field, affords excellent facilities for men and women seeking a business education. There are 105 white school districts in the county and nineteen colored. Farm- ington, Sedalia, and Wingo have good graded schools. The county has a population of 33,000, and Mayfield, inside corporate limits, of 4,200, with very large suburban popula- tion, making at least 6,000. The county is out of debt ; the tax rate is 38 cents for all purposes, and 81.50 per capita. 64 C O M M E K C I A I. r. K O W" T H C. R A YSO N CO r N TV Population (Census 1900), 19,878. County Seat, Leitchfield. Situated iu the Fourth Cougressioual. Second Appellate, Ninth Judicial, Twelfth Senatorial, and Tweuty-seveuth Legislative Districts. Grayson County was formed from a part of Ohio and Hai-diu counties iu the year iSio, and was named in honor of Colonel William Grayson, of Virginia. Rough River, Nolynn River, and Bear Creek are tlie principal water- courses. None of these streams is navigable ex- cept for i^afts at high tide. The soil is generally light, and with the aid of commercial fertilizers, which are used extensively, produces good crops of tobacco, com, wheat, oats, hay, and the various vegetables usually grown in this climate. Fruits grow well iu the county. and considerable attention is being given to that industry at present. Farm labor- ers are paid from Sio to §15 per month, including board. The Illinois Central Railroad runs through the center of the county from northwest to southeast. Leitchfield, the county seat ;uid prin- cipal town, has a population of about 1.200, is a thriving and prosperous busi- ness community, with good public build- ings, excellent schools, telephone ex- change, numerous churches, bank, ice plant, and a number of the best mer- cantile establishments found in this section of the State. Good schools and churches are found in all parts of the county. Grayson Springs, located four miles from Leitchfield. one of the oldest and most celebrated resorts in tlie south, owned and operated by Mercke Brothers, has, within the past year, been remodeled and equipped in thoroughly modern and elegant style, making it second to none in the countrv. GREEN C O I" N T \ PopiLATios (Ceksis 1900). i2..:55. Coixrv Seat, Greensbirg. Situated in the Fourth Congressional, Third .Appellate, Eleventh Judicial. Thir- teenth Senatorial. and Thirty -eighth Legislative Districts. Green County, located in the south- central part of the State, >vas formed in 1792. The surface of the county is un- dulating, in some portions extremely rough and hilly. The valley and creek bottom lauds are unite fertile, and produce good crops of tobacco, corn, wheat, oats, rye, sugar cane, and the various grasses and vegetables usually grown in this climate. Green River. Little Barren River, Caney Fork, Big Russell's Creek, Little Russell's Creek. Greasy Creek, Tram- niond Creek, and Pittman Creek are the principal water-courses. Good churches and schools are located in all parts of the county. Considerable timber of all classes usu- ally grown iu this climate, except walnut, is found in the county. The Cumberland & Ohio Railroad, a branch of the Louisville & Nashville sys- tem, has its terminus at Greensburg. Greensburg. the county seat, is a pros- perous town, with an excellent public school system, good streets, five churches, and a number of wide-awake, progres- sive business houses in all branches of trade. Horkinsville. Gresham, Thurlow, Eve, Pierce, Osceola, and Sununersville are among the most important of the business places. STATE OF KENTUCKY 65 GREENUP COUNTY Population (Census 1900), 15,432. County Seat, Greenup. Situated in the Ninth Congressional, Sixth Appellate, Nineteenth Judicial, Thirty-second Senatorial, and Ninety- ninth Legislative Districts. Greenup County is situated in the ex- treme northern part of the State. It was made a county in the year 1803 and named in honor of Governor Christopher Greenup. It is well watered and drained by Tygart's Creek, Little Sandy River, and their tributaries, which empty into the Ohio River. The soil of Greenup County, particularly the river bottoms, is fertile and strong, producing in great abundance. The staples of the Greenup County farm are corn, wheat, oats, hay, and tobacco. The hill or uplands pro- duce the finest pastures, and the hillsides also grow the most magnificent tobacco. Stock raising is largely engaged in. and sheep raising is particularly an important industry with the farmers of this county. The labor of the county is very generally performed by the native whites, who can be employed for J?io to ^15 per month and board. Good schools and churches are located in all parts of the county. There are about fifty-three miles of completed and operated railroads in the county: the Chesapeake & Ohio and the Eastern Kentucky railroads. The river border gives unexcelled facilities for transportation, both for travel and for shipping surplus products to market. .\bout one eighth of the county is in timber, principally white oak, pine, and beech. Greenup is the county seat of Greenup County, situated in the northeastern part of the county, on the Ohio River and the Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad. It is a nice, flourishing town, with a population, according to the census of i8go, of 660, but now estimated to be about 1,000. It tias a good trade, enterprising merchants, good hotels, good citizens, churches, and school houses. HANCOCK COUNTY Population (Census 1900), 8,914. County Seat, Hawesville. Situated in the Second Congressional, Second Appellate, Sixth Judicial, Tenth Senatorial, and Twenty-ninth Legislative Districts. Hancock County was organized in 1829, and named in honor of John Hancock. It is in the northwestern part of the State, on the Ohio River, and has an area of about 200 square miles. There are no navigable streams within the county, the Ohio River, on its north- ern boundary, furnishing the only water transportation. The county is drained by Indian and Sandy creeks and their tribu- taries in the eastern portion, and Black- ford Creek and its tributaries in the southern and western sections. The Louisville, Henderson & St. Louis Railroad runs through the county with its northern boundary, and nearly parallel with the Ohio River. The bottom lands adjacent to the Ohio River are very rich and productive. These bottoms and creek bottoms com- prise about one third of the area of the county, and make most desirable farms. These bottoms are of fine, rich, sandy soil; the hills or rolling lands are com- 66 COMMERCIAL GROWTH posed of clay soils. Nearly all of the county is underlaid with bituminous coal, and the well-known Falcon and Hawes coal is found in the western part of the county, and the famous cannel coal mines are situated in the eastern portion. Potters' and fire clay are also found un- derlying the coal and elsewhere in the county in great abundance. Some of the finest red sandstone in the world is found in this county. Graphite and other min- erals are known to exist, but have not been developed. Gas and oil are both known to abound in the county, but neither has yet been developed. The supply of timber is well-nigh exhausted, but there can yet be found nearly all the varieties indigenous to this latitude, though in limited quantity. The labor employed is mostly native white and colored hands, for which a good price is paid, averaging Si8 per month. Educational facilities are furnished alone by the common schools of the county, the school fund in some instances being supplemented by local taxation. The county has no bonded debt; the rate of taxation for county purposes is forty- three cents on the Sioo. Hawesville, the county seat of Hancock County, is situated in the northeastern part of the county, on the Ohio River and on the Louisville. Henderson & St. Louis Railroad, and is a flourishing town. HARDIN COUNTY Population (Census 1900), 22,837. County Seat, Elizahethtown. Situated in the Fourth Congressional, Third Appellate, Ninth Judicial, Twelfth Senatorial, and Thirty-first Legislative Districts. Hardin County was named after John E. Hardin, and was created by act of the legislature in 1792 out of a part of Nelson County. Several other counties have since been formed out of a part of this territory. The first settlement was at Elizabethtown, the county seat, and was known originally as the Severn Valley Settlement. The county has produced some of the leading men in the State, notably Gov. John L. Helm, Gov. John Young Brown, Gen. Ben Hardin Helm, who was killed at Chickamauga. It was also the birth- place of Abraham Lincoln, the old Lincoln homestead having been subse- quently included in what is now Larue County. Gov. John Ireland, of Texas, spent his youth in this county. President James Buchanan and Judge Joe Holt lived in Elizabethtown at one time and prac- ticed law. The county in territory is one of the largest in the State. The county is watered and drained by Salt River and Rolling Fork, with their numerous tributaries. Much of the land in the county consists of rich bottoms. Most of this land has been cultivated with corn for a hundred years, and the yield is from si.xty to one hundred bushels to the acre. South of the Rolling Fork valley is the range of Muldraugh Hills, extending entirely across the county from east to west. On the slopes of these hills is the finest fruit region in Kentucky. Peaches, apples, pears, and grapes grow there to the great- est perfection. On the southern slope of Muldraugh Hill is Elizabethtown, the county seat of Hardin, 300 feet above Louisville. It has a population of over 3,000: has a fine sj'stem of water-works, electric lights, two telephone exchanges, and is in every respect an up-to-date town. The cattle industry has grown wonder- fully in the county in the past two years. STATE OF KENTUCKY 67 Nearly a half million dollars' worth of cattle were shipped out of the county in the past year. No county in the State is in better condition financially. It is on a cash basis, has $30,000 in the county school fund, has spent in the past few years $100,000 in cash on its public roads, and owns 800 shares of Louisville & Nashville stock. The county ranks first in the State in its public school interests. HARLAN COUNTY Population (Census 1900), 9,378. County Seat, Harlan Court House. Situated in the Eleventh Congressional, Seventh Appellate, Tvventy-si.\th Judicial, Thirty-third Senatorial, and Ninety-third Legislative Districts. Harlan County was formed out of parts of Knox and Floyd counties in 18 19, and is situated in the southeastern part of the State. It is the most rugged and moun- tainous of all our mountain counties. It was named in honor of Major Silas Har- lan, a young Virginian, a gallant and accomplished soldier in our Indian wars. The Cumberland River runs westward and southward through the county, and with its various tributaries waters and drains the county. There are no naviga- ble streams in the county, though the Cumberland is used for rafting and flat- boating during the high-water season. The county has an abundance of oak, beech, and pine, which are most valuable hardwood timbers. There are no turnpikes in Harlan County. There are no railroads in the county. Though the surface of the county is very bold, rugged, and mountainous, the soil is very fertile and produces well. Corn, wheat, oats, and hay are produced in sufficient quantities for home con- sumption, but none for market else- where. The labor of the farm is per- formed by native whites. The people are industrious, honest people, and as the bloody feuds which at one time disturbed the peace of the county have been settled, the county is now as quiet and as peaceful as any in the State. The Presbyterians have estab- lished a church at Harlan Court House, and have erected a nice, substantial church building. The school facilities of the county are furnished by the common school system. Harlan Court House, the county seat, is situated in the western part of the county, and is a thriving town with good churches, schools, business houses, and comfortable residences. HARRISON COUNTY Population (Census igoo), 19,838, County Seat, Cynthiana. Situated in the Ninth Congressional, Sixth Appellate, Eighteenth Judicial, Thirtieth Senatorial, and Seventy-sixth Legislative Districts. Harrison County was formed in 1793 out of parts of Bourbon and Scott coun- ties, and named after Colonel Benjamin Harrison, who was at the time a repre- sentative from Bourbon County in the Kentucky Legislature. From the original territory of Harrison portions have been taken to help form Campbell, Pendleton, Boone. Robertson, Grant, Kenton, and Owen counties. 68 COMMERCIAL GROWTH It is situated in the north middle section of the State, lying on both sides of South Licking River. The county is well watered and drained by Main Licking and South Licking rivers, and their numerous tribu- taries. About one half of the county is gently undulating, rich, and very productive: the other portion, hilly, and also quite pro- ductive. There are no longer any extensive tim- ber resources in this county. In recent years diversified farming has been made very profitable, both by private enterprise and co-operative capital. Corn, wheat, and tobacco are the principal products. The county has always been famous for the production of whisky. There are no navigable streams in Harrison County, and none capable of being made so. The county has over 300 miles of free turnpike, and the fiscal court has recently let contracts for the construction of additional pikes. A bond issue of §50,000 has been voted for the purchase of all pikes in the county. There are about twenty-five miles of completed railroad in the county, the Kentucky Central branch of the L. & N. running for the most part along the banks of South Licking, and the Cincinnati Southern through a small section of the western part of the county. Most of the labor employed in the countv is unskilled labor, farm liands receiving an average of thirteen dollars per month. Cynthiana, the county seat, was estab- lished December 10, 1793, and named in honor of Cynthia and Anna, two daugh- ters of the original proprietor, Robert Harrison. It is situated on l)oth sides of South Licking River, thirty-three miles from Lexington and si.xty-five from Cincinnati, being connected with both cities by railroad. Its present popula- tion is estimated at 4,000. Its busi- ness men are of the most substantial character and well known for enterprise and thrift. A Commercial Club has been organized to advance the interest of the city. The Cynthiana High School was organ- ized thirty years ago and is a continu- ation of Harrison Academy, which was chartered in 179S and opened in 1804. Several good private schools have always e.xisted, making Cynthiana's educational facilities equal to those of any town in Kentucky. She was the pioneer in the establishment of a first-class graded school. The public schools of the county are in fine condition. The State fund is supplemented in some districts by local taxation and subscription. The county has always aided liberally in public improve- ments, the bonded indebtedness being now SioOjOOO, and the rate of tax- ation for county purposes fifty cents on the Sioo. HART COUNTY Population (Census igoo), 1S.390. County Seat, Munfordsville. Situated in the Fourth Congressional, Third Appellate, Tenth Judicial, Thir- teenth Senatorial, and Thirty-third Legislative Districts. Hart County is located in the western central portion of the State, its north- ern boundary line being only sixty miles south of Louisville, on the line of the Louisville & Nashville Railroad. It was formed out of portions of Barren and Hardin counties, and established by an act of the General Assembly approved January 28, 1819. It was named in honor of one of Kentucky's most dis- tinguished pioneers. Captain Nathaniel Hart. STATE OF KENTUCKY 69 The topography of Hart is far from uniform, embracing considerable level land and much that is broken and undu- lating, interspersed with numerous hills and knobs. The soils of the county, of which every class and variety may be found, are exceedingly fertile and productive, yield- ing abundant harvests of grains, grasses, fruits, and vegetables, and are unsur- passed for the production of fine tobacco. While much of the timber of the county has been cleared away, there is yet in some sections considerable timber. The growth consists of the different species of oak, ash, hickory, walnut, poplar, beech, and wild cherry. Green River is the only river of any considerable size in the countj'. Nolynn River is the next in size, but neither of these is large enough to be available for navigation without the aid of locks and dams. These streams, with their numer- ous tributaries, furnish water and drainage in all sections of the county. The Louisville & Nashville Railroad has over twenty-six miles of road in the county, running through the center from north to south. The county has about fifty miles of free turnpike road. Excellent schools, colleges, and churches are located in all parts of the county. For farm work, good reliable laborers are paid from S15 to §iS per month with- out board, and from S12 to S14 with board. For other classes of labor prices vary from $15 to §2 5 per month. Munfordville, the county seat, is pleas- antly situated upon a high elevation overlooking Green River. It is seventy- two miles south of Louisville; has a population of 600, with three churches, two white and one colored, a good public school building, modern court house and public offices, a bank, weekly newspaper, and a good system of water-works. It is the principal shipping point for the section lying north of Green River. HENDERSON COUNTY Population (Census igoo), 32,907. County Seat, Henderson. Situated in the Second Congressional, First Appellate, Fifth Judicial, Fifth Sen- atorial, and Thirteenth Legislative Dis- tricts. Henderson County was formed out of Christian County in 1798, was organ- ized June 4, 1799, and was named in honor of Judge Henderson, more com- monly known as Colonel Richard Hender- son. It is situated in the southwestern part of the State on the Ohio River. Green River runs along its eastern and northern border for a considerable length. Both streams are navigable for steamboats at all seasons of the year. The bottom lands along these rivers embrace many thousands of acres, the soil of which is extremely fertile, producing corn and tobacco and other crops in enormous (|uantities. In the production of corn, wheat, and tobacco, Henderson County ranks among the foremost of the State. The soil is well adapted to the growth of all the cereals known to this latitude, the uplands comprising about three fourths of the area of the county, besides being well adapted to agriculture and fruit culture. There is an abundance of timber, and while there is a very great variety, oak, ash, hickory, poplar, and gum largely predominate. There is a great disposition of late to diversified farming, it proving much more profitable and safer to the ordinary farmer. This mode of farming, taken in connection with the milling and manufacturing industries, gives employ- ment the year round to all the laborers of the county at remunerative prices.' ro COMMERCIAL GROWTH Farm labor commands from $12 to Si 5 per month, with board, the year round. The cropping system is very much in vogue. The county has about thirty miles of free turnpike. Henderson, the county seat, has a popu- lation of 15,000; excellent facilities for transportation by rail and water; an excel- lent system of public graded schools; ele- gant churcties,of all denominations; beauti- ful residences; electric light, gas, and water-works; broad, well-made streets and sidewalks; twenty-two tobacco stemmeries, two cigar and two tobacco factories, two dis- tilleries, a brewery, box factory, ice and cold storage plant, three grain elevators, woolen, flouring, and planing mills, furni- ture factory, foundry, hominy mill, har- ness and saddle factories, and a number of other minor manufacturing concerns; five banks, a large number of elegant stores and business houses in all lines of trade; telephone exchange, three railroads, electric street railway, and numerous other advantages which can not be mentioned on account of limited space. It is sufficient to say, however, that Henderson is in every way a prosperous, up-to-date city. The county has good schools and churches in every section, and several progressive, wide-awake small towns, doing a substantial business. HEKRY COUNTY PopuL.-iTioN (Census 1900), 14,620. County Seat, New Castle. Situated in the Seventh Congressional, Fifth Appellate, Twelfth Judicial, Twent}'- first Senatorial, and Fifty-fourth Legisla- tive Districts. Henry County was formed in 179S out of Shelb}-, and was named in honor of Patrick Henry, Governor of Virginia. The land is generally rolling, and along water-courses quite liilly. The eastern part, for more than twenty miles, lies along the Kentucky River. The Little Kentucky runs through the western side of the county, and Dren. non's Creek runs through the central por- tion and empties into the Kentucky River near the famous Drennon Springs, which were at one time a noted health resort. The character of the soil varies — some very rich and productive — producing in abundance al! of the best products grown in the State. A large portion of the hill land is rich, and produces as fine quality of tobacco as is grown in the Burley dis- trict; none so inferior that it can not be made good pasture land. These lauds are located along the "fruit line," and ■produce as fine apples, peaches, and pears as are to be found anywhere. The bottoms along the river have been grow, ing corn for 100 years, and are still very productive. Sonie splendid homes are seen along these bottoms. At one time Henry County was one of the largest corn-producing counties in the State, and fattened thousands of hogs annually. Now, corn, wheat, and tobacco are exten- sively grown, tobacco the principal crop. Herds of cattle and sheep are increasing, and can be made profitable owing to abundance of pasture lands. Farm labor is paid from Jio to Si 5 per month, with board. The timber of the county consists of oak, walnut, hickory, beech, locust, and sugar-tree. The Louisville & Xashville Short Line and the Louisville & Lexington railroads, together with the Kentucky River, iurnish excellent transportation facilities through- out the county. There are over 400 miles of roads, 220 of which are macadam. They are main- tained by taxation, toll system, and the common State laws for road-working STATE OF KENTUCKY 71 under overseers. Many good schools and churches are located in different parts of the county. New Castle, the county seat, is one among the oldest towns in the State. Some of the old landmarks remain, giving proof of age. New Castle has a fine court house, beautiful residences, and a number of substantial business houses, doing a good business. Eminence, Smithfield, Pleasureville, Pendleton, Sulphur, and Turner's Sta- tion are a few of the most important and thriving towns. HICKiMAN COUNTY Population (Census igoo), 11,745. Cou.n'ty Seat, Clinton. Situated in the First Congressional, First .Appellate, First Judicial, First Sen- atorial, and First Legislative Districts. Hickman County, which formerly em- braced all of the territory of Ballard, Car- lisle, and Fulton counties, was organized by an act of the legislature in 1822, and was named in honor of Captain Paschall Hickman, of Virginia. Tfie general face of the county is undu- lating, broken at intervals by hills and valleys. The soil is very fertile, and pro- duces abundant crops of corn, wheat, to- bacco, and vegetables of all kinds, espe- cially potatoes. Considerable timber of varieties usually grown is found in different parts of the county. Clinton, the county seat, a progressive little city with a population of 2,000, on the Illinois Central Railroad, is in the cen- ter of the best farming section of the county, and has two excellent colleges, a §25,000 court house, a fine system of water-works, two churches, good common schools, a fine new flouring mill and eleva- tor, beautiful homes, and a number of progressive business houses and manufac- turing concerns. Besides Clinton, there are several other good business and manufacturing towns m the county, among which are Columbus, Moscow, Oakton, Spring Hill, Beelertown, Croley, Cypress, Bugg, Hal well, Stubbs, and Fulgham. Good cfiurches and schools are located in all parts of the county. HOPKINS COUNTY Population (Census 1900), 30,995. County Seat, Madisonville. Situated in the Second Congressional, First Appellate, Fourth Judicial, Si.xth Senatorial, and Eleventh Legislative Dis- tricts. Hopkins County was formed out of a part of Henderson County by an act of the legislature in i8o5, and was named in honor of General Stephen Hopkins. The surface of the county is in some places rough and hilly, but most of it generally undulating. The soil is produc- tive, on which are grown tobacco, wheat, oats, rye, potatoes, sorghum, and all kinds of garden vegetables. Fruits, such as apples, peaches, pears, plums, grapes, all kinds of berries, etc., are produced in abundance. Hopkins County is a fine agricultural district. Nearly everything that can be grown in the State of Kentucky can be 72 C O M M E R C I A L C K O W T 1 1 produced fioni its soil. Tobacco is the leading staple. There are less than a dozen counties in the world that prochicc more pounds of tobacco than Hopkins County. Oak, walnut, ash, poplar, hickory, and many other kinds of timber that are valu- able abound in the forests along the streams. It is estimated that there are over one huudred different kinds of tim- ber growing in this county. The coal fields of Hopkins County are almost inexhaustible. More than one fourth of the coal mined in the State of Kentucky is taken from the mines of this county. The St. Bernard Company, of which Mr. John B. Atkinson, a fine busi- ness man and successful financier, is the president, with headquarters at Earling- ton, has three large mines, one at Earl- ington, one at Morton's Gap, and one at St. Charles. There is the Hecla, near Earlington, the Ilsey mines, the Carbon- dale mines, the Stull mines, the mines at Barnsley, and two at Madisonville, the Rienecke and the Monarch. All these mines are in a prosperous condition. The yearly output is more than jo, 000,000 bushels. The St. Bernard Company also operates extensive coke works at Karlington. The county has sixty-four miles of rail- road, operated by the Louisville & Nash- ville and the Illinois Central systems. There are no turnpikes in the county. There are in the county about one hundred and twenty public schools for white and colored pupils; these, in addition to sev- eral private schools at Madisonville, fur- nish excellent facilities for education. The county owes but a small debt, and it will be but a few years until that is paid. The county tax is only 50 cents on the Si 00 worth of property. Madisonville, the county seat, is near the center of the county, in a fine agricul- tural district: a city of the fourth class, with a population of over 4,000. It is on the Henderson Division of the L. & N. Railroad, fiftj' miles south of Evansville, Ind., and 107 miles north of Nashville, Tenn. It is one of the most progressive towns in this portion of the State. It lias good churches and schools. J A C K S O N C O I' X T Y Population (Census 1900), 10,561. County Seat, McKee. Situated in the Eleventh Congressional, Fifth Appellate, Twenty-seventh Judicial, and Seventeenth Senatorial Districts. Jackson County, named in honor of Andrew Jackson, seventh President of the Uuited States, was formed April, 1S58, out of parts of Clay, Laurel, Rockcastle. Madison, Estill, and Owsley counties, and lies in the southeast central part of the State. The headwaters of the Kentucky and Cumberland rivers find their source in this county. The main water-courses of the county are: Terill's Creek, Moore's Creek, Pond Creek, Laurel Fork, Indian Creek, Horse Lick, South Fork, Middle Fork, War Fork, and Cavenaugh Fork of Sta- tion Camp Creek. None of these streams are navigable. The character of the soil is so varied tliat it is suited to most all crops, the principal ones of which are corn, wheat, oats, to- bacco, potatoes, fruits, etc. The county at one time before settle- ment presented an unbroken forest of fine timber, fully 70 per cent of which still remains. The principal growth is white oak, poplar, and pine. Other kinds of timber are the various species of oak, pine, beech, linden, hickory, buckeye, cedar, maple, birch, sugar-tree, walnut, gum. chestnut, etc. STATE OF KENTUCKY 73 No other county in the State has finer or better fields of mineral lands than Jack- son, comprising coal, which is as yet but little mined, iron, copperas, saltpetre, oil, building stones, clays, etc. Jackson County has sixty-eight public schools, and can boast of the best school houses of any county in the State. The county is well supplied with churches. McKee, the county seat, is a small town situated in the center of the county be- tween four hills on " Indian " Creek, about one mile above where tradition says the Boone and Calloway girls were rescued by their gallant lovers July 17, 1776, some- thing of which every one knows. JEFFERSON COUNTY Population (Census 1900), 232,549. Countv Seat, I^ouisville. Situated in the Fifth Congressional, Fourth Appellate, Thirteenth Judicial, Thirty-sixth, Thirty-seventh, and Thirty- eighth Senatorial, P'orty-fourth, Forty- fifth, Forty-sixth, Forty-seventh, Forty- eighth, Forty-ninth, Fiftieth, and Fifty- first Legislative Districts. Jefferson County, named in honor of Thomas Jefferson, then Governor of Vir- ginia, was established by the legislature of Virginia, May i, 1780. It was one of three counties formed of the old County of Kentucky, which had, by a similar eliminating process, been made out of the then County of Fincastle, in 1776. Fincastle County disappeared when Kentucky County was carved out of it, and Kentucky County, in turn, passed out of existence when Jefferson and the other two counties, Lincoln and Fayette, were carved out of it. There were in the whole of old Kentucky County 26,408,320 acres, and of these Jefferson got about 5,000,000, while Lincoln and Fayette secured the rest. Eighteen counties, having an aggregate territory of 3,71-, ,018 acres, were carved out of Jefferson be- tween 1784 and 1848. But besides these eighteen new counties there were twelve other counties partly made up from it. The county of Jefferson, as it now stands, has 233,206 acres. Except in the eastern and southern portions, where hills and knobs occur, its surface is generally level and well watered bv Beargrass Creek, Floyd's Fork, and Pond Creek. Besides Louisville, the chief city of the State, it contains some of the oldest vil- lages, such as Jeffersontown and Middle- town. Jefferson County may be said to have begun its political existence on March 7, 1781, when its first county court was held in the old fort at the foot of Twelfth Street. There is no reliable record of the names of the justices who held this first court, but they are believed to have been William Pope, John Floyd, George Slaughter, Isaac Cox, and Andrew Hines. Richard Chenowith was sheriff. There is a variety of soils in Jefferson County, some quite poor, and some as fine as can be found in the State. Almost all the land within six miles of Louisville is devoted to market-gardening, and Jefferson County likely produces more of what is known as second crop potatoes than are produced in any other section. Enormous quantities of main crop potatoes (or first crop), onion seed, onion sets, and onions are grown extensively throughout the county. The territory lying from eight to fourteen miles from the citj- is largely devoted to fruit-growing and truck-garden- ing. The small-fruit industry is verj' extensive, and no place in the world raises finer berries than those grown in the Mid- dletown, Jeffersontown, and Fern Creek region. Strawberries were grown at Fern Creek in i8gg, and exhibited in Louis- 74 C (^ M M K K C I A G R(nVTH ville, seven of which wuuUi fill a ijiiart box. Fanning proper is carried on iiuite extensively in a large portion of the county. Magnificent corn and wheat lands are found along Beargrass Creek, Pond Creek, Floyd's Fork, and other sec- tions, while in the southern part of the county more attention is paid to early corn and hay. The people have splendid facilities for transportation of their products in every direction, as there are no less than ten great railroads centering in Louisville, the county seat of the county. There has also been built within the last year the Louisville, Anchorage & Pewee Valley Electric Railroad, and in addition to the railroads they have the Ohio River. There are a number of turnpikes in the county which have been built and operated as toll roads which are now free. The militia system of working of the county roads was abandoned years ago, and all roads are worked by taxation. Timber is becoming very scarce, and remains only in most part on the rough and glady parts of the county. The timber growth of the county has been mainly oak, poplar, walnut, hickory, ash, elm, and beech. There are several excellent quarries of building stone, and quite a number of brick and tile works. Farm labor, both white and black, is laigely emploved, and wages average about Si 5 per montli, with board, or S i per day, without board. In Jefferson County are numerous relics of the pioneer period. At Mulberry Hill, on the Poplar Level Road, stands the two- story double log house, built in 1S74 by John Clark, the father of General George Rogers Clark, and at Locust Grove, on the Ohio, may be seen the old-style solid brick mansion house built by Colonel Wil- liam Croghan in 1709. In the family graveyard here the remains of General Clark reposed from 18 18 to i86g, when they were re- interred in Cave Hill Ceme- tery. On Heargrass Creek are the sites of six original forts: Spring, Floyd's, Dutch, Sturgis. Sullivan's, and Linn's, which sheltered so many pioneers from the Indians, and where lie in unknown graves the remains of men and women who helped to lay the foundation of the State of Kentucky. On the bank of Long Run, a branch of Ford's Fork, stood Hugh's Station, where the grandfather of Presi- dent Lincoln was killed in 1788, and on the same stream was routed the little army of Colonel Floyd, who went to the relief of Boone's Station in 17S1. On Cheno- weth's Run yet stands the stone spring- house in which the survivors of the mas- sacre of the Chenoweth family took refuge in 1789. The ground itself of Jefferson Count}' in many places is hallowed by recollections of the past. JESS.VMINE COUNTY PopiL.vTio.N (Censis igoo), 11,925. County Sk.^t, Nicmoi.asvili.e. Situated in the Eighth Congressional, Fifth Appellate, Twenty-fifth Judicial, Twenty-second Senatorial and Sixty-third Legislative Districts. The act creating Jessamine County was passed in the Kentucky Legislature Feb- ruary 14, 1797, but took no effect until August, 1798. Previous to this it was a part of Fayette County. Col. John Price, who had been tlie first to urge upon the people the necessity of forming a new county, was the first representative, and was repeatedly elected to that position, and was a delegate from Jessamine County to the convention that formed the second Constitution of Kentucky in 1799. To Col. Price belongs the honor of giving to Jessamine County her name, and the name STATE OF K E N T U C K V 75 was suggested to hitn liy that flower f;rov/- ing in such profusion in portions of the county. Tlie story related by Collins in his history of Kentucky, and repeated since in other publications, that the county was named for Miss Jessamine Douglas, a young girl killed by the Indians in lySy, is a romance pure and simple. The boundary of Jessamine, east, west, and soutfiwest, on tfie Kentucky River, is very irregular, as the river has many bends of considerable length, making a boundary line of water ninety-two miles. Jessamine County has no navigable streams, Hickman, Jessamine, and Marble creeks each afford water for propelling mills and factory machinery, and several large flour- ing mills are located on each. There are thirty-six miles of railroad, made up of sections of the Cincinnati Southern, run- ing across the county from north to south, and of the Louisville Southern, known as the Richmond, Nicholasville, Irvine & Beattyville Road, which crosses the county west to east. Jessamine is decidedly a stock-raising county, combined with agriculture, which constitutes a jiroiitable adjunct to stock raising. Nicholasville, the county seat, is an enterprising, up-to-date town of 3,000 inhabitants, in the center of the county. It can be reached by six differ- ent pikes and two railroads, the Q. & C. and the Louisville & Atlantic. It has two lumber yards, a large saw mill, a iirst-ciass furniture store, two telephone exchanges, two newspapers and job offices, three banks, two tobacco factories, §20,000 hotel, two hemp factories, grain elevator, splendid graded school, Jessamine Female Institute, public library, and §30,000 be- queathed for a public library, which will insure one of the finest in the State: train- ing track, steam laundry, carriage factory, bakery, two clothing stores, three elegant dry goods stores, three shoe stores, a jeweler, gents' furnishing establishment, two hardware stores, about fifteen grocer- ies, four livery and feed stables, a flouring mill, three millinery and notion stores, Noah's ark, three meat shops, a planing mill, three drug stores, water-works, well- paved streets, and a council that enforces good sanitary regulations. JOHNSON COUNTY Population (Census 1900), 13,730. County Seat, Paintsvili.e. Situated in the Tenth Congressional, Seventh Appellate, Twenty-fourth Judi- cial, Thirty-third Senatorial, and Ninety- sixth Legislative Districts. Johnson County is situated in Central Eastern Kentucky, and was formed in 1843 and named in honor of a distin- guished son of Kentucky, Colonel Richard M. Johnson. The county is well watered and well drained. The Big Sandy River flows through the eastern part of the county. Faint Creek flows in a south- eastern direction through the central part. Paint, Tom's and John's creeks are the principal creeks, though there are numer- ous others. The soil of Johnson County is probably as good, if not better, than that of any other county in Eastern Kentucky, and is very strong and productive. The bottom lands along the numerous streams are as fertile as can be found anywhere. Corn, wheat, oats, hay, potatoes, tobac- co and sorghum are all raised, but only in (|uantities sufficient for home consumption, excepting tobacco and sorghum, and es- pecially is the latter raised in large quan- tities for market. Fruits grow well in the county. The labor of the county is per- formed mostly by native whites, farm hands being paid from gio to $15 per month and Iioard. wliile hands for timber- 7^ C ».> M M E K Cl A 1. G K O W T H ing receive from SiS to $jo. Timber is the principal pi"oduct of the county. Por- table saw nulls are fouuil all over the county in the great timber belts. Toplar. ash. hickoiy, beech, oak, pine, locust, chestnut, and sycamore can be found in large tracts and may Ihj had at very reason- able prices. The county is well underlaid with coal, both canuel and bituminous, and the snpplv is practically inexhaustible. Wins of bituminous coal eight feet in thickness are found. .\ caunel coal mine is in operation about four miles south of Paintsville. Iron ore of a superior quality is also found in some portions of the county. The countv is rich in mineral and tim- ber. The Big Sandy Kiver is navigable for steamers for about two thirds of the year. There are no turnpike roads in the county. There are only about four miles of com- plete railroad in the county, which is an extension of the O. & B. S. Railroad to Myrtle, in Johnson, and is located in the eastern part of the county. Good churches are found throughout the county everywhere, and the common schools are iu good condition, .-VII the districts have good and comfortable school houses. Paintsville, the county seat, is situated on Paint Creek, just a little southeast of the center of the county. It is a flourish- ing town with enterprising merchants, good church buildings, and live congregations: has good gmded schools and good, new- school buildings, with ample accommoda- tions. Hotel acconunodatious are good, and the citizens are quiet and law-abiding, and hospitable to straugers. KENT O X C O L" N T V PorrLATiON (^Cessi's 1900), 63.591, County Seat, Independenxe, Situated in the Sixth Congressional, Sixth .Appellate, Sixteenth Judicial, Twenty-fourth Senatorial and Eightieth, Eighty-first, and Eighty-second Legislative Districts, Kenton County was separated from Campbell in 1840, It lies in the extreme uortheru part of the State, at the mouth of the Licking River, It is a narrow countv, being about six to twelve miles wide and about twenty-five miles long. The county is noted for the grandeur and beauty of its natural sceneiy. The bluffs overlooking the Licking River pre- sent one of the finest views in the State, and the heights back of Covington look down on half a dozen cities, a number of towns, and five monster bridges spanning the Ohio and two over the Licking. The fertile valleys of Kenton are market gardens for this population, and this in- dustrj-, together with the growing of small fruits and berries, gives employnient to a large part of the population. Wheat, corn, and tobacco are exten- sively grown on the highlands and rich hillsides. Butter and milk dairies are numbered by the hundred, and a large acreage of land is devoted to grass in order to supply this demand. .-Vll kinds of fruit grow well. Much attention is paid to growing strawberries, dewberries, raspberries, gooseberries, cun^ants, and blackberries, Kenton has no extensive timber tracts left. The Ohio, skirting the northern bonnd- ar\- for six or eight miles, and the Lick- ing in fair water form all the navigable water-courses. Black Lick Creek is the principal affluent of the Licking. There are numerous other small streams that give an excellent natural water supply for stock. STATE OF KENTUCKY n 1\M&Ta are fifty-one milee of turnpike on which toll is taken at moderate rates, and one hcmdred and fifty-two miles of free turnpikes in the county. The county has about fifty-three miles of complete railroad. The K. C. Railroad runs the full lensjtli of the county on the eastern border, and the Cincinnati South- ern on the western. The L. & N, Short Line runs through the county about twenty rniles, from north-east to south- west. Laborers on the farms receive an avera((e price of 815 per month and board. The hands in the various factories, mills, etc., receive the usual wages, vary- ing with the general laws of supply and demand. Independence, a village of about 200 inhabitants, is the county seat. The city of Covington is the metropolis, and there are virtually two seats of go\'ernrnent. Double sessions of all the courts are held. All the business of the first district is transacted at Independence, There are two court houses and two clerk's offices. The rest of the business, that within the city corporation, is transacted at Coving- ton. The county judge, circuit clerk, and county clerk appoint a deputy who takes charge of the Indeijeudence clerk's office. There are also two jails, the deputy serv- ing at Independence. The public schools in the county are in average condition, and the houses very good. Covington is noted for its excellent school system. Ludlow, Milldale, West Covington, Central Covington, and Erlanger have ten months' graded school. Coving- ton and Ludlow support free high schools. Independence has five months' free school, with two teachers. KNOTT COUNTY Population (Census 1900J, 8,704. County Seat, Hindmas. Situated in the Tenth Congressional, Seventh Appellate, Twenty-fourth Judi- cial, Thirty-third Senatorial, and Ninety- seventh Legislative Districts. Knott County lies in the extreme eastern part of the State. It was formed out of parts of Perry, Floyd, Letcher, and Breathitt counties in .1884, and named in honor of the Honorable]. Proctor Knott, who was at that time the Governor of the State. The county is drained and watered by the Kentucky and Hig Sandy rivers and their numerous tributaries. The char- acter of soil is rich sandy loam, and the bottom lands along the many streams which traverse the county are peculiarly productive, raising magnificent corn, oats, and vegetables. Wheat is grown on the uplands, and also fine pastures are pro- duced there. Minerals, iron and coal, also oil and gas are known to exist in the county. The county has abundant forests of the finest and most valuable hardwood timber. The splendid poplar timber has about all been bought up and now is in the hands of a timber company, but other good tim- bered land in great quantities can be bought at an average price of 85 per acre. Diversified farming is not engaged in further than to meet domestic uses. There are no railroads, turnpikes, or navigable streams in the county. The character of labor employed in the county is mostly native white, farm hands getting S 13.00 a month, and hands for timber from 75 cents to $1.00 per day. There is one good college in the county, situated at Hindman, known as Hindman College; other educational facilities are af- forded solely through the common schools of the county. Hindman, the county seat of Knott County, a nice little village, named after Lieutenant-governor James R. Hindman, is situated a little southwest of the center of the county, on Troublesome Creek. C O M M E K C 1 A L O. K O W" T H K N <.^ X C O L" X r V Popi'u^TiON (Census 1900), 17.37a. County Se,\t, Bakikhrvillk. Situate*! in the Eleventh Congressional, Fifth Api->ellate, Twenty-seventh Juiiicial. Seventeenth Senatorial, and Sixty-ninth Legislative Districts. Knox^named in honor of Major-gexieral Heurj- Knox, of Revolutionary fame) became a county in 1799, l^eing in that year carved out of Lincoln, one of the laixest counties then composing the State of Kentucky. The village of Flat Lick, in the south- eastern part of the county, is the oldest settleuieut in Kentucky, having been peopled by the first of the eonigrauts from Virginia, who came thix»ugh Cumberland Gap ; the first house ever built in Kentucky was erected by Dr. Walker within the present limits of Knox, on the Cumberland River, about three miles below Barbour- ville. Knox lies on both sides of the divide separating the waters of the Kentucky River from those of the Cumberland, at least nine tenths of the county lying on the latter waters. Cumberland River offers fine sport to fishermen at certain seasons of the year. The topography of almost the whole county is a series of mountain ridges winding in all sorts of fantastic cur\es. and separated by long, narrow, and winding creek valleys. MoI^f than three fourths of the territon,- is steep mountain sides thickly coveretl with forests. The soil is disintegrated sandstone, except new ground, where the timber has lately been cleared away, which is loose. black soil, \-er\- puxluctive. .\griculturally Knox paxluces enough to fee<.l her own l>eople, no more. \Vool-gi\>wing is one of the princip«l sources of the fanner's income. The forests have I'leen strip|'>ed of the larger part of the more marketable timber, such as poplar and walnut, but a vast amount of timl>er is still left, such as oak in all v.^iieties. hickory, l>eech, chestnut. asl», dogwooii. sounvood, gum, maple, sugar-tree, elm, sycamore, lyun, ironwood, birch, cucuml>er, buckeye, service, willow, i^etlbud. cedar, holly, etc. The chestnut oak furnishes tlie Knox county land owner with, perhaps, his principal source of reveuue. Thousands of cords of this bark ai-e annually shippetl. But the great resources of Knox County are in her coal and oil fields, in which she may be fairly said to l>e unsurpassetl by any county in the State. .All grades of bituminous and cauuel coals are found in this couuty in great profusion. Knox was entirely without railroad facilities until iSSS, when the Cnmlierland Valley branch of the Louisville & Nash- ville Railroad was built through the county, and soon afterward completed tlirough the famous Cumberland Gap to Norton, Va. Barbour\-ille. the county seat, is a beau- tiful mountain town, with good schools, churches, and residences, and wide-awake, progressive business houses in several branches of trade. STATE OF KENTUCKV 79 I.AKUE COUNTY Population (Cesscs 1900;, 10,764. Coukty Seat, Hodge.nville. Situated in the Fourth Congressional, Third Appellate, Tenth Judicial, Thir- teenth Senatorial, and Thirty-second Legislative Districts. Larue County was formed from a portion of Hardin County by an act of the legislature in 1842. Larue County is below the average in size, but in point of fertility of soil, the enterprise of its citizens, and its educational progress, it is above the average of Kentucky counties. The principal crops of I^arue County are corn, wheat, hay, and tobacco. Three branches of .N'olin Creek run through the county, and the farms along these branches are fertile and produce abundantly. The remainder of tlie farm land is compara- tively thin, but with the use of fertilizers it produces wheat almost as well as the better land. The live stock raised con- sists of horses, cattle, hogs, mules, and sheep. Larue County has two railroads — the Illinois Central, which has a branch road running from Cecilian Junction and termi- nating at Hodgenville, The main stem of the Louisville & Nashville runs through the west end of the county, and the Knox- ville branch of the same road crosses the eastern border. The Bardstown and Green River Turn- pike runs through the county from north to south, and a pike connects Hodgenville and Buffalo, on botli of which toll gates are yet maintained. The factories of the county consist of distilleries of J, M. Atherton & Co., at Athertonville, which are now the property of the Kentucky Distilleries and Ware- house Company, and are the largest in the State, five or six other distilleries of smaller capacity, the Hodgenville Spoke and f^umber Company, and the planing mills of Daugherty Bros., at Hodgenville. Hodgenville is the county seat. It is a town of 1,300 inhabitants, and is a clean, healthful, live country town, with increasing business. The other towns of the county are: Buffalo, Athertonville, Magnolia, Mt. Sherman, and Roanoke. TTiere are two splendid colleges in the county — Kenton College, at Hodgen\'ille, and East I^ynn College, at Buffalo, both of which are prosperous. Magnolia has a good high school. The district schools of the county are in good condition. Farm lands in the county vary in price according to location and improvement. Larue County contains the farm that is now noted as being the birthplace of Abraham Lincoln. It is situated three miles south of Hodgenville, and is now the property of New Vork capitalists. The cabin in which Lincoln was born has been removed to Central Park, New York City. LAUREL COUNTY POPL-LATIO.\ (CEKSUS I9OO), 17,592. COUXTY SeaT, LoSDON. Situated in the Eleventh Congressional, Fifth Appellate, Twenty-seventh Judicial, and Seventeenth Legislative Districts. Laurel County is situated in the south- eastern part of the State, was formed in 1826, and was named after the Laurel River, which flows through the southern portion of the county, the river having been given its name from the laurel shrub and evergreen which line the shores of that stream. The county is watered and drained by the Rockcastle River and its 8o COMMERCIAL G R () W T H ti'ibutaiies. The soil of Laurel Counts- may be said in a general way to be neither good nor bad. It is excellent, much of it, for tobacco, and grows ver}' well all such vegetables as are grown in the State, and produces good grass. The surface of the county is very broken and rolling. It con- tains possibly the best coal fields in Ken- tuck}-, and many mines are now in active operation within the borders of the county. Iron ore has been discovered but has not yet been developed. Diversified farming is engaged in by the Swiss colonies in this county to a considerable extent; grapes and fruits of all kinds are raised in great abundance. Fine cheese is made by them, and many minor manufacturing industries engaged in. Good timber is still to be had in the county; about one fourth of the original area of woodland is still here. White and black oak, black pine, beech, chestnut, ash, and maple are still abundant. There are no water-courses in or bordering on the county that are navigable. There are no turnpikes in the county. There are twenty- nine miles of lailroad in the county, the Knox\-ille Branch of the Louisville & Nash- ville Railroad running entirely through the county nearly from north to south. Nearly any or all of the streams of Laurel County can be easily used for the purpose of propelling machinery. No county has water power more available than this one. The labor on farms is mostly performed by native whites, and good hands can be had for Sio to S15 per niontli with board. There are four flour- ishing Swiss colonies in Laurel County — Bernstadt, East Bernstadt, Langnau, and Strasburg. The school facilities are fur- nished by the common schools of the county. London, the county seat of Laurel County, is a flourishing little town, with enterprising business men, good hotels, schools, and churches, and is situated nearly in the exact center of the county, on the Knoxville Branch of the Louisville & Nashville Railroad. LAWRENCE COUNTY PoPLLATioN (Census igoo), 19.612. County Seat, Louisa. In the Ninth Congressional, Seventh .Appellate, Twentieth Judicial, Thirty- second Senatorial, and Ninety-eighth Leg- islative Districts. Lawrence County was formed in 1S21 from the portions of Floyd and Greenup counties, the dividing lines of those coun- ties at the time being Main Street, of Louisa. It is located in the northeastern part of the State. The county is well watered. The Big Sandy River flows along its eastern bound- ary from its northern limit to Louisa, where it forks. The river and its forks are navigable for steamboats for a large portion of the year. The principal streams, flowing into the Big Sandy and its tributaries and through and in the county, are Blaine, Bear, Rove, Rush, Two Mile, Lick Three Mile, Grif- fith's Contrary. George's, .Nat's, Donothan, and Rock Castle creeks. None of them is navigable. The surface of the county is largely hilly and broken, but not mountainous. There is, however, a large acreage of bot- tom land, owing to the numerous water- courses. All kinds of crops that can be grown successfully in the Central States can be grown here, and with as good returns. The principal crops are corn, oats, wheat, hay, potatoes, sorghum, tobacco, apples, peaches, pears, plums, small fruits, cow peas, and tufa beans. The adaptability of the land for grazing STATE OF KENTUCKY 8i purposes has stimulated the sowing of grass seed. An abundance of good cannel and bitu- minous coal, some iron ore, and a fine quality of lubricating oil are found in the county. The county has two railroads, which furnish transportation to almost every section. There are no turnpikes in the county. The labor of the county is mostly white, and receives S13 per month, with lioard. There are no colleges or academies iu the countv. but there is a great interest in the public schools, which are as good as any in the State outside of large cities. After the public schools close, subscription schools are opened in the thickly-settled districts. Louisa, the county seat, situated on the eastern boundary of the State and on the Big Sandy River, at the confluence of the Levisa and Tug forks, is a thriving town of a little over 1,000 inhabitants, with six churches, good graded schools for white and colored pupils, and a large num- ber of handsome residences and thriving business concerns. LEE COUNTY Population (Census igoo), 7,988. County Seat, Beattvville. Situated in the Tenth Congressional, Seventh Appellate, Twenty-third Judicial, Twenty-ninth Senatorial, and Ninety-sec- ond Legislative Districts. Lee County was formed in i86g, and named for General Robert E. Lee. It is situated in the eastern part of the State, at the junction of the three forks of the Kentucky River. The county is moun- tainous and is traversed by many streams. Besides the North, Middle, and South Forks of the Kentucky River, and the main river, it contains many large creeks, which are used to some extent and could be largely used as water power for vari- ous kinds of mills and factories. The Kentucky River is navigable to Beattyville for steamboats during six months in the year. The river and creek bottoms and corn land, of which there is a great deal, are very productive. The upland is thin, but loose and level and pleasant to culti- vate. The soil is adapted to all the grains, grasses, and other crops grown anywhere in Kentucky, but corn is almost the only crop grown in any quantity. The up- lands are wonderfully adapted to the or- chard. Apples, peaches, pears, grapes, and all the small fruits, berries and melons, grow to perfection when properly cultiva- ted. The average price of farm labor is $13 per month, with board. About one third of the county is lime- stone land. In the northern part of the county is found a very rich ore, similar to the noted Red River iron ore. In the same part of the county is found a very fine cannel coal. In all parts of the county abundant bituminous coal in veins of from three to four feet abounds, some of which veins are being successfully mined. Near the eastern border of the county abundant surface oil is found. About two thirds of the area of the county is covered with timber, the best and most abundant for lumber being pine, oak, and poplar. There are no turnpikes in the county. The Lexington & Eastern railway trav- erses the northern and eastern parts of the county for a distance of twenty miles. The Beattyville & Cumberland Gap rail- road connects the Lexington & Eastern with the county seat, a distance of six miles. The Louisville & Atlantic has purchased the Richmond, Nicliolasville, Irvine & Beattyville Railroad, and also the Beattyville & Cumberland Gap. 82 COMMERCIAL GROWTH The county seat is Beattyville, located immediately on the Kentucky River, at the junction of the North, South, and Mid- dle Forks. It was named for Samuel Beatty. the original founder, and owner of the land on which the town is built. There is a handsome court house, situated in a beautiful maple grove, surrounded by a neat iron fence. Population about 1,000. In addition to flourishing public schools all over the county, there is a graded school in Beattyville, also an acad- emy under the super\'ision of the Epis- copal church. There is no bonded indebtedness in the countv. LESLIE COUNTY Population (Censls igoo), 6,753. Cointy Seat, Hvdex. Situated in the Eleventh Congressional, Seventh Appellate, Twenty-seventh Judi- cial, Twenty-third Senatorial, and Xinety-- third Legislative Districts. Leslie County was formed out of parts of Clay, Perry, and Harlan counties in April, 187S, the one hundred and seven- teenth in the order of formation, and was named in honor of Governor Preston H. Leslie, then governor of Kentucky. The county is hilly, the soil on the river bot- toms is very fertile, the hillside lands are rough and steep The Middle Fork of Kentucky River runs the whole length of the county, from north to south. Cutshin, Greasy Fork, and Beech Fork are its largest confluents. All of them are navigable for rafts and flatboats, and afford ample water power for propellmg machinery. Like most of the mountain counties, its greatest wealth lies in its timber lands and its minerals, which are coal and iron ; is yet undeveloped, the coal veins ranging from three to six feet thick and of fine quality of cannel coal, found in many lo- calities in the county in veins ranging from two to three feet thick. The timber consists chiefly of poplar, ash, white oak, chestnut oak, hickory, beech, maple, and yellow pine; the poplar and white oak is exported from the county in large quanti- ties, floated down the river to the markets on the Kentucky River. At least ninety per cent of the total area of the county is well timbered. Land ranges in price from three to five dollars per acre. This being a mineral and mountainous region, the agricultural products of Leslie are consumed within the county, there being no surplus for export. The grasses best adapted to the soil are clover, timothy, red top. and orchard grass. The farming lands in the county are not improving, as the farmers have not as yet taken much interest in fertilizing either by grasses or otherwise. The population of the county is gradually increasing. There are eight grist and saw mills in the county, which supply the local market with lumber. There are as yet no railroads in the count)'. The county roads are in bad condition, and there is not much prompt- ness in keeping them up. Hyden. a pretty little mountain town, in the northwestern part of the county, with schools, churches, and several good business houses, is the county seat. STATE OF KENTUCKY LETCHER COUNTY Population (Census 1900), 9,172. County Seat, Whitesburg. In the Eleventh Congressional, Seventh Appellate, Twenty-sixth Judicial, Thirty- third Senatorial, and Ninety-seventh Leg- islative Districts. Letcher County is situated in the extreme southeastern part of the State. It was formed in 18 12 out of territorj' taken from Perry and Harlan counties, and was named in honor of Governor Robert P. Letcher. The surface of the county is mountain- ous, with narrow, fertile valleys between. Pine and Black mountains form part of the eastern and southern boundary, and these ranges present some of the grandest scenery on earth. The North Fork of the Kentucky River finds its source in the northeast, and traverses the county to the southwest. Other important streams are Rockhouse and Live Oak. These streams are not navigable for steamboats. The soil of the narrow valleys, coves, and most of the uplands is very rich, producing good j'ields of corn, oats, tobacco, clover, timothy, red top and other grasses. The various vegetables suited to this climate are successfully cultivated, being produced abundantly with little effort. This section is especiallv adapted to apple orchards. There are few places where the apple grows to such perfection in point of yield and flavor. Good veins of the finest coke and canuel coal are found in the hills of Letcher County . The forests of Letcher County seem almost inexhaustible in their supply of oak. chestnut, ash, hickory, poplar, maple, etc. The best walnut has generally been cut. Farming, stock raising and "logging" are the principal industries of the county. Logging is the most important, though a considerable number of cattle and sheep go to market annually. The character of labor in the county is exclusively native white, farm hands receiving fifty to seventy-five cents per day, ten to thirteen dollars per month, and at timbering fifty cents to one dollar per day, including board. Educational facilities are afforded prin- cipally by the public schools. There are sixty school districts in the county, all provided with good school houses and competent teachers. Other good schools are maintained at Whitesburg and Rock- house. There are over twenty churches in the county. Whitesburg, on the North Fork of the Kentucky River, near the center, is the countv seat. LEWIS COUNTY Population (Census 1900), 17,868. County Seat, Vanceburg. Situated in the Ninth Congressional, Sixth .Appellate, Nineteenth Judicial, Thirty-first Senatorial, and Eighty-ninth Legislative Districts. Lewis County was organized April 27, 1807, being then a part of Mason County. Lewis County lies in the form of a " watershed," about one half lying toward the southwest and the other half toward the northeast, the ' • Polar Flat" section being table-land and in a high state of cultivation: fruit grows in abundance and 84 COMMERCIAL GROWTH of the finest quality. The eastern portion is somewhat hilly and broken, but in the many small coves and on the hillsides grows the finest of tobacco and millet and sufjarcane. Along the water-courses and that portion lying on the Ohio River is to be found the very choicest and best lands, producing from forty to sixty bushels of corn per acre and every other grain and vegetable lu the same proportion. Timber is not so plentiful as it once was, but remains in sufficient quantities to meet all home demands. The principal varieties are oak, chestnut, poplar, sugar- tree, buckeye, and lynn or basswood. The industrial development of Lewis County is in rapid progress, as is evidenced by the number of portable saw and grist mills that have lately come in, as well as other steam machinery. The Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad pass- ing along the entire river front of the Ohio, a distance of forty miles, a branch road from Stone City to Carter City, fifteen miles, and the Ohio for the same distance, navigable for ten months of the year, with over one hundred miles of good macadamized roads, furnish ample transportation facilities. The character of labor employed is principally native white. Farm hands get from twelve to sixteen dollars per month, with board, and day laborers from seventy-five cents to a dollar. The county has nearly one hundred schools for white and colored pupils, and the school houses will compare favorably with those of any of the surrounding counties. Vanceburg, the county seat, a thriving city of the fifth class, has in the last few years made remarkable progress not only in the increase in population, but in permanent and valuable improvements as well. Has a substantial brick court house, built at a cost of §25,000; fine hotels, with all the modern improvements and accommodations; five church buildings, twenty stores of all kinds, a lodge each of the Masonic, Odd Fellows, and Knights of Pythias; two large flouring and feed mills; three complete wagon and blacksmith shops. LINCOLN COUNTY Population (Census 1900), 17,059. County Seat, Stanford. Situated in the Eighth Congressional, Fifth Appellate, Thirteenth Judicial, Eighteenth Senatorial, and Sixty-sixth Legislative Districts. Lincoln County is one of the three original counties of the State; was made a county by an act of the Legislature of Virginia in the year 1780. It is located in Central Kentucky, one hundred miles southeast of Louisville, and about the same distance northwest of Cumberland Gap. The lands are high, rolling table- lands, fertile and productive, and splen- didly watered, Dick's River bounding and traversing the entire eastern portion, and the Hanging Fork of Dick's River the western portion. Buck Creek and Green River both rise near the center of the county and flow — Buck Creek south and Green River southwest. There are many smaller streams flowing from never-failing springs all through the county, .\bout two thirds or three fourths of the land in the county is of the best quality of lime- stone land, bluegrass growing sponta- neously. The principal crops are hemp, tobacco, corn, wheat, rye, and oats. ' The southern or mountainous portion of the county was originally covered with finest timber of oak, hickory, locust, walnut, and poplar. When cleared up it was only second-rate land, but is well STATE OF KENTUCKY 85 adapted to growth of fruit, apples, peaches, pears, and, in fact, all varieties ■of fruit, both large and small. There are in the county one hundred and sixty-two miles of macadam and gravel roads, maintained by a direct tax ■of twenty-five cents on the one hundred ■dollars of the taxable property. There are three hundred and seventy-five miles ■of county dirt roads, maintained partly by taxation and partly under militia system. There are two railroads through the ■county, the Louisville & Nashville run- ning east and west, a distance of twenty- three miles in the county, and the Cincin- nati Southern running north and south a ■distance of twenty-two miles, and the Kentucky Central from Stanford east- ward, a distance of five miles. Incorporated towns are Stanford, Row- land, Crab Orchard, and Hustonville. Stanford, the county seat, is situated ■on the Knoxville f^ranch of the Louisville ■& Nashville Railroad. In 1786, Benjamin Logan, for a considerable sum of money, deeded to the justices of the peace of Lincoln County a tract of twenty-six acres of land for a town site. In 1803, trustees of the town of Stanford, having been elected or appointed, had the tract laid off into thirty-eight town lots. The corporate limits have been extended from time to time, now being three- quarters of a mile square from the court house. The town is watered by a good system of water-works from the Old Fort springs and other good springs, less than one half mile from the town. It is also lighted by electricity, generated by the machinery of the water-works and ice plant. Stanford contains five dry goods stores, ten hardware and grocery stores, three drug stores, two banks of a capital of one hundred thousand dollars each, two excellent flouring mills, and many other businesses. There are four white churches and three colored churches in the town. LIVINGSTON COUNTY Population (Census 1900), 11,354. County Seat, Smithland. Situated in the First Congressional, First Appellate, Fourth Judicial, Third ■Senatorial, and Seventh Legislative Dis- ■tricts. Livingston County is situated in the ■western part of Kentucky on the Ohio River, and was organized in the year 1798 and named in honor of Robert R. Living- ston, one of the committee which drafted the Declaration of Independence. The ■county has an area of about 325 square ■miles. Beautiful hills and valleys make up the surface of the county. Cumber- land River flows across the county from ■ east to west, and empties into the Ohio at Smithland, the county seat, giving the county about 118 miles of navigable streams in and bordering on it. There ■are a large number of creeks in the coun- ty, which empty into the Ohio, Cumber- land, and Tennessee rivers, giving the county the most perfect water supply and drainage. The soil of the uplands is limestone and sandstone, the former being much more fertile than the latter. The bottom lands of the numerous rivers and creeks are very rich and productive. The second bottoms, which are not subject to overflow, are not so fertile, though they produce well and raise good crops of small grain, grasses, and fruits. There are found in the county baryta, native alum, kaolin, potter's and fire-clay and marl in abundance, besides the clays known as ochre. In the interior of the county are found tracts of good timbered land, several varieties of oak, hickory, poplar, elm, gum, ash, and walnut. The 86 COMMERCIAL GROWTH labor IS principally native white and colored, whose services can be obtained for Sio to $15 per month and board. The staple products of the Livingston County farm are corn, wheat, oats, rye, tobacco, hay, sweet and Irish potatoes, sorghum, melons, turnips, and fruits. Orchards along the Ohio River netted owners about $200 per acre in igoi, where they were well cared for by modern methods. All grasses grow well. This is a fine county for stock raising, and the raising and ship- ping of fine cattle is a leading industry in the county. There are no turnpikes in this countv, but the public roads are kept in good condition and are worked under the road laws of the State. Several good iron bridges have been constructed over the streams in the county. There are forty-eight conmion schools in the county for white children, six for colored, one academy, and two graded schools, making a total of fifty-seven. Thirty-eight churches furnish places of worship. The county is out of debt and on the high road to prosperit}'. A county farmer's club was organized in 1 90 1 and a successful institute held, much interest being manifested. Smithland, the county seat, is situated on the Ohio River in the southern part of the county, at the mouth of the Cumber- land. It is an enterprising town, with good churches and school houses. LOGAN COUNTY Population (Census igoo), 25,994. County Seat, Russellville. Situated in the Third Congressional, Second Appellate, Seventh Judicial, Ninth Senatorial, and Twentieth Legis- lative Districts. Logan County was one of the first seven counties organized immediately after the admission of Kentucky into the Union as a State, being named in honor of General Benjamin Logan, a Revolutionary officer and distinguished pioneer and companion of Daniel Boone. Its principal streams are Clearfork, Mud River, and Wolf Lick Creek, whose waters find their way into Green River, and Whippoorwill Creek, Spring Creek, and Red River, which are tributaries of Cumberland River. There is a diversity of soils within its confines, which is well adapted to raising tobacco, wheat, and other cereals. The northern portion of the county was at one time very heavily timbered, but most of the finest has been cut. There are thirty miles of free turnpike and eighty-five miles of railroad in the county. Nearly all the streams in the county can be, and are to some extent, utilized in operating machinery, such as for furnish; ing power for mills, etc. The county is well supplied with flour ing mills and has one planing mill. There are within the county two col- leges, both located at Russellville ; one, Bethel College, is for boys and is under the control of the Baptist denomination; the other, Logan Female College, is under the control of the Methodists, both of which have an excellent faculty. The public schools of the county are for the most part in good condition, some of them being supplemented by district taxation in addition to the amounts received from the State. Russellville, named in honor of General Wm. Russell, a Revolutionary officer, is the county seat, being situated near the center of the county. STATE OF KENTUCKY 87 LYON COUNTY Population (Census 1900), 9,319. County Seat, Eddyvillr. Situated iii the First Congressional, First Appellate, Third Judicial, Third Senatorial, and Sixth Legislative Dis- tricts. Lyon County was formed in 1834 out of the southwestern half of Caldwell. In the river bottoms there is a large amount of level land, of very fine soil. A large amount of the land is rolling in character, and while not producing as heavy crops as the river bottoms, yet, under high cultivation, produces well, the average farmers' production. Oats, sorghum, millet, timothy, redtop, clover, peas, potatoes, are grown in limited quantities, tobacco and corn being the principal and almost only exports of farm products. The whole county is well adapted to the growth of apples, peaches, pears, plums, all kinds of small fruits of this latitude. This county has long been noted for its fine timber, much of which is still stand- ing. It consists of oak, gum, poplar, elm, lynn, black and honey locust, black and white walnut, sycamore, and several smaller kinds. Some of the finest iron ore known can be found in this county, including blue hematite. Very fine limestone, much of it suitable for building, is found along the railroad and rivers. The Tennessee River flows along the western border, and is navigable the year around. The Cumberland flows through the county, and is navigable at all times except during long-continued drouths, and freezes. Livingston Creek, along the northern boundary, could be made navi- gable at slight expense. Eddy Creek, a few miles above Eddy- ville, affords a fine stream of water during even the dryest seasons. In many districts a "pay" school is conducted for three or five months after the public school is out, it holding five months. In each town is a high school ten months each year. Eddyville, the county seat, was founded in 1799, on the north bank of Cumberland River, forty-five miles from its mouth, one hundred and ninety miles from Louisville by the Illinois Central Railroad; is a flourishing town, and seat of the branch penitentiary, with a large brick roller mill, a bank, newspaper,, tobacco factory, two blacksmith shops, a full line of churches, ministers,- lawyers, physicians, stores, and hotels. Lamasco, ten miles southeast of Eddy- ville, founded in 1864, has two hundred inhabitants, two churches, Methodist E. South and Baptist, three physicians, two stores, two tobacco factories, two blacksmith shops, and a flourishing school. Kuttawa, one and one half miles below Eddyville, founded in 1880 or 1881 by Chas. Anderson, ex.governor of Ohio, lies on the Illinois Central Railroad and Cumberland River — a live, wide-awake town of 1,000 inhabitants. Has three churches, three lawyers, three physicians, five dry goods stores, seven groceries, three general stores, two hardware stores, one tobacco factory, one large spoke factory, four blacksmith shops, one jeweler and watchmaker, one large roller flouring mill, two hotels^ two saloons, one bank, and a fine high school. 88 COMMERCIAL GROWTH Mccracken county Population (Census igoo) 28.733. County Seat, Paducah. Situated in the First Congressional, First Appellate, Second Judicial, Second Senatorial, and Fourth Legislative Dis- tricts. McCracken County is situated in the extreme western part of the State, only one county (Ballard) lying between it and the Mississippi River. It was organized in 1825 and named in honor of Captain Virgil McCracken, who was killed at the battle of River Raisin in 1813. The first county seat was Wil- mington, but was changed from there to Paducah m the early 50's. The county is generally level or rolling, there being no hills of any magnitude. The county is nearly equally divided between bottom and upland. The bot- toms, especially the river bottoms, are very fertile. The creek bottoms are well adapted to the growing of any of the crops that are raised in this section of the State, producing the finest quality of tobacco. The staple crops are corn, wheat, tobacco, oats, clover, tirnotliy, and stock " peas." The county is well watered by the Ohio and Tennessee rivers, which wash its shores on the north and east, and the numerous creeks that flow through its borders. In addition to these there are several lakes in the river bottoms that furnish fine stock water and abound in fish. There are no navigable streams flowing through the county. About one fourth of the county is in timber. The county has four railroads, all terminating at Paducah: the Paducah & Louisville branch of the Illinois Central, the Paducah & Memphis branch of the same system, the Paducah & North Ala- bama, and the Paducah, St. Louis & Chicago. These, with the Ohio and Ten- nessee rivers, with the Cumberland River only twelve miles from the junction of the Ohio and Tennessee, and the great Mis- sissippi only fifty miles below Paducah, gives the county the very best of shipping facilities, and competition between river and rail at all times insures low rates of transportation, both for freight and passenger traffic. The county has about sixty miles of free turnpike and over three hundred miles of good dirt roads. The labor of the county is principally native white and colored. The price ranges from S13 to S15 per month, with board. Excellent schools for both white and colored pupils are located in all parts of the county. Churches of all denomina- tions are numerous. There is hardly a neighborhood in the county that is not conveniently located to a good school or church. Paducah, the county seat, is situated on the west banks of the Ohio and Ten- nessee rivers, twelve miles below the mouth of the Cumberland River and fifty miles above the junction of the Ohio with the Mississippi. By a census just completed it has a population of 23,000. It is the fourth city in the State in population and the second in manufacturing and com- mercial enterprises. Its wholesale grocery trade is probably the largest of any city in the State, and its lumber plants and woodworking establishments are, some of them, among the largest in the country. The railroads have large shops located here that employ hundreds of skilled and unskilled mechanics, and their monthly pay-rolls run up into tens of thousands of dollars. As an evidence of Paducah's solid business standing, there has not been a single failure of any magnitude among STATE OF KENTUCKY 89 its merchants or manufacturers for the last ten years. There is no finer location for the erection of manufactories of ahnost any kind in the whole State than Paducah, and its hospitable citizens extend a fiearty welcome to all good people who wish to •come and make a home among them. It is a good town, beautifully located, with fine streets, elegant church buildings, a splendid public school system, and a warm-hearted, generous, and sociable peo- ple. The public buildings take rank with the best in the State. The Padncah Uni- versity, which is completed, cost §75,000, and is one of the handsomest and best equipped school buildings in the State. McLean county Population (Census igoo), 12,448. County Se.\t, Calhoun. Situated in the Second Congressional, Second Appellate, Sixth Judicial, Eighth Senatorial, and Seventeenth Legislative Districts. McLean County was organized in 1853- 54, and named in honor of Alney McLean, ■Circuit Judge, who resided in the adjacent county of Muhlenberg. It was formed out of parts of Daviess, Ohio, and Muhlenberg counties. The surface is undulating for the most part, the remainder level, with large and ■occasionally overflowing bottoms along Green, Rough, and Pond rivers, all of which are rich and very productive. The soil is fine, deep, rich loam of grayish color, very fertile, which is well adapted to tobacco, as well as to all the cereals, grasses, and fruits. Perhaps all the grain, fruits, and grasses, as well as the products of good truck patches, grown in Kentucky are grown here in abundance. Large crops of the dark type of tobacco which is well known as the " Green River fillers and wrappers " are grown in the county. Below the surface in many places are richly imbedded, superior veins of coal and fire-clay. There remain scattered over the county large bodies of choice timber. The white oak, poplar, and walnut are mostly cut, yet there remains an abundance of beech, hickory, sycamore, elm, maple, and black oak along the numerous streams, all of the finest quality. Saw mills are engaged in converting the timber into lumber for shipment or home use. Large rafts of saw-logs are run, and an immense number of railroad cross-ties are being put on the banks of Green and Rough rivers for shipment. Excellent transportation facili- ties are furnished by rail and river at all seasons of the year. A large amount of capital is invested in the lumber business, and it may be said to be a leading industry. Excellent and well-equipped schools and good churches are located in all parts of the county. Calhoun, the county seat, is located near the center of the county on the northern bank of Green River, a healthful location, and one of the largest shipping points on the river. The citizens are very anxious and willing to lend a helping hand to any good man or men who will start manufactories. 90 COMMERCIAL GROWTH MADISON COUNTY Population (Census 1900), 25,607. County Seat, Richmond. Is situated in the Eighth Congressional, Fifth Appellate, Twenty-fifth Judicial, Twenty-ninth Senatorial, and Seventy- second Legislative Districts. Madison County was organized in 1786, and taken wholly from Lincoln County, one of the three original counties, and only six years after the subdivision of Kentucky County into the three counties aforesaid. It lies on the South Fork of the Kentucky River, Browning Creek forming the line on the east and Paint Lick on the west. The other creeks of importance are Muddy, Otter, Tates, and Silver, all named by Daniel and Squire Boone. Boonesborough, the iirst fort in the State, is in Madison County, and conse- quently the permanent settlement of the county dates back a century and a quarter. Timber of good quality is scarce. Some walnut and poplar remain, and there is a limited quantity of oak in various sections of the county. Its soil is a greater variety than any other county in the State. No finer blue- grass pastures can anywhere be found. Considerable attention is given to rais- ing vegetables and small fruits in some parts of the county, but the greater effort is exerted in the direction of fine horses, cattle, sheep, and hogs, which are the principal products of the county. There are about 200 miles of free turn- pike roads in the county. There are five railroads in the county, all of them enter- ing Richmond — one from Cincinnati, two from Louisville, one from Knoxville, and one from Eastern Kentucky. The public schools in the county are in good condition. In many districts the public money is supplemented by subscrip- tions and local taxation. The Caldwell High School, which receives the public money of the Richmond District, is mainly supported by taxation. Richmond, the county seat^ has two good, modern flouring mills, two planing mills, ice factory, laundry, telephone, electricity, gas, and water. Waco, Centerville, Berea, and Kirks- ville are all thriving towns. M A Cx O F F I N C O U N T Y Population (Census 1900), 12,006. County Seat, Salversville. Is situated in the Tenth Congressional, Seventh Appellate, Twenty-third Judicial, Thirty-fourth Senatorial, and Ninety- second Legislative Districts. Magoffin County, located in the south- eastern part of the State, was formed by an act of the legislature in 1859, and named in honor of the governor who was serving at that time. The county is, for tfie most part, moun- tainous or hilly, but there are many wide and fertile bottoms in the valley of the Licking River. The principal water-courses of the coun- ty are the Licking River and its numerous tributaries. The soil of the county is of a sandy loam, which is very fertile and productive, being adapted to the raising of corn, wheat, oats, and tobacco, which are the principal crops. The timber of the county is very exten- STATE OF KENTUCKY 91 sive and of many varieties, such as yellow poplar, black walnut, maple, oak, beech, pine, lynn, ash, and chestnut. Anthracite and bituminous coal is found and mined in all parts of the county. The best quality of sandstone is quar- ried for building purposes. The public roads are rapidly improving, and are maintained by the county. Most of the labor in the county is agricultural, and the average price per month is $13, with board. There have been several important developments, among which is the construction of a beautiful court house, at a cost of $1$,- 000, and one of the most magnificent school buildings in Eastern Kentucky. The leading source of education is the Salyersville Graded and Normal School, which is situated at the county seat. Salyersville, the county seat, is situated on the bank of the Licking River, and is a beautiful little town of about 400 inhabitants. It has an elegant new court house, recently completed at a cost of $15,000, several thriving business houses, good schools and churches. It also has the Salyersville Normal School, which is one of the best educational institutions in the State. MARION COUNTY Population (Census 1900), 16,290. County Seat, Lebanon. Is situated in the Fourth Congressional, Third Appellate, Eleventh Judicial, Fifteenth Senatorial, and Fortieth Leg- islative Districts. Marion County was carved out of the territory of Washington County in the year 1834, and lies near the geographical center of the State. The surface of the county is gently undulating, with the exception of a chain of " knobs," a part of the Muldraugh Hill system, which runs entirely through the county from east to west. The principal water-courses are Rolling Fork, including the main stream, and North Fork and South Fork of same, Hardin's Creek, Cartwright's Creek, Pleas- ant Run and Little Beech Fork. The soil is varied in character. The county is generally considered as lying on the line separating the Bluegrass from the "Pennerile." The valleys of all the water-courses are extremely fertile. The bottoms are broad, especially on the Rolling Fork. The soils of the county produce fine crops of tobacco, corn, wheat, oats, hay, vegetables, and small fruits. Consider- able attention is given to raising cattle, hogs, sheep, and mules for market. The finest sugar and cotton mules received in the New Orleans market are the product of Marion County. Labor on the farm is performed by native whites and colored hands, and the average price, with board, is about twelve dollars per month. The county was once heavily timbered with oak, poplar, beech, hickory, inter- spersed with walnut. Little of this now remains, although there is considerable timber in the knobs and in the south- western portion of the county. The principal manufacturing establish- ments in the county are a number of distilleries. These are among the best equipped in the country, and the reputa- tion of their brands is co-extensive with those portions of the world where Kentucky whisky is used. Next in importance are the flouring mills of the county, of which there are a considerable 92 COMMERCIAL GROWTH number conveniently located throughout the county. There are two colleges in the county, St. Mary's for young gentlemen, and Loretto for the young ladies. Both of these institutions are old-established seats of learning. The county has no bonded or floating debt of any kind, and the tax rate for county purposes is low. Lebanon, the county seat, is a thriving city of about 4,000 inhabitants, situated on the Knoxville division of the L. & N. Railroad, and is an up-to-date city in every particular, being the only city of impor- tance in a wide surrounding area. It has two flouring mills, two planing mills, one wheel and spoke factory, two cigar factor- ies, one tobacco factory, besides numer- ous distilleries in and adjacent to the city. MARSHALL COUNTY POPILATION (CeNSIS IQOO), 13,692. CoUNTY SeaT, BeNTON. Is situated in the First Congressional, First .\ppellate. Second Judicial, Second Senatorial, and Sixth Legislative Districts. Marshall County was formed out of a part of Calloway Countj' by an act of the legislature, June i, 1842, and was named in honor of John Marshall, who was then Chief Justice of the U. S. Supreme Court. The principal water-courses are Ten- nessee River, which flows along the north and east border, and Clark River, which passes through the county from southeast to northwest. The soils of the county are very fertile, especially the bottom lands along the rivers, and produce fine crops of dark tobacco, and all grasses, cereals, fruits, and vegetables usually grown in this latitude. The bulk of the white oak, poplar, and green timber has been manufactured, but there is yet an immense quantity of red oak and black oak of a fine quality in this county. The Illinois Central Railroad runs through the northern part of the county for a distance of about twelve miles, while the Louisville & Nashville, operated by the Nashville, Chattanooga & St. Louis Railway, runs through the cential part of the count}' for a distance of about seventeen miles. There are sixty-five schools for white and two for colored pupils and over Mty churches in the county. Benton, the county seat, is a prosperous little town with good schools, churches, and business houses. MARTIN COUNTY Population (Census 1900), 5,780. County Seat, Eden (P. O. Inez). Is situated in the Tenth Congressional, Seventh Appellate, Twenty-fourth Judi- cial, Thirt)'-third Senatorial, and Ninety- sixth Legislative Districts. Martin County was created by an act of the General Assembly or Legislature of Kentucky at its session of 1869-70, and was taken from the fractional parts of the counties of Lawrence, Pike, Floyd, and Johnson. Martin County fronts on the Tug Fork of Big Sandy River, the boundary between Kentucky and West Virginia, for about fortv miles. The main creeks running STATE OF KENTUCKY' 93 into Tug River are Rockcastle Creek, Calf Creek, Turkey Creek, Big Elk aud Little Elk creeks, Buck Creek, Collin's Creek, Wolfe Creek, Long Branch, aud Big Creek. Tiie soil is sandy and adapted to the growth of corn, sugar-cane, grasses, melons, and several varieties of small fruits aud vegetables. Coal, oil, and gas are found in abundance and of excellent quality. The county is in the center of the gas belt. Good common schools and churches are located in all parts of the county. There are no railroads or turnpikes in the county. Small steamboats ply the Tug River from six to eight mouths in the year. Eden (post-office Inez), the county seat, is a thriving little city of the sixth class, located near the center of the county. It has a population of about five hundred. An abundance of white, black, and chestnut oak, white and black walnut, white and yellow poplar, ash, elm, beech, sycamore, and lynn or basswood timber is found in the countv. MASON COUNTY Population (Census igoo), 20,446. County Seat, Maysville. Is situated in the Ninth Congressional, Sixth Appellate, Nineteenth Judicial, Thirty-first Senatorial, and Eighty-seventh Legislative Districts. Mason County is situated in the north- ern part of the State on the Ohio River. It is one of the nine counties formed before the State was admitted into the Union, having been organized in 1788 by the legislature of Virginia. The county is well watered and drained by the Ohio and Licking rivers and their numerous tributaries. This county has an area of about 220 square miles. The surface of the county along its water-courses is hilly, and as you approach the Ohio River this feature of the topography of the county becomes very pronounced. Back from the streams, however, widen out wonderful tracts of level and very fertile lands. In the southern part of the county the most fertile land is found ; none probably in the State better. Diversified farming is engaged in to a considerable extent. The Ohio River, bordering on this county for eighteen miles, gives it good water trans- portation. The turnpikes in Mason County are unexcelled by those anywhere, and there are about 300 miles of free pikes in this county, kept up and maintained by taxa- tion and the free turnpike law of the State. The Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad runs along the entire length of the northern boundary, and the Kentucky Central, now owned and controlled by the Louisville & Nashville system, runs through the central portion of the county from south to north, giving the county the very best of facilities for transportation. The labor on the farm is mostly per- formed by native white and colored laborers, and they can be had for ten to fifteen dollars per month and board. The staples of the farm are corn, wheat, oats, hay, and tobacco. The very finest white Burley tobacco is grown in this county. All the products of the farm are largely raised. The educational facilities of this county are not surpassed by those of any other county in the State. The common schools are very superior. New- and good school houses, supplied with all modern appliances, have been provided within the past few years. The schools are supplied with an excellent corps of teachers. 94 COMMERCIAL GROWTH The county also abounds with churches, about all of the regular orthodox denomi- nations being represented. Maysville is the county seat. It is situated on the Ohio River, sixty-four miles above Cincinnati. It is also on the Chesapeake & Ohio and the Kentucky Central railroads. Its population now is estuuated to be about S,ooo. It has many miles of nicely paved streets and elegant sidewalks. Has a line of electric street railway, fine system of water-works, gas and electric light plants, telephone exchange, and also connected by long- distance telephone with all parts of the country; large manufacturing establish- ments of various kinds, fine hotels, elegant churches, and magnificent schools. MEADE COUNTY Population (Census igoo), 10,533. County Seat, Brandenburg. Situated in the Fourth Congressional, Second Appellate, Ninth Judicial, Tenth Senatorial, and Thirtieth Legislative Dis- tricts. Meade County is situated among the counties known as the central section of the State. It was formed in 1823 from the territory of Breckinridge and Hardin counties, and named after one of the old Revolutionary heroes. Captain Meade. The Ohio River on the northeast and southwest gives it a coast line of about seventy miles. The county is well drained and watered by numerous creeks which empty into the Ohio River. The soil along the river and creeks is as rich and productive as any in the State, and embraces about one tenth of its area; but bordering on these streams for several miles the land is hilly and somewhat rough; the remainder is undula- ting only enough to drain it, making it a splendid farming land. The hilly portion of the county is well adapted to the rais- ing of all kinds of fruit, and abounds in the finest orchards of apples to be found anywhere. There are several large evap- orating establishments in the county, be- sides several apple distilleries. Diversified farming is generally carried on, as the soil responds generously to the various grain and tobacco crops. Stock raising and feeding is becoming a great industry. All kinds of grasses grow well on the rich limestone. Several silos have been in use for years, both for fattening cattle as well as wintering stock cattle. The poultry business is looming up to be one of the factors in the general thrift of the wide- awake farmers. Churches of all denomi- nations abound, and good, commodious school houses are in easy reach of every family. About one fifth of the timber still remains, and it embraces the various oaks, walnut, hickory, and beech. There are two railroads running through the county, affording every facility, with the Ohio River, to an easy and quick market. Petroleum, natural gas, and salt were dis- covered years ago, but only the two latter have been utilised. Several salt manu- factories above Brandenburg were operated for years, but the gas being more profit- able for heating and manufacturing, a pipe line now carries it to Louisville. The river and creek hills abound in immense ledges of fine stone for either building or artistic uses. Sand, oolite, granite, cement, and lithograph stones are found and easily quarried. The latter stone is now being quarried and dressed near Brandenburg by steam machinery, and shipped in large quantities. It is pro- nounced the finest in the world. Telephone wires are now run along the public highway's, connecting the many little towns with each other, and many farmers' homes as well. STATE OF KENTUCKY 95 MENIFEE COUNTY Population (Census 1900), 6,818. County Seat, Frenchburg. Situated in the Tenth Congressional, Seventh Appellate, Twenty-first Judicial, Thirty-fifth Senatorial, and Nineteenth Legislative Districts. Menifee County, named in honor of Richard Menifee, a famous orator and -Statesman, was formed from the counties of Powell, Bath, and Montgomery in 1869. There are several streams flowing in every direction through the county, the largest of which are Beaver, Slate, Glady, Indian, and Blackwater creeks. Menifee County has all kinds of soil, rich cove land, limestone benches, river and creek bottoms, smooth uplands, all of which produce well most any kind of crop. The farmers raise corn, wheat, oats, cane, rye, timothy, red top, clover, orchard grass, millet, and fruit such as apples, peaches, pears, and grapes. Beaver Creek is navigable from French- burg to Licking River, a distance of eighteen miles. The C. & O. Railroad runs to Rothwell, Ky., a distance through this county of about six miles. The Red River Valley Railroad (narrow gauge) has ■a line in this county of about twenty miles. The Scranton Railroad Co. has a line of about twenty miles (narrow gauge), and Lembord & Cla\' have a line about ten miles in this county (narrow gauge), all of which are large shippers of lumber, ties, and staves. The character of labor in this county is white, and the average price paid is about Si 5. 00 per month. Frenchburg is the county seat, and is located in about the center of the county. The town contains about 300 inhabitants, with three churches and one college build- ing, now owned by the Masonic Order (cost about ?2,ooo); one brick Odd Fellows' Hall that cost to build about ^(3,000; four merchants, two blacksmiths, six school teachers, one doctor, four attorneys-at- law, and two liotels. The public schools in splendid condition, county fifty teachers school districts. Good cliurches are cated in all parts of the county. The county is rich in minerals, coal, iron, and some lead. Various coal banks are now opened throughout tfie county, running in thickness from twenty to thirty inches. The hills are full of irou ore. The famous old Beaver furnace, built back in the thirties, was located in what is now Menifee County. in the county are There are in the and thirty-seven o- MERCER COUNTY Population (Census 1900), 14,426. County Seat, Harrodsburg. Situated in the Eighth Congressional, Fifth Appellate, Thirteenth Judicial, Twentieth Senatorial, and Sixtieth Legis- lative Districts. Mercer County was named in honor of ■General Hugh Mercer, a Revolutionary officer who fell at the head of his brigade at the Battle of Princeton, and is one of the nine counties created by an act of the Virginia Legislature before Kentucky be- came a State. It was carved out of Lin- coln County in 1785, being the sixth county in order of creation. It is situa- ted in the central part of the State, and forms a portion of the famous bluegrass region. The exact geographical center of the State is within its borders, about six miles west of the county seat. Its eastern 96 COMMERCIAL GROWTH and northeastern boundary follows the center of Kentucky' and Dix rivers. Along the banks of these rivers is to be found some of the grandest scenery on our continent. Mercer presents a great variety in the character and productiveness of her soils. The best farming lands of the county are equal in productiveness and adaptability to a variety of crops to those of any county of this or any other State. While wheat, oats, corn, hemp, and tobacco, clover and timothy hay are the great staple products of the county, rye, broom corn, buckwheat, potatoes, orchard grass, millet, and Hungarian grass are also grown. No county iu the State is better watered. In addition to the streams mentioned, com- prising about seventy-five miles in the county, it has numerous other smaller streams. It is also watered by innumera- ble springs. Nearly every farm has one or more sources of never-failing water. .^ number of the streams of the county furnish excellent water-power, and some are made available for flour mills and other industries. .\ number of the farmers are interested in raising short-horn cattle. Some of its fine farms are devoted to raising thoroughbred, or trotting and sad- dle horses. A very prominent training- stable is located at the county seat. Mercer has a variety of timbers — oak, ash, hickory, walnut, sugar-tree, cherrj', beech, poplar, lynn, pine, etc. It has many varieties of oak, which is most abundant. Walnut, ash, hickory, and beech are common. The price of the land of Mercer varies from S lo to S8 5 per acre. The manufacturing interest outside of Harrodsburg is represented by eight grist mills, two distilleries, and several saw mills. The county enjoys excellent transporta- tion facilities for its agricultural and mechanical products. A complete net- work of macadamized roads, comprising two hundred miles in all, traverse every section. .\ dozen or more lead into Har- rodsburg, the county seat. Every mile of turnpike is free and maintained by the county. The Cincinnati, New Orleans & Texas Pacific Railroad (Cincinnati South- ern Railroad) runs through the eastern portion of the county for a distance of eight miles, and the Louisville Southern Railroad, entering it from the north, fol- lows the general course of Salt River to Harrodsburg, thence to Burgin, a distance of eighteen miles. Since the completion of the lock at High Bridge large steamers now navigate the Kentucky River, afford- ing cheap transportation. Harrodsburg, the county seat, has the honor of being the oldest town in the State. Here "the first house" was built in 1774 by a company of thirty-one men, for Captain James Harrod, for whom it was named. However, its business houses and most of its dwellings give no evidence of its age, being of modern construction and including many handsome buildings and beautiful homes. Fifty per cent of its dwellings and all of its business houses are brick, metal-roof buildings. It has a population of 4,000. It has six white and three colored churches. In addition to its public schools it has Beaumont College (formerly Daughters' College) for young ladies, the Harrodsburg Academy for young men and young ladies, and Wayman College, the latter being an institution of the colored Methodist Church. It has two telephone systems, electric light plant, and a fine system of water-works; a large grain elevator, two planing mills, an ice manufactory, two large flouring mills, a laundry, a carding factory, a large distill- ery, a turkey slaughter-pen, two coal and lumber yards, a brick yard, one whole- sale grocery, two banks with a capital of Sioo,ooo each, four blacksmith shops, fifty business houses, two weekly newspapers — the Harrodsburg Democrat and the Har- rodsburg Sayings. Burgin, Pleasant Hill, Salvisa, and Mc.\fee are flourishing villages amidst a fine agricultural country. There are thirty-five churches in the county. Thirty-three Sunday-schools have an enrollment of 2,000 pupils. The county has a good common school system. STATE OF KENTUCKY 97 METCALFE COUNTY Population (Census 1900), g,g88. County Seat, Edmonton. Situated in the Third Congressional, Third Appellate, Twenty-ninth Judicial, Nineteenth Senatorial, and Thirty-fifth Legislative Districts. Metcalfe County was formed in i860, the greater part of it being cut from the eastern portion of Barren County, the counties of Monroe, Cumberland, Hart, and Green furnishing small additions to same. It is situated near the center of the southern border of the State. It was named in honor of Thomas Metcalfe, the tenth governor of the State. It is drained by the Little Barren River, which flows along its entire eastern bound- ary, and the principal tributary of same, the South Fork, which flows through the central part of the county. In fertility the soil of the county may be classed in a general way as on an average with the best in this section of the State. There has been no gas or oil developed in this county, but it is considered as being within the limits of the vast oil field which has been worked with such success in ad- joining counties. The county is well tim- bered, oak and beech preponderating; there are ash, hickory, and other hard woods, and also some poplar. Diversified farming is not engaged in. The principal products of the farms are corn, wheat, oats, and tobacco. There are no navigable streams in the county and no turnpike roads. There are no railroads in the county. The average price of farm lands is $6 per acre. The farms of the county are cultivated mostly by native white labor, the average price paid such laborers being §8 per month, with board. The educational facilities of the county are such as are supplied by the common school system and the Edmonton Male and Female Academy. The public schools are well attended and conducted, and are in good condition. The taxation for county purposes is 10 cents on the $100. Poll tax. Si. 25. Edmonton, the county seat of Metcalfe County, is situated near the center of the county on the south fork of Little Barren River. It is a small town, has a nice public square and good court house; a church, public school house, a private school house, several general stores, two drug stores, and a splendid hotel ; also one first-class roller mill and one bank. MONROE COUNTY Population (Census igoo), 13,053. County Seat, Tompkinsville. Situated in the Third Congressional, Second Appellate, Twenty-ninth Judicial, Nineteenth Senatorial, and Thirty-fifth Legislative Districts. Monroe is the eighty-fifth in the alpha- betical order of counties, and is bounded its entire length on the south by Tennes- see. The county was organized in 1820 from parts of Cumberland and Barren. The Cumberland River runs through the eastern part of the county, and its tribu- taries are few, notably, Meshack, Little and Big Sulphur, Big and Little McFar- laud. Barren River and its tributaries drain more than three fourths of the county, the entire northern, central, and western part. Creeks, brooks, rivulets, and never- 98 COMMERCIAL GROWTH failing springs are numerous. No county in the State has a more equally distrib- uted supply of water than this. The soil, by reason of its clay bottom, is suscep- tible of the highest degree of improve- ment. Fields that have been barren and abandoned for many years have been re- cently refenced, and are producing abun- dant crops by the judicious use of ferti- lizer. About 40 per cent of the acreage of the county is in its primeval state and covered with luxuriant forest trees — such as oak, poplar, hickory, chestnut, beech, ash, etc. Farming is mainly confined to the cul- ture of cereals, but in recent years farmers are devoting some attention to fruit grow- ing. The climate is well suited to the growth and de\elopment of all staple fruits, viz., apples, pears, peaches, cher- ries, grapes, and plums, while the forest usually abounds with wild fruits. All kinds of small fruits grow in abundance in the fields without cultivation. The Cumber- land is the only navigable stream in the county. Farm laborers get from §7 to S 1 2 per month, according to age and experi- ence. Tompkinsville, the county seat, was named for Vice-President Tompkins. It is located near the center of the county. It is practically a new town, as it was al- most entirely destroyed by fire some ten years ago. It has three churches, and there are four large dry goods stores, three drug stores, two fine roller mills, shops, and four newspapers. The busi- ness houses are mostly of brick, and many fine and costly residences add to the beauty of this splendid inland town. The Monroe County Deposit Bank is a well- established banking-house and is doing a thriving business. The public buildings — court house and county jail — are handsome structures constructed on modern plans. The Tompkinsville Normal School, a chartered institution, is located here. Other colleges are located in the county, "The Didactic High School " at Gama- liel. The Monroe Normal School is located at Flippin. The public schools are exceed- ingly prosperous, far above the average, and are in the hands of an able corps of teachers, many of whom hold State certifi- cates, and quite a large percentage hold first-class county certificates. M O N T G O M E R Y COUNTY Population (Census 1900), 12,834. County Seat, Mt. Sterling. Situated in the Tenth Congressional, Seventh Appellate, Twenty-first Judicial, Twenty-eighth Senatorial, and Ninetieth Legislative Districts. Montgomery County was formed in the year 1796 out of Clark, and was the twenty- second in the history of the State. It was named in honor of General Richard Mont- gomery. At the date of its formation it comprised a very large territory, but at various dates since then portions of it have been repeatedly taken to form other counties, no less than eighteen counties having been either wholly or partly made from the original county. The land for the greater part is gently rolling and well adapted for agricultural pursuits. In the southeastern portion of the count)' it is more broken and hilly. While there are no large streams of water, there are many creeks and small streams which furnish an abundant supply during the driest of seasons. The county is all bluegrass except the extreme southern and southeastern parts. Being naturally rich, and having a clay backing of six to ten feet before striking rock, the soil is peculiarly adapted to rais- ing good crops, even during an extended drouth. STATE OF KENTUCKY 99 The principal crops are corn, tobacco, wheat, oats, rye, and various grasses. Quite an item of profit is being made in gathering bluegrass seed. Like most other bluegrass counties trav- ersed by railroads, most of the timber has been cut down, though in the southern and southeastern portions of the county there are still standing many fine bodies of timber. This timber is chiefly oak, ash, walnut, sugar maple, poplar, and chestnut. The Chesapeake & Oliio Railroad runs through the county and furnishes direct means of transportation to the seacoast. A branch of this road extends from Mt. Sterling to Rothwell, in Menifee County. There are one hundred miles of turn- pikes, all free of toll, and about one hun- dred miles of good country roads. In addition to a good common school system, there is at Mt. Sterling a large public graded high school, which is main- tained by local ta.xation in addition to the State per capita. There are also several private high schools and academies, all well patronized. The labor employed on the farm is simi- lar to that in other bluegrass counties, and prices received therefor run from S12 to ?I5 per month. Mt. Sterling, the county seat, is a thriv- ing and energetic city of 5,000 inhabitants, situated on the Chesapeake & Ohio Rail- road, and is thirty-three miles east of Lexington. It is known as the " Gate City" from the fact that it is the general distributing point for the mountain coun- ties beyond. It has four large wholesale groceries, two roller flouring mills, a woolen factory, ice and electric light plants, ma- chine shops, three banks, many large and thriving retail stores, fine church buildings, macadam street and brick and stone side- walks, splendid system of water-works, magnificent new court house, a handsome new city hall. Besides having a local telephone exchange, it is connected with the rest of the State by long-distance tele- phone. Mt. Sterling is one of the best cattle markets in the State. MORGAN COUNTY Population (Census igoo), 12,792. County Seat, West Liberty. Situated in the Tenth Congressional, Seventh Appellate, Twentieth Judicial, Thirty-fourth Senatorial and Ninety-first Legislative Districts. Morgan County is in middle eastern Kentucky, and was organized as a county in 1822 out of territory taken from Floyd and Bath counties. The Licking runs through the central portion of the county in a southeastern direction, while its numerous tributaries drain the county from each side of that river. The soil of the county along the bottoms of the Licking and other streams is very strong and fertile, and abundant crops are raised. This is, however, a distinctively mineral and timber county. The largest deposits of cannel coal in the world are found in this county. Bitumin- ous coal and iron are also found in inex- haustible quantities, as is also the finest building stone. The timber resources of this county are unexcelled, and notwith- standing the large number of logs which have been rafted out of the county fully fifty per cent of the virgin forests yet remain. Oak, hickory, ash, pine, beech, walnut, and poplar are the leading species of trees. Large tracts of valuable timbered land can be purchased at very reasonable prices per acre. The Licking River is the only stream in L.ofC. lOO COMMERCIAL GROWTH the county navigable, and that only for small steamers. There are no turnpikes in the county. The inhabitants of Morgan are steady, industrious, law-abiding, peaceful, and hos- pitable. Intemperance and crime are al- most wholly unknown now to the county. There has not been a licensed saloon in the county for eighteen years. There is a good church and school house in every district in the county. West Liberty is the county seat of Morgan County, and is situated near the center of the county on the Licking River. It is a nice, quiet little village, with enter- prising merchants, good church and school house, and population of nearly five hundred. MUHLENBERG COUNTY Population (Census 1900), 20,741. County Seat, G.",eenville. Situated in the Third Congressional, Secoud Appellate, Seventh Judicial, Seventh Senatorial, and Eighteenth Legislative Districts. Muhlenberg County is situated in mid- dle western Kentucky and was formed out of parts of Logan and Christian in 1798. Green, Big Muddy, and Pond rivers, with their numerous tributaries, afford ample drainage and a fine supply of water. The surface of the county is rather roll- ing, though much of it is broken and even hilly; the character of the soil, speaking in a general way, is a sandy loam, and quite productive; especially in the northern por- tion of the county is good farming land. This county is, however, more noted for great wealth of minerals. Coal and iron of the best quality abound in the county in the largest and richest veins and depos- its, both of which have been largely de- veloped. The best and finest timber also abounds throughout this county. Oak, poplar, walnut, beech, ash, and pine are all plentiful, and the supply is sufficient to last many years. Diversified farming is not engaged in to any extent, but the same could be profitably followed if mar- kets were easier of access, for this is a splendid county in which to raise melons and vegetables, the soil seeming to be especially adapted to same, and fruits of all kinds known to our latitude do well. Green River, on the eastern boundary, is navigable for steamers, and being con- trolled by the Federal government is free for navigation. Other streams within the county and on its boundary are only navi- gable for flatboats and rafts. There are about fifty-four miles of com- pleted railroad in the county. The Louis- ville & Nashville runs through the eastern part and the Illinois Central Railroad runs near the central portion of the county. The staples of the farm are corn, wheat, oats, hay, and tobacco, tobacco being the principal product. The educational facilities of this county are good. The common schools of the county are all well attended, are under good management, supplied with competent teachers, and the districts have good, comfortable school houses. Greenville is the county seat of Muhlen- berg County, and is located near the cen- ter of the county on the Illinois Central Railroad; it is a flourishing town, with enterprising merchants, good hotels and schools, with commodious church build- ings and live congregations. STATE OF KENTUCKY lOI NELSON COUNTY Population (Census 1900), 16,587. County Seat, Bardstown. Situated in the Fourth Congressional, Third Appellate, Tenth Judicial, Four- teenth Senatorial, and Thirty-ninth Legis- lative Districts. Col. Isaac Fox, with others, in the spring of 1775, were the first settlers of what is now Nelson County, and located their fort on Cox's Creek, which was called ■" Cox's Station." A permanent settle- ment was made in 17 78 by Capt. Samuel Pottinger, on Pottinger's Creek, where a fort was built, and on Simpson's Creek Thomas Polk and his companions settled and built a fort also. The present site of Bardstown was settled in 1776 and named " Salem," and in 1782 was surveyed and regularly laid off and name changed to Bairdstown in honor of David Baird. John Fitch, inventor of the steamboat, xnoved to Bardstown in 1778, died in 1798, and was buried in the "Town Grave Yard." In October, 1784, Patrick Henry, Governor of Virginia, approved the act to establish the county of Nelson, the fourth county of the territory. The northeastern part of the county is rolling bluegrass land, very fertile and highly productive. The land in and around Bardstown is a plateau, through vwhich the water-courses have cut deep valleys. The western and southern parts of the county are crossed by a range of knobs, on each side of which flow the Beech and Rolling forks, bordered by broad alluvial bottoms. The knobs are all fine timbered lands, much of which is virgin forest. There are 46,000 acres of woodland in the county. The Rolling Fork is the southern and southwestern boundary of the county, while the Beech Fork, for a distance of fifteen miles, is the eastern boundary, whence it turns, flows west through the central part of the county to join the Rolling Fork. Both streams are capable of being made navi- gable by a system of locks and dams. The county has about 225 miles of turn- pike roads. Hydraulic limestone in a bed twelve to eighteen inches thick comes in under the lowest bench of magnesian limestone in a hill southwest of Whitrow Creek, and also on Buffalo Creek. Iron ore rich enough for profitable smelting is found in the knobs between the Rolling and Beech forks, the kidney ore from near Nelson Furnace showing 35.64 per cent of iron. Farm labor may be had from J12 to Si 5 per month. The county has no bonded indebtedness. NICHOLAS COUNTY Population (Census igoo), 11,952. County Seat, Carlisle. Situated in the Ninth Congressional, 'Sixth Appellate, Eighteenth Judicial, Thir- tieth Senatorial, and Eighteenth Legis- lative Districts. Nicholas County lies on the border of what is famed as the bluegrass section of Kentucky. Its lands produce the finest white Burley tobacco raised; its corn. wheat, and other products are yielded in abundance, and its stock interests are large and lucrative. Licking River runs through the north- ern portion of the county, and the various smaller streams furnish abundance of stock water. The churches and schools are abundant I02 COMMERCIAL GROWTH and prosperous. The public roads are all macadamized, and are free. The timber has about all been cut away. Carlisle, the county seat, is one of the most attractive towns in the State. The court house is one of the most beautiful and complete. A dozen thriving villages dot the county. Historically, Nicholas County is well known. Lying within her borders are the two famous " Blue Lick Springs," known to early history as the two "salt springs of the Licking." It was at the lower lick that Daniel Boone and his fellow salt- makers were captured by Indians and carried to Detroit as prisoners, where the French commandant offered one hundred pounds sterling for him. It was also at the lower Blue Lick that the disastrous battle of August 19, 17S2, was fought, and this spot is now being made famous again by the exhuming of mammoth bones and indisputable evidences that civilized man existed even before the extinguish- ment of the giant beasts of the forest. Underneath the fossil bones and tusks of immense animals have been lately discovered a well-laid and much worn stone pavement, pieces of an iron vessel, and charcoal. The Louisville & Nashville Railroad runs through the center of the county, and furnishes abundant transportation for freight and passengers. OHIO COUNTY PopuL.\TioN (Census 1900), 27,287. County Seat, Hartford. Situated in the Fourth Congressional, Second Appellate, Sixth Judicial, Seventh Senatorial, and Twenty-sixth Legislative Districts. This county is one of the largest in territory and bids fair to soon become one of the largest in population and wealth in the State. On the south and west it is bounded by Green River. Running through the center of the county is Rough River, a navigable stream which drains a large and fertile region. There are numerous smaller streams and creeks, the valleys of which, like that of the rivers, are very rich and producti\e of all our staple products. The adjacent hills or uplands are not so enduring in fertility. Tobacco, wheat, oats, clover, red top, timothy and orchard grass grow well. Hogs, horses, mules, and sheep are raised in large numbers, of the best and most improved breeds. The county is exceptionally fortunate in its supply of the cheapest and best of transportation for heavy freights by water. The county has in addition to her water facilities 54.92 miles of railroad within her borders, the Illinois Central owning and operating through the entire county between Green and Rough rivers. The same company also operates a branch road from Horse Branch, traversing a fine coal field by Olaton, Fordsville, and Deanefield, Ohio County, to Owensboro, Daviess County. The Irvington branch of the Louisville, Henderson & St. Louis extends from Irvington, on the main line, for a distance of nine miles in Ohio County to Fordsville. The supply of timber, once so abundant, is rapidly disappearing, and yet after the many years of its waste there was never so much "logging" for local and Evansville markets as at present. Suffi- cient oak, poplar, ash, gum, hickory, and chestnut timber I'emain for all purposes. Coal exists in superior quality and unlimited quantity, especially between the Illinois Central and Green River. Iron ore is also found in the same locality, and on Rough River, near Hartford. STATE OF KENTUCKY 103 The county is well supplied with free schools, and in no part of it need any family be too far removed to patronize a good school. Hartford, Beaver Dam, and Fordsville each have a graded school. Hartford, on Rough River, is the county seat, in a rich farming and timber region. It has a population of 1,200, two banks, tile, stave, and tobacco factories,, and good two-story brick business houses. Beaver Dam, on Illinois Central, is an important shipping point for Ohio and Butler coun- ties, has a fine bank and does a good business. OLDHAM COUNTY Population (Census 1900), 70,78. County Seat, Lagrange. Situated in the Seventh Congressional, Third Appellate, Twelfth Judicial, Twenty-first Senatorial, and Fifty-second Legislative Districts. Oldham was created in the year 1723 from portions of Henry, Shelby, and Jefferson counties, and was named after Colonel Wm. Oldham, a gallant officer in the Revolutionary War, who came to Ken- tucky in 1779 from Beverly County, Vir- ginia, and settled near the Falls of the Ohio. Oldham County lies in the north middle part of the State, and is bordered on the north by about twenty miles of the Ohio River. The soil is fairly good and the whole county is well adapted to farming and stock raising. The land produces wheat. corn, tobacco, oats, and various grasses in abundance. The county is very healthy, being of a high altitude, well watered by springs and two large creeks, Floyd's Fork and Harrod's Creek, which flow through the entire county, from east to west. The L., C. & L. branch of the L. & N. railroad traverses the county from west to east for twenty miles. Lagrange, the county seat, has a population of about 1,100, with streets well macadamized, shade trees in abun- dance, no tax license for several years; has two banks and seven churches. Other towns in the county are Ballards- ville, Floydsburg, Pewee Valley, Goshen, Brownsboro, and Westport on the Ohio River. OWEN COUNTY Population (Census 1900), 17,553. County Seat, Owenton. Situated in the Seventh Congressional, Fifth Appellate, Fifteenth Judicial, Twenty-third Senatorial, and Sixteenth Legislative Districts. Was the sixty-seventh county organized, and was formed in 18 19 out of parts of Franklin, Scott, and Gallatin. It was named in honor of Colonel Abraham Owen, a distinguished citizen and soldier. The general character of the soil of Owen is limestone upon a clay foundation. It produces a superior quality of Burley tobacco, corn, all kinds of small grain, grasses, and fruits. The county is also well adapted to stock raising, being admirably watered and growing all the best grasses, bluegrass among the rest. Owenton, the county seat, a prosperous and growing country town, is pleasantly situated in the center of the county. Besides Owenton, there are some eight or ten small towns and villages scattered I04 COMMERCIAL GROWTH over the county, most of which are in a prosperous condition. The Kentucky River bounds the county on the south, and the Short-line Branch of the Louis- ville & Nashville Railroad runs on or near the line of the county for some twenty- odd miles on the northwest, and the Cincinnati branch of the Louisville & Nashville railroad runs along the northern border. Quite a number of mineral springs are found in Owen County, the waters of which are of approved valuable medicinal properties. Owen has a very interesting history in connection with war and politics. The "Jump-off" on Eagle Creek; "Pointof- Rocks" on Cedar Creek, with its "Deep Hole," or "Bottomless Pool," and " Pond Branch," with its " Island Moun- tain," are all interesting objects of note in this county. The Kentucky River, which is the onlv navigable stream in Owen, furnishes the county about thirty- five miles (as the river runs) of navigation for good-sized steamers and towboats. Locks Nos. 2 and 3 are located on the line between Owen and Henry counties, and Lock No. i is a few miles below the western line. Eagle Creek, a large tribu- tary of the Kentucky, forms the entire northern border of the county, and with Cedar, Big Twin, Big Indian, Severn, and other creeks, furnish ample water power for propelling machinery. There are all kinds of timber in Owen, but it is growing scarce. Most of the timbers now left, valuable for sawing into lumber, are poplar, beech, and oak varieties. The principal agricultural products of the county are tobacco, corn, wheat, rye, oats, and grasses. Owen is one of the largest Burley tobacco producing counties in the State, much of it being of the highest grade. OWSLEY COUNTY Population (Census 1900), 6,874. County Seat, Booneville. Situated in the Eleventh Congressional, Fifth Appellate, Twenty-seventh Judicial, Thirty-fourth Senatorial, and Seventy- first Legislative Districts. Owsley County is one of the middle eastern Kentucky counties, and was formed in 1843 and named after Governor William Owsley. It is well watered and drained ; the South Fork of the Kentucky River flows through the center of the county from south to north. The soil of the county is good, very rich and productive, and yields bounti- ful crops of corn, wheat, oats, and hay, and some tobacco. The county is well underlaid with coal of the best quality, the finest veins of surface coal of both bituminous and cannel are found here, and forty feet below the surface of the earth are veins of the finest coal, nearly ten feet thick. The soil is also underlaid with the best quality of gray and blue lime- stone, suitable for building purposes. Iron also abounds in this county; in fact, the wealth of the county is its mineral and magnificent timber supply. Probably two thirds of the surface of the county is yet covered with forests of the very finest timber. All the varieties of timber found in Eastern Kentucky are found here — oak, hickory, sugar-tree, beech, yellow pine, yellow poplar, ash, black and white walnut, maple, and chestnut. The common schools of the county have been greatly improved in the past few years and are now in a flourishing condi- tion. Good school houses are in every district, and they are well supplied with all the modern appliances for teaching. Booneville is the county seat of Owsley County, and is situated in the northern part of the county near the middle of the northern boundary line, on the South Fork of the Kentucky River. It was named for Daniel Boone, who at one time had a camp near where the court house now stands. STATE OF KENTUCK'i' lO: PENDLETON COUNTY Population (Census 1900), 14,947. County Seat, Falmouth. Situated in the Sixth Congressional, Sixth Appellate, Eighteenth Judicial, Twenty- sixth Senatorial, and Seventy-ninth Leg- islative Districts. Pendleton County is situated in the northern part of the State, about two and one half miles of its northeastern border being on the Ohio River. It is bounded on the north by the counties of Kenton and Campbell, on the east by the Ohio River and Bracken County, on the south by Harrison County, and on the west by Grant Count}-. It was organized as a county in 1800 and is named in honor of the Honorable Edmund Pendleton, the Virginia statesman. The Licking River flows through the central portion of the county. The south fork of this river enters the county at its southwest corner, and flowing in a north- eastern direction joins the Licking at •Falmouth, near the center of the county. About one third of the county is bottom land along the rivers and the numerous creeks which are their tributaries, and is very rich and productive. The other por- tion is hilly, but quite productive and well adapted to grazing. Sheep and cattle rais- ing is extensively carried on, and a surplus of corn, wheat, oats, and hay are raised for shipment, but the principal product for market is tobacco. All fruits and ber- ries grow well and in large quantities. There is very little timber left in the county, most of the land having been under cultivation for years. The Kentucky Central Branch of the Louisville & Nashville Railroad runs through the central portion of the county. The Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad crosses the northeastern corner of the county. The county has over two hundred miles of turnpike roads and a very good system of dirt roads. None of the streams are now navigable. The common schools are well conducted throughout the county; the teachers are efficient, and the houses and equipments good. Falmouth and Butler have good graded schools, and in most of the districts the schools are maintained beyond the five- months' term by local taxation. There are three large rock quarries being operated in the county, one at Men- zies, on the Louisville & Nashville Rail- road, and two near Carntown, on the Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad. Good lime- stone building lock is near the surface and easily quarried in most parts of the county. Falmouth is the county seat, situated on the Louisville & Nashville Railroad, forty miles from Cincinnati, at the junc- tion of and almost surrounded by Licking River and its south fork, each of which streams would afford ample water power for all kinds of manufacturing establish- ments. Falmouth has a large saw mill, a woolen factory, a cannery, two roller flour mills, a distillery, a pickle house, and quite a number of tobacco prizing and rehand- ling warehouses. io6 COMMERCIAL GROWTH PERRY COUNTY Population (Census igoo), 8,276. County Seat, Hazard. Situated in the Eleventh Congressional, Seventh Appellate, Twenty-sixth Judicial, Thirty-third Senatorial, and Ninety-third Legislative Districts. Perry County was formed in the year 1821, and both the county and county seat named in honor of Oliver Hazard Perry, the hero of Lake Erie. It is bounded on the north by Breathitt County, on the east by Knott, on the south by Harlan, on the west by Leslie. The North Fork of the Kentucky River, its principal water-course, flows through the center of the county from south to north. It and its tributaries form a most perfect system of natural drainage and furnish an abundant supply of water for the entire county, and affords about 200 miles of navigable water. The soil is freestone, very fertile, and produces fine crops of corn, wheat, oats, potatoes, fruits, melons, and most all kinds of grass. There is practically an inexhaustible supply of timber. Poplar, ash, walnut. birch, maple, chestnut, sycamore, lynn, hickory, cedar, etc., abounds in almost all parts of the county, and of the finest quality. The county is very rich in mineral re- sources, such as coal, iron, copperas, etc. The coal veins are from three to seven feet in thickness, and are of the very finest quality of splint and cannel coal. Hematite iron ores are found in abun- dance. Salt and gas are found in great quantities. There is a natural gas well at Hazard. There are no educational institutions in the county other than the public schools. These schools are in very good condi- tion. Hazard, the county seat, is an energetic little village situated on the east bank of the North Fork of the Kentucky, thirty- five miles above Jackson, the nearest railroad station. It has a good court house, a new jail, three good hotels, a number of enterprising merchants, good shops and mills, and is growing at a rapid rate. PIKE COUNTY Population (Census 1900), 22,686. County Seat, Pikeville. Situated in the Tenth Congressional, Seventh Appellate, Twenty-fourth Judicial, Thirty-third Senatorial, and Ninety-fifth Legislative Districts. The county is situated in Eastern Kentucky, being the extreme eastern point of the State. It was formed in 1821, and was named after a gallant officer in the War of 1812, General Zebulon M. Pike. The county is drained by the two great forks of the Big Sandy River, Tug Fork, running along the eastern, and the Levisa Fork, running along the w-estern boundary of the county, while John's Creek runs through the center of the county. The natural drainage of this county can not be excelled, and the water supply is abundant. The soil is very fine; better bottom lands can not be found anywhere than along the numerous streams of this county, and the hills or uplands are remarkably strong and productive. All the hills are filled with the finest coal, and STATE OF KENTUCKY 107 the supply is practically inexhaustible. Hematite iron ores are also found in great abundance, and natural gas and salt exist in the county. There is still plenty of timber in this county, though it is con- fined mostly to the several varieties of oaks; beech, pine, and poplar still exist, and some walnut can be found. The agricultural staples are corn, wheat, hay, oats, and tobacco. A surplus of all is raised for market. Fruit grows to great perfection. The schools of the county, outside of Pikeville, are the common schools pro- vided by the State under the common school law, and they are in good condi- tion, well attended, under good manage- ment, and provided with good teachers. Pikeville is the county seat of Pike County. It is situated near the center of the western border of the county, on the Levisa Fork of the Big Sandy River. It is a most enterprising and progressive village. It has a splendid court house, erected at a cost to the county of over thirty thousand dollars, and a good town clock, costing nearly a thousand dollars; a ten-thousand-dollar school building affords ample accommodations for educa- tional facilities. POWELL COUNTY Population (Census 1900), 6,443. County Seat, Stanton. Situated in the Tenth Congressional, Seventh Appellate, Twenty-fifth Judicial, Twenty-ninth Senatorial, and Seventy- third Legislative Districts. Powell County was formed from parts of Montgomery, Clark, and Estill counties in 1852. It is named in honor of L. W. Powell, then govenor of Kentucky. Red River, the principal water-course, is not navigable except for the floating of timber; it flows through the county, divid- ing it into nearly equal portions north and south. There is fine water power at Clay City, where there was once a large rolling mill and nail factory, and also a large flouring mill, all run by water: the water power is not now being used. The soil in the Red River valley is a rich sandy loam, and very productive, yielding large crops of corn, oats, rye, timothy, and clover. The principal timber is poplar, walnut, oak, hickory, beech, and pine. The wal- nut and poplar are nearly exhausted, and the oak is being cut very fast. There are no manufactories in the county except for the manufacture of lumber and staves, of which a large amount is shipped every year. There is one roller mill in the county for the manufacture of flour. The county has about twenty-five miles of railroad, the L. & E. running the entire length, which gives good railroad facilities. There are no turnpikes in the county, but the roads are kept in a reasonably good condition under the general road law of the State. There is an abundance of the finest iron ore, coal, and fire-clay, but none of them is developed. The natural scenery is of the grandest in the State. The av- erage price of farm labor is about fifty cents per day, with board. There are no graded or normal schools in the county; the public schools are well conducted and well attended. Stanton, the county seat, located near the center of the county, has a popu- lation of about three hundred ; contains three hotels, two churches, and four gen- eral stores. There are several flourish- ing villages in the county. Clay City, the most important, is larger than the county seat; Bowden, Dundee, and Rosslynn do a considerable business. io8 COMMERCIAL GROWTH PULASKI COUNTY Population (Census igoo), 31,293. County Seat, Somerset. Situated in the Eleventh Congressional, Third Appellate, Twenty-eighth Judicial, Seventeenth Senatorial, and Sixty-eighth Legislative Districts. Pulaski County was formed from parts of Green and Lincoln counties in 1798, the first court being held at a point four miles southwest of Somerset, about July 10, lygg. It was named in honor of Count Joseph Pulaski, the great Polander. Pulaski is the largest county in the State, with a length of forty miles from north to south and thirty miles from east to west. Its principal streams are Cum- berland River, which flows through the county from east to west, Rockcastle River, ou the east, South Fork of the Cumberland River on the southwest, and Buck, Pitman, and Fishing creeks, which flow through the county from north to south. Coal is mined in the southern and southeastern portions of the county. That mined in the southern is shipped by rail, while that mined in the southeastern finds a market down the Cumberland River at points in Kentucky and Tennes- see. Gas and oil are known to e.xist. The timber resources are practically inex- haustible. Cumberland River is naviga- ble for six months in the year as far as Burnside. There are no turnpikes in the county, but there is a very good system of public roads, kept in good condition by local taxation. The Cincinnati Southern Railroad cross- es the county from north to south, about forty miles. Somerset, the county seat, centrally located on the Cincinnati Southern rail- road, is a city of the fourth class. The condition of the public schools is good, in a few instances supplemented by district or local taxation. The county has no bonded indebtedness, and the rate of tax- ation for county purposes is twenty-two and one half cents on the one hundred dollars. ROBERTSON COUNTY Population (Census 1900), 4,900. County Seat, Mt. Olivet. Situated in the Ninth Congressional, Sixth .Appellate. Eighteenth Judicial, Thir- teenth Senatorial, and Eighteenth Legisla- tive Districts. Robertson County is one of the smallest counties in the State; was formed in 1867 from portions of Mason, Fleming, Nicho- las, Harrison, and Bracken counties, and was named in honor of Chief Justice Rob- ertson, of the Court of Appeals. It is in the northeastern part of the State. The surface of the county is generally rolling, yet none of the land is too steep for culti- vation; along the larger streams are bot- tom lands of unsurpassed fertility. The soil of the entire county is of a limestone formation with a clay subsoil, enabling it to retain moisture, and where it has not been abused is productive. The principal crops raised in the county are wheat, to- bacco, corn, oats, and hay. While the yield of wheat and tobacco per acre is not as large as in some other counties, yet their quality is far above the average in the State. Apples, peaches, pears, plums, cherries, all do well, and the damson is scarcely ex- celled anywhere. STATE OF KENTUCKY 109 Land is worth from $8 to S50 per acre. There are but few foreigners in the county. Farm labor is performed by native white and colored hands, whose services can be obtained for from ten to fifteen dollars per month, with board. There are no large tracts of timber in the county, and the supply may be said to be limited to the necessities and demands of the county for fuel and repairs to build- ing and fencing. Main Licking, on the southern border of the county, the North Fork, on the west and north, and Johnson Creek, running di- agonally across the southern part of the county, are its principal streams. These, with their numerous smaller tributary streams, afford abundant water for power and domestic purposes. During high waters small steamboats have ascended main Licking from its mouth at Covington and Newport to the Lower Blue Lick Springs, a distance of seventy miles. There are no railroads in the county. There are more than eighty miles of free turnpike traversing different parts of the county, and all leading to the county seat. Good schools and churches are located in all sections of the county. There are no saloons in the county; Mt. Olivet, the county seat, is situated in the northern part of the county, and has a population of about 800. It has a good brick court house, a good jail, five churches, a good roller flouring mill, lumber and coal yard, six tobacco ware- houses, two public schools, one academy, twelve stores. ROCKCASTLE COUNTY Population (Census 1900), 12,416. County Seat, Mt. Vernon. Situated in the Eight Congressional, Fifth Appellate, Twenty-eighth Judicial, Seventeenth Senatorial, and Seventieth Legislative Districts. The county is situated near the central portion of the State. Rockcastle River flows along its eastern boundary, and Dick's River flows through the western and north- ern portion of the county, by which, with its tributaries, the county is abundantly watered and well drained. The soil of the county is very strong, and quite pro- ductive; its surface is varied in the north- east, and the southeast portion of the county is rough, very broken, and hilly. The land is level and undulating and very rich in the western section of the county. There are several very fine coal mines in active operation in the eastern part of the county. The timber supply of the county is fairly good, there being consid- erable oak, hickory, gum, ash, sugar-tree, walnut, and poplar. There are no turnpikes in Rockcastle County; the public, or county roads are the ordinary dirt roads of the county, and are kept in very good condition under a special road law for the county. Tfie Knoxville Branch of the L. & N Railroad runs through the county from west to east, and through the central por tion of the county. The Kentucky Cen tral runs through the northeastern part of the county, connecting with the L. & N at Livingston, near the Rockcastle River, The staple products of the farms are corn, wheat, rye, oats, potatoes, and tur- nips. The grasses mostly cultivated are timothy, bluegrass, red top, orchard grass and clover. The county has a good court house and other county buildings; good churches are scattered over the county, and the peo- ple are quiet, law-abiding. God-fearing people. The common schools of the county are well attended and have very good teachers; the districts have fairly good school houses in them, and we are I lO COMMERCIAL GROWTH improving all along the line, in the matter of schools, each year. Mt. Vernon is the county seat of Rock- castle County, and is situated in the cen- ter of the county on the Knoxville Branch of the L. & N. Railroad. It is a nice little village with a population of five or six hundred, enterprising merchants, and a good hotel, churches, and school houses. There is a handsome college building here now, and a good school is well conducted in it. ROWAN COUNTY PopUL.'iTiON (Census 1900), 8,277. County Seat, Morehead. Situated in the Ninth Congressional, Sixth Appellate, Twenty-first Judicial, Thirty-fifth Senatorial, and Ninety-fourth Legislative Districts. The county was formed in 1856, out of parts of Fleming and Morgan counties, and named in honor of Judge John Rowan, the distinguished jurist. The Licking River and Triplett Creek, with their tri- butaries, drain the whole of the county. The Licking forms the southern and west- ers boundaries for a distance of about one hundred miles. The Licking is navigable for small boats during the spring season while the water is high. Tie soil of Rowan is generally fertile, producing fine crops of corn, oats, and al- ways extensive crops of watermelons of the very finest quality. Grasses are raised in abundance; such as timothy, clover, herd grass, and millet are the prin- cipal grasses. Where tobacco has been raised the soil produces a very fine and abundant quality. In the county are located two very large and extensive mills for sawing and dress- ing stone. There are a number of stone quarries containing from six to eight strata of stone ranging from three inches to three feet thick. These quarries dress and ship stone to all parts of the United States. The stone produced from the quarries of this county is the very finest for build- ing and bridge purposes, owing to its durability. The forests of the county abound with extensive timber of the oak, poplar, pine, walnut, ash, and many other species of timber valuable for building purposes. The lumber trade is one of the most ex- tensive industries of the county, lumber being shipped in both rough and dressed forms. The county has a good system of public dirt roads, kept up by the county and the citizens living along said roads. There is no taxation for roads in the county. There are eighteen miles of railroad in the county, running from east to west; also about six miles of narrow gauge road built in the county, known as the Triplet & Big Sandy Railroad. Morehead is the county seat of Rowan, and is situated midway between Lexington and Huntington, on the C. & O. Railroad. It has about 1,200 inhabitants, and con- tains a number of large dry goods and other stores. There is also a college known as "The Morehead Normal." Morehead has three churches, viz.. Bap- tist, M. E. South, and a union church house. The county has no indebtedness, either bonded or otherwise. Her rate of taxa- tion for county purposes is fifty cents per hundred. STATE OF KENTUCKY I I I RUSSELL COUNTY Population (Census igoo), 9,695. County Seat, Jamestown. Situated in the Eleventh Congressional, Third Appellate, Twenty-ninth Judicial, Sixteenth Senatorial, and Forty-third Leg- islative Districts. Russell County was formed from the county of Adair in 1825. It lies in the southern portion of the State. The Cum- berland River flows through the southern part of the county for a distance of fifty miles or more. This stream is ordinarily navigable for steamboats four or five months of each year. The soil along the Cumberland River, €specially the iirst bottoms, is very pro- ductive; so also is that of the lower courses of its tributaries, producing good crops of peas, corn, sweet potatoes, and millet. One of the most important industries in the county is the raising of fowls, espe- cially chickens. There is a great deal of black oak in the county. Considerable quantities of chestnut are still to be found on the up- lands; cedar, too, on the river and creek hills. Perhaps the most remarkable natural curiosity in Russell County is what is known as the Rock House. On the Cum- berland River, about a mile below the village of Creelsboro, there is an opening clear through the cliff, forming an immense chamber. Jamestown, the county seat, and Russell Springs are the two largest towns. The common schools of this county are in a fairly good condition. SCOTT COUNTY Population (Census 1900), 18,076. County Seat, Georgetown. Scott County is situated in the Seventh Congressional, Fifth Appellate, Four- teenth Judicial, Twenty-second Senatorial, and Fifty-eighth Legislative Districts. The county is situated in middle north- ern Kentucky, and was organized in 1792. Scott County has over two hundred miles of turnpikes. These pikes traverse every part of the county. The roads other than turnpikes are the common dirt roads of the county, which are worked and kept up under the supervision of road surveyors appointed by the county court, under the general road laws of the State. There are nearly fifty miles of railroad com- pleted and in operation in this county. The Cincinnati Southern, L. & N., Louis- ville Southern, and the Kentucky Midland all own and operate some road in this county. The staples of the Scott County farm are corn, wheat, hay, hemp, oats, and tobacco; a large surplus of all are raised for market. The common schools of the county are in a flourishing condition, and are largely attended and under superior management, and provided with good and competent teachers. Each school district has a good school house and is provided with all the modern appliances for teaching. Georgetown is the county seat of Scott County. It is situated in the southern part of the county on the bank of North Elkhorn. It is also on the Cincinnati Southern and the Kentucky Midland rail- roads. It is a flourishing city, a seat of learning, with many good schools and handsome churches. It has electric light and gas plants, water-works and telephone exchange, and all the modern conven- iences of a city. 112 COMMERCIAL GROWTH SHELBY COUNT Y Population (Census 1900), 18,340. County Seat, Shelhyville. Situated in the Eighth Congressional, Third Appellate. Twelftli Judicial, Four- teenth Senatorial, and Fifty-fifth Legis- lative Districts. Shelby County was named in honor of the first governor of Kentucky, General Isaac Shelby. It is one of the largest and best counties in the State. All of the county is good blnegrass land, and is adapted to raising hemp ; two thirds of the county is adapted to raising Burley tobacco. It was one of the first counties to adopt generally the share system. Under this liberal system great prosperity has come to the laboring classes. The dair}' interest is a very important one in Shelby Count}'. In the western part of the county along the railroad line there are a large number of successful dairies. Shelby County is noted for the interest manifested by her people in higher education. The schools and churches are located in all parts of the county. There is a very fine college for girls located in Shelhyville, which is- extensively patronized by the people of the county. The transportation facilities of the county are first class. The Louisville & Nashville, Southern, and Chesapeake & Ohio railroads all run trains throut;h the county. There is also a branch railroad from Shelhyville to Bloomfield. Shelhyville, the county seat, is a thriv- ing city of nearly 5,000 inhabitants. It is supplied with all the modern conven- iences in the way of lighting plants, water-works, telephone exchange, etc. Its school facilities, as well as the school facilities of the entire county, are first class. Shell)yville is situated in one of the best agricultural sections of the State, and is enjoying a steady growth in population and business prosperity. Simpsonville, on the Louisville & Nash- ville Railroad, is a prosperous little city of some 600 inhabitants. Christiansburg, Bagdad, Waddy, and Finchville are pros- perous towns. SIMPSON COUNTY PopuL.ATioN (Census igoo), 11,624. County Seat, Franklin. Situated in the Third Congressional, Second Appellate, Seventh Judicial, Ninth Senatorial, and Twenty-first Legis- lative Districts. The county was formed in 1S17 out of the counties of .-^Uen on the east, Logan on the west, Warren on the north, its southern boundary the Tennessee line. Later a strip of three miles was added to it, taken from Logan County. Its topography is generally level or slightly undulating, and drained by the tributaries of Big Barren River. This land is, indeed, valuable for the produc- tion of grass; by the use of fertilizing ele- ments it yields an abundant crop of wheat. Corn, oats, wheat, hay, and tobacco are the staples. The principal stream of water is Drake's Creek, the western fork of Barren River. This stream runs nearly through the center of the county, north and south, parallel with the Louisville & Nashville Railroad and turnpike. STATE OF KENTUCKY 113 A variety of timber is found here. Oak and hickory are the principal growths. Many wells and a few springs of mineral water, of sulphur and iron (chalybeate water), are distributed over the county, notably a well in the county seat, Frank- lin. This water is used largely for medici- nal purposes. There is only one railroad in Simpson County — the Louisville & Nashville rail- road. Only one turnpike, known as the L. & N. pike. Both of these run through the center of the county sixteen miles, as intimated, parallel with Drake's Creek. Public schools are maintained by the State in all the school districts, mostly for six months in the year. Franklin, the county seat, is six miles north of the Tennessee line, on the Louis- ville & Nashville Railroad. For its sani- tary and hygienic facilities, its location is unexcelled. The population of Franklin is three thousand. SPENCER COUNTY PopL-LATiON (Census 1900), 7,406. County Seat, Taylorsville. Situated in the Eighth Congressional, Third Appellate, Twelfth Judicial, Four- teenth Senatorial, and Forty-first Legis- lative Districts. The county was created in 1824 out of parts taken from Bullitt, Nelson, and Shelby counties, being the seventy- seventh county, and was so called in honor of Captain Spear Spencer, the gallant young Kentucky hero, who fell at the bat- tle of Tippecanoe, November 7, i8ii. The county affords variety in soil and location. The eastern end of the county is rolling or quite hilly. These hill lands are very fine for tobacco, and have placed Spencer County in the very forefront in the tobacco markets. For fruit they are also well adapted, the apple tree and grapevine being especially vigorous and productive. About thirty per cent of the timber remains. It consists chiefly of walnut, poplar, oak, and beech, with a good supply of maple, ash, elm. hickory, cherry, etc. The school facilities and interest in educational matters are well up to the State standard, the whole county work- ing under the public school system for five months, and most of the schools being continued for another five months by private subscription. Spencer's exports are principally horses, mules, cattle, sheep, hogs, poultry, eggs, tobacco, wheat, corn, and fruit. The C. & O. railroad (northern division) runs across the center of the county from east to west, a distance of twelve miles. The county has seventy miles of turn- pikes within its borders, but did not con- tribute to their construction and does not o%vn any stock in them. County roads are plentiful and kept in fairly good condi- tion without taxation for that purpose. Salt River runs through the central portion of the county from east to west, and is at times navigable for flatboats and rafts. Brasher's, Simpson, Big and Little Beech, and Plumb creeks are large streams, affording ample water supply and the finest water power available for running machinery, etc. There has been very little immigration to the county until quite recently. Taylorsville is the county seat, and has made notable progress in the last two years. 114 COMMERCIAL G K O W T H TAYLOR COUNTY Population (Censis 1900), 11,075. Cointv Seat, Campbellsville. Situated in the Fourth Congressional, Third Appellate, Eleventh Judicial, Fifteenth Senatorial, and Thirty-eighth Legislative Districts. In the year 1S4S, Taylor County was formed out of the northern portion of Green County, and Campbellsville was made its couuty seat. It is located almost in the central part of the State, and is bounded on the north by Marion County, on the west by Larue County, on the south by Green County, and on the east by Casey and Adair counties. The central portion, which is in and around the county seat, is rolling, while the extreme eastern and western portions are very hilly. The county has an abun- dance of water, but no navigable streams. Green River and Robinson Creek run through tlie eastern part and Pitman Creek and Brush Creek run through the western part, and all of them in a south- erly direction. The soil along these streams is very fertile and is especiallv adapted to raising corn, while in the central portion of the county the soil is not so strong, but is especially adapted to wheat. But very little tobacco, com- pared with other counties, is grown in Taylor County, because the land is so much better adapted to corn and wheat. There is no soil in the State more suitable for raising watermelons than on tlie waters of Robinson Creek. In the extreme west- ern portion of the county the soil is suited to sorghum. There is a great deal of timber in Taylor County, and it is now being hauled to the market in form of staves and lumber at a very rapid rate. There is some poplar and walnut, but the bulk of the timber is oak. There are a number of saw mills in the county and they are fast cutting out the timber. One railroad, the C. & O. Division of the Louisville & Nashville, furnishes all the transportation facilities. The public road system of the county is now on a good basis, though it has only about fifty miles of macadamized road main- tained by toll gates, and the roads other than macadam are maintained mostly by appropriations. The labor of the county is mostly white, but there are some negroes. The average price per month for farm hands is ? i o and board and S i 5 without board. \o county in the State has better eJucational facilities than Taylor County. There are fifty-two common (white) schools in the county, one college, one academy, and five or six private schools. The county seat, Campbellsville, is the largest city in the county, being a city of the fifth class, and situated in the central portion of the county. It has five white churches : Baptist, Methodist, Presbyterian, Christian, and Catholic. Three colored churches : Baptist, Metho- dist, and Presbyterian : five schools, one cigar factory, two newspapers, and busi- ness houses that are not excelled by any citv of the fifth class in the State. STATE OF KENTUCKY 115 TODD COUNTY Population (Census 1900), 17,371. County Seat, Elkton. Situated in the Third Congressional, Second Appellate, Seventh Judicial, Ninth Senatorial, and Nineteenth Legis- lative Districts. Todd County lies along the Tennessee line, in the southern part of the State. It was formed in the year i8ig,and taken from the counties of Logan and Christian, and named in honor of Colonel John Todd, who fell in the battle of the Lower Blue Licks in August, 1782. The greatest portion of the surface of the county is level, the central or middle portion being broken and hilly. The county is well watered and drained. Cliffy Creek and Pond River drain the northern section, and the tributaries of Red River and the Lower Cumberland drain the southern part of the county. The soil is strong and productive, especially in the northern and southern sections. The hilly land in the central portion of the county is not so fertile, but all of it produces good grass for pastures. The staples of the Todd County farm are corn, wheat, hay, and tobacco, a surplus of all being raised. This county is noted for its fine tobacco, and for many years it was the leading staple of the farm, and while large quantities are now being raised farmers are turning their attention to the raising of grain much more than formerly, and to the raising of stock — cattle, horses, sheep, mules, and hogs. Fertilizers are fast bringing out the thin sections of the county, and are used more and more each year, with the best results. The labor of the farm is performed by native white and colored hands, and their services can be had for from ?io to ?i5 per month and board. The timber supply of Todd is fast disappearing, only about one twelfth of the original forests remaining. Oak is found in larger tracts than other timber; there is also some poplar, beech, and walnut to be found. There are no navi- gable streams in the county. There are about thirty-two miles ot completed railroads in operation in the county. The Memphis branch of the L. & N. passes through the county and a branch runs from Guthrie to Elkton. The county has four miles of free turn- pike road. The county roads are the common dirt roads, and they are kept in fair repair by the old system of overseers and warning-out hands. The school facilities of the county are those furnished by the common school system. The schools are in a good condi- tion, well attended, and under good manage- ment. Each district has a good, comfort- able school house, and good teachers are provided. Elkton, the county seat, is situated a little soutfi of the center of the county. It is the terminus of the Elkton & Guthrie railroad, which connects it with the Memphis branch of the Louisville & Nashville road. It is a flourishing town with churches and good schools, business houses, and newspapers. ii6 COMMERCIAL GROWTH TRIGG COUNTY Population (Census igoo), 14,073. County Seat, Cadiz. Situated in the First Congressional, First Appellate, Third Judicial, Third Senatorial, and Eighth Legislative Dis- tricts. Trigg County is situated in south- western Kentucky, and was made a county in 1820. The county was named in honor of Colonel Stephen Trigg, a pioneer and Indian fighter of the earliest days of Kentucky. The county is drained by the Cumberland and Tennessee rivers and their tributaries. The Tennessee forms the western boundary of the county, and the Cumberland River flows through the entire county from north to south. The soil of the county is about equally- divided between good and bad; about one half is first-class farming land and the other half is valuable because of its deposits of iron ore. There is no finer farming land to be found anywhere than the rich river bottoms of this county, strong, fertile, and very productive. The deposits of iron ore are well-nigh inexhaustible, and the quality is the very best. There is plenty of good timber, such as walnut, hickory, oak, cherry, poplar, and ash, to be had in the county. There is but little attention paid to diver- sified farming because of insufficient means of transporting such products to market. The Tennessee and Cumber- land rivers afford good facilities for water transportation. There are about thirty-five miles of turnpikes in the county, about twenty miles free of tolls. The public roads other than turnpikes are the common dirt roads, kept up by the county under the general road laws of the State. There are only a few miles of railroads in this county, running across the northeast corner of the county. The products of the farms are corn, wheat, oats, hay, and tobacco. All the grasses grow well in this county, but clover is considered as the best adapted to the soil. Labor on the farm is performed mostly by native white and colored hands, who can be employed for from Sio to Si 5 a month, with board furnished them. Good churches can be found in all parts of the county. The common schools are in a flourishing condition and under good management. Each district has a good school house, provided with all the modern appliances for teaching and under the control of competent teachers. Cadiz, the county seat, is situated in the northeastern part of the county, on the northern bank of Little River, which is navigable for small vessels for about twenty miles. The city of Cadiz has recently completed a railroad from Cadiz to Gracey, which will add materially to the business of Trigg County. Cadiz is a pleasant little village with enterprising merchants, good churches, and schools. TRIMBLE COUNTY Population (Census 1900), 7,272. County Seat, Bedford. Situated in the Sixth Congressional, Fifth Appellate, Twelfth Judicial, Twenty- first Senatorial, and Fift\'-second Legis- lative Districts. Trimble County, the eighty-sixth in order of formation, was established in 1837 from parts of the counties of Galla- tin, Henry, and Oldham, and was named in honor of Judge Robert Trimble. When first formed the extreme north- eastern corner extended to the Big Ken- tucky River, but cjuite a large portion of STATE OF KENTUCKY 117 this section was cut off in the following year (1838) in the formation of Carroll County. The Ohio River forms the northern and western boundaries of the county, a distance of about twenty miles, and is the only navigable stream within or on the border of the county. The Little Kentucky River, Corn Creek, Bare- bone Creek, Middle Creek, Patton's Creek, and Spring Creek are the chief water- courses. The land is either freestone or lime- stone land, the limestone portion being more productive than the freestone, the freestone, however, being better adapted to fruit growing. General farm products are raised, but the chief exports are tobacco, wheat, and corn, tobacco being the greatest source of income. Red clover and timothy in the meadows, white clover and bluegrass in the pasture lands are the principal grasses grown. Stock- raising is engaged in to a considerable extent, and is a source of no little income to the county. Probably ten per cent of the original timber growth remains. The principal species of timber available for lumber purposes are beech, oak, poplar, walnut, ash, lynn, sugar-maple, and elm. There are no educational institutions in the county other than the public schools, and usually a private school for the higher branches, at Bedford. These schools are in good condition, a marked progress having been made in the educa- tional line during the last ten years. A number of the districts supplement the public fund by subscription. Bedford, situated near the center of the county, is the county seat, and owing to its central location is quite a business place for its size. It has a population of a little over three hundred. UNION COUNTY Population (Census igoo), 21,326. County Seat, Morganfield. Situated in the Second Congressional, First Appellate, Fifth Judicial, Fifth Senatorial, and Fourteenth Legislative Districts. The county in its present shape, since a portion of Webster County was cut off, in i860, from Half Moon Lick on Trade- water to White Lick on Highland Creek, contains about 210,000 acres. Union County has forty-three miles of border on the Ohio River, which gives her great shipping advantages. She also has the Illinois Central Railroad running from Evansville, Indiana, to Hopkinsville, Kentucky, and it so runs through Union County that any one in the county is in twelve miles of the same. The county is rich in mineral deposits. There are now two coal mines operated at Uniontown, two at Spring Grove, one at DeKoven, and some four or five in and near Sturgis. Lands in the county are mostly improved, and many of the farms are as good as can be found in any portion of the State. Nearly all the timber is gone; some oak, some poplar, and some cypress yet remain. Morganfield has been the county seat since May, 1811, when the county was established. It has something over 2,000 inhabitants, a good graded school, with over five hundred enrolled students. Also eight churches (five for white and three for colored members), two well-conducted banks, city water-works, and ice plant of large capacity, an electric light plant, two hotels, blacksmith shops and machine shops, and other manufacturing establish- ments of various kinds. ii8 COMMERCIAL GROWTH WARREN COUNTY Population (Census 1900), 29,970. County Seat, Bowling Green. Situated in the Third Congressional, Second Appellate, Eighth Judicial. Eleventh Senatorial, and Tweuty-third and Twenty-fourth Legislative Districts. Warren County was formed from Logan County in 1796. It was the twenty-fourth county formed, and was named after General Joseph Warren, who fell at Bunker Hill. It lies in the southern part of the State. The topography is gently undulating, the altitudes run from four hundred and thirty-two feet, the level of the rail at Bowling Green, to more than eight hun- dred feet on the top of Chester Capped Hills of north Warren. It has two navigable streams. Green and Barren rivers, which communicate with the Ohio. In addition to these it is splendidly watered by Gasper River, Drake's Creek, Trammel, Indian and Bay's Fork creeks, and their numerous tributaries. The soils are of many kinds, and vary from the most fertile alluvial to the leaner sandstone soils, including the calcareous or limestone, which covers three fourths of the county. Corn, wheat, oats, rye, all the grasses, tobacco, together with all the vegetables and fruit common to this latitude, are grown here in abundance. All the hardwood and other timbers, amounting to one hundred and fifty species, are found in the county. The minerals are coal, bituminous sand- stone or Kentucky asphalt, iron ore, and traces of lead. The Kentucky asphalt is being largely developed. Vitrified brick clays are found in great quantities. There are eight hundred miles of public roads in the county. There are nearly one hundred and fifty miles of free mac- adamized roads running in every direction from the county seat. Labor ranges from fifty cents a day for farmhands to S3. 50 for skilled artisans, depending on the skill required. The farm labor is principally negro. The educational facilities are equal to those of any part of the country. The common scliools are the best to be found in the State, and are under the manage- ment of competent teachers. Each dis- trict has a comfortable school house, pro- vided with modern appliances for teaching. Bowling Green, the county seat, has nearly 10,000 inhabitants, and is a thrifty, healthy, growing town. Already in the immediate vicinity of the city are to be seen large patches of small fruits ready for the market and factory, while in the county more remote are most splendid orchards, capable of producing plenty of fruit to employ canneries. There are several progressive villages in the county: the most important are Smith's Grove, Woodburn, and Rich Pond. WASHINGTON COUNTY Population (Census igoo), 14,182. County Seat, Springfield. Located in the Fourth Congressional, Third Appellate, Eleventh Judicial, Fifteenth Senatorial, and Forty-second Legislative Districts. The county was the first of the nine counties organized when Kentucky was admitted into the Federal Union as a State, 1792. Up to that time the county of Kentucky had been subdivided into seven counties of Virginia. Washington Countj' was the first piece of territory named for the illustrious George Washing- STATE OF KENTUCKY 119 ton. Its area is three hundred square miles: population 14,182. It covers a part of the Salt River plateau, and is drained by Chaplin River, the Little and Big Beech forks. Glen's Creek, Cart- right's Creek, and Hardin's Creek and their tributaries. The surface of the county has a general dip from southeast to north and west, this determining the direc- tion of its streams; is beautifully undulating, in localities really pic- turesque. In the native forests are embraced nearly all the species and vari- eties of the trees of Kentucky — poplars, oaks, ash, beech, wild cherry, walnuts, hickories, maples, mulberries, and black locusts. There are more than half a hundred indigenous species, some of them growing to a great altitude and size. The rich alluvial surface soil, being continually supplied with lime by natural disintegration, has made Washington County very productive of all the ordinary crops and grasses ; Indian corn, white Burley tobacco, wheat, rye, barley, oats, timothy, bluegrass, clover, and orchard grass are all produced in abundance. Washington County has nearly three hundred miles of macadamized and graveled roads, all now free to the public travel. She has but eleven miles of rail- road, the Bardstown & Springfield branch, terminating at Springfield. Her public buildings are good. The county is dotted over with comfortable and some of them beautiful country homes, surrounded by orchards and gar- dens, yielding the finest quality of fruits, berries, and all the garden vegetables peculiar to this climate. Springfield, the county seat, has two banks and some as handsome and com- modious stores as are found in the interior. Her merchants are eminently reliable and enterprising. There are good stores in every voting precinct of the county. WAYNE COUNTY Population (Census 1900), 14,892. County Seat, Monticello. Situated in the Eleventh Congressional, Third Appellate, Twenty-eighth Judicial, Sixteenth Senatorial, and Thirty-si.xth Legislative Districts. The county was formed in 1800 from the parts of Pulaski and Cumberland counties. It is situated in the southeast middle portion of the State, and is watered by the Cumberland River and tributaries, the south fork of the Cumberland passing entirely through the county. The Cumber- land River forms the most of the northern boundary. Much of the surface of the county is broken with hills, but the valley lands, which are extensive, are fertile and productive, the soil very generally based upon limestone. No county in the State has such a favorable distribution of mineral and farming lands. Stock raising is very popular among the farmers, and many thousands of hogs, cattle, sheep, and mules are annually marketed. The coal fields cover about one half of the county. Beside the five sub-conglom- erate coal veins, the large beds of the upper coal measures show themselves in the southeast corner of the county. Sandstone, ripple-marked and fine- grained, in eight-inch laj'ers, and quarry- ing in ten-foot slabs, admirably adapted for building purposes, is found west of Dick's Jumps in a ridge of Turkey Creek. Iron ore is found all over the coal region, in some places strewn over the tops of the I20 COMMERCIAL GROWTH ridges, in others in lielts near the coal beds. A fine ijnality of lubricating oil has been found in large quantities, and there are now in the county a great many producing wells. Throughout the eastern portion of the county much fine poplar and oak timber is found. Monticello, the county seat, is a beauti- ful village, situated at the junction of two extensive and fertile valleys in the north- central part of the county. This town is developing a rapid and healthy growth. It is connected with surrounding towns by telephone and the Cincinnati Southern Railroad, and a splendid pike connects it with Burnside, twenty miles away. WEBSTER COUNTY Population (Census 1900), 20,097. County Seat, Dixon. Situated in the Second Congressional, First Appellate, Fifth Judicial, Fourth Senatorial, and Twelfth Legislative Dis- tricts. The couaty is situated in the western part of the State, and was formed in i860 of portions of Hopkins, Henderson, and Union counties, and contains about four hundred square miles. The central portion of the county is moderately broken, but the greater part of the northern and southern portion is comparatively level. Green River, which bounds the north- ern portion of the county for a distance of twelve miles, is a navigable stream, and considerable business is carried on by its means. Tradewater River, which forms the southwestern boundary of the county for a distance of twelve miles, is navigable for small steamers during a portion of the year. The soil of Webster County is generally very fertile and adapted to corn, wheat, tobacco, etc., especially the latter, great quantities of which are put as strips and shipped to foreign markets. There are vast quantities of excellent timber in this county, consisting of white oak, black oak, poplar, and sweet gum. While there are large quantities of building stone in the county, the principal mineral deposit is coal. The Louisville &' Nashville Railroad traverses the eastern portion of the county for a distance of twelve or thirteen miles. There is also a branch of the same road running from Madisonville, Hopkins County, to Providence, this county, and a branch of the Illinois Central runs from Blackford, on Tradewater, to Di.\on, the county seat, a distance of eighteen miles. In addition to the public common schools of the county there are several graded schools at various points, viz. : One at Providence, Dixon, Sebree, Slaughtersville, and Claysville, all of which have a large attendance. Dixon, the county seat, is pleasantly situated on a moderately elevated plateau in the central portion of the county, and in addition to the public buildings has a large flouring mill, four dry goods stores, and other business houses. STATE OF KENTUCKY 121 WHITLEY COUNTY Population (Census igoo), 25,015. County Seat, Williamsburg. Situated in the Eleventh Congressional, Third Appellate, Twenty-eighth Judicial, Seventeenth Senatorial, and Sixty-nintli Legislative Districts. The General Assembly, in an act approved February 16, 18 18, created the county of Whitley, which was then a part of Knox. Whitley County was the fifty- ninth county formed in the State. Wil- liamsburg, the county seat, and the county itself, were named in honor of Colonel William Whitley. The surface is mountainous, the alti- tude being in the neighborhood of a thousand feet above the sea level. The principal mountains are Jellico Mountain, Heckler's Knob, Pine Mountain, and Patterson and Poplar Creek mountains. The county is well watered by the Cumberland and its tributaries. There are about sixty miles of com- pleted railway in Whitley. The Louis- ville & Nashville runs from north to south through the entire length of the county, while the Cumberland Valley branch passes through the northeast corner. The C, N. O. & T. P. passes through the west end of the county for a distance of ten miles. The Jellico, Birdeye & Northern, a road of eight miles, ex- tends from Jellico, Ky., to the mines at Halsey. The leading resources of the county are its minerals and its timbers. In addition to its vast paying coal fields, now worked by seventeen mines, immense quantities of soapstone and blue clay are found. It timber lands are almost inex- haustible. Schools have been established in twenty districts in the county for both white and colored children. Each district has its own school house, and all are under the ablest of management and in a flourishing condition. Williamsburg, the county seat, is situated on the west bank of the Cumber- land River, near the center of the county. It has a population estimated at 2,000, with railroad facilities, six schools, besides the academy and institute; four religious denominations represented by churches — Baptists, Methodists, Disciples, and Con- gregationalists, and an energetic county government. The court house, situated here, is considered one of the most sub- stantial and best arranged in Southeastern Kentucky. WOLFE COUNTY Population (Census igoo), 8,764. County Seat, Campton. Situated in the Tenth Congressional, Seventh Appellate, Twenty-third Judicial, Thirty-fourth Senatorial, and Ninety-first Legislative Districts. Wolfe is in middle eastern Kentucky, and was made a county in r86o. It was formed out of territory taken from the ■counties of Morgan, Breathitt, Owsley, and Powell, and was named in honor of Nathaniel Wolfe, a prominent attorney of Louisville. The North Fork of the Kentucky River flows along the western and southern boundaries; Red River flows through the county from east to west, and the numer- ous tributaries flowing into these two 122 COMMERCIAL GROWTH livers afford very perfect drainage for the county, besides furnishing an abun- dant water supply. The North Fork of the Kentucky River is navigable for boats and rafts or fleets of timber during a great portion of the year. The soil of this county is good, and adapted to corn, wheat, rye, oats, sorghum, potatoes, vegetables, and fruits of all kinds. This county is well adapted to stock raising, especially sheep, hogs, and cattle. It is well timbered ; large areas of it are still covered by fine timber ; the principal kinds are oak, poplar, walnut, chestnut, beech, pine, and maple. The greater part of this county is underlaid with veins of bituminous and canuel coal, ranging from two to six feet in thickness. This county affords many good loca- tions for mills and factories. One railroad, the L. & E., touches this county, and runs along just in the edge of the county for a distance of about ten miles. There are a great many public roads in this county, which are excellent during the dry season; they are maintained under the general laws of the State. Farm labor is performed by native white and colored hands, and their services can be had for from ?io to $15 per month, with board. Cattle, horses, sheep, and hogs are raised. Nearly all kinds of grasses grow well, especially clover, timothy, red top, orchard, and English bluegrass are well adapted to the soil. Good schools and churches are located in all parts of the county. WOODFORD COUNTY Population (Census 1900), 13,134. County Seat, Versailles. Situated in the Seventh Congressional, Fifth Appellate, Fourteenth Judicial, Twenty-second Senatorial, and Fifty- ninth Legislative Districts. The county was named in honor of General William Woodford, and was formed in 1789. South Elkhorn Creek separates it from Scott, and the Kentucky River forms its entire south and west boundary line for a distance of thirty-five miles. In shape the county bears a remarkable resemblance to the State. Woodford embraces an area of about one hundred and eighty-five square miles. Its surface is generally level or gently undulating, except near the banks of the river. In addition to the streams already named, the county is watered by numer- ous creeks and springs. The leading crops grown are corn, wheat, tobacco, hemp, barley, rye, oats, clover, timothy, and bluegrass. Quanti- ties of these are exported, as also blooded trotting, running, and saddle horses, mules, cattle, sheep, and hogs. The main branch of the Southern Rail- way in Kentucky, from Lexington to Louisville, passes through the center of the county, and at Versailles is joined by the Versailles & Midway branch, and taps the Cincinnati Southern Railroad at Georgetown, Kentucky ; the Louisville & Atlantic Railroad is in operation from Versailles to BeattyviUe. The Louisville & Nashville Railroad traverses the northern end of the county, passing through Midway. The Kentucky River is navigable the entire length of the county. Lead mines in the southwestern part of the county, near the Kentucky River, are being worked upon a small scale. ST ATE O F K ENT UC K Y I 23 Versailles, the cuuiity seat of Wood- couple of tobacco rehaudling warehouses, ford Count)', is an attractive city of over and a grain elevator give employment to 3,000 inhabitants, with a fine hotel, three a number of men. Versailles is lighted banks, modern stores, beautiful streets by electric lights, has a good fire depart- and residences, handsome churches and ment with steam fire-engine, an ice schools, and energetic and progressive factory, and a steam laundry. The town business men. A large flouring mill, a is connected with every portion of the carriage factory, a wagon factory, a county by telephone. /"AX THE PAGES THAT FOLLOW ARE PRESEXTED TUE PHOTO-EXGRAVrXGS OF SOME KEXTUCK- lAKS WHO HAVE LAHORED FOR THE BUILDING UP OF THE STATE. SOME HAVE LABORED IN HIGH OFFICES OF PUBLIC TRUST- IX THE GUBERNATO- RIAL CHAIR, ON THE BENCH. IN THE PULPIT, AND AT THE BAR. SOME HAVE LABORED IN PLACES MORE OBSCURE, BUT THEIR WORK WAS NOT LESS IM- PORTANT -IN THE FIELDS, STORES, MARKET PLACES, .\ND WHEREVER BUSINESS IS NAMED. PRAISE GOD ALL HAVE L.\BORED WELL. J. C. W. BECKHAM Present Governor of Kentucky, Frankfort. Ky. CHAS. B. NORTON President Louisville Commercial Club. 1902-03. J. J. SAUNDERS Vice-President Louisville Commercial Club. 1902-3. J. C. VAN PELT For six years he has rendered faithful service as Secretar>' of Louisville Commercial Club. WILLIAM LINDSAY Lawyer, Jurist, and Statesman: member United States Senate 1895-1901, Frankfort. K.v. WILLIAM O. BRADLEY Governor of Kentucky 189.5-99. Louisville, Ky. JOHN YOUNG BROWN Governor of Kentucky 1891-95. Louisville, Ky. HENRY WATTERSON Editor Courier-Journal; Ex-Member Congress; lAuthor, Lecturer, and Statesman, Louisville, Ky. WALTER S. ADAMS Real Estate and Financial Broker: projected larse investment properties: financed the con- solidation of the brick companies known as the Hydraulic Brick Co.. Louisville. Ky. THOS. N. ARNOLD Christian Minister. Frankfort. Ky.: Graduate Bethany College ISIS: later attended Law Schools in Lex- ington and Louisville: cntennl Christian Ministry 1S56: has held pastor- ates in Richmond. Va., Louisville and Lexington. Kj-. J. EMBRY ALLEN Prominent Lawj-er; formerly Major in Kentucky State Guard: ser^•ed as Major of Volunteers in War with Spain: State Senator in sessions of 1900 and 1902. and youngest member of that bod}-. SAMUEL AVRITT La«->er. Louisrille. Ky. GEORGE L. ALLISTON Prominent Merchant, Farmer, and Live Stock Trader, Bayou. Ky, Dr. L. a. ARCHIBALD Prominent Physician and President Farmers and Merchants Bank. Slaughtersville. Ky. Dr. JAMES A. ACTON Prominent Physician; formerly teacher in Public Schoob; Graduate from University of Louis- ville Medical School 1893; hard worker and a thorough Christian gentleman. Rev. ROBERT LEE BOWMAN Treasurer and General Manager Theodore Harris Institute. Pineville, Ky.; was educated in Danville. Georgetown College and South- em Baptist Theological Seminary; has been pastor of churches in Tennessee and Kentucky for twelve years. BEN L. BRUNER. A. B.. M. D. Vice-President Hardy ville Deposit Bank; foi-mer Physician and Surgeon Kentucky Peniten- tiary'; First Lieut, and Ass't Surgeon Fourth Ky. Vol. Inf.. Spanish-Amer- ican War; Member Kentucky Legislature. 1902. Rev. L. H. BLANTON. LL. D. Vice-President New Central University of Kentucky. This institution is the result of a consolidation of Centre College and Central University of Kentucky. The University is one of the most complete in its appoint- ments and thorough in its training in the South. Rt. Rev. LEWIS WILLIAM BURTON. D. D. Episcopal Bishop (1896) of the Diocese of Lexington, Ky.. organized 1895, Lexington, Ky. ELI H. BROWN Lawyer, Owensboro, Ky. SAM STONE BUSH Financial Agent; Successful Operator in Suburban Real Estate: erected the Equitable Building; organized and established the Louis- ville Bolt and Iron Co., Louisville. Ky. Rev. ROBT. W. BROWDER. B. D. Presiding' Elder Bowling Green District M. E. Church, South; President Educational Board Louisville Conference, and President Board of Managers Smith Grove Train- ing School. HORATIO W. BRUCE * Lawyer; Chief Attorney L. & N. R. R., Louisville, Ky. * Deceased. J. W. BILES President The Turney Drier Co.. Manufacturers of Drying Machinery and Filter Presses. FRANK C. BUTTON Principal Morehead Normal School. Morehead. Ky. His school is one of the best of its kind in the South. INKERMAN BAILEY Secretary and Treasurer Reinecke Coal Co.. Madisonville, Ky. R. F. BISHOP Treasurer and General Manager Sturgis Milling Co., Sturgis, Ky.: Graduate Valparaiso (Ind.) School; formerly a successful Rail- road and Newspaper Man. M. CORTEZ BENNETT Prominent Dry Goods Merchant. Fulton, Ky. ^ JAMES BARNSFATHER. A. M.. M. D.. M. P. S. G. B.. M. P. S. K. Member American Microscopical Society : eminent as a Medical Discoverer and Writer. Dayton, Ky. * Deceased. Rev. I. W. BRUNER Baptist Minister. Bowling: Green. Ky.; was educated under direction of Prof. W. B. Hay ward ; in early life he beg'an study of Law, but later abandoned it to enter the Ministry, where he has proved an eminent success. E. H. BROOKSHIER Baptist Minister. Bloominprton, Ind.; formerly Kentuekian ; preached for churches in Ken- tucky, Tennessee, and Indiana ; served three years as State Missionary; built several church edifices. WILLIAM G. BUSCHEMEYER Manufacturing Jeweler and Diamond Setter, Louisville, Ky, F. P. BRYANT Baptist Minister : has labored for several years under auspices of Tate's Creek Association. JAMES T. CANNON Prominent Merchant. Boyd. Ky. Mr. Cannon was educated at Georgeto\vn CoUegre. and be^an business in ISSl ; he is one of the foremost business men in Central Kentucky. Rev. B. F. CABELL President of Potter College. Bowline Green. Ky.: Formerly President Cedar Bluff Colleffe at Wood- burn, ky. Potter College is one of the finest collegres for higher education of young ladies in the South. J. GIVENS CRADDOCK Editor "Kentuckian Citizen": bom August 28.. 1S25 : Editor and Writer tifty-five years : Mexican War Veteran : Secretary State Society ;Me.\ican Veterans: former Con- federate Guide. Paris. Ky. HENRY DICKERSON CLARK Minister Christian Church. Mt. Sterling-. Ky.; served with distinction in the Civil War; beg-an preach- ing in 1864, and has held ehars'es in Illinois, Missouri, Maryland, and Kentucky. JAMES S. CLARK President J. S. Clark Monument Co.. Louisville, Ky. LILLARD CARTER Lawyer; Member of Kentucky Senate. 1898; President of Senate. February, 1900; Acting Lieut.-Gov- ernor from the death of Gov. Goebel until January, 1902, Lawrence- burg. Ky. J. W. CLARKE Prominent Physician, Faith, Ky.; graduated with honors Hospital Metlical College at Louisville in 1889; Member of Kentucky State Medi- cal Society, and Examiner for various Insurance Companies. J. S. COKE Prominent Business Man and Manager Kentucky Growers Insurance Co., McBrayer. Ky.: fought bravely in Gen. John Morgan's Command dur- ing Confederate War ; Moderator for sev- eral years of Kentucky Presbytery. THOMAS P. CRAIG Secretary to Mayor Grainger ; former Secretary Board of Public Works. Louisville. Ky. H. H. CHERRY General Manager Southern Normal School. Bowling Green Business College. The National School of Telegraphy. Civil Service. Railroading, and Express, Bowling Green, Ky. MATT SANDIDGE COHEN Popular Horseman and Live Stock Dealer. Richmond, Ky.: Livestock Agent forL. & N. R. R. Co.: Win- ner of Championship Honors at World's Fair Equestrian Exhibit. D. G. COMBS Evangelist Church of Christ, Morehead, Ky. Rev. Combs has labored successfully in evangelistic fields for thirty years; he has also been noted as a Lecturer. CLARENCE COLEMAN Rising young Newspaper Man, Burnside. Ky.; also Bookkeeper for Mitchel Taylor. Manufacturer of Staves and Heading. Mr. Coleman served with distinction in the Span- ish-American War, and later in the Philippines. J. THOS. CHERRY Prominent and Successful Merchant, Brodhead, Ky. ISAAC NEWTON CREECH Prominent Business Man, Calloway, Ky. STEPHEN COLLIER AND WIFE Two Pioneers ; now residing in Sparta, Texas. Mr. Collier lived and labored as a Teacher and Preacher in Kentucky for seventy-five years, and is well known and loved all over the State. His wife is connected with some of the oldest and best families in Kentucky. WM. H. COX Prominent Merchant, and Senator from 31st District, Maysville, Ky. Mr. Cox is a grandson of George Cox, who was one of Northern Kentucky's most conspicuous commercial pioneers and founder of the firm of George Cox & Son. GEORGE L. COX Prominent Merchant, Maysville. Ky.: member of the well-known firm of Geo. Cox & Son, one of the most progressive business houses in the State. Judge O. S. DEMING Prominent Lawyer and Politician. Mt. Olivet, Ky.: has served as County Judge and Attorney and Presidential Elector for the State at large, and Commander of Mt. Olivet G. A. R. Post. JOHN DOWLING Prominent Business Man. Lawrenceburg'. Ky. Mr. Dowling is at the head of a large Cooperage Manufactory at Law- rencebui'g. and Distillery Interests at Tyrone, Ky. J. S. DICKINSON Prominent Physician. Trenton, Ky. P. H. DARBY Prominent Lawyer, Princeton, Ky. W. R. DOTSON Prominent Physician. Tadella. Ky. Mr. Dotson has had an eventful life, serving faithfully as a Teacher. Postmaster, and Physician for many years. During the great plague which infected Piice County in 1886 he did heroic service. C. C. DURHAM Successful Physician. Pineville. Ky.; born in Owen County 1866: moved to Bell County in 1875; graduated Kentucky School of Medicine 1894. G. C. DINGUID Lawyer, Paducah. Ky.; was City Judge of Murray. Ky., for four years, and was Attorney for Calloway County for eight years. THOMAS H. DAVIS Successful Practitioner of Medicine. Lewisport. Ky. Rt. Rev. THOS. UNDERWOOD DUDLEY. D. D. Episcopal Bishop (1S75) of the Diocese of Kentucky, organized 1829. Louisville. Ky. WILL H. ENGLISH Baptist Minister. Tonkawa, Okla.: for many years a Kentuckian. He has labored successfully as an Evangelist in several States. Prof. J. W. DAVIS Principal Middleburg Normal College, Middleburg^, Ky. This is one of the most progressive Normal Colleges in the State. ED DAVIDSON Prominent Merchant and Farmer, Shreve. Ky. Mr. Davidson is one of the most extensive land holders in his section of the State. Dr. JOHN ANDREW FREEMAN Prominent Physician, Beard. Ky.; formerly Surgeon for Union Pacific Railway; President of the Boulder County Meer Street Biiptist Church. Lexington. Ky. Graduate Southern Biiptist Theological Semi- nary. L<.>uisville. and University of Ohi- capo. Dr. Nowlin is one of the l>est known lecturers and most gifted preachers in the State. LEWIS S. McMUKTKY. A. M.. M. D. President of the Faculty and PnU'esst^r of (Obstetrics, Gyneciilogv. and AMoininal Sunrery. Hospital CoUegreof Mwiicine; owner Dr. McMurtry's (fornierl,v Jennie Ciisstniaj) Infirmary. Li^uisville. Ky. w. L. Mccarty th3 m>5t 3j::i?s5ful farmers in Lincoln County. i;KOKt;b: c. nokton Meml>er J. M. Ri>l»inson-Ni.M ton Conipiiny. Wholesale Dry Cootis, Louisville. Ky. 'V*' W. H. NUNN, M. D. Gra/iuater] in Me^licineatthe UniverHity of Tenne»Bee, Na«hvi!le, Feb. 22, 1881. Practice*! meas held pi*ofessorship in Cietn-jjetown Oolloiro. <.iei>rKetown Female Seminary, and Shelbyville Female Col- lesre. He is a preacher of marktnl ability. Dr. S. W. SHKLTON Prominent Dentist. Greenville. Ky. Dr. Shelton enjoys a larsfe practice in his own and adjoining counties. EDLIAR BROWN SULLIVAN Minister of the Gospel. WicklitTe. Ky.: has done a ffreat deal of Missionary Work in his section of the State. OLIVER H. STRATTON Lawyer; authorof " PhiUytvijihy of American Poli- ticH," " ilf^ituYfYicHn Mirror," etc. IjjuiaviUe. Ky, Rev. GEORGE GRANT SMITH AHHtHtant Rector Christ Church Caiheflral (Protestant Epiitcopal), and S*icrc'tary of the Council, t/mittviWe. Ky, EMBRY L. SWEARINGEN President Kentucky Title Co. and Kentucky Title Savint^H Bank. LouiKville, Ky. JAMES B. .SPEED B. Speed & Co., Salt, Cement, Lime, etc. Louitfville, Ky. W. J. M. SMISEK Prominent Merchant. Skyliffht. Ky.; graduate Ken- tucky School of Medicine, and practiced metli- cine successfully for several years; now a prosperous fanner and merchant. Mrs. FANNIE B. TALBOT Principal Sharpsburp Academy, one of the most flourishinir sch(X)ls in the State. Sharpsburp. Ky. Mrs. Talbot has l>een principal for twenty-three years. V. J. SUTTKKLIN Joint Proprietor Frankfurt Ice CVmipany; member of City Council. Frankfort. Ky. ANDREW E. SEIBERT Bandmaster First Rejriment Hand and Orchestra: member B. P. O. KIks No. 8. Louisville, Ky. THOMAS J. TOWNSEND Pi'oniincnt Physician and Surpfoon, Owonaboro. Ky.; ^rracluaU' Mctlical De[)artment University of New York, and holds honor certificate ; winner of Mott medal : member Public Kourd of Health. Owensboro, Ky. Dr. T. (;. TIJRNKli Prominent Physician. Duninor. Ky. CATLKTT W. THOMPSON President of The Peoples Bank of Metcalfe County, Kdmonton. Ky. Mr. Thtjmitson is one of the moHt useful and enterprising citizens in his county. E. H. TAYLOR. Jr. Merchant; State Senator, representing- Twentieth District: Senior member of E. H. Taylor, Jr.. & Co., Distillers; former Mayor, Frankfort. Ky. JUilX F. WAGERS Sheriff of Madison Counly, Richmond. Ky. Was elected Jailer and served two terms. Mr. Wagers has been an extensive Healer in fine stock, and lias made some larg-e shipments. C. F. THORNTON Prominent Citizen, Harrisburg. Ky. JUDSON L. TAYLOR Prominent Physician and Surgeon. West Plains, Ky. Graduate Eclectic Medical Institute (Ohio) ; Member County. District. State, and National Medical Associations; also a successful farmer. SAM K. VEACH Prominent Business Man. Promoter, and Master Mason. Carlisle, Ky.; instrumental in organizing the Nicholas County Building and Savings Association and is Secretary of the Association, and is also member Board of Education. R. D. WEAVER Prominent Physician. North Middletown, Ky.:was a member of the famous Orphan Brig-ade in the Civil War : graduate of Louisville Medical College, and has had a large practice for thirty A. B. WEAVER Prominent Merchant, Weaverton. Ky. Mr. Weaver is one of the oldest and most highly respected citizens in his county. SAMUEL M. WILSON Lawyer, Lexington. Ky. Educated at Centre College and Williams College (Mass.) ; was formerly Presi- dent Lexington Civic Leagrue and Editor Kappa Alpha Journal ; at present mem- ber of Morton. Darnall & Wilson, law firm, and active member of State Bar Association. W. C. WOOLRIDGE Prominent Merchant 'and Minister. Tateville, Mr. Woolridge has taught school successfully in Missouri. Texas, and Louisiana ; he is also a prosperous farmer and extensive landholder. Ky. JOHN D. WHITE Real Estate Counselor: Graduate Michigan University Law Class, 1872: member Forty-fourth. Forty-sev- enth, and Forty-eighth Congresses: Member Kentucky Legislature, 1S79-80: Prohibilion Candidate for Governor. 1900. Office with W. C. Priest & Co.. Real Estate, Louisville. Ky. L. J. WARDEN Secretary Brown-Colburn Machine Co.. Bowling Green, Ky. JOHN G. WHITE Prominent Merchant, Winchester. Ky. Mr. White was Delegate from the Eleventh Congressional District to National Republican Convention. 18%. Mr. White has flourishing stores at Jackson and Winchester, Ky. EDWIN J. WRIGHT President Bryant & Stratton Business College: over thirty-five years in school work; introducer of business practice in commercial colleges in Kentucky, Louisville, Kentucky. THOMAS J. WATHEN Prominent Ice Cream Manufacturer, Louisville, Ky. Mr. Wathen has one of the largest plants in the South. U. V. WILLIAMS, A. M.. M. D. Prominent Physician. Frankfort, Kentucky. A. H. WILLIAMS Prominent Merchant and extensive landholder, Alcorn, Ky. Mr. WilHams has held several county and Federal offices, and fulfilled his work with g-reat credit to himself. Dr. JESSE F. WILDER Druggist and Physician, Woodbine, Ky. Graduate- Medical Department University of Louisville. Dr. Wilder has also been successful as a teacher. Z. TAYLOR YOUNG. Jr. County Attorney of Rowan County, Morehead, Ky. Mr. Young was preceded in his office by his illustrious father, Z. Taylor Young, Sr., and his two brothers. Allie W. and W. A. Young. W. S. WHITESIDE Superintendent Whiteside's Bakery. Louisville, Ky. J. WOOD YAGER Cashier Oldham Bank, Lagrange, Ky. JULIAN T. YAGER Assistant Cashier Oldham Bank, Lagrange, Ky. THE COLORED PEOPLE T II E COMMERCIAL STATUS OF THE COLORED PEOPLE OF KENTUCKY The disposition of the colored popula- Bureau. The duties of liis position re- tion of Kentucky toward the industrial (juired him to investigate, organize, lecture, development of their race has increased aiul encourage the members of his race in very greatly witliin the past ten years. industrial ventures along all the lines of use- N. K. HARPER, LAWYER, LOUISVILLE, KY. For the first time in the liistory of Kentucky an effort was made along this line under State authority during the administration of ex- Governor W. O. Bradley, who appointed a colored man, N. R. Harper, a lawyer of standing and ability, in the city of Louisville, and possessing rare qualifications for such work, a member of the State Industrial J. K. I'OLK, PASTOR PILGRIM BAPTIST CHURCH, MIDWAY, KY. fulness, and in this work he traveled over the State for four years, organizing indus- trial societies among his people and lecturing to them upon the advantage of co-operation and industrial development among themselves. More young colored men are engaged in independent business pursuits in Kentucky, and especially along those GROW 111 o I' rill-: c c) 1. 1) K 1-; n i' o r i' i. a r i o n Hues of ti'adc ami tiallic wlicrc tlicy are most likely to receive the patronage of their owu race, than ever before, ami the number is constantly increasing. While most of these ventures are small, such as retail grocery stores, restaurants, barber shops, and the like, some are more ambitions and go further in stock corpora- tions and condiines, and not a few pros- perous companies engaged in many busi- ness pmsuits are in operation in various parts of the State. In uuuiv localities in the State fairlv JOll.N II. S1.\.SLEV, PRESIDING ELDER, LEXINGTON, KV. good stores and business houses arc thus conducted. The city of Louisville has two good drug stores, owned and operated by colored companies, one in the east end of the city, and the other in the west end. Out of twenty good-sized, well-stocked colored stores in Louisville, four of them are organized and managed by colored co-operations. There is a coal mining coinpauy in Ohio County; a brick and lime company in Meade County : a number of county fair companies, of which Lexington has the largest and oldest, although the Oldham County Colored Fair Company own their own fair grounds. Nearly every considerable town in the State has one or more colored undertakers, some of them having been in business for many years ; about seventy per cent of this business among the colored people is carried on by colored men. Louisville, Lexington, I'.idiu'.ih, Ilop- E. E. UNDERWOOD EDITOR HLUEGRASS UUGLE, THE LEADING RACE JOURNAL, IRANKl OUT, KV. kiusville, Winchester, Mayfield, and Paris are among the foremost localities which show the industrial progress of the colored people, although nearly every town and city in the State having any considerable percentage of colored popu- lation has developed a negro in some character of business on a large or sma scale. While many of the enterprises carried on bv colored men are maintained wholly STATE Ol' Kl'NTUCKV by the colored people themselves, yet there are various branches of business conducted by them which are supported by all classes of citizens. In one of the western towns of the State a negro sup- plies the whole community with coal in the winter and ice in the summer. There are some few, but not very many, of the old school of negroes who were slaves before the war engaged in inde- pendent business enterprises ; this has been left to their children and grand- children, and what is true of Kentucky in this respect is perhaps true of every other State south of us, that whatever is due the negro himself for the wonderful strides of progress he has made belongs to the generation which has come upon the stage of action since the Civil War, and in vii^w of this fart nuu-h of the adverse criti- cism which is often given to this younger class of negroes for the misdeeds and shortcomings of many of their race falls flat. Besides the many ventures into busi- ness pursuits by colored men, fully one- half of the farm labor of the State is supplied by negroes. They own them- selves 200,000 acres of land, valued at Si, 500, 000; 8,294 town lots, valued at Si, 43 1, 62 I, not including their churches, public halls, school buildings, and like holdings. A negro died in Harrison County a few years ago owning fifty tenement houses and several stores. Another died in Christian County leaving an estate of half a million dollars. Quite a number of negroes own fine residences and farms, ranging in value from $5,000 to $1 5,000. H 38 89 MAR 26 1903 \ - , .♦ o r5- ■*- •^^0^ .•l^x. • •^'^ C** ♦J 4:^ ^,* • 1. 1/* 0^.0^. ^^ *>f^*' ''^-*. ^-i-*^ "" 'b V" ^^ --^M- **'^** .■^^.-;- -L.r^- -r.^^^ • ^^ ■*w^ HECKMAN JINDERY INC. |§| NOV 89 N. MANCHESTER, ^Si^ INDIANA 46962