SCHOOL HISTORY 
 
 dZ:b3 
 
 OF 
 
 p E :^ :^ s T lta::^! A 
 
 FROM THE EARLIEST SETTLEMENTS 
 TO THE PRESENT TLME. 
 
 DESIGNED FOR 
 
 COMMON SCHOOLS, ACADEMIES, COLLEGES, 
 FAMILIES, AND LIBRARIES. 
 
 BY 
 
 J. E. SYPHEE. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA: 
 
 J. B. LIPPINCOTT & CO. 
 
 1868. 
 
Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1868, by 
 
 J. K. SYPHEK, 
 
 In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States in 
 and for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania, 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 It is both interesting and instructive to study the 
 history of our ancestors; to understand by what toils, 
 through what difficulties, over what obstacles they, 
 from a feeble colony planted in an unexplored wil- 
 derness, struggled up to a position of wealth and 
 power; in what manner they constructed this Com- 
 monwealth, which, with its public works, its manu- 
 factories, its churches, its noble charities, its common 
 school system, its enterprise and wealth, unexcelled 
 in any other State, is transmitted to this generation. 
 This book was written to place concisely and clearly 
 before every youth and citizen an account of the 
 growth of the population, the development of the 
 resources, and the upbuilding of the institutions that 
 give character and stability to the State. Though 
 nothing that is essential is omitted, much that is in- 
 teresting is necessarily excluded in order to bring 
 the work within the limits of a practical school- 
 book. A few incidents illustrative of some general 
 movement or popular sentiment are cited; these are 
 in no case selected with a view to attract local atten- 
 tion, but always as examples of what was wide-spread 
 and characteristic. 
 
 (iii) 
 
iv PREFACE. 
 
 The questions at the foot of the pages are not de- 
 signed to aid the pupil in guessing at answers, but to 
 guide the teacher, who will readily multiply them to 
 meet the wants of his class and to give local interest 
 to the subject treated in each chapter. Frequent 
 reference to a map of the State, and the explanation of 
 national epochs and general movements, will contrib- 
 ute much valuable information and give additional in- 
 terest to the study of these chapters ; for the author, 
 presupposing a knowledge of geography in his read- 
 ers, has given no space to descriptions w^hich properly 
 belong to other works. 
 
 The tables in the Appendix are for general refer- 
 ence. They epitomize the history of the State. 
 
 J. R. S. 
 Philadelphia, September 12, 1868. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTEK I. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Early Settlements on the Delaware 9 
 
 CHAPTEK II. 
 William Penn 17 
 
 CHAPTEK III. 
 The Province of Pennsylvania founded 20 
 
 CHAPTEK IV. 
 Government established. — Philadelphia laid out. — The Great 
 Treaty 27 
 
 CHAPTEK Y. 
 The First Legislature and Laws 35 
 
 CHAPTEK YI. 
 German and Welsh Settlements. — Penn returns to England 41 
 
 CHAPTEK YII. 
 
 Conflict of Authority. — The Governor of New York sent to rule 
 Pennsylvania. — The Province restored to Penn 47 
 
 CHAPTEK YIII. 
 Penn's Second Yisit to Pennsylvania 54 
 
 CHAPTEK IX. 
 Early Political Disputes 61 
 
 CHAPTEK X. 
 
 A Struggle fbr Liberty of Conscience 66 
 
 1^ (v) 
 
vi CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Large Immigration of Germans. — Fears of the Quakers. — Tax 
 
 on Foreigners. — Paper Money 71 
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 
 Lancaster County formed. — Border War. — The One Hundredth 
 
 Year of the Settlement 77 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 Political Excitement. — Election Riot. — Military organized 83 
 
 CHAPTER Xiy. 
 The Counties of York and Cumberland settled 91 
 
 CHAPTER Xy. 
 The Counties of Berks and Northampton settled 96 
 
 CHAPTER XVI. 
 The First Expedition against the French and Indians on the 
 
 Western Frontier 102 
 
 CHAPTER XYII. 
 
 Braddock's Defeat. — Frontier Settlements destroyed by Indians.. 108 
 
 CHAPTER XYIII. 
 
 Prepar'-.tions for Defense. — Indian Outrages. — Destruction of 
 Kittanning 117 
 
 CHAPTER XIX. 
 Capture of Fort Du Quesne. — Erection of Fort Pitt. — Indian 
 
 Treaty at Easton 126 
 
 CHAPTER XX. 
 Indian Conspiracy to exterminate the Settlements west of the 
 
 Alleghanies 135 
 
 CHAPTER XXI. 
 
 "Taxation without Representation is Tyranny" 146 
 
CONTENTS. vii 
 
 CHAPTEK XXII. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Preparations for "War. — The Pirst Battles of the Eevolution. — 
 
 Declaration of Independence 158 
 
 CHAPTEK XXIII. 
 The Military Campaign of 1776 165 
 
 CHAPTEK XXIY. 
 
 The British Army in Pennsylvania. — Battle of Brandywine. — 
 
 Occupation of Philadelphia 171 
 
 CHAPTEK XXY. 
 
 The Battle of Germantown. — Winter Quarters at Valley Forge.. 179 
 
 CHAPTEK XXYI. 
 
 Campaign of 1778. — Destruction of Wyoming Settlement 184 
 
 CHAPTEK XXYII. 
 The close of the Kevolutionary War 193 
 
 CHAPTEK XXYIII. 
 The Constitution of the United States adopted 197 
 
 CHAPTEK XXIX. 
 The State Government organized. — Administration of the Su- 
 preme Executive Council 202 
 
 CHAPTEK XXX. 
 The Constitution of Pennsylvania 206 
 
 CHAPTEK XXXI. 
 
 Great Land Purchases. — Northumberland and Lycoming Coun- 
 ties organized. — Pioneer Settlements west of the Alleghany 
 Mountains. — Burning of Hannastown 211 
 
 CHAPTER XXXII. 
 
 Organization of Countie?. — Development of the Country west of 
 
 the Mountains.— Whisky Kebellion.— Pittsburg 220 
 
 CHAPTEK XXXIII. 
 Counties organized Northwest of the Alleghany Kiver. — The Oil 
 
 Region 227 
 
viii CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTEK XXXIY. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 War of 1812-14.— The Enlistment of Troops.— The War on Lake 
 
 Erie 236 
 
 CHAPTEK XXXY. 
 
 Important Legislation. — Slavery abolished. — Public Improve- 
 ments 241 
 
 CHAPTEE XXXYL 
 Education 251 
 
 CHAPTEE XXXVIL 
 
 Coal Fields. — Anthracite. — Bituminous. — Iron Ore 269 
 
 CHAPTEE XXXVIII. 
 
 The Growth of Manufactures. — Anthracite Iron. — Bituminous 
 
 Iron. — Charcoal Iron 278 
 
 CHAPTEE XXXIX. 
 
 The Eebellion. — Invasion of Pennsylvania. — Battle of Gettys- 
 burg. — Burning of Chambersburg. — Soldiers' Orphans 293 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 Table I. — Counties in Pennsylvania 315 
 
 II. — Table of the Governors of the Colonies on the Dela- 
 ware, of the Province and of the State 317 
 
 III. — Table of the Principal Officers of the United States 
 from Pennsylvania, since the Adoption of the 
 Constitution 319 
 
 TV. — Universities and Colleges in Pennsylvania 321 
 
 V. — Statement of the number of troops furnished by 
 
 Pennsylvania during the Eebellion 322 
 
 VI. — Eailroads in Pennsylvania 324 
 
 VII. — Canals in Pennsylvania 326 
 
 VIII. — A Chronological Table of Important Events in the 
 History of Pennsylvania, from the Discovery of 
 the Delaware in 1609 until 1868 327 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 Early Settlements on the Delaware. 
 
 ENNSYLYANIA is bound- 
 ed on the east by New York, 
 New Jersey, and Delaware ; 
 on the west by West Vh'- 
 ginia, Ohio, and Lake Erie ; 
 on the north by New York 
 and Lake Erie; and on 
 the south by Delaware, 
 Maryland, and West Vir- 
 ginia. The greatest length 
 of the State is 302 miles 
 104 perches; and greatest 
 breadth 175 miles and 192 
 perches. The average length 
 is 280-39 miles; and the 
 general breadth is 158*05 
 
 miles; giving an area of nearly 4^,000 square miles. 
 
 2. This territory, at the time of the discovery of America by 
 
 Columbus, was inhabited by Indians, who were divided into 
 
 Chapter I. — 1. Bound Pennsylvania ; state its dimensions. 
 2. Who were the first inhabitants of this territory ? What were 
 the tribes called ? 
 
 (9) 
 
10 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 distinct tribes, spoke different dialects of a common language, 
 and lived principally by hunting and fishing. Those who 
 dwelt in the country between the Delaware river and the 
 Blue Mountains, were the least warlike of all the tribes, and 
 were called Delaware Indians by the first white settlers ; by 
 that name they have ever since been known. The Monseys, 
 or Wolf tribes, inhabited the mountainous country along the 
 Susquehanna. The tribes of the Six Nations inhabited the 
 northern border of the State, from the Delaware to Lake Erie, 
 and were called Mingoes by the natives, and Iroquois by the 
 French. 
 
 3. The Indians of the Six Nations were a brave and power- 
 ful people. By an early alliance with the Dutch settlers on 
 the Hudson river, they procured for themselves arms and 
 munitions of war. These superior advantages enabled them 
 to repel invasion, and, in aggressive war, to reduce the neigh- 
 boring tribes to a state of vassalage. The Delawares and 
 some of the tribes in the interior of the territory — w^hich 
 afterward became the State of Pennsylvania — were under 
 the power of the Mingoes, to whom they paid tribute at 
 the time the first white people from Europe visited this coun- 
 try. In all treaties, therefore, made with the early settlers 
 by the tribes in this territory, it was necessary to obtain the 
 consent of the Council of the Six Nations. 
 
 4. The shores of the Delaware were first visited by Euro- 
 pean mariners in 1609, when Captain Henry Hudson, sailing 
 on an exploring expedition to America under the patronage 
 of the Dutch East India Company, touched at the mouth of 
 the bay, but, finding shoal water, withdrew ; and sailing 
 northward, entered the mouth of the great river which is 
 
 3. "What was the character of the Six Nations ? 
 
 4. When did white men first visit the Delaware ? What European 
 
EARLY SETTLEMENTS ON THE DELAWARE. U 
 
 now called Hudson, in honor of the discoverer. Hudson's 
 men established a trading-post on Manhattan Island, which 
 they maintained until 1621; it was then transferred to the 
 West India Company of the United Netherlands, a corpora- 
 tion formed in Holland to monopolize trade in America, In 
 1623 this company took possession of the whole country dis- 
 covered by Captain Hudson, which included all the territory 
 lying between Delaware bay, called South River, and the 
 Hudson, called North River. The possessions of the com- 
 pany were named the "New Netherlands." 
 
 5. A colony arrived in 1623, built New Amsterdam on 
 Manhattan Island, and sent Captain Cornelius Jacobus May, 
 with a party of adventurers, to the " South" River, under in- 
 structions to form a settlement and to explore the country on 
 the borders of the river. The commander of this expedition 
 sailed into the Delaware, gave his own name to Cape May, 
 and the southern cape he called Cornelius; which name it 
 bore until the arrival of the Swedes, when it was named 
 Cape Henlopen. He erected Fort Nassau near where Glou- 
 cester, New Jersey, now stands, a few miles below Philadel- 
 phia, which was the first settlement made by Europeans on 
 the shores of the Delaware. This fort was afterward aban- 
 doned, and in 1631 Captain David Pieterscn De Yries arrived 
 in the bay with two ships and about thirty colonists. He 
 was associated with wealthy Dutch patrons in the enterprise 
 of establishing in America plantations for the cultivation of 
 tobacco and grain, and prosecuting the whale and seal fish- 
 nation established the first settlement on Manhattan Island ? "Where 
 is Manhattan Island ? What company was then formed in HoUand, 
 and for what purpose ? 
 
 5. When and by whom were the first attempts made to plant a 
 settlement on the Delaware ? 
 
12 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 eries in and near the Delaware bay. He built Fort Oplandt 
 near where Lewistown, Delaware, now stands, and extended 
 around it his little settlement of Swanendael. 
 
 0. De Yries returned to Holland, and upon revisiting the 
 place of his colony a year later, found the fields of the plan- 
 tation strewed with the bones of his countrymen. The 
 founder of the settlement afterward learned from the natives 
 that the commander of the post had elevated upon a pillar a 
 piece of tin, on which was emblazoned the arms of Holland. 
 An Indian, covetous of the glittering shield, stole it to make 
 a tobacco-box. The Dutch officer took offense, made it the 
 cause of a quarrel with the Indians, which ended in the 
 butchery of the whole colou}^ while at work in the fields. 
 De Yries, learning the melancholy story, made peace with 
 the Indians ; after which he sailed up the bay to Fort Nas- 
 sau, which he also found deserted; he then returned, and left 
 the Delaware in discouragment. 
 
 *r. The success of the Dutch in the colony at New Amster- 
 dam stimulated the authorities of the Swedish Government 
 to attempt to plant a colony in America. Accordingly they 
 sent two vessels with colonists, provisions, merchandise for 
 traffic, and ammunition for defense, which arrived in the 
 Delaware from Gottcnburg in 1638; a permanent settlement 
 was established, and the foundation of the communities of 
 the States of Delaware and Pennsylvania was laid in the 
 unbroken forest. 
 
 8. The expedition was commanded by Captain Peter 
 
 6. What happened to De Yries' colony? 
 
 7. By whom and when was the first colony permanently estab- 
 lished on the east bank of the Delaware ? 
 
 8. Where did the Swedes first settle ? What did these pioneers 
 bring with them ? When and where was the first church built? 
 
EARLY SETTLEMENTS ON THE DELAWARE. 13 
 
 Minuit, formerly Governor of New Amsterdam. The com- 
 pany of adventurers landed upon th.e southern cape of the 
 Delaware, which they called Henlopen ; they were so charmed 
 with the appearance of the country that they named it Para- 
 dise. A settlement was established near the mouth of 
 Brandywine creek. Others were located near Chester and 
 Darby creeks; and, in 1642, Governor Printz took possession 
 of Tinicum Island, built his mansion there, and made it the seat 
 of government for the colony. A town called Upland was sub- 
 sequently laid out on Chester creek. These were the pioneer 
 settlements — the small beginnings from which this great State 
 has grown. These Swedish settlers brought with them their 
 religion and their clergymen ; and among their earliest labors 
 was the erection of a place of worship. In 1646 a comfortable 
 wooden church was erected near the governor's mansion on 
 Tinicum Island, which was consecrated to the worship of God 
 by the chaplain, Eev. John Campanius Holm. This was the 
 first church edifice built within the boundaries of Pennsylvania. 
 9. Emigrants continued to arrive from Sweden, and the set- 
 tlement extended northward along the banks of the Delaware, 
 until little hamlets occupied the most favorable sites as far 
 north as where the city of Philadelphia now stands. These 
 settlements were usually defended by small forts or strong 
 log-houses, constructed of hard wood, for protection against 
 the Indians. The sturdy pioneers who first settled the south- 
 eastern portion of this State, however, were devout Christians, 
 and relied not so much on log-houses and forts of wood and 
 earth, as on the Providence of God, to save them from de- 
 struction in a wilderness inhabited by wild beasts and unciv- 
 ilized men. 
 
 9. How were the settlers protected ? "What was their character ? 
 
 2 
 
14 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 10. From the beginning Captain Minuit had cultivated 
 peace with the natives, and had been successful in establishing 
 friendly relations with the neighboring tribes. This eminently 
 wise and Christian policy w^as scrupulously maintained and 
 judiciously extended both by the governors who succeeded 
 Minuit, and by all the people, who valued peace and quiet 
 more than unlawful gain. 
 
 11. By instructions from the Swedish Government to 
 Colonel John Printz, appointed governor in 1G42, the right 
 of soil was acknowledged to be in the aborigines, and he was 
 directed to confirm the contracts made by Captain Minuit for 
 the lands on the Delaware from Cape Henlopen to the falls 
 of the river, extending inland as far as the necessities of the 
 settlers should require; to refrain from every species of in- 
 jury to the natives, and to cultivate their favor by a just and 
 reciprocal commerce; supplying them with articles suitable 
 for their wants, and to employ all friendly means to civilize 
 and win them to the Christian faith. 
 
 12. Colonel Printz honestly obeyed his instructions, which 
 were also faithfully observed by his successors, and thus hos- 
 tilities between the settlers and the Indians were entirely 
 avoided. It is remarkable that during the whole period of 
 the Swedish dominion on the Delaware there is no evi- 
 dence that a single human being lost his life in strife, either 
 between the Swedes and their European neighbors, or be- 
 tween them and the Indians. The conduct of the Swedish 
 colonists was in strict keeping with the requirements of 
 
 10. How did Captain Minuit treat the Indians ? 
 
 11. What did the Swedish government instruct the governors 
 to do? 
 
 12. How were these instructions obeyed? What was the result of 
 this treatment? 
 
EARLY SETTLEMENTS ON THE DELAWARE. 15 
 
 truth and justice, and of a wise and enlightened policy. 
 Their honesty, kindness, and friendly deportment won the 
 confidence of the Indians, and in this happy state the 
 colonists found a rich reward for their noble behavior 
 toward the uncivilized natives. Instead of a life of terror 
 and alarm, of war and all its horrors, the honest Swede 
 could pursue his daily labor in peace, and after the toils of 
 the day lie down to rest in quietness, fearless of a midnight 
 attack, the tomahawk and scalping knife. 
 
 13. The Dutch from New Amsterdam, who had settled on 
 the northeast side of the Delaware, and the Swedes on the 
 southwest side, were frequently involved in disputes about 
 their claims to the country, and finally resorted to open war. 
 Peter Stuyvesant, governor of New Amsterdam, in 1655 
 came up the Delaware with seven ships and about six hun- 
 dred men, captured all the Swedish forts, and assumed juris- 
 diption of the colony. The liberty and property of private 
 citizens were respected, and the Swedes being offered honor- 
 able terms, remained on their lands and were protected in 
 their rights. Thus the colony remained Swedish, though it 
 was governed by the Dutch. The ministers of religion and 
 the school teachers came from Sweden; Swedish manners 
 and language prevailed, and were in common use for many 
 years. 
 
 14. In 1656 the Swedish ship Mercurius arrived with 
 colonists. Peace had not yet been fully established with the 
 Dutch, and hence the enemy endeavored to prevent the ship 
 from passing up the bay ; but the Indians, who had always 
 
 13. What disputes arose, and when and how was the government 
 on the Delaware changed? 
 
 14. What incident shows the friendship of the Indians for the 
 Swedes? Who were on the Mercurius ? 
 
16 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 been friendly to the Swedes, interfered in behalf of the 
 colonists, and the vessel was permitted to sail up the river. 
 In this ship were some af the first settlers of Philadelphia. 
 
 15. The Dutch and the Swedes continued to occupy the 
 country on the Delaware for nine years; the Dutch being the 
 rulers and the Swedes giving character and prosperity to the 
 country. 
 
 16. In 1664 the English conquered the whole country of 
 New Netherland, and Sir Robert Carr sailed up the Delaware 
 and took possession of the fort at New Castle. In 1672 the 
 country was retaken by the Dutch, who held it two years, 
 when upon the restoration of peace between Holland and 
 England it was restored to English rule. 
 
 IT. In 1610 Lord De la War (Delaware), an English noble- 
 man, sailing to Virginia, discovered the mouth of the bay 
 which Hudson had visited the year before, and gave to it his 
 own name. The Dutch called it the South River, and the 
 Swedes the New Swedeland River, but when the country 
 came into the possession of the English, the bay and the river 
 were named Delaware. 
 
 15. What was the state of things after the conquest by the Dutch? 
 
 16. When and how was the government again changed? 
 
 17. What circumstance gave Delaware river its name? What 
 other names had been applied to it ? 
 
WILLIAM PENN. 17 
 
 POIITKAIT OK WILLIAM PENN. 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 William Penn. 
 
 1. The Kew Netherlands, including the country on both 
 sides of the Delaware, wer^ conveyed by the King of Eng- 
 land to the Duke of York; and. in 1681, a charter was given 
 to William Penn for that part of the territory which after- 
 ward became Pennsylvania and Delaware. 
 
 2. William Penn was the son of Sir William Penn, a distin- 
 guished admiral in the English navy, who had won high 
 reputation in constant and active service by defending the 
 honor of the kingdom in many engagements on the high 
 seas. William was born on the 14th of October, 1644, in 
 London. He was reared and educated in court society, and 
 at an early age gave proof of the possession of those superior 
 qualities of heart and intellect, for which in after-life he 
 became justly celebrated. 
 
 3. It was the desire of his father that he should enter 
 
 Chapter II. — 1. How were the lands on the Delaware disposed of 
 by the King of England ? 
 
 2. Who was William Penn ? 
 
 3. What did his father wish him to become? Why did he not 
 enter the army? 
 
 2* 
 
18 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 the army, though later, and after he had espoused the doc- 
 trines of the Quakers, the old admiral refused to allow a 
 commission to be issued to him, but preferred that the young 
 man should go to Ireland, to manage the estates of the 
 family near Cork, where be proved himself an exact and 
 faithful man of business. 
 
 4. While a student at Oxford, William Penn had been 
 deeply affected by the preaching of Thomas Loe, and soon 
 after his arrival in Ireland, he learned that his old friend 
 was to preach at the ''Friends' meeting" in Cork, and re- 
 solved to hear him. The preacher discoursed of true faith 
 which overcomes the world. Penn's conscience was smitten, 
 and his principles fixed in the doctrines with which he was 
 ever afterward identified. Persecution followed rapidly upon 
 profession. He with other Friends was arrested and sent 
 to prison; but was unconditionally released upon his own 
 application to the Lord President of Munster. 
 
 5. The rumor rapidly spread throughout the kingdom that 
 "young Penn had become a Quaker, "and his father summoned 
 him to England. The admiral endeavored to overcome the 
 resolution of his son; failing to persuade him, he exiled him 
 from home. During the period of this banishment he was 
 supported by an allowance secretly conveyed to him by his 
 mother. Soon thereafter he was arrested on a charge of 
 heresy, because of sentiments which he had published in a 
 pamphlet in a controversy with a Presbyterian clergyman. 
 He was confined in prison nine months. While in prison 
 he wrote another pamphlet explanatory of the first, and in 
 a short time after that was released; his father's influence 
 
 4. What religious belief did he espouse ? What followed ? 
 6. How was William Penn treated? 
 
WILLIAM PENN. 19 
 
 with the Duke of York having enlisted that nobleman in his 
 cause. 
 
 6. The most noteworthy result of this imprisotiment was 
 the reconciliation of the father, who was moved to high re- 
 spect for a son so self-sacrificing in manfully contending for 
 principles. The young man was again sent to Ireland to super- 
 intend the family estates; but returning to England in 16*70, 
 was arrested and thrown into prison. The influence of his 
 father, however, soon procured his release. In 1612 he mar- 
 ried Gulielma Maria Springett, and ten years later sailed to 
 America, the proprietor of a province bearing his own name. 
 
 *t. He remained in Pennsylvania two years, laboring dili- 
 gently to found a government whereof the cardinal princi-. 
 pies were liberty of conscience and equality of rights. How 
 well he succeeded in securing these great privileges to his 
 people, the history of his province and of the commonwealth 
 subsequently erected thereon will amply show. His first wife 
 having died, he married Hannah Callowhill, in 1696. He re- 
 visited America in 1699, intending to make his permanent 
 home in Pennsylvania; but, receiving information that an at- 
 tempt was being made in England to interfere with his gov- 
 ernment, he embarked, in It 01, and hastened to the court of 
 Charles II. to defend his chartered rights. In It 12 three 
 successive strokes of apoplexy so seriously impaired his 
 memory and understanding, that he was thereafter unable to 
 attend to public business. He died at Rushcomb, Bucking- 
 hamshire, England, on the 30th of July, 1718, at the age of 
 seventy-four years. 
 
 6. What reconciled Admiral Penn to his son ? "When and whom 
 did William Penn marry? When did he visit Pennsylvania? 
 
 7. How long did Penn remain in Pennsylvania? What were the 
 cardinal principles of his government? When did he revisit his 
 colony ? Why did he return to England ? When did he die ? 
 
20 
 
 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 a--^^^^|t 
 
 LA^1'I^^I uF l-r.iN> Al viir-ol^K. 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 The Province of Pennsylvania founded. 
 
 1, When Admiral Penn died he left to his son William a 
 claim against the English Government for the sum of sixteen 
 thousand pounds, partly for money advanced and partly 
 for services rendered. In 1680 William Penn petitioned 
 King Charles 11. for a grant, in payment of this sum, of a 
 tract of land in America lying west of the Delaware river. 
 
 2. The Province of Maryland had been successfull}^ founded 
 in the year 1634, and was, therefore, at the date of Penn's 
 petition, 46 years old. On the northern boundary of the tract 
 asked for by Penn was the Province of New York. It was 
 proper, therefore, that Lord Baltimore, proprietor of Mary- 
 land, and the Duke of York, proprietor of New York and 
 Delaware, should be consulted before the lands lying between 
 their possessions were conveyed to Penn. 
 
 Chapter III. — 1. Why was the territory on the" Delaware given 
 to Penn ? 
 
 2. Whose possessions bounded this territory? 
 
PROVINCE OF PENNSYLVANIA FOUNDED. 21 
 
 3. The petition was referred to the '' Committee of the Privy 
 Council for the Affairs of Trade and Plantations." Notices 
 were sent to the agents of Lord Baltimore and the Duke 
 of York, in order that they might report whether the pro- 
 posed grant would be an infringement on their rights. The 
 agents for the proprietors of Maryland and New York wrote 
 letters to the committee, in which they defined the extent 
 and boundaries of their respective grants. 
 
 4. The claim to the territory, now the State of Delaware, 
 was purchased from the Duke of York by Penn, and the 
 limits set to Maryland on the north were allowed. Thus all 
 points, as to boundary, having been satisfactorily adjusted, 
 the patent for the grant was drawn up with scrupulous care, 
 so as to define exactly the rights conveyed to the new 
 proprietor, and to express fully the powers reserved to the 
 Crown and to Parliament; and on the 4th of March, 1681, 
 it received the signature of the king. 
 
 5. The articles of the grant were written in Old English 
 style, on strong parchment, each line underscored with red 
 ink, and the borders elaborately decorated with heraldic de- 
 vices. This document is still preserved, and is hung up in 
 the Executive Chamber at Harrisburg.* 
 
 * The territory conveyed to Penn was "bounded on the east by 
 Delaware river from twelve miles distance northward of New Castle 
 towne, unto the three and fortieth degree of northern latitude; the 
 said land to extend westward five degrees in longitude, to be com- 
 puted from the said eastern bounds, and the said land to be bounded 
 on the north by the beginning of the three and fortieth degree of 
 north latitude, and on the south by a circle drawn at twelve miles 
 
 3. Why were Lord Baltimore and the Duke of York consulted? 
 
 4. How did Penn gain possession of the territory now the State of 
 Delaware ? When was the charter of Pennsylvania signed? 
 
 5. How were the articles written and what was done with them? 
 
22 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 6. The boundaries of the lands named in the charter, were 
 intended to be substantially what those of the State now 
 are. The province was named by King Charles II., who 
 called it Pennsylvania, in honor of Admiral Penn, the dis- 
 tinguished father of the new proprietor. Within a month 
 after the date of the charter, the king issued a proclamation 
 setting forth the terms of the grant made to Penn, and re 
 quiring all persons settled in the Province to yield obedience 
 to him as absolute proprietor and governor. 
 
 T. On the 10th of April, Penn appointed his cousin, Wil- 
 liam Markham, deputy governor of the Province. He wrote a 
 letter to the people residing in the territory described in his 
 charter, v/hich, together with the king's proclamation, he 
 sent to America by Markham, who arrived in New York on 
 the 21st of June. He there procured from the commander 
 and the council a letter addressed to "the several people, 
 justices of the peace, magistrates, and other oflQcers inhabit- 
 ing within the bounds and limits" of the territory included 
 in the grant, notifying them of the change that had been 
 made in their government. Within a few days after receiving 
 this letter, Markham arrived in the Province of Pennsylvania, 
 and at once assumed the administration of public affairs. 
 
 8. A report of the transactions in England, whereby a new 
 province had been created, had reached America before the 
 
 distance from New Castle, northward and westward, unto the begin- 
 ning of the fortieth degree of north Latitude, and then by a straight 
 line westward to the limits of longitude above mentioned." 
 
 6. What were intended to be the boundaries of the Province? 
 Who named the Province? What did the king command the people 
 to do? Who lived in the Province at this time? 
 
 7. Who did William Penn appoint governor? What did he send 
 over with Markham? When did Governor Markham arrive in 
 Pennsylvania ? 
 
 8. Did the people on the Delaware know beforehand that their 
 
PROVINCE OF PENNSYLVANIA FOUNDED. 23 
 
 arrival of Markham ; almost immediately the Quakers, who 
 had many years before settled in western New Jersey, began 
 to move to the west bank of the Delaware, so as to be under 
 the government of Penn, whom they had already learned to 
 regard as a wise ruler and a just man. A few families of 
 these people had settled near Upland as early as 1675, and 
 now persuaded their friends to seek homes on the rich lands 
 of that neighborhood. 
 
 9. Penn published in England a short description of the 
 Province, together with some valuable information and sugges- 
 tions to persons who might be disposed to become colonists 
 under his government. This document, and the liberal pro- 
 visions contained in the Royal Charter, attracted public atten- 
 tion, and directed the minds of many religious sects through- 
 out England and the Continent of Europe to the goodly land 
 beyond the Delaware. The Quakers were especially joyful 
 over the prospect opened to them by the founding of a great 
 province under one of their own sect as governor and pro- 
 prietor. • 
 
 10. While the public mind in Europe was thus directed to 
 Pennsylvania, Governor Markham was administering the affairs 
 on the Delaware very much after the systems in use before his 
 arrival. Sudden and great changes were unnecessary, and 
 the new governor was not disposed to show his authority by 
 the introduction of new forms. 
 
 11. The instructions issued to Markham directed him to call 
 
 country had been ceded to Penn? What did the Quakers in New 
 Jersey do? 
 
 9. What did Penn do in England? What effect had these pub- 
 lications ? 
 
 10. How did Governor Markham administer the government? 
 Did he make any sudden changes ? 
 
 11.- What was Governor Markham instructed to do? 
 
24 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 a council, consisting of nine citizens of the Province ; to read the 
 king's proclamation and Penn's letter to the people ; to settle 
 boundary lines ; to survey and rent, or sell lands ; to estab- 
 lish courts ; appoint sheriffs and trustees of the peace ; and to 
 administer generally the affairs of government. 
 
 12. In his letter to the people, Penn said: 
 
 "I hope you will not be troubled at your change, and the 
 king's choice, for you are now fixed at the mercy of no governor 
 that comes to make his fortune great ; you shall be governed by 
 laws of ijour own making, and live a free, and if you will, a 
 sober and industrious people. I shall not usurp the right of 
 any, or oppress his person. God has furnished me with a 
 better resolution, and has given me his grace to keep it. In 
 short, whatever sober and free men can reasonably desire for 
 the security and improvement of their own happiness, I shall 
 heartily comply with, and in five months resolve, if it please 
 God, to see you." 
 
 13. The first court held in the Province under Penn's charter 
 convened at Upland, on the 13th of September, the same day to 
 which the old court under the former governor had adjourned- 
 The second session was held on the 8th of November, when 
 Markham presided in person. One of the first acts of this 
 tribunal was the prohibition of the sale of intoxicating liquors 
 to the Indians. 
 
 14. During the year 1681, three ships, carrying emigrants, 
 sailed from England for Pennsylvania. One of these vessels, 
 the "Bristol Factor," arrived in the Delaware on the 11th of 
 December; the "Sarah and John" arrived earlier, but no 
 
 12. "What did Penn say in his letter to the people? 
 
 13. When and where did the first court, under Penn's charter, 
 assemble? What was one of its first acts? 
 
 14. How many emigrant ships came to the Province in J.681? 
 What were their names ? 
 
PROVINCE OF PENNSYLVANIA FOUNDED. 25 
 
 re^corcl of the day is preseryed; the other ship, called the 
 "Amity," reached the Province in the spring of 1682. 
 
 15. Three commissioners, appointed by Penn, came in these 
 ships. They were instructed to prepare the Province for the 
 reception of colonies of emigrants. They were to survey the 
 land, to sound the river, and examine the ground, so as to find 
 the most favorable location for a great commercial and manu- 
 facturing city, which Penn had promised to lay out and estab- 
 lish for his people. Should the building of the city be begun 
 before his arrival, he directed the commissioners to have the 
 people place their houses in the middle of the plots, "that 
 there may be ground on each side for gardens, or orchards, 
 or fields, that it may be a green country town, which will 
 never be burnt and always wholesome." 
 
 16. These commissioners brought with them a letter from 
 Penn to the Indians living on the Delaware, in which he 
 said: "I have great love and regard toward you, and de- 
 sire to win and gain your love and friendship by a kind, 
 just, and peaceable life; and the people I send are of the same 
 mind, and shall in all things behave themselves accordingly; 
 and if in anything they shall offend you or your people, you 
 shall have a full and speedy satisfaction." 
 
 17. The Swedes had lived for more than forty years in peace 
 and friendship with the children of the forest. Other colonies 
 and settlements had treated the natives harshly, and had pro- 
 voked them to acts of violence, and hence were frequently 
 
 15. "Who came in these ships? "What were the commissioners in- 
 tended to do? How were the houses in the city to be built? 
 
 16. What did Penn write to the Indians? 
 
 17. How long had the Swedes lived in peace with the Indians? 
 How were the Indians treated in other colonies? "What was the 
 etfcct of the different modes of treating the Indians? 
 
 3 
 
26 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 engaged in war. But on the Delaware, the white and the 
 red man dealt with each other upon principles of equity and 
 justice, and thus perfect peace and good order were always 
 preserved in the settlement. 
 
 18. When, therefore, the new proprietor and governor of the 
 territory sent messages of good will to the native inhabitants, 
 they were received with great joy. The wise policy estab- 
 lished on the Delaware by the generous Swedes was to be 
 maintained; the new settlers, like those who had preceded 
 them, promised to treat the Indian as a brother, to be in- 
 structed, civilized, and Christianized; and not as a savage to 
 be defrauded, enraged, and destroyed. 
 
 19. The population of the Province, exclusive of Indians, 
 at this time (1682) numbered about 2000 men, women, and 
 children. These were mostly Swedes, though a number of 
 Dutch families remained in the country after the withdrawal 
 of their government, and small settlements of English were 
 located at Upland, Shackamaxon (now Kensington), and the 
 Falls of the Delaware. 
 
 20. There were six churches in the settlements: three 
 erected by the Swedes, one at Christina, one at Wicacoa (now 
 the southern part of Philadelphia), and one at Tinicum ; these 
 were of the Lutheran denomination, and the services were 
 conducted in the Swedish language. The other three were 
 established by the Quakers, and the services were in the 
 English language; one was at Upland, one at Shackamaxon, 
 and one at the Falls of the Delaware. 
 
 18. How did the Indians receive the kind words of Penn? What 
 was the established policy on the Delaware? 
 
 19. What was the population of the Province at this time? What 
 people lived on the Delaware? 
 
 2p. How many churches were there? Where were they and of 
 what denominations? 
 
G VERNMENT EST A BL I SHED . 
 
 2t 
 
 TREATY MONUMENT. 
 
 CHAPTER lY. 
 
 Government established. — Philadelphia laid out. 
 Great Treaty. 
 
 The 
 
 1. After William Penn had received his charter from the 
 king, he spent a year and a half in England, during which 
 time he was engaged in devising a frame of government and 
 a code of laws for his Province ; he also wrote many letters 
 to his friends in England and in other countries, and pub- 
 lished descriptions of the country on the Delaware, which 
 were circulated among the Quaker settlements in England, 
 Wales, and Holland. 
 
 2. On the 30th of August, 1682, he embarked in the ship 
 Welcome, at Deal, and sailed for America in company with 
 
 Chapter IV. — 1. What did Penn do after he received his charter? 
 
 2. When did he sail for America? What was the name of the 
 ship he sailed in? How many passengers were there and what hap- 
 pened on the voyage ? Where did he land ? How was he received ? 
 
28 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 about one hundred emigrants, mostly members of the Society 
 of Friends. During the voyage the small- pox broke out 
 among the passengers, and thirty of the emigrants died. 
 Otherwise the voyage was prosperous; the vessel arrived 
 at New Castle, on the Delaware, on the 27th of October. 
 The inhabitants of the town came forward to welcome the 
 new proprietary, and to signify their willingness to accept 
 his government and to obey his laws. 
 
 3. On the day of his arrival Penn commissioned justices for 
 New Castle, and instructed Markham to complete the transfer 
 of the territory between the town and the mouth of the bay, 
 in accordance with the terms of his purchase from the Duke 
 of York. After the exercise of these governmental functions, 
 he continued his journey to Upland, where it is supposed he 
 landed on the 28th of October; on the 29th, he directed a 
 court to be summoned, to be held at New Castle on the 2d 
 of November. This w^as Penn's first official act in Penn- 
 sylvania of which there is any record. 
 
 4. Upon his arrival at the town of Upland, turning to his 
 friend Pearson, who had accompanied him in the ship Wel- 
 come, Penn sai4: ''What wilt thou that I should call this 
 place?" Pearson said, "Chester," which was the name of 
 his home in England; and thus Upland lost the name its 
 founders and builders had given to it, and assumed one fool- 
 ishly suggested at the whimsical request of its new proprietor. 
 
 6. In pursuance of the summons issued from Chester, the 
 court convened at New Castle on4he 2d of November At 
 this court Penn. made a speech to the justices and the inhab- 
 itants, in which he told them that he had called the court chiefly 
 
 3. What did Penn do on the day of his arrival at New Castle? 
 When did he go to Upland? Where was Upland sitviated? What 
 was Penn's first official act in Pennsylvania? 
 
 4. How was the name of Upland changed? 
 
PHILADELPHIA LAID OUT. 29 
 
 to settle their claims to lands and other possessions. He di- 
 rected them to bring into the next court all their patents, sur- 
 veys, grants, and claims, in order that he might confirm them. 
 He invited all who desired to make any petition to him, or tc 
 request anything of him, to present them, so that they might 
 be considered and acted upon ; and assured the inhabitants 
 of Delaware that they should enjoy the same privileges with 
 those of the Province of Pennsylvania, and that for the 
 future they should be governed by such laws as they them- 
 selves, by their representatives, should consent to. 
 
 6. The commissioners had already selected the location for 
 the city of Philadelphia, and had partially laid out the plan 
 between the Delaware and Schuylkill, in accordance with 
 the proprietor's instructions. 
 
 T. It is not definitely known how^, or on what day Penn 
 went to Philadelphia. Tradition relates that he went up the 
 river from Chester in an open boat, accompanied by some of 
 his friends. There is an old record of a meeting held at 
 Shackamaxon, on the 8th of November, which says: "At 
 this time Governor Penn and a number of Friends arrived 
 here and erected a city called Philadelphia, ^bout half a mile 
 from Shackamaxon." Penn must have landed at Philadel- 
 phia only a few days before this date, as he was at New 
 Castle on the 2d of November. 
 
 8. The Indians, as well as the settlers, had prepared the 
 best entertainment the place and circumstances would afford 
 
 5. When and where did Penn 's first court convene? "What took 
 place at this court? 
 
 6. "What had the commissioners done? 
 
 7. "When and how didTenn visit Philadelphia? 
 
 8. How was he received? How did he endear himself to the 
 Indians? 
 
 3* 
 
30 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 for the reception of their new governor. Penn soon endeared 
 himself to the Indians by engaging in their sports and grant- 
 ing the Httle favors they chanced to ask. He walked with 
 them, sat with them on the ground, and ate with them 
 their roasted acorns and hominy. At this they expressed 
 very great delight, and soon began to show him how they 
 could hop and jump; at which Penn sprang to his feet and 
 soon taught the astonished natives that he could hop further 
 and jump higher than the best of them. 
 
 9. Though the city of Philadelphia had been laid out by 
 the commissioners, Penn found it necessary, in order to carry 
 out his plans, to make some changes in the position and the 
 names of the streets. The streets running from the Dela- 
 ware to the Schuylkill were named after the forest trees, as 
 Pine, Spruce, Locust, Walnut, Chestnut; and the streets 
 crossing these at right angles were named according to their 
 numbers, as Front, Second, Third, etc., until the highest 
 ground between the rivers was reached, where a wide street 
 was laid out, and was called Broad Street. Running through 
 the middle of the city east and west, there was also a wide 
 avenue which was named High Street; but is now called 
 Market Street. In the center of the city, where Broad and 
 Market Streets cross each other, Penn reserved a large 
 square for public buildings and for parks. A meeting-house 
 was afterward built on this ground; but it has long since 
 disappeared, and the ground is now laid out into four public 
 parks, and is called Penn Square. 
 
 10. After the plan of the city had been completed, Thomas 
 Holme, the surveyor-general, made a survey of the surround- 
 ing country, which Penn divided into three counties, and 
 named them Philadelphia, Chester, and Bucks counties. The 
 
 9. How did Penn name the streets of his city? 
 
THE GREAT TREATY. 31 
 
 territory now comprised in the State of Delaware was also 
 divided into three counties. 
 
 11. In order to establish the government in the shortest 
 possible time, Penn appointed judges, sheriffs, magistrates, 
 and recorders for these counties, and then issued writs of 
 election, wherein he instructed the people to elect persons 
 to represent them in the assembly which he had ordered to 
 convene at Chester on the 4th day of December. 
 
 12. Thus the preliminary work of organizing a government 
 for the Province and the territories had been accomplished ; 
 the city, which was to be the great commercial and manufac- 
 turing emporium of Pennsylvania, had been laid out on the 
 most suitable grounds. The pioneer settlers, who had come 
 from Sweden and from Holland to found homes and free in- 
 stitutions for themselves and their posterity, had been assured 
 that everything, a sober and industrious people could reason- 
 ably expect to make themselves happy and their homes desir- 
 able, should be guaranteed to them. The title to their lands 
 should be respected; the laws by which they would be gov- 
 erned should be enacted by themselves ; and the perfect reli- 
 gious liberty, already established in the country, should be 
 maintained. 
 
 13. The next duty awaiting the attention of the proprietary 
 was a conference with, and a pledge to, the natives of the 
 forests, that he would adopt and continue the policy of 
 friendship, maintained by justice and equity, which during 
 nearly half a century had preserved peace on the Delaware. 
 
 10. How was the country divided? What were tlie counties 
 named ? 
 
 11. "What did Penn do to establish his government? 
 
 12. What had now been accomplished? 
 
 13. What was Penn's next duty? What was necessary to secure 
 the friendship of the Indians ? 
 
32 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 The Indians trusted the Swedes, and held their friendship 
 in great esteem ; it was only necessary, therefore, in order to 
 secure their confidence, that the new governor and his friends 
 should pledge themselves to preserve these happy relations. 
 
 14. Penn was eminently qualified for a work of this nature. 
 He had already written several friendly letters to the Indians, 
 which had been delivered through an interpreter, by Mark- 
 ham and by the commissioners. The brotherly affection that 
 characterized all these epistles, and the simple manners of 
 the people who represented Penn, taught the aborigines to 
 hold the governor of the Province in very great respect long 
 before they had seen him. 
 
 15. There were at this time at least three distinct and sep- 
 arate tribes in the wilderness of Eastern Pennsylvania : the 
 Delawares or Leni Lenape, living on the river; the Min- 
 goes, living on the Conestoga ; and the Shawanese, on the 
 Susquehanna. To each of these tribes Penn sent invitations 
 to meet him on the bank of the Delaware at Shackamaxon. 
 This was selected as the most appropriate treaty ground, be- 
 cause it was the place where for many generations the Indians 
 had been accustomed to meet in council. It was, as the orig- 
 inal name " Sachemexing " signifies, the place of kings or 
 sachems. 
 
 16. The tribes assembled under the wide-spreading branches 
 of a large elm-tree. The chiefs sat in the front with their 
 councillors; behind them, arranged in the form of a semicircle, 
 
 14. "What had already been done? What effect had this on the 
 Indians ? 
 
 15. What tribes occupied the eastern parts of the Province? 
 Where did Penn invite these tribes to meet in council ? Why was 
 this place selected? Where is Shackamaxon? 
 
 16. Where did the tribes assemble? How did they arrange them- 
 selves? Who was the chief person? 
 
THE GREAT TREATY. 33 
 
 sat tlie young men and warriors ; and beyond these sat the 
 women. The Great Sachem Taminend, the most royal-looking* 
 of them all, was the center of the vast assembly, and was the 
 leader and spokesman. 
 
 IT. When Penn, accompanied by a few of his friends, all 
 unarmed, approached the council fire, which had been kindled 
 in front of the assembled tribes, Taminend put on his chaplet 
 surmounted by a small horn, the emblem of kingly power; 
 then, through an interpreter, announced to Penn that the 
 nations were ready to hear him. 
 
 18. In reply to this invitation, Penn said: "The Great 
 Spirit, who made me and you, who rules the heavens and the 
 earth, and who knows the innermost thoughts of men, knows 
 that I and my friends have a hearty desire to live in peace 
 and friendship with you, and to serve you to the utmost of 
 our power. It is not our custom to use hostile weapons 
 against our fellow- creatures, for which reason we have come 
 unarmed. Our object is not to do injury, and thus provoke 
 the Great Spirit, but to do good. 
 
 19. "We are met on the broad pathway of good faith and 
 good will, so that no advantage is taken on either side, but 
 all to be openness, brotherhood, and love." Then the governor 
 unrolled a parchment containing stipulations for trade, and 
 promises of friendship, which, by means of an interpreter, he 
 explained to them, article by article, and placing it on 
 the ground, he said : " The ground shall be common to both 
 people. I will not do as the Marylanders did, that is, call 
 you children or brothers only; for parents are apt to whip 
 their children too severely, and brothers sometimes will differ; 
 neither will I compare the friendship between us to a chain, 
 
 17. How did Penn approach? How was he received? 
 18 and 19. What did Penn say? 
 
34 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 for the rain may rust it, or a tree may fall and break it; but I 
 will consider you as the same flesh and blood as the Chris- 
 tians, and the same as if one man's body were to be divided 
 into two parts." 
 
 20. This speech was listened to by the Indians in perfect 
 silence, and with much gravity. They took some time to de- 
 liberate, and then the king ordered one of his chiefs to speak 
 to William Penn. The Indian orator advanced, and in the 
 king's name saluted him; then, taking him by the hand, in a 
 few words gave him pledges of friendship, and assured him 
 that the '* Indians and the English will live in love as long 
 as the sun and moon shall endure." 
 
 21. Though the articles of this treaty were reduced to writ- 
 ing, no trace of the original record can be found. In a speech 
 delivered by Governor Gordon in May, 1728, to the tribes 
 represented at his council, he referred to this treaty, warmly 
 commended the Indians for their great fidelity to the pledges 
 of their fathers, and recited nine articles as the chief links in 
 the strong chain that had, for more than half a century, bound 
 them together in unbroken peace. 
 
 22. The great elm, named the "treaty tree," under which 
 Penn's council was held, was blown down by a violent storm 
 in 1810. Upon the ground, where for more than 200 years, it 
 had cast its shadow, a small monument has been erected by 
 the Penn Society of Philadelphia, and a young elm^ sprouting 
 from the roots of the old tree, has now grown up to perpetu- 
 ate the memory of this important event in history. The 
 treaty ground was afterward purchased by, and is now the 
 property of the State. 
 
 20. "What reply was made by the Indians ? 
 
 21. "What do we know about tlie articles of this treaty? 
 
 22. What is the present condition of the "treaty grounds?" 
 
THE FIRST LEGISLATURE AND LA^yS. 35 
 
 
 CHAPTER y. 
 
 Tlie First Legislature and Laws. 
 
 1. The first legislative assembly in the Province of Penn- 
 sylvania met at Chester, on the 4th clay of December, 1682. 
 The writs of election had called. for the return of seventy-two 
 members from the six counties, to constitute the Council, and 
 invited the inhabitants to assemble in mass, to constitute the 
 Assembly. This, however, the people deemed to be imprac- 
 ticable, and instead of obeying the writs, they elected only 
 seventy-two members in all; the legislature, therefore, was 
 organized to consist of three members of Council and nine 
 members of the Assembly from each county. 
 
 2. Nicholas Moore was elected President of the Assembly 
 on the second day of the session. This legislature sat only 
 three days, and passed three important acts: An act of 
 
 Chapter Y. — 1. When and where did the first legislature meet? 
 How was it organized ? 
 
 2. Who was president of the Assembly ? How long was the ses- 
 sion ? What acts were passed ? 
 
36. HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 union, whereby the Province and the Territories were joined 
 under one government; an act of naturalization, bj which 
 all the early settlers — Swedes, Dutch, and Fins — were ad- 
 mitted to full citizenship in the provincial government; and 
 an act entitled ''The Great Law," which comprised a general 
 system of jurisprudence for the Province. 
 
 3. This law contained sixty-one chapters. It had been 
 carefully prepared by Penn, and was designed to compre- 
 hend all that was necessary to form a complete code for the 
 protection and government of the people. Religious tolera- 
 tion was secured in the amplest form to all who professed 
 belief in the Deity.* Swearing, cursing, and blasphemy were 
 
 * The law provided that, " no person now or at any time hereafter 
 living in this Province, who shall confess and acknowledge one 
 Almighty God to be the Creator, upholder, and ruler of the world, 
 and that professeth him or herself obliged in conscience to live peace- 
 ably and justly under the civil government, shall in anywise be mo- 
 lested or prejudiced for his or her conscientious persuasion or prac- 
 tice ; nor shall he or she at any time be compelled to frequent or 
 maintain any religious worship, place, or ministry whatever, con- 
 trary to his or her mind, but shall freely and fully enjoy his or her 
 Christian liberty in that respect, without any interruption or reflec- 
 tion ; and if an}^ person shall abuse or deride any other for his or her 
 different persuasion and practice in matter of religion, such shall be 
 looked upon as a disturber of the peace, and be punished accordingly ;" 
 - and also, "that according to the good example of the primitive Chris- 
 tians, and for the ease of the Creation, every first da}^ of the week, 
 called the Lord's Day, people shall abstain from their common toil 
 and labor, that whether masters, parents, children, or servants, they 
 may the better dispose themselves to read the Scriptures of truth at 
 home, or frequent such meetings of religious worship abroad as may 
 best suit their respective persuasions." 
 
 secure? How was swearing punished? 
 
THE FIRST LEGISLATURE AXD LAWS. 37 
 
 punished b}^ fine and imprisonment. Personal liberty was 
 strictly guarded. The judiciary power was vested in a Su- 
 preme Court, a Court of Common Pleas; and a Court of 
 Quarter Sessions and Jail Delivery. 
 
 4. Real estate was made devisable by will, and, in case of 
 intestacy, it was equitably distributed among the heirs. Con- 
 veyances of real estate, bills, and bonds, exceeding five 
 pounds in value, were declared void unless registered. A 
 public registry was established for births, marriages, and 
 deaths. The use of oaths was abolished, and the penalty of 
 perjury was affixed to false affirmation. 
 
 5. The rights and privileges of citizenship were extended 
 to all. Every person who paid taxes enjoyed the right to 
 vote and the privilege of being elected to public office; and 
 the purity of elections was defended by providing for punish- 
 ments against bribery. 
 
 6. Murder was made punishable by death ; and to all 
 lesser crimes lighter penalties were affixed. Marriage was 
 declared to be a civil contract, to be entered into with con- 
 sent of parents or guardians, and in the presence of wit- 
 nesses. 
 
 t. Drunkenness, encouragement of intemperance, drinking 
 or pledging of healths, were declared to be offenses punish- 
 able by fine and imprisonment; stage plays, masks, revels, 
 playing at cards, dice, lotteries, and other enticing and evil 
 sports were punished by fine and imprisonment.^ 
 
 8. Prison-houses, which had been regarded in all countries 
 as places of confinement only for purposes of safety and re- 
 
 4. What did this law abolish ? 
 
 5. "Who were allowed to vote ? 
 
 6. What penalties were provided? What of marriages ? 
 
 7. What practices were declared to be crimes ? 
 
 4 
 
38 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 straint, were declared by this code to be workhouses, where 
 felons, thieves, and vagrants might be reformed and taught 
 to work at some useful trade. 
 
 9. In the frame of government which stood in place of a 
 constitution, Penn made provision for the education of the 
 youth in the Province, and enacted that the governor and pro- 
 vincial council should erect and order all public schools. 
 
 10. By an act of Assembly it was provided that the laws 
 should be printed, and taught in all the schools of the Prov- 
 ince and Territories. 
 
 11. The Swedes were much pleased, both with the gener- 
 osity of the proprietary, and the wisdom of the legislative 
 enactments; they sent one of their principal men to express 
 their gratitude to Penn, and their determination to ''love, 
 serve, and obey him with all they possessed." 
 
 12. Thus the internal affairs of the new government were 
 progressing satisfactorily, both to the proprietary and to the 
 people ; but beyond the borders there was trouble. The am- 
 biguity of language employed in the grants and charters given 
 for lands in America was the source of protracted and serious 
 strife between the several proprietors. 
 
 13. Lord Baltimore, the proprietor of Marj^land, claimed 
 that his possessions extended as far north as to the end of the 
 fortieth degree of north latitude, which is near Philadelphia, 
 on the Delaware ; whereas Penn insisted that his grant reached 
 southward to the beginning of the fortieth degree of north lati- 
 
 8. "What were prison-houses made? 
 9 and 10. What is said of schools ? 
 
 11. How did the Swedes like this code of laws ? 
 
 12. What was the condition of the atfairs of government? 
 
 13. What did Lord Baltimore claim? What did Penn claim? 
 How was this dispute settled? 
 
THE FIRST LEGISLATURE AND LAWS 39 
 
 tude, which touches Delaware bay nearly "TO miles below the 
 city. This dispute was finally settled in 1761 by the courts of 
 England, when a decree was made fixing the southern bound- 
 ary midway between the 39th and 40th parallels of north lati- 
 tude. Two engineers, Mason and Dixon, were employed to 
 survey the line, and erect a stone pillar to mark every mile 
 of the bound ar}^ 
 
 14. On the 10th of March, 108.3, the Provincial Council 
 convened in Philadelphia, and two days later the Assembly 
 was organized. Penn was present at this session of the 
 legislature, and readily gave his assent to the amendment of 
 the charter and the revision of the code of laws. By the 
 old charter, the governor, who was president of Council, had 
 three votes; the amended charter reduced these to one. The 
 powers of the Assembly, composed of the immediate repre- 
 sentatives, were enlarged; and the authority of the Council 
 which acted as the high court of the Province was curtailed 
 and limited. 
 
 15. The proprietary showed great wisdom in endeavoring 
 as far as possible to make the people party to the laws. He 
 provided that all bills proposed by Council should be published 
 by proclamation, so that the people might read and discuss 
 them before they were sanctioned by the Assembly. 
 
 16. In order to avoid lawsuits and the expense of settling 
 difficulties in court, the law provided for the appointment of 
 three arbitrators, vested with authority to hear and to decide 
 all differences between citizens. 
 
 14. "When and where did the second legislature meet? "What was 
 done at this session? 
 
 15. How were new laws to be passed? 
 
 16. What provision was adopted to prevent lawsuits? Is this cus- 
 tom still in use ? 
 
40 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 It. The Assembly adjourned after a session of twenty-two 
 days, but the Council, consisting of eighteen members, re- 
 mained in session to assist the governor in the discharge of 
 his executive duties, to hear and decide questions of dispute, 
 and to try persons charged with having committed offenses 
 against the community. 
 
 18. The Council assumed to exercise unlimited jurisdiction 
 in the administration of the laws ; and at its first session tried 
 the only case of prosecution for witchcraft that ever occurred 
 in Pennsylvania. During this trial Penn presided in person. 
 The accused was a woman named Margaret Matson; the 
 Council decided that she was " guilty of having the common 
 fame of being a witch, but not guilty in manner as she stands 
 indicted." 
 
 17. How did the legislature adjourn? 
 
 18. What did the council assume to do? "What remarkable case 
 was tried? What do you know of the history of witchcraft in 
 America? 
 
GERMAN AND WELSH SETTLEMENTS. 
 
 41 
 
 sj4l' 
 
 HOME OF A GERMAN SETTLER. 
 
 CHAPTER YL 
 
 German and Welsh Settlements. — Penn returns to England. 
 
 1. After the laws had been remodeled and the affairs of 
 government had been arranged in the several counties, Wil- 
 Ham Penn directed his attention to the purchase of lands from 
 the Indians. He first procured a confirmation of the titles 
 for tracts purchased by Markham and those who had pre- 
 ceded him. 
 
 2. In one of the purchases made by Penn, it was agreed 
 that the tract should extend as far as a man could walk in 
 three days. To make this survey, Penn set out with several 
 of his friends and a number of chiefs. They began the 
 
 Chapter YI. — 1. After arranging the affairs of the government, 
 what did Penn next do ? 
 
 4* 
 
42 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 journey at the mouth of the Neshaminy, and went up the 
 Delaware. The party walked along leisurely, frequently sit- 
 ting down to rest, and at the end of a day and a half had 
 gone a distance of about thirty miles. Near the mouth of 
 Baker's creek, Penn marked a spruce-tree, and said the line 
 to that point would include as much land as he wanted. 
 
 3. The remainder of the purchase was not measured until 
 September, 1733, when Governor Patrick Gordon em- 
 ployed three of the fastest walkers he could find to make the 
 survey; one of these men, it is said, walked eighty-six miles 
 in the day and a half yet allowed by the contract. The In- 
 dians felt that this measurement of their lands was unfair — 
 they therefore refused to give their consent to it, and out of 
 this transaction grew the first difficulties between the natives 
 and the government of Pennsylvania. 
 
 4. On the 16th of August, 1G83, Penn wrote to the " Free So- 
 ciety of Traders" in England, and said of the city of Phila- 
 delphia: " It is advanced, within less than a year, to about 
 fourscore houses and cottages, such as they are, where mer- 
 chants and handicrafts are following their vocations as fast 
 as they can ; while the countrymen are close to their farms. 
 Some of them got a little winter corn in the ground last sea^ 
 son, and the generality have had a handsome summer crop. 
 They reaped their barley in the month called May, the wheat 
 in the month following." 
 
 5. While the colonists were thus happily engaged in clear^ 
 ing their grounds, erecting dwellings, and building churches 
 
 2. How was one of these tracts of land measured ? Who walked the 
 line? How and what distance did Penn and his party walk? 
 
 3. When was the remainder of this tract measured ? How was it 
 walked ? AYhat did the Indians think of this measurement ? What 
 grcAV out of it? 
 
 4. What did Penn write to the Society of Traders? 
 
GERMAN AND WELSH SETTLEMENTS. 43 
 
 and school-houses, in the fall enjoyment of civil and religious 
 liberty, their friends in Europe were suffering the severest per- 
 secutions. The laws against non-conformists were enforced 
 with despotic rigor; persons who met quietly for religious 
 worship were arrested, imprisoned, and prosecuted as rioters. 
 
 6. The reports freely circulated in England, that in Penn- 
 sylvania there was perfect freedom of conscience and permis- 
 sion for all the people to worship God as they wished, in- 
 duced many of the oppressed to seek an asylum under the 
 government of William Penn. Christian men and women 
 in other countries of Europe, hearing good tidings from this 
 colony, also prepared to emigrate hither. Thus, many ships 
 came to Philadelphia every 3^ear, bringing families who found 
 new homes in a land of freedom. 
 
 T. A colony of Germans from Creshiem and Crefelt arrived 
 in the Province in October, 1683, and founded the village of 
 Germantown, six miles from Philadelphia. The settlement 
 was projected under the auspices of a company of Germans 
 at Frankfort on the Main. The settlers purchased the land 
 at one shilling per acre, and the distribution of town lots was 
 made by casting lots. Some of the early settlers had dug 
 caves in the banks of the Delaware, which they used as dwell- 
 ings. Francis Daniel Pastorius, a German scholar, lived for 
 a short time in one of these caves, and there received his 
 countrymen who came to Pennsylvania. The plans for set- 
 tling Germantown and the division of town lots were made 
 by Pastorius in his underground house. 
 
 5. "What was the condition of the colonists? What was taking 
 place in Europe? 
 
 6. What reports w^ere circulated in Europe ? What effect had 
 this? 
 
 7. When and by whom was Germantown settled? Who was the 
 leader of these settlers? Where was the plan of the settlement 
 made? 
 
44 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 8. The emigrants from Germany were an industrious and 
 intelligent, as well as devout Christian people; many highly 
 educated men were among them, who became influential and 
 useful citizens, and aided materially in conducting the affairs 
 of the Province. 
 
 9. These German Christians at Germantown were the first 
 people in America who protested against the iniquity of sell- 
 ing human beings into slavery. An anti slavery society was 
 formed in their church, and, in 1688, the association sent an 
 address to the "Philadelphia Yearly Meeting of Friends," 
 protesting against the "iniquitous sj^stem" of buying and 
 selling and holding men in slavery ; declaring it, in their 
 opinion, an act irreconcilable with the precepts of the Chris- 
 tian religion. Though Pastorius urged this petition upon 
 the attention of his brethren with great earnestness, three 
 3^ears elapsed before the societies of English Christians in 
 Pennsylvania and New Jersey yielded to the purer philan- 
 thropy of their German neighbors. 
 
 10. The first distinctive Welsh settlement in Pennsylvania 
 was founded in 1682. The emigrants from Wales, however, 
 were not cordially welcomed hj the English. They were 
 excluded from the city privileges in Philadelphia, granted 
 by the proprietary to original purchasers. They Avere pushed 
 back into the wilderness, and forced to form their settlements 
 in the uninhabited parts of the Province. They founded 
 Merion and Haverford, which are now townships in Mont- 
 gomery and Chester counties. These people, like those 
 who preceded and those who followed them, came with the 
 
 8. What was the character of the Germans? 
 
 9. What were the German settlers first to do ? What did they say 
 of shivery? 
 
 10. When did the Welsh come to Pennsylvania. How were they 
 
PENN RETURNS TO ENGLAND. 45 
 
 hope of finding peace in the forests of America, and of enjoy- 
 ing the right to worship God in forms and ceremonies most 
 acceptable to themselves. They cheerfully endured the toil 
 of subduing the forests, and suffered the hardships of pioneer 
 life, for the attainment of that which, to all Christians and 
 freemen, is more than meat and better than raiment — liberty 
 of conscience, and perfect equality of citizenship. 
 
 11. The Quakers settled in Philadelphia, at Chester and 
 Darby, and along the Delaware river as far up as to the 
 falls. So many emigrants now came to the Province, that 
 when they first landed, there was not room to receive them 
 in the houses of the small settlements. Log-huts were built 
 as rapidly as possible, to shelter the families ; some took pos- 
 session of the holes in the bank of the river, which had been 
 abandoned for better habitation by the original occupants. 
 Every possible effort was put forth to make the new settlers 
 comfortable, and thus the Province grew rapidly in popula- 
 tion and strength. 
 
 12. Penn had now established a government in accordance 
 with his own ideal model. The 1-aws were much more liberal 
 than those of any other country; the people enjoyed more 
 perfect liberty of thought and action and property than under 
 any other government. The good will of the Indian tribes 
 had been secured, so that there was no danger that the set- 
 tlers would be disturbed. The colonists had given so much 
 attention to farming, that there was an abundance of wheat, 
 corn and barley in the country for bread, and the wild ani- 
 mals and fowls in the woods and the fishes in the rivers, af- 
 
 received? Where did they settle? What did the early settlers come 
 to find? What were they willing to endure? 
 
 11. Where did the Quakers settle? Did many emigrants come tQ 
 Pennsylvania? How were they received? 
 
46 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 forded plenty of meat. Seeing, then, that his people were 
 prosperous and well provided for, he set sail for England on 
 the 12th of August, 1684. 
 
 13. The inhabited portion of the Province and Territories 
 had been organized into twenty-two townships, and con- 
 tained about 7000 inhabitants ; 2500 of these resided in Phil- 
 adelphia, which was a city of over 300 houses, possessing 
 considerable trade with the West Indies, South America, 
 and Europe. 
 
 14. The population was composed of Swedes, Pins, Dutch, 
 English, Germans, and Welsh; an influx of Scotch, Irish, and 
 Prench soon followed, and thus added to the diversity in 
 nationality, language and sentiment which has ever charac- 
 terized the people of Pennsylvania. 
 
 12. What had Penn now done ? What was the condition of the 
 people? Wlien did Penn sail for England? 
 
 13. How had the Province been organized? How many inhabit- 
 ants were there? How many in Philadelphia? How old was Phila- 
 delphia at this time? 
 
 14. Of what people was the population composed ? 
 
CONFLICT OF AUTHORITY. 
 
 4t 
 
 ARRIVAL OF GOVERNOR FLETCHER. 
 
 CHAPTER YII. 
 
 Conflict of Authority. — The Governor of Neio York sent to 
 rule Pennsylvania. — The Province restored to Penn. 
 
 1. The laws and the spirit of the new government, which 
 no one understood as well as Penn himself, were not easily- 
 impressed upon a population so dissimilar. The officers ap- 
 pointed to administer its affairs during the absence of 
 the proprietary were inexperienced, and the lawmakers were 
 unaccustomed to legislative duties. The different authorities, 
 therefore, did not act in harmon}^ The executive quarreled 
 with the legislative department, and the members of the 
 Assembly from the Territories set themselves up against the 
 members from the Province. 
 
 2. To remedy this public evil, Penn took the executive 
 power from the Council in 1686, and placed it in the hands of 
 
 Chapter YII. — 1. Did the people fully understand Penn's laws? 
 What happened ? 
 
43 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 five commissioners, who administered the government for 
 two years; at the end of that time, Captain John Blackwell 
 was appointed deputy governor. This gentleman had been 
 a soldier, accustomed to exact prompt obedience from those 
 under his command; but was not qualified to govern the 
 quiet ajid orderly, yet independent, people of Pennsylvania. 
 
 3. He attempted to exercise arbitrary power over the legis- 
 lature, the laws, and the people, and thus brought all good 
 men to oppose his authority and to regard him as an enemy; 
 and, therefore, at the end of the first year of his administra- 
 tion he left the Province. Meanwhile, the differences be- 
 tween the people of the Territories and those of the Province 
 had become so irreconcilable that two Assemblies were estab- 
 lished and two deputy governors were appointed: Thomas 
 Lloyd was appointed governor for the Province, and Wm. 
 Markham for the Territories. 
 
 4. King Charles II. of England, who had signed the 
 charter for Pennsylvania, died February, 1685, and his 
 brother James, Duke of York, became king. William Penn 
 was now a favorite at court — his friend was king of England. 
 He therefore at once entered upon a great work of love, and 
 left no effort untried, until he procured a decree for the libera- 
 tion of thousands of Quakers and other Christians, who were 
 perishing in the prisons of their native country, because they 
 worshiped God in such ways as seemed to them best. 
 
 5. About this time persecution broke out anew in France, 
 
 2. What was done to remedy the evil ? When was Blackwell ap- 
 pointed governor? What was the character of the new governor? 
 
 3. What did Blackwell attempt?- How long was he governor? 
 What occurred between the people of the Province and Territories? 
 
 4. What happened in England? How did this afl'ect Penn ? What 
 did Penn procure? 
 
CONFLICT OF AUTnORITY. 49 
 
 and the most inhuman cruelties were inflicted on all who, in 
 their forms of religious worship, did not conform to the cere- 
 monies of the Established Church. Penn was in England, 
 and wrote to his colonists in Pennsylvania: "In France not 
 a meeting is left; they force all, by not suffering them to sleep, 
 to conform ; they use drums, or fling water on the drowsy till 
 they submit or run mad. Such as flj" and are caught, they 
 execute, or send to the galleys. Thus they use all qualities. 
 Many persons and much wealth will visit your parts. Be- 
 lieve me, it is an extraordinary day, such as has not been 
 since generations ago. Read this to the weighty Friends 
 and magistrates, in private, and gird up your loins and serve 
 the Lord in this juncture." 
 
 6. This persecution in Europe drove many of the most 
 earnest Christian people to America; and, as Pennsylvania 
 Justly had the reputation of allowing the fullest freedom in 
 matters of religion, very many of the opi^ressed came to this 
 Province. 
 
 T. King James II. was a Catholic in faith, and although 
 he was hostile to the Established Church of England, he did 
 not persecute the Puritans and other dissenting sects. There 
 was, nevertheless, a strong church party, both in England 
 and on the Continent, that vigorously opposed his reign. 
 His daughter Mary was married to William of Holland, 
 Prince of Orange. This prince was made the leader of the 
 Protestant party, and in the autumn of 1688 crossed over 
 to England with an army, as the protector of the Protestant 
 
 5. How were Protestants treated in France ? What did Penn write 
 to his people? 
 
 6. What effect had this persecution in Europe? 
 
 7. What change now took place in England ? In what year did 
 William and Mary ascend the throne? 
 
 5 
 
60 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 religion. King James became alarmed and bewildered at 
 the universal defection witnessed in all parts of the kingdom, 
 and, after a brief struggle, fled with his family to France, and 
 William and Mary were crowned sovereigns of England. 
 
 8. This sudden change in the throne proved highly un- 
 favorable to the interests of Penn. Because King James 
 had been his friend, he was treated as an enemy to the new 
 reign. This, together with the report of the petty quarrels 
 going on in the Province, gave Pennsylvania and its pro- 
 prietary a bad reputation in Europe, and almost wholly 
 arrested immigration. 
 
 9. The enemies of Penn seized upon this unfortunate op- 
 portunity to prefer charges against him, and against the gov- 
 ernment of his Province. He was accused, falsely, of holding 
 a treasonable correspondence with the fugitive King James, 
 and was arrested. The executive authority of Pennsylvania 
 was taken from him by the king, and was transferred to Ben- 
 jamin Fletcher, governor of New York, by a commission 
 dated October 21, 1G92. Governor Fletcher notified Thomas 
 Lloyd, then deputy governor of Pennsylvania, that he in- 
 tended to assume the government of that Province, and, in 
 the spring of 1693, he entered the city of Philadelphia at- 
 tended by a military retinue. 
 
 10. Fletcher disregarded the provisions of the charter, 
 the laws, and rights of the people. He summoned the 
 members of the Assemblies from the Province and the 
 
 8. How did this change affect Penn ? 
 
 9. What did the enemies of Penn do? What happened to his 
 Province ? When was Fletcher governor ? "When did the governor 
 of New York enter Philadelphia? 
 
 10. How did Fletcher conduct his administration? What changes 
 did he make ? What did he demand ? 
 
GOV. FLETCHER SENT TO PENNSYLVANIA. 51 
 
 Territories to meet him in Philadelphia. He reunited Dela- 
 ware and Pennsylvania; changed the time and form of hold- 
 ing elections; reduced the number of representatives, and 
 made a requisition on the Province for men and money, to aid 
 New York in the defense of the northwestern frontier against 
 the French and Indians. 
 
 11. The Assembly and the people sternly protested against 
 this violation of their chartered rights, and the exercise of 
 unrestricted sovereignty over them. The Quakers, who con- 
 trolled the legislature, were conscientiously opposed to war, 
 and hence reluctantly consented to appropriate money for 
 military purposes, more especially when the money was to 
 be used beyond the limits of their own Province. But when 
 Fletcher threatened to annex Pennsylvania to New York, 
 the required sum was granted. 
 
 12. The Assembly, at this extra session, passed a school 
 law, which provided for the education of the youth in every 
 county; also, an act establishing a post-office in Philadel- 
 phia. Fletcher, having appointed William Markham deputy 
 governor of Pennsylvania, returned to New York. 
 
 13. The harsh treatment, experienced by the colonists, 
 taught them to hold their own generous and affectionate pro- 
 prietor in very high esteem. When, therefore, the report 
 reached the Province that the government of Pennsylvania 
 had, in August, 1694, been restored to William Penn, there 
 was great rejoicing among all the people. 
 
 11. What did the Assembly and the people do? What did the 
 Quakers do? What did Fletcher threaten to do? 
 
 12. What important laws were passed at the extra session of the 
 legislature? Who did Fletcher appoint deputy governor? 
 
 13. What effect had Fletcher's administration on the people? 
 When was the government restored to Penn ? 
 
52 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 14. Though Penn was anxious to go to America, immediate] j 
 after the restoration of the Province, he was detained by the 
 death of his wife, and also by pecuniary embarrassment. 
 His trusted friend, Thomas Lloyd, having died, he appointed 
 William Markham deputy governor.* 
 
 15. Under Markham's administration a new constitution 
 was formed, and the laws of the Province were thoroughly 
 revised. The Council was reduced to two members from 
 each count}^, to be chosen biennially, and the Assembly to 
 four members, chosen annually. The powers and duties of 
 the legislative bodies and of the executive ofiBcers were more 
 accurately defined, and the rights and privileges of the citi- 
 zens more fully guaranteed. The people, feeling that their 
 government was again securely established, and under the 
 direction of the founder of the Province, were contented, and 
 hence diligently applied themselves to the improvement of the 
 country. 
 
 16. It was art this period of our history that the buccaneers 
 and pirates, who had been driven from European waters, 
 took refuge in the bays and inlets on the American coast. 
 Many of them frequented the Delaware, and thus gave Penn's 
 enemies in England, always ready to bring him and his 
 
 * By the death of Governor Lloyd, the proprietary lost a true 
 friend and able counselor, and the Province a wise and honorable 
 magistrate. He was a native of Wales, had received a liberal educa- 
 tion, and came to Pennsylvania with the first settlers under Penn; 
 he was continued in office from the foundation of the Colony till he 
 died, in 1694, at the age of forty-five years. 
 
 14. What prevented Penn from visiting Pennsylvania? Who did 
 Penn appoint governor ? 
 
 15. What occurred under Markham's administration? What 
 eflect had the restoration of the government on the people? 
 
THE GOVERNMENT RESTORED TO PENN. 53 
 
 Province into disfavor, opportunity to charge the crimes of 
 these foreign marauders upon the quiet and hxw-abiding 
 people of Pennsylvania. The governor and Councils, with- 
 out delay, published a proclamation, wherein they denied the 
 false accusations brought against their own citizens, and ex- 
 plained the origin of the report, by informing the British 
 ministry that the depredations on the American w^aters were 
 the work of the Spanish pirates. 
 
 16. Who took refuge on the American coast? How was this used 
 by the enemies of Penn? 
 
 5* 
 
64 
 
 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 SLATE-ROOF HOUSE. 
 
 CHAPTER VIIL 
 
 Penii's Second Visit to Pennsylvania. 
 
 1. Fifteen years had now elapsed since William Penn 
 had left his Colony. During this period, he had often prom- 
 ised the people to return to them ; but his troubles in court, 
 first, to resist the claims of Lord Baltimore to a large por- 
 tion of his territory, and after that, to repel the persecutions 
 of jealous and unscrupulous enemies, had long detained him. 
 The want of money to defray expenses, and lastly, the death 
 of his wife Gulielma, and of his son Springett, added to his 
 embarrassments and misfortunes, and delayed his departure 
 from England. 
 
 2. In 1696, three 3"ears after the death of his first wife, he 
 
 Chapter YIII. — 1. How long had Penn now boon absent from 
 his Province ? Why had he remained so long in Europe ? 
 
PE^NS SECOND VISIT TO PENNSYLVANIA. 55 
 
 married Hannah Callowhill, and having at length surmounted 
 all difficulties, he embarked, with his family, in August, 1G99, 
 and set sail for Pennsylvania, where he arrived on the last 
 day of November. The yellow fever, that most dreadful 
 disease, which had carried off many of the inhabitants of 
 Philadelphia, and had cast a painful gloom over the city in 
 the year 1G99, had just ceased. The long looked-for arrival 
 of the beloved founder of the Province was therefore most 
 opportune ; nothing could have been more effective in dis- 
 pelling the depression of spirit that pervaded the com- 
 munity. The people were at once cheered by his presence 
 and encouraged by his counsel. He summoned the legisla- 
 ture to meet in Philadelphia, and entered upon the work of 
 revising and extending the constitution and laws. 
 
 3. The Dutch traders who had carried the first negro slaves 
 to Virginia, also introduced slavery into the settlements on 
 the Delaware. When Penn came to his new Province, in 
 1682, he found this institution established among the people 
 of all classes. His own mind had not yet been awakened 
 to the injustice of the system. He recommended the em- 
 ployment of slaves upon his own place, at Pennsbury, and 
 countenanced the buying and selling of negroes by the people 
 of his own sect. The German settlers at Germantown had 
 very early entered a most earnest protest ag-ainst the 
 "iniquity" of the institution. But the English Quakers 
 were not yet prepared for so great a reform, and hence, in 
 
 2. "When did he embark for America? What dreadful disease 
 raged in Phihidelphia that year? What did the arrival of Penn do? 
 
 3. How had shivery been introduced into the settlements on the 
 Delaware? What were Penn's views of slavery? Who had pro- 
 tested against the institution? How did the English Quakers receive 
 this protest? What was done with it? 
 
56 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 their quarterly and yearly meetings in 1688, were not willing 
 to take action on the protest of the German Friends. The 
 matter was laid over ; but the language of the protest was so 
 forcible and pointed, that it could not be forgotten. It was 
 agitated at other meetings, and in 1696 steps were taken to 
 arrest the further importation of negroes. 
 
 4. When Penn arrived, in 1699, he found a strong party in 
 the Province in favor of the emancipation of all the slaves and 
 the total abolition of the system of involuntary servitude. The 
 question had already been made the subject of legislation, 
 and now required the attention of the proprietary. Two 
 bills were submitted to the Assembly: one regulating mar- 
 riages among negroes, providing for the protection of the 
 family, and the respect of domestic ties ; the other, providing 
 for the trial and punishment of slaves, and substituting the 
 judgment of the law for the will of the master. The former 
 of these bills was rejected, but the latter received the sanction 
 of the legislature. 
 
 5. Drunkenness, which destroys health, dethrones reason 
 and makes men mad, had become so prevalent among the 
 Indians, that Penn endeavored to prohibit the sale of intox- 
 icating liquors to any of the tribes within his Province. In 
 this he was not successful. He induced the Quakers to dis- 
 countenance the practice ; but mercenary traders, who cared 
 more for personal gains than fot the good of their fellow-men, 
 were unwilling to abandon a traffic that afforded them large 
 profits. Failing in his efforts to restrain his own people, 
 either by law or by moral suasion, he appealed to the Indians 
 
 4. TThat did Penn find? VV hat important bills were passed? 
 What became of these ? What j-ear was this ? 
 
 5. What did Penn endeavor to prohibit? Why did he not succeed? 
 What did the Indians acknowledge ? 
 
FUNN'^S SECOND VISIT TO PENNSYLVANIA. 5*7 
 
 to abstain from the use of a beverage so fraught with evil, 
 and to refuse to buy from those who profited by their ruin. 
 The poor sons of the forest humbly acknowledged the terri- 
 ble Avoes induced by drunkenness, and the debauchery of their 
 tribes by the use of strong drinks, but frankly confessed that 
 they were wholly unable to conquer their thirst for the fiery 
 liquid. 
 
 6. The founder of the Province had publicly declared his 
 intention to reside permanently in Pennsylvania. A mansion 
 had been erected for his use in Pennsbury Manor, -on the banks 
 of the Delaware, about twenty-five miles above Philadelphia. 
 He moved his family to this mansion early in the year 1700, 
 previous to which time he had resided in the ''slate-roof 
 house " in the city. 
 
 t. While the proprietary was deeply engaged in the work 
 of revising his government, renewing treaties with the na- 
 tives, extending the boundaries of his settlements by pur- 
 chasing additional tracts from the Indians, and doing what- 
 ever seemed necessary to make the people contented, pros- 
 perous, and happy, he received the unwelcome news from 
 England, that there was a bill pending in Parliament, to annex 
 to the crown all the proprietary governments in America. 
 
 8. The royal authority had already become jealous of the 
 growing strength of the Colonies, and an effort was being 
 made to place the settlers in America under the immediate 
 control of the crown. In a crisis like this, Penn could not 
 trust the interests of his Province and the destiny of his 
 people to any one less able to defend them than himself. He, 
 therefore, resolved to hasten back to the British court, once 
 
 6. Where did Penn reside? 
 
 7. What unwelcome news was received? 
 
 8. What did Penn resolve to do ? 
 
58 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 more to struggle for the rights of the people against the en- 
 croachments of royalty. 
 
 9. A new Assembly was called, which met in Philadelphia 
 on the 15th of September, 1701. Many embarra^ing ques- 
 tions were brought before the legislature at this session, and 
 its deliberations were not always harmonious and dignified. 
 The representatives of the people again resisted, stoutly, the 
 demands from the king for money to be used in building forts 
 in New York for defense against the Indians ; and the pro- 
 prietary was finally compelled to abandon the effort to obtain 
 an appropriation for this purpose. 
 
 10. In his speech at the opening of the session, Penn pro- 
 posed to make a revision of the laws, and promised to present 
 a new charter of privileges to the people. The Assembly in- 
 sisted that the new charter should grant an increase of power 
 to the representatives of the freemen, and make a correspond- 
 ing restriction of the proprietary's authority. These demands 
 were so strongly maintained that Penn was forced to yield. 
 
 11. The new constitution was delivered to the Assembly 
 on the 25th of October, ITOl. By a supplementary article, 
 permission was granted to the Province and Territories to dis- 
 solve their union. This provision was speedily acted upon, 
 and in 1702 the final separation took place, and Delaware 
 became an independent Province. In another section of the 
 charter, Philadelphia was made a corporate city. Edward Ship- 
 pen was inaugurated as mayor, and presided at the organiza- 
 
 9. "When did the Assembly meet? What did the representatives 
 resist ? 
 
 10. What did Penn promise? What did the Assembly insist 
 upon ? 
 
 11. When was the new constitution delivered to the Assembly? 
 What permission was given in this constitution ? W^hen did the scpa- 
 
PENN'S SECOND VISIT TO PENNSYLVANIA. 59 
 
 tion of the city government. This was the last charter of 
 rights granted to the people by the proprietary, and was the 
 fundamental law of the Colony until after the Revolution, 
 when a new constitution was framed in accordance with the 
 requirements of the free commonwealth. 
 
 12. The proprietary appointed a "Council of State," com- 
 posed of ten members, to assist the executive in administering 
 the government. He commissioned Andrew Hamilton deputy 
 governor, and James Logan provincial secretary and clerk of 
 the Council. To Logan he intrusted his private affairs, rely- 
 ing on him for correct information and trustworthy reports 
 concerning the condition of the people and the Province. 
 
 13. Having thus completed the work of reconstruction, 
 Penn embarked for England on the first day of November, 
 1701. His influence, joined with that of other proprietary 
 governors, defeated the attempt to annex the Province to the 
 crown. King William III. died on the 23d of February, 1702, 
 and was succeeded by Princess Anne, daughter of James II.; 
 Penn was a favorite at the queen's court, and therefore easily 
 placed his interests in America above the power of party 
 jealousies. 
 
 14. At about this time the Episcopalians, who had estab- 
 lished themselves in Pennsylvania in 1695, began to show 
 considerable strength. They were called the ** Church of 
 England party," and were considered hostile to the Quakers. 
 The first dispute between the two sects arose on the question 
 
 ration take place? What change was made in Philadelphia? Who 
 was the first mayor ? How long was this constitution in force ? 
 
 12. What appointments were made by the proprietary? 
 
 13. When did Penn embark for England? Did he again visit his 
 Province? What changes occurred in England? 
 
 14. When did the Episcopalians establish themselves in Pennsyl- 
 
60 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 of military defense. A war, known in history as Queen 
 Anne's Avar, was raging betAveen France and England, and 
 the French settlers in Canada had joined with the northern 
 and western tribes of Indians to make war on the English 
 colonies. The Church of England party, joined by the Scotch- 
 Irish, Germans, and other settlers who were not conscien- 
 tiously opposed to bearing arms, were in favor of organizing 
 military companies, and providing means for the defense of 
 the Province. 
 
 15. The Quakers resisted every proposition to spend money 
 for war purposes, and used all their power in the Assembly 
 and among the people to defeat the efforts of the other party 
 to raise troops and materials for defense. The non-resistants 
 had the majority in the Assembly, and the Council Was almost 
 wholly composed of men whose religion was one of absolute 
 peace ; they were, therefore, always able to defeat the meas- 
 ures of the war party. 
 
 16. Governor Hamilton attempted to provide for the de- 
 fense of the settlements by the creation of a provincial militia. 
 One company was recruited in Philadelphia, and George 
 Lowther, a lawyer, was appointed captain. This was the 
 first company of soldiers organized in Pennsylvania. The 
 Assembly and the peace party at once arrayed themselves 
 against Governor Hamilton and made his administration one 
 of continued strife. The death of the governor, on the 20th 
 of April, lt03, gave a temporary advantage to the opposition. 
 
 vania? "What were they called? "What disputes arose? "What war 
 was now raging ? "What parties were formed in Pennsylvania. 
 
 15. What did the Quakers do? 
 
 16. What did Governor Hamilton do? In what year was the first 
 military company organized in Pennsylvania? What gave temporary 
 advantage to the peace party? 
 
EARLY POLITICAL DISPUTES 
 
 61 
 
 li: iVLSJi ALARM." 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 Early Political Disputes. 
 
 1. John Evans- was appointed governor, to succeed Ham- 
 ilton in 1Y04. He was a young Welshman, then twenty-six 
 years old. By Penn's instructions he was directed to reunite 
 the Province and Territories under one government, if it 
 could be accomplished in a wa}^ that would not oppress the 
 people. The efforts of the 3^oung governor failed, but pro- 
 voked a strong opposition which embarrassed his whole 
 administration. 
 
 2. The death of Governor Hamilton did not settle the dis- 
 pute on the question of defense. Governor Evans renewed 
 the attempt to organize a militia force from the citizens not 
 
 Chapter IX. — 1. When was John Evans appointed governor? 
 What was he directed to do? What was the result of his efforts? 
 2. What did Governor Evans attempt to do ? 
 
 6 
 
62 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 averse to bearing arms. This immediately revived the old 
 quarrel. 
 
 3. A bitter dispute between the Assembly and the execu- 
 tive Council had, at the same time, attained its cHmax. The 
 Assembly held that the last charter received from the pro- 
 prietary gave them authority to convene at their own call, 
 and to adjourn at their own pleasure. The constitution of 
 1696 gave authority to the executive to prorogue, but not to 
 dissolve the Assembly ; the new constitution simply empow- 
 ered the Assembly to meet and adjourn. It was claimed that 
 this provision 'abolished the power of the executive to pro- 
 rogue; but the Council insisted that the right to prorogue the 
 Assembly still remained with the executive. Both parties 
 maintained their opinions with such obstinacy that all legis- 
 lative business was arrested ; and both appealed to the pro- 
 prietary for relief. 
 
 4. The inhabitants participating in the dispute were soon 
 distinctly divided into two parties. The governor and secre- 
 tary led the party in the interest of the proprietary ; David 
 Lloyd was leader of the people's party. The majority of 
 Council, the judges, and other oflfioers appointed by the pro- 
 prietary, and the Quakers sided with the executive ; in the 
 opposition were the people of all religious denominations, not 
 Quakers, including many of the most respectable citizens, 
 and a united Assembly. 
 
 5. These parties stood out firmly against each other ; the 
 governor refused to sign the bills passed by the Assembly, 
 and the Assembly in nowise respected communications from 
 the governor. Finally, a letter was received from William 
 
 3. On what did the Assembly and Council differ ? 
 
 4. How were the people divided? 
 
 5. How did this quarrel alfect legislation ? How was the dispute 
 settled ? 
 
EARLY POLITICAL DISPUTES. 63 
 
 Penn, bearing a straightforward rebuke to the intriguers 
 against tlie proprietary's interests, and the disturbers of order 
 and peace in the Province. He appealed to the honest and 
 right-minded landholders to consider the liberality of the char- 
 ter and the laws granted by the proprietary, and reminded 
 them that by dissensions in the colony he might be made 
 powerless to defend and continue these high privileges. 
 
 6. This appeal was well received, and produced a great and 
 good eifect in the Province. The people had not forgotten 
 the virtues and services of the proprietary. The gross attack 
 made upon him by the opposition party roused the public in- 
 dignation against the authors of it. The enemies of Penn 
 were defeated at the polls, and an Assembly composed of his 
 friends was elected, including many of the ablest men in the 
 Province. 
 
 Y. The new Assembly did not condescend to meddle in the 
 disgraceful quarrels that had consumed the time of the two 
 preceding sessions. The members, with one accord, gave 
 their whole attention to public business. They remodeled 
 the laws, and passed a bill to prohibit the sale of Indians into 
 slavery — an iniquitous traffic, that had often threatened th,e 
 peace of the Province. 
 
 8. There was now an opportunity to restore good feeling 
 between the governor and the Assembly, and thereby preserve 
 harmony among the antagonistic elements of the government. 
 Governor Evans, however, was a vain man and an unwise 
 ruler ; he had little respect for the religious convictions of his 
 people ; was fond of military display ; despised the peaceful 
 firmness of the Quakers, and imagined that their opposition 
 
 6. How was Penn's letter received? What was the result of the 
 election? 
 
 7. How did the new Assembly act? 
 
64 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 to war measures would be suddenly overcome by the cer- 
 tainty of danger. He therefore devised a base scheme, by 
 which he hoped to disgrace the people and force them to fly 
 to arms. 
 
 9. On the day of the annual fair in Philadelphia, when the 
 inhabitants of the surrounding country thronged the streets 
 of the city, a messenger arrived in great haste from the fort 
 at New Castle, with a report that Spanish ships were in the 
 Delaware and would soon attack the city. Governor Evans 
 mounted a horse, and with sword in hand rode through the 
 streets, commanding all men to arm for defense, A general 
 panic seized the people. The shipping was hurried away up 
 the river and into small creeks; articles of value were hidden, 
 and for a few hours the whole city was in confusion. 
 
 10. A few men, who disbelieved the report, labored to 
 quiet the women and children, and to restore order in the 
 streets. Before night, news was received that the report was 
 false ; and the heartless wretches who had originated it were 
 then forced to seek safety by concealing themselves from the 
 incensed people. The shameful experiment utterly failed in 
 Us object. The Quakers, at the time of the alarm, were as- 
 sembled for worship in their meeting-house ; and, amid all the 
 tumult, they continued their religious exercises as if nothing 
 unusual had taken place. 
 
 11. Governor Evans and his administration, by this and 
 other foolish attempts to force the Quakers to take up arms, 
 were made exceedingly obnoxious. The Assembly, which 
 
 8. What was now presented? What was the character of Governor 
 Evans? What did he devise? 
 
 9. What was this base scheme? What was done? 
 
 10. How did the false alarm end? What eifect had it on the 
 Quakers ? 
 
EARLY POLITICAL DISPUTES. 65 
 
 had acted both wisely and ablj in providing for the wants of 
 the Province, thereafter refused to entertain any proposition 
 from the governor to provide for the public defense; and in 
 reply to his request for a militia law, advised him to arrest 
 and punish the authors of the false alarm that had disgraced 
 his government and caused great loss of property to many 
 citizens. 
 
 12. The election in October, 1706, again resulted in the 
 choice of an Assembly from the popular party, bitterly op- 
 posed to the governor. The old quarrels were therefore 
 maintained, and continued with great violence until 1709, 
 when William Penn removed Evans, and appointed Colonel 
 Charles Gookin governor of the Province. 
 
 11. How did this affect Governor Evans and his administration? 
 
 12. How did the election in 1706 result? "When was Evans re- 
 moved? "Who succeeded him? 
 
 6* 
 
66 
 
 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 •PEACE BETTER THAN WAR 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 A Struggle for Liberty of Conscience. 
 
 1. The war between England and France (Queen Anne's 
 war) began in n02 and ended in 1713. The strife of the 
 European powers extended to their colonies in America. 
 The people of the English provinces, from Massachusetts 
 southward to Georgia, were involved in war with the French 
 colonies established in the country now comprising New 
 Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Canada. The French also 
 had a settlement in Louisiana, and had established a series 
 of forts on the line of communication between the great lakes 
 on the north and the Mississippi river. These forts were 
 -jrected in the northern and western part of Pennsylvania, 
 on the shores of Lake Erie, and on the banks of the Alle- 
 ghany and Ohio rivers. 
 
 Chapter X.— 1. What war now raged between England and 
 France? When did Queen Anne's war begin and end? How did 
 this war at^'ect the American colonies ? What possessions had France 
 in America? What forts \y<^re erected? 
 
A STRUGGLE FOR LFBERTY OF CONSCIENCE, 67 
 
 2. The Indian tribes along this line of military posts 
 were friendly to the French, and, when hostilities broke out 
 in America, they were easily persuaded to join the enemies 
 of the English colonies. The first blow fell upon the frontier 
 settlements in New England. The French had established 
 forts on Lake Champlain, and from these they carried on the 
 war against Massachusetts and New York. 
 
 3. The English ministry finally resolved to end the struggle 
 in America by the subjugation of the French colonies on the 
 north. An expedition was fitted out to sail for the scene of 
 war, and the people of the New World were called on to 
 aid the mother country by raising an army to co-operate 
 with the English troops. 
 
 4. The people of Pennsylvania again exhibited their de- 
 termination not to engage in war. The Province had been 
 established on the principles of universal brotherhood ; peace 
 and good will to all men were the simple Christian doctrines 
 of Penn and the Quakers. The friendship of the Indians 
 was secured, and maintained by the bestowment of many 
 presents, and by carefully regarding their rights and feelings. 
 There was, therefore, no fear of hostilities from the neighbor- 
 ing tribes, and hence the settlers were the less disposed to 
 depart from their established policy. 
 
 5. The war ships of the enemy, however, began to hover 
 about the mouth of the Delaware, and the Queen of England 
 called for aid from all the colonies; the provinces lying be- 
 tween Pennsylvania and the enemy's country had already 
 raised troops and given money; it became necessary now 
 
 2. What was the character of the Indian tribes near those forts? 
 
 3. "What action did the British ministry take? 
 
 4. How did the people of Pennsylvania act ? Why were they op- 
 posed to war? 
 
 5. What occurred to change the action of the people ? 
 
68 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 that this Province should contribute its share for the public 
 defense. 
 
 6. The new governor, Charles Gookin, came to Philadel- 
 phia in the midst of this excitement, and it became his duty 
 to press upon the people the necessity of providing means 
 for self-protection. This aroused the opposition of the As- 
 sembly, and was the cause of much unnecessary embarrass- 
 ment in the government of the Province. 
 
 7. In obedience to a letter from Queen Anne, a council of 
 governors was held at New London, Connecticut, in IHl. 
 This council fixed the quota of men and the amount of 
 money that should be contributed to the war by each of the 
 colonies. Governor Gookin received notice of the meeting of 
 the convention too late to be present, consequently Pennsyl- 
 vania was not represented. The Assembly, however, voted 
 an appropriation of £2000 for the queen's use, to be raised by 
 a general tax on the property and inhabitants of the Province. 
 This appropriation was accepted as an equivalent for the 
 quota of Pennsylvania, and hence no troops were contributed. 
 
 8. The liberality of the Assembly had the effect to restore 
 harmony in the departments of government, and hence a 
 much-needed era of good feeling began between the legisla- 
 tive and executive authorities. The quarrels having ceased, 
 the disgraceful jealousies that fed upon them gradually dis- 
 appeared, and the efforts of the wisest and best men were 
 united to promote the public good. Taxes were regularly 
 collected, and the public debts paid; courts were established 
 
 6. Who came to the Province during this excitement? What 
 happened ? 
 
 7. What council was called? Where and when did it meet? 
 Why was Pennsylvania not represented ? What action did the As- 
 sembly take? 
 
 8. What effect had this liberal action? 
 
A STRUGGLE FOR LIBERTY OF CONSCIENCE. G9 
 
 in a manner satisfactory to the people, and tlie fees of offi- 
 cers were fixed by law. 
 
 9. One of the most noteworthy acts of this period was the 
 passage of a bill by the legislature, in 1712, prohibiting the 
 importation of negro slaves. This was the first bold, manly 
 effort made by a small colony to rebuke the great nations of 
 Europe for their traffic in human beings. The act was sup- 
 pressed by the English government, acting under the power- 
 ful influence of the great commercial interests of the kingdom. 
 The slave trade had been encouraged from mercenary motives 
 for more than a century and a half, and, at the very time the 
 founders of Pennsylvania were laboring to arrest the per- 
 nicious commerce in their midst, the British ministry was 
 plotting schemes to enlarge and extend it. 
 
 10. Bills passed by the legislature imposing heavy duties 
 on wine, rum, whisky, and other spirits, were also annulled 
 by the queen. The acts establishing courts of justice and 
 fixing the value of coin met a similar fate. 
 
 11. The government of the Province was greatly embar- 
 rassed by this exercise of the royal prerogative, and the 
 people regarded it as an encroachment on their chartered 
 rights. Yefe they quietly submitted to the arbitrary power, 
 and shaped their legislation so as not to invoke the dis- 
 pleasure of the crown. 
 
 12. Queen Anne died in August, It 14, and George I. be- 
 came king. One of the first acts of Parliament under the 
 new reign revived an old law, passed in the reign of William 
 
 9. What noteworthy bill was passed? Was this law enforced? 
 Why not ? 
 
 10. What other bills were passed ? 
 
 11. How did this affect the Province? 
 
 12. What change took place in the sovereignty of England? 
 When did this take place ? What old act of Parliament was revived ? 
 
to HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 III., which provided that no Quaker should give evidence 
 in any criminal case, or serve on juries, or hold any place or 
 office of profit in the government. The operation of the act 
 was now extended to the colonies, and, in the opinion of 
 Governor Gookin, it abolished all provincial laws and 
 usages not consistent with its enforcement. 
 
 13. Almost all of the offices in Pennsylvania, from judges 
 of the Supreme Court down to constables, were filled by 
 Quakers. The Assembly and the people therefore unani- 
 mously remonstrated against this unjust legislation. The 
 primary object of the first settlers, and the immigrants who 
 followed them, was the enjoyment, in America, of the full 
 privileges of English subjects without a surrender of their 
 religious principles, and this would be utterly defeated by 
 the enforcement of this statute. 
 
 14. The Quakers fearlessly resisted the attempted destruc- 
 tion of their liberty of conscience, and nobly struggled for 
 their rights as English subjects. The contest of the people 
 for justice and liberty, against royalty, proscription, and op- 
 pression, was heroically maintained for more than ten years, 
 until an act was passed by the Provincial legislature, in 
 1725, which made the inhabitants of Pennsylvania, regardless 
 of religious beliefs, equally eligible to places of trust, and pre- 
 scribed the form of declaration, oath, and affirmation to be 
 used and recognized in the Province. This act received the 
 sanction of the king's council, and became the law of the 
 country. This victory of the colonists was a source of great 
 satisfaction both to the Quakers and other liberal-minded 
 Christians. 
 
 13. Who held offices in Pennsylvania? How was this law re- 
 garded? What was the object of the early settlers? 
 
 14. How was the attempt to enforce this law met? How did it 
 terminate ? 
 
ARRIVAL OF GOVERNOR KEITH. 
 
 71 
 
 EMIGRANTS LANDING. 
 
 CHAPTER XL 
 
 Large Immigration of Germans. — Fears of the Quakers. — 
 Tax on Foreigners. — Paper Money. 
 
 1. Sir William Keith was appointed deputy governor 
 to relieve Governor Gookin, and arrived in Philadelphia in 
 March, 1717. Keith had thoroughly studied the errors of his 
 predecessors, and came to the Province with a determination 
 to avoid unnecessary conflicts with the Assembly and the 
 people. The interests of the proprietary were not antago- 
 nistic to the rights and liberties of freemen ; and, acting on 
 this principle, Governor Keith began his administration by 
 declaring himself at once the friend and counselor of the 
 people, as well as the agent of the proprietary. 
 
 2. The people placed full confidence in the new adminis- 
 
 Chapter XI. — 1. When was Keith appointed governor? What had 
 Keith done ? What did he declare himself to be? 
 
 2. How was he received? What effect had this? What was his 
 only fault? 
 
Y2 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 tration ; and, for the first time since the departure of Penn, 
 the proceeding's of the Assembly, the labors of the Provincial 
 Council, and the duties of the executive were raised above 
 the influence of disgraceful political intrigue, low party strife, 
 and blind personal jealousies. The only offense charged 
 against Governor Keith was, that he used the plural pronoun 
 you, in place of thee and thy; the Quakers quickly reminded 
 him of this; yet, as he was so mild and good in all other re- 
 spects, they said it would be uncharitable to quarrel with 
 him about the use of pronouns. 
 
 3. In the second year of this just administration of' affairs 
 in Pennsylvania, William Penn, the great founder of the 
 Province, died. The people, though they had long expected 
 to hear of the death of their fatherly proprietor, received the 
 news with deep sorrow ; and the Indians from the neighbor- 
 ing tribes came to the settlements to express their grief at 
 the loss of the "great and good O^as." 
 
 4. The proprietaryship of Pennsylvania descended by be- 
 queathment to John, Thomas, and Richard Penn, sons of 
 William Penn by his second marriage. Governor Keith 
 wisely administered the affairs of the Province as if no 
 change had occurred in the proprietary's family. There was 
 the most perfect harmony in all the departments of the gov- 
 ernment. The people, feeling that their rights and interests 
 would be carefully guarded, gave their undivided attention 
 to the improvement of their farms and dwellings, the con- 
 struction of roads, and the general development of the country. 
 
 3. What occurred the second year of Keith's administration? 
 Where and when did Penn die ? How old was he ? How was the 
 news of his death received ? 
 
 4. What effect had Penn's death on the government of Pennsyl- 
 vania ? What was the condition of affairs in the Province ? 
 
LARGE IMMIGRATION OF GERMANS. ^S 
 
 5. The Quakers and other emigrants from England had 
 always regarded those who came from other parts of Europe 
 to settle in Pennsylvania, as foreigners, who ought not to enjoy 
 the privileges of citizenship without first being naturalized by 
 act of Assembly. Only about 200 families of Germans, set- 
 tled at Germantown, had arrived in the Province before the 
 beginning of the eighteenth century. Their number being so 
 small, these "foreigners" attracted but little attention, and 
 did not awake the jealousy of their English neighbors. 
 
 6. In 1709, a large body of Swiss Mennonists, who had 
 fled from the cantons of Zurich and of Bern, because of reli- 
 gious intolerance, came to Pennsylvania. These immigrants 
 settled for a short time at Germantown; in 1*712, they pur- 
 chased from Penn a large tract of land in Pequea, Lancaster 
 county, and there formed a settlement, which has since be- 
 come justly celebrated as one of the richest agricultural com- 
 munities in the State. 
 
 T. An agent was sent to Germany from the Pequea settle- 
 ment to invite immigration to that beautiful valley. The 
 representations, made in Europe, of the character of the soil 
 and climate, induced many families to come hither, so that 
 before the year 1727, nearly 50,000 persons, mostly from Ger- 
 many, had found new homes in Pennsylvania. These settlers 
 pushed out into th^ unoccupied forests, and took up the rich 
 farm lands in the picturescjue valleys of the Susquehanna and 
 its tributaries. 
 
 5. How were emigrants from Europe regarded ? How many Ger- 
 mans were there in Pennsylvania at the beginning of the eighteenth 
 century ? 
 
 6. When did the Mennonists come to Pennsylvania? Where did 
 they settle ? 
 
 7. What action did the Germans take? What was the result of 
 sending agents abroad ? How many persons came to Pennsylvania ? 
 
 7 
 
Y4 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 8. The Germans formed large settlements within the 
 present limits of Montgomery, Lancaster, and Berks coun- 
 ties. A German Reformed Church was organized at Gos- 
 henhoppen in Itlt. About the year l'r28, numbers of these 
 thrifty farmers crossed the Susquehanna and planted settle- 
 ments in the territory now comprised in York and Adams 
 counties — and thus rapidly seeking out the most desirable 
 lands, they speedily became the owners of the soil in those 
 parts of the State, which will ever bear the marks of their 
 economical industry. 
 
 9. The immigration of so many "foreigners" greatly 
 alarmed the Quakers. They feared Pennsylvania might 
 cease to be an English Province. The subject was brought 
 before the legislature in ItH, and naturalization was re- 
 fused to all immigrants who did not speak the English lan- 
 guage; and none but Englishmen were allowed to become 
 citizens. Thus the Germans, whose industry, stability of 
 character, and loyalty to the government, were adding so 
 much strength and wealth to the Province, were, for many 
 years, regarded with great jealousy. 
 
 10. In 1725, the Assembly framed a naturalization bill, 
 which required that each applicant for citizenship should 
 obtain from a justice of the peace a certificate of the value of 
 his property and the nature of his religioi^s faith. Governor 
 Keith instantly and wisely returned this bill to the Assem- 
 bly, with the declaration that, in a country where English 
 
 8. "Where did the Germans settle? "Where was the first German 
 Keformed Church established? When were settlements formed west 
 of the Susquehanna? What did the Germans do? 
 
 9. How were the Quakers afl'ected? What action was taken? 
 Were not the Germans good citizens? 
 
 10. What did the Assembly do? What was done with this bill? 
 Why did Governor Keith return it? 
 
TAX ON FOREIGNERS. 75 
 
 liberty and law prevailed, a scrutiny into the private conver- 
 sation and faith of citizens, and particularly into their estates, 
 was unjust and dangerous. 
 
 11. The Provincial Council finally quieted the shallow 
 fears of the English inhabitants, by ordering the naval offi- 
 cers of the port to require all "foreigners" who arrived in 
 ships, to swear allegiance to Great Britain and to the gov- 
 ernment of the Province. A list containing the names of all 
 the immigrants who bad subscribed to the oath was made, 
 and is now preserved in the "Colonial Records." 
 
 12. In 1T29, when Patrick Gordon was governor, the fears 
 of the colonial government were again aroused by the rapid 
 influx of "foreigners;" even the British ministry, ■ and the 
 king himself, were apprehensive that Pennsj^lvania was in 
 danger of becoming a province of aliens. Under the advice 
 of the ministry, the Assembly passed a most unwise and 
 cruel act, imposing a duty of forty shillings per head on all 
 "foreigners" to the English government, who should immi- 
 grate to the Province, 
 
 13. Against this outrage the German citizens entered an 
 earnest and patriotic protest. A committee of the Assembly 
 was appointed to investigate the condition and conduct of 
 these settlers. This committee reported that, " The Germans 
 who had been imported directly into the Province, had pur- 
 chased and honestly paid for their lands, had conducted 
 themselves respectfully toward the government, paid their 
 taxes readily, and were sober and honest people in their ro- 
 ll. How were these fears quieted? 
 
 12. What occurred after this? How long was this after Govern-or 
 Keith had first rehuked this unjust policy? What law was passed ? 
 
 13. What did the Germans do? What action did the Assembly 
 take? What did this committee report? Was the law enforced? 
 
"76 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 ligions and civil duties." Notwithstanding this report of 
 good conduct, the prejudice of race prevailed: the oppressive 
 law was enacted and enforced. 
 
 14. The rapid increase of population and the operation of 
 the trade laws, which compelled the settlers to buy their 
 foreign goods in English ports, produced a scarcity of money 
 in the Colony. Governor Keith proposed a remedy for this 
 evil, by advising the Assembly, in 1121, to issue paper 
 currency for the use of the people of the Province. The 
 colonies of Massachusetts, New York, and the Carolinas had 
 already resorted to this policy with beneficial results. Ac- 
 cordingly, in March, 1723, the Assembly authorized the issue 
 of fifteen thousand pounds in bills of credit. These bills 
 were made to circulate eight years, and were legal tender in 
 the payment of all debts. Forgery was punished by cutting 
 off the ears of the offender, by whipping, and by a fine of one 
 hundred pounds ; or by selling the criminal, as a servant, to 
 labor during seven years. 
 
 14. When was paper money issued in Pennsylvania? 
 
REMOVAL OF GOVERNOR KEITE. 
 
 7T 
 
 STATE NORMAL SCHOOL AT MILLERSVILLE. 
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 
 Lancaster County formed. — Border War. — The One Hun- 
 dredth Year of the Settlement. 
 
 1. Through the personal efforts of Governor Keith, the 
 Province of Pennsylvania was made the most popular, and 
 also the most prosperous settlement in America. He was 
 the first of the proprietary governors who espoused the cause 
 of the people, and hence gained their esteem and confidence. 
 His great popularity soon excited the envy of the special 
 agents of the proprietaries, who clamored for his Temoval 
 Finally, the ill considered and selfish advice of these agents 
 prevailed, and, in 1*726, Patrick Gordon was sent out to super- 
 sede Governor Keith. 
 
 Chapter XII. — 1. What was the character of Governor Keith's 
 administration? Why was he removed? Who superseded him? 
 
78 II I STORY OF PENXSYLVAXIA. 
 
 '1. The thrifty and populous settlements beyond the Con- 
 estoga and along the Susquehanna were so far from the seats 
 of justice, that the people found it exceedingly inconvenient 
 to attend the courts and to transact their law business. The 
 nearest court-house was at Chester,, distant nearly a hundred 
 miles from many of the farmers, who were compelled to appear 
 tiiere as jurymen and for other purposes. In order to obtain 
 relief from this hardship, the people petitioned tha Assembly 
 for the erection of a new county. This request was granted ; 
 and in May, 1729, an order was issued by the Provincial 
 Council directing a board of commissioners to make a survey 
 and settle the boundaries of a new county to be named Lan- 
 caster. The seat of justice was established at Postlewaite^, 
 about five miles from the present site- of Lancaster city. In 
 1730, the town of Lancaster was laid out by Andrew Ham^ 
 ilton, and four years later the seat of justice was permanently 
 established in that place. 
 
 3. The population of Lancaster was made up of Germans, 
 English, Scotch, Irish, and AVelsh. In religious faith, the 
 German settlers were Mennonists, of which there were differ- 
 ent sects, Lutherans, German Reformed, and Dunkers ; the 
 English and Welsh were Quakers and Episcopalians ; the 
 Scotch and Irish were Presbyterians. All these had suffered 
 persecution in Europe and had fled to America in the hope 
 that here they could enjoy freedom of conscience in matters 
 of faith. All were opposed to religious intolerance, jealous 
 of the chartered rights granted by Penn to the first settlers of 
 
 2. What new county was established? Why? What year wa.-^ 
 this? Where was the seat of justice located? Where is Lancaster 
 city? When was it laid out? How many counties were in Penn- 
 sylvania at that time ? 
 
 3. What was the population of Lancaster county composed of? 
 What religions? Why were they all peaceable? 
 
BORDER WAR. •yg 
 
 every denomination, and therefore they lived together in 
 harmony. 
 
 4. A few families, professing the Roman Catholic religion, 
 had settled in Philadelphia, and, in 1133, erected a small 
 chapel wherein they began to hold their public worship. 
 This circumstance greatly alarmed some of the colonial 
 officers. The growing strength of the French on Lake Erie 
 and along the Alleghany and Ohio rivers, led Governor 
 Gordon to regard the Catholics as allies of the French, who 
 professed the same faith. The governor brought the subject 
 to the notice of the Council and informed them that "a house 
 had been lately built on Walnut Street in Philadelphia, 
 wherein mass was openly celebrated by a Catholic priest, 
 contrary to the laws of England." The Council and the 
 people, however, wisely refrained from inflicting persecution 
 for religious belief, and claimed that Catholics, as well as 
 all other sects, were protected by the charter of privileges, 
 and the laws guaranteeing liberty of conscience, vfhich had 
 been established by the founder of Pennsylvania. 
 
 5. Governor Gordon died in 1136, and the executive duties 
 of the government devolved upon Council, whereof James 
 Logan was president. During this administration of two 
 years, the war on the borders between Pennsylvania and 
 Maryland greatly disturbed the people in the southern coun- 
 ties of the Province. 
 
 6. The Germans, who had settled beyond the Susquehanna, 
 at first believed themselves to be within the boundaries of 
 
 4. "When was Roman Catholic service first held in Pennsylvania? 
 Why did this alarm the government officers? What action did the 
 governor take ? What reply was made ? 
 
 5. When did Governor Gordon die? How was the government 
 administered ? 
 
80 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 Maryland, but about the year 1736, they formally declared 
 their allegiance to Pennsylvania. This aroused the enmity 
 of the authorities of Maryland, and the sheriff of Baltimore 
 county, with a company of three hundred men, marched into 
 Pennsylvania to drive away the settlers from the lands 
 claimed by Lord Baltimore. The sheriff of Lancaster county 
 called out a strong force to resist the Marylanders ; but the 
 invaders w^ere finally persuaded to retire without violence. 
 
 7. Soon after this occurrence, a band of border ruffians was 
 organized for the purpose of driving the Germans out of the 
 country and dividing their lands among the members of the 
 association. When this lawless mob invaded the county, it 
 was met by Sheriff Smith, of Lancaster, at the head of a 
 force of citizens, w^ho attacked the Marylanders, and, after a 
 sharp battle, in w4iich one man W'as killed and Thomas 
 Cressap, the leader of the band of invaders, was wounded 
 and captured, the enemy w^as driven from the county. 
 
 8. Governor Ogle, of Maryland, demanded the release of 
 Cressap, which being refused by the Provincial Council of 
 Pennsylvania, Ogle ordered the sheriff of Baltimore to go up 
 and capture a number of citizens of Pennsylvania. Accord- 
 ingly, four Germans were seized and carried to Baltimore, 
 where they were cast into prison. A third invasion of Lan- 
 caster county was made, which was successfully repulsed by 
 the sheriff. The petty W'ar was kept up for about a year, 
 and frequent conflicts occurred, wherein citizens on both sides 
 w^ere wounded or captured. Finally, in lt3t, the strife was 
 ended by an order from King George II., requiring the gov- 
 
 6. What occurred on the Maryland border ? When ? 
 
 7. What was organized? How were these ruffians met? 
 
 8. Wliat did the governor of Maryhmd do ? How many invasions 
 of Lancaster county occurred? How was the trouble ended? 
 
ONE HUNDREDTH YEAR OF THE SETTLEMENT. 81 
 
 ernors of Maryland and Pennsylvania to maintain the peace 
 on the border, until the boundary line should be definitely 
 established. 
 
 9. The administration of the Council terminated in 1738, 
 upon the arrival of George Thomas, who had been appointed 
 governor. 
 
 10. One hundred years had now elapsed since the date of 
 the first settlement of the Swedes on the Delaware; and 
 fifty-seven years since the cession of the country to William 
 Penn. Pennsylvania at this time had more white inhabitants 
 than were in the four Provinces of Virginia, Maryland, and 
 the Carolinas. Though the youngest of the American Prov- 
 inces, with the exception of Georgia, it had by far the finest 
 capital city and the second in size on the continent. The 
 causes of this superior prosperity, were the humane treat- 
 ment of the Indians, which gave security to person and prop- 
 erty; the excellency of Penn's laws, whereby the rights of 
 property were defended and the unlimited toleration for all 
 manner of religious persuasion secured, 
 
 11. The great diversity of population also increased the 
 tide of immigration. The Swedes, Finns, Dutch, English, 
 Scotch, Irish, Welsh, Germans, and French who came to 
 Pennsylvania in the first years of its history, sent home such 
 favorable accounts of the fertility of the soil, the mildness of 
 the climate, and the liberality of its laws and proprietary 
 government, that great numbers of people flocked from every 
 country in Europe to the shores of the Delaware. 
 
 12. These immigrants brought with them their own pecu- 
 
 9. How and when did the administration of Council terminate? 
 
 10. How old was tlie Province? How did Pennsylvania compare 
 with other Provinces? Why? 
 
 11. What increased immio;ration ? 
 
82 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 liar trades and modes of business ; and hence the resources 
 of the Province were rapidly developed. As early as lt31, 
 the exports from Pennsylvania were reported to consist of 
 wheat and flour of su,)erior quality, pork, butter, cheese, cider, 
 apples, soap, myrtle-wax candles, starch, beeswax, hides, tal- 
 low, leather, strong beer, linseed oil, hemp, tobacco, lumber, 
 and furs. About 6000 tons of shipping were employed by 
 the commerce of the Colony; and every year, several ships 
 were built in the shipyards and sold to the merchants of the 
 neighboring Provinces. 
 
 13. A visit from Thomas and John Penn, sons of the 
 founder of the Colony, thus prosperous and happy, added to 
 the joys of the people. They came to Philadelphia in 1732, 
 and were cordiajly welcomed by all the inhabitants. John, 
 who was the eldest living son of William Penn, and a native 
 of Pennsylvania, was soon recalled to resist the claims of 
 Lord Baltimore to the territory of Delaware. Thomas re- 
 mained in the Province, participating in the government as a 
 member of Council until 1741, when he also returned to 
 England. 
 
 12. How were the resources developed ? Name some of the ex- 
 ports ? In what year was this ? 
 
 13. Who visited the Province ? How were they received? 
 
POLITICAL EXCITEMENT. 83 
 
 BENJAMIN FRANKLIN. 
 
 CHAPTER Xlir. 
 
 Political Excitement. — Election Riot. — Militai^y organized. 
 
 1. Governor Thomas began his administration in the 
 summer of 1738, under the most favorable auspices, and over 
 a prosperous colony. But in October of the following year, 
 war was declared between England and Spain, and the 
 American colonies were again required to put themselves in 
 a state of defense. 
 
 2. The governor, unfortunately, did not understand the 
 character of the people over whom he was sent to administer 
 the affairs of government. As if clothed with supreme au- 
 thority, he ordered the inhabitants to provide all necessary 
 means for the protection of the Province against invasion. 
 The Quakers, constituting the majority of the Assembly, 
 refused, pointedly, to engage in v/arlike preparations. A 
 bitter dispute arose between the governor and the Assembly, 
 which for a short time seriously embarrassed public busi- 
 ness. 
 
 Chapter XIII. — 1. When did Governor Thomas begin his ad- 
 ministration? What war broke out? 
 
 2. What action did Governor Thomas take ? What followed ? 
 
84 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 3. Thomas, by unfortunate experience, learned the temper 
 of the people with whom he had to deal, and, profiting by 
 the lesson,- he no longer urged the Assembly to raise troops, 
 but recommended that a sum of money be appropriated for 
 the use of the king, as a testimonial of the loyalty of the 
 people. This was readily done, and the governor, by virtue 
 of his authority as captain-general, proceeded to organize a 
 militia of seven companies. 
 
 4. Among the emigrants who crowded to the Province, 
 there were many families, principally from Germany, who 
 were too poor to pay the expense of a passage across the 
 ocean. It was the custom of these families to sell the time 
 of some one or more of their members to settlers, who would 
 pay the passage-money. The persons, whose time was thus 
 sold, were required to work the number of years agreed upon 
 for those who had bought their labor. They were called 
 "redemptioners,"Snd were held as servants in the estimation 
 of the law. 
 
 5. When Governor Thomas called for volunteers, many of 
 these redemptioners enlisted and were thereby released from 
 the performance of their contracts with their purchasers. 
 The Assembly demanded that the governor should pay the 
 citizens for the loss of their servants. This he refused to do. 
 A bitter dispute ensued ; and the people taking sides, some 
 with the Assembly and others with the governor, magnified 
 the contest into one of the most violent party strifes ever 
 witnessed in Pennsylvania. 
 
 6. The governor withheld his approval from bills passed 
 
 3. "What did the governor next do? "Was this done? 
 
 4. Who were the "redemptioners?" 
 
 5. What effect had enlistment in the military service on redemp- 
 tioners ? What did the Assembly demand ? What followed ? 
 
ELECTION RIOT. 85 
 
 by the Assembly, and that body in turn refused to order the 
 payment of the governor's salary. The quarrel finally be- 
 came uncontrollable, and the Assembly adjourned without 
 having done anything for the public good, and without pro- 
 viding for the governor's support. Governor Thomas took 
 revenge by immediately removing from office all the judges, 
 magistrates, sheriffs, and other officers in the Province who 
 sided with the Assembly. 
 
 7. The term of service for members of the Assembly hav- 
 ing expired, both parties looked forward with anxiety and 
 hope to the approaching election, and engaged earnestly in 
 the preparatory canvass. The party headed by the governor, 
 aided by the mayor, recorder, attorney-general, and the city 
 alderman of Philadelphia was called the '' gentlemen's party," 
 and had its chief strength in the city. The leaders of the 
 opposition were the members of the Assembly and the prin- 
 cipal Quakers, and was called the " Quaker, or country 
 party." 
 
 8. Both of these parties labored to win the votes and in- 
 fluence of the Germans, who now were no longer '' dangerous 
 foreigners" to be feared, and to be refused the rights of citi- 
 zenship, but industrious, peaceable citizens, whose friendship 
 was ardently courted by pledges of amplest protection, and 
 the fullest guarantee of all their rights. 
 
 9. The ballot-box for the whole county and city of Phila- 
 delphia was opened at the court-house on Market Street. 
 Early on the morning of election day, October 1, both parties 
 
 6. How did the governor and the Assembly act toward each other? 
 
 7. What two political parties were formed ? 
 
 8. How were the Germans now treated? 
 
 9. Where was the election held in Philadelphia ? What prepara- 
 tions were made? 
 
 8 
 
86 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 collected in great numbers about the court-house ; the Quakers 
 had made successful efforts to have their friends from the coun- 
 try, especially the Germans, present in great force. The 
 governor's party had engaged a gang of sailors, from the ships 
 then in the harbor, to attack the voters and drive them from 
 the polls. 
 
 10. Soon after the people had assembled, the sailors ap- 
 peared, marching through the streets in a riotous manner. 
 They attacked the men at the polls with clubs, knocking down 
 all who came in their way, not sparing even the magistrates, 
 who endeavored to check their violence. Having cleared the 
 ground, the rioters retired; but, returning again as soon as 
 the polls w^ere opened, they took possession of the stairway 
 "leading to the ballot-box, and beat back the members of the 
 country party who came forward to vote. 
 
 11. The patience of the people was finally exhausted, and 
 the Germans, less scrupulous than their Quaker brethren in 
 the matter of self-defense, seized the first weapons at hand, 
 fell upon the sailors and drove them from the streets. Fifty 
 were captured and lodged in jail; their companions, about 
 thirty in number, took refuge on their ships, and were careful 
 not to appear again on the streets that day. 
 
 12. There was no further disturbance, and the first election 
 riot in Pennsylvania, therefore, terminated in the defeat of 
 the assailants. The country party triumphed, not only over 
 the rioters, but also over the gentlemen's party. The mem- 
 bers of the former Assembly, who had stoutly resisted the 
 policy of Governor Thomas, were re-elected. 
 
 10. "What occurred on the morning of election day ? 
 
 11. How was the riot quelled? 
 
 12. How did the election result ? 
 
MILITARY ORGANIZED. 8t 
 
 13. The will of the people, as declared at the election, was 
 respected by the governor; he proposed a compromise with 
 the Assembly, which was promptly accepted, and thus the 
 long and profitless dispute ended in the complete triumph of 
 the representatives of the popular will. The reputation for 
 loyalty was maintained by the appropriation of money to pay 
 masters for the loss of servants who had entered the king's 
 service, and by a liberal donation to the crown, amounting in 
 all to about £6000. 
 
 14. The troops enrolled for the Spanish war were not 
 called into active service, but the declaration of war between 
 England and France in 1144, known in American history as 
 King George's War, rekindled the military spirit in the 
 colonies. Governor Thomas had been instructed, by expe- 
 rience, to avoid a second dispute with the Quakers, who 
 always maintained a majority in the Assembly. He issued 
 a proclamation, commanding all the able-bodied men to pro- 
 vide arms, and to assemble on certain days for military 
 training. 
 
 15. Benjamin Franklin,* the statesman and philosopher, 
 
 * Benjamin Franklin was born in Boston, Massachusetts, in 1706. 
 He removed to Philadelphia in 1723, established himself as a printer, 
 and for many j^ears was an active public man, and an eminent phi- 
 losopher. During the revolutionary war he was most of the time 
 in Europe, where he rendered invaluable service to the cause of 
 American liberty. On his return he w^as elected governor of Penn- 
 sylvania. He died in 1790, aged eighty-four years. 
 
 13. What was the effect of the triumph of the people? What did 
 the Assembly do? 
 
 14. Were the troops needed in the Spanish war ? What other war 
 was declared? What was done to prepare for this war? 
 
 15. AVhat great statesman now guided the people? AYhat did he 
 do in this emergency ? What do you know of Franklin ? 
 
88 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 who was at this time thirty-eight years old, contributed 
 greatly to the public .security, and by his wise counsel pre- 
 served perfect harmony between the executive and the As- 
 sembly. He published a pamphlet, entitled "Plain Truth," 
 wherein he set forth in strong language the helpless con- 
 dition of the Province, and urged the necessity of union and 
 discipline. He called a meeting and proposed a plan for a 
 military association. Over 10,000 men were thus organized 
 into companies and armed at their own expense, and com- 
 manded by officers of their own choice. Franklin was 
 chosen colonel of the Philadelphia regiment; but believing he 
 could serve the people more effectively as a private citizen, he 
 declined the office. 
 
 16. He afterwards devised a lottery to raise funds to estab- 
 lish a battery below the city. Many of the Quakers, who 
 were not scrupulous on the question of defensive war, con- 
 tributed freely to this scheme, and directed that whatever 
 prizes they might draw should be sold for the benefit of the 
 public fund. 
 
 17. These active military preparations served to intimidate 
 the foreign enemy, and also to check the hostile disposition 
 of the Indians, which began to manifest itself along the 
 western frontier. Unscrupulous traders were in the habit of 
 carrying large quantities of spirituous liquors into the Indian 
 villages, and after making the inhabitants drunk, would 
 cheat them out of the true value of their furs and skins, and 
 often abused their wives and children. When, therefore, the 
 Indians became sober they were fired with anger, and often 
 sought revenge against the settlers. 
 
 16. How did he raise money to erect a battery? How did the 
 Quakers act? 
 
 17. What effect had these active measures? How were the Indians 
 defrauded ? 
 
TREATY WITH THE INDIANS. 89 
 
 18. A conference was called to meet at Lancaster, whereat 
 all differences were satisfactorily adjusted. The governors 
 of Virginia and Mar^iand joined Governor Thomas in signing 
 a treaty. By many valuable presents and pledges of pro- 
 tection, the friendship of the Indians was secured. They 
 promised to give to the settlers the earliest information 
 of the movements of the French and hostile savages in the 
 Northwest, and to do all in their power to resist these ene- 
 mies should they attempt to march through their country. 
 
 19. The emissaries of the French had long labored to per- 
 suade the Indians to join them in a war against the English 
 colonies; their efforts among the Six Nations at this time 
 produced great alarm. Commissioners were therefore sent 
 from Pennsylvania to meet the chiefs of these tribes at 
 Albany, in the State of New York; at the same time Conrad 
 Weiser, a celebrated Indian interpreter, was sent from Lan- 
 caster to the northern portion of the Province to watch the 
 movements of the natives. These precautionary measures 
 were so successful that all fears of an outbreak on the fron- 
 tier were dispelled. 
 
 20. The British government had now (1746) resolved 
 upon the conquest of all the French territory in America. 
 Louisburg, the capital of the settlement at Cape Breton, 
 had already been captured by the provincial troops from 
 New England, aided by the English navy; and instructions 
 were sent to the colonial governors to organize their forces 
 for a campaign against Canada. 
 
 18. How were the difficulties that arose by this wicked practice 
 settled? What did the Indians promise? 
 
 19. What had the French done? What was done to counteract 
 this? 
 
 20. What had the British resolved upon? When? Where was 
 the French capital? What instructions were sent to the colonies? 
 
 8* 
 
90 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 21. Governor Thomas convened the Assembly and laid 
 before it the communication received from the king. The 
 Assembly promptly voted an appropriation of £5000 to sup- 
 port the troops raised in the Province. With this money the 
 governor equipped two companies and sent them to Albany, 
 where they remained a year and a half, protecting the fron- 
 tier. But the attempted subjugation of Canada failed, and, 
 in October, 1Y48, a treaty of peace was signed between the 
 belligerents, and thus the war, which had resulted only in 
 loss to both parties, ended. 
 
 21. What did Groveriior Thomas do? What action did the Assem- 
 bly take? What then occurred? 
 
ADMIXISTRATION OF GOVERNOR TJIOMAS. 
 
 91 
 
 CAPTAIN JACK AND UIS BAND. 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 The Countiei< of York and Cumherland settled. 
 
 1. The administration of Governor Thomas was noted 
 both for its failures and for its successes. His quarrel with 
 the Quakers and their friends terminated unfavorably to the 
 governor; but his management of Indian affairs was so just 
 and beneficial to both the natives and the settlers, that he 
 received the thanks of all good people. 
 
 2. His government was also distinguished for the liberality 
 <jf its legislation. Two acts deserve special iiiention. One 
 gave the Quakers the privilege of taking an affirmation in 
 all cases in place of an oath; the other gave all members of 
 other Christian sects, who were oppovsed to taking an oath, 
 the right to be naturalized upon taking an attirmation: this 
 
 Chapter XIY. — 1. What was tlie character of Governor Thomas's 
 administration? 
 
 2. What two acts deserve mention? AVhat did this ojicn? 
 
92 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 act opened the way for all the settlers to become citizens, — 
 Quakers, Dunkers, Mennonists, Schwenckfelders, Moravians. 
 Lutherans, Presbyterians, Baptists, Episcopalians, German 
 Reformed, — all, Protestants and Catholics, were now equal 
 before the law ; and in Pennsylvania there was no distinction 
 on account of religion or nationality, 
 
 3. Governor Thomas resigned his office in 1746, because 
 of ill health. On his departure, the administration of the 
 executive department again devolved on the Provincial Coun- 
 cil, whereof Anthony Palmer was president. Beyond the 
 almost annual Indian conference, wherein peace was pur- 
 chased by presents, and a great fright caused b}^ the appear- 
 ance of a Spanish war-sloop in the Delaware, nothing worthy 
 of note occurred during the government of Council. 
 
 4. In November, 1749, James Hamilton, son of Andrew 
 Hamilton, and a native of Pennsylvania, returned from Eng- 
 land, bearing a commission as governor of the Province. 
 
 5. The rapid increase of the population in the country 
 west of the Susquehanna made the erection of new counties 
 necessary. Lancaster being the frontier county, all the set- 
 tled portion of the State westward was included in its juris- 
 diction. 
 
 6. The first permanent settlement made in the territory 
 now comprised in York county was on Kreutz creek in the 
 Codorus valley. The pioneers were English ; but they were 
 soon followed by large numbers of Germans, who settled 
 along the Codorus. These founders of a new county were 
 
 3. When and why did Governor Thomas resign? 
 
 4. Who was then commissioned governor ? 
 
 5. What was now the frontier county? 
 
 6. Where was the first permanent settlement made in York county ? 
 What can you say of the settlers? 
 
SETTLEMENT OF YORK COUNTY. 93* 
 
 remarkable both for their honest industry and for Christian 
 piety. For many years, their only garments were trowsers, 
 shirts, and frocks, made of tow from flax raised in the neigh- 
 borhood, and spun and woven by the women. The name of 
 the first school-teacher comes down to us as "Der Dicke 
 Schulmeister;" he opened a school in a log-cabin, and taught 
 the boys and girls in the German language. Samuel Landys 
 was the shoemaker, Valentine Heyer, the tailor, and Peter 
 Gardner, the blacksmith, of the thrifty little community that 
 first broke the forests of the oldest county west of the Sus- 
 quehanna. 
 
 7. About the year 1*735, a number of families from Ire- 
 land and Scotland settled near the Susquehanna in the south- 
 eastern part of the county, on what is now known as the 
 "York Barrens." These were mostly strict Presbyterians, 
 and were a sober, industrious, and intelligent people. The 
 descendants of the original settlers still retain the lands in- 
 herited from their ancestors; but the soil of Peach Bottom 
 and the adjacent townships, made fruitful under the frugal 
 husbandry of these diligent farmers, can no longer be called 
 barren. 
 
 8. The first Presbj^terian church, west of the Susque- 
 hanna, was built by these Scotch- Irish at Muddy run. 
 
 9. About this time, also, a colony of Quakers from Chester 
 county settled in the northeastern part of the county, at 
 Lewisbury, which derived its name from Ellis Lewis, one of 
 the pioneers. 
 
 10. From these central points, the population spread over 
 
 7. Who settled "York Barrens?" When? 
 
 8. Where and by whom was the first church west of the Susque- 
 hanna built? 
 
 9. What part of the county was settled by Quakers ? 
 
94 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 the surrounding country, and in 1H9, the territory was organ- 
 ized into a county, called York. The site for the town of York, 
 on the Codorus, had been surveyed and laid out in October, 
 1741. It was located in Springettsbury Manor. This was a 
 proprietary reservation, and hence the lots in the town could 
 not be sold ; permission was given to build on the town plots, 
 upon the promise to pay an annual rent. This was not agree- 
 able to the people, who preferred to build on lands whereof 
 the titles would be in their own names. The growth of the 
 town, consequently, was very slow. In 1151 there were less 
 than fifty houses in the place; among these were three 
 churches: two German Lutheran and one German Reformed. 
 York was erected into a borough, governed by a council of 
 burgesses, in 1187. 
 
 11. Cumberland county was established in January, 1750, 
 and contained 807 taxable inhabitants. The county seat was 
 placed at Shippensburg; but was removed the next 3'ear to 
 Carlisle, 118 miles west of Philadelphia. The proprietaries 
 believing that the settlement of different nationalities in 
 separate counties would secure harmony and stability, in- 
 structed their agents to send Irish families into Cumberland, 
 and the Germans to York county. 
 
 12. There was a noted character, known to the early set- 
 tlers of Cumberland county by the name of ''Captain Jack," 
 the "wild hunter of the Juniata." Captain Jack was a white 
 man. He entered the woods with a few enterprising com- 
 
 10. "When was the county organized? "When was the town of 
 York laid out? "What retarded its growth? When did it become a 
 borough ? 
 
 11. When was CumberlancW'ounty formed ? Where was the county 
 seat first located? What measures were taken to secure harmony in 
 the settlements? 
 
 12. Who was Captain Jack? What occasioned his hostility to the 
 Indians? 
 
CAPTAIN JACK AND HIS BAND. 95 
 
 panions, built his cabin, cleared a little land, and amused 
 himself with the pleasures of fishing and hunting. One 
 evening, \yhen he returned from a day of sport, he found his 
 cabin burned, and his wife and children murdered. Broken 
 down with grief,* he forsook the settlements and made his 
 home in a cave Thenceforth he devoted himself to the 
 protection of the frontier inhabitants from the Indians, and 
 eagerly seized upon every opportunity for revenge. He was 
 a terror to the Indians ; a protector to the whites. 
 
 13. On one occasion, in the middle of a dark night, a 
 family near the Juniata was suddenly awakened by the re- 
 port of a gun. The frightened parents jumped from their 
 bed and ran to the door, where, by the glimmering light from 
 their chimney, they saw an Indian fall dead upon the ground. 
 The open door also exposed to view the ''wild hunter." "I 
 saved your lives," he exclaimed, and, immediately, was buried 
 in the gloom of night. He never shot without good cause. 
 
 14. He formed an association to defend the settlers against 
 savage aggressions. On a given signal they would unite. 
 Their exploits were often heard of in 1T56, on the Conoco- 
 cheague and Juniata. He was sometimes called the Half 
 Indian ; and Colonel Armstrong, in a letter to the governor, 
 says: "The company under the command of the Half Indian 
 having left the Great Cove, the Indians took advantage and 
 murdered many." He offered his services to Braddock, and 
 said he was ready to "march with his band of hunters;" 
 "they are dressed in hunting-shirts, moccasins, and leather, 
 are well armed, and are equally regardless of heat and cold. 
 They require no shelter for the night — they ask no pay." 
 
 13. What incident shows how he protected the inhabitants? 
 
 14. What association did he form? What did Colonel Armstrong 
 say of him ? 
 
96 
 
 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA . 
 
 KEYSTONE NORMAL SCHOOL AT KUTZTOWN. 
 
 CHAPTER XV. 
 
 The Counties of Berks and Northampton settled. 
 
 1. The sale of lands and the formation of new settlements 
 in Pennsylvania had been placed by Penn under the super- 
 vision of a "Board of Land Commissioners." The commis- 
 sioners were not allowed to sell lands, or to grant permission 
 to settle on lands not yet purchased from the Indians. 
 
 2. At different times, therefore, large tracts were purchased 
 by the proprietaries, and were then opened for settlement. 
 The territory thus acquired was usually first erected into a 
 single county, which was afterwards divided and subdivided 
 into several counties. In this manner the whole State was 
 finally settled and organized. 
 
 Chapter XV. — 1. "What were the duties of the land commis- 
 sioners ? 
 
 2. How was the State finally organized? 
 
BERKS COUNTY SETTLED. 9»y 
 
 3. The lands along the Tulpehocken creek were purchased 
 from the Indians, by Thomas Penn, in 1732; the first settle- 
 ments in this territory, which afterwards became Berks 
 county, were made by the society of Schwenckfelders, from 
 Nether Silesia, in 1733. These were soon followed by other 
 settlers who came in large numbers from Wirtemberg and 
 the Palatinate. They were mostly of the Lutheran and 
 German Reformed denominations of Christians. 
 
 4. Reading was laid out in 1748, and the first house was 
 built in 1749. The growth of the village was rapid, mainly 
 through the efforts of Penn's agents, who called it "a new 
 town, of great natural advantages of location, and destined to 
 be a prosperous place." The first hotel in the town was built 
 by Conrad Weiser, the celebrated Indian interpreter, and the 
 first house of worship was the Friends' meeting-house, built 
 of logs, in 1751. The country was organized into a county 
 called Berks, in 1752, and the seat of justice established at 
 Reading. 
 
 5. During the Indian war of 1756, when the settlements 
 along the Tulpehocken were destroyed, the excitement at 
 Reading was intense; the people threatened to burn the 
 houses of the Quakers who were opposed to defensive war. 
 These alarms were often repeated, until the battle of Wyo- 
 ming, in 1778, after which the Indians were driven beyond 
 the Alleghanies, 
 
 6. The lands in the valley of the Lehigh were thrown 
 open to settlers by the extinction of the Indian title in 1734. 
 The pioneers in this valley came from the north of Ireland; 
 
 3. "When and by whom was Berks county settled ?, 
 
 4. When was Keading hiid out ? What is said of its early history? 
 
 5. AVhat occurred during the war of 1756 ? 
 
98 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 they were Presbyterians, and churches of that denomination 
 were among the first in what is now Northampton county. 
 The exact date of the first settlements is not known, but they 
 are supposed to have been made about the year 1728. The 
 Rev. George Whitfield purchased lands and began the erec- 
 tion of a building in 1739, at a. place he called Nazareth. It 
 was the intention of that Christian philanthropist to open a 
 free school for African children; but he subsequently sold the 
 establishment to the Moravians, who completed the build- 
 ings and planted settlements both at Nazareth and Beth- 
 lehem. 
 
 7. Northampton was separated from Berks, and erected 
 into a county, in March, 1752. Easton is the county town, 
 and is supposed to have been laid out about the year 1738, 
 but was not settled until some years later. Councils with the 
 Indian chiefs were frequently held here, after the year 1754; 
 it was not uncommon to see from two hundred to five hundred 
 chiefs, together Avith many of the dignitaries of the Province 
 and colonies, present on such occasions. 
 
 8. During the French and Indian war, the inhabitants of 
 Northampton county suffered severely from the incursions 
 of war parties. Many of the white settlements on the 
 border were destroyed and the inhabitants murdered. The 
 Moravians and their Indian converts were often in danger 
 between two fires. The hostile Indians were burning and 
 ravaging their villages on the Lehigh; and the Irish settlers 
 in the Kittatinny valley viewed with jealousy, not without 
 
 6. When and by whom were the first settlements in Lehigh valley 
 made? What philanthropic enterprise was undertaken? 
 
 7. When was Northampton county established ? What is the 
 county town ? What councils were held there ? 
 
 8. What did the inhabitants suffer from Indian cruelties ? 
 
ABUSE OF THE MORAVIANS. 99 
 
 some reason, the asylum afforded to parties of hostile Indians 
 at the Christian Indian villages. 
 
 9. It was charged, too, against the brethren, that they re- 
 fused to take up arms in defense of the Province ; and falsely 
 charged, that they were in league with the French. Under 
 these circumstances it was dangerous for the friendly Indians 
 to hunt in the woods, and the Indian converts were openly 
 threatened with extermination. The missionaries were in- 
 sulted and abused, and the Indians, whose towns had been 
 burned, took refuge in Bethlehem. Great numbers of the in- 
 habitants also took refuge in the Moravian settlements, and 
 asylums were provided for them in the school-houses, mills, 
 and other public buildings. 
 
 10. Similar scenes of distress were again witnessed in 
 lt63, during Pontiac's war, when the country was overrun 
 by hostile tribes. In consequence of the threats of the Irish 
 settlers, it was deemed unsafe for the Moravian Indians to 
 remain at their villages ; they were therefore sent to Phila- 
 delphia for protection, where they were lodged in the public 
 barracks. After peace was concluded in 1764, the Indians 
 were permitted to return to their homes. 
 
 11. The rapid expansion of the settlements, and the 
 presence of prosperous farmers and growing villages in 
 the valleys, and along the rivers, reaching far out into the 
 forests, could not fail to excite the jealousy of the Indians. 
 They saw that their favorite hunting-grounds and village 
 sites would soon be in the hands of the white man. More- 
 over, the pioneers were not always careful to respect the 
 
 9. What charges were made against the Moravian brethren ? 
 
 10. What scenes were witnessed during Pontiac's war? "Where 
 were the Moravian Indians sent for safety ? 
 
 11. What excited the jealousy of the Indians ? 
 
100 BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 boundaries of purchased tracts, but often went beyond the 
 limits of the treaty lines, and occupied lands which the 
 Indians had not yet sold to the proprietaries. 
 
 12. This was especially the case in the Cumberland valley, 
 where the settlements of the Irish and Germans on the re- 
 served lands of the Indians grew so numerous and strong, 
 that the chiefs of the Six Nations called a council on the 
 subject and sent a deputation from every tribe to Phila- 
 delphia, to remonstrate against this encroachment upon their 
 rights. 
 
 13. Governor Hamilton received the representatives and 
 treated them with due respect; he gave them presents to the 
 value of about $3000, and dismissed them with assurances 
 that the trespassers on their lands should be removed. In 
 fulfillment of this promise, Richard Peters, Secretary of the 
 Province, and Conrad Weiser, the interpreter, were sent to 
 Cumberland county to withdraw the intruders from the 
 Indian territory. The people on Sherman's creek and other 
 places beyond the limits of the purchased lands were com- 
 pelled to come within the authorized bounds, and their build- 
 ings were torn down or burned. 
 
 14. The cunning natives were not slow to learn that the 
 governor and Council of Pennsylvania were always ready to 
 purchase their good will by valuable presents. They, there- 
 fore, sought every opportunity to complain, knowing that if 
 a conference was called they would receive new presents. 
 Thus the Indian policy eventually became expensive, and 
 even burdensome, and the people claimed that it was the 
 
 12. Against what did they remonstrate ? 
 
 13. How were the representatives received by the governor ? 
 
 14. "What is said of the Indian policy? 
 
OPPOSITION TO THE PROPRIETARIES. 101 
 
 duty of the proprietaries, who were equally benefited by 
 peace, to si j are the expense of preserving friendly relations 
 with the natives. 
 
 15. The proprietaries, however, refused to bear any part 
 of this burden, and to the vigorous remonstrance of the As- 
 sembly, they sent a feeble, but disrespectful answer, charging 
 the Assembly with using this subject only for the purpose of 
 gaining popularity with the people in order to secure their 
 own election. This accusation the Assembly sharply denied, 
 in an address written by Benjamin Franklin, who was a mem- 
 ber of that body. 
 
 16. The discussion resulted in building up a strong party 
 against the proprietary interests, but accomplished nothing 
 in the way of relief from the burden of annually purchasing 
 the friendship of the Indians. 
 
 15. What difficulty occurred between the proprietaries and the 
 Assembly? 
 
 16. How did it end? 
 
 9* 
 
102 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 STOCKADE FORT. 
 
 CHAPTER XVI. 
 
 The First Expedition against the French and Indians on 
 
 the Western Frontier. 
 
 1. An old and an unsettled animosity existed between 
 France and England. It began in the early years of their 
 history, and had been kept alive through many generations 
 by frequent collisions and severe wars ; it was carried to the 
 western continent by the first settlers, and here found new 
 encouragement in the hostilities that occurred on the fron- 
 tiers. The boundaries between the English and French pos- 
 sessions had not been definitely marked out; and hence the 
 same territory was often claimed by both parties. 
 
 2. The home governments had ever regarded with jealousy 
 the growth of each other's colonies in America; each aspired 
 
 Chapter XYI. — 1, "What occasioned hostilities between the 
 French and English ? 
 
 2. How did they regard each other's possessions in America? 
 What did the French do ? 
 
DINWIDDIirS LETTER. 103 
 
 to the supreme rule in the New World. At first the mis- 
 sionary stations and trading-posts of the French, far out in 
 the deep forests, attracted little attention ; but after the cap- 
 ture of Louisburg in It 45, they displayed greater vigor in 
 opposing the extension of the English settlements. They 
 made treaties of peace with the Indian tribes in Pennsylvania 
 and New York; strengthened their great fort near Niagara, 
 and completed their line of fortifications, consisting of over 
 sixty military posts, between Montreal and New Orleans. 
 
 3. They claimed all the lands lying on the Mississippi and 
 its tributaries, under the title of original discovery and first 
 settlement. The English, however, insisted that their char- 
 ters covered all the territory south of the north shore of Lake 
 Erie, from the Atlantic to the Pacific ocean. 
 
 4. The dispute was brought to the arbitrament of arms by 
 King George II., who, in 1749, granted 600,000 acres of land, 
 on the southeast bank of the Ohio river, to London merchants 
 and land speculators, known as the "Ohio Company." Tho 
 surveyors and traders under this company, regarded by the 
 French on the Ohio as trespassers, were seized and impris- 
 oned. Governor Dinwiddie, of A^irginia, at once sent a letter 
 of remonstrance to the French commander. 
 
 5. George Washington, then about twenty-one years old, 
 was chosen to carry this letter from the capital of Virginia 
 to the French military headquarters on the Ohio. Though 
 young, Washington was already experienced in forest life. 
 From his early youth he had been a land surveyor, and was 
 accustomed to the dangers and hardships of the wilderness ; 
 he w^as acquainted with the character of the Indian tribes, 
 and knew something of the country he was about to traverse. 
 
 3. What did they respectively claim? 
 
 4. What caused an appeal to arms? What did Dinwiddie do? 
 
 5. Whom did he send to the French ? What is said of Washinfrton ? 
 
104 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 6. The journey through the deep forests and uninhabited 
 country was one of great danger, involving much personal 
 peril and numerous hardships ; but Washington possessed 
 the courage of a soldier and the sagacity of a statesman. 
 Neither the hostility of the savage, nor the wiles of the 
 civilized enemies he might encounter, could alarm or deceive 
 him. With only two attendants, he left Williamsburg, in 
 Virginia, on the last day of October, 1T53; and, after travel- 
 ing full four hundred miles, through dark forests, in deep 
 snows, amid rain aiid storm and savage tribes, he reached 
 the French fort, at Yenango, on the 4th of December. 
 
 Y. The French officers received the messenger kindly, and 
 sent him forward to the headquarters of St. Pierre on Le Boeuf 
 river, near Lake Erie. That officer entertained him politely dur- 
 ing four days, and then gave him a written answer to Governor 
 Dinwiddle's letter. Washington retraced his dangerous jour- 
 ney through the wilderness, and on the 16th of January, 1754, 
 arrived at Williamsburg, having been absent eleven weeks. 
 
 8. In addition to the letter from St. Pierre, and a carefully 
 drawn map of the country he had traversed, Washington 
 brought back other important information. At Venango, the 
 French officers gave him an entertainment, at which, by the 
 too free use of wine, his hosts were made drunk. Washington 
 wisely restrained his appetite, and thus learned from the blab- 
 bing soldiers the whole plan of the contemplated operations 
 against the English colonies. 
 
 9. St. Pierre's reply stated that he was acting under orders 
 
 6. Eelate the particulars of his journey ? 
 
 7. How was he received by the French officers ? 
 
 8. How did he learn their plans ? 
 
 9. What reply did the French commander make to Governor Din- 
 widdle's letter? What did Dinwiddle do? How was the call for 
 troops answered? 
 
BATTLE AT TEE GREAT MEADOWS. 105 
 
 of the commander at Montreal, and that he would not with- 
 draw his troops from the disputed territory. Governor Din- 
 widdle, thereupon, determined to send an armed force against 
 the French, and invited the other colonies to join him. The 
 call for troops was answered, and, on the 2d of April, 1754, 
 a regiment of 600 men, with Joshua Fry as colonel, and 
 George Washington, major, marched from Alexandria, on 
 the Potomac, toward the Ohio. 
 
 10. While this expedition was being organized, the Ohio 
 Company sent out thirty men to build a fort at the conflu- 
 ence of the Alleghany and Monongahela rivers. The work 
 had scarcely begun, when a party of French and Indians, 
 under Contrecoeur, attacked and drove them away. The 
 French completed the fortification and named it Du Quesne, 
 in honor of the governor-general of Canada. 
 
 11. When Washington, who led the vanguard of the 
 colonial troops, heard of the attack on the working party, he 
 pushed forward rapitlly at the head of one hundred and fifty 
 men to a point on the Monongahela river, about forty miles 
 above Fort Du Quesne; there he received information that a 
 strong force of the enemy was marching to intercept him, 
 and hence cautiously fell back to the "Great Meadows," now 
 in Fayette county, and there erected a stockade, which he 
 called Fort Necessity. 
 
 12. Before the fort had been completed, the French came 
 so near, that a few of Washington's troops attacked their ad- 
 vance party under Jumonville, killed the commander, with 
 nine of his men, and put the whole party to flight. 
 
 10. When, why, and by whom was Fort Du Quesne built? 
 
 11. Where was Fort Necessity erected? By whom? 
 
 12. What caused the first bloodshed? What commander was 
 killed? 
 
106 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 13. Two days after this, May 30th, Colonel Fry died, and 
 the command of the expedition devolved on Washington. At 
 the head of 400 men, the young leader marched toward Fort 
 Du Quesne. At about the same time, M. de Yilliers had 
 marched toward Fort Necessity, with a force of over one 
 thousand Indian warriors and some French troops, determ- 
 ined to avenge the death of his comrades. Washington 
 learned of the approach of the enemy, and prudently retired 
 to his fort, where, on the 3d of July, he was attacked by al- 
 most fifteen hundred French and Indians. 
 
 14. After a fierce conflict, lasting about ten hours, de Yil- 
 liers proposed to end the fight and allow Washington to return 
 to Virginia with his troops. These terms of surrender were 
 accepted, and on the morning of the fourth the fort was 
 vacated, and the hostile forces marched in opposite directions, 
 to the places whence they had come. 
 
 15. When Governor Hamilton received the news of Wash- 
 ington's defeat, he convened the Assembly and laid before it 
 a statement of the defenseless condition of the Province. The 
 settlers on the frontier asked for arms and ammunition to 
 protect themselves ; and the friendly Indians, ready to take 
 the field against the enemy, petitioned the governor for pro- 
 tection and support for their families during their absence. 
 
 16. The Assembly, with its characteristic tardiness in the 
 appropriation of money for public defense, easily found excuses 
 for delay. The governor, having already forwarded his resign 
 
 13. What change took place in the command? What did Wash- 
 ington do ? 
 
 14. What occurred at Tort Necessity? What were the terms of 
 Washington's surrender? 
 
 15. What action did Governor Hamilton take? What did the 
 frontier settlers ask for ? 
 
 16. How did the Assembly act ? 
 
PL AX FOR A UNION OF THE COLONIES. 10 1 
 
 nation to the proprietaries, did not wish to begin a new quarrel 
 with the legislature, but chose rather to refer the subject of 
 public defense to his successor; and thus nothing was done. 
 
 17. On the same day that Washington inarched from Fort 
 Necessity back toward Virginia, the expedition haWng failed, 
 Articles of Union, drawn up by Benjamin Franklin, wherein 
 the representatives of the colonies set forth a plan of general 
 defense, were adopted by the Provincial Congress at Albany. 
 This Congress was composed of delegates from New Hamp- 
 shire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, iS'ew York, 
 Pennsylvania, and Maryland. Pennsylvania sent four repre- 
 sentatives, of whom Franklin was the most distinguished. 
 
 18. The plan for a union of the colonies was referred for 
 approval to the provincial assemblies and to ''The Board of 
 Trade " in England, acting under instructions from the crown. 
 The Articles provided for the appointment of a governor- 
 general and the organization of a senate composed of repre- 
 sentatives from all the colonies ; to these, all questions of war 
 levying troops, and assessment of taxes for general defense 
 were to be referred. 
 
 19. The assemblies thought too much power was given to 
 the governor-general, and that the plan was too aristocratic, 
 hence they refused to ratify it; the Board of Trade thought it 
 gave too much power to the people, was too democratic, and 
 also rejected it. Therefore, the union was not effected; but 
 the principles of a united government were freely discussed, 
 both b}^ the Congress and by the people, and out of this effort 
 sprang, ultimately, our noble Declaration of Independence in 
 17*76, wherein the United States were proclaimed a free Nation. 
 
 17. What important event took place at Albany? 
 
 18. To what bodies was the plan of union referred? 
 
 19. What was its fate? What ultimately sprang from this effort? 
 
108 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 GENERAL BRADDOCK. 
 
 CHAPTER XYIL 
 
 Braddock^s Defeat. — Frontier Settlements destroyed by 
 Indians. 
 
 1. Robert Hunter Morris was appointed governor of 
 Pennsylvania to succeed Hamilton ; he arrived in the Prov- 
 ince in October, 1754. It was the duty of the new gov- 
 ernor to lay before the Assembly the order of Xing George 
 II., commanding the American colonies to unite in a common 
 effort to repel the encroachments of the French. 
 
 2. The government of Great Britain had now determined 
 to use force in the defense of its claims to a large share of 
 the American continent. Accordingly, two regiments of 
 infantry were sent to Virginia, and Edward Braddock, a 
 young Irish officer of distinction, was sent over as com- 
 
 Chapter XYII. — 1. When was Morris appointed governor? 
 "What was his first duty ? 
 
 2. What had the British government determined to do? What 
 troops were sent to America? Who was appointed commander-in- 
 chief? 
 
PREPARATIONS FOR BRADDOCK'S EXPEDITION. 109 
 
 mander-in-chief of all the British and provincial forces in 
 America. 
 
 3. The members of the Assembly were surprised that 
 Braddock had not landed his troops at Philadelphia. Penn- 
 sylvania was far more able to feed and transport an army, 
 than any other colony. It was feared that the general was 
 prejudiced against this Province; and Benjamin Franklin was 
 sent down to Alexandria to assure the British commander 
 that the people would have received the troops kindly, and 
 to inform him that the roads and the extent and wealth of 
 the settlements would have afforded advantages to his expe- 
 dition, that could not be obtained in Virginia. 
 
 4. While Franklin was in the camp on the banks of the 
 Potomac, a report was brought to General Braddock, that 
 not more than twenty-five wagons could be found for the 
 use of the army. The general, thereupon, declared the ex- 
 pedition at an end; for it Avas impossible to move the bag- 
 gage and supplies for the troops. Franklin modestly ex- 
 pressed his regret that the army had not been landed in 
 Pennsylvania, where the people owned many horses and 
 wagons, which could be spared for the use of the king's 
 troops. 
 
 5. General Braddock seized eagerly on Franklin's words, 
 and directed him to return at once to his Province, and pur- 
 chase one hundred and fifty wagons and fifteen hundred 
 horses. In less than two weeks, Franklin had procured all 
 
 3. "Where did Braddock land his troops? What action did the 
 Assembly take? What was Franklin instructed to do? 
 
 4. What occurred while Franklin was in Braddock 's camp ? What 
 did he suggest? 
 
 5. How did Braddock receive this intelligence? What did he 
 authorize Franklin to do? How did Franklin perform this duty? 
 How did the farmers take security ? 
 
 10 
 
110 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 the wagons ordered, and two hundred and fifty horses; he 
 not only expended all the money that Braddock had given to 
 him, but in addition to this, advanced two hundred pounds of 
 his own funds, and gave his private bonds for the payment 
 of the full value of any horses that might be lost in the service. 
 The Pennsylvania farmers were unwilling to trust the British 
 general, but so great was their confidence in Franklin, that 
 his bond was considered ample security for the return, or 
 payment of the horses and wagons. 
 
 6. While these preparations were being made, the gov- 
 ernors of Massachusetts, New York, Pennsylvania, Mary- 
 land, Virginia, and North Carolina met in council with the 
 general, at Alexandria, in April, 1755, to make arrangements 
 for a vigorous campaign. Three separate expeditions were 
 planned: one against Fort Du Quesne, one against Fort 
 Niagara, and one against Crown Point, on Lake Champlain. 
 This plan of military operations, approved by the- English 
 government, aroused the people of the colonies to a high 
 pitch of excitement, and the din of active preparation for war 
 filled the settlements to their remotest bounds. 
 
 T. General Braddock moved his army up the Potomac 
 river to Fort Cumberland, where he waited for the wagons 
 and other supplies from Pennsylvania. Here he was rein- 
 forced by several companies of American and Indian troops, 
 and on the 12th of June, broke up his encampment and began 
 his march westward. He crossed the Alleghany mountains 
 with an army of 2200 men. His line of march corresponded 
 nearly to what afterward became the course of the "National 
 road." 
 
 6. What council was held? What campaigns were planned? 
 How did this action affect the people? 
 
 7. How and when did Braddock march ? How many men had he ? 
 
WASHINGTON'S ADVICE TO BRADDOCK. m 
 
 8. At Little Meadows, which was five clays' march from 
 Fort Du Quesne, he held a council of war to determine on a 
 plan of attack, should they meet the enemy. George Wash- 
 ington, who had volunteered as an aid-de-camp on Braddock's 
 staff, knew more about the country to be traversed, and the 
 enemy to be encountered, than any one else in the expedition. 
 From the beginning, he had advised the general to leave the 
 wagons and the heavy artillery in the rear, and to march in 
 light order, with pack horses to carry supplies. In the 
 council at Little Meadows, he renewed this advice, and urged 
 it with such forcible arguments, that it ultimately prevailed. 
 
 9. General Braddock selected 1200 men and twelve pieces 
 of light cannon for the purpose of making a rapid march 
 against the enemy. Thirty wagons, including the ammu- 
 nition train, followed. The remainder of the army, with all 
 the heavy cannon and baggage, was left at the Meadows 
 under the command of Colonel Dunbar. 
 
 10. The British officers, however, had not \ei learned the 
 art of carrying on war in trackless forests. They refused to 
 push forward regardless of obstacles, but delayed the troops 
 to construct roads and build bridges, where the provincial 
 companies would have marched and waded without stopping 
 to dig earth or cut down trees. Four days were thus spent 
 in marching nineteen miles. 
 
 11. Braddock was haughty and arrogant; he sneered at 
 
 8. "Where did he hold a council of war*^ What young man was a 
 volunteer on Braddock's staff? What did Washington advise? How 
 was the advice received? 
 
 9. How did Braddock march from Little Meadows ? 
 
 10. What had the British 6tScers not learned? How was the cam- 
 paign conducted? 
 
 11. What was Braddock's character? What was his conduct? 
 What befell him ? 
 
112 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 the advice of his subordinate officers, who endeavored to 
 guard against surprise and ambush. He was confident of an 
 easy triumph, and thought more of the glory a great victory 
 would shed on his name, than of the means whereby the vic- 
 tory might be won. He crossed the Monongahela seven 
 miles above the enemy's fort, and while marching along, 
 too proud to take advice and too self-confident to be cautious, 
 he rode heedlessly on, until his progress was suddenly arrested 
 by a deadly fire on the front and left flank of his vanguard. 
 
 12. No enemy was seen, though it was clear noonday; but 
 the smoke rising from behind every tree and bush, the rattle 
 of musketry, the sharp crack of the rifle, the falling soldiers, 
 and the confusion in the advance column, revealed the pres- 
 ence of a powerful and deadly foe. 
 
 13. Washington, seeing the great danger into which they 
 had been led, proposed to fight the enemy according to the 
 American custom, by skirmishing and firing from the shelter 
 of trees, rocks, and underbrush; but this the arrogant com- 
 mander refused. He ordered his troops to form, and to fire 
 in platoons. For three hours, the concealed enemy kept up 
 a destructive fire on the British line; the ground was soon 
 covered with the fallen men; every mounted officer but 
 Washington was killed or disabled, and finally the brave 
 Braddock himself was mortally wounded. 
 
 14. When the regular soldiers saw their commander fall, 
 they fled from the field; Washington, though two horses had 
 been killed under him, and four balls had passed through his 
 
 12. How did the enemy fight? What was the result? 
 
 13. What did Washington propose? How was this suggestion 
 received? What was the result? 
 
 14. How did the death of Braddock afiect the soldiers ? What did 
 Washington do? *" 
 
EFFECT OF BRADDOCICS DEFEAT. 113 
 
 clothes, was unhurt, and now assuming command, rallied the 
 provincial troops, and formed a rear guard of such strength 
 that the enemy feared to follow. 
 
 15. The defeated army retreated rapidly, leaving all stores, 
 baggage, and cannon, even the private instructions, and the 
 money in the camp-chest of the commander-in-chief, in the 
 hands of the enemy. The regulars fled, in haste and terror, 
 back to Dunbar's camp, at Little Meadows, where the rem- 
 nants of the broken companies were speedily collected; the 
 large cannon were buried, and everything not absolutely 
 necessary for the troops was immediately destroyed. Dunbar 
 then marched to Shippensburg with the remainder of the 
 British troops, whence, after a short dela}-, they went to 
 Philadelphia. Washington led the provincial forces back to 
 "Virginia. 
 
 16. The report of Braddock's defeat spread rapidly through- 
 out the whole country, and in Pennsylvania, more than else- 
 w^here, terrified the people. The retreat of Dunbar left the 
 whole western frontier unprotected. The inhabitants were 
 unarmed, undisciplined, and without organization; yet they 
 were compelled to adopt measures immediately for the de- 
 fense of their homes. 
 
 •It. The Assembly, having been summoned by Governor 
 Morris, without delay voted £50,000 to the king's use, to be 
 raised by a tax levied on all real and personal property in 
 the Province. The governor refused to sign this bill because 
 it did not exempt the property of the proprietaries from taxa- 
 
 15. How did the army retreat? Where did the troops concentrate? 
 What was done at Little Meadows ? 
 
 16. What was the effect of Braddock's defeat? What was the 
 condition of the inhabitants? 
 
 17. What action did the government take? 
 
 10* 
 
114 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 tion. A bitter quarrel ensued between the executive and the 
 Assembly, which for a time completely overshadowed the 
 public danger, and effectually arrested public business. 
 
 18. The demands of the people, threatened with imme- 
 diate massacre, could not long be delayed. The frontier set- 
 tlers insisted upon instantaneous relief, and the Assembly, 
 once more aroused to a sense of duty, forgot their own quarrel 
 long enough to place in the hands of a special committee 
 £1000 to be expended for arms and ammunition for the in- 
 habitants of the western counties, and then adjourned until 
 September. 
 
 19. In the September session, money was appropriated to 
 buy clothing and provisions for the provincial troops in New 
 York and the Eastern States. This aid to the sister colonies 
 was gratefully acknowledged by Governor Shirley, of Massa- 
 chusetts, who, upon the death of Braddock, had become com- 
 mander-in-chief of all the forces in America. 
 
 20. For some time the enemy west of the Alleghany 
 mountains was awed by the exhibition of strength in Brad- 
 dock's defeated expedition, and did not dare to attempt hos- 
 tilities against the inhabitants; but, after awhile, finding the 
 whole frontier unprotected, parties of marauders crossed the 
 mountains and roamed unmolested over the western setde- 
 ments of Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia. 
 
 21. The inhabitants of Cumberland county were the first 
 to receive the furious attacks of the savage foe. The settlers 
 living two or three miles apart were captured, or forced to 
 
 18. What did the frontier settlers demand? How was this demand 
 met? 
 
 19. What was done at the September session? 
 
 20. What was now the situation on the frontier? 
 
 21. What occurred in Cumberland county and other places? 
 
FRONTIER SETTLEMENTS DESTROYED. 115 
 
 flee in terror to the stronger settlements. Their cattle were 
 killed, their grain and provisions carried away or destroyed, 
 and their dwellings burned to the ground. In some places 
 the whole country was laid waste with murder and fire, as 
 far east as the Susquehanna. The thriving settlements at 
 the Great Cove, in Cumberland county, a few miles above 
 Ilarrisburg, were totally destroyed, and many of the inhabit- 
 ants slaughtered or made captives. The same terrible fate 
 befell the settlements at Tulpehocken, Mahanoy, the Moravian 
 Missionary stations at Mahoning, and at Gnadenhutten, on 
 the Lehigh. 
 
 22. In the midst of these terrors, the newly elected As- 
 sembly was convened. Petitions from all parts of the country 
 were thrown in upon the members, praying for arms, ammu- 
 nition, and means for public defense. Astounding as it may 
 seem, the Assembly and the governor reopened their old 
 quarrel, and criminally spent weeks in foolish wranglings, 
 while a deadly foe was overrunning the Province, devastating 
 the fields, and murdering the inhabitants. 
 
 23. The patience of the quiet Germans was finally ex- 
 hausted. Those residing near Philadelphia, to the number of 
 about four hundred, marched in one body into the city, un- 
 armed, and in the most orderly manner, and implored their 
 rulers to postpone their unreasonable quarrels, that they 
 might provide, immediately, for the public safety. 
 
 24. They first called on the governor and laid their peti- 
 tions before him; and then, crowding into the halls of the 
 Assembly, these sturdy citizens demanded of their repre- 
 
 22. What action did the Assembly take? 
 
 23. What did the Germans do ? 
 
 24. On whom did these Germans call? What eflect had this 
 action ? 
 
116 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 sentatives, that ample provision should be speedily made for 
 the protection of the property and the safety of the people. 
 These demands, added to the great number of written petitions 
 that were sent to the Assembly, could not be resisted; for- 
 tunately, about this time also, an order was received from the 
 proprietaries, appropriating £5000 to the use of the Colony. 
 To this the Assembly added a liberal sum, and passed a 
 militia bill which authorized the enUstment of men, and the 
 organization of military companies for service in the Province. 
 25. The expedition against Fort Niagara, and also that 
 against Crown Point, were unsuccessful. Neither of these 
 experienced such fearful disaster as befell Braddock's army, 
 but both failed to achieve the objects for which they had been 
 organized. Thus, in all parts of America, the campaign 
 of 1755 terminated unfavorably for the English and provincial 
 cause. 
 
 25. How did the military campaign of 1755 terminate? 
 
PREPARATIONS FOR DEFENSE. 
 
 in 
 
 DSSTUUOTIOX OF KirTANNING. 
 
 CHAPTER XYIII. 
 
 Preparations for Defense. — Indian Outrages. — Destruction 
 of Kittanning. 
 
 1. Governor Shirley, of Massachusetts, commancler-in, 
 chief, called a convention of the governors of the northern 
 and middle colonies, to meet at Albany, for the purpose of 
 devising a plan for the military campaign of 1756. This 
 council of governors resolved to organize four expeditions: 
 10,000 men were to attack Crown Point; 6000 were to 
 march against Fort Niagara; 3000 against Fort Du Quesne; 
 and 2000 men were to march across the country into Canada 
 to alarm and harass the settlements of the enemy. 
 
 2. Pennsylvania furnished 1500 men for this campaign. 
 
 Chapter XYIII. — 1. "What convention was called? What did 
 the council of governors resolve to do ? 
 
 2. How many troops did Pennsylvania furnish ? What did Frank- 
 lin publish ? 
 
118 " HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 Great efforts were made to enlist these troops and prepare 
 them for the field early in the spring. Benjamin Franklin 
 published a dialogue, in which he stated the popular objec- 
 tions to militia laws and military operations for public de> 
 fense ; he gave such ingenious and satisfactory answers to 
 the objections made, that the opposition to preparations for 
 War was completely silenced. 
 
 3. Governor Morris prevailed on Franklin to take sole 
 charge of the protection of the frontier, and gave him full 
 power to organize companies and regiments, to commission 
 officers, to build forts, and to do all that was necessary to 
 protect the settlements in the western and northern border. 
 In this work Franklin was- aided by his son, who had served 
 in the army that had been sent against Canada. He speedily 
 collected 500 men at Bethlehem, whence he marched up the 
 Lehigh to Gnadenhutten, now Weisport, where he established- 
 a military post for the protection of the inhabitants of the 
 Lehigh valley. 
 
 4. The Moravians, who had hitherto professed the peace 
 doctrine of the Quakers, now gave themselves earnestly to 
 works of defense. They surrounded Bethlehem by a strong 
 stockade, procured a large supply of arms and ammunition ; 
 and even collected stones in their houses for the women to 
 throw upon the heads of assailants. 
 
 5. Neither the presence of the enemy nor the inclemency 
 of the season could interpose insurmountable obstacles to the 
 deliberate purposes of Franklin. In the beginning of January, 
 
 3. What was he prevailed on to do ? Who aided Franklin? How 
 did he aid his father? 
 
 4. What action did the Moravians take? 
 
 5. How did Franklin defend the froncier? How did this chain of 
 forts affect the enemy ? 
 
PREPARATIONS FOR DEFENSE. 119 
 
 amid frost and rain, he began to establish his posts and to 
 erect forts and block-houses along the Kittatinny mountains. 
 The marauding parties of the French and Indians, who had 
 hovered on the frontier during the winter, murdering the un- 
 armed inhabitants and destroying the unprotected settlements, 
 watched in amazement the vigorous operations of Franklin's 
 men; and as the chain of forts, starting on the Delaware, was 
 drawn out around the western edge of the settled country 
 toward the boundary line of Maryland, the enemy sullenly 
 slunk away from the outposts he dared not attack, and thus 
 for a short time the inhabitants were relieved from the daily 
 fear of death. 
 
 6. The military organization of the Province grew rapidly 
 in numbers and strength. Franklin was sent for, and urged 
 to return from the outposts to aid the Assembly in framing 
 laws and providing for the support of the militia; having 
 transferred his command to Colonel Clapham, a New Eng- 
 land officer, who had learned by experience how to fight In- 
 dians, he proceeded to Philadelphia. Twelve hundred men, 
 recruited in the city, were organized into a regiment, with a 
 battery of artillery, and Franklin was elected colonel. Vol- 
 unteer companies were formed in every settlement, which 
 were supplied with arms and ammunition, so that in a short 
 time Pennsylvania was in a state of better defense than any 
 of the other colonies. The frontier was defended by a hue 
 of forts well garrisoned; companies in every county were 
 ready to respond to the call of the governor, and the treasury 
 was provided with means to pay the expenses of a vigorous 
 campaign. 
 
 6. What was the condition of the military? What was Franklin 
 isked to do ? Who commanded on the frontier ? 
 
120 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 t. Notwithstanding these ample preparations, the leading 
 Quakers put forth earnest efforts to restore peace between the 
 Indians and the white people. Israel Pemberton and some 
 other Quakers invited a few friendly Indians to their houses, 
 and entered into free conversation about the condition of the 
 Province and the great distress brought upon the inhabitants 
 by war. The Quakers persuaded the Indians to go out 
 among their own people, and into the hostile tribes, and tell 
 them how earnestly their old friends, the brethren of the 
 Great Penn, wished them to return to their early affections 
 for the white people, that they might live together in peace 
 and happiness as in times past. These labors of mercy were 
 crowned with success; the Delaware and Shawanese Indians 
 promised to refrain from further hostilities, and the governor 
 revoked his declaration of war against these tribes. 
 
 8. Though hostile campaigns had been carried on for nearly 
 two years between the English and French settlers in Amer- 
 ica, a formal declaration of war between England and France 
 was not made until May, lt56. About the same time, also, 
 the British Parliament passed an act giving authority to the 
 German and Swiss settlers in Pennsylvania to organize a 
 regiment, to be commanded by officers chosen from their own 
 people. This was called the Royal American Regiment, and 
 consisted of 4000 men, divided into four battalions. 
 
 9. The British government, unfortunately, sent to America 
 incompetent officers to command the expeditions that had 
 been determined upon for the year 1*756. The enthusiasm of 
 
 7. How did the leading Quakers act? What effect had their 
 lahors ? 
 
 8. When was war declared between England and France? What 
 war was this? What act was passed by Parliament? 
 
 9. What was the character of the British officers sent to America? 
 How did these conduct the campaigns ? What was the result ? 
 
INDIAN OUTRAGES. 121 
 
 the people of the colonies was met by a cold superciliousness 
 that destroyed it. This, added to the tardy execution of 
 plans, brought ignominious defeat, and ended the campaign 
 of the second year of the war in disgraceful disaster to the 
 English arms. 
 
 10. During these two years of bad management, Pennsyl- 
 vania, in common with other colonies, suffered many and 
 terrible calamities. After Braddock's defeat, the whole fron- 
 tier was overrun with parties of French and Indians, who 
 committed fearful ravages upon the defenseless inhabitants. 
 
 11. On the 18th of October, 1755, a party of French and 
 Indians massacred and scalped a number of inhabitants on 
 the Mahanoy creek, near the Great Fork of the Susquehanna, 
 carried off about twenty-five prisoners, and burned the settle- 
 ment. Upon hearing of the outrage, John Harris, and about 
 forty-five persons from Paxton creek, proceeded to the place, 
 where they found fourteen bodies shockingly mutilated. 
 They then went to Shamokin to inquire of the Delaware 
 Indians residing there who had committed the fearful mas^ 
 sacre. Upon their return, they were fired on by a party of 
 Indians in ambush; four of Harris's men were killed, and 
 four drowned in the Susquehanna, in the attempt to escape. 
 
 12. On the 2d of November, the enemy began his work of 
 destruction and death at the Great Cove, Conolloways, and 
 Tulpehocken. The people in the Great Cove were in the 
 greatest distress — their houses burned, their cattle killed, and 
 themselves compelled to fly, without food or clothing to de- 
 
 10. How did these disasters affect the colonies? 
 
 11. What Indian outrages can you mention? When did these 
 occur ? 
 
 12. Where is the Great Cove? What occurred there? What other 
 Indian depredations can yon name ? 
 
 11 
 
122 n IS TORY OF PENNSYLVANIA, 
 
 fend them from the cold. On the 18th, the savages extended 
 their depredations into Berks county, murdering and burning 
 all before them. On the 25th of November, the Moravian 
 mission station on Mahoning creek, about half a mile from 
 Gnadenhutten, was attacked by a party of Delaware Indians, 
 and the missionaries were massacred. Seven men, three 
 women, and one child were killed; two men, one woman, 
 and a boy escaped by leaping from a burning building and 
 hiding in the woods. 
 
 13. In December a party of 200 savages broke into North- 
 ampton county, beyond the Blue mountains, and murdered 
 upwards of a hundred of the inhabitants, burned their dwell- 
 ings and threatened to exterminate the Moravian settlements. 
 This part of the county was now in a dreadful condition, — 
 horror and desolation on every side ; settlements abandoned, 
 villages burned, men, women, and children murdered, and 
 their reeking bodies left unburied in the fields and woods. 
 Above Easton the country was nearly deserted, the people 
 having fled, carrying off their cattle, grain, and best house- 
 hold goods. The savages made few prisoners, but murdered 
 nearly all who fell into their hands. On the 1st of January 
 the village of Gnadenhutten, on the Lehigh, was attacked 
 and burned to ashes. It was occupied at the time by a com- 
 pany of "rangers;" the inhabitants having fled when the set- 
 tlement on the Mahoning was destroyed. 
 
 14. On the 2tth of January the savages committed several 
 murders along the Juniata. During the next three months 
 they continued their aggressions in Berks, Northampton, and 
 Cumberland counties ; families were murdered and their 
 houses and barns laid in ashes. About the 4th of April, 1 756, 
 
 13. What took place in Northampton county? 
 
 14. What occurred in the Juniata and Cumberland valleys? 
 
INDIAN OUTRAGES. 123 
 
 McCord's fort in Conococheague was burned, twenty-seven 
 persons killed, and many captives taken and carried off. On 
 the 30th of July Fort Granville w^as attacked by a party of 
 French and Indians, and the garrison was forced to sur- 
 render. In August murders were committed in Cumberland 
 county, and most of the terrified inhabitants deserted their 
 homes. About the 20th of August a number of persons who 
 were attending a funeral, near the mouth of Conococheague 
 creek, were attacked by the savages and fifteen were killed 
 and scalped, and many others were wounded. On the same 
 day other murders were committed in the vicinity ; scouting 
 parties w^ere attacked, and when any of their men were cap- 
 tured they were killed; and thus terror and confusion filled 
 the whole country. 
 
 15. The settlements west of the Susquehanna had thus 
 been laid waste by frequent incursions of hostile Indians, 
 whose chief village was Kittanning, on the Alleghany river, 
 twenty-five miles above Fort Du Quesne. Defensive measures 
 had not been successful ; the settlements that had numbered 
 over 3000 men fit to bear arms had been totally destroyed, 
 and the people had been murdered, captured, or driven to the 
 east side of the Susquehanna. 
 
 16. Some of the Delaware chiefs who had been most favored 
 b}^ the white people, and had received many valuable presents, 
 were now the most savage enemies, and refused to join with 
 their tribe in the treaty of peace negotiated by the Quakers. 
 They attached themselves to the western Indians, under the 
 influence of the French, and were the most active and brutal 
 
 15. Wliat was the condition of the settlements west of the Susque- 
 hanna? Where was the principal village of the hostile Indians? 
 
 16. Who joilied the enemy? What did Governor Morris resolve 
 to do? 
 
124 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 savages in the Province. Against these hostile bands, Gov- 
 ernor Morris resolved to wage aggressive war in order to try 
 the effect of severe chastisement on such as would not be 
 moved by acts of peace. 
 
 lY. On the 30th of August, Colonel Armstrong, with a 
 force of 300 men, was sent out to destroy the Indian settle- 
 ment at Kittanning. He marched from Fort Shirley, and, 
 early on the morning of the 8th of September, guided by the 
 whoop of the Indians in a war-dance, the troops came within 
 Bight of the village. At the close of the dance many of the 
 warriors laid down to sleep in a cornfield on the border of 
 the village. As soon as it was light enough to take aim, the 
 battle began; first in the cornfield, where many of the enemy 
 fell before they knew the character of their assailants. Colonel 
 Armstrong pushed forward rapidly into the village, where the 
 chief, Captain Jacobs, had summoned his warriors to arms 
 by sounding the war-whoop of the tribe. 
 
 18. There the wild savages gathered about their leader, 
 resolved to die rather than be captured. They took shelter in 
 their wigwams, defended themselves through the doors and 
 loopholes, and fought with fearful desperation. In the midst 
 of the conflict. Colonel Armstrong was severely wounded in 
 the shoulder; he ordered his men to set fire to the village, 
 and to shoot down all who refused to surrender. 
 
 19. The whole village was soon Avrapped in a sheet of 
 flame, but the savage warriors still kept up the fight; the 
 unused rifles stored in their wigwams were discharged by 
 the heat, and the large quantities of powder hid away in their 
 
 17. What expedition was sent against Kittanning? When did 
 Colonel Armstrong reach the village? How did the attack begin? 
 
 18. How did the Indians fight? 
 
 19. How was the battle conducted, and how did it end? 
 
DESTRUCTION OF KITTANNING. 125 
 
 buildings frequently exploded, throwing the bodies of the 
 slain high into the air. Soon, however, the village w^as in 
 ashes and the last of the enemy had fallen or fled. The work 
 of destruction was complete, and this terrible disaster to the 
 boldest and most warlike band of marauders, so alarmed the 
 hostile Indians in the Province, that most of them fled west- 
 ward beyond the Ohio, and for a long time none dared renew 
 their depredations upon the settlements. 
 
 11* 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 FORT PITT. 
 
 CHAPTER XIX. 
 
 Capture of Fort Du Quesne. — Erection of Fort Pitt.- 
 Treaty at Easton. 
 
 -Indian 
 
 1. In the midst of the campaign of 1756, and just when 
 Colonel Armstrong was about to march against the Indians 
 at Kittanning, Governor Morris was superseded by the arrival 
 of WilliaQi Denny, who had been appointed governor of Penn- 
 sylvania. The Assembly hailed the removal of Morris with 
 joy, and gave the new governor a cordial reception; invited 
 him to a public entertainment at the State House, and voted 
 him the sum of £600 to pay his personal expenses. 
 
 2. The exultations of the Assembly and the people, how- 
 ever, soon subsided. Governor Denny came to the Province 
 as the special custodian of the proprietary interests, and was 
 
 Chapter XIX. — 1. Who now became governor? How was this 
 change received? 
 
 2, What were Governor Denny's instructions? 
 
NEW POLICY OF THE PROPRIETARIES. 12t 
 
 instructed to veto all legislation that imposed taxes on, or in 
 any way assessed the proprietary estates, or diminished the 
 revenue, or curtailed the power and privileges of the pro- 
 prietaries. No money was to be raised by tax, excise, or 
 otherwise, in the disbursement of which, the governor was 
 not given equal authority with the Assembly; the paper 
 money was not to be increased, nor the existing issues con- 
 firmed, unless provision was made for the payment of the 
 proprietary rents in sterling money. 
 
 3. The members of the Assembly were astonished at the 
 language and spirit of these instructions, and inquired of the 
 governor whether he would enforce them. Governor Denny 
 replied frankly, that he could not violate them without loss 
 of honor and fortune. This declaration arrayed the legis- 
 lature and the private citizens of the Province against the 
 proprietaries and their deputies and agents in Pennsylvania. 
 The whole winter was spent in fruitless discussion. Frank- 
 lin, chairman of the committee of the Assembly, to whom 
 the subject had been referred, reviewed the new policy of the 
 proprietaries with great force; declaring that, under its 
 operation, the Colony must perish, or the people be reduced 
 to a state of vassalage. 
 
 4. Upon the opening of spring, the Assembly waived what 
 it considered the just rights of the people, and made provision 
 for the support of the Pennsylvania troops already in the 
 field, and also for the equipment of new levies. 
 
 5. The campaign of 1157 was confined to the single object 
 of the capture of Louisburg. Ample force was at hand, but 
 
 3. "What action was taken by the Assembly and people? What did 
 Franklin say? 
 
 4. What did the Assembly do ? 
 
 5. What was the character and result of the campaign of 1757? 
 
128 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 the expedition, led by the same tardy officers who had failed 
 the year before, was destined to defeat; and another summer 
 of disaster was added to the two already noted. 
 
 6. The British government, after three years of blunder 
 and failure, became fully aroused; the ministry now saw 
 that greater vigor must be infused into the campaigns in 
 America, or the colonies must be abandoned to the enemy. 
 The provincial forces were not discouraged by the strength 
 of the foe, but were heartily sick of the gross mismanagement 
 inflicted upon them by the British ministry. The American 
 officers and people felt themselves fully able, if left to their 
 own resources, to defend their homes against the French and 
 Indians; but the arrogance of the English officers, added to 
 their utter unskillfulness in conducting campaigns, had greatly 
 oppressed and embarrassed the colonists. 
 
 t. In this hour of gloom, William Pitt, by far the ablest 
 statesman in England, was called to the control of public 
 affairs. He came into power, as prime minister, in June, lt5t. 
 Energy and sound judgment wcr.e at once infused into every 
 department of the government. Loudon, the tardy com- 
 mander in America, was recalled, and Abercrombie was ap- 
 pointed general-in-chief; 12,000 English troops, and a large 
 fleet under the command of Admiral Boscawen, were sent 
 over to aid the provincial forces. Pitt addressed stirring 
 letters to the several colonies, and asked them to raise 
 20,000 men, promising, in the name of the British govern- 
 ment, to supply arms, tents, a'nd provisions; he also promised 
 to repay the money that would be expended in recruiting 
 and clothing the troops. 
 
 6. What was the feeling in England? What in America? 
 
 7. Who was made Prime Minister ? What was Pitt ? What was 
 done? How many troops were raised? 
 
SURRENDER OF LOUISBURG. 129 
 
 8. The vigorous policy foreshadowed, and the liberal offers 
 transmitted through these letters, electrified every heart and 
 roused the people in every colony to the greatest activity. 
 New England immediately raised 15,000 men; New York, 
 2700; New Jersey, 1000; Pennsylvania, 3000; and Vir- 
 ginia, 2000; other colonies in the South reported smaller 
 numbers; but so great was the excitement, that, in May, 1758, 
 when Abercrombie took command of the army, he found over 
 50,000 troops ready to obey his orders. 
 
 9. The plan of the campaign was also comprehensive. 
 Louisburg, Ticonderoga and Fort Du Quesne were the prin- 
 cipal points against which powerful expeditions were to be 
 sent. The first blow was directed against Louisburg, a place 
 so strong that it had been styled the Gibraltar of America. 
 Forty armed vessels and a land force of 12,000 men in- 
 vested the town early in June, and, after a siege of 
 almost fifty days, during which all the French shipping in 
 the harbor had been destroyed, compelled the enemy to 
 surrender. 
 
 10. The expedition against Ticonderoga did not succeed in 
 taking the fort, but inflicted severe punishment on the French 
 by defeating them in a vigorous battle, and by capturing their 
 naval station and depot of supplies at Frontenac. 
 
 11. The army in Pennsylvania, sent against Fort Du 
 Quesne, was commanded by General Forbes, and was com- 
 
 8. How did this policy affect the colonists ? 
 
 9. What was the plan of campaign ? "Where was the first blow 
 directed ? "What was the result ? 
 
 10. What did the expedition against Ticonderoga do ? 
 
 11. What campaign was undertaken in Pennsylvania? Who com- 
 manded ? How many troops had General Forbes ? How were the 
 troops recruited, and what was done to insure success? 
 
130 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 posed of 3050 Pennsylvanians, 2600 Yirginians, 1200 High- 
 landers from the British army, and 1000 teamsters, sutlers, 
 and camp followers. Animated by the letter from Pitt, the 
 Assembly and people of the Province had entered actively 
 upon preparations for this campaign. To encourage enlist- 
 ments a bounty of five pounds was paid to recruits, and one 
 pound to the recruiting officer. Wagons were provided for 
 the troops; the roads were improved; a battalion of cavalry 
 was organized and equipped, and the sum of £100,000 was 
 appropriated to defray the expenses of establishing quarters 
 and providing supplies for the army. 
 
 12. General Forbes collected his army at Carlisle, and 
 began his march westward about the middle of July, 1758. 
 As soon as the main army reached Raystown, Colonel 
 Bouquet marched forward, with a force of 5500 men, a dis- 
 tance of fifty miles, to Loyalhanna. The remainder of the 
 army was detained until September, waiting for the arrival 
 of the Virginia troops, and for military stores. 
 
 13. Colonel Bouquet, who remained at Loyalhanna, sent 
 out a detachment of 800 men, under Major Grant, to recon-' 
 noiter the country towards the French fort. While resting 
 on a hill, now named Grant's Hill, on the 14th of Sep- 
 tember, the party was suddenly surrounded and attacked by 
 the enemy. A sharp battle was fought, wherein about 300 
 men were lost, and Major Grant himself was taken prisoner. 
 The remainder of the detachment fled back to the camp in 
 great haste and confusion. 
 
 14. Nearly a month after this, on the 11th of October, a 
 
 12. "Where did Forbes collect his army? When did he begin his 
 march ? How did the army march ? 
 
 13. What battle was fought? 
 
 14. What occurred a month later? 
 
EXPEDITION AGAINST FORT DU QUESNE. 131 
 
 force of 1200 French a.nd 200 Indians, commanded b}^ De 
 Yetri, assailed Colonel Bouquet in bis camp. Tbey found 
 tbe colonel and bis men prepared to receive them ; a severe 
 battle ensued, which lasted four hours, when the enemy was 
 repulsed and compelled to withdraw, having suffered great 
 loss. The attack was renewed in the night, and the assail- 
 ants were again defeated 5 after which they returned to their 
 fort. 
 
 15. On the 23d, General Forbes, with the main force, left 
 Raystown, and on the 8th of November reached Loyalhanna. 
 The ill health, pride, and want of skill in the commander 
 caused delays and embarrassments that almost proved fatal 
 to the expedition. The approach of winter and the dis- 
 couragement of the troops finally alarmed the general, and 
 he called a council of war in order to decide whether the 
 expedition should be abandoned. Fortunately, on the 12th 
 of the month, Colonel Washington, who was out with a 
 scouting party, encountered a small body of the enemy, which 
 he attacked and dispersed, killing one man and capturing 
 three. From the prisoners he learned that the Indian allies 
 of the French had gone home, and that the garrison at Fort 
 Du Quesne did not exceed 500 men. 
 
 16. This information induced General Forbes to advance 
 immediately upon the enemy. Against the advice of Wash- 
 ington and other provincial officers, he neglected the road cut 
 by Braddock, and delayed the progress of his army to con- 
 struct new roads in more difficult mountain passes, and 
 thereby still further endangered the success of the campaign. 
 
 15. When did General Forbes advance ? What delayed the expe- 
 dition ? What fortunate circumstances occurred ? When before this 
 had Washington distinguished himself? 
 
 16. How did this information affect the campaign? What blunder 
 was committed? 
 
132 m STORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 IT. When the army arrived within a few days' march of 
 the fort, Washington advanced rapidly with his regiment, 
 while the army followed more slowly. The garrison having 
 been demoralized by the disasters to the French on the north- 
 ern frontier, and by the exaggerated accounts of the Indian 
 scouts, was unwilling to withstand the assault of the ap- 
 proaching army; therefore, on the 24th of November, the 
 men set fire to the fort and the buildings within and about it, 
 and fled down the Ohio river. 
 
 18. The Virginia troops, under Washington, took posses- 
 sion on the following day. The British flag was hoisted over 
 the ruins ; orders were given to rebuild the fort, larger and 
 stronger than it had been, and to name it Fort Pitt, in honor 
 of the distinguished English statesman by whose vigorous 
 policy the enemy had been expelled from his strongholds in 
 America. 
 
 19. While the colonics wore prosecuting the war against 
 the foreign enemies with great vigor, they were also zealous 
 in their efforts to re-establish peaceful relations with the In- 
 dians. In October, 1758, a convention was held at Easton, 
 which lasted twenty-one days. The governors of Pennsyl- 
 vania and New Jersey, attended by members of their legis- 
 latures and many citizens, mostly Quakers, were present to 
 represent the interests of the settlers; the Indians were 
 represented by chiefs and deputies from fifteen different 
 tribes, accompanied by many warriors with their women and 
 children. After a long and full discussion of all matters in 
 
 17. How was the advance conducted? What did the garrison do? 
 When was Fort Du Quesne destroyed ? 
 
 18. What occurred after the evacuation by the French ? What 
 year was this ? 
 
 19. What Indian council was held this year ? What year of the 
 war was this ? How did it end ? 
 
RIGHTS OF THE PEOPLE CONFIRMED. I33 
 
 dispute, the points of diiference were satisfactorily settled, 
 and a treaty of peace was agreed upon and signed by the 
 delegates. Thus, at the end of the fourth year of the war, 
 the English armies were victorious in the field, and the power 
 of diplomacy was triumphant in the Assembly. 
 
 20. After these exciting and successful campaigns, Penn- 
 S3dvania enjoyed comparative quiet. Franklin, who had been 
 sent to London to represent the cause of the people against 
 the assumptions of the proprietaries, had made known, by peti' 
 tions and through the public journals, the true condition ol 
 affairs in the Province ; he had justly pointed out the mis- 
 takes of the proprietary government, and had recited the 
 grievances of the people. After much delay and tedious dis- 
 cussion, he obtained the royal sanction to a bill taxing the 
 proprietary estates, and granting and confirming all that the 
 Assembly had claimed as the just rights of the people. Gov- 
 ernor Denny had been forced to submit to the popular will, • 
 and to sanction bills objectionable to the proprietaries, and 
 thereby incurred their displeasure, and was superseded, in 
 October, 1759, by James Hamilton, who had once before 
 been governor of the Province. 
 
 21. The success of the military campaign in the north* 
 
 * The British ministry, led on by the energetic spirit of Pitt, sent 
 powerful armies into Canada early in the spring of 1759. The French 
 capitals and strongholds, Quebec and Montreal, were besieged, and 
 the forts at Niagara and on Lake Champlain were attacked by ar- 
 mies confident of victory. At the close of the campaign, Montreal 
 alone remained in the possession of the French ; Quebec and all the 
 
 20. What did Franklin obtain? "\Yho was appointed governor? 
 "When had Hamilton been governor? 
 
 21. What brought peace to Pennsylvania? What was the cam- 
 paign in the north ? What war was thus ended ? 
 
 12 
 
134 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 brought peace and safety to Pennsylvania. The fugitive 
 farmers, who had been robbed and driven from their homes, 
 now returned to their work, and by skillful industry soon 
 re-established themselves in comfortable dwellings, and from 
 their well-cultivated fields again gathered rich harvests. 
 
 22. At the close of the war, when the people were strug- 
 gling under heavy taxes and suffering from the loss of prop- 
 erty, the Assembly, with the hearty approval of their generous 
 constituents, sent, from the exhausted treasury, £1500 to the 
 unfortunate inhabitants of Boston, in Massachusetts, who 
 had lost their property in a great fire, w^iich had destroyed a 
 considerable portion of the town. 
 
 forts on the lakes had fallen. In the spring of 17G0 the work of 
 conquest was resumed, and in September of that year, Montreal was 
 forced to capitulate, and with it all the fortifications, ships, and mu- 
 nitions of war in Canada were surrendered to the English. This 
 was the last cruirhing blow of the series of successes that demolished 
 the power of Trance on the Western continent. Thus ended the 
 French and Indian war. Three years later, a treaty, signed at Paris, 
 ceded to Great Britain all that portion of North America that once 
 belonged to the French, excepting only a portion of Louisiana, which 
 was ceded to Spain. 
 
 22. AYhat incident illustrates the benevolence of the people of Penn- 
 sylvania ? 
 
PREPARATIONS FOR WAR WITH SPAIN. 135 
 
 8ETTLEKS FLliElJfU iKU 
 
 CHAPTER XX. 
 
 Indian Conspiracy to exterminate the Setttements west of 
 the Atleghanies. 
 
 1. The soldiers in the French and Indian war had scarcely 
 received their discharges from service, when England, having 
 declared war against Spain, in January, 1762, again forced 
 the colonies to call out troops for their own defense. The 
 legislature of Pennsylvania appropriated money, and pro- 
 vided for the erection of batteries on the Delaware. A fort 
 was built on Mud Island, at the confluence of the Delaware 
 and Schuylkill rivers; but fortunately the war ended in 
 November of the same year, and the troops of the Province 
 were not called into service. 
 
 2. The people of Pennsylvania were now in the enjoyment 
 of peace. The Indians within the territory of the Province 
 
 Chapter XX. — 1. "What war again disturbed the colonies? What 
 military preparations where then made ? 
 
 2. What was the condition of affairs in the Province? What was 
 the character of the Indians ? 
 
136 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 had been controlled by a mild and generous policy until, 
 deluded by the French, they began their savage warfare, and 
 thereby invoked harsh treatment. When the war had ceased, 
 and all the French posts had been surrendered, the Indians 
 were easily won back to their peaceful and friendly relations. 
 But the cunning savages did not forget that after every dis- 
 turbance of the public peace, came a convention, a treaty, 
 and valuable presents; and that even by threatening hostili- 
 ties they often forced money, blankets, and trinkets from the 
 peace-loving inhabitants. It therefore required slight induce- 
 ment to convert these fickle friends into subtle enemies. 
 
 3. In It 63, the tribes that had been the allies of the 
 French, joined by the Shawauese of Pennsylvania, formed a 
 conspiracy to drive the English settlers from the country 
 west of the Alleghanies. The confederation was led by 
 Pontiac, a sagacious and defiant chief of the Ottawas. He 
 laid his plans, and conducted his movements with so much 
 secrecy, that the commandant of the western forts had no 
 suspicion of his hostile purposes until the first blow had been 
 struck. So sudden and powerful was the attack, that in. less 
 than two weeks all the posts west of the mountains, except 
 Fort Pitt, Niagara, and Detroit, had fallen into the hands of 
 the enemy. 
 
 4. The forts and trading posts in Pennsylvania, in the 
 security of peace, were garrisoned by small parties, ineffi- 
 ciently armed, and wholly unprepared to make effectual re- 
 sistance against the vigorous assaults of an enemy. The 
 traders at the outposts Avere plundered and massacred; forts 
 
 3. "What conspiracy was formed? "Who was the leader? How did 
 he conduct his movements? What occurred ? 
 
 4. What was the condition of the military stations in Pennsyl- 
 vania? What took place ? ^ 
 
INDIAN WAR OF EXTERMINATION. 13^ 
 
 Le Boeuf, Yeiiango, and Presque Isle were captured and their 
 garrisons murdered, and the whole frontier of the Province 
 was overrun by scalping parties, leaving death and destruc- 
 tion wherever they went. 
 
 5. Fort Pitt was entirely surrounded and cut off from com- 
 munication with the government, and the whole country west 
 of Shippensburg was devastated by the fierce barbarians. 
 The Indians set fire to houses, barns, stacks of hay and 
 grain, and everything that was combustible. The wretched 
 inhabitants, in their beds at night, or in their fields and work- 
 shops, or quietly taking their meals, were suddenly captured, 
 and massacred with the most savage cruelty. Others fled 
 to the wilderness,, where they endured untold hardships. 
 Overwhelmed by sorrow, without shelter or proper clothing, 
 or means of transportation, the men were borne down by 
 fainting women and weeping children, all hurrying away, 
 under the most distressing difficulties, to find some place of 
 safety. 
 
 6. The inhabitants of Shippensburg and Carlisle generously 
 opened their houses, and supplied food to their afflicted 
 brethren. The streets of these towns were filled with mis- 
 erable refugees, who had been suddenly reduced to beggary 
 and despair. Along the Susquehanna, for many miles on 
 both sides of the river, families, with their cattle and their 
 goods, sought shelter in the woods, the towns being already 
 overcrowded. The citizens of Philadelphia, and of all the 
 towns and counties out of the reach of the enem}^, collected 
 money and provisions and sent them to the suffering people. 
 
 7. The military force of the Province had been reduced to 
 
 5. Describe the condition of the country west of Shippensburg? 
 "Where is Shippensburg? 
 
 6. "What did the people do to relieve their afflicted neighbors? 
 
 12* 
 
138 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 a very small number during the short reign of peace ; but 
 when the fearful report of the sudden and savage attacks on 
 the frontier settlements flew from post to post and from vil- 
 lage to village, the most intense excitement filled every com- 
 munity. The people rushed to arms, formed companies, and 
 organized squads of men for aggressive campaigns and for 
 home protection. 
 
 8. In August, a company of volunteers set out from Lan- 
 caster, and while marching up the Susquehanna met a party 
 of Indians at Muncy creek, who were approaching the fron- 
 tier. The Lancaster men gave battle, and after a sharp fight 
 of half an hour compelled the savages to fly. The Indians 
 were reinforced next day, and twice renewed the battle, 
 but were again defeated. Colonel Armstrong organized a 
 strong force at Shippensburg, and on the 30th of September 
 marched out from Fort Shirley in search of the enemy. He 
 came suddenly upon the Indian village Myonaghquia, which 
 he destroyed ; the inhabitants fled, leaving everything to the 
 captors — even their dinners, hot on their wooden plates. Col- 
 onel Armstrong proceeded to Great Island, in the Susque- 
 hanna, where he also destroyed a large quantity of grain and 
 other provisions belonging to the Indians. 
 
 9. The warriors in the west laid siege to Fort Pitt; post- 
 ing themselves under the banks of the Alleghany and Monon- 
 gahela rivers, they poured upon the garrison an incessant 
 shower of musketry and fire arrows. But the garrison, com- 
 manded by Captain Ewyer, was both patient and courageous, 
 
 7. "What was the condition of the military organization? 
 
 8. "What troops marched against the Indians, and what occurred? 
 
 9. What did the warriors in the west do? Who was sent to relieve 
 Fort Pitt? W^hat do you know of Colonel Bouquet? When and 
 where did he begin his march? 
 
SIEGE OF FORT PITT. 139 
 
 and made a heroic and resolute defense. Colonel Bouquet, 
 who had accompanied General Forbes against Fort Du 
 Quesne, was now sent with an army to relieve Fort Pitt. 
 He began his march in July, but was detained at Carhsle, 
 awaiting provisions and transportation, which, in the confu- 
 sion and terror that prevailed on the border, were collected 
 slowly and with great difficulty. 
 
 10. Fort Ligonier, situated beyond the Alleghany mount- 
 ains, contained a large supply of military stores, guarded by 
 a weak garrison. Colonel Bouquet's first object was to re- 
 lieve this post, which was also besieged. For this purpose, 
 he sent out a party of 30 men, which reached the garrison 
 after a slight skirmish with the enemy, who discovered the 
 troops just as they were entering the fort. They threw them- 
 selves behind the stockades, and then, joined by their friends, 
 successfully repulsed the assailants. 
 
 11. The little army under Colonel Bouquet, numbering 
 only about 500 men, having left the wagons and heavy stores 
 at Ligonier, proceeded westward, carrying its provisions on 
 pack horses. Before it, at Turtle creek, lay a dangerous de- 
 file several miles in length, guarded on both sides by high 
 and craggy hills. The commander intended to go through 
 this narrow pass by a forced march, on the night of the 14th 
 of August. The enemy, who had closely watched his move- 
 ments, abandoned the siege of Fort Pitt, and marched east- 
 ward to meet and attack the advancing troops. 
 
 12. When Colonel Bouquet's army arrived within half a 
 
 10. "What was Bouquet's first object? Sow did he do this? "Where 
 is Ligonier? 
 
 11. What was the strength of Bouquet's army ? How did it march ? 
 What was before it ? How did the commander intend to pass this 
 defile? What did the enemy do ? 
 
140 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 mile of the defile, the advance guard was attacked, but being 
 firmly supported, beat back the enemy. Other bodies of 
 Indians showed themselves, and a general and vigorous en- 
 gagement began. The Indians came in on both flanks, and 
 speedily surrounded the little army on every side, pouring 
 down a destructive fire from every point of attack. Bouquet's 
 troops were veterans, and stood firm under the most trying 
 circumstances; by successive charges they drove the savages 
 from place to place, but gained no decisive advantage ; for as 
 fast as the enemy was dislodged from one position he ap- 
 peared in another; and thus, when night came, though the 
 Indians had been driven from post to post by fixed bayonets, 
 they still surrounded the camp. 
 
 13. The troops bivouacked on the battle-ground; placing 
 their supplies and their wounded in the center, they formed 
 themselves in a circle surrounding these, and in this manner 
 passed a wakeful and anxious night. At early dawn they 
 were aroused by the shouts and yells of the foes, who, not 
 500 yards distant, encircled the camp and endeavored to 
 terrify the men by their numbers and ferocity. At daylight 
 the battle was renewed, and waged more savagely than be- 
 fore, but without definite advantage on either side. The 
 troops were suffering severely from the want of water, but 
 they were unable to obtain it. A change of position without 
 abandoning their Avounded comrades and their provisions 
 was impossible. 
 
 14. Fortunately for the heroic defenders, they were com- 
 manded by a courageous and an accomplished soldier. Colonel 
 
 12. What occurred? How was the battle conducted? 
 
 13. How did the troops pass the night? What took place in the 
 morning? What was the condition of the troops? 
 
 14. What did Bouquet know? What did he resolve? 
 
BATTLE AT TURTLE RUN. 141 
 
 Bouquet knew that if he attempted to retreat his army would 
 be cut to pieces ; and if he continued the battle under an un- 
 ceasing showier of bullets and arrows from a concealed enemy, 
 his little force must soon melt away. He resolved, therefore, 
 to bring the foe to a close and mortal combat, from which he 
 could not escape to renew at pleasure. For this purpose he 
 contrived the following stratagem: 
 
 15. The troops were still formed in a circle as they had 
 passed the night. He ordered two companies to fall back 
 within the circle, and sent other troops to fill their places by 
 opening the line on the right and left. 
 
 "A company of infantry and one of grenadiers were placed 
 in ambush, to support the two that moved on a feigned 
 retreat. The Indians fell into the snare. Mistaking these 
 movements for a real retreat, they abandoned the woods 
 which covered them, advancing intrepidly, but without order, 
 pouring in a galling fire as they came. At the moment 
 when they sent up the savage yell, as a signal of victory, 
 the retreating companies suddenly turned upon them from a 
 part of the hill where they had been concealed, and fell 
 furiously on the enemy's right flank. The Indians resolutely 
 resisted, but on the second charge, unable to sustain them- 
 selves, against disciplined veterans, gave way and fled, leav- 
 ing many dead upon the ground. At this instant the troops 
 in ambush gave their full fire, and the four companies united 
 in the pursuit until the enemy was totally dispersed; the 
 victory was complete, and thereafter the road to Fort Pitt 
 w^as unobstructed." 
 
 16. One of the main objects of the expedition, however, 
 
 15. How were the troops formed? What order was given? "What 
 followed ? 
 
142 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 was defeated by the destruction of so many horses and 
 wagons, that it was impossible to carry forward the supplies 
 for the garrison. A large quantity of provisions was there- 
 fore destroyed. The loss of the enemy in killed was about 
 sixty; of the Pennsylvanians, about fifty, together with sixty 
 wounded. Four days after the battle, the little army reached 
 Fort Pitt, though the savages no longer prosecuted the siege, 
 having, after their defeat at Turtle run, retreated to their 
 settlements beyond the Ohio. 
 
 17. The success of this expedition overawed the hostile 
 tribes in the west, and for a time gave peace to the frontiers 
 of Pennsylvania. But as the winter approached, and the 
 dread of the regular forces stationed at the forts subsided, 
 the savages again appeared and recommenced their outrages on 
 the western and northern borders. Early in September they 
 crossed the Blue mountains, into Berks county, murdering, 
 scalping, burning, and taking captives. On the 8th of Oc- 
 tober, they appeared in Northampton county and extended 
 their ravages. Parties of armed men w^ent in pursuit, and 
 found their path marked with the bodies of the dead and 
 wounded, and the ruins of burned houses and barns. 
 
 18. In the beginning of November the Indians reappeared 
 w^est of Carlisle, near the North Mountain, in Shireman's 
 valley, and Bedford, and also in the vicinity of Alleutown and 
 Bethlehem, where they continued their work of death. The 
 inhabitants were murdered, made captives, or forced to fly 
 from their homes ; houses and barns were burned, and large 
 numbers of horses, cow^s, sheep, and hogs were killed. On the 
 
 16. What were the losses? "When did the army reach Fort Pitt? 
 What became of the savages ? 
 
 17. What new calamities were suffered? 
 
 18. What other incidents can you mention? 
 
MURDERS BY THE <'PAXTON RANGERS:' I43 
 
 26th of July, 1764, a small party attacked a school-house on 
 Conococheague creek, twelve or fifteen miles from Fort Lou- 
 den, where they killed and scalped the teacher and nine of his 
 pupils, and carried four into hopeless captivity. This mas- 
 sacre was discovered by a man who, passing by and hearing 
 no noise in the school, went in and saw the teacher, dead, 
 with his Bible under his arm. One of the pupils, who was 
 badly wounded, told him that the murder was committed by 
 four Indians, who were not seen until they entered the house. 
 
 19. These multiplied scenes of bloodshed on the frontiers, 
 and the murder of citizens in the interior settlements, engen- 
 dered a bitter hatred toward the Indians of every tribe, and 
 their extermination, or expulsion from the Province was 
 strongly advocated. In December, 1763, murders were com- 
 mitted in Lancaster county, near a settlement of friendly In- 
 dians, in Conestoga Manor. The conviction that these friendly 
 Indians were really secret enemies, so thoroughly possessed 
 the inhabitants that they resolved to destroy them. Accord- 
 ingly, on the night of the 14th of December, a number of 
 armed and mounted men from Donegal and Paxton town- 
 ships, most of them belonging to the "Paxton Rangers," 
 attacked the little settlement near Lancaster. Many of the 
 Indians were absent, in the town and elsewhere, hunting and 
 trading with the inhabitants; only three men, two women, 
 and a boy were at home, and these were brutally murdered, 
 and their dwellings burned. 
 
 20. The citizens and magistrates of Lancaster placed the 
 
 19. How did these scenes of blood affect the people ? What occurred 
 in Lancaster? What massacre was committed? W^hy were these 
 Indians murdered ? 
 
 20. How did the people attemi)t to protect the survivors ? What 
 was done? How many Indians were killed? Were the murderers 
 punished? Why not? 
 
144 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 survivors of the tribe in the old stone prison, for security. 
 But the Paxton men, alleging that one or two hostile Indians 
 were among those, thus protected by the civil authority, 
 concealed themselves at night, and on Sunday morning, the 
 2Tth of December, when the people were attending church, 
 rode suddenly into town, seized and overpowered the jailor, 
 and massacred all the Indians — men, women, and children — 
 who had been taken to prison for safety. The number killed 
 was fourteen. The alarm was given, but before the citizens 
 could assemble, the murderers had fled beyond their reach. 
 A proclamation was issued by the governor, expressing the 
 strongest indignation at the outrage, and offering a reward 
 for the arrest of the perpetrators ; but such was the state of 
 public opinion in the vicinity that no one dared bring them 
 to justice. 
 
 21. During the winter a small army had been raised, and 
 Colonel Bouquet, who had by previous successes won the con- 
 fidence of the people, was put in command, with orders to 
 march into the heart of the Indian country in the west, de- 
 stroy their villages, defeat their warriors, and otherwise 
 punish them until they should sue for peace. This move- 
 ment was strongly seconded by the authorities of Virginia, 
 New York, and the New England States, w^ho sent out co- 
 operating expeditions. Colonel Bouquet marched from Car- 
 lisle early in May, 1764, and arrived at Fort Pitt on the 14th 
 of August; thence marching westward, with 1500 men, he 
 encamped at the forks of the Muskingum, on the 25th of 
 October. 
 
 22. The reputation of this officer made his name a terror 
 
 21. What expedition was sent against the Indians? 
 
 22. "What was the result of this expedition ? 
 
HONORS TO COLONEL BOUQUET. 145 
 
 « 
 among the savages; and the boldness and rapidity of his 
 movements so alarmed the tribes in the west that they begged 
 him to halt, and promised to ratify a treaty for perpetual 
 peace. The vigilant commander demanded first a return of 
 all the white people taken captive and carried away by the 
 Indians, also the delivery, as hostages, of some of their prin- 
 cipal Avarriors, whom he would hold until the conclusion of 
 the promised treaty. These demands were speedily complied 
 with, and at the close of November the troops returned to 
 the Province. 
 
 23. The Assemblies of Pennsylvania and Virginia passed 
 resolutions of thanks to Colonel Bouquet, and the British 
 government justly promoted him to the rank of brigadier- 
 general for his distinguished services in America. 
 
 23. How was the commander honored? 
 
 13 
 
146 
 
 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 carpenters' hall. 
 
 CHAPTER XXL 
 
 ^^ Taxation ivithout Representation is Tyi^anny.^^ 
 
 1. The English government, by many years of expensive 
 warfare, had contracted a large public debt, from which the 
 people clamored for relief. The readiness and ability exhib- 
 ited by the American colonies in responding to every demand 
 for men and money to prosecute the French and Indian war, 
 revealed to the British ministry the wealth of their trans- 
 atlantic possessions. The government, therefore, was easily 
 persuaded to lay taxes on the property and commerce of the 
 Americans, in order to raise funds for the depleted treasury 
 of England. 
 
 Chapter XXI. — 1. Why did the English government levy taxes 
 on its colonists? 
 
TAXATION WITHOUT REPRESENTATION. I47 
 
 2. The same achievements that had revealed the wealth of 
 the provinces had also demonstrated their strength; and the 
 school of adversity, the failures under a weak administration 
 of affairs during the first three j^ears of the war, and the sub- 
 sequent triumphant success, when combined efforts were 
 directed by skillful commanders, had taught the colonies the 
 power and wisdom of union. 
 
 3. Their property, their homes, and their lives had been 
 defended by military campaigns and co-operating expeditions, 
 wherein the colonial governments united their whole strength 
 for the attainment of a single purpose. Therefore the infer- 
 ence was natural and easy, that personal liberty and the right 
 to self-government would be best defended by making them 
 the common cause of all the people. Moreover, the knowl- 
 edge of their strength gave the American freemen greater 
 boldness to persevere in the defense of their just rights and 
 chartered privileges. 
 
 4. The first attempt of the ministry to lay taxes on the 
 colonies without their consent was firmly met with the decla- 
 ration, which subsequently became the political maxim of 
 America, "taxation without representation 2s ^?/ra?????/." 
 The governors of the provinces were appointed in England 
 without the advice or consent of the colonists; the Provin- 
 cial Assemblies were the only legislative bodies in which the 
 people were represented; the English subjects in America, 
 therefore, could have no voice in the British Parliament, 
 where the tax laws were enacted. 
 
 2. "What had taught the colonies the power and wisdom of union? 
 
 3. How could liberty and the right to self-government be best 
 decended? 
 
 4. How was the first attempt to lay taxes on the people without 
 their consent met ? Were the colonists represented in Parliament ? 
 
148 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 5. The mother country might justly have invited the as- 
 semblies to make appropriations for the use of the king's 
 government, but — and perhaps fortunately, too, for the cause 
 of human liberty — the ministry Avas too proud to ask as a 
 favor what it believed it had the power at least, if not the 
 right, to exact as lawful dues. Ten years were spent in 
 discussing the principles of taxation, during which several 
 schemes were proposed and numerous laws enacted, all of 
 which were resisted With a dignified firmness, that could not 
 fail to command the respect of the friends of freedom the 
 world over. 
 
 6. In 1765, the famous " Stamp Act" was passed, which 
 declared that no legal instrument should be valid unless it 
 bore a government stamp. The passage of this act aroused 
 the American people to the most intense excitement, and 
 called forth some of the most eloquent denunciations of 
 tyranny and oppression that grace the pages of history. Ben- 
 jamin Franklin, who had been sent to England a second time 
 on public business, wrote home to Charles Thompson: '' The 
 sun of liberty has set; you must light up the candles of in- 
 dustry and economy." To this Mr. Thompson replied: "I 
 am apprehensive that other lights will be the consequence." 
 
 Y. The Assembly of Pennsylvania met in September, and 
 in ten resolutions, reported by a special committee, fully ex- 
 pressed the views of the representatives of the people on the 
 
 5. How might the British government have obtained money from 
 the colonies ? Why was this not done ? 
 
 6. What famous act was passed ? What did the Stamp Act provide ? 
 How did the passage of this act affect the people ? What did Frank- 
 lin write? 
 
 7. What action did the Assembly of Pennsylvania take ? What 
 did the Assembly say of taxing the people by any other power than 
 their representatives? 
 
ARRIVAL OF THE STAMPED PAPER. 149 
 
 subject of taxation. They declared that the inhabitants of 
 the Province are entitled to all the liberties, rights, and pri- 
 vileges of his majesty's subjects in Great Britain, or else- 
 where; and that the constitution of this Province, being 
 founded on the natural rights of mankind and the noble prin- 
 ciple of English liberty, is, or ought to be, perfectly free; that 
 it is the birthright of every Englishman to be taxed only by 
 his own consent, or that of his legal representatives in con- 
 junction with his majesty or his substitutes; that the only 
 legal representatives of the inhabitants of this Province are 
 the persons annually elected to serve them as members of 
 the Assembly; that taxation of the people by any other 
 power than their representatives in Assembly is unconstitu- 
 tional, and subversive of their most valuable rights, of the 
 public liberty, and destructive of pubhc happiness; that the 
 Assembl}^ deem it their duty thus firmly to assert, with mo- 
 desty and decency, their inherent rights, that posterity may 
 learn that it was not with their consent, that taxes should be 
 levied upon them by others than their representatives. 
 
 8. On the 5th of October, the ship bearing the stamped 
 paper for Pennsylvania, Xew Jersey, and Maryland, arrived 
 at Philadelphia, attended by a sloop- of-war. On the appear- 
 ance of these ships all the vessels in the harbor hoisted their 
 colors at half-mast, the bells were muffled, and the cit}^ as- 
 sumed the semblance of mourning. In the afternoon of the 
 same day, a mass meeting of citizens was held at the State 
 House to devise a plan to prevent the distribution of the 
 stamps. The first step proposed was to request John Hughes, 
 who had been appointed "stamp officer" for Philadelphia, to 
 resign ; but deeming it best to retain his commission, he gave 
 
 8. When did the ship bearing the stamps arrive, and what occurred ? 
 
 13* 
 
150 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 a written pledge that he would not attempt to enforce the 
 law. 
 
 9. The merchants and business men resolved not to use 
 stamps, and the people generally pledged themselves not to 
 purchase or use any imported article whereon a special duty 
 had been laid. A non-importation agreement was entered 
 into by merchants and shippers, pledging the signers neither 
 to give orders for shipping goods, nor to sell on commission 
 any merchandise sent them from England. On the 1st of 
 November, the day on which the stamp act was to take 
 effect, the public oflBces were closed, and all business in them 
 was suspended until the following May, when news was re- 
 ceived that the odious law had been repealed. On the 31st of 
 October, the newspapers appeared in mourning with heavy 
 black lines on their margins, foreshadowing their own death, 
 the proprietors having determined to suspend publication 
 until the fate of the stamp act should be ascertained. A week 
 later, a half sheet was issued from the office of the Penn^)/' 
 vania Gazette, headed: '' No stamped paper to be had." After 
 a suspension of twenty-one days, the papers were again pub- 
 lished regularly. 
 
 10. In October, 1165, a congress of delegates from the 
 colonies assembled in New York, to present a united memorial 
 to the king and Parliament on the subject of the rights and 
 grievances of the American people. The declaration of rights 
 and the petition for redress of grievances were approved by 
 the Assemblies of the several provinces, and were transmitted 
 to England. 
 
 11. During these patriotic efforts, on this side of the 
 Atlantic, to defend human liberty, the refusal to import man- 
 
 9. "VVhat did the merchants do? What occurred on the day the hiw 
 was to take eftect? 
 
 10. What congress assembled in New York ? 
 
REPEAL OF THE STAMP ACT. 151 
 
 ufactured goods from England had raised a strong influence 
 there in favor of liberal principles. The merchants in London 
 and Liverpool, and the manufacturers in Manchester, finding 
 their trade suddenly cut off, filled the kingdom with cries 
 against a policy that destroyed commerce and deranged the 
 business of a vast portion of the empire. Under this power- 
 ful combination, the pride of the British ministry was broken ; 
 a new ministry was organized, and in March, 1766, the stamp 
 act was repealed. 
 
 12. The tidings of the repeal were received in Philadelphia 
 in May. The captain of the vessel that brought the welcome 
 news was presented with a gold lace hat ; the city was illu- 
 minated, bonfires were lighted; the principal inhabitants 
 gave a public entertainment, and joy and gladness filled the 
 hearts of all the people. 
 
 13. During this most exciting period of our history, John 
 Penn, grandson of the founder, was governor of the Province, 
 having succeeded James Hamilton in November, 1763; and 
 George III. had become king of England upon the death of 
 his grandfather, in October, 1760. The repeal of the stamp 
 act so elated the inhabitants of Philadelphia, that they cele- 
 brated the king's birthday, on the 4th of June, by a public 
 dinner served on the banks of the Schuylkill. 
 
 14. The rejoicings, however, were of short duration. The 
 British government was unwilling to relinquish the hope of 
 a revenue from its transatlantic colonies ; and hence new 
 schemes of taxation were soon devised. The ministry and 
 Parliament were blinded by the belief that the colonists ob- 
 jected only to the manner and not to the principle of taxation. 
 
 11. What occurred in England? 
 
 12. How were the tidings of the repeal received? 
 
 13. What changes took phice in the government of the Province and 
 the sovereignty of England? 
 
152 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 They, therefore, in 1767, framed a bill imposing duties on 
 tea, glass, paper, and other articles imported by the colonies. 
 The Assembly of Pennsylvania pronounced this bill an inva- 
 sion of the rights of the people and highly injurious to their 
 commercial interests. Franklin, still in England, was in- 
 structed to co-operate with the London agents of other colo- 
 nies, in a petition for the immediate repeal of this act. 
 
 15. The Assembly, in September, 1768, addressed a petition 
 to the king and Parliament, wherein they said : " This right in 
 the people of this Province of being exempted from any taxa- 
 tions, save those imposed by their own representatives, has 
 been recognized by long-established usage and custom, ever 
 since the settlement thereof, without one precedent to the con- 
 trary, until the passing of the late stamp act. Whenever your 
 majesty, or your royal predecessors, have had occasion for 
 aids to defend and secure the American colonies, requisitions 
 have been constantly made of the Assemblies of this Pro- 
 vince, who, ever with the utmost cheerfulness and loyalty, 
 have granted them ; and often so liberally, as to exceed the 
 abilities and circumstances of the people, yet laboring under 
 a heavy load of debt from that cause. The granting aids to 
 the crown being the means of recommending themselves to 
 your majesty's care and favor, it will be with the utmost dis- 
 tress that your faithful subjects of this colony shall see the 
 Commons of Great Britain, without their consent, disposing 
 of their property, and thereby depriving them of a right 
 which, in value and importance, they esteem above all others. 
 
 16. " But, most gracious sovereign, should the Commons of 
 Great Britain persist in depriving us of this most invaluable 
 
 14. What was the next attempt to levy taxes? "What did the As- 
 sembly say of this law ? 
 
 15. What action did the Assembly take? What was the means 
 whereby the people recommended themselves to the crown? 
 
THE TAX ON TEA. 153 
 
 privilege, it will be with the deepest affliction that the people 
 of these colonies must perceive so unfortunate a distinction 
 established between your majesty's loyal British and Amer- 
 ican subjects; leaving the one in the full possession and ex- 
 ercise of all those rights, which are necessary to the most 
 perfect political liberty, and the other bereaved of that which 
 alone constitutes the great security and foundation of all 
 their other privileges, — a distinction which, we fear, cannot 
 fail of creating a disunion in sentiments and affections, jeal- 
 ousies and discords between them, to the great injury of the 
 trade and commerce of the nation, and the prejudice of both 
 countries." 
 
 It. The union of action among all the colonies that had 
 forced the repeal of the stamp act was again adopted. The 
 non-importation pledges were renewed, with disastrous re- 
 sults to British trade. Parliament was forced to remodel 
 the law, and in HTO, the duties were abolished on all articles, 
 save three pence a pound on tea. In response to this the 
 colonists modified their non-importation agreements so as to 
 forbid only the use of tea. 
 
 18. In defiance of the determination of the American 
 people not to use a pound of tea, shipped from England, so 
 long as the tax law remained unrepealed, large cargoes were 
 sent to the several colonies, consigned to special commis- 
 sioners of the East India Company, who were authorized to 
 collect the tax and sell the tea. Public meetings were held 
 in every colony, and the people resolved that the tea should 
 
 16. "What distinction was made between the people of America 
 and those of Enghind ? What efiect did the Assembly say this must 
 have? 
 
 17. How was the law abolished? AVhat tax was maintained? 
 
 18. How did the British government attempt to enforce this act? 
 What followed? 
 
154 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 not be sold; in some places even a landing was refused. The 
 commissioners were requested to resign, and everywhere 
 earnest protests were made against this attempt of the Bri- 
 tish government to force the people to receive articles they 
 did not want, and to pay taxes levied without their consent. 
 
 19. In Philadelphia a public meeting was held, on the 18th 
 of October, 1773, which passed resolutions declaring, among 
 other things, " That a virtuous and steady opposition to this 
 ministerial plan of governing America is absolutely necessary 
 to preserve even the shadow of liberty, and it is a duty 
 which every freeman in America owes to his country, to 
 himself, and to his posterity ; that whoever shall directly or 
 indirectly countenance this attempt, or in anywise aid or 
 abet in unloading, receiving, or vending the tea, sent, or to be 
 sent out by the East India Company, while it remains subject 
 to the payment of a duty here, is an eneni}^ to his country." 
 
 20. The commissioners, who had been appointed to receive 
 and sell the tea in Philadelphia, resigned their commissions; 
 and when the ships laden with the offensive article came into 
 the Delaware, they were warned by the pilots not to enter 
 the harbor, as it would be unsafe to attempt to land. The 
 vessels, therefore, returned to England, carrying back their 
 cargoes. In Charleston, South Carolina, the tea was landed 
 and stored in damp cellars, where it was left to rot; but in 
 Boston, three hundred and forty-two chests were broken open 
 on the ship and thrown overboard into the sea. 
 
 21. This conduct of the colonists gave great offense to 
 King George; and as the Bostonians were most violent in 
 resentment, the first blow of the royal rod fell upon their 
 city. The port of Boston was closed, and the custom-house 
 
 19. What did the people in Philadelphia declare? 
 
 20. What became of the tea that was sent to America? 
 
 21. How was Boston punished? 
 
MEETINGS m PHILADELPHIA. 155 
 
 was transferred to Salem ; the provincial charter of Massa- 
 chusetts was revoked, and persons accused of resisting the 
 king's authority were ordered to be sent to England for trial 
 and punishment. 
 
 22. As soon as the news of these tj^rannical decrees against 
 Massachusetts reached Philadelphia, the inhabitants called a 
 meeting to express their sympathy with their brethren in 
 Boston ; and in reply to a letter from that afflicted people, 
 read at a second meeting, they said: "This is the common 
 cause of America ; and therefore it is necessary that a con- 
 gress of deputies from the several colonies should be convened 
 to devise means for restoring harmony between Great Bri- 
 tain and the colonies. Until this can be done, we recommend 
 firmness, prudence, and moderation to the immediate suffer- 
 ers, assuring them that the people of Pennsylvania will con- 
 tinue firmly to adhere to the cause of American liberty." 
 
 23. A third meeting was held in Philadelphia on the 18th 
 of June, 1Y74, attended by nearly 8000 people. A committee 
 was appointed to correspond with the inhabitants in all the 
 counties in the Province, and ascertain their sentiments as to 
 what course should be taken to defend the rights of the peo- 
 ple. The committee published a letter, wherein they invited 
 the citizens of every county to send delegates to a general 
 convention, to be held in Philadelphia on the 15th of July. 
 The committee said: "We will not offer such an affront to 
 the well-known public spirit of Pennsylvanians as to question 
 your zeal on the present occasion. Our very existence in the 
 rank of freemen, and the security of all that ought to be dear 
 to us, evidently depends on our conducting this great cause 
 
 22. What did Pennsylvania say of this treatment? 
 
 23. What sort of meeting was held in June? What committee was 
 appointed? What letter was published? 
 
156 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 to its proper issue, by firmness, wisdom, and magnanimity. 
 It is with pleasure that we assure you that all the colonies, 
 from South Carolina to New Hampshire, are animated with 
 one spirit in the common cause, and consider this as the 
 proper crisis for having our differences with the mother coun- 
 try brought to some certain issue, and our liberties fixed upon 
 a permanent foundation. This desirable end can only be accom- 
 plished by a free communication of sentiments, and a sincere 
 and fervent regard for the interests of our common country." 
 
 24. The convention, thus called, met in Philadelphia, and 
 set forth the principles of the colony in a series of resolutions, 
 among which were the following: 
 
 "That they owed allegiance to George III.; that they 
 ardently desired the restoration of their ancient harmony 
 with the mother country, on the principles of the constitu- 
 tion ; that the inhabitants of the colonies were entitled to the 
 same rights and liberties within the colonies, that subjects 
 born in England were entitled to within that realm ; that the 
 power assumed by Parliament to bind the colonists 'by 
 statutes, in all cases whatever,' was unconstitutional, and 
 therefore the source of the prevailing unhappy differences; 
 that the late acts of Parliament affecting the Province of 
 Massachusetts were unconstitutional, oppressive, and danger- 
 ous; that there was an absolute necessity that a Colonial 
 CoNGJiEss should be immediately assembled, to form a gen- 
 eral plan of conduct for the colonies; that, although a sus- 
 pension of the commerce of the Province with Great Britain 
 would greatly distress multitudes of the inhabitants, yet they 
 were ready to make that and a much greater sacrifice for the 
 preservation of their liberties; that Congress should state 
 
 24. "Where did the convention assemble? What principles were 
 set forth ? 
 
GENERAL CONVENTION AT PIIILADELFIIIA. 157 
 
 their grievances, and make a firm and decent claim for re- 
 dress; that if it should be ever necessary, in the opinion of 
 that Congress, for the colonies to take further steps than are 
 mentioned in the preceding resolution, the people of Penn- 
 sylvania will adopt such further steps, and do all in their 
 power to carry them into execution ; that the people of the 
 Province would break off all trade with any colony, town, 
 city, or individual on the American continent, which should 
 refuse, decline, or neglect to adopt and carry into execution 
 such general plan as should be agreed upon in Congress." 
 
 25. The convention also instructed the Assembly to ap- 
 point delegates to attend a congress of deputies from other 
 colonies, which should meet at such time and place as might 
 be agreed upon, to determine, if possible, what should be 
 done to restore harmony "on a constitutional foundation." 
 Acting upon this recommendation, the Assembly appointed 
 Joseph Galloway, Samuel Rhoads, Thomas Mifflin, Charles 
 Humphries, George Ross, and Edward Biddle representa- 
 tives for Pennsylvania in the Continental Congress. 
 
 26. To our fathers, therefore, belongs the honor of leader- 
 ship in the struggle for American Liberty. In Pennsylvania 
 
 . the first bold, firm stand was made against British encroach- 
 ments upon the rights of the people. Here the stamp act 
 was most vigorously opposed ; here the attempt to land 
 taxed tea in the colonies was first resisted ; here the idea of 
 a Continental Congress was conceived ; here the Declaration 
 of Independence came forth ; and here, also, in the lap of this 
 commonwealth, the National Union was born. 
 
 25. "What instruction did the convention give to the Assembly? 
 What did the Assembly do ? 
 
 26. What honor belongs to our ftithers? Tor what is Pennsylvania 
 distinguished ? 
 
 14 
 
158 
 
 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA, 
 
 CHAPTER XXII. 
 
 Preparations for War. — The First Battles of the Revo- 
 lution. — Declaration of Independence. 
 
 1. The first Continental Congress assembled in Carpen- 
 ters' Hall, Philadelphia, on the 5th of September, 1YY4. 
 The regular business was begun on the morning of the 
 seventh, after an impressive prayer by Rev. Jacob Duche. 
 Congress remained in session until the 2Gth of October, and 
 the measures decided upon for future action received the 
 general approbation of the American people. 
 
 2. The address to the inhabitants of the colonies, coun- 
 seling them to maintain their just rights at all hazard, and 
 to the people of P^ngland, asking an impartial judgment on 
 their action, and their petition to the king, were written with 
 such marked ability and wisdom, that the great William Pitt, 
 
 Chapter XXII. — 1. Where and when did the first Continental 
 Congress assemble? How was business begun? How long was the 
 session ? 
 
 2. What addresses were put forth ? What opinion was expressed 
 of them? 
 
BATTLE OF LEXINGTON. 159 
 
 Earl of Chatham, said in the House of Lords: "I must de- 
 clare and avow, that for solidity of reasoning, force of sa- 
 gacity, and wisdom of conclusion, under such a complication 
 of circumstances, no nation or body of men can stand in 
 preference to the general Congress at Philadelphia." 
 
 3. When Congress adjourned, to meet again on the 10th of 
 May, 1775, unless England should sooner consent to redress 
 their grievances, the members earnestly hoped that another 
 meeting would not be necessary ; but they were doomed to 
 disappointment. Pride and love of power had made Great 
 Britain both blind and obstinate. Additional laws were 
 enacted by Parliament for the punishment of America, and 
 soldiers were sent from England to enforce obedience. 
 
 4. From New Hampshire to Georgia, the people were 
 aroused to a true sense of their danger. They accepted the 
 last resort, and determined to oppose foreign troops with free- 
 men's steel. Early in September, 1774, the people began to 
 arm, organize, and drill. On the morning of the 19th of 
 April, 1775, on the Green at Lexington, Massachusetts, the 
 first blood of the Revolution was shed. The report of the 
 skirmish spread rapidly from house to house and from colony 
 to colony, until all hearts were inflamed. In a few days the 
 patriots of New England were in arms, and before the end of 
 April more than 20,000 men were forming camps and build- 
 ing fortifications around the British army in Boston. 
 
 5. At the dawn of day, on the 10th of May, Colonel Ethan 
 Allen, at the head of a company of " Green Mountain boys," 
 
 3. How did Congress adjourn? "What did the members hope? 
 How did Great Britain act? 
 
 4. How did this affect the people? "When did they begin to 
 organize? "When and where was the first battle of the Revolution 
 fought? "What did the report of this battle do? 
 
160 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 appeared before Fort Ticonderoga and demanded its sur- 
 render. The British officer in command, suddenly aroused 
 from his sleep, asked "by what authority do you demand it?" 
 " By the authority of the Great Jehovah and the Continental 
 Congress," said Allen. The fort was surrendered, and two 
 days later Crown Point was captured. The cannon, small arms 
 and the large stores of ammunition in these forts were of vast 
 service to the Americans in the beginning of the war. The 
 battle of Bunker Hill was fought on the ITth of June follow- 
 ing; and thus the war of the Revolution was fully begun. 
 
 6. On the 10th of May, the very day on which Colonel 
 Ethan Allen had captured Ticonderoga, the second Conti- 
 nental Congress assembled in the State House, in Philadel- 
 phia. As their first duty, the Representatives sent a most 
 loyal petition to the king, and a conciliatory address to the 
 people of England; but at the same time they said to the 
 British government, "We have counted the cost of this con- 
 test, and find nothing so dreadful as voluntary slavery." 
 The presence of a strong foreign force, and the blaze of war 
 already lighting up New England, admonished Congress that 
 delay would be disastrous to the cause of liberty. 
 
 t. Armed resistance had now become necessary, and Con- 
 gress immediately voted to raise an army of 20,000 men, 
 and appointed George Washington commander-in-chief of 
 the Continental forces. Pennsylvania was called on to con- 
 
 5. What forts were captured, and how? When was the battle of 
 Bunker Hill fought? Where is Bunker Hill? 
 
 6. When did Congress reassemble? What did Congress do? 
 
 7. What had become necessary? What did Congress vote? Who 
 was made commander-in-chief? How many troops was Pennsyl- 
 vania to contribute? What had the people done? What was formed? 
 What did the members of the military association do? What com- 
 mittees were appointed? 
 
PREPARATIONS FOR WAR. 161 
 
 tribute 4300 men; but the people had nobly anticipated the 
 call, and as early as the 24th of April, upon the receipt of 
 the news from Lexing-ton, a public meeting was held in Phil- 
 adelphia, when it was resolved to form a military association 
 "for the protection of their property, their liberties, and their 
 lives." The association was speedily organized, and ex- 
 tended through every county; its members supplied them- 
 selves with arms, and regularly attended military drills in 
 order to acquire skill in the use of their weapons. The 
 Provincial Assembly promptly recognized the association, 
 and provided for the payment and sustenance of any of the 
 members who should be called into actual service. A " Com- 
 mittee of Safety," and another of "Inspection" were ap- 
 pointed, to whom were intrusted the military affairs of the 
 Province. 
 
 8. It was, therefore, easy to respond to the call for troops. 
 The Assembly recommended the commissioners in the sev- 
 eral counties to provide arms and accoutrements for the men 
 going into active service, and also directed the officers of the 
 military association to organize as many " minute men " as 
 could be armed, who should hold themselves ready to march 
 at a moment's notice to any part of the Province that might 
 be threatened with invasion. Money was appropriated for 
 the better defense of Philadelphia ; the manufacture of salt- 
 peter and powder was encouraged, and in a short time the 
 sound of preparation for the conflict, that threatened the ex- 
 tinction of liberty in America, was heard throughout the 
 Province to its remotest bounds. The authority of the pro- 
 prietary government was ignored, and the "Committee of 
 
 8. How did Pennsylvania respond to the call for troops ? What 
 change was made in the government? 
 
 14* 
 
162 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 Safety," appointed by the Assembly, assumed the executive 
 control of public affairs. 
 
 9. The most delicate and difficult task for the authorities 
 of Pennsylvania to perform was, that of framing their laws 
 and requisitions so as not to oppress those, who were con- 
 scientiously opposed to bearing arms. The Mennonists and 
 German Baptists addressed the Assembly on this subject, 
 and said: " Though not at liberty in conscience to bear arms, 
 it is a principle with us to feed the hungry and give the 
 thirsty drink ; we are ready to pay taxes, and to render unto 
 Caesar the things which are Caesar's." The Quakers were 
 less liberal in their views, and insisted that they could not 
 consistently aid in carrying on the war; but when the As- 
 sembly resolved that, ''all persons between the ages of six- 
 teen and fifty, capable of bearing arms, who did not associate 
 for the defense of the Province, ought to contribute an equiv- 
 alent for time spent by other associations in acquiring mili- 
 tary discipline," they submitted to this rule, and many of 
 them contributed freely for the public defense. 
 
 10. Notwithstanding these preparations for war, the people 
 awaited with anxious hope the king's answer to the last peti- 
 tion of Congress for justice and reconciliation. The earnest 
 prayer of the oppressed subjects was spurned from the 
 throne, the inhabitants of the colonies were declared to be 
 "rebels," and orders were given for the seizure and confisca- 
 tion of their property. A land and naval force of 55,000 
 men was voted for the king's service against the colonist's ; 
 
 9. What was a difficult task? Why was this difficult? How were, 
 the non-resistants required to aid the cause of liberty? 
 
 10. What did the people hope for? How were their petitions re- 
 ceived? What was done in England? What were the patriots com- 
 pelled to do ? How did they act ? 
 
POPULAR DESIRE FOR INDEPENDENCE. 163 
 
 and in addition to these, n,000 troops were hired from Hesse 
 Cassel, in Germany, to join the British army in America. 
 Thus the sword was drawn on both sides, and the American 
 patriots were compelled to fight their way up to national 
 independence, or ignominiously surrender to a despotism that 
 would speedily reduce them to slavery. They nobly ac- 
 cepted the challenge, and with "liberty or death" for their 
 battle-cry, resolved to defend their rights as freemen, or perish 
 in the attempt. 
 
 11. Intelligence of the determination of the British govern- 
 ment to subjugate the colonies was received in America in 
 January, 1776. The whole country was roused to greater 
 activity by the king's proclamation of war. The army was 
 increased ; the seaports were fortified ; and Washington, who 
 had surrounded Boston on the land side by the Continental 
 army, prepared to force the British troops from the town. 
 His efforts were crowned with success; and on the 17th 
 of March the enemy evacuated their forts and sailed away 
 to Halifax. Meanwhile the organized companies in every 
 province had marched to the seaports and made preparations 
 to oppose the landing of foreign troops. 
 
 12. During the whole time of the bitter controversy that 
 preceded the clash of arms, the people professed the most 
 unceasing loyalty to the British crown; but now the grand 
 idea of an independent nation began to force itself upon the 
 popular mind, and every heart was filled with the desire for 
 a government, that should be beyond the control of the power 
 
 11. "When was intelligence of the action of the British government 
 received ? How did it affect the people ? What was done ? 
 
 12. "What had the people professed? What grand idea was now 
 forced upon them? What was heard? What did Congress recom- 
 mend ? What followed ? 
 
1G4 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 that oppressed the people. The voice of every provincial 
 Assembly was soon heard in favor of independence, and, on 
 the 10th of May, Congress, then sitting in perpetual session 
 in Philadelphia, recommended the formation of State govern- 
 ments in all the colonies, that should be independent of royal 
 authority. Less than two months later, about noon on the 
 4th of July, the Representatives of the people unanimously 
 declared the Thirteen Colonies Free and Independent States, 
 to be called the United States of America. 
 
 13. Four days after this action had taken place, the Com- 
 mittee of Safety and that of Inspection marched in proces- 
 sion to the State House, where the Declaration of Independ- 
 ence was read to the battalions of volunteers and a vast 
 concourse of citizens. The British flags were then taken 
 down and removed from the court-rooms, and Avere burned, 
 amid the shoutings of the people, while the church bells were 
 ringing, and the peals from the State House bell proclaimed 
 liberty throughout the land. The building within and around 
 w^hose walls these scenes were enacted was afterward called 
 "Independence Hall." 
 
 13. "VYhen and to whom was the Declaration of Independence 
 read? How was it received? What is the building called where 
 these scenes were enacted? 
 
AEMY AND NAVY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 165 
 
 WASHINGTON CROSSING THE DELAWARE. 
 
 CHAPTER XXITI. 
 
 Tire 3Iilitary Campaign o/nYG. 
 
 1. It was now 138 years after the time when the first settle- 
 ment had been made on the Delaware by the Swedes, and the 
 95th year of the Province, under the proprietary government. 
 By a resolution passed by the representatives of the people, 
 met in convention in July, lit 6, the authority of the pro- 
 prietary and the royal control were renounced, and the Prov- 
 ince was declared to be an Independent State. 
 
 2. The new-born Commonwealth had then a population of 
 302,000 inhabitants, whereof 2000 were negroes. There were 
 10,395 soldiers in the field doing active service, and in addition 
 to this force there was an organized militia in every county, 
 ready to march on short notice against an approaching enemy. 
 The respectable little navy of the Commonwealth consisted 
 
 Chapter XXIII. — 1. How old was the ProA'ince when Independ- 
 ence was declared? How and when was it made a State? 
 
 2. What was the population ? What was the condition of the army 
 and navy ? 
 
166 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 of 15 ships, 10 sloops, and a number of galleys and floating 
 batteries, which did noble service in the protracted and val- 
 liant defense of the city of Philadelphia. The foundries at 
 Reading and Warwick were making shot and shell for the 
 army, and had already cast 92 cannons of 12 and 18 pounds 
 caliber. Thus prepared, Pennsylvania entered the war for 
 Independence. Before the close of the first campaign, the 
 full power of the State was called into action to prevent 
 the invasion of its territory and the capture of its chief city. 
 
 3. The capture of New York by the British, and the retreat 
 of Washington's army across New Jersey, in December, 1*176, 
 brought the war to the boundary of Pennsylvania, threatened 
 the capture of Philadelphia and the destruction of the mili- 
 tary resources of the State. Washington's army had dwindled 
 away by loss in battle, by the expiration of the term of enlist- 
 ment, and by sickness, until he had in his command less than 
 3000 effective troops, 
 
 4. When the Continental army crossed the Delaware, the 
 enemy was close upon its rear guard ; fortunately, however, 
 the British generals w^ere slow, and prosecuted the war with 
 a spirit of pride that disdained haste. They sat down on 
 the east bank of the river, to wait until it would freeze over 
 and give them a bridge of ice, whereon they might cross in 
 safety and triumph into Pennsylvania. 
 
 6. The enemy was posted along the river, on the New Jer- 
 sey side, from Trenton to Camden; and the little army of 
 Americans, w^eary, suffering from cold, hungry, disheartened, 
 almost hopeless, stretched its thin lines from New J lope to 
 
 3. What brought the war to the boundary of Pennsylvania? 
 What was the effective force of Washington's army at this time? 
 
 4. What saved Washington's army? 
 6. How were the armies posted? 
 
WASHINGTON CROSSES THE DELAWARE. 161 
 
 Bristol, on the west bank of the Delaware, and watched the 
 movements of the hostile forces on the opposite shore. 
 
 6. It was at this period of greatest discouragement, when 
 the cause of liberty seemed nearest failure, that the wisdom 
 of early preparations for defense, the strength of the military 
 association, and the spirit of the people of Pennsylvania ap- 
 peared to greatest advantage. The people flocked to Wash- 
 ington's camp, bringing clothing for the naked, food for the 
 starving, and medicines for the sick; and the associated 
 militia from every county, with arms and ammunition, with 
 artillery and supply trains, marched to the Delaware. 
 
 7. Fifteen hundred men, under General John Cadwallader, 
 went from Philadelphia to reinforce the army at Bristol ; one 
 company marched from Shippensburg; another from North- 
 umberland ; several from York county. In the counties near 
 the scene of action the loyal men instantly flew to arms, and 
 marched in squads or in organized companies to the line of 
 defense above the city. 
 
 8. Washington had crossed the river, on his retreat from 
 New Jersey, on the 8th of December, saddened by disap- 
 pointment, at the head of an army depressed and almost 
 without hope; yet within seventeen days, joined by 1500 
 Pennsylvania troops, he was strong enough to recross the 
 Delaware and give battle to the enemy. 
 
 9. Marching orders were sent along the whole line, and 
 the troops were supplied with three days' rations and forty 
 rounds of ammunition. On the night of the 25th of December, 
 
 6. What was this period? What appeared? How did the people 
 act? 
 
 7. What troops marched? 
 
 8. When and how had Washington crossed the Delaware? What 
 change took place? 
 
 9. When did the army recross the Delaware? What happened? 
 
168 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 at the head of 2400 veteraa troops, Washington crossed the 
 river at Mackonkey's Ferry. The current was swift, and 
 thick with floating ice ; the wind blew violently in the faces 
 of the men; snow began to fall at eleven o'clock, and soon a 
 northwest storm of wind, sleet, and hail set in and beat 
 pitilessly upon the patient soldiers, who, regardless of icy 
 roads and pelting elements, pressed forward toward the 
 enemy's camp. 
 
 10. At daylight. General Sullivan, who commanded the 
 right wing of the army, reported to the general-in-chief that 
 his men's powder and arms were wet; *'then tell your gen- 
 eral to use the bayonet, for the town must be taken," said 
 Washington to the messenger who brought the report. 
 
 11. The troops pushed bravely on, and the town of Trenton 
 was taken. Colonel Ralle, the Hessian commander, had spent 
 the night in drinking and card playing, and was wholly uncon- 
 scious of danger, until the roll of the drum and the crack of 
 the rifle fell upon his dull ears. The Hessians rushed to arms, 
 but were speedily overcome by the impetuous charge of the 
 Americans. Seventeen of the enemy were killed, seventy- 
 eight wounded, and nine hundred and forty-six were taken 
 prisoners. Washington captured 1200 small arms and six 
 brass cannon. The battle lasted only thirty-five minutes, and 
 the Americans returned to their camps without the loss of a 
 man. 
 
 12. The news of this victory filled all loyal hearts with 
 joy. The tories, who, before the battle, rejoiced at the low 
 condition of the patriot army, were now silenced and abashed; 
 
 10. What report did Washington receive, and how did he an- 
 swer it? 
 
 11. How was the battle of Trenton fought? 
 
 12. What did the news of this victory do? 
 
GENERAL MIFFLIN. 169 
 
 but the friends of liberty, recently so despondent, rose in 
 the pride and strength of their principles, and were bold to 
 talk and work for the cause of Independence. Troops again 
 flocked to the victorious standard of Washington; the veteran 
 soldiers, whose term of service expired the first of the year, 
 ITT 7, reinlisted, and thus the army and the people were in- 
 spired with new vigor and courage. 
 
 13. Washington determined to take advantage of the effect 
 of his victory. His own troops were elated, and those of the 
 enemy were demoralized, by the sudden change in the tide of 
 British success. He therefore again crossed the Delaware, 
 on the 30th of December, and pitched his headquarters at 
 Trenton. The enemy was at Princeton, just ten miles dis- 
 tant. On New Year's night, Generals Mifflin* and Cad- 
 wallader, with their Pennsylvania troops, marched up from 
 Bordentown and joined Washington's camp ; and thus, the 
 effective force of the army at Trenton consisted of about 5000 
 men 
 
 14. On the following day, January 2d, ITTT, the British 
 army, under Lord Cornwallis, marched from Princeton and 
 encamped for the night, on the bank of a small stream 
 
 * Thomas Mifflin was born in Philadelphia, 1744. He took an 
 active part in the struggle against British oppression, was a member 
 of the Continental Congress in 1774, and, though a Quaker, joined 
 the patriot army In 1775, and by his great abilities soon rose to the 
 rank of major-general. In 1787, he was a member of the convention 
 that framed the Constitution of the United States. The following 
 year he was elected President of the Executive Council, and after- 
 ward, first governor of Pennsylvania under the Constitution of 1790. 
 He died in 1800, in the city of Lancaster. 
 
 13. What did Washington do? Where was the enemy? What 
 movements were executed ? 
 
 15 
 
170 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 near Trenton, within rifle shot of the American outposts. 
 Washington well knew that the number and strength of the 
 enemy were too great for the few battalions of his little 
 army; therefore, during the night he quietly withdrew, and 
 early next day fell upon, and defeated the British reserves 
 at Princeton, and then fled away to the hill country of New 
 Jersey, before the bewildered Cornwallis could overtake him 
 or even comprehend his movements. 
 
 15. The victorious army of patriots went into winter 
 quarters at Morristown, and thus ended the campaign. But 
 the soldiers did not sit down in idleness. After building 
 comfortable huts and securely intrenching their camps, the 
 battalions were constantly engaged in some expedition against 
 the enemy, "who became so thoroughly perplexed by the swift 
 and successful sallies of Washington's troops, that they 
 thought the whole of Xew Jersey was filled with ''rebels," 
 and hence retreated to the upper part of the State and 
 encamped opposite New Tork, where they passed the winter 
 in constant fear of a sudden attack from the Americans. 
 
 16. When the army first crossed the Delaware, in the 
 autumn of 1176, and the enemy appeared at Trenton, the 
 Continental Congress was removed to Baltimore ; but now, 
 when the defeated enemy retreated to New York, the national 
 legislators returned to Philadelphia, and resumed the work of 
 providing for the enlistment and arming of additional troops 
 for the campaign of 177 1. 
 
 14. How did Washington defeat and bewilder the British? 
 
 15. Where and how did the army pass the winter? 
 
 16. How was Congress affected by the movements of the enemy? 
 
RETREAT OF THE BRITISH FROM NEW JERSEY, l^jl 
 
 BIRMINGHAM MEETING-HOUSE. 
 
 CHAPTER XXIV. 
 
 Tlie British Army in Pennsylvania. — Battle of Brandy' 
 wine. — Occupation of Philadelphia. 
 
 1. The army at Morristown did not leave its winter quar- 
 ters until near the last of May, 17^7; it then numbered 
 about 10,000 men, strong, well-disciplined, and prepared for 
 active service. Early in June, the British general (Howe) 
 began to manceuver his army so as to draw the Americans 
 from their fortified camps ; but failing to entrap Washington, 
 he retreated to New York, and thus yielded the whole State 
 of New Jersey to the friends of freedom. 
 
 2. A large number of troops had been sent from Eng- 
 land to Canada, and these, under General Burgoyne, now 
 began a campaign in the north. General Howe embarked 
 
 Chapter XXI Y. — 1. When did Washington's army leave its 
 winter quarters? What was its strength? What did the British 
 general attempt to do ? 
 
 2. What movements were undertaken by the enemy? What did 
 Washington do? 
 
172 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 liis army at New York, sailed round into Chesapeake bay, 
 and landed near the village of Elkton, in Maryland, on the 
 25th of August. The object of this expedition was the cap- 
 ture of Philadelphia. Washington was fully aware of the 
 movements of the enemy, and made preparations to meet 
 him with his whole force at Chadd's Ford, on the banks of 
 Brandywine creek. 
 
 3. On the morning of the 11th of September, soon after 
 daybreak, the British troops were in motion, advancing on 
 the direct road to Chadd's Ford. The Americans were im- 
 mediately under arms, and placed in order of battle to meet 
 them and resist their passage of the creek. Skirmishing 
 soon began between the advanced parties, and at ten o'clock, 
 General Maxwell's corps, which had been sent across the 
 stream to watch the movements of the enemy, was driven 
 back over the Brandywine below the ford. Knyphausen, who 
 commanded the advance corps of the British, paraded his 
 forces on the opposite heights and prepared to cross the 
 stream. 
 
 4. At this time (about eleven o'clock) Colonel Ross, of 
 Pennsylvania, who was operating with a small force in the 
 rear of the British army, sent word to Washington that a 
 large column of the enemy, with a heavy train of artillery, 
 was marching on a road leading to the fords farther up the 
 Brandywine. This was the division under Cornwallis, which, 
 after marching by a circuitous route, crossed the west branch 
 of the creek at Trimble's Ford, and the east branch at Jef- 
 feries Ford, and then moved down to attack the American 
 army on the right flank. 
 
 3. What battle was fought to save Philadelphia? When, where, 
 and how was the battle of Brandywine begun? 
 
 4. What word d'" Washington receive? 
 
BATTLE OF BRANDYWINB. 173 
 
 5. As soon as Washington learned of this movement of 
 the enemy, he made a change in the disposition of his forces. 
 Three divisions, commanded by Generals Sullivan, Sterling, 
 and Stephens, advanced up the Brand^^wine and faced the 
 British column that was coming down upon the right flank. 
 General Anthony Wayne* and General Maxwell remained at 
 Chadd's Ford, to watch the enemy under Knyphausen ; and 
 General Greene's division, accompanied by Washington, took 
 a central position, and was held in reserve. 
 
 6. The battle on the right was opened near the Birming- 
 ham Quaker meeting-house, by General Stirling's men, who 
 first received the attack of the British. The advance guard 
 of the Americans posted themselves in a graveyard sur- 
 rounded by a stone wall, where they made a most obstinate 
 resistance, and held the enemy in check until the line of bat- 
 tle had been formed, when they fell back and joined the 
 main division. It was now four o'clock in the afternoon, and 
 the battle opened vigorously along the whole front; but so 
 
 * Anthony Wayne, the " farmer boy," was born in Chester county, 
 Pa., in the year 1745. He was elected a member of the Assembly in 
 1773, and soon distinguished himself as a firm friend to the cause of 
 American liberty. In 1775, he was appointed colonel of a regiment, 
 raised in his own county. He was sent with the Northern army into 
 Canada, where he proved himself a brave and gallant soldier, and 
 was promoted to the rank of brigadier-general. He afterward rose 
 to the rank of major-general, and occupies a conspicuous and honor- 
 able place among the heroes and patriots of the American Kevolution. 
 In 1794, he led a powerful army into the Indian country in the West, 
 where he subdued the savages and established peace, He died in the 
 old fort at Presque Isle, in 1796. 
 
 5. How did Washington arrange his troops? 
 
 6. How was the battb, fought on the right? 
 
 15* 
 
174 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 great was the power of the enemy, that the American line 
 Avas soon broken, and Washington was compelled to fall 
 back in order to save his army. The British rushed forward 
 in hot pursuit, eager for the total destruction of the American 
 battalions. 
 
 7. Washington saw that the pursuit must be checked, 
 or his army would be destroyed; he therefore posted 
 Colonel Walter Stewart, with the 13th Pennsylvania regi- 
 ment and the 10th Virginia, on rising ground by the 
 side of the road taken by the defeated troops. Howe's ad- 
 vance was sharply resisted by these regiments; and mean- 
 time. General Muhlenberg's brigade was formed as a rear 
 guard, and charged the enemy with such spirit that it caused 
 Howe to move with greater caution; and finally, after re- 
 ceiving a severe check by General Greene's division, he 
 abandoned the pursuit. 
 
 8. While the battle was raging on the right, Knyphauscn 
 attempted to cross the creek, but was steadily resisted by 
 Wayne and Maxwell; when, however, these officers learned 
 of the defeat of the right wing, they withdrew, and fell back 
 to join the troops under Washington. The whole army re- 
 treated to Chester, where the several divisions arrived by 
 different roads during the night. In this battle, the loss on 
 the American side was 900 killed and wounded, and among 
 the wounded was General La Fayette ; the British loss was 
 100 killed and 400 wounded. 
 
 9. The day after the battle, the army marched through 
 Darby to Philadelphia. The British troops advanced to Yil- 
 
 7. How did Washington save his army ? 
 
 8. What took place on the left? Where did the army concen- 
 trate ? What were the losses ? 
 
WASHINGTON RETREATS TO PHILADELPHIA. HS 
 
 lage Green, in Delaware county, where they formed an en- 
 campment. The foreign troops had not before been in a 
 district so rich and attractive as was the southeastern part 
 of Pennsylvania. Here the farmers' houses were well 
 stocked with the best quality of provisions, and upon these 
 the soldiers preyed, with the most heartless disregard of the 
 rights and necessities of the inhabitants. The people were 
 plundered of every article that could be discovered by the 
 British and Hessian freebooters; even women's clothes were 
 stolen, and furniture was carried to the camp and destrovcd, 
 so that the people were soon left in utter destitution of food, 
 clothing, and proper shelter. 
 
 10. One day two young ladies w^ent to General Howe, and 
 complained of the brutish conduct of three Hessian soldiers, 
 who had plundered their fathers' houses ; the general gave 
 orders that the troops should be formed into line, and when 
 the robbers had been pointed out by the girls, they were ar- 
 rested, tried by court-martial, and hung, as a solemn warning 
 to the whole army, that the commander had determined to 
 put an end to the outrages practiced by the soldiers. 
 
 11. When Washington retreated to Philadelphia, the main 
 body of his army encamped at Germantown; about 500 of 
 the wounded were sent to Ephrata, in Lancaster county, 
 where many of them died. The resting-place of these patriotic 
 dead is now marked by a plain monument of sandstone. 
 
 12. Four days after the battle of Brandy wine, the Amer- 
 icans withdrew from Philadelphia and Germantown, crossed 
 
 9. Where did the enemy form an encampment? How did the 
 soldiers treat the people? 
 
 10. How were the soldiers warned against this conduct? 
 
 11. Where did the Continental army go? 
 
 12. What movement was made? Why? 
 
lYG HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 the Schuylkill, and marched toward Goshen; for the com- 
 mander-in-chief had determined to risk another battle before 
 abandoning the city to the enemy. 
 
 13. The two armies confronted each other on the morning 
 of the 16th; the skirmishers in front of the picket lines began 
 firing, when suddenly a violent rain-storm set in and sepa- 
 rated the hostile forces. Washington, learning that the am- 
 munition of his men had become so wet as to be unfit for 
 use, withdrew the army to Warwick Furnace, where it ob- 
 tained a new supply. 
 
 14. General Wayne, with a division numbering 1500 men, 
 was sent out to join General Smallwood, who commanded a 
 body of militia in the rear of the British army. On the even- 
 ing of the 20th of September, Wayne encamped near Paoli. 
 That night a strong detachment of British from Howe's army, 
 led by the tories residing in the neighborhood, fell upon the 
 division with fixed bayonets, expecting to kill or capture the 
 general and all his men. At the first alarm from the picket 
 line, Wayne formed his troops, and received the fierce assault 
 of the enemy with his right, and then withdrew by the left 
 flank, fighting desperately against a superior force. The loss 
 of the Americans was estimated at about 200 ; the British 
 loss was very small. ''Paoli monument," erected in com- 
 memoration of this conflict, marks the battle-field. 
 
 15. At this time there was a large quantity of military 
 supplies stored at Reading; fearing that General Howe 
 might attempt to destroy these, Washington withdrew his 
 army from Philadelphia and took a position at Pottsgrove, 
 
 13. What prevented a battle ? 
 
 14. Who was attacked at night, and what took place? 
 
 15. Where did Washington take his army? What did the British 
 do? When did the enemy enter Philadelphia? 
 
ATTACK ON FORTS MERCER AND MIFFLIN. \^^ 
 
 thirty-five miles up the Schuylkill. On the 23cl of Septem- 
 ber, the British army crossed the Schuylkill near Norristown, 
 and, three days later, marched into Philadelphia. Howe 
 ordered the main body of his army to encamp at German- 
 town, but established his headquarters in the city. 
 
 16. The forts on the Delaware, below Philadelphia, were 
 defended by the American garrisons with a tenacity that 
 greatly perplexed the commander of the British. The enemy's 
 fleet of war vessels had sailed from the Chesapeake round into 
 the Delaware, but could not approach the city without first 
 reducing Fort Mifflin, on the Pennsylvania, and Fort Mercer, 
 on the New Jersey side of the river. Nearly two months 
 were consumed, and heavy losses were sustained, in vain 
 efforts to capture these forts. On the 22d of October, over 
 2000 Hessian grenadiers, under Donop, assailed Fort Mer- 
 cer; they were repulsed with heavy loss, including their 
 commander ; this little garrison, numbering less than 600 
 brave men, was commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel Christo- 
 pher Greene. 
 
 n. While this battle was raging, the enemy's war vessels 
 came up to aid the land forces ; but twelve galleys and two 
 floating batteries from the little Pennsylvania navy, attacked 
 the royal ships with such vigor that two of the largest boats 
 were driven aground, and blown to pieces by the explo- 
 sion of their magazines. These disasters made the British 
 general more cautious in his operations ; he surrounded the 
 forts with batteries of heavy guns, and kept up a fierce bom- 
 bardment day and night. 
 
 18. The heroic garrisons defended their posts with match- 
 
 16. What took place on the Delaware below the city? 
 
 17. What naval battle was fought? How did it result? What did 
 the British do ? 
 
Its HISTORY OF PEXXSYLVAXIA. 
 
 less courage, until the block-houses were reduced to heaps of 
 ruins, the palisades broken down, the guns dismounted, and 
 the men, worn down by incessant labor and loss of sleep, 
 were unable to continue the defense ; therefore, on the night 
 of the 15th of November, the troops in Fort Mifflin set 
 fire to the barracks and moved off, carrying away their can- 
 non and stores. Three days later. Fort Mercer was evacu- 
 ated, and the little fleet on the Delaware sailed by the city 
 at night and escaped up the river. Thus, after a long and 
 disastrous contest, the British army and fleet succeeded in 
 forming a i unction at Philadelphia. 
 
 18. How were the forts defended, and how evacuated ? 
 
BATTLE OF GERMANTOWX. 179 
 
 CHAPTER XXY. 
 
 The Battle of Germantown.— Winter Quarters at Valley 
 Forge. 
 
 1. While General Howe's attention was directed to the 
 capture of the forts below Philadelphia, Washington seized 
 a favorable opportunity and fell upon the British camp at 
 Germantown. Early on the morning of the 4th of October, 
 the battle was opened by Wayne's men, who rushed on the 
 enemy crying, "Pvevenge! Revenge I" and in a terrible 
 charge broke the British line and swept it from the field. 
 Washington, with the whole of the right wing of his army, 
 pressed forward, certain of gaining a complete victory. 
 
 2. Unfortunately, the left wing of the line, numbering two- 
 thirds of the army, under General Greene, failed to come up 
 in time to engage the enemy's right, and thus the advantage 
 gained over the left was not swiftly followed by success in 
 other parts of the field. Before Washington could repair the 
 
 Chapter XXY. — 1. What battle was fought, and how did it 
 begin? 
 
 2. Why was the battle lost ? 
 
180 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 damage occasioned by the delay of Greene's troops, the 
 enemy's reinforcements arrived from Philadelphia, and thus, 
 with victory snatched from their almost victorious arms, the 
 Americans were compelled to retreat. 
 
 3. Washington withdrew his army and encamped near 
 Whitemarsh. General Howe planned a surprise attack, and 
 hoped by a sudden stroke to destroy the remnant of the 
 American army in Pennsylvania. On the 4th of December 
 the British, by a forced march, came in front of Washington's 
 camp, but finding it strongly fortified, with cannon all mounted 
 and the troops in line of battle ready to receive them, they 
 feared to make the attack, and hence marched back to Phila- 
 delphia crestfallen and disappointed^ 
 
 4. The secret of General Howe's failure was afterward 
 explained by the following circumstance: Some of his staff 
 officers used a room in the house of William Darrach, in 
 Philadelphia, w^here they held their official conferences. 
 Lydia, the wife of William, overheard the order read for the 
 surprise of Washington on the night of the 4th, and managed, 
 at the peril of her life, to convey the intelligence to an 
 American officer. She obtained permission to cross the 
 lines to purchase flour at Frankford, and meeting Colonel 
 Craig, whom she knew, told him the secret. Hence came 
 the unexpected preparations which the British army encount- 
 ered, and the defeat of the intended surprise. 
 
 5. On the 11th, the American army went into winter quar- 
 ters at Yalley Forge. The men moved toward the wooded hill- 
 
 3. Where did Washington go ? What was planned, and how did 
 it end ? 
 
 4. How did Washington learn of Howe's plans? 
 
 5. When and where did the army go into winter quarters? What 
 was the condition of the men? How did they prepare for the 
 winter? 
 
WINTER QUARTERS AT VALLEY FORGE. 181 
 
 sides selected for their resting-place, many without clothing to 
 cover their nakedness, without blankets to lie on, without 
 tents to sleep under, without shoes to protect their bleeding 
 feet from the ice and frozen ground of midwinter. The forest 
 trees were soon converted into huts, which were plastered 
 with mud and covered with boughs and bark; the untiring 
 vigilance of Washington secured the camp against surprise; 
 love of country and affectionate attachment to their general 
 sustained the troops under hardships that would have dis- 
 heartened and dispersed weaker and less patriotic men. 
 
 6. There is no spot in America where the people of the 
 United States can more appropriately erect monuments, and 
 carve inscriptions to that devoted patriotism which inspired 
 our fathers to labor, suffer, and die, that we might be an in- 
 dependent nation, than on the slopes at Valley Forge, on the 
 banks of the Schuylkill, twenty miles north of Philadelphia. 
 The world affords no record of a purer devotion to principle, 
 a nobler love of country, or a more pious, self-sacrificing de- 
 termination to endure the extremity of hardship, rather than 
 give up the cause of human liberty. 
 
 7. The winter was colder and longer than usual; the 
 men were thinly clad; had not so much as bare straw to 
 lie down upon at night ; often half starved for want of even 
 the meanest food; yet that freezing and starving little army 
 of patriots knew that its cause was just, and that its labors 
 and sufferings would end in victory. 
 
 8. At one time Washington was compelled to send out 
 among the farmers and seize grain and other provisions to 
 furnish his men with food; also straw and blankets to keep 
 
 6. What is said of Valley Forge ? 
 
 7. How did the troops pass the winter ? 
 
 8. How did Washington provide for the men ? 
 
 16 
 
182 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA, 
 
 them from freezing. He gave orders that all the farmers 
 within seventy miles of his camp should thresh out one-half 
 of their grain before the first of February, and the other half 
 before the first of March, so that the army could be supplied 
 with bread. 
 
 9. While the great general labored day and night to pro- 
 tect his men from cold, hunger and the British troops, by 
 the most earnest appeals to Congress and the people, he also 
 most devoutly prayed to the great God of nations that vic- 
 tory and peace might speedily end the war. A Quaker, at 
 whose house Washington had his headquarters, once found 
 the general in the woods praying earnestly to God for help ; 
 the man went home to his wife and said, with tears in his 
 eyes, " If there is any one man on earth to whom the Lord 
 will listen, it is George Washington." 
 
 10. Thus the army struggled for life and existence, until 
 the winter wore away, and the warm rays of spring gave 
 strength and hope to the patriot soldiers. On the 1st of May, 
 1178, glorious news reached the camp. Benjamin Franklin, 
 who had been sent to France to represent the American 
 States, had labored long and earnestly to persuade the king 
 to aid the people in their struggle against English oppression, 
 and now tidings reached the army that the efforts of Franklin 
 had been crowned with success. 
 
 11. King Louis not only recognized the Independence of 
 America, but also agreed to send a fleet of war ships and an 
 army, to aid the United States in the struggle for its estab- 
 lishment. Shouts of joy and loud "hazzas for the king 
 of France" broke from every camp, and rolled and re-echoed 
 
 9. What incident is related of Washington? 
 
 10. What occurred in the spring? 
 
 11. What did the king of France do? 
 
SUFFERINGS OF PENNSYLVANIA SOLDIERS. 183 
 
 along the mountains. The future now seemed bright, and 
 the patriots were sure of success. 
 
 12. Two brigades of Pennsylvania, commanded by General 
 Wayne, passed the winter at the village of Mount Joy, in 
 Lancaster county. These troops suffered terrible hardships: 
 they were destitute of proper clothing; without sufficient 
 food even to prevent sickness from hunger ; they had neither 
 shoes nor stockings to protect their feet from snow and ice 
 while they gathered wood for their fires, nor blankets to 
 cover their shivering bodies at night; not even a change of 
 shirts could be obtained, but the men were compelled to 
 wear their filthy garments until they hung in tattered rags 
 upon their backs. Many took sick and died from starva- 
 tion and exposure. Yet such was the patient endurance 
 of the noble men who, through much suffering and severe 
 labors, won the freedom of America, that nothing but death 
 could turn them from their high purpose. 
 
 12. Where did Wayne's troops winter, and what was their con- 
 dition ? 
 
184 
 
 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 CHAPTER XXYI. 
 
 Campaign of ll^S. — Dest7mction of Wyoming Settlement. 
 
 1. The French government sent a squadron of twelve ships 
 and four large frigates to America, with orders to proceed to 
 the mouth of the Delaware and blockade the British in that 
 
 bay. Fortunately for Gen- 
 eral Howe, he had left Phila- 
 delphia and sent his fleet to 
 New York before the arrival 
 of the French. The British 
 evacuated Philadelphia on 
 the 18th* of June, 1718, and 
 marched across New Jersey 
 toward New York. 
 
 2. Washington had closely 
 watched the movements of 
 the enemy, and, breaking up 
 his camp at Yalley Forge, 
 crossed the Delaware with 
 about 12,000 men, and pur- 
 suing the British, now com- 
 manded by General Clinton, finally, on Sunday, the 28th of 
 June, overtook them on the plains of Monmouth, where he 
 forced them to give battle. 
 
 3. The two armies were astir at one o'clock in the morn- 
 
 MONUMENT AT WYOMING. 
 
 Chapter XXVI. — 1. How did the French aid the colonies? When 
 was Phihidelphia evacuated by the British? 
 
 2. What did Washington do? What battle was fought? 
 
WYOMma VALLEY. 185 
 
 ing, preparing for the terrible work that was before them. 
 The troops joined in deadly conflict at nine o'clock, and from 
 that time until dark, during- the sultry hours of the hottest day 
 in the year, the battle raged with unabated fury. In addition 
 to those slain by sword, bullets, and bayonets, many fell from 
 the excessive heat of the long summer day, and when night 
 came both armies were glad to rest. 
 
 4. The Americans slept on their arms, determined to renew 
 the battle at daylight next morning; but during the night, 
 the British deserted their camp and quietly withdrew, so that 
 at daybreak not a "red coat" was in sight. This battle 
 drove the enemy from New Jersey, and ended the invasion 
 of Pennsylvania, for the soil of our State was never again 
 pressed by the march of foreign troops. 
 
 5. The British government was now greatly alarmed, and 
 determined to offset the French aid to the Americans by em- 
 ploying the savages in the north and west against the unpro- 
 tected settlements on the frontiers of the States. One of the 
 most terrible blows inflicted by this inhuman policy fell upon 
 the Wyoming settlement in Pennsylvania. 
 
 6. The history of this beautiful valley, in Luzerne county, 
 abounds with stories of adventure, excitement, contention, and 
 blood. Long before the discovery of America by Europeans, 
 the Indians had fought many sanguinary battles for the pos- 
 session of Wyoming. One of the first white men who visited 
 this valley of contention was Count Zinzendorf, a Moravian 
 missionary, who came from Germany to Pennsylvania in 
 
 3. How was this battle fought? 
 
 4. How did the battle end? What was the effect of this victory? 
 
 5. What cruel policy did the British adopt? Where did the first 
 blow fall ? 
 
 6 and 7. What do you know of the history of Wyoming Valley? 
 
 16* 
 
186 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 IHl, and in the following year visited the Indian settlements 
 on the north branch of the Susquehanna, in the hope of win- 
 ning the unlettered savages to the principles of Christianity. 
 These ignorant dwellers in the forests. could not believe that 
 any one would come so far, and endure so much without 
 compensation, for the sole purpose of doing good to others. 
 They therefore regarded the missionary as an enemy in dis- 
 guise, and resolved to assassinate him. For this purpose a 
 party of warriors approached his tent, on a cold night in 
 September. As they stealthily drew aside the curtain, they 
 saw the count lying on a bundle of dry weeds, writing by 
 the light of a small fire ; at the same moment, a large rattle- 
 snake, attracted by the heat, crawled slowly into the tent, 
 over the missionary's legs, and then stretched itself by the 
 side of the burning wood to enjoy the warmth. 
 
 T. The Indians were appalled at the sight, and, shrinking 
 back, returned to their chief and informed him that the Great 
 Spirit protected the stranger, for he slept with only a blanket 
 for the door of his tent, and a great snake had crawled over 
 his legs without attempting to hurt him. Zinzendorf was 
 soon joined by another white man, who knew the Indians, 
 and explained to them the true character of the distinguished 
 visitor ; thus he was enabled to carry on his work of love 
 without fear of danger. 
 
 8. In 1762, about two hundred persons from Connecticut 
 settled in Wyoming, believing that it was within the limits 
 of the charter of that Province. This settlement was de- 
 stroyed by the Indians, and the people fled for safety to the 
 banks of the Delaware. 
 
 8. When and by whom was the first settlement made in this 
 valley ? What became of it ? 
 
INVASION OF WYOMING VALLEY. 137 
 
 9. In It 69, a party of Pennsylvanians, under a grant from 
 the proprietary government, proceeded to Wyoming, and 
 formed a settlement on the deserted fields of the Connecticut 
 people ; and about the same time, forty uew emigrants from 
 Connecticut arrived, but were driven away, or arrested by 
 the Pennsylvanians. Soon after this, two hundred more 
 came from Connecticut, built a fort, and determined to de- 
 fend themselves against the authority of the Penns. 
 
 10. Serious disputes arose, which resulted in open war 
 between the rival parties. A company of militia was sent 
 up by the proprietary government to dispossess the intruders. 
 The military was resisted by force, and several persons on 
 both sides were killed. The settlers from the east main- 
 tained their hold in the valley, at a point near where Wilkes- 
 barre now stands ; the strife continued, with alternate success 
 and defeat, and loss of life to both parties, until the begin- 
 ning of the Revolutionary war, when all were called to join 
 hands against a common enemy. 
 
 11. The population of Wyoming, in 1776, numbered about 
 5000, with a military force of 1100 men; of these nearly 300 
 enlisted in the Continental army. In the spring of 1778, a 
 party of British, tories, and Indians, from Canada, numbering 
 about 800, invaded the valley of Wyoming, under the com- 
 mand of Colonel John Butler. The enemy took possession 
 of an old fort at the upper end of the valley, and there pre- 
 pared to attack the settlers. The inhabitants immediately 
 
 9. When did Pennsylvanians first attempt to settle in Wyoming, 
 and what followed ? 
 
 10. What was the condition of the community? What ended the 
 disputes ? 
 
 11. What was the population of this settlement? When and how 
 did the enemy approach the valley? What did the inhabitants do? 
 
188 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 flew to arms; and, in a few days, a force of about 350 men 
 was organized to resist the invaders. 
 
 12. In the winter of lTt6, when Washington retreated 
 across the Delaware into Pennsylvania, there were two organ- 
 ized military companies in Wyoming. These were ordered 
 to join the Continental army opposite Trenton, and thus the 
 "town of Westmoreland," as the settlement in this valley 
 was called, w^as left comparatively defenseless. This the 
 notorious John Butler and his tory associates well knew, and 
 hence marched down the Susquehanna from the State of 
 New York in full confidence of an easy victory. 
 
 13. The enemy reached Fort Wintermoot, at the northern 
 end of the valley, without opposition, on the last day of June, 
 nt8. Colonel Zebulon Butler, a Continental officer, knowing 
 the defenseless condition of the inhabitants, had obtained 
 leave to visit the settlement, and was, by common consent, 
 made commander of the soldiers and people, who had taken 
 refuge in an old fort that had been built by the early settlers. 
 
 14. ''Indian Butler," as the cruel leader of the enemy was 
 called, summoned the inhabitants to surrender. A council of 
 war was called on the 3d of July, which resolved that the 
 troops should march out and give battle to the invaders. 
 Colonel ZebuloQ Butler and two of his ablest associates 
 thought it best to wait a few days, in the hope that rein- 
 forcements would arrive; but the council of war decided 
 upon immediate action. Accordingly, at about three o'clock 
 in the afternoon of the same day the devoted little band of 
 defenders marched up the valley, with the Susquehanna on 
 
 12. What did the notorious tory leader know ? 
 
 13. Where did the enemy go? Who commanded the inhabit- 
 ants ? 
 
 14. What was done ? 
 
MASSACRE AT WYOMING. 189 
 
 its right and a marsh on the left, until the head of their 
 column reached Fort Wintermoot, which had been abandoned 
 and set on fire in order to lead the inhabitants into the 
 belief that the enemy was retreating from the valley. 
 
 15. Colonel Butler, however, was not so easily deceived, and 
 soon discovered the position of the invaders; he therefore 
 formed his line of battle, stretching from the river to the 
 marsh. In a few patriotic words to his men, he said: "We 
 have come out to fight, not only for liberty, but for life itself, 
 and, what is dearer, to preserve our homes from conflagration, 
 and women and children from the tomahawk. Stand firm, 
 the first shock, and the Indians will give way. Every man 
 to his duty." The little army advanced rather incautiously, 
 and soon found itself entrapped and nearly surrounded by the 
 enemy. 
 
 16. The battle began at four o'clock in the afternoon. 
 Colonel Zebulon Butler ordered his men to fire, and at each 
 discharge to advance a step. Along the whole line the firing 
 was rapid and steady. It was evident that on the more open 
 ground the patriots were doing most execution. For fully 
 half an hour a vigorous assault had been sustained, when 
 the superior numbers of the enemy began to be developed. 
 The Indians had thrown a strong force into the swamp, 
 which now completely outflanked the left wing, and the little 
 band of defenders was speedily overwhelmed and put to flight. 
 
 It. Every one now looked to his own safety. Some fled 
 to the mountains, some swam the river, and others retreated 
 
 15. How did Zebulon Butler prepare for battle? What did he say 
 to his men ? 
 
 16. How did the battle begin ? How did it end? 
 
 17. What followed the defeat? When and on what conditions 
 was the fort surrendered? 
 
l90 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 in haste and confusion to the fort. Many were struck down 
 with the tomahawk, and others were taken prisoners and car- 
 ried away into savage captivity. Colonel Zebulon Butler and 
 Colonel Denison were the first to reach the fort, where the 
 women and children of the settlement had assembled. The 
 news of the terrible defeat was soon told. Many of the 
 people at once fled down the river toward Sunbury, and 
 across the mountains to Stroudsburg. On the 5th of July, 
 the second day after the battle, the fort was surrendered to 
 "■ Indian Butler," on condition that the inhabitants should not 
 be molested in their persons or property. 
 
 18. These conditions were partly observed for one day, 
 but on the second day after the surrender the Indians began 
 to steal and plunder. The miserable inhabitants were soon 
 stripped of provisions and clothing, and a week later their 
 dwellings were reduced to ashes. Men, women, and children 
 fled to the mountains, and struggled through the thick forests 
 to reach the settlements on the Delaware. Many perished 
 in the wilderness, and others, after passing several days and 
 nights without food or shelter, found safety among the gen- 
 erous inhabitants of Northampton county. 
 
 19. In 1833, the corner-stone of a monument, commemora- 
 tive of this terrible event, was laid; the superstructure was 
 raised chiefly through the efforts of the ladies of Wyoming 
 valley.* 
 
 * Upon the front slab of this monument is the following inscription : 
 "Near this spot was fought, on the afternoon of the 3d of July, 1778, 
 the battle of Wyoming ; in which a small band of patriotic Amer- 
 icans, chiefly the undisciplined, the youthful, and the aged, spared 
 
 < 
 
 18. How were these conditions observed? What became of the 
 people? 
 
 19. How is this event commemorated? 
 
MILITARY EXPEDITIONS AGAINST THE INDIANS. 191 
 
 20. After the destruction of the Wyoming settlement, 
 marauding parties of savages threatened the entire northern 
 and western frontiers of the State ; exposed settlements were 
 broken up, buildings were burned, and the people forced to 
 flee for safety. Military expeditions were organized and sent 
 against the Indians and tories on the borders. Colonel 
 Thomas Hartley marched up the west branch of the Sus- 
 quehanna and destroyed the Indian villages at Wyalusing, 
 Sheshequin, and Tioga. General Mcintosh w^as sent against 
 the enemy's forces in the West, and penetrated the Indian 
 country as far as the Scioto river, in Ohio ; another expe- 
 dition destroyed the Indian posts on the Alleghany. 
 
 21. General Sullivan, with an army of 3000 men, collected 
 on the deserted fields of -Wyoming, marched against the 
 savage hordes of Indians, British, and tories, who were 
 
 by inefficiency from the distant ranks of the republic, led by Colonel 
 Zebulon Butler and Colonel Natlian Denison, with a courage that 
 deserved success, boldly met and bravely fought the combined British, 
 tory, and Indian force of thrice their number. Numerical superiority 
 alone gave success to the invader, and widespread havoc, desolation, 
 and ruin marked his savage and bloody footsteps through the valley. 
 This monument, commemorative of these events, and in memory of 
 the actors in them, has been erected over the bones of the slain by 
 their descendants and others, who greatly appreciate the services and 
 sacrifices of their patriotic ancestors." 
 Another slab bears the following : 
 
 "Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori."* 
 
 ■ The third contains the names of those who were slain in the en- 
 gagement. 
 
 * " It is sweet and glorious to die for one's country." 
 
 20. What followed the destruction of Wyoming 
 
 21. What was General Sullivan's expedition? 
 
192 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 strongly intrenched at Elmira, and on the 29th of August, 
 ltt9, captured the fort and dispersed the enemy. Pressing 
 forward with irresistible energy, General Sullivan entered 
 the great settlements of the Six Nations, on the Genessee 
 river, and in three weeks destroyed forty villages and vast 
 stores of provisions: houses were burned, orchards were 
 cut down, gardens and fields laid waste, and the terrified in- 
 habitants were driven into the forests. 
 
 22. This fearful retaliation did not crush the desperate 
 hearts of the savages. . The Six Nations had been so success- 
 fully plied by the tories and British agents, that they still 
 hoped to be able to drive the white man from their hunting- 
 grounds. Therefore every effort to punish their barbarities 
 but kindled the fires of deeper hatred, and thus while the war 
 continued, and even ten years longer, the Indians on the 
 borders of the lakes and along the western rivers sent their 
 war parties • to plunder and kill the inhabitants beyond the 
 Alleghanies. Finally, after several unsuccessful expeditions 
 and disastrous battles, in repeated attempts to subdue the 
 enemy, General Wayne marched into the western country 
 with an army too powerful to be overcome, and forced the 
 Indians to sue for peace. A treaty was signed at Greenville, 
 in 1795, which ended the war in this State against the native 
 owners of the soil. 
 
 22. How did this fearful retaliation affect the Indians? How were 
 they finally subdued? 
 
SURRENDER OF YORKTOWN. 
 
 193 
 
 CHAPTER XXYII. 
 
 The Close of the Revolutionary War. 
 
 1. After the battle of Monmouth, active military opera- 
 tions were transferred to the South. Georgia and the 
 Carolinas became the battle-fields of the nation, and during 
 
 nearly four years, beginning in 
 November, 1178, the fearful strug- 
 gle pressed upon the inhabitants 
 of those States. In the North, 
 Washington kept the enemy close- 
 ly locked up in the city of New- 
 York, until, by a masterly strata^ 
 gem, h.e deceived General Clinton 
 into the belief that he was about 
 to attack the city, and then sud- 
 denly turned southward to Vir- 
 ginia, and, by a forced march, 
 joined the French under La Fayette. The combined armies 
 defeated and captured General Cornwallis and 7000 British 
 troops at Yorktown, on the 19th of October, 1781. 
 
 •* This bell was brought from England, in 1752; it was cracked at 
 the trial ringing. The metal was recast, and the following inscrip- 
 tion was placed on the new bell: "Proclaim Liberty throughout 
 
 THE LAND, AND TO ALL THE PEOPLE THEREOF." Singularly enough, 
 
 this bell first rang out the joyful tidings of the adoption of the Decla- 
 ration of Independence. 
 
 XIBERTY BELL.^ 
 
 Chapter XXYII. — 1. "Where was the military campaign carried 
 on ? What did Washington do ? What great victory was won ? 
 
 17 
 
194 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 2. The victory at Yorktown was the last great blow that 
 crushed the British power in America. Praise and thanks- 
 giving went up to the Lord Omnipotent from every family- 
 altar where love of liberty dwelt; in churches, in legislative 
 halls, in the array, and in Congress, the voice ot the people 
 was heard in prayer. The clouds of war began to break 
 away, peace dawned on the nation with the splendor of a 
 bright morning after a night of storm. 
 
 3. The year 1181, which closed in glorious triumph, had 
 opened with many gloomy prospects and disheartening cir- 
 cumstances. The soldiers had served their country in many 
 severe campaigns, almost without pay; often without suffi- 
 cient clothing to cover their shivermg bodies, or food to stay 
 their hunger. Congress had sent promise after promise, 
 that relief would be afforded speedily, but the promises were 
 unfulfilled. The soldiers became dissatisfied, and finally, on 
 the 1st of January, a body of Pennsylvania troops in the 
 camp at Morristown resolved to march to Philadelphia and 
 demand immediate justice from their Representativ s. 
 
 4. General Wayne was in command of these troops, and 
 every one of the 1300 who had entered upon this desperate 
 purpose dearly loved his general. He followed the men, 
 and by persuasion and threats endeavored to bring them 
 back to his camp. They would not listen to his entreaties. 
 Finally he threw himself in front of the column, drew his 
 pistol, and threatened to shoot the leaders if they did not 
 face about and return to Morristown. The men instantly 
 surrounded Wayne with their fixed bayonets, and, pointing 
 their muskets at his heart, cried out: "General, we love and 
 
 2. How did the battle of Yorktown atfect the cause and the people? 
 
 3. What discouraging event opened the year 1781? 
 
 4. Who commanded these troops, and how did he endeavor to 
 bring them back to camp? 
 
REVOLT OF PENNSYLVANIA TROOPS. 195 
 
 respect you ; often have you led us into the field of battle, 
 but we warn you to be on your guard; if you fire your pistol, 
 or attempt to enforce your commands, we shall put you in- 
 stantly to death. " Brave Anthony Wayne still stood firm, not 
 fearing harm at the hands of his own men. He appealed to 
 their patriotism; reminded them of toils and sufi'erings al- 
 ready endured for the cause of American liberty, and begged 
 them not to sacrifice, in one rash moment, the honor and ad- 
 vantage they had gained by years of weary marches and ter- 
 rible battles. He recited to them how the enemy would 
 rejoice, and how their friends would grieve over their conduct. 
 
 5. The men replied by exhibiting their tattered garments, 
 and relating the story of their sufferings for want of food, 
 and then repeated their determination to march to Philadel- 
 phia and demand from Congress immediate redress. Finding 
 himself unable to restrain the troops, Wayne resolved to 
 accompany them; and at the same time sent orders to his 
 quartermaster to send supplies after him, for he knew the 
 men would soon need them. 
 
 6. At Princeton the party was met by a committee from 
 Congress, who promised that the just demands of the sol- 
 diers should be granted. The men, wiiose enlistment had 
 expired, were allowed to go home, and those whose term of 
 service had not yet ended agreed to return to their camps. 
 
 7. When intelligence of this revolt reached the British 
 commander in New York, he dispatched agents to Princeton 
 to bribe the soldiers, and persuade them to desert and join 
 the enemy. These Pennsylvanians, however, were not 
 traitors — but patriots, every one of them. 
 
 5. How did the soldiers reply to Wayne, and what was done? 
 
 6. How did the revolt terminate? 
 
 7. What did the British commander do? What were these Penn- 
 sylvania soldiers ? 
 
196 BISTORT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 8. They immediately seized the emissaries and delivered 
 them to General Wayne. A military commission tried, con- 
 demned, and huDg them as spies. A large reward had been 
 offered for their arrest ; but the soldiers nobly refused to ac- 
 cept it, saying : "Necessity wrung from us the act of demand- 
 ing justice from Congress, but we desire no reward for doing 
 our duty to our bleeding country." The men who had been 
 allowed to spend the winter at home with their familes, 
 promptly re-enlisted at the opening of the summer campaign, 
 and nobly bore their part in the cheering events that closed 
 the year. 
 
 9. The enemy held out in the South, one year after the 
 capture of Cornwallis, and kept their headquarters in the 
 city of New York, until the 25th of November, It 83. Mean- 
 while, however, the preliminary treaty of peace had arrived 
 from England, and, on the 19th of April, 1183, the eighth 
 anniversary of the battle of Lexington, a proclamation, de- 
 claring the cessation of hostilities, was read to the troops ; 
 and on the 3d of November, the army was disbanded. 
 
 10. After taking leave of his associate ofiBcers in New 
 York, Washington proceeded to Annapolis, Maryland, and, 
 on the 3d of December, surrendered to Congress his commis- 
 sion as commander-in-chief of the Continental army, and 
 then quietly retired to private life. 
 
 11. The whole number of men furnished to the army by 
 Pennsylvania during the eight years of the war, from 1775 
 to 1783, was 29,555; of these 7357 were militia, and 22,198 
 were regular Continental troops. 
 
 8. How did they treat the British spies? What did they say about 
 accepting a reward ? 
 
 9. How long did the war continue? How and when did it end? 
 
 10. What did Washington do? 
 
 ^ 11. How many troops did this State furnish ? 
 
CLOSE OF THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 197 
 
 EMBLEMS OF THE NATION. 
 
 CHAPTER XXYIII. 
 
 The Constitution of the United States adopted. 
 
 1. The war for independence had closed : the work of the 
 soldier was finished. With peace came the labor of laying 
 the foundation of a new nation. The toils of the statesman 
 began where those of the soldier had ended. The efforts of 
 the army closed in triumph, it was now the duty of states- 
 men to preserve, in constitutional law, the principles of per- 
 sonal and national liberty, wrenched from the monarchies of 
 Europe, and successfully defended by the swords of the pa- 
 triots. The establishment of a government to be adminis- 
 tered by the people and for the people, was the task imposed 
 by the victory of our arms. 
 
 2. At the beginning of the war, necessity had forced a 
 
 Chapter XXYIII. — 1. What had the patriots accomplished, and 
 what was yet to he achieved? 
 
 2. What had heen done at the heginning of the war? What had 
 not heen undertaken? 
 
 n* 
 
198 HISTOR Y OF PENNSYL VANIA. 
 
 hasty union of the colonies; they banded themselves together, 
 because in union there was strength. Their regiments and 
 brigades were united into an army, commanded by Con- 
 tinental officers, and were led against the common enemy; 
 but the great work of constructing a Nation, that should 
 have power over the several colonies, which, by the success- 
 ful issue of the struggle had become independent States, 
 bad not yet been undertaken. 
 
 3. The limited authority of Congress became still more 
 insignificant upon the establishment of peace. There was 
 nowhere a guiding power to lead the people up to the full 
 realization of the fruits of their victory, nor to direct them in 
 the construction of a Representative government, under 
 whose supreme control the States might become free repub- 
 lics, bound by a uniform system into a Great Nation, strong 
 to develop the resources of the continent, and powerful to 
 defend the rights of its people in all parts of the world. 
 
 4. The wisdom that had prevailed in council and tri- 
 umphed in the field, was again brought into harmonious 
 action. A convention was called to meet at Annapolis, 
 Maryland, and afterward in Philadelphia, for the purpose of 
 considering what changes should be made in the Articles 
 of Confederation, adopted in lYYG, for the government of the 
 States during the war. The representatives for Pennsyl- 
 vania in this Convention were Benjamin Franklin, Thomas 
 Mifflin, Robert Morris,* George Clymer, Thomas Fitzsim- 
 
 * Kobert Morris was born in England in 1733. He came to Amer- 
 ica in 1744, and was a merchant's clerk in Philadelphia. By his 
 energy, industry, and good character, he became one of the most 
 wealthy and respected men of his time. He was a true patriot, and 
 
 3. What was needed? 
 
 4. "What was done to organize the government? 
 
CONVENTION AT PHILADELPHIA. I99 
 
 mons, Jared Ingersoll, James Wilson, and Gouverneur 
 Morris. 
 
 5. The Convention assembled on May 10th, ITSt, and sat 
 in the room which had been occupied by Congress when 
 the Declaration of Independence was adopted. Delegates 
 were present from all the States except New Hampshire and 
 Rhode Island. Washington was chosen President of the 
 Convention ; he was surrounded by many great and good 
 men, who desired nothing so much as the glory of their 
 country and the welfare of the people. The delegates soon 
 discovered that the Articles of Confederation were so de- 
 fective and limited in their power, that it would be useless to 
 endeavor to adapt them to the wants of the nation. They 
 resolved therefore to enter at once upon the work of framing 
 a new constitution. 
 
 6. Several plans of government were presented by the 
 delegates from the different States, and there was great di- 
 versity of opinion among the best and wisest men in the 
 Convention. A number of days had been spent in fruitless 
 discussion, and many began to fear that the members would 
 separate without accomplishing anything. Finally, some 
 one proposed an adjournment; but at this crisis, Benjamin 
 Franklin rose, and said: "Mr. President: How has it hap- 
 pened, sir, that, while groping so long in the dark, divided in 
 
 one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence. He was the 
 chief financial agent for the government during the Revolution, and 
 borrowed millions of dollars on his own credit, to sustain the army, 
 when Congress could not procure a dollar. He lost his fortune by 
 land speculations, and died in comparative poverty in 1806. 
 
 5. When and where did the Convention assemble? What was 
 discovered ? 
 
 6. How did the work progress? AVhat did Franklin propose? 
 
200 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 our opinions, and now about to separate without accomplish- 
 ing" the great object of our meeting here, we have hitherto 
 not once thought of humbly applying to the Father of Lights 
 to illuminate our understanding? In the beginning of our 
 contest with Great Britain, when all were sensible of danger, 
 we had daily prayers in this room for divine protection. Our 
 prayers, sir, were heard, and graciously answered." He then 
 offered a resolution that, "henceforth, prayers, imploring the 
 assistance of Heaven, and its blessings on our deliberations, 
 be held in this assembly every morning, before we proceed to 
 business." 
 
 t. The resolution was adopted, and the clergy of the city 
 were invited to officiate. From that day there was greater 
 harmony in the Convention; and, guided by Divine Wisdom, 
 the delegates soon agreed upon articles of government, 
 which were adopted on the 15th of September, and subse- 
 quently, having been ratified by the people, became the Con- 
 stitution of the Nation. 
 
 8. The Articles of Confederation, and with them the Con- 
 tinental Congress,* expired on Wednesday, the 4th of March, 
 
 * The Continental Congress held its sessions as follows: 
 In Philadelphia, from Sept. 5tli, 1774, to November, 1774. 
 '' " " May 10th, 1775, to Dec. 12th, 1776. 
 
 " Baltimore, " Dec. 18th, 1776, to January, 1777. 
 
 " Philadelphia, '' March 4th, 1777 to Sept. 18th, 1777. 
 <' Lancaster, " Sept. 27th, 1777, one day. 
 
 " York, " " 30th, 1777, to June, 1778. 
 
 " Philadelphia, " July 2d, 1778, to March 4th, 1779. 
 
 7. What was the effect of prayer? When was the Constitution of 
 the United States adopted? 
 
 8. When did the Confederation end, and the United States begin? 
 Who was the first President? When was he elected? When and 
 where was he inaugurated ? 
 
PROSPERITY OF THE PEOPLE. 201 
 
 1Y89, and the Constitution of the United States became 
 the organic law of the Republic. On the 6th of April in 
 the same year, General Washington was elected the first 
 President of the United States. He was then at his home at 
 Mount Yernon, Yirginia; but having been again called to 
 serve his country, he went to New York, the place appointed 
 for the meeting of the new Congress,* and there, in the 
 presence of a vast assembly of people, took the oath of ofi&ce 
 on the 30th of April, 1789. 
 
 9. Congress gave its attention to the organization of 
 the National Government, and the inhabitants of the sev- 
 eral States, relieved from the excitement of public affairs, 
 devoted themselves to the development of the resources of 
 the country. Koads were opened between widely separated 
 settlements, churches were organized, schools were estab- 
 lished, factories were built, trade and commerce were ex- 
 tended, and the people, speedily recovering from the effects of 
 the war, became prosperous and happy. 
 
 * The Congress of the United States held its sessions in Philadel- 
 phia as follows : 
 
 1st Congress, 3d Session, Oct. 25th, 1790, to March 2d, 1791. 
 
 2d 
 
 3d 
 
 4th 
 
 5th 
 
 6th 
 
 Oct. 24th, 1791, to March 2d, 1793. 
 Dec. 2d, 1793, to " 3d, 1795. 
 Dec. 7th, 1795, to " 3d, 1797. 
 May 15th, 1797, to " 3d, 1799. 
 Dec. 2d, 1799, to Nov., 1800. 
 
 9. What did Congress do? What did the people devote them- 
 selves to? 
 
202 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 JOSEPH REED. 
 
 ^ CHAPTER XXIX. 
 
 The State Government organized.^ — Administration of the 
 Supreme Executive Council. 
 
 1. At the beginning of the Kevolutionary war, Pennsyl- 
 vania was a province owned by the heirs of William Penn, 
 and governed by agents of the proprietors. When the Con- 
 tinental Congress, in 17 1 6, advised all the colonies to form 
 new governments that should be independent of the English 
 crown and foreign proprietaries, the people of Pennsylvania 
 entered without delay upon the work of reconstruction. 
 John Penn, the governor, was notified that his authority 
 was terminated by the action of the representatives of the 
 people ; and that any attempt to embarrass, or interfere with 
 public affairs, would result disastrously to himself and the 
 interests of his family. 
 
 Chapter XXIX. — 1. When did Pennsylvania enter upon the 
 work of reconstruction ? What notice was sent to John Penn ? 
 
THE STATE GOVERNMENT ORGANIZE. 203 
 
 2. The first step taken by the Assembly was the appoint- 
 ment of a Committee of Safety, in June, 1775, of which 
 Benjamin Franklin was chairman; it had power to call the 
 associated troops into service, to pay and support them, and 
 to provide for defense against invasion and insurrection. On 
 the 15th of July,. 1776, a convention of delegates — eight from 
 each county, and representing all the people — met in Phila- 
 delphia, to organize a new government. Benjamin Franklin 
 was chosen president. This convention assumed complete 
 political control of the Province, and, on the 28th of Septem- 
 ber, completed its work by signing the constitution, which 
 erected the Province into an independent State. The Pro- 
 vincial Assembly expired on the 26th of September, and with 
 it perished the last vestige of proprietary authority in Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 3. The government was administered by the Committee 
 of Safety until March 13th, 1777, when, under the State 
 constitution, proposed by the convention and adopted by the 
 people, the Supreme Executive Council and the Assembly of 
 Delegates, organized in pursuance of its provisions, assumed 
 the direction of public affairs. 
 
 4. On the 5th of March, 1777, the Assembly and Council 
 met in joint convention, and elected Thomas Wharton, Jr., 
 President of the Supreme Executive Council. The President 
 of Council was the head of the Executive Department, and, 
 therefore, chief ma.Gristrate of the State. 
 
 2. What committee was appointed? What power had the Com- 
 mittee of Safety? What convention met in 1776? What power did 
 it assume ? When was Pennsylvania made a State ? When did the 
 Provincial Assembly expire ? 
 
 3. What change was made in the administration? 
 
 4. Who was the first President of the Executive Council ? When 
 was Thomas Wharton elected chief magistrate ? 
 
204 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 5. The first public act of the new government, after the 
 completion of its organization, was the appointment of a day 
 of solemn fasting, humiliation, and prayer, to be observed on 
 Thursday, the 3d of April ; this was the first day of fasting 
 under the authority of the Commonwealth. 
 
 6. The war department of the State was managed by a 
 Board of War, and the navy department by a Navy Board, 
 appointed by the Supreme Council. The meetings of Coun- 
 cil and of the Executive Boards were held in Philadelphia, 
 almost daily, until the approach of the British army after the 
 battle of Brandywine, when the public offices were moved to 
 Lancaster. 
 
 7. The Supreme Council met in Lancaster on the 1st 
 day of October, Ittt. On the 13th of the same month, the 
 legislature passed an act authorizing the organization of a 
 Council of Safety, which was given full power to make and 
 enforce laws, and to provide for the defense and preserva- 
 tion of the Commonwealth. The Council of Safety was 
 composed of the Supreme Executive Council, and nine 
 other persons, appointed by the Assembly. The govern- 
 ment was administered by this body, until the 4th of De- 
 cember, IttT, when the Council of Safety was dissolved by 
 its own act, and the administration was restored to the 
 Supreme Executive Council. 
 
 8. On the 1st day of December, IT 78, Joseph Reed* was 
 
 * Joseph Keed was born in Philadelphia in 1742, and graduated at 
 Princeton College. At the commencement of the Revolutionary war, 
 
 6. "What was the first public act of the new government? 
 
 6. "Where were the meetings of Council held ? 
 
 7. When did the Supreme Council first meet in Lancaster? What 
 did the legislature authorize? Of whom was the Council of Safety 
 composed, and what authority did it possess? 
 
PRESIDENTS OF COUNCIL. 205 
 
 elected President of Council, and served in that office until 
 November 14th, 1*781, when he was relieved by the election 
 of William Moore. John Dickinson* was President from No- 
 vember 1th, 1782, until October 18th, 1785; Benjamin Frank- 
 lin from October 18th, 1785, to November 5th, 1788; and 
 Thomas Mifflin from the end of Franklin's term until the 
 20th of December, 1790 ; when the Supreme Executive Coun- 
 cil and the form of government it administered, expired 
 
 he was appointed aid-de-camp to Washington, and the following 
 year was made adjutant-general. In 1778 he was chosen a member 
 of Congress. While in Congress a proposition was made to him by 
 commissioners from England, to secure his influence in favor of 
 Great Britain ; at another time he was offered £10,000 and the best 
 office in America if he would effect a reunion of the two countries. 
 To this base proposition he made the memorable and patriotic reply : 
 "/ a77i not worth purchasing; hut such as I am, the kwg of Great 
 Britain is not rich enough to do it." He was President of the Exec- 
 utive Council of Pennsylvania from December, 1778, to November, 
 1781. He died in 1785, aged 43 years. 
 
 * John Dickinson was born in Maryland in 1732. Studied law in 
 England, and made his first appearance in public life as a member of 
 the Pennsylvania Assembly. He was a member of the Stamp Act 
 Convention, and of the Continental Congress; he wrote the peti- 
 tion of Congress to the king, and was the author of several able 
 political papers, published during the Kevolution; was a member of 
 the convention that framed the Federal Constitution ; and President 
 of the Executive Council of Pennsylvania from 1782 until 1785. He 
 died in 1808. 
 
 8. Who were the presidents of the Executive Council from 1778 
 to 1790? When did this form of government expire? 
 
 18 
 
206 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 GOVERXOR MIFFLIN. 
 
 CHAPTER XXX. 
 
 The Constitution of Pennsylvania. 
 
 1. The organization of the State government as it now 
 exists, was planned and adopted by a convention of delegates, 
 which met in Philadelphia in 1790. The administration of 
 the Supreme Executive Council was then abolished, and a 
 constitution was adopted, under which the government was 
 reorganized and made more democratic. 
 
 2. In 1838, a convention of revision met in Philadelphia, 
 and again amended the fundamental law. The new Con- 
 stitution was signed by the officers and members of the con- 
 vention, on the 22d of February of that year (1838), and 
 has been, since the 1st of January, 1839, the supreme law of 
 the State. 
 
 3. The legislative power is vested in a General Assembly, 
 consisting of a Senate and House of Representatives. 
 
 Chapter XXX. — 1. "When was the present organization of the 
 State government adopted? 
 
 2. When, where, and how was the Constitution revised? 
 
 3. How is the legishitive power organized? 
 
THE STATE CONSTITUTION. 20 Y 
 
 4. The Representatives, apportioned according to the num- 
 ber of taxable inhabitants, are chosen annually, on the second 
 Tuesday of October, by the citizens of the Commonwealth, 
 The number of Representatives is limited to 100. 
 
 5. The Senators are chosen for three years, one-third 
 being elected annually, at the time of the election of Repre- 
 sentatives. The number of Senators cannot be less than 
 one-fourth, nor greater than one-third of the number of Repre- 
 sentatives. The General Assembly meets annually, on the 
 first Tuesday of January, unless sooner convened by order of 
 the governor. 
 
 6. The supreme executive power is vested in a governor, 
 who is chosen on the second Tuesday of October, and who 
 holds his ofiBce during three years from the third Tuesday 
 of January next ensuing his election ; the same person cannot 
 be elected more than twice in any term of nine years.* 
 
 7. The right of suffrage is allowed to every white freeman 
 of the age of 21 years, having resided in the State one year, 
 and in the election district where he offers his vote 10 days 
 immediately preceding the election, and having within two 
 years, paid a State or county tax, which shall have been 
 assessed at least 10 days before the election. 
 
 8. The judicial power is vested in a Supreme Court; in 
 
 * Under the Constitution of 1790, a governor might be twice re- 
 elected, and hold office nine years in twelve. 
 
 4. How are the Kepresentatives chosen? What is their number? 
 
 5. How are Senators chosen ? What is their number ? When does 
 the General Assembly meet ? 
 
 6. How is the governor chosen? How often may he be successively 
 re-elected ? 
 
 7. Who may vote? 
 
 8. What courts are established? 
 
208 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 courts of Oyer and Terminer and General Jail Delivery, a 
 court of Common Pleas, Orphans' court, Register's court, 
 and a court of Quarter Sessions of the Peace for each county, 
 in Justices of the Peace, and in such other courts as the 
 legislature may from time to time establish. 
 
 9. In accordance with an amendment to the Constitution, 
 adopted in 1850, all judges are elected by the people.* 
 The judges of the Supreme Court are chosen at large, and 
 for a term of fifteen years. The president judges of the 
 several county courts are required to be learned in the law, 
 and are chosen by the electors of the districts over which 
 they are to preside, for a term of ten years. The associate 
 justices of the Common Pleas hold their offices five years. 
 
 10. The Constitution also declares that "the legislature 
 shall, as soon as conveniently may be, provide by law for the 
 establishment of schools in such manner that the poor may 
 be taught gratis, "f 
 
 11. No person acknowledging the being of a God, and a 
 future state of rewards and punishments, shall, on account of 
 his religious sentiments, be disqualified for office. 
 
 12. Imprisonment for debt is abolished, except in cases of 
 fraud. 
 
 13. The Constitution also provides for the adoption of 
 
 * Previous to the adoption of this amendment, judges were ap- 
 pointed by the governor. 
 
 f No action was taken on this salutary provision until 1802. 
 
 9. How are the judges chosen? How long do they hold office? 
 
 10. What does the Constitution say of schools? 
 
 11. Who shall not be disqualified for office? 
 
 12. What of imprisonment for debt? 
 
 13. How may the Constitution be amended? What amendments 
 hare been adopted? / 
 
THE STATE CONSTITUTION. 209 
 
 amendments. A proposition to amend passed by any legisla- 
 ture and affirmed by a succeeding one, is then submitted to a 
 vote of the people at a regular election, and if approved by a 
 majority of the voters, it becomes part of the Constitution. 
 Amendments can be submitted only once in five years. In 
 this manner, in 1850, the judiciary of the State was made 
 elective, and in 1864 the right to vote was allowed to citi- 
 zens of the State, absent in the military service of the nation. 
 
 14. Under the authority of the Constitution of 1790, 
 Thomas Mifflin was elected Governor of the Commonwealth, 
 in October of that year, and was inaugurated at Philadelphia 
 on Tuesday, December 21st.* On the same day the legis- 
 lative department was organized by the meeting of the Senate 
 and House of Representatives in the State House. 
 
 15. At the close of the third term of Mifflin's administration, 
 in 1799, the seat of government was removed from Philadel- 
 phia to Lancaster, where Thomas McKeanf was inaugurated 
 
 * Under the Constitution of 1790, the governor's term began on 
 the third Tuesday of December. The legislature convened at tlie 
 same time. 
 
 •j- Thomas McKean was born in Chester county, March 4, 1734. 
 He studied law and was admitted to the bar in New Castle, Del.; 
 was a member of the Stamp Act Convention, was sent to the Con- 
 tinental Congress, by the two States of Delaware and Pennsylva- 
 nia, and was a member from its opening in 1774 until the signing 
 of the preliminary treaty of peace in 1783. In 1781, while Chief 
 Justice of Pennsylvania, he was also President of Congress ; he 
 held the chief justiceship twenty-two years. In 1799, he was elected 
 
 14. Who was the first governor under the new government? 
 "When was he inaugurated? 
 
 15. What was done at the close of Mifflin's administration? When 
 was Harrisburg made the capital? 
 
 18* 
 
210 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 governor, in December of that year. But, as the population 
 of the western and northern counties increased in number 
 and influence, there was a demand made to locate the State 
 capital permanently in some central place ; Harrisburg was 
 selected, and in October, 1812, the offices of the Common- 
 wealth were moved thither. 
 
 16. The corner-stone of the capitol at Harrisburg, was laid 
 May 31, 1819. The library extension, which was the last 
 addition made to the building, was completed in 186T. 
 
 governor of the State, and served, by re-election, until 1808. He died 
 in Philadelphia, June 24th, 1817. 
 
 16. When was the corner-stone of the capitol building laid? 
 
GREAT LAND PURCHASES. 
 
 211 
 
 STATE NORMAL SCHOOL AT MANSFIEiD. 
 
 CHAPTER XXXI. 
 
 Great Land Purchases. — Northumberland and Lycoming 
 Counties organized. — Pioneer Settlements West of the 
 Alleghany Mountains. — Burning of Hannastown. 
 
 1. In all treaties made with the Indians, Penn and his 
 representatives agreed, that no settlements of white people 
 should be established in any territory, that had not been pur- 
 chased from the natives by the proprietaries. These stipula- 
 tions were faithfully observed by the government, and peace 
 was preserved in the Province, until foreign influences and 
 the inroads of hostile tribes, involved the whole country in 
 war. 
 
 2. The different parts of the Province were opened for 
 settlement by six great purchases. The first, under Penn's 
 authority, was made in 1682, and is known as the "walk- 
 
 Chapter XXXI. — 1. What agreement had Penn made with the 
 natives? How were these treaties observed? 
 
212 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 ing purchase;" it extended along the Delaware above Phila- 
 delphia; the second was made in 1736, and included the 
 southeastern quarter of the Province; the third, made in 
 1749, comprised a narrow belt of land lying diagonally 
 across the Province from Pike to Dauphin county; the fourth, 
 made in 1758, comprised a tract lying west of the Susque- 
 hanna, from the great forks at Northumberland, southward, 
 to the southern boundary of the Province; the fifth and 
 largest purchase w^as made in 1768, and comprised an irreg- 
 ular belt of land extending from the extreme northeastern to 
 the extreme southwestern corner of the Province. This was 
 the last negotiation made under the proprietary authority. 
 A board of commissioners, appointed by the State, met the 
 w^estern tribes at Fort Mcintosh, on the Alleghany river, in 
 1785, and purchased the northwestern territory. By this 
 treaty the Indian title to Pennsylvania was wholly extin- 
 guished. 
 
 3. After the treaty of 1768, the territory thereby opened 
 to settlers was organized into counties. In the south, Bed- 
 ford county was erected in 1771; Northumberland county 
 in the central and northern part of the Province was estab- 
 lished in 1772. 
 
 4. The pioneers in Northumberland were English and 
 Scotch-Irish; but the Germans, who began to immigrate 
 about the beginning of the eighteenth century, are now in the 
 
 2. Describe the six great purchases which opened the Province to 
 settlement? When and how was the Indian title to Pennsylvania 
 wholly extinguished? 
 
 3. "When was Bedford county organized? When was Northumber- 
 land county organized? 
 
 4. Who were the pioneers in Northumberland county? When and 
 where was a mission established ? When and where did the govern- 
 ment erect a fort? 
 
SETTLEMENT OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 213 
 
 majority, especially in the southern part of the county. In 
 174T, the Moravians established a mission at the Indian town 
 of Shamokin; but the station was soon abandoned. In 1756, 
 the Provincial government of Pennsylvania erected a fort at 
 that place. 
 
 5. The territory within the limits of the county was part 
 of two different purchases from the Indians, made in 1749 
 and in 1768. Pioneer families came in from the Scotch-Irish 
 settlements of the Kittatinny valley, and from the Quaker 
 communities in the lower counties. When Northumberland 
 was erected into a county, March, 1772, Sunbury, the county 
 town, was laid out by the surveyor-general, who erected a 
 frame house on its site. A small garrison held the fort at 
 this place during the Revolution. 
 
 6. The treaty of 1768 also opened the valley of the West 
 Branch of the Susquehanna to lawful occupation. Several 
 years previous to this purchase, a hardy band of Scotch-Irish 
 adventurers had gone into this valley, then far beyond the 
 boundary of civilization, and formed a settlement on Lycom- 
 ing creek. When the country was declared open to the 
 white people, these pioneers obtained titles to their lands, 
 and their village became the center of a rapidly-growing com- 
 munity. 
 
 7. For seven years, the inhabitants enjoyed peace and quiet. 
 On the breaking out of the Revolutionary war, many of the 
 men took up arms in defense of their country, leaving their 
 
 5. When was Sunbury laid out? How was the place held during 
 the Kevolution? 
 
 6. How was the valley of the West Branch of the Susquehanna 
 opened to settlers? By whom was the settlement on Lycoming creek 
 begun ? 
 
 7. How were these settlers affected by, and what part did they take 
 in the Kevolutionary war? When was Lycoming county organized, 
 and what territory did it comprise ? 
 
214 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 homes and families exposed to roving bands of savages from 
 the north. Stockade forts were erected along the river at 
 the principal settlements, and in these the women and chil- 
 dren often took refuge. In It 95, the territory northward to 
 the boundary of the Province, and westward to the Alle- 
 ghany river, was organized into Lycoming county, with the 
 seat of justice at Williamsport, which was laid out in the 
 same year. 
 
 8. An amusing but distressing blunder occurred on the 
 "West Branch, known in early history as the "big runaway." 
 A report was received that the Indians were preparing to 
 attack the settlements along the head-waters of the Susque- 
 hanna, and several families had been murdered. In the spring 
 of 17 78, Colonel Hunter, commanding at Fort Augusta, sent 
 orders to Fort Muncy that all the inhabitants in that vicinity 
 should take refuge at Sunbury. The messenger who carried 
 the orders, said "all the people must be out of the country 
 within a week." The settlers fled in haste and confusion. 
 Their flight down the river is thus described by a traveler: 
 "As I was rounding a point above Derrstown (now Lewis- 
 burg), I met the whole convoy from all the forts above; such 
 a sight I never saw in my life. Boats, canoes, hog-troughs, 
 rafts hastily made of dry sticks — every sort of floating article 
 had been put in requisition, and were crowded with women, 
 children, and 'plunder' — there were several hundred people 
 in all. Whenever any obstruction occurred at a shoal, the 
 women would leap out and put their shoulders to the flat-boat 
 or raft, and launch it again into deep water. The men came 
 down in single file on each side of the river to guard the 
 fleet. The flotilla arrived safely at Sunbury, leaving the en- 
 
 8. What was the "big runaway?" 
 
SETTLEMENT OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA. 215 
 
 tire line of farms along the West Branch to the ravages of 
 the Indians." 
 
 9. The several military expeditions sent across the mount- 
 ains, first against Fort Du Quesne, and after that in relief of 
 Fort Pitt, attracted the attention of the farmers and me- 
 chanics of eastern Pennsylvania to the rich valleys and navi- 
 gable streams west of the Alleghanies, and as soon as the 
 hostile tribes in that territory were subdued, many families 
 moved thither. 
 
 10. The French had taken possession of the Ohio valley, 
 as early as the year 1749. At about the same time, the Ohio 
 Company attempted to locate settlements on their lands south 
 of the Ohio river. The French erected forts and established 
 military posts on Lake Erie, on Le Bceuf river, and at Ye- 
 nango. The Ohio Company attempted to build a fort at the 
 junction of the Monongahela and Alleghany rivers, where 
 Pittsburg now stands, but their men were driven off by the 
 French troops. The Moravian missionaries also had pene- 
 trated the wilderness beyond the mountains, and had estab- 
 lished stations at Indian villages on the Conemaugh, and the 
 Alleghany. 
 
 11. These were the first efforts made by the white race to 
 secure a lodgment in the territory comprised in western 
 Pennsylvania. The English and French, ever jealous of 
 each other's power, at once entered upon a contest for the 
 possession of the valley of the Ohio. Each party resolved 
 to expel the other from this beautiful country. They kept 
 
 9. What attracted the attention of the people to the country west 
 of the Alleghanies? 
 
 10. Who were in possession of the Ohio valley ? When and where 
 did the Ohio Company attempt to form settlements? Where did the 
 French erect forts ? "Where did the Ohio Company attempt to build 
 a fort? How far had missionaries penetrated? 
 
216 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 up a petty frontier war during ten years, until 1*158, when 
 Fort Du Quesne fell into the hands of the proprietary gov- 
 ernment. The settlement of the western counties, therefore, 
 may be dated from that time. Forts had been erected at 
 Ligonier and at Loyalhanna, by the troops sent against 
 Fort Du Quesne, and now, that the country was in posses- 
 sion of the English and brought under the authority of 
 Pennsylvania, Fort Pitt was erected, at the junction of the 
 Monongahela and the Alleghany, in 1159. This was the 
 foundation of Pittsburg. 
 
 12. Small settlements collected about these forts, where 
 they were protected by the garrisons, and thus a permanent 
 foothold was gained in the vast wilderness. These were the 
 small beginnings of a population which, for intelligence, in- 
 dustry, and wealth, is now unsurpassed by any other. 
 
 13. Settlements were planted within the present limits of 
 Washington county in 17t2. A private fort was erected by 
 the pioneers in each little community, and when the country 
 was invaded by marauding parties of savages, the inhabit- 
 ants fled to the forts for protection. In some instances 
 the stockades were built so as to surround the cabins and 
 houses. Sometimes the outside walls of the cabins served 
 also as a wall of the fort. 
 
 14. Every settler was a soldier. The farmer went to the 
 field with his musket swung at his side, and the mechanic 
 kept his loaded rifle on his work-bench ready for use at any 
 
 11. Upon what contest did the English and French enter? How 
 long did this war last ? From what period may be dated the settle- 
 ment of the western counties? What forts were erected? Where 
 was Fort Pitt ? 
 
 12. What was the foundation of Pittsburg? 
 
 13. What settlements were made in 1772? 
 
 14. How did settlers protect themselves ? 
 
INDIAN INCURSIONS. 217 
 
 moment. When a party of men went out to labor they 
 stacked their arms in a convenient place, and left a sentinel 
 to give the alarm in case of danger. At the approach of 
 an enemy, they would seize their rifles and run for the fort, 
 often fighting the Indians as they ran. 
 
 15. One of these little settlements on Buffalo creek, built a 
 fort consisting of a block-house and several cabins. To this 
 place, which was called Rice's fort, ten or twelve families 
 often fled for safety. In 1782, a party of Indian warriors 
 attacked Wheeling, in Virginia, but being compelled to re- 
 tire, the savage marauders resolved to avenge their defeat 
 by overrunning and destroying the settlements in the south- 
 western part of Pennsylvania. The people at Rice's fort 
 received warning of the approaching danger, only half an 
 hour before the attack. 
 
 16. The instant the alarm was given, every man ran to his 
 cabin, seized his rifle, and hurried away with his family into 
 the block-house. The terrible warwhoop rang through the 
 forest from every side, and the savage warriors rushed upon 
 the fort expecting to take it by storm. Only six men with 
 rifles stood inside to resist the assault. These, however, 
 were brave and skillful sharpshooters, and every shot brought 
 down one of the assailants. The deadly fire from the fort 
 soon drove the" Indians behind trees and logs for shelter. 
 The battle continued nearly four hours. The Indians fre- 
 quently called out to the people in the fort: "Give up ! give 
 up I too man}^ Indian. Indian too big. No kill." But the 
 sturdy defenders could not be deceived; they answered, de- 
 fiantly: "Come on, 3^ou cowards, we are ready for you!" 
 
 15. Where was Eice's fort? 
 
 IG and 17. Describe the attack on the fort? 
 
 19 
 
218 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA, 
 
 It. When the savages found they could not take the 
 fort, they set fire to barns and other buildings outside, and 
 shot the cattle, sheep, and hogs belonging to the inhabitants. 
 At two o'clock in the night, the enemy, alarmed by the ap- 
 proach of reinforcements for the garrison, hastily gave up 
 the siege and fled. One of the sharpshooters was killed at 
 the beginning of the battle, and thus the brave defense was 
 made by only five men, against over 100 assailants. 
 
 18. Many pioneers in the west fell victims to the Pontiac 
 conspiracy and other Indian incursions. At one time, nearly 
 every settlement was destroyed by the savage foe. The forts 
 were captured by storm, or taken by stratagem; the villages 
 and dwellings of the people were burned, and the inhabitants 
 carried away into barbarous captivity. Hannastowu, then 
 the county seat of Westmoreland county, was destroyed in 
 July, 1782. 
 
 19. This village, located thirty-one miles east of Fort Pitt, 
 and near where Greensburg now stands, contained about 
 thirty houses, and a few small cabins built of hewn logs. 
 There was also a log court-house, a jail, and a stockade fort. 
 The court of Common Pleas was opened in this place in April, 
 ItYS, and was the first held west of the mountains. 
 
 20. On the 13th of July, 1782, a party of the inhabitants 
 went to the fields, about a mile and a half north of the town, 
 to cut their harvest. In the midst of the work, an alarm 
 was given of the approach of a body of Indians. The whole 
 reaping party fled.toward the town in terror and confusion. 
 The alarm spread through the settlement, and the people 
 
 18. How were the settlements west of the Alleghanies destroyed? 
 
 19. Where was the first court held west of the mountains? 
 
 20. Describe the destruction of Hannastown. 
 
BURNING OF IJANNASTOWN. 219 
 
 sought safety in the fort. The Indians rushed into the vil- 
 lage, and being exasperated at finding it deserted, first plun- 
 dered the houses and set them on fire, and then assailed the 
 fort. There were only 25 or 30 men within the stockades, 
 but these made such stout resistance, that the assailants soon 
 gave up the attack, and returned to their plunder. 
 
 21. A number of the savages left the main body at Han- 
 nastown, and went to Miller's Station, about two miles 
 farther south. There they found a wedding party at the 
 height of its enjoyment, and, with fiendish 3^ells, rushed upon 
 it. The men of the party were so agitated by the cries of 
 the women and children, and the warwhoop of the Indians, 
 that all stood for a moment irresolute, and that moment 
 sealed their fate. One young man seized a child near him, 
 and, with it, made his escape. The rest, including bride 
 and bridegroom, were taken prisoners, loaded with the plun- 
 der of the savages, and carried into the most cruel captivity. 
 
 22. A number of men at work in their meadows, and the 
 women in the cabins, fled to a neighboring settlement. One 
 man was carrying away a little child and assisting his aged 
 mother, but finding the pursuers gaining on him, he put 
 down his child, that he might save his mother. A merciful 
 Providence, however, took care of the little one, and next 
 day, when the father returned, he found it asleep in its own 
 bed, the only human being left amid the fearful desolation. 
 
 23. Hostilities of this character continued with but slight 
 intermission, until the close of General Wayne's expedition 
 against the tribes in the west; when the treaty at Green- 
 ville, Ohio, in 1795, settled the Indian question, and secured 
 permanent peace to the western frontiers of Pennsylvania. 
 
 21 and 22. What occurred at Miller's Station? 
 
 23. How was permanent peace secured to Western Pennsylvania? 
 
220 
 
 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 CHAPTER XXXII. 
 
 Organization of Counties. — Development of the Gountrywest 
 of the Mountains. — Whisky Rebellion. — Pittsburg. 
 
 1. Previous to the year IttS, Bedford county was on the 
 western frontier, and comprised all the territory lying* west- 
 ward, to the western boundary of the State. When Northum- 
 berland county was organized, it extended westward along 
 the northern boundary to the Alleghany river. Twenty- 
 three years later, Lycoming became the frontier on the 
 north. 
 
 2. In nt3, that part of Bedford county lying west of the 
 Alleghanics was erected into a new county, which was called 
 Westmoreland. The county seat was located at Hannas- 
 
 Chapter XXXII. — 1. What counties were on the frontier in 
 1772? 
 
 2. What new county was organized? Where was the county seat? 
 What do you know about Hannastown? What is now the county 
 town of Westmoreland ? 
 
ORGANIZATION OF COUNTIES. 221 
 
 town. This being the only seat of justice west of the mount- 
 ains, was the center of the new settlements until it was 
 destroyed by the Indians. Hannastown was not rebuilt ; 
 but about three miles from its ruins, Grecnsburg was laid 
 out and became the county town of Westmoreland. 
 
 3. As the Revolutionary war drew to a close, the tide of 
 emigration w^estward, carried many pioneers into the valleys 
 of the Monongahela, Alleghany, Conemaugh, and Youghio- 
 gheny. Roads were cut through the deep wilderness in every 
 direction, thrifty villages grew up on the banks of the rivers, 
 and it soon became necessary to subdivide the country by 
 the organization of new counties. 
 
 4. "Old Westmoreland" may truly be called the mother of 
 counties in the west. Washington county was separated from 
 it in 1781 — with Catfish, on Catfish run, as its seat of justice. 
 Two years later Fayette county was established, with Union- 
 town for its county town; and in 1788, Pittsburg and the 
 settlements around it, were organized into the county of 
 Alleghany. 
 
 5. In 1800, Westmoreland yielded part of its territory to 
 Armstrong, and three years later another portion for In- 
 diana county. Greene was taken from Washington county 
 in 1796. Beaver was separated from Alleghany and Wash- 
 ington ; and Butler, Mercer, Crawford, and Erie, from Alle- 
 ghany in 1800. In the same j^ear, Warren and Yenango were 
 taken from Alleghany and Lycoming; and Armstrong from 
 Westmoreland, Alleghany, and L3^coming. Indiana county 
 was taken from Lycoming and Westmoreland in 1803. In 
 
 3. How did the close of the war affect the west? 
 
 4. What new counties were taken from Westmoreland, and when? 
 
 5. What other counties were formed ? 
 
 19* 
 
222 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 1804, Jefferson, Clearfield, and McKean were taken from 
 Lycoming, and Cambria from Huntingdon county. 
 
 6. Thus within a period of a few years, the western divi- 
 sion of the State was organized into counties. As the 
 growth of population and the development of natural re- 
 sources required, new counties were erected until the pres- 
 ent organization was attained.* 
 
 7. These counties west of the mountains, in the midst of 
 their prosperity, were disturbed by an unfortunate domestic 
 difficulty. Early in the history of the settlement, the inhab- 
 itants were employed chiefly as farmers, and therefore more 
 grain was raised than could be used for bread. It was im- 
 possible to carry it across the mountains, and hence efforts 
 were made to consume it in some other way. Numerous 
 distilleries were erected on the Monongahela and other 
 streams, wherein great quantities of corn, rye, and even 
 wheat were converted into whisky. 
 
 8. In 1790, Congress passed a law imposing excise duties 
 on spirits distilled in the United States. This law was vio- 
 lently opposed, especially in the western part of Pennsyl- 
 vania, where many of the inhabitants were engaged in the 
 manufacture and sale of whisky. During the period from 
 1790 to 1794, meetings were held in the western counties 
 in opposition to the national tax. Yiolent measures were 
 adopted to defeat the law, and prevent the government 
 officers from doing their duty. Many outrages were com- 
 
 * See Table of Counties. 
 
 6. Were any new counties formed after this ? 
 
 7. How were the inhabitants of the western counties employed? 
 What was the effect of this? How was the grain consumed? 
 
 8. What law was passed? What followed the passage of this law? 
 
THE WHISKY REBELLION. 223 
 
 mitted. The whole country was in a state of excitement. 
 The United States Marshal for this district was openly re- 
 sisted, and fled for his life; General Neville's house was 
 burned because the Marshal had been harbored there. Pub- 
 lic disorder and violence grew rapidly worse. Neighbor- 
 hoods were torn by dissensions; houses and other property 
 were burned by the insurgents, and there was little security 
 for life, especially to those who stood forward prominently 
 in defense of the law. 
 
 9. Meanwhile the government did all it could, consistently 
 with dignity and justice, to conciliate the disaffected. The 
 laws were modified, proclamations were issued, and an am- 
 nesty proffered ; but all this was in vain. At length, in 1794, 
 President Washington called on the governments of the 
 neighboring States for aid to quell the rebellion ; and in the 
 autumn of that year, 12,000 men from Pennsylvania, New 
 Jersey, Maryland, and Yirginia, advanced upon the insur- 
 gents, by way of Bedford and Cumberland. Governor Lee, 
 of Yirginia, commanded; under him were the governors 
 of Pennsylvania and New Jersey. The approach of this 
 formidable force soon settled the difficulty. The proffered 
 terms of pardon Avere accepted. A few of the leaders, who 
 were found, were taken to Philadelphia for trial. No life 
 was lost; the liberty poles disappeared; the "whisky boys" 
 quietly submitted; and thus happily ended the "Whisky 
 Insurrection." 
 
 10. The erection of manufacturing establishments at Pitts- 
 burg and at other points in the west, soon created good 
 
 9. How did the national government act? What was finally done? 
 How did the Whisky Kebellion end ? 
 
 10. How were markets created for the farmers' produce? 
 
224 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 markets, and the farmers then found ready sale, and obtahied 
 reasonable prices near home, for the products of their farms. 
 A few years later, the great turnpike road across the mount- 
 ains, then the canal, and after that the railroads, gave an 
 outlet as well as an inlet for everything that was produced 
 for sale, or required for consumption, in this enterprising and 
 prosperous community. 
 
 11. During the war, and while the west was annually 
 overrun by Indian marauding parties, no settlement or vil- 
 lage could attain permanent and vigorous prosperity. The 
 settlers were unsafe, beyond the reach of the small garrisons. 
 Fort Pitt was the strongest military post west of the Alle- 
 ghanies, and emigrants naturally looked to the soldiers at 
 that place for protection. Situated at the junction of two 
 rivers, it was a convenient point for traders to meet and 
 exchange their goods and peltry. A few log-huts were built 
 on the banks of the rivers near the fort, iand thus gradually 
 a small village grew up, where the great city now stands. 
 
 12. The lands lying in and about the forks of the rivers 
 were held by the Penn family, as a private manor, until the 
 year 1784, when arrangements were made with the proprie- 
 tors to divide it into lots, which could be purchased by the 
 settlers. This circumstance, and the restoration of peace with 
 the Indians, invited a strong tide of emigration westward. 
 
 13. The city of Pittsburg, great in wealth, the result of 
 the industry of its own people, no less noted for its manu- 
 factures than for the vigorous character of its inhabitants, 
 rose rapidly from a very humble beginning. 
 
 11. "What was the most favorable place for traders to meet in the 
 west? Why? 
 
 12. How were the lands about the forks of the rivers held? What 
 arrangement was made? 
 
 13. What is said of Pittsburg? 
 
PITTSBURG AND ALLEGHANY. 225 
 
 14. In It 84, the place where it stands was inhabited 
 almost exclusively by Scotch and Irish, living in extreme 
 poverty. Considerable trade was carried on in a small w^ay; 
 goods were brought on pack horses and w^agons from Phil- 
 adelphia and Baltimore, and exchanged in the shops for 
 wheat, flour, skins and money. There were four lawyers and 
 two doctors, but there was not a priest, of any persuasion, nor 
 church nor chapel in the place. 
 
 15. Tw^o years later, John Scull and Joseph Hall, two 
 poor but enterprising young printers, carried a printing press 
 and type over the mountains, and on the 29th of July, 1186, 
 issued the first number of the Pittsburg Gazette. This was 
 the first paper printed west of the Alleghanies. 
 
 16. The mail line was extended thither from Greensburg 
 in It 86, and in the same year, a schoolhouse and a Presbyte- 
 rian church were erected ; the village of Pittsburg then con- 
 tained nearly 500 inhabitants. It was incorporated as a 
 borough, on the 22d of April, 1794, and as a city, on the 18th 
 of March, 1816 The borough of Alleghany, on the west 
 bank of the Alleghany river, was incorporated on the 14th 
 of April, 1828, and is now a flourishing city. Several man- 
 ufacturing towns have grow^n up near the junction of the 
 rivers, receiving aid from, and in turn contributing w^ealth 
 and strength to, this great community. Alleghany county 
 w^as organized, with the seat of justice at Pittsburg, in 
 1788. 
 
 14. "What was its condition in 1784? "What is said of its trade? 
 
 15. When and b}" whom was the first newspaper printed west of 
 the Alleghanies. 
 
 16. What improvements were made, and when? What»is said of 
 Alleghany and the surroundings of Pittsburg ? When was Alleghany 
 county organized? 
 
226 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 17. The extraordinary growth of these cities, and the rapid 
 increase of population and wealth in the western counties, 
 best show the energy, industry, and skill of their inhabitants. 
 Soon after the country had been opened to peaceful trade, a 
 number of merchants and mechanics settled at Pittsburg. 
 These at once gave character to the place, and, by judicious 
 behavior, led the people in every enterprise that was under- 
 taken for the public good. Churches and schools were 
 opened, manufacturing establishments were erected, and an 
 extensive trade was carried on with the State of New York, 
 by way of the Alleghany river, with the west and south 
 on the Ohio and Mississippi, and with the east by roads 
 across the mountains. As early as the year 1189, the editor 
 of the Gazette predicted that, "this town must in future time 
 be a place of great manufactory." 
 
 18. This prediction has been fulfilled. The city, which is 
 the gateway to the west, is very truly a place of great manu- 
 factory. Here, furnaces, founderies, rolling mills, nail works, 
 wire mills, and manufactories of metallic, glass, and other 
 wares, had an early and rapid growth. 
 
 19. Mechanical skill soon attained a degree of perfection 
 in Pittsburg, that gave a wide reputation to its manufac- 
 tures. In the production of steel, iron and glassware, the 
 city is now the foremost in America.* 
 
 * See Chapter XXXYIII. 
 
 17. "What shows the character of the people? What is said of early 
 settlers and trade? What prediction was made? 
 
 18. How is the prediction fulfilled? 
 
 19. What is Pittsburg celebrated for ? What is said of its produc- 
 tions ? 
 
GREAT LAND C03IP ANTES. 
 
 227 
 
 STATE NORMAL SCHOOL AT EDINBORO , 
 
 CHAPTER XXXIII. 
 
 Counties organized Northwest of the Alleghany River. — 
 The Oil Region. 
 
 1. A LARGE portion of land lying in the northwestern coun- 
 ties, was, for many years, owned by the Holland Land Com- 
 pany and by the Pennsylvania Population Company. These 
 great corporations were organized soon after the close of the 
 Revolutionary war. They purchased from the State extensive 
 tracts, and endeavored to plant settlements on them. 
 
 2. A considerable part of the territory west and north of 
 the Alleghany and Ohio rivers, not held by these companies, 
 was surveyed and given to the ofl&cers and soldiers from 
 Pennsylvania, w^ho had served in the Continental army. 
 
 3. There was also a tract of land of triangular shape, 
 
 Chapter XXXIII. — 1. By whom were the lands in the northwest 
 owned? 
 
 2. What was given to the officers and soldiers ? 
 
228 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 bounded on the northwest by Lake Erie, which belonged to 
 the United States, and cut off Pennsylvania from the use of 
 the lake. This tract was purchased in 1788, and was ceded 
 by act of Congress to the State, — thus placing within its 
 boundaries a valuable harbor, and enough of the lake shore 
 to accommodate its commerce. 
 
 4. By this purchase, and through the operations of the 
 great land companies, the territory of the northwest was 
 opened to settlers. Wayne's treaty with the Indians secured 
 peace to the frontier, and invited emigration westward, where 
 the soil was fertile and the land very cheap. A new field 
 was now opened, and people from New England, New York, 
 Eastern Pennsylvania, and Europe, moved thither in quest 
 of homes and fortunes. 
 
 5. The first permanent settlements in the northwest were 
 made in 1795, under the patronage of the "Pennsylvania 
 Population Company." This company was organized in 
 March, 1793. It procured a grant for a large tract of land 
 lying in the northwestern part of the State, and offered 
 liberal terms to persons, Avho would move thither and estab- 
 lish homes. Small tracts of land were surveyed for actual 
 settlers, on the shores of Lake Erie and on Le Boeuf river ; 
 yet, in 1795, only four families had found homes in the terri- 
 tory now comprised in the county of Erie. 
 
 6. During the same year, a fort was erected on Garrison 
 Hill, and the town of Erie was laid out by a board of com- 
 
 3. How did the State secure a valuable harbor ? 
 
 4. What opened a new field? 
 
 5. When were the first permanent settlements made in the north- 
 west? When was the Pennsylvania Population Company organized? 
 
 6. When was the first fort erected in Erie ? When was the town 
 of Erie laid out? 
 
SETTLEMENT OF ERIE COUNTY. 229 
 
 Diissioner/B appointed by the Population Company. The first 
 mill in Erie county was built at the mouth of Walnut creek. 
 
 7. The -pioneer settlers repaired the old military roads, 
 cut by the French, on Lake Erie, and from Erie to Fort Le 
 Boeuf, and new roads were opened by the agents of the 
 Population Company. In 1805 the Erie and Waterford 
 Turnpike Company was organized, and four years later, the 
 road leading from Lake Erie to the Alleghany river at 
 \\^aterford, a distance of fifteen miles, was completed. This 
 was the great highway between the lakes on the north, and 
 the Ohio river, at Pittsburg. Large quantities of salt were 
 carried down from the State of New York; iron and glass 
 from the factories at Pittsburg ; flour and grain from the rich 
 valleys of southwestern Pennsylvania; whisky from the dis- 
 tilleries on the Monongahela; and bacon from Kentucky 
 and Ohio, were taken to Erie, and thence distributed to the 
 settlements along the lakes westward to Detroit. This traflic 
 continued many years, until the manufacture of salt in the 
 Kanawha and Kiskaminatas, and the production of provi- 
 sions in the new settlements on the lakes, made the exchange 
 unnecessary. 
 
 8. The pioneers in Erie county came from New England, 
 New York, and from the thrifty Scotch-Irish settlements in 
 the central counties of Pennsylvania. They were an ener- 
 getic, skillful, intelligent, devout, liberty-loving people, who 
 gave wealth and character to the country. 
 
 9. In 1800, only five years after the date of the first settle- 
 ment, Erie was separated from Alleghany, and erected into 
 
 7. Describe the opening of roads? How was trafiic carried on? 
 
 8. Who were the pioneers of Erie county? 
 
 9. When was the county erected ? When was the judiciary organ- 
 ized? When was Erie made a borough, and when a city? 
 
 20 
 
230 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 a county, having 1468 inhabitants; ten years later, its popu- 
 lation was nearly 4000; in 1820, it was 8553; in 1830, it 
 was 17,041; and in 1860, the date of the last census, the 
 county contained a population of 49,69t. The judiciary of 
 the county was organized in 1803, and the seat of justice 
 was located at Erie. A court-house was erected in 1807 ; 
 Erie became a borough in 1805, and was incorporated a city 
 in 1851. 
 
 10. The territory of the northwest was further divided into 
 the counties of Crawford, Mercer, Yenango, and Warren, all of 
 which were established in the year 1800. During three years 
 all of the new counties, including Erie, were combined into 
 one judicial district, and the court was held at Meadville; 
 but in 1803 the organization of the several counties was com- 
 pleted. Meadville then became the seat of justice for Craw- 
 ford, Mercer for Mercer, Franklin for Venango, and Warren 
 for Warren county. 
 
 11. The first settlement in Crawford county was made at 
 Meadville in 1788. The pioneers came from the Wyoming 
 valley, whence they had been driven by the people from Con- 
 necticut. They were led by David Mead, a young man of 
 daring but generous spirit. He settled his little conipany of 
 families on a beautiful flat on French creek, and called the 
 place Meadville. During the period of Indian hostilities that 
 followed close upon the Revolutionary war, these pioneers 
 found refuge in the military garrison at Franklin, though 
 some of them fell in their own fields and cabins, the victims 
 of Indian cunning and savage treachery. 
 
 10. How was the northwest territory further divided? What were 
 the seats of justice? 
 
 11. When was the first settlement in Crawford county made? 
 Who were the pioneers, and by whom led? Where did they settle? 
 
INDIAN WORSnir IN VENANGO. 231 
 
 12. The town of Meaclville was laid out in 1790; the orig- 
 inal plan was improved and enlarged in 1795. In 1816 
 there were two churches fully established, a Lutheran and a 
 Presbyterian ; both of these had begun with the early settle- 
 ment, and had grown up with it, to strength and influence. 
 Alleghany College was founded at this place in 1815, was 
 opened for students in the following year, and in March, 
 1817, was chartered by the legislature. It afterward became 
 one of the most successful colleges in the State. 
 
 13. Mercer county w^as an uninhabited wilderness until 
 after the treaty of 1795, and the opening of the lands west 
 of the Alleghany. A few bold pioneers came into the county 
 in 1796; but no general settlement w^as made until fourteen 
 years later, when several families from the adjoining counties 
 located near the present site of Mercer. 
 
 14. The territory now included in Venango county, was 
 the scene of many interesting incidents in the history of 
 Pennsylvania. For many generations, it w^as the custom 
 of the powerful tribes of Seneca Indians, to assemble on 
 the borders of the streams in this territory, to worship the 
 Great Spirit. At certain seasons of the year, when the water 
 was low, they would collect the oily scum that floated on 
 the surface, into pools and eddies. To this they would 
 apply the torch, and when the flame ran along the stream, 
 and flashed up among the branches of the trees, the wild 
 sons of the forest danced along the banks and worshiped 
 their idols by repeating rude incantations. Figures engraved 
 on rocks, and stone images, called by the early settlers "In- 
 dian gods," were found here in great numbers. 
 
 12. Give dates of the founding and improving of Meadville ? 
 
 13. "When was Mercer county settled? 
 
 14. Describe the meetings of the Indians in Venango county? 
 
232 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 15. When the French traders overran the country, they 
 established one of their principal forts on French creek, near 
 where the town of Franklin was afterward located. The re- 
 mains of the fortifications at this place, are still visible. 
 The military post was called Yenatigo, and was occupied 
 for several years, until, in 1759, the garrison was sent to 
 Fort Niagara, and the forts were burned. This place was 
 visited by George Washington in 1753, when on his way to 
 carry dispatches to the French commander at Fort Le Boeuf. 
 
 16. After the departure of the French troops, in 1759, the 
 country remained in the exclusive possession of the Indians 
 until 1767, when a Moravian missionary. Rev. David Zeis- 
 berger, from Wyalusing, penetrated the dense forests of the 
 northwest for the noble purpose of preaching the gospel 
 to the natives. In the following year other missionaries 
 from Bethlehem joined Zeisberger; they then formed a set- 
 tlement on the banks of the Alleghany, built a block-house, 
 and planted corn. The meetings held at this place were 
 attended by large numbers of Indians, many of whom re- 
 ceived the truth, and came to live in huts near the village. 
 The congregation at Bethlehem sent out a bell for their 
 little chapel, which was the first church-bell in this part 
 of the State. A war broke out among the Indians, that 
 eventually endangered the lives of the missionaries; they, 
 therefore, in April, 1770, abandoned the village, and passing 
 down the river in boats, entered Beaver creek, and, upon its 
 
 15. Where did French traders establish a fort? When was it 
 destroyed ? 
 
 16. How long did the country remain in possession of the Indians? 
 What missionary efforts were made? What settlement did the mis- 
 sionaries form? When and for what cause was the settlement 
 abandoned ? 
 
SETTLEMENT OF WARREN COUNTY. 233 
 
 banks, founded a new settlement, which they called Frieden- 
 stadt, a town of peace. 
 
 IT. In the spring of 1787 a company of United States 
 soldiers, under command of Captain Hart, was sent out from 
 Fort Pitt, with orders to proceed to French creek, and erect 
 a fort, near its junction with the Alleghany river. The work 
 was completed during the summer, and was called Fort 
 Franklin. Settlers soon began to arrive and build their 
 cabins near the military post, and thus, under the protection 
 of the soldiers, the village of Franklin gradually grew into 
 a prosperous community. The troops were withdrawn in 
 1803; after that the "old garrison house" was used as a 
 county jail until 1819, when a new building, erected for that 
 purpose, was completed. 
 
 18. The tow^n of Franklin was regularly laid out, in 1795, 
 and became the seat of justice, in 1805, when the county of 
 Yenango was fully organized and allowed to establish an 
 independent court. 
 
 19. The settlement of Warren county was greatly retarded 
 by the uncertainty of land titles in that region. The whole 
 of the northwestern part of the State suffered more or less 
 from this cause. Frequently the same tracts were claimed 
 under State grant and under titles from different land com- 
 panies. This gave rise to vexatious lawsuits and bitter dis- 
 putes, so that the better class of settlers avoided the lands 
 lying in this territory. A special court was established to 
 
 17. When and Ly whom was Fort Franklin erected? For what 
 purpose was it afterward used? 
 
 18. When was the town of Franklin laid out? When was Ye- 
 nango county fully organized ? 
 
 19. What retarded the settlement of Warren county ? How were 
 the titles finally adjusted? 
 
 20* 
 
234 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 adjust these difficulties, and the question of ownership was 
 thus finally settled. 
 
 20. The population of Warren county was, from this cause, 
 of slow growth, and in 1820, numbered less than 2000. In 
 1805, the county was annexed to Yenango, and was not 
 erected into an independent judicial district until the year 
 1819; the seat of justice was then located at the town of 
 Warren. 
 
 21. This portion of the State recently became the scene of 
 an almost boundless speculative furor. Though the exist- 
 ence of petroleum springs was known to the natives, coal 
 oil was not made an article of commerce until the year 1860, 
 when the methods of refining crude petroleum were dis- 
 covered. The refined oil was applied to a great variety of 
 uses, and therefore became an important article of trade. 
 
 22. The art of boring artesian wells was applied to boring 
 for oil. Joint-stock companies were formed ; lands were sold 
 at fabulous prices; poor men, who had been struggling to 
 earn a living on their little farms, suddenly became rich; 
 the whole country was excited, and the love of speculation, 
 and the desire to gain great wealth at small cost, drew 
 crowds of adventurers to the oil regions of Pennsylvania. 
 Thousands of wells were bored, many of which never yielded 
 any revenue to their owners ; others were immensely profit- 
 able, and thus fortunes were often made or lost in a day. 
 
 23. After raging during five years, the excitement sub- 
 
 20. What was the population of Warren county in 1820'^ When 
 was the county made independent? 
 
 21. What recently occurred in this part of the State? When did 
 petroleum become an article of commerce ? 
 
 22. How was oil obtained? 
 
 23. How long did the speculative furor last? What eflfect had it 
 on the country ? 
 
THE OIL REGION. 235 
 
 sided, but not without having resulted in great good to the 
 people of the counties where the oil was found. Railroads 
 were constructed, the population was greatly increased, towns 
 and villages were built, and the natural resources of the 
 country were rapidly developed. 
 
 24. Petroleum became an article of export, and brought 
 large sums of gold from Europe to this country, at a time 
 when the national government was greatly in need of money 
 to carry on the war. It is now a regular commodity, 
 and is one of the staple productions of the State. The ex- 
 ports for the year 1861, were 1,188,652 gallons; for 1864, 
 3l,8t2,9t2 gallons; and for 1867, 68,189,031 gallons. Ac- 
 cording to the most trustworthy estimates, the total produc- 
 tion in the United States, in 1866, was 112,000,000 gallons; 
 of this quantity Yenango county produced about 100,000,000 
 gallons. The total yield in Pennsylvania, for 1867, reached 
 117,000,000 gallons, valued at $16,800,000. 
 
 24. How did the petroleum trade aid the national government? 
 What has petroleum become? How extensive is the trade? 
 
236 
 
 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 STATE CAPITOL AT HARRISBURG. 
 
 CHAPTER XXXIY. 
 
 War of 1812-14.— T/ie Enlistment of Troops.^The War 
 on Lake Erie. 
 
 1. The United States declared war ag-ainst England, in 
 June, 1812. There was strong opposition to this measure 
 in some parts of the country, because it was thought unneces- 
 sary. Pennsylvania, however, with a majority of the States, 
 sustained the action of the national government, and freely 
 offered men and money to resent the insults, and dispute the 
 assumptions of Great Britain. When the call for troops 
 was made by President Madison, Pennsylvania responded 
 promptly by recruiting soldiers for the army. 
 
 2. The campaign in the west, in the first year of the 
 war, resulted in the defeat of the American forces, and left 
 the northwestern counties of this State, and especially the set- 
 
 Chapter XXXIY. — 1. "When was war doclnrcd against Great 
 Britain? What action was taken by Pennsj^vania? 
 2. What was the result of the first year of the war? 
 
BUILDING OF PERRY'S FLEET. 237 
 
 tlements on Lake Erie, defenseless. The enemy bad full 
 possession of the lakes, and could, at any time, invade the 
 southern shores. The national government therefore resolved 
 to construct a fleet, to co-operate with the army in Ohio, 
 under General Harrison. 
 
 3. In the summer of 1812, Daniel Dobbins, a sailing'-master 
 in the navy, received instructions from the Navy Department, 
 to go to Erie and build vessels for the lake service. He 
 employed Ebenezer Crosby as master carpenter, and pushed 
 forward the work with such help as he could procure. .By 
 the 12th of December two boats were on the stocks, and 
 Dobbins promised to have the whole fleet completed early 
 in the following spring. Commodore Oliver H. Perry was 
 ordered to take command of the squadron on Lake Erie. 
 He arrived at Erie, Pennsylvania, on the 27th of March, 
 1813, and immediately urged on the work of building the 
 fleet. 
 
 4. The northern frontier of Pennsylvania being at that 
 time a wilderness, supplies and mechanics were brought from 
 the Atlantic coast. The timber for the larger vessels was 
 cut fresh from the forest; the iron was procured at Pittsburg, 
 and carried up the Alleghany river in flatboats to Waterford, 
 and thence overland in wagons to Erie. 
 
 5. In the face of many obstacles, Perry succeeded in get- 
 ting his vessels ready to leave the harbor in the early part 
 of August, 1813. He was then joined by a party of seamen, 
 under Captain Elliot. 
 
 3. By whom was the building of the fleet on Lake Erie begun ? 
 When were the first two boats finished? AVhat command was given 
 to Commodore Perry? 
 
 4. Where were the materials procured for building the boats? 
 
 5. When were the vessels ready to leave the harbor? By whom 
 were the seamen commanded ? 
 
238 HISTORY OF rENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 6. On the 12th of August, the fleet set sail from Erie, for 
 the headquarters of the Northwestern army, then at Seneca, 
 on the banks of the Sandusky river.* 
 
 1. On the morning of the 10th of September, the British 
 squadron was seen outside of the harbor; the American ves- 
 sels got under way, and went to challenge it. The two fleets 
 met near the western extremity of Lake Erie, and a severe 
 battle ensued, which, through the bravery of the men and the 
 skill of the commander, resulted in a complete victory for the 
 American arms. By four o'clock in the afternoon, every British 
 vessel had surrendered to Perry, and before sunset he had 
 sent his famous dispatch, through a messenger, to General Har- 
 rison: *'We have met the enemy, and they are ours." 
 
 * The vessels under the command of Perry, and which were present 
 in the subsequent engagement, were as follows: Lawrence, Captain 
 Perry, 20 guns; Niagara, Captain Elliot, 20 guns; Caledonia, Lieu- 
 tenant Turner, 3 guns; Ariel, Lieutenant Packett, 4 guns; Somers, 
 Sailing-Master Almy, 2 guns; Porcupine, Sailing-Mastcr Senatt, 1 
 gun ; Scorpion, Sailing-Master Champlin, 2 guns ; Tigress, Lieutenant 
 Conklin, 1 gun ; Trippe, Lieutenant Holdup, 1 gun. In all, nine ves- 
 sels, with 54 guns. The whole force, including officers and men, was 
 490; of these, 116 were on the sick list. 
 
 The British vessels Avere as follows: Detroit, Captain Barclay, 19 
 guns; Queen Charlotte, Captain Pinnis, 17 guns; Lady Prevost, 
 Lieutenant Buchan, 13 guns; Hunter, Lieutenant Bignall, 10 guns; 
 Little Belt, 3 guns; Chippewa, Campbell, 1 gun. Total number of 
 vessels 6, with an aggregate of 63 guns, 35 of which were of long range. 
 The squadron was commanded by Captain Robert Herriot Barclay, a 
 skillful and experienced seaman. The whole British force numbered 
 32 officers and 470 seamen, in all 502. 
 
 6. "When did the fleet set sail, and what was its destination ? "What 
 was the whole force ? 
 
 7. Describe Perry's victory. What dispatch did Perry send? 
 
PREPARATIONS FOR DEFENSE. 239 
 
 8. Iq the summer of 1814, British war ships appeared in 
 the Delaware and the Chesapeake. The citizens of Phila- 
 delphia and of the counties in the southeastern part of the 
 State, were alarmed for their safety. Governor Snyder* 
 issued a proclamation, calling for volunteers; and a draft 
 was ordered in the counties most threatened with inva- 
 sion. Encampments were formed near Philadelphia. The 
 approaches from Chesapeake bay and the roads along the 
 Delaware were defended by a series of earthworks hastily 
 thrown up, and mounted with such ordnance as could be ob- 
 tained. The people everywhere responded with promptitude 
 and vigor to the call to arms, and thus, in a very short time, 
 the country was placed in a state of defense. 
 
 9. The governor wrote letters to prominent citizens in 
 different parts of the State, soliciting their co-operation in 
 raising troops. Among the persons thus addressed, was 
 Jacob Groshjf of Lancaster county. He entered heartily 
 
 * Simon Snyder was born in Lancaster, November, 1759. He was 
 a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1790. In 1797, he was 
 elected to the legislature, where, by successive re-elections, he served 
 eleven years ; and in 1802, was chosen Speaker of the House of Eepre- 
 sentatives. In 1808, he was elected Governor of the Commonwealth, 
 which office he held nine years, having been twice re-elected. He 
 died in 1820. 
 
 •j- Jacob Grosh, a native of Lancaster county, was born January 
 25th, 1777, of German Moravian parents. He was a member of the 
 legislature during eleven years, and subsequently was twice appointed 
 Associate Judge of Lancaster. He died at his residence, in Marietta, 
 November, 1860. 
 
 8. "What occurred in the summer of 1814? 
 
 9. T\'hat action was taken by the governor and citizens? How was 
 Captain Grosh 's company raised and equipped? What was done at 
 Easton? 
 
240 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 into the work, and, in a few days, was ready to march 
 at the head of a company of lOt men. The women of 
 Marietta assembled in a schoolhouse, and made garments 
 and knapsacks for the volunteers in Captain Grosh's com- 
 pany, so that when the men left their homes to march to 
 Marcus Hook, they went fully equipped. In all parts of the 
 State the people heartily supported the government, by or- 
 ganizing companies and sending them to the camps on the 
 Delaware and on the shores of Lake Erie. When the report 
 of the burning of the Capitol at Washington reached Easton, 
 bells were rung and drums were beaten to call the people to- 
 gether in the public square. A company of sixty men was 
 formed, with Abraham Hone as captain ; the women met 
 and organized a sewing society, and, in three days, supplied 
 the soldiers with clothing, blankets, and knapsacks! They 
 also made a flag, which Miss Rosanna Bidleman presented 
 to the company, saying: ''Under this flag, march on to vic- 
 tory and to glory." 
 
 10. The enemy committed numerous depredations in the 
 States of Delaware and Maryland, where they plundered the 
 people and burned their houses and villages ; but none of the 
 marauding parties crossed the boundary of Pennsj^lvania. 
 The State militia, to the number of several thousand, was 
 held in the encampments along the De'laware, until near the 
 end of the year, when, all danger of invasion having passed, 
 the troops were discharged. Beyond contributing men and 
 money to carry on the war, this State took no further part 
 in the campaigns. 
 
 10. What was the conduct of the enemy? When was the State 
 militia discharged ? 
 
SLAVERY ABOLISHED. 
 
 241 
 
 PUBLIC IMPROVEMENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER XXXY. 
 
 Important Legislation, — Slavery Abolished. — Public 
 Improvements. 
 
 1. The legislation that gave character to the public policy 
 and directed the energies of the people in developing the 
 resources of the State, marks distinct eras in the history of the 
 Commonwealth. The first act of public note, was that passed 
 March 1, 1780, providing for the gradual abolition of slavery. 
 
 2. Our forefathers, anxious to abolish a system of labor 
 which had been forced upon them, and persistently main- 
 tained by British authority, seized the earliest opportunity, 
 after their deliverance from the power of the oppressor, to 
 make provision for the gradual emancipation of all persons 
 held in bondage. 
 
 Chapter XXXV. — 1. What was the first notable public act passed 
 by the legislature? 
 
 2. How had slavery been forced upon and maintained in Pennsyl- 
 vania? 
 
 21 
 
242 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 3. The act of 1*780, which was passed in the midst of the 
 great struggle for human liberty, abolished slavery for life, 
 and provided that all children of slave mothers, born after 
 that date, should be forever free, when they attained the age 
 of twenty-eight years. By the operation of this act, the 
 number of slaves in the State was decreased rapidly: in 1190, 
 the whole number was 3to7; in 1800, 1706; in 1810, 795; 
 in 1820, 211; in 1830, 67. 
 
 4. A few persons held as slaves in 1780, lived to a great 
 age ; and, being content to remain in the families of their 
 masters to the end of life, were reported in each successive 
 census of Pennsylvania, and as late as 1850, one name was 
 still found on the roll. 
 
 5. The second great act affecting the policy of the Com- 
 monwealth, was that of 1824, which provided for the con- 
 struction of canals and railroads, to connect the coal beds and 
 iron mines in the interior counties, with the cities and nav- 
 igable waters of the State. Under the provisions of this act, 
 and the amendments thereto, over 1200 miles of canal, and 
 nearly 800 miles of railroad were built, at a cost of many 
 millions of dollars, and stretching from east to west, through 
 the whole length of the State. These lines of communica- 
 tion reaching out into the valleys of the Susquehanna and 
 its tributaries, of the Delaware, the Schuylkill and Lehigh, and 
 across the ridges and through the mountains by expensive 
 tunnels, connecting the valleys and streams, and binding 
 together the different parts of the State, formed a system of 
 public thoroughfares, which, in their extent and cost, were 
 unequaled by any similar works in America. 
 
 3. What did the act of 1780 provide? 
 
 4. In what census did the name of the last slave appear? 
 
 5. What act was passed in 1824, and what was done under it? 
 
PUBLIC IMFROVEMENTS. 243 
 
 6. In 1T69, the American Philosophical Society of Phila- 
 delphia ordered a survey for a canal to connect the Chesapeake 
 bay with the Delaware. At about the same time, the Pro- 
 vincial legislature authorized the survey of a route for a canal 
 extending a distance of 582 miles, from the Delaware to 
 Pittsburg and Erie. The survey was made, and a report, 
 submitted to the governor, strongly recommended the exe- 
 cution of the work. This was at the time the most stupen- 
 dous project in the world. Xo canal was then in existence 
 either in England or in America ; engineering, as a distinct 
 science, was unknown in the colonies; the great west was 
 an uninhabited wilderness, and no money corporations, such 
 as now furnish capital for great enterprises, had yet been 
 organized; nevertheless, had not the shadows of the coming 
 revolution admonished the people to prepare for war, the 
 construction of this canal would doubtless have been under- 
 taken at that time. 
 
 t. The Union canal was begun in 1791, but the company 
 was frequently embarrassed by financial misfortunes, and the 
 work was therefore not completed until 182t. The Schuyl- 
 kill navigation improvement was begun in 1816, and com- 
 pleted in 1825; the Lehigh canal was begun in 1818, and 
 completed in 1838. The work on the Conestoga navigation 
 was begun in 1825, and completed in 1829. The great 
 Pennsylvania canal was begun near Harrisburg in 182T. 
 The several parts, including the Delaware, the Columbia, the 
 Harrisburg, the Susquehanna, the North Branch, the West 
 Branch, the Juniata, and the Western divisions, and the 
 French Creek Feeder, in all, 420:^ miles in length, were com- 
 
 6. What great surveys were made? Why were these works not 
 constructed ? 
 
 7. Give name and dates of beginning and completion of each canal 
 and railroad? 
 
244 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 }3leted in December, 1830. The Philadelphia and Columbia 
 railroad was begun in 1829, and completed in 1834; and the 
 Ilarrisburg and Lancaster road was completed in 1838. 
 
 8. These were the first of the great works brought to com- 
 pletion. They were the legitimate outgrowth of the public 
 spirit of the people, who, bj numerous private enterprises, 
 had led the way to these great undertakings. As early as 
 the year 1806, a gentleman in Delaware county constructed 
 a wooden railroad track, from a stone quarry to a boat land- 
 ing. This was, no doubt, the first railroad in America. 
 Pennsylvania mechanics were the pioneers also in the in- 
 vention of steamboats. The first boats propelled by steam 
 were floated on the Delaware and Schuylkill; and Robert 
 Fulton,* who attracted the attention of the world to steam 
 navigation, was a native of Lancaster county. 
 
 9. The system of turnpike roads and substantial stone 
 
 ^ Robert Pulton was born in Lancaster county in 1765, and was for 
 several years a student of Benjamin West,* the painter, but as he had 
 more genius for mechanics than the fine arts, he soon changed his 
 vocation. He was one of the first to apply steam successfully to 
 navigation. His first steamboat, the Clermont, was launched at New 
 York, in 1807. He died in 1815, aged 50. 
 
 * Benjamin "West was born in Springfield, Delaware county, in 1738. His parents were 
 Quakers. In very early life lie exhibited remarkable talent for painting, and from the 
 age of sixteen, devoted himself to art. In 1759 he visited Italy, to study under the best 
 masters. After four j'ears of study in Italy, he went to England, was patronized by the 
 king, and became the most eminent historical painter of his age. He died in London 
 in 1S20. 
 
 8. "Where was the first railroad in America? Where was the first 
 steamboat floated? Who introduced steam navigation to the com- 
 merce of the world? Where was Fulton born ? 
 
 9. When and where was the first great turnpike in America con- 
 structed? When and by whom was the first canal surveyed? What 
 did this course afterward become? What other great works were 
 projected? 
 
PUBLIC niPR0VE3IENTS. 245 
 
 bridges, for which this State is justly celebrated, was inaugu- 
 rated by the construction of the pike from Philadelphia to 
 Lancaster, begun in 1792 This was the first great turn- 
 pike road in America. Such was the public spirit in Penn- 
 sylvania, that as early as 17G2, a survey for a canal between 
 the Schuylkill and the Susquehanna was made by David 
 Kittenhouse* and others; and the course then marked out, 
 subsequently became the line of the Union canal. 
 
 10. This growth of industrial skill, with its early applica- 
 tion to the development of the resources of the Common- 
 wealth, was the result of the wise and liberal policy estab- 
 lished by the Founder, and defended by the legislation of the 
 Province, whereby the industrious and sober people from all 
 nations, and of every religion, were invited and w^elcomed to 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 11. Mechanics, skilled in every branch of industry, came 
 from the shops of England and the factories of Germany; 
 miners and engineers from Wales, Scotland and Ireland; 
 farmers and educated professional men came from all parts of 
 Europe, and settled in these v-alleys and along the hillsides. 
 
 * David Eittenhouse was born in 1732, near Germantown. When 
 young, he was apprenticed to a clockmaker, and early manifested 
 extraordinary mechanical genius. He became one of the most em^i- 
 nent mechanicians and mathematicians of his time; discovered the 
 science of fluxions, of which he for a long time supposed himself the 
 sole inventor; and constructed the most complete orrery that had 
 ever been made. It is at present in possession of the college at 
 Princeton, N. J. Rittenhouse succeeded Pranklin as president of 
 the American Philosophical Society. He died in 1793. 
 
 10. Of what were these great enterprises the result ? 
 
 11. Who came to Pennsylvania? 
 
 21* 
 
246 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 There was thus given to the community, genius to discover 
 and skill to develop the vast mineral resources of the mountain 
 ranges, and the agricultural wealth of the valleys and slopes; 
 and hence the State speedily grew rich and populous. 
 
 12. Encouragement was also given to private enterprises. 
 Charters were granted to companies organized to construct 
 turnpikes, canals, and railroads to connect with the works 
 owned by the Commonwealth. Under the operation of this 
 legislation, public improvements were so extended to all 
 parts of the State that the inhabitants of every county en- 
 joyed easy access to the best markets for the products of 
 their labor. 
 
 13. The improvements in the Lehigh valley are an illustra- 
 tion of the energy and skill of the people who laid the founda- 
 tions for the prosperity of the State. In 1793, a company 
 was formed under the title of the "Lehigh Coal Mine. Com- 
 pany," which took up a large tract of land and opened mines 
 near Mauch Chunk. 
 
 14. After numerous unsuccx3ssful efforts to send coal to 
 market, it was found necessary to organize a navigation com- 
 pany to improve the channel of the Lehigh. For this pur- 
 pose a charter was obtained from the legislature in 1818. 
 During the first year, twelve dams and sluices were con- 
 structed in the river; in the spring of 1820, many of the 
 sluice-gates were carried away by the ice, and the Avorks 
 were otherwise damaged. 
 
 15. The Coal, and the Navigation Company finding their 
 
 12. How were private enterprises encouraged? What was done 
 under this legislation? 
 
 13. "When was the Lehigh Coal Company formed? 
 
 14. What new company was formed? What did this company do 
 the first year? What happened in 1820? 
 
PUBLIC IMPR0VE3IENTS. 247 
 
 interests common, united, and before the" end of the year, 
 sent to Philadelphia 365 tons of coal, as the first fruit of 
 their labors. 
 
 16. In 1821, a reorganization was effected, under the name 
 of Lehigh Coal and Navigatipn Company; new dams were 
 constructed, 12 miles of canal, with substantial locks, were 
 completed, and 1073 tons of coal were sent to market. 
 During the next 3^ear, a new charter with larger privileges 
 was granted by the legislature; the capital was increased, 
 and 2240 tons of coal were shipped. 
 
 It. The descending navigation, 72 miles in length, from 
 Mauch Chunk to Easton, was opened in 1829. This is the* 
 first permanent improvement of this description on record, 
 and hence Pennsylvania skill and enterprise are again found 
 in the lead. 
 
 18. In May, 1827, a railroad, nine miles in length, was 
 constructed from Mauch Chunk to the coal mines. This was 
 at the time the longest railroad in America.* 
 
 19. In 1837, the legislature authorized this company to 
 construct a railroad to connect the navigation on the Lehigh 
 with the Pennsylvania canal on the Susquehanna, at Wilkes- 
 
 * The only railroads in America, previous to 1827, were a short 
 wooden railroad constructed at Leiper's stone quarry, in Delaware 
 county, Pennsylvania, in 1806, and a road, three miles in length, 
 opened at the Quincy granite quarries, in Massachusetts, in 1826. 
 
 1.5. "What companies united, and what was the result? 
 
 16. What was done in 1821, and the next year? 
 
 17. What was the length of the descending navigation in the 
 Lehigh, and when was it completed? What was this? In what else 
 were the Pennsjdvania mechanics the first? 
 
 18. "What railroad was constructed in 1827? What was this? 
 What other roads had been built? 
 
 19. What other roads did this company construct? 
 
248 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 barre. This was called the Lehigh and Susquehanna rail- 
 road, and was completed in 1843, The road was afterward 
 extended to Mauch Chunk, and finally, in 1867, to Easton, 
 making a continuous line 91 miles long, from the Susque- 
 hanna to the Delaware. 
 
 20. A Board of Commissioners, sent by the State author- 
 ities to inspect these works, in 1834, said: ''The Lehigh 
 navigation is admitted to be superior in all respects to any 
 other work of a similar nature in the United States." The 
 Lehigh canal, owned by the Coal and Navigation Company, 
 was completed in 1838. The great freshets in 1841 and 
 1862, greatly damaged the canal and slackwater improve- 
 ments in this valley After the .reshet of 1862, 2500 men 
 and 500 teams were employed nearly three months in repair- 
 ing the works below Mauch Chunk. When the railroad was 
 completed the navigation on the upper division of the river 
 was abandoned. 
 
 21. Running by the side of the Lehigh and Susquehanna 
 railroad, through the entire length of the valley, is the 
 Lehigh Valley railroad, older than its rival, but not as old as 
 the Navigation Company. Both these roads and the canal 
 are now barely able to do the transportation for the immense 
 mines and manufactories in this wonderful valley. The 
 Lehigh Valley road was begun in 1850; the progress of the 
 work was slow, until 1852, when Asa Packer, a man of great 
 wealth, undertook the building of the road from Easton to 
 Mauch Chunk. The entire line was completed in three 
 years; in 1856, the first year the road was open, 165,740 
 
 20. When and liow were the works on the Lehigh destroyed ? How 
 were they repaired? What was abandoned? 
 
 21, Where is the Lehigh VaUey railroad, and what is said of it? 
 
, PUBLIC IMPROVEMENTS. 249 
 
 tons of coal passed over it. In 1862 the road was extended 
 to White Haven, and two years later the Beaver Meadow 
 railroad was merged in it, also the Lehigh and Mahoning 
 road, in 1866; finally, in 1867, the track was extended to 
 Wilkesbarre, and thence, by canal and a new railroad, the 
 line reached the New York State boundary, a distance of 100 
 miles. In 1868, the Hazleton, and the Lehigh and Luzerne 
 roads were merged in the Lehigh Valley Company, thus form- 
 ing a continuous line of transportation nearly 300 miles in 
 extent; the coal trade on this road, in 1867, was 2,080,156 
 tons. 
 
 22. In 1840, the total length of canals in the State was 
 1280 miles, of which 432 miles were owned by private com- 
 panies. The total length of railroads was 795 miles, of which 
 118 miles were owned by the Commonwealth. 
 
 23. In 1847, the work on the Pennsylvania Central rail- 
 road was begun, and after six and a half years of persistent 
 and energetic labor, wherein some of the most daring feats 
 of constructive engineering were achieved, a continuous line 
 of track was completed across the State from its eastern to 
 its western boundary; and, in February, 1854, passenger 
 trains were run through from Philadelphia to Pittsburg. 
 
 24. The Philadelphia and Erie railroad was built on a line 
 that had been pointed out by Nicholas Piddle, in 1830. The 
 legislature chartered the Sunbury and Erie Company, in 1837 ; 
 two 3^ears later a survey v/as made, but the building of the 
 road was not begun, until 1852. It was completed in 1864. 
 
 22. How many miles of canal and railroad were there in the State 
 in 1840? 
 
 23. Describe the construction and extent of the Pennsylvania 
 railroad. 
 
 24. Describe the building of the Philadelphia and Erie railroad. 
 
250 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 In 1861, the name was changed to Philadelphia and Erie, 
 and in the same year, the whole line was leased to the Penn- 
 sylvania Railroad Company for 999 years. 
 
 25. The main line of the public works between Philadel- 
 phia and Pittsburg was sold to the Pennsylvania Railroad 
 Company in 1857 for $7,500,000; and the canals on the Sus- 
 quehanna river and its branches, above the mouth of the 
 Juniata, together with the Delaware division, were sold to the 
 Sunbury and Erie Railroad Company in 1858, for $3,500,000. 
 
 2G. The transfer of the canals and railroads to private 
 corporations, closed the history of public improvements under 
 the patronage of the Commonwealth. The companies that 
 purchased these works, and other chartered corporations 
 constructed railroads that bind together the agricultural, the 
 mining, manufacturing and mercantile interests, and afford 
 easy and cheap transportation to all parts of the State.* 
 
 * See table of railroads and canals. 
 
 25. When were the pviblic works of the State sold? Who bought 
 them, and what was paid for them? 
 
 2G. WHiat does the transfer of the public works end? What has 
 been done by private corporations? 
 
EDUCATION. 
 
 251 
 
 A CJLMUi fcCIIOOI HOLsL 
 
 CHAPTER XXXVL 
 
 Education. 
 
 1. The third historic act of the legislature was that which 
 provided for the education of all the children in the Common- 
 wealth, at the expense of the public treasury, passed in 1834. 
 
 2. Previous to the enactment of this great law, more than 
 200 acts had been passed in reference to this subject ; for the 
 people of Pennsylvania have ever been the friends and advo- 
 cates of education, and at no period of their history were the 
 efforts relaxed to attain greater perfection in the organiza- 
 tion and administration of a system of public schools. 
 
 3. Among the old records of the Dutch government on the 
 Delaware, is found an account of the labors of Evert Pieter- 
 
 Chapter XXXYI. — 1. "Whtit was the third historic act of the 
 legishiture? 
 
 2. Was this the first legislation on the suhject of education? 
 What was the position of the people on this subject? 
 
252 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 son, who held the office of "schoolmaster, comforter of the 
 sick, and setter of psalms." He arrived in the Colony in 
 April, 1657, and in August of that year was teaching twenty- 
 five pupils; this is the first school on the west bank of the 
 Delaware of which a record has been preserved. The Swedes 
 had schools at Upland and Tinicum, and near where Wil- 
 mington now stands, in the earliest years of their settlements 
 at these places. 
 
 4. The original "Frame of Government," and the "Great 
 Law," enacted in the first year of the Province, under the 
 authority of William Penn, provided that "schools should 
 be established for the education of the young." Acting upon 
 this provision, a school was opened in Philadelphia in 1683, 
 by Enoch Flowers, at which each pupil was charged a small 
 sum for tuition; in 1692 a school was kept at Darby, and in 
 1698, the Quakers opened a public school in Philadelphia, 
 "where all the children and servants, male and female," could 
 attend; the rich at reasonable rates, and the poor for nothing. 
 William Penn selected the motto for this school : " Good in- 
 struction is better than riches." 
 
 5. A classical school, called the "Log College," was estab- 
 lished in Bucks county in 1726, and, thirteen years later, a 
 similar school was opened at New London, in Chester 
 county. The first school exclusively for the education of 
 girls, was established at Bethlehem, in 1749, by the Mora- 
 
 3. When, where, and by whom was the first school opened west 
 of the Delaware? Where had the Swedes established schools? 
 
 4. What did the original Frame of Government and the Great 
 Law provide? When and where was the first school established 
 under Penn's authority? What other schools were established? 
 
 5. Name some of the first schools in the Province, and state where 
 they were opened ? 
 
EDUCATION. 253 
 
 vians; in 1Y85 this was opened as a "boarding-school for 
 joung ladies." A boarding-school for boys, called Nazareth 
 Hall, was opened at Nazareth, in the latter year by the same 
 people. The Moravians established a seminar}^ for the educa- 
 tion of young ladies, at Litiz, in 1794, which, during full half 
 a century, was one of the most successful schools in the 
 State. At the close of the eighteenth century. Poor's acad- 
 emy for girls was a fashionable and popular institution in 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 6. In 1749 the germ of the University of Pennsylvania 
 sprang up in the form of an academy and charitable school, 
 supported by subscription. It was chartered and endowed 
 in 1753, erected into a college in 1755, and became a univer- 
 sity in 1779. This institution comprises three departments: 
 the academical, the collegiate, and the medical. The foun- 
 dation of the medical department, the oldest, and still one of 
 the most celebrated schools of medicine in the United States, 
 was laid by a course of lectures on anatomy, delivered by 
 Dr. William Shippen, to a class of ten students, in a private 
 house in Philadelphia, during the winter of 1762. Chemistry 
 was first taught in America in 1769, by Dr. Benjamin Rush,* 
 
 * Benjamin Rush, one of the most eminent men of his time, was 
 born near Philadelphia, in 1745. He was a noted physician, and a 
 man of science. During the Revolutionary war he was distinguished 
 for his patriotism. He was a member of the Continental Congress of 
 1776, and a signer of the Declaration of Independence. His philan- 
 thropic efforts in behalf of the sufferers, during the prevalence of 
 the yellow fever in Philadelphia, in 1793, are worthy of the highest 
 praise. In 1780 ho founded the Philadelphia Dispensary, and was 
 
 6. What was the origin of the University of Pennsylvania ? How 
 was the medical department begun ? Who first taught chemistry in 
 America? When was Jefferson Medical College established? Where 
 
 22 
 
254 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 who was then a professor in the university. The Jefferson 
 Medical College, established in 1825, has also attained great 
 eminence. Pennsylvania was not only the foremost in the 
 cultivation of medical science, but was also the first to receive 
 the new system of cure j^racticed by Hahnemann. The first 
 institution in the world, established to teach Homoeopathy, 
 was opened at Allentown, as an "Academy of Medicine," 
 in 1834, chiefly through the influence of Dr. Constantino 
 Hering.* The Pennsylvania Homceopathic College was the 
 pioneer of its class, and is now the oldest homoeopathic col- 
 lege in America. To Pennsylvania belongs also the honor 
 of having founded the first medical college in the world for 
 the education of women. It was established in Philadelphia, 
 in 1849. 
 
 also one of the founders of Dickinson College, at Carlisle; he was 
 president of the Abolition Society, of the Philadelphia Medical 
 Society, and vice-president of the Philadelphia Bible Society, and 
 one of the vice-presidents of the American Philosophical Society. 
 He was the first writer on Temperance in America, and the appear- 
 ance of his Essay, entitled "The Effect of Alcohol on the Human 
 System," was the beginning of the temperance reform in the United 
 States. He died in 1813. 
 
 * Constantine Hering was born January 1st, 1800, in Oschatz, 
 Saxony; was educated in the most celebrated schools of literature 
 and science in Europe; came to the United States and settled in 
 Pennsylvania in 1833 ; in 1834, he established an "Academy of Medi- 
 cine," at Allentown. He afterward became an eminent physician in 
 Philadelphia, was appointed a professor in the Pennsylvania Homoe- 
 opathic College in 1864, and in 1867 was placed at the head of the 
 Hahnemann Medical College in Philadelphia, as Dean of the Faculty 
 and Professor of Materia Medica. 
 
 were the first homoeopathic schools opened? What other honor be- 
 lomrs to Pennsylvania? 
 
EDUCATION-. 255 
 
 T. A company of German philanthropists, sustained by- 
 contributions from religious societies in Europe, established 
 free schools in Pennsylvania early in the eighteenth century. 
 In 1756 these schools were open and well sustained, in Phil 
 adelphia and in the counties of Bucks, Montgomery, Chester, 
 Northampton, Berks, Lancaster, York, and Cumberland. The 
 pupils were taught in the German language, and all who 
 applied were admitted. The Mennonists built a schoolhouse 
 and opened schools in Germantown as early as the year 1T08. 
 
 8. In 1733, a colony of Dunkers settled at Ephrata, in 
 Lancaster county, where they immediately established a 
 school, and employed a master to teach the primary branches 
 and the classics in the German language. The Lutherans, 
 who settled in Lancaster in 1734, erected by the side of their 
 church a log schoolhouse, wherein their children were taught 
 the elementary sciences. 
 
 9. To the German settlement at Ephrata belongs the 
 credit of having opened, in 1740, the first Sabbath-school in 
 America. 
 
 10. The Moravians began to settle in ^Northampton -county 
 in 1740; they were a religious and intelligent people; where- 
 ever they located, the schoolhouse rose side by side with the 
 church, and their schools at Bethlehem, Nazareth, and Litiz 
 were, at an early day, favorably known throughout Pennsyl- 
 vania and in the neighboring provinces. The Scotch and 
 German settlers in Berks, York, and Cumberland, opened a 
 
 7. By whom were free schools established in Pennsylvania? 
 When and where were these schools opened? 
 
 8. What colony settled in Lancaster county? What schools were 
 opened? 
 
 9. Where and when was the first Sabbath-school opened? 
 
 10. Who established schools in Northampton county? Who in 
 
256 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 school by the side of every church, and carefully provided for 
 the education of their children. The Quaker communities in 
 Bucks, Chester, and Delaware counties made similar provi- 
 sion for their families. In the year 1788, " Concord monthly 
 meeting" supported three schools, and an equal number had 
 been established within the limits of " Chester monthly meet- 
 ing," one at Darby, one at Havcrford, and one at Radnor, 
 which, though opened for Friends' children, wer^, neverthe- 
 less, accessible to all, and being the best then in these neigh- 
 borhoods, w^ere well patronized by other denominations. 
 The education of the children of colored people also claimed 
 a share of the attention of these societies, and schools were 
 opened for their benefit. The emigration westward carried 
 the work of education across the Alleghanies, and the estab- 
 lishment of schools, seminaries, and colleges are found among 
 the first public efforts put forth at Pittsburg, Meadville, Erie, 
 Cannonsburg, Washington, and other places. 
 
 11. Under the provision of the Constitution of 1*190, which 
 declares that the legislature "shall provide by law for the 
 establishment of schools throughout the State in such man- 
 ner that the poor may be taught gratis," an act was passed, 
 in 1802, improved and reinacted in 1804, which provided for 
 the opening of schools wherein all the children in the Com- 
 monwealth might receive elementary instruction. Those who 
 were able, were required to pay; but the tuition for the chil- 
 dren of the poor was paid by the county commissioners. 
 
 Berks, York, and Cumberland? "Who in Bucks, Chester, and Dela- 
 ware? How was the work of education parried west of the Alle- 
 ghanies? 
 
 11. "What did the Constitution of 1790 provide? "What was done 
 under this provision? How were schools supported under the acts 
 of 1802 and 1804? 
 
EDUCATION. 257 
 
 whenever the returns of the assessors showed that the 
 parents were unable to incur the expense.* 
 
 12. A law was passed in 1809, which improved on that of 
 1804, but did not fully accomplish the object for which it had 
 been enacted. It was several times amended, and, finally, 
 in 1827, all the amendments were repealed; yet still, in its 
 operation it came far short of the great results the friends 
 of education aimed to attain. The people had labored earn- 
 estly, during thirty years, to devise a system of public 
 schools that would fulfill the constitutional requirement, by 
 providing education for all the youth of the Commonwealth ; 
 yet, in 1833, less than 24,000 children attended school at 
 public expense, and most of these were taught by very 
 incompetent teachers. The schools were called " pauper 
 schools," and were despised by the rich and shunned by the 
 poor; the children were classified as "pay" and "pauper 
 scholars ;" thus the law, practically, separated the poor from 
 the rich, and hence failed; for in a republic, no system of 
 
 * The Constitution of 1776 provided that "a school or schools shall 
 be established in every county;" and the Constitution of 1790 pro- 
 vided that "the arts and sciences shall be promoted in one or more 
 seminaries of learning." Comparatively, a large number of acade- 
 mies and public schools were opened under these requirements. In 
 1833, fifty-five institutions of this class had been regularly incorpo- 
 rated by the legislature. There were also, at that time, two uni- 
 versities and eight colleges in the State. The charters of many of 
 these required that a specified number of poor children "should be 
 taught gratis." 
 
 12. What other laws were passed, and what was the effect of this 
 legislation ? What had the people endeavored to accomplish ? How 
 did these efforts succeed? What were the public schools called? 
 Why were they unpopular? Why did the schools fail? 
 
 22* 
 
258 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 education, which makes a distinction on account of wealth 
 or birth, can have the support of the people. 
 
 13. Numerous efforts were put forth to improve the pub- 
 lic schools in all parts of the State ; a remarkable instance of 
 wise legislation, in response to the petitions of the people, is 
 seen in the act passed in 1831, which provided for the ap- 
 pointment of trustees of the public schoolhouse in the town 
 of Landisburg, Perry county, and gave them power to ex- 
 amine teachers for said school, to visit the same once a 
 month, and to dismiss the teachers for misconduct, want of 
 capacity, and negligence. 
 
 14. In 1827, a society was formed in Philadelphia for the 
 promotion of education in the State; a committee, appointed 
 for that purpose, opened correspondence with the leading 
 men in every county, collected statistics, and secured a union 
 of effort in favor of free schools, that, in 1834, culminated in 
 the enactment of a law which rejected the old idea that only 
 " pauper children " should be educated at public expense, and 
 provided for the establishment of schools that would be free 
 to all. This was the beginning of the Common School 
 System. 
 
 15. The act of 1834 inaugurated a new era in education in 
 this State. From that time forward steady progress has been 
 made. At times it was slow, and to many imperceptible; but 
 public sentiment was never stagnant, and legislation never 
 went backward. With this law the foundation of the system 
 of common schools now in use was laid. It provided that a 
 
 13. What was done in all parts of the State? What remarkable 
 example is cited ? Why is this remarkable? 
 
 14. "What society was formed, and what did it do? What great 
 change did the law of 1834 make? What is this the beginning of? 
 
 15." What does the Act of 1834 inauijurate? What followed? 
 
education: 259 
 
 tax should be levied on all the taxable property and inhab- 
 itants, that townships, boroughs, and wards should be school 
 districts, and that schools should be maintained at public ex- 
 pense. The establishment and supervision of schools in each 
 district were intrusted to a Board of six Directors, to be 
 chosen by the legal voters. The people in each township 
 were allowed to determine by an election, whether the new 
 school system should be adopted or rejected, and an election 
 upon this question might be held once in three years. The 
 secretary of the Commonwealth was made superintendent 
 of schools, and the legislature was authorized to appropriate 
 funds, annually, from the State Treasury in aid of the work 
 of education. 
 
 16. In 1835, a powerful effort was made to repeal this 
 law; but through the exertions of Thaddeus Stevens,* then 
 
 * Thaddeus Stevens was born on the 4tli of April, 1792, in Cale- 
 donia county, Vermont, graduated at Dartmouth College in 1814, 
 and in the same year removed to York, Pennsylvania, where he 
 became a teacher in an academy. While thus employed, he gave 
 his leisure to the study of law. In 1816, he removed to Gettysburg, 
 and was admitted to th« bar at that place, and soon rose to the head 
 of his profession, which position he retained through life. He was 
 a member of the legislature from 1833 to 1837, and again in 1841; 
 was a member of the Pennsylvania Constitutional Convention in 
 1836, and Canal Commissioner in 1838. In 1841, he removed to Lan- 
 caster, where he afterward resided. He was first elected to Congress 
 in 1848 ; was re-elected in 1850. After an interval of six years he 
 was again sent to Congress, and was kept there by the repeated votes 
 
 "What did this law provide ? How were the schools in each district 
 established and supervised ? How might the system be adopted or 
 rejected? "Who was made Superintendent of Schools? 
 
 16. "What was attempted in 1835? Who defended the school 
 system ? 
 
260 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 a member of the legislature, aided by Governor Wolf,* who 
 promised to use the veto power if necessary, the new system 
 was successfully defended, and free schools were permanently 
 established in Pennsylvania. 
 
 of his constituents until his death. "When the Eebellion broke out, 
 Mr. Stevens was among the boldest and ablest statesmen who sus- 
 tained the government in its days of severest trial. He was an 
 earnest and consistent friend to the colored race, an ardent lover 
 of liberty, a defender of the poor, and during the lust ten years of his 
 life was the leading spirit in the national legislature. For nearly a 
 year before his death he was unable to walk to the Hall of the 
 House, but was daily carried to his seat, on a chair, by two men. 
 Notwithstanding his great services to the nation, he ever regarded 
 his successful defense of free schools in Pennsylvania as the greatest 
 achievement of his life. He died in Washington, D. C, at midnight, 
 between the 11th and 12th of August, 1868. 
 
 * George Wolf was born of German parents, in Northampton 
 county, in August, 1777; he received the best education that the 
 schools of the neighborhood. could afford, and that was sufficient to 
 raise him to the principalship of an academy in his native county. 
 While presiding over that institution he studied law, and was ad- 
 mitted to the bar at Easton; he was appointed clerk of the Orphans' 
 Court of Northampton, by Governor Snyder ; was subsequently elected 
 a member of the State legislature. In 1824, he was elected to Con- 
 gress, and served in that body until 1829, when he was elected Gov- 
 ernor of the Commonwealth, and, by a re-election, served six years. 
 In 1836, he was appointed first Controller of the United States 
 Treasury, by President Jackson, and in 1838, was made Collector of 
 the Port of Philadelphia. During his administration as governor, 
 he gave the whole power of that office to encourage the enlargement 
 and perfection of the great public improvements, and to the estab- 
 lishment and defense of the system of common schools. He was 
 the unflinching friend of education, preferred public good before 
 his own advancement, and sacrificed his great popularity with his 
 political party, by patriotically sustaining the efforts of the people 
 to found a system of free schools. This noble man died in 1840, 
 
.EDUCATION, 261 
 
 IT. No special efforts were made during the first year to 
 put the system in operation. The law was in some respects 
 imperfect, and was not understood by the officers whose duty 
 it was to enforce it. In 1836, the act of 1834 was revised 
 so as to adapt it to the wants and condition of the people. 
 
 18. Joseph Ritner* was at that time governor of the Com- 
 monwealth. He Avas a true type of the Pennsylvania Ger- 
 mans — firm, and even obstinate in the right; an earnest ad- 
 vocate of free education, he resolved that the school law 
 should be enforced, and it was enforced. He appointed 
 Thomas H. Burrowesf secretary of the Commonwealth, and 
 intrusted to him the execution of the law. 
 
 beloved by the whole people of the Commonwealth. The children 
 in the common schools of his native county have raised a fund by 
 penny collections, to erect a monument to his memory, in commem- 
 oration of his distinguished services. 
 
 * Joseph Kitner is a native of Berks county, of German parentage; 
 he received a very limited education in Lancaster, and is truly a 
 *' self-made man," rising from ignorance and obscurity by the force 
 of his own high qualities. He removed to Washington county, where 
 he was a practical and hard-working farmer; was a member of the 
 legislature and speaker of the House of Eepresentatives. In 1835 he 
 was elected Governor of the State, and won imperishable honor as 
 the steadfast supporter of the Common School System. Governor 
 Eitner retired to private life on a farm in Cumberland county. 
 
 f Thomas Henry Burrowes was born, November 16th, 1805, at 
 Strasburg, Lancaster county, Pa., of highly respectable Irish parent- 
 age. He was liberally educated in schools at Quebec, and in Trinity 
 
 17. What was done in the first year of the law? When was it 
 amended ? 
 
 18. Who was governor in 1830? What was the character of Gov- 
 ernor Kitner? W^hat did he resolve to do? Who was appointed 
 secretary of the Commonwealth ? 
 
262 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 19. The secretary entered earnestly upon the work of 
 organizing the school system. He issued instructions to the 
 school officers throughout the State; he traveled into the 
 several counties and addressed the people, answering their 
 objections and removing their prejudices; he directed the 
 public officers of every county in the performance of their 
 duties; and presented full and instructive reports to the 
 
 College, Dublin, Ireland, where his parents resided ( aring short 
 periods. In 1825, the family returned to Pennsylvania, and the son 
 entered upon a course of legal study, and was admitted to the bar 
 of Lancaster county in 1829. In 1831, he was elected a member 
 of the legislature, and re-elected in 1832; in 1835, he was appointed 
 to the office of Secretary of the Commonwealth, to which the Super- 
 intendency of Common Schools was then ex officio attached. Mr. 
 Burrowes made the work of popular education a subject of careful 
 study, prepared a revised school bill, which was passed in 1886, and 
 then, with fidelity and great energy, devoted himself to the execu- 
 tion of the law. In 1837, he published a plan and drawing for the 
 improvement of schoolhouses and furniture, which was widely used. 
 In 1839, by a change of State administration, the superin tendency 
 of schools passed into other hands; but Mr. Burrowes, as a farmer 
 and lawyer, never lost his interest in public education. In 1852, 
 he established the Pennsylvania School Journal in Lancaster, of 
 which he has ever since been editor and proprietor. In 1854, he 
 prepared for the State the descriptive matter for the Pennsylvania 
 School Architectui^e. After having written all the important school 
 bills that passed the legislature after 1836, he crowned this eminent 
 service to the State in 1857, hj drafting the Normal School Law, 
 which, though wholly new and original, is unsurpassed by an}^ legis- 
 lation on this subject in Europe or America. In 1860, he was again 
 called to administer the school system. In 1864, he was appointed 
 Superintendent of Soldiers' Orphan Schools, and established these 
 institutions in different parts of the State. 
 
 19. How did the secretary organize the school system? 
 
education: 263 
 
 legislature, wherein he indicated what amendments and 
 alterations were necessary to perfect the law. 
 
 20. In his report, made to the legislature in 1838, Mr. 
 Burrowes said: "It is true, the system is neither in fall 
 operation, nor is its machinery perfect; but the momentous 
 question, can education be made as general and unbought 
 as liberty ? has been answered in the affirmative in Penn- 
 sylvania." 
 
 21. In many districts the law was not accepted. The 
 State had been settled by an intelligent, liberty-loving peo- 
 ple, who had fled from Europe to escape the freedom of 
 governments, wherein arbitrary laws destroyed liberty of 
 conscience, and oppressed independent Christians. They 
 valued free education as highly as they valued free worship 
 and free speech. All denominations of Christians, whether 
 Protestant or Catholic, came to Pennsylvania, bringing their 
 preachers and school-teachers, and by the side of the log 
 church they built the log schoolhouse in every county and 
 in every settlement. The work of educating all the children 
 was made the sacred duty of the church ; and because our 
 ancestors feared that the State would not do this work as 
 well as the church did it, they opposed the Common School 
 System. They loved education, they favored free schools, 
 but they distrusted State supervision. 
 
 22. The German people believed that all schools should 
 be under the care of Christian denominations, and therefore 
 
 20. What did Mr. Burrowes say in his report to the legislature ? 
 
 21. Why was the law not accepted in many districts? How did 
 all denominations of Christians come to Pennsylvania? How were 
 the children educated? Why did many of the Christian people 
 oppose the Common School System? 
 
 22. Why were the Germans especially hostile to the Common 
 Schools? 
 
264 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. • 
 
 regarded the State system as one that would defraud the 
 church of its most powerful auxiliary ; they feared also that 
 the interests of the Germans would suffer by the gradual 
 exclusion of the German language from the public schools. 
 Therefore, notwithstanding their zeal in the work of provid- 
 ing free education under church patronage, they were hostile 
 to what they called " political schools." 
 
 23. The progress of events, however, so far removed these 
 prejudices, that in 1849 the section of the act of 1836, which 
 left the adoption of the system to the option of each district 
 was repealed, and the provisions of the law were extended to 
 every township throughout the State. 
 
 24. The school system was, however, not successfully ad- 
 ministered until after the passage of the act of 1854, when, 
 for the first time, its oflQcers were clothed with adequate 
 powers to enforce the law. Though the general plan of the 
 system remained unchanged, new and important features 
 were introduced. 
 
 25. Subdivisions of school districts and sub-committees 
 were abolished; ample power was given to enforce the 
 collection of school taxes; the School Department was di- 
 rected to publish a manual of School Architecture,* and 
 Directors were authorized to levy a "building tax" and to 
 locate schoolhouses. The law provided that geography and 
 grammar, together with such higher branches as the Directors 
 
 * This manual, prepared by Dr. Thomas H. Burrowes, was pub- 
 lished by the State Department, and contained numerous cuts, and 
 illustrations giving plans, accompanied by explanations, f r the 
 erection of schoolhouses suitable for every grade. 
 
 23. When was the law made general? 
 
 24. "What occurred in 1854? 
 
 25. What were some of the provisions of the law of 1854? What 
 important new office was created? 
 
EDUCATION. 265 
 
 might prescribe, should be added to the list of studies taught 
 in every school ; the Directors were empowered to establish 
 graded schools, and to assign pupils to the proper grades. 
 The office of County Superintendent was established, and the 
 law prescribed the qualifications and duties of that office '. 
 
 26. The appointment of a Deputy Superintendent of 
 schools was authorized, whose duty it was to administer 
 the system, under the supervision of the secretary of the 
 Commonwealth, who still remained ex officio Chief Superin- 
 tendent, and finally, the school term was increased to four 
 months for each year. The old law required only three 
 months. 
 
 2T. The county superintendency soon proved itself worthy 
 to be called the "right arm" of the system. Under the 
 guidance of the Department, it organized the educational 
 forces in every part of the State, and infused greater energy 
 into the work. The Deputy State Superintendent and the 
 County Superintendents aroused and educated public senti- 
 ment, and the Directors, clothed with ample powers, carried 
 out with considerable zeal the much-needed reforms. 
 
 28. To these stimulating influences were added the efforts 
 of teachers, struggling, by means of Institutes, County and 
 State Associations, and annual conventions, not yet author- 
 ized by law, to improve themselves and to elevate their 
 calling to the dignity of a learned profession. 
 
 29. The Act of ISot, which separated the school superin- 
 tendency from the office of the secretary of the Common- 
 
 26. What new State office was established ? How was the school 
 term changed? 
 
 27. What did the county superintendency do? 
 
 28. What eft'orts were made hy teachers? 
 
 29. What act was passed in 1857? What effect had this on tho 
 
 23 
 
266 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 wealth and made it an independent department, and which 
 placed the system in all its parts above and beyond the 
 arena of party politics, greatly increased its power for good. 
 But the Normal School Law, passed by the legislature in 
 the same year, was the crowning work of school legislation 
 in Pennsylvania. It settled the public policy on the subject 
 of education, set a high standard for future generations to 
 work up to, and substantially completed the organic structure 
 of the Common School System. 
 
 30. The State is divided into twelve normal districts, and 
 each district is authorized to erect a State Normal School. 
 The first institution established under this law was the Nor- 
 mal School for the Second District, at Millersville, in Lan- 
 caster county, recognized by State authority in 1859. The 
 Normal School for the Twelfth District, at Edinboro', in Erie 
 county, was recognized in 1861; for the Fifth District, at 
 Mansfield, Tioga county, in 1862, and for the Third District, 
 named "Keystone Normal School," at Kutztown, in Berks 
 county, in 1866.* 
 
 31. Under the law of separation, Henry C. Hickokf was 
 
 * The Principals of the State Normal Schools, in 18C8, were Ed- 
 ward Brooks, A.M., Second District; Rev. J. S. Ermentrout, A.M., 
 Third District; Fordyce A. Allen, Fifth District; and Joseph A. 
 Cooper, A.M., Twelfth District. 
 
 f Henry Cuyler Hickok was born in Cayuga county, New York, 
 April 26th, 1818. When four years of age, he came with his father's 
 
 system? What other act was passed this year? What was the eifect 
 of this law ? 
 
 30. How is the State divided? How many State Normal Schools 
 are there? Where are they located, and when were they recog- 
 nized? 
 
 31. Who was the first State Superintendent of Common Schools 
 under the law of 1854? 
 
EDUCATION. 26 Y 
 
 appointed Superintendent of Common Schools, and organ- 
 ized the department as a distinct branch of the State govern- 
 ment. He held the office till 1860. 
 
 32. Thomas II. Burrowes, the veteran laborer in the cause 
 of education, was appointed Superintendent of Common 
 Schools in 1860, and administered the system in its full 
 vigor, which he had so skillfully organized and wisely 
 managed in the first years of its history. During his ad- 
 ministration, a law was enacted which limited the number 
 of days in a school month to twenty-two; established Dis- 
 trict Institutes, to be held every alternate Saturday of the 
 school term ; directed that these two days of Institutes 
 shall be recorded as two of the twenty-two days of the 
 month, and that no schools shall be kept open on Saturday. 
 In 1863, Mr. Burrowes was succeeded by Charles R. Co- 
 burn,* a teacher of thirty years' experience. Three years 
 
 family to Pennsylvania ; received an academic and collegiate educa- 
 tion; was admitted to the bar upon attaining his majority; practiced 
 his profession in Dauphin, Perry, and Union counties from 1840 to 
 1855, and for some years edited the Lewisburg Chronicle. In January, 
 1855, he was appointed Deputy Superintendent, and in June, 1857, 
 State Superintendent of Common Schools. 
 
 * Charles Rittenhouse Coburn was born in Bradford county, June 
 3d, 1809. At the age of eighteen he engaged in teaching in his 
 native county, and in 1835 took charge of the public school in Owogo, 
 New York. In 1854, he was elected Professor of Mathematics and 
 Principal of the Normal Department of Susquehanna Collegiate In- 
 stitute, at Towanda ; was for a time one of the editors of the New 
 
 32. "Who was appointed Superintendent in 18G0'' "What law was 
 passed during his administration? Who succeeded Mr. Burrowes? 
 When was Professor Wickersham appointed Superintendent of Com- 
 mon Schools? 
 
268 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 later, James P. Wickersliam* was appointed Superintendent, 
 and ably conducted the affairs of the Department. 
 
 33. No important legislation has taken place since the 
 passage of the Normal School Bill, but the great work of 
 building up and perfecting the system of education has 
 gone steadily forward. 
 
 York Teacher. In 1857, he was elected Superintendent of Schools 
 for Bradford county, and in 1863, was appointed State Superintendent 
 of Common Schools, which office he resigned in 18G6. 
 
 * James Pyle Wickersham, descended from a Quaker family that 
 came to this country soon after the arrival of "William Penn, was 
 horn in Chester county, March 5th, 1825. At the age of sixteen, he 
 hegan teaching school in the winter months, and attended TJnionvillo 
 Academy during the summer. His success as an instructor of youth 
 was so marked, that he resolved to make education the work of his 
 life. In 1845, he hecame principal of the Marietta Academy ; he 
 was one of the founders of the Lancaster County Teachers' Associa- 
 tion in 1851, and was its second president; was one of the founders 
 of the Pennsylvania State Teachers' Association, and was chosen its 
 fourth president. Under the law of 1854, he was elected Superin- 
 tendent of Schools for Lancaster county, and was one of the most 
 efficient local school officers in the State. Under his administra- 
 tion in the county, a "Teachers' Institute" was held at Millers- 
 ville, during the summer of 1855, wherein was demonstrated the 
 utility of practical professional training, and out of which grew the 
 State Normal School at that place. In the following year, Mr. 
 Wickersham resigned the office of County Superintendent to accept 
 the principalship of the Normal School at Millersville. He was 
 principal of the institution ten years, during which period he at- 
 tained a national reputation as a puhlic educator, and as the author 
 of " School Economy " and " Methods of Instruction." In 1865, he 
 was elected president of the National Teachers' Association. He 
 was appointed State Superintendent of Common Schools in 1866, 
 
 33. What is the present condition of the school system ? 
 
COAL FIELDS. 269 
 
 DISCOVERT OF COAL NEAR MAUCH CHUNK. 
 
 CHAPTER XXXVII. 
 
 Coal Fields. — Anthracite. — Bituminous. — Iroji Ore. 
 
 1. Anthracite coal was first discovered and used, in this 
 State, in the Wyoming valley, in 17G8. Two blacksmiths, 
 Obadiah Gore and his brother, who came to Pennsylvania 
 with the Connecticut settlers, successfully used "stone coal" 
 in their forge, and thus introduced its use to the smiths of 
 that region. In 1808, Judge Jesse Fell, of Wilkesbarre, 
 burned coal in a grate in his house. This was the beginning 
 of the use of coal as fuel for warming houses. 
 
 2. At the beginning of the Revolutionary war, coal was 
 carried down the Susquehanna for the use of the govern- 
 ment arsenal at Carlisle. The trade soon extended to Ma- 
 rietta and Columbia, where, in 1810, coal was sold at from 
 eight to ten dollars a ton. 
 
 Chapter XXXVII. — 1. When and where was anthracite coal 
 first discovered? Who were the first to use coal successfully? 
 2. When and where was coal first used by the government? 
 
 23* 
 
2 to HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 3. The mines in the Wyoming valley were slowly devel- 
 oped, chiefly because there was no easy transportation by 
 which the coal could reach a market. In 1829, the Delaware 
 and Hudson Canal Company completed its works from the 
 Hudson river to the eastern end of the coal fields, and during 
 that year sent tOOO tons of coal to New York. The trade 
 over this line increased rapidly, and rose to nearly 2,000,000 
 tons per annum. 
 
 4. The completion of the Pennsylvania canal, and of three 
 lines of railroad, gave ample facilities to the miners of this 
 valley to send their products to the great markets of the 
 country. 
 
 5. Coal was discovered in the Lehigh region, twenty-three 
 years after it had been found in Wyoming; but the miners 
 of the Lehigh were much earlier in opening communication 
 and getting their coal to market. The trade from this valley 
 increased rapidly, and has ever stood at the head of the list. 
 The discovery was made in Bear mountain, nine miles west 
 of Mauch Chunk, by Philip Ginter, a poor hunter of that 
 vicinity, in 1^9 L 
 
 6. Philip was one day hunting in the mountains, when he 
 struck his foot against a black stone which rolled away 
 before him. His attention was attracted to the roots of a 
 fallen tree, where he saw several pieces of clean black rock, 
 which he believed was coal. He had heard of the "stone 
 coals " in Wyoming valley, and thought this might be the 
 
 3. How were the Wyoming mines developed? What was the first 
 outlet to market? How did trade increase? 
 
 4. How did the completion of the Pennsylvania canal affect the 
 miners? 
 
 5. When and by whom war, coal discovered in the Lehigh region? 
 
 6. Descrihe the discoverv? 
 
COAL FIELDS. 2tl 
 
 same kind.^ He took a piece of it to Fort Allen and showed 
 it to Colonel Jacob Weiss. Colonel Weiss carried the 
 specimen to Philadelphia, where it was inspected and found 
 to be genuine anthracite coal. 
 
 Y. Philip Ginter was paid for his discovery, and, in 1193, 
 the Lehigh Coal Mine Company was formed, and took up 
 6000 acres of land, which is now the chief property of the 
 Lehigh Coal and Navigation Company,* and is of immense 
 value. 
 
 8. In 1803, the mining company started six loaded arks 
 down the Lehigh; only two of them reached Philadelphia, 
 containing less than 200 tons of coal. The difficulty of find- 
 ing purchasers proved to be as great as that of reaching the 
 market. Finally the city authorities bought the coal to use 
 at the waterworks. But it could not be burned, and hence 
 was thrown away as worthless; afterward it was broken up 
 and spread on the foot-walks of the public grounds. In 1814, 
 two more ark loads reached the city, and were sold for 
 twenty-one dollars a ton, to be used at the wire factory near 
 the Falls of the Schuylkill. 
 
 9. The improvement of the river navigation and the con- 
 struction of the Lehigh canal, and the State canal along the 
 Delaware, and the subsequent building of two lines of rail- 
 road from this coal field, gave the miners and manufacturers 
 cheap and rapid transportation for the products of their labor. 
 
 * The original company was composed of Robert Morris, the great 
 financier of the Revolution, J. Anthony Morris, Charles Cist, Jacob 
 Weiss, and Michael Hillegas. 
 
 7. When was the Lehigh Coal Mine Company formed? 
 
 8. Describe the arrival of the first coal in Philadelphia ? When 
 did the second shipment arrive? 
 
 9. What increased the facilities of transportation ? 
 
212 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 10. Coal was discovered in the Schuylkill region, on 
 Broad mountain, in 1*790, by Nicho Allen, a hunter. He 
 had camped for the night under a ledge of rocks, and kin- 
 dled a fire on some fragments of black stone that had fallen 
 from the overhanging ledge; by the side of this he laid 
 down to sleep. Some time in the night he woke, and found 
 the rocks red hot and burning, and, for an instant, feared the 
 mountain would be consumed. Allen made his discovery 
 known, and five years later, the blacksmiths on the Schuyl- 
 kill were using " stone coal " in their forges. 
 
 11. In 1810, William Morris, living near Port Carbon, 
 took a wagon load of coal to Philadelphia, but was unable to 
 sell it. The next effort was made by Colonel George Shoe- 
 maker, of Pottsville, in 1812; he took nine wagon loads of 
 coal to the city, and, after the most persistent efforts, succeeded 
 in selling two loads — one to White & Hazzard, proprietors 
 of the Fairmount nail and wire works, and the other to 
 Mellen & Bishop, owners of the Delaware rolling mill — the 
 other seven loads he gave to several blacksmiths, who prom- 
 ised to give it a fair trial. But before Colonel Shoemaker 
 left the city, a warrant was issued for his arrest as a swindler 
 and an impostor. 
 
 12. White & Hazzard, however, determined to test the 
 load they had purchased. They directed their men to build 
 a good fire in the furnace, and to put in the coal Half of 
 the day was spent in "poking, and raking, and stirring, and 
 blowing," but "Colonel Shoemaker's rocks " would not burn. 
 
 10. How was coal discovered in the Schuylkill region ? 
 
 11. Kelate the early efforts made to introduce the use of coal in 
 Philadelphia? 
 
 12. Who finally discovered how to burn anthracite coal in furnaces, 
 and how was the discovery made? 
 
COAL FIELDS. 273 
 
 Finally, at dinner-time, the men slammed the doors of the 
 furnace shut, and went home. When they returned to their 
 work, behold ! the furnace was red hot! The coal was burn- 
 ing at a white heat, and so hot a fire had never been seen 
 before. Thus it was discovered, that if the coal is put in 
 the fire and let alone, it will burn. Mellen & Bishop also 
 succeeded in burning the load they had bought, and the fact 
 that anthracite coal could be used as fuel was fully demon- 
 strated. 
 
 13. Two years after this important discovery, the improve- 
 ment of the navigation of the Schuylkill was commenced. 
 The first shipment of coal was made in 1822, and during that 
 year, 1480 tons reached Philadelphia. The navigation was 
 completed in 1825, when 6500 tons of coal came down from the 
 mines on the Schuylkill. In 1841, the Reading railroad was 
 opened from the Delaware to the coal fields. The trade over 
 these lines of transportation has increased rapidly, and in 
 186t amounted to 4,129,815 tons. 
 
 14. The anthracite coal region of Pennsylvania is 4*70 
 square miles in extent, and lies in three great fields, sepa- 
 rated by mountain ranges. They are called the Southern^ 
 the Middle, and the Wyoming or Northern Goal Fields. 
 
 15. The Southern Field is seventy-three miles in length, 
 and an average of two miles in breadth. It begins on the 
 Lehigh river, in a sharp narrow point, and widens toward 
 the west. Its center is near Minersville, where it is five 
 
 13. "When was the first shipment of coal made down the Schuyl- 
 kill? When was the Keading railroad completed? How did these 
 works affect the coal trade? 
 
 14. What is the extent of the anthracite coal region ? How many 
 coal fields are there? Name them? 
 
 15. Describe the Southern Coal Field? 
 
2t4 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 miles wide. From this point westward it grows narrower, 
 and at Tremont it is only three miles in width ; five miles 
 beyond Tremont, it separates into two prongs. The south- 
 ern prong extends westward, to a point near Dauphin, on 
 the Susquehanna; the northern prong, seventeen miles in 
 length, extends into Lykens valley. 
 
 16. There is a detached basin lying in this field, known as 
 Mine Hill Basin ; it is on the northern edge of the main seam, 
 and is fourteen miles long and about half a mile wide. 
 
 It. The area of the Southern Coal Field is 146 square 
 miles. It comprises the Lehigh, the Tamaqua, the Potts- 
 ville, Swatara, the Lykens valley, and the Dauphin dis- 
 tricts. The total product of the mines from this field was, 
 in 1864, 2,920,094 tons; in 1867, it rose to 4,334,820 tons. 
 
 18. The Middle Coal Field is divided by Locust mountain, 
 and comprises two separate regions; the Mahanoy region, 
 lying south, and the Shamokin, lying north of the mountain. 
 The area of this field is 91 square miles: the Mahanoy con- 
 tains 41 and the Shamokin 50 square miles. The shipments 
 from this field, in 1861, amounted to 3,307,327 tons. 
 
 19. The Wyoming or Northeim Coal Field is the largest 
 anthracite basin in Pennsylvania. It is 50 miles long, with 
 an average breadth of nearly four miles, giving an area of 198 
 square miles. It extends from Beach Grove, on the Susque- 
 hanna, to a point six miles northeast of Carbondale. Its form 
 is that of an immense trough, deep at the western end and 
 shallow toward the east. This coal field comprises the Car- 
 
 16. Describe Mine Hill basin? 
 
 17. What mining districts does the Southern field comprise, and 
 what was the total product in 1867 "^ 
 
 18. Describe the Middle Coal Ft 'Id? 
 
 19. Describe the Wyoming Coal Field? 
 
COAL FIELDS. 275 
 
 bondale, the Scranton, the Pittston, the Wilkesbarre, the 
 Plymouth and Nanticoke, and the Shickshinney districts. 
 The production of the mines in this field in 1867 was 5,328,000 
 tons. 
 
 20. The Lehigh Coal Basins are several comparatively 
 small tracts lying between the first and third, and east of the 
 middle coal fields. The coal area here is about 35 square 
 miles; it includes the Beaver Meadow, the Hazleton, the 
 Big Black Creek, and the Little Black Creek basins. The 
 Beaver Meadow railroad, giving an outlet to the coal of the 
 Beaver Meadow basin, and the Ilazleton railroad to the 
 Hazleton basin, were completed in 1840; a year later the 
 Buck Mountain road was opened, and thus transportation 
 reached every part of this region. The product of these 
 mines, in 1867, was 2,954,989 tons. 
 
 21. The growth of the anthracite coal trade in Pennsyl- 
 vania is exhibited in the following table: 
 
 Anthracite coal mined in 1820 365 tons. 
 
 " " " 1840 864,384 " 
 
 »' " " 1860 8,412,946 " 
 
 " " " 1867 12,650,571 " 
 
 22. The bituminous coal field in Pennsylvania embraces 
 an area of nearly 13,000 square miles, and extends through 
 twenty-four counties. Mines have been opened in nearly 
 every county in and west of the Alleghany mountains, from 
 Bradford and Lycoming in the north, to Westmoreland, 
 
 20. Describe the Lehigh Coal Basins? 
 
 21. Recite the table showing growth of the coal trade in Pennsyl- 
 vania? 
 
 22. What is the area of the bituminous coal field in Pennsylvania? 
 Where does it lie, and how far does it extend? Where does the bitu- 
 minous coal trade center? 
 
2Y6 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 Washington, and Greene in the south. The life and power 
 of the coal trade in the west centers at Pittsburg, 
 
 23. The local use of bituminous coal began early in the 
 history of the western settlements. Like the anthracite, it 
 was first burned by the smiths, and after that was used in 
 forges and furnaces. Throughout the entire Alleghany coal 
 field large manufacturing establishments are located so as to 
 receive the coal directly from the mines. Thousands of tons 
 are thrown into flatboats, and floated to the Ohio, and 
 thence to the Mississippi, and are distributed to the towns 
 and cities as far south as New Orleans. Therefore no accu- 
 rate statement of the annual product of these mines can be 
 made. 
 
 24. The most trustworthy estimates place the quantity of 
 bituminous coal mined in Pennsylvania, in 1864, at 5,839,000 
 tons. 
 
 25. Pennsylvania enjoys a wider reputation as an iron- 
 producing community than any other State. This is more 
 the result of the thorough development and skillful use of 
 what ores exist, than of any advantages in the quantity or 
 quality of iron deposits. The States of New York, New 
 Jersey, and Virginia are far more liberally endowed by 
 nature in this respect ; each contains more iron ore than 
 Pennsylvania. Nevertheless, this State produces more man- 
 ufactured iron than all the other States combined. Iron 
 
 23. How did the use of this coal begin ? Why is it difficult to esti- 
 mate the quantity mined? 
 
 24. What is the most trustworthy estimate of the quantity mined 
 in 1864? 
 
 25. Has Pennsylvania more iron ore than any other State? How 
 does the quantity of iron produced compare with that of other States? 
 To what is this attributable? Where are good ores found? Where 
 is the largest deposit? 
 
IRON ORE. 2n 
 
 ores are extensively diffused throughout the southeastern, 
 middle, and western counties. Mines have been opened, 
 and continue to be worked in Lehigh, Northampton, Berks, 
 Montgomery, Chester, Montour, Lebanon, Lancaster, York, 
 Cumberland, Lycoming, Juniata, Huntingdon, Franklin, 
 Blair, Clearfield, Cambria, Indiana, Armstrong, and Clarion. 
 The deposit of ore in Lebanon county, at Cornwall Hills, 
 is the most extensive in the State. At these mines about 
 200,000 tons of ore are mined annually. 
 
 24 
 
278 
 
 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 PIONEER FURNACE. 
 
 CHAPTER XXXYIIL 
 
 TJie Growth of Manufactures. — Anthracite Iron. — 
 Bituminous Iron. — Charcoal Iron. 
 
 1. Pennsylvania is divided into two nearly equal parts 
 by the Alleghany mountains, which cross the State from the 
 southwest to the northeast. In the eastern division are 
 found anthracite coal and the harder ores and rocks ; in the 
 western division are found great beds of bituminous coal, 
 deposits of petroleum and the softer ores and rocks. 
 
 2. During the colonial period, when Pennsylvania was 
 subject to the laws of Great Britain, no very extensive or 
 important manufacturing enterprises were undertaken. The 
 English capitalists had so much control over the government 
 
 Chapter XXXYIII. — 1. How is Pennsylvania divided ? Where 
 are the different coals and ores found ? 
 
 2. What prevented the growth of manufactures during the colo- 
 nial period? 
 
THE GROWTH OF MANUFACTURED 2 19 
 
 that they procured the enactment of laws which prohibited 
 manufacturing- in the American colonies. 
 
 3. The labors of the mechanics were therefore confined 
 chiefly to the production of a few simple articles for home 
 consumption, and to repairing machinery brought from Eng- 
 land. In the first years of the settlement on the Delaware, 
 saw-mills and grist-mills were located on the small streams. 
 The first of these of which there is any record, was one built 
 by the Swedes, on Cobb creek, near where it is now crossed 
 by the Darby road. The holes in the rocks where the founda- 
 tion was laid are still visible. Other mills were erected 
 wherever new settlements were begun, so that the inhabit- 
 ants could saw lumber for dwellings and grind their wheat 
 and corn for bread. Linen and woolen goods were manu- 
 factured by the Swedes, on the Delaware, long before the 
 arrival of Penn, and these found special encouragement under 
 the proprietary government. 
 
 4. Ship-carpenters were among the very first mechanics 
 in the Province; before the arrival of Penn the Swedes had 
 built vessels for the use of their settlements, and in 1683, a 
 ship-yard was established in Philadelphia. In a few years 
 other yards and docks were opened, and had become cele- 
 brated for the beauty and strength of the vessels they sent 
 out, 
 
 5. During the Revolution, these supplied the government 
 with ships of war; and in the hour of trial, constructed the 
 gallant little fleet, that so nobly resisted the approach of the 
 
 3. To what were the labors of the mechanics confined ? Where were 
 the first mills erected? "What was manufactured by the Swedes? 
 
 4. When were the first vessels built, and where was a ship-yard 
 established? 
 
 5. What service did these yards render during the Kevolution ? 
 
280 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 British vessels to Philadelphia, after the battle of Brandj- 
 wine. 
 
 6. These yards also gave to commerce the first vessels pro- 
 pelled by steam. Oliver Evans first floated a steamboat on 
 the Schuylkill, in 1773; in 1785, John Fitch placed a steam- 
 boat on the Delaware, which made regular trips between 
 Philadelphia and Trenton; and Robert Fulton, a few years 
 later, introduced steam navigation to the commerce of the 
 world. 
 
 7. The settlers sowed flax and kept sheep to supply them- 
 selves with cloth for clothing and other purposes; mills were 
 erected to full the cloth and to press the oil from the flax- 
 seed; tanneries were built to make leather for shoes and 
 harness. Thus with every necessity came some establish- 
 ment to supply the wants of the community. 
 
 8. The vast deposits of iron and coal, discovered at an 
 early day, and which form the immeasurable resources of 
 the State, soon attracted the attention of the enterprising and 
 intelligent mechanics who had come to Pennsylvania. Rude 
 forges, bloomeries, and flirnaces were constructed to reduce 
 the ores; founderies and repair shops were built in the 
 thrifty villages, and thus the necessary work of the settle- 
 ments was performed. The expansion of these small begin- 
 nings was prevented by the selfish tyranny of English manu- 
 facturers; but when oppression overreached itself and drove 
 our sturdy forefathers to resistance, these thrifty repair shops 
 
 6. Where were the first steamboats built? Give the dates of the 
 first attempts at steam navigation? 
 
 7. How did the settlers supply their wants ? 
 
 8. "What attracted the attention of the Pennsylvania mechanics ? 
 How was their enterprise checked by the English ? How were they 
 at last relieved ? 
 
THE GROWTH OF MANUFACTURES. 281 
 
 sprang into full-grown factories and supplied the materials of 
 war for the patriot army. 
 
 9. The non-importation leagues of the people, which pre- 
 ceded the clash of arms, called into vigorous operation the 
 whole manufacturing strength of the Province; and thus, be- 
 fore the Declaration of Independence had been proclaimed, 
 the people had fully prepared themselves to be self-reliant 
 and self-supporting. 
 
 10. Clothing from the flax, wool and cotton of America, 
 and agricultural implements and materials of war from the 
 iron and timber of the hills and mountains of the Province, 
 were among the first articles of manufacture called for by the 
 necessities of the times and promptly supplied by the ener- 
 getic and intelligent mechanics of Pennsylvania. 
 
 11. The first iron produced from the native ore was made 
 at Coventry forge, in Chester county, in 1720; works are 
 still carried on at that place. At about the same time a fur- 
 nace and forge were established at Manataw^ny, in Mont- 
 gomery county. In 1723, the proprietors of iron works 
 petitioned the Assembly for the passage of an act to pro- 
 hibit the sale of "liquor and beer" near their premises. 
 
 12. As early as the year 1728, there were four furnaces in 
 blast in the Province, producing iron for home consumption. 
 Warwick furnace was erected on French creek, in Chester 
 county, in 1736; the Cornwall Cold Blast furnace, built by 
 
 0. II<nv had the people prepared to be self-supporting? 
 
 10. What articles did the necessities of the times call for and by 
 whom were these supplied? 
 
 11. Where was the first iron from native ore produced? What 
 other furnaces were established about that time? 
 
 12. How many furnaces were there in the Province in 1728? 
 When and where was Warwick furnace erected? Cornwall Cold 
 Blast furnace? Colebrookdale furnace? 
 
 24* 
 
282 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 Peter Grubb, in 1742, rendered good service during the 
 Revolutionary war. Colebrookdale furnace, in Lebanon 
 county, began to make iron in 1*145. 
 
 13. Elizabeth furnace, fourteen miles north of Lancaster, 
 near Litiz, was built about the year 1T56. It was at one time 
 managed by Henry William Steigel, one of the proprietors. 
 He was a German baron of wealth; skillful and enterprising in 
 the mechanic arts, but too speculative and pretentious for the 
 spirit of the people. He founded the village of Manheim, in 
 Lancaster county, in 1162, and erected at that place large 
 glass and iron furnaces. In the neighborhood of these works, 
 and near the Elizabeth furnace, he built castles, and mounted 
 them with cannon. One of these buildings, near ShaefFers- 
 town, is still pointed out as " Steigel's Folly." Some of the 
 first stoves cast in this country were made by Baron Steigel; 
 a few of these still remain in the old families of Lancaster 
 and Lebanon counties. 
 
 14. In lt86 there were, within thirty-nine miles of Lan- 
 caster, seventeen furnaces, forges, rolling, and slitting-mills ; 
 and in, or near it, two boring and grinding mills for the man- 
 ufacture of gun-barrels. In 1798, about 1200 tons of pig 
 and nearly the same quantity of bar iron, were made in that 
 county. 
 
 15. The community of Baptists, at Ephrata, were among 
 the earliest manufacturers in the Province. In 1750, they 
 
 13. When and where was Elizabeth furnace huilt? Who was 
 Baron Steigel? What village did he found, and what buildings and 
 manufactories did he erect? 
 
 14. Give the number of iron manufactories in Lancaster county in 
 1786? How much iron was made in the county in 1798? 
 
 15. Who wore among the earliest manufacturers? What works 
 were in Ephrata in 1750? What incident is related? 
 
THE GROWTH OF MANUFACTURES. 283 
 
 had in operation an oil-mill, a paper-mill, a pearl-barley-mill, 
 a grist-mill, a printing-press, and a book bindery, all under one 
 roof. Before the battle of Brandywine, Washington sent to 
 Ephrata for paper to make cartridges of; the stock of paper 
 had been exhausted, but these patriotic Christians had a 
 large edition of ''Fox's Book of Martyrs," printed and ready 
 to be bound; they cheerfully loaded several wagons with 
 these sheets, and sent them to the army for the use of the 
 soldiers. 
 
 16. The Green Lane forge, on Perkiomen creek, was 
 opened in 1*733, and the Glasgow forges, in Berks county, 
 in 1T50. Two bloomery forges were built in that county, 
 near Kutztown, one in 1788, and the other in 1*190, and are 
 still in use. Berks county had, in 1798, six furnaces and as 
 many forges. 
 
 IT. The ancient forge at the entrance of Yalley creek, 
 where it empties into the Schuylkill, gave the name of Yal- 
 ley Forge to the memorable glen in which Washington 
 established his winter quarters in 1777. The forge has long 
 since disappeared, and a cotton factory now occupies the 
 ground. 
 
 18. Chester county had, in 1798, six forges. In Bucks 
 county, a furnace and forges were put in operation previous 
 to 1743, by a company who purchased a large tract of land 
 at Durham. 
 
 19. In York and Cumberland counties, furnaces and forges 
 were established before the Revolution. William Denning, 
 
 16 How many furnaces were there- in Berks county in 1798? 
 
 17. From what did Yalley Forge take its name? 
 
 18. What were the number of forges in Chester county in 1798? 
 When were forges erected in Bucks county ? 
 
 19. In what counties were furnaces established before the Revolu- 
 tion? What singular cannon was invented? 
 
284 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 a blacksmith of Cumberland, endeavored to serve his coun- 
 try by the production of wrought-iron cannon of curious 
 mechanism. These singular- pieces of ordnance were made 
 " of wrought-iron staves, hooped, like a barrel, with bands of 
 the same material; there were four layers of staves, break- 
 ing joint, which were firmly bound together, and then boxed 
 and breeched like other cannon." An unfinished specimen 
 of this work is preserved in the Philadelphia Arsenal. 
 
 20. The Moravian settlements at Bethlehem and Naza- 
 reth carried their industry and skill into the Lehigh valley 
 and developed the resources of that part of the State. The 
 iron ores of the Lehigh region are hard and more difficult 
 to work than the softer ores in other localities; it was not, 
 therefore, until after the discovery of the use of anthracite 
 coal in furnaces, that the foundation of the immense estab- 
 lishments were laid which now employ thousands of men 
 and annually send vast quantities of coal and iron to all 
 parts of America. 
 
 21. Maria forge, at Weissport, in Carbon county, the pio- 
 neer in this valley, was built as early as 1753, and, having 
 been rebuilt, is still in use. But the principal mineral wealth 
 of the great basin drained by the Lehigh and its tributaries, 
 consists in the measureless deposits of anthracite coal, which 
 were discovered soon after the Revolutionary war. 
 
 22. In 1826, an attempt was made, in a furnace at Mauch 
 Chunk, to use this coal in the reduction of ores, but it did 
 
 20. By whom was the wealth of the Lehigh valley developed? 
 How did the discovery of anthracite coal affect its trade? 
 
 21. When was Maria forge built? AVhat is the principal mineral 
 wealth of the Lehigh basin? 
 
 22. What attempt to use anthracite coal was made in 182G? When 
 and where was it afterward used successfully? What is Lehigh 
 vallev the seat of? 
 
ANTHRACITE IRON. 285 
 
 not succeed. Thirteen years later, the "Pioneer" hot-blast 
 furnace, of Pottsville, was successfully blown-in and worked 
 with the coal of that region ; and in the same year, the fur- 
 nace at Mauch Chunk was also successfully started. The 
 use of anthracite was now no longer an experiment, and in a 
 few years the valley of the Lehigh became the seat of the 
 most extensive mining and manufacturing operations in 
 America. 
 
 23. This important discovery marks an era in the history 
 of Pennsylvania. Furnaces were now rapidly built in every 
 part of th-e coal region; these gave employment to many 
 families, who labored in the mines and in the iron-works ; 
 towns and cities sprang up ; railroads and canals bound to- 
 gether the growing settlements; the agricultural resources 
 of the State were developed to supply food to the miners and 
 iron-workers; mills to manufacture clothing, implements and 
 wares were established, and the population and wealth of the 
 State were greatly and permanently increased. 
 
 24. The manufactories of anthracite iron are comprised in 
 four groups. The Lehigh group, which produces the largest 
 quantity of metal, includes all the works on the Lehigh 
 river and its tributaries. 
 
 25. In this group, in 1864, there were thirty furnaces, 
 which employed a capital of $4,862,500, and manufactured 
 214,093 tons of iron;* in 1867, they produced 248,452 tons, 
 
 * These furnaces were distributed as follows : 17 were in Lehigh, 
 '5 in Northampton, 3 in Carbon, and 2 in Bucks county. There are 
 3 furnaces in i^ew Jersey properly belonging to the group, consum- 
 ing Pennsylvania coal. 
 
 23. How did this discovery benefit the State? 
 
 24. How are the manufactories of anthracite iron classified? 
 Where is the Lehigh group? 
 
 25. What was its condition in 1864? In 1867? 
 
286 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 and consumed 559,017 tons of ore, and 496,904 tons of 
 anthracite coal. 
 
 26. The Schuylkill group, lying on the Schuylkill river 
 and its tributaries, contained, in 1864, twenty-four furnaces,* 
 which employed a capital of $2,850,000, and produced 112,806 
 tons of iron; in 1867, they produced 119,568 tons. The con- 
 sumption for that year was 269,028 tons of ore, and 239,136 
 tons of coal. 
 
 27. The Lower Susquehanna group lies in the valley of 
 the Susquehanna, below Harrisburg. There were in this 
 group, in 1864, twenty-six furnaces,-]- employing a capital of 
 $3,000,000, and producing 108,237 tons of iron annually; in 
 1867, 110,966 tons ; they consumed in the latter year, 249,674 
 tons of ore, and 221,932 tons of coal. 
 
 28. The Upper Susquehanna group lies above Harrisburg, 
 on the Susquehanna and its tributaries, and contained, in 
 1864, twenty-five furnaces, | which employed a capital of 
 $3,278,130, and produced 106,964 tons of iron; in 1867, 
 
 * The furnaces in the Schuylkill group are located as follows : 10 
 in Montgomery count}', 9 in Berks, 3 in Chester, and 2 in Schuylkill. 
 
 f The furnaces in the Lower Susquehanna group are thus located: 
 12 in Lancaster count}^, 7 in Lebanon, 6 in Dauphin, and 1 in 
 Schuylkill. 
 
 X The anthracite furnaces in the IJpper Susquehanna group are 
 as follows: 1 in Blair county, 1 in Perry, 1 in Union, 1 in Clinton, 
 2 in Mifflin, 2 in Northumberland, 2 in Lycoming, 6 in Columbia, 6 
 in Luzerne, 7 in Montour. 
 
 26. Where is the Schuylkill group? "What was its condition in 
 1804? In 1867? 
 
 27. Where is the Lower Susquehanna group ? What was its con- 
 dition in 1864? In 1867? 
 
 28. Where is the Upper Susquehanna group? What was its con- 
 dition in 1864? In 1867? What is the average ore and coal required 
 to produce one ton of iron ? 
 
ANTHRACITE IRON. . 287 
 
 109,283 tons; and consumed during the latter year, 243,387 
 tons of ore, and 218,566 tons of coal. Throughout the 
 anthracite region, for every ton of iron produced, an average 
 of two and one-quarter tons of iron ore and two tons of coal 
 are consumed. 
 
 29. The increase in the production of anthracite iron is 
 exhibited in the following statement: 
 
 The amount produced in Pennsylvania in 1849 was 118,664 tons. 
 
 " " " " 18G0 " 573,759 " 
 
 " " " " 1867 " 588,269 " 
 
 30. The first furnace west of the Alleghanies was built on 
 Jacobs creek, fifteen miles from its mouth, about the year 
 1790. In 1792, by order of Colonel Craig, cannon-balls were 
 cast in this furnace to be used in the defense of Pittsburg 
 against the Indians. Union furnace was built on Dunbar 
 creek, fourteen miles east from Brownsville, in 1794; and, 
 two years later, Fairchance furnace was erected at Union- 
 town, Fayette county; another furnace, called the " Eed 
 Stone," was established at Uniontown, in 1800. The two 
 last named, the oldest in the west, were w^orking in 18G4, 
 and in that year produced 1200 tons of iron. 
 
 31. In 1840, there were fifteen furnaces, west of the mount- 
 ains, using charcoal; in 1850, there w^ere forty-six, and in 
 1860, only fourteen of these were w^orking; during the ten 
 years previous, several new furnaces had been erected, but 
 
 29. Give the table of the increase of anthracite iron? 
 
 30. When and where was the first furnace west of the Alleghanies 
 built? When were cannon-balls cast in this furnace and for what 
 purpose? W^hen and where were Union, Fairchance and Ked Stone 
 furnaces built? 
 
 31. Give the history of charcoal furnaces west of the Alleghanies? 
 What took the place of charcoal furnaces ? 
 
HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 thirtj-nine establishments had been closed and abandoned, 
 because they were unprofitable. The discovery of the use of 
 bituminous coal attracted the manufacturers into new enter- 
 prises, and thus coke and "raw-coal" furnaces rose as the 
 charcoal works disappeared. 
 
 32. The manufacture of iron in western Pennsylvania, by 
 the use of coke and raw bituminous coal, began about the 
 year 1840, when a furnace was erected at Brady's Bend, in 
 Armstrong county. The experiment was successful, and five 
 years later, there were eight furnaces worked with this fuel. 
 
 33. During the past fourteen years, there has been an 
 annual increase of about 12,400 tons, in the production of 
 bituminous iron. There were, in 1865, forty coke and raw- 
 coal furnaces in this State.* The products of these were, in 
 1856, 46,317 tons; in 1860, 69,U8; and in 186T, 191,072 
 tons. 
 
 34. Previous to the year 1839, iron was made only in 
 charcoal furnaces. These were established as early as 1720; 
 in 1776, seven furnaces were in operation in the Province. 
 In the year 1800, fourteen were making iron, and five were 
 idle. In the next thirty years, forty-nine iron-producing 
 establishments were built, and between 1830 and 1847, one 
 
 * The furnaces in the bituminous region are located as follows : 7 
 at Pittsburg, 11 in Mercer county, 8 in Armstrong, 5 in Cambria, 3 
 in Clarion, 2 in Lawrence, 2 in Blair, 1 in Beaver, and 1 in Payette. 
 
 32. "When were coke and bituminous coal first used in the manu- 
 facture, of iron in western Pennsylvania? How many furnaces were 
 in operation the first five years ? 
 
 33. What has been the annual increase of bituminous iron during 
 the last fourteen years? Whnt was the number of furnaces in 1865? 
 How much iron did they produce ? 
 
 34. How was iron made previous to 1839? Give the history of the 
 manufacture of charcoal iron in Pennsylvania? 
 
CHARCOAL IRON. 289 
 
 hundred and thirty furnaces were erected. In the latter 
 year, the charcoal furnaces in Pennsylvania had reached 
 their highest number; there were then one hundred and 
 seventy in working order. Since that time the number has 
 annually diminished. 
 
 35. In 1854, the whole amount of charcoal iron made was 
 116,000 tons ; in 1S65, there were only seventy-two charcoal 
 furnaces in the State ; fifty-nine of these were east,* and thir- 
 teen west of the Alleghany mountains, f The total capital 
 invested was $2,617,400, and the production of iron for that 
 year was 58,6*70 tons; for the year 186t, it rose to 60,155 
 tons. To this must be added about 20,000 tons made in 
 forges and bloomeries. 
 
 36. The total production of pig iron, anthracite, bituminous 
 and charcoal, in Pennsylvania, in 1867, was 839,496 tons.| 
 
 * Charcoal furnaces east of the Alleghanies are distributed as fol- 
 lows: 11 in Blair county, 8 in Huntingdon, 7 in Center, 6 in Frank- 
 lin, 6 in Cumberland, 5 in Bedford, 4 in Lancaster, 3 in Lebanon, 3 
 in Mifflin, 2 in Union, 2 in Adams, 2 in York, 2 in Chester, 2 in 
 Dauphin, 2 in Tioga, 2 in Columbia, 1 in Clinton, 1 in Carbon, 1 in 
 Luzerne, 1 in Northumberland, and 1 in Snyder. 
 
 •j- The charcoal furnaces west of the Alleghanies are thus located : 17 
 in Clarion county, 10 in Yenango, 4 in Fayette, 4 in Butler, 4 in 
 Armstrong, 4 in Mercer, 2 in Indiana, 2 in Lawrence, 1 in Cambria, 
 and 1 in "Westmoreland. 
 
 X The total production of iron in the United States, in 18G7, was 
 1,497,426 tons. 
 
 85. What quantity of charcoal iron was produced in .1854? How 
 man}^ charcoal furnaces were there in the State in 1865, and how 
 were they located? How much capital was invested in 1867, and what 
 quantity of iron was produced? 
 
 36. What was the total production of iron in the State in 1867? 
 How does this compare with the quantity made in the United 
 States? 
 
 25 
 
290 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 3t. Pennsylvania is justly celebrated not only for the pro- 
 duction of iron and the manufacture of steel and glass, for 
 the construction of great thoroughfares and the early develop- 
 ment of mineral and agricultural resources, but also for many 
 other articles of manufacture, the introduction of useful arts 
 and the establishment of noble charities. In 1850, it pro- 
 duced eighty per cent, of the coal, one-half of the hosiery, 
 one-third of the iron and two-thirds of the perfumery in the 
 United States.* In Pennsylvania the first bank in America 
 
 Table of Manufactui^es, according to the Census of 1860. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA. PITTSBURG. 
 
 Textile Fabrics $23,561,568 $1,323,568 
 
 Iron and Steel 14,775,213 11,127,567 
 
 Part " 2,930,733 463,182 
 
 Clothing and Apparel 21,415,701 2,236,721 
 
 Gold and Silver 4,030,380 18,650 
 
 Wood 6,153^715 1,160,676 
 
 Clay, Sand, and Earth 2,465,106 2,605,811 
 
 Paper 2,190,110 2,500 
 
 Printing, Binding, and Publishing.... 6,441,403 538,603 
 
 Liquors 4,384,974 735,807 
 
 Leather 3,804,356 951,609 
 
 Soap, Candles, and Oils 4,261,916 733,148 
 
 Chemicals 3,685,554 641,400 
 
 The production of these manufactures increased rapidly in all parts 
 of the State. 
 
 In 1861 the increase was 5 p. ct. on the production of the previous year. 
 
 u 1862 " " " " " " 
 
 " 1863 " 25 " " " " " 
 
 37. For what is Pennsylvania justly celebrated? What proportion 
 of staple Articles was produced in the State in 1850? What were first 
 established in Pennsylvania? What received a liberal support? 
 When was the first paper published in the Province? 
 
NEWSPAPERS. 291 
 
 and the first insurance office were established ; here the first 
 suspension bridge was built ; the world here too learned how 
 to supply a city with pure water. Here also the first institu- 
 tion for the blind and the first public hospital were erected ; 
 the printing-press and the monthly, weekly and daily news- 
 papers received a more liberal patronage here than else- 
 where on the continent. Pennsylvania was the second of 
 the English colonies to introduce the art of printing. Wil- 
 liam Bradford established a printing-press in Philadelphia, 
 and printed an almanac in 1687. The first newspaper pub- 
 lished in the Province was called The American Weekly 
 Mercury, and was issued, December 22, 1728. 
 
 38. In 1775, nine newspapers were published in Pennsyl- 
 vania;* seven of these were in Philadelphia, one in German- 
 town, and one in Lancaster. In 1810, there were seventy- 
 
 In 1864 the increase was 25p. ct. on the production of the previous year, 
 u 1865 " 10 " " " " " 
 
 u 1866 " 10 " " " " " 
 
 u 1867 " 10 " " " " " 
 
 ." 1868 " 10 " " " " " 
 
 The increase in Pittsburg and the "Western counties exceed the 
 above ratio. The figures are exactly correct for Philadelphia and 
 vicinity, and a fair exhibit of the growth of manufactures in the 
 State. 
 
 * In 1775 New Hampshire had 1 newspaper; Massachusetts, 7 
 Rhode Island, 2; Connecticut, 4; New York, 4; Pennsylvania. 9 
 Maryland, 2; Virginia, 2 ; North Carolina, 2; South Carolina, 2 
 Georgia, 1. 
 
 38. Howmany papers were published in 1775? In 1810? In 1860? 
 When was the first daily papty- published ? 
 
292 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 one papers published in the State :* nine dailies, one tri- 
 weekly, three semi-weeklies and fifty-eight weeklies. The 
 first daily newspaper in America was The Pennsylvania 
 Packet and General Advertiser, which was published, as a 
 daily, on the 21st of September, 1184. In 1860, the number 
 of periodicals published in Pennsylvania was 310, of which 2t 
 were daily newspapers, 11 were literary publications, and 
 212 were weeklies. 
 
 * The 71 papers published in the State in 1810 were as follows: 
 in Philadelphia, 9 dailies, 1 tri-weekly, 3 semi- weeklies, 4 English, 
 and 1 German weekly; in Doylestown, 1; in Easton, 2 English 
 and 2 German weeklies; in Frankford, 1 German; in Norris- 
 town, 2; in West Chester, 1; in Downingtown, 1; in Eeading, 2 
 English and 2 German; in Lancaster, 2 English and 2 German; in 
 York, 2; in Gettysburg, 2; in Harrisburg, 3 English and 1 German; 
 in Carlisle 4; in Chambersburg, 2; in Northumberland, 2; in Lew- 
 istown, 1; in Wilkesbarre, 2; in Bedford, 1; in Huntingdon, 2; in 
 Greensburg, 1 ; in Pittsburg 2 English and 1 German ; in Meadville, 
 1 ; in Presque Isle, 1 ; in Brownsville, 2; in Beavertown, 1 ; in Wash- 
 ington, 3; in Union, 1. Total, 62 English and 9 German. The 
 largest number published in any other State at this time, was 66 in 
 New York. 
 
THE REBELLION. 
 
 293 
 
 UNION VOLUNTEER REFRESHMENT SALOON (PHILADELPHIA). 
 
 CHAPTER XXXIX. 
 
 TJie Rehellion. — Invasion of Fennsyluania. — Battle of Get- 
 tysburg. — Burning of Chambersburg. — Soldiers^ Oiyhans. 
 
 1. Abraham Lincoln was elected President of the United 
 States in November, 1860. During the exciting political 
 campaign that preceded this event, leading men in the South 
 frequently threatened that, if defeated in the election, the 
 Southern States would secede from the Union. 
 
 2. South Carolina was the first to enter upon this suicidal 
 course, and on the 20th of December, 1860, a convention of 
 delegates, elected by the voters of that State, adopted an 
 "Ordinance of Secession," wherein the State was declared 
 to be no longer under the authority of the national govern- 
 
 Chapter XXXIX. — 1, When was Abraham Lincoln elected 
 President of the United States? What threats had been made? 
 
 2. Which State first seceded? W^ho was President at this time? 
 How many States seceded during Buchanan's administration "> W^hat 
 convention was held, and what action did it take? 
 
 25* 
 
294 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 ment. Other States followed, and before the end of the 
 administration of James Buchanan,* seven had seceded from 
 the Union. These States called a convention to meet at 
 Montgomery, in Alabama, for the purpose of establishing a 
 new government. Their delegates assembled, adopted a 
 constitution, appointed Jefferson Davis President, and Alex- 
 ander H. Stephens Vice-President; other oflBcers were ap- 
 pointed, and the government of the "Confederate States of 
 America" was fully organized. 
 
 3. President Buchanan made no vigorous efforts to sup- 
 press this rebellion; some of his cabinet officers were in 
 league with the conspirators, and permitted the rebels to 
 
 * James Buchanan was born of Scotch-Irish parents, in Franklin 
 county, April 22d, 1791. Graduated at Dickinson College in 1809, 
 and after completing a course of law studies, was admitted to the 
 bar at Lancaster, in 1812. As a legal practitioner he was very suc- 
 cessful, and within twenty years retired in possession of a fortune. 
 His name occurs in the "Reports " of cases in the Supreme Court of 
 Pennsylvania oftener than that of any other lawyer of his time. 
 Mr. Buchanan entered into politics at an early age, was elected a 
 member of the legislature in 1814, was re-elected the following year, 
 and in 1820 was chosen member of Congress from Lancaster, and 
 represented that district eleven years, when he voluntarily retired 
 and accepted the appointment of minister to Russia, under Jackson's 
 administration. On his return from Europe, in 1833, he was elected 
 to the United States Senate, and, by re-election, served until 1845, 
 when he was appointed, by President Polk, Secretary of State. Under 
 the administration of President Pierce, Mr. Buchanan was minister 
 to England ; he returned to this country in April, 1856, and in the 
 autumn of that year was elected President of the United States. At 
 the expiration of his term, March, 1861, he retired to his homestead, 
 at Wheatland, near Lancaster, where he died June 1st, 1868, 
 
 3. What was done to suppress the rebellion? 
 
THE PRESIDENTS CALL FOR TROOPS. 295 
 
 seize the mints, custom-houses, arsenals, navy-yards and 
 forts in the Southern States. 
 
 4. President Lincoln was inaugurated on the 4th of March, 
 1861 ; meanwhile the rebels had organized an army, and 
 on the 12th of April they began the bombardment of Fort 
 Sumter, in Charleston harbor. The garrison made a heroic 
 defense, lasting three days, and then, on the 15th, surren- 
 dered the fort to the enemy. The National Flag was 
 hauled down in dishonor and the rebel flag was hoisted in 
 its place. 
 
 5. The news of this attack on the national troops, and this 
 disgrace to the flag, created the most intense excitement 
 throughout the whole country. 
 
 6. On the 15th, the day on which the garrison at Fort 
 Sumter surrendered, President Lincoln issued a proclamation, 
 calling for 75,000 volunteer troops to defend the Union. 
 The people in the North laid aside all political disputes and, 
 with great unanimity, resolved to sustain the government. 
 
 t. The quota of troops for Pennsylvania was 14,000. The 
 call to arms was telegraphed throughout the State. Farmers, 
 mechanics, teachers, lawyers, preachers and men in every 
 condition of life, dropped their unfinished work and offered 
 their services to the country. Troops were put in motion 
 immediately, and five volunteer companies from Pennsyl- 
 vania, who arrived in Washington on the morning of the 
 
 4. "When was Lincoln inaugurated President? What had the 
 rebels done? When and where was the first attack made on the 
 national troops ? What was the result ? 
 
 6. How did the report of the surrender aifect the people? 
 
 6. What action did the President take? What did the people do? 
 
 7. AVhat number of troops was asked from Pennsylvania ? How 
 did the people respond to this call ? 
 
296 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 18th of April, were the first to reach the capital after the 
 call for volunteers had been issued. 
 
 8. Such was the patriotic ardor of the people of this State, 
 that they not only filled the quota, but they also offered to 
 send forward more than half of the whole number of troops 
 the President had asked for. 
 
 9. Camp Curtin was established at Harrisburg on the 18th 
 of April, and all the organized militia in the State were 
 ordered to that place ; within ten days from the date of the 
 President's proclamation, twenty-five regiments from Penn- 
 sylvania, with arms, accoutrements, and perfect organizations, 
 numbering 25,915 men, were in the field. 
 
 10. The public men in this State were in advance of the 
 most zealous spirits in the country. They urged the national 
 government to organize powerful armies of loyal men, who 
 were freely offering their services, and to crush the rebellion 
 at a single blow. Simon Cameron,* Secretary of War, ex- 
 
 * Simon Cameron was born in Lancaster county, March 8th, 1799; 
 picked up his education by reading books from a library in Sunbury, 
 and in a printing-office. At the age of twenty-two years he became 
 editor of a paper in Doylestown, and afterward in Harrisburg; was 
 an earnest advocate of the great public improvements, and of the 
 Common School System, and has ever been the friend of young men 
 struggling up from poverty and ignorance to higher and nobler aims. 
 He was appointed Adjutant-General of Pennsylvania in 1823; was 
 for many years State printer, and a contractor on the public works; 
 was for twenty-five years a successful banker; in 1831, was appointed 
 
 8. What did the people offer ? 
 
 9. What camp was formed? How soon were the troops raised? 
 10. How did Pennsylvania's public men compare with leaders in 
 
 other States? What did they urge? What did Simon Cameron 
 propose? What did Thaddeus Stevens urge? What did Governor 
 Curtin do? 
 
SIMON CAMERON'S PROPOSITION. 29 T 
 
 ceeded all other cabinet officers in energy, and proposed, at 
 the beginning, to call out 500,000 men, and to use every 
 element of strength within the reach of the government, in 
 order to speedily overthrow the power of the conspirators. 
 Thaddeus Stevens urged, as a measure necessary to preserve 
 the life of the nation, that the government should call into 
 the field an army of a million men, — proclaim freedom to 
 the slaves, and invite them to join the army of the Union. 
 Governor Curtin* labored with unsurpassed zeal to place the 
 State of Pennsylvania in a condition that should enable the 
 
 a visitor to "West Point, and in 1845 was elected, by the Democratic 
 party, a United States Senator. In 1856, Mr. Cameron supported 
 Fremont for the presidency, and in 1857, was sent to the United 
 States Senate for the term of six years by the Eepublicans ; he re- 
 signed the senatorship in 1861, to accept the office of Secretary of 
 War in President Lincoln's cabinet; but, in 1862, resigned the 
 secretaryship because of disagreement with the President on the 
 question of freeing and arming the slaves. Mr. Cameron, however, 
 accepted the position of minister to Eussia, and in presenting his 
 credentials to the emperor, at St. Petersburg, predicted the speedy 
 downfall of slavery in the United States. After a short residence at 
 the Kussian capital, he resigned his office and returned to America, 
 in order to assist his countrymen in the great struggle for national 
 life. He was again elected United States Senator in 1867, for a term 
 of six years. 
 
 * Andrew Gregg Curtin was born in Bellefonte, Pennsylvania, in 
 April, 1817; he was admitted to the bar in his native town in 1839; 
 was placed on the presidential electoral ticket in 1848, and in 1852. 
 In 1855, he was appointed Secretary of the Commonwealth by Gov- 
 ernor Pollock. He was elected governor in 1860, and was re-elected 
 in 1864. Governor Curtin was one of the most zealous and efficient 
 upholders of the national government during the war, and by his re- 
 peated visits to the army and the battlefields where Pennsylvania 
 troops marched and fought, and by his efibrts for the relief of the sick 
 and wounded, won the honorable title of "Soldier's Friend." 
 
298 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 people to respond promptly and vigorously to every demand 
 for men and materials to prosecute the war. Two years 
 later, the policy that had been so persistently advocated by 
 Pennsylvania, through her wisest statesmen, was adopted by 
 the administration at Washington. 
 
 11. On the 15th of May, the State legislature, having 
 been convened in extra session, passed a bill providing for 
 the organization of a body of troops, to be called the " Reserve 
 Corps of the Commonwealth." The troops for this corps 
 were collected into camps of instruction at Harrisburg, Pitts- 
 burg, Easton and West Chester. George A. McCall* was ap- 
 pointed major-general of the corps, and John F. Reynolds,f 
 
 * General George A. McCall was born in Philadelphia, March 16th, 
 1802, and graduated at the Military Academy at West Point, in 
 1822. In 1831, he was appointed assistant adjutant-general on the staff 
 of Major-General Gaines; in 1836, was promoted to a captaincy in 
 the Fourth Kegiment United States Infantry ; served in the field 
 during the Seminole war, and also during the war with Mexico. 
 He was appointed, by President Taylor, Inspector-General of the 
 United States Army, with the rank of colonel of cavalry, and in 1861 
 was appointed, by Governor Curtin, major-general of the Pennsylvania 
 Keserve Corps. He died, near West Chester, February 25th, 1868. 
 
 f John Fulton Reynolds was born September, 1820, in Lancaster. 
 In 1837, he was appointed a cadet at West Point, and graduated from 
 the Military Academy in 1841. He served during the Mexican war, 
 and rose to the rank of major by his gallant conduct. In September, 
 1860, Major Reynolds was appointed commander of cadets at West 
 Point. In May, 1861, he was appointed lieutenant-colonel of the 
 Fourteenth Infantry ; was appointed brigadier-general of volunteers 
 in August, and was assigned to the command of the First Brigade of 
 the Pennsylvania Reserve Corps, and was one of the most distin- 
 guished soldiers in the war against the rebellion. He was killed, 
 
 11. What body of troops was organized? Who commanded the 
 Reserve Corps? 
 
THE 'PRESERVE CORPS. 
 
 299 
 
 George G. Meade* and 0. E. C. Ord were appointed brig- 
 adier-generals. 
 
 12. When ful]}^ organized, the Reserve Corps comprised 
 fifteen regiments, numbering nearly 16,000 men,— thirteen 
 regiments of infantry, one of cavalry and one of artillery. 
 These troops were called into the national service on the 
 21st of July, immediately after the battle of Bull Run, and 
 during three years in the field gained a world-wide reputation 
 for gallant behavior in the fiercest battles of the war. 
 
 13. During the first two years of the war, the part taken 
 by Pennsylvania conpisted in sending men into the field, in 
 feeding the soldiersf who passed through the State, on their 
 
 while gallantly leading his corps, at the battle of Gettysburg, on the 
 1st of July, 1863, and was buried in the Lancaster cemetery, Lan- 
 caster, on the 4tli of July. 
 
 * General George Gordon Meade was born in Cadiz, Spain, De- 
 cember, 1815, his father being at that time United States Consul at 
 that port. After the return of his father to Philadelphia, the son 
 was educated in the public schools. In 1831 he was appointed a cadet 
 in the Academy at West Point, and graduated in 1835. He entered the 
 army as brevet second lieutenant in the 3d Artillery, and was ordered 
 to Florida, where he served with distinction in the campaigns against 
 the Indians; in the Mexican war was promoted for meritorious 
 conduct in battle. In 1861, he was appointed a brigadier-general of 
 volunteers, and assigned to the command of the 2d Brigade of the 
 Pennsylvania Keserve Corps. He rose to the rank of major-general 
 in 1862, and on the 28th of June, 1863, was assigned to the command 
 of the Army of the Potomac, which position he held until the close 
 of the war, 
 
 t In the spring of 1861, when soldiers from the north, the east, and 
 the west were hurrying to the national capital, thousands of these 
 
 12. What was the strength of the Keserve Corps ? What became 
 of it? 
 
 13. What part did Pennsylvania take in the war? 
 
300 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 way to and from the army, in caring for the sick and 
 wounded, and in giving money to defray the expenses of 
 the national government. 
 
 14. On the 10th of October, 1862, which was soon after 
 the battle of Antietam, the enemy made a cavalry raid through 
 
 patriotic men arrived in Philadelphia on their way to Washington, 
 hungry, thirsty, soiled, and fatigued by long travel ; the citizens at 
 first came from their houses with baskets of provisions and pots of 
 cotfee, which were distributed to the regiments standing in the streets. 
 On the 27th of May, the "Union Volunteer Refres.hment Saloon" 
 was opened, and soon thereafter the " Cooper-shop Volunteer Ee- 
 freshment Committee" was organized. The buildings were pro- 
 vided with ample convenience for the accommodation of the weary 
 traveler. Every regiment that arrived found clean towels, water 
 for washing and bathing, ink and paper to write letters, and an 
 abundance of well-cooked provisions. These saloons were kept 
 open during the war and expended $180,280.57, and fed 1,119,856 
 men. There was also a hospital for the sick, and many found relief 
 therein; and, finall}', a monument is being erected to the memory 
 of those who died there. These institutions were the free gifts 
 of the people of the City of Brotherly Love to the soldiers of the 
 Union, The President of the United States, the governors of the 
 Eastern and JSTorthern States, and many distinguished citizens, 
 formally expressed their thanks to the committees for their noble 
 liberality ; and in all the armies of the nation the praise of Phila- 
 delphia was above that of any other city. General Butler signifi- 
 cantly said: "In coming through New York city, we received a 
 military reception; but here, in Philadelphia, we received a more 
 substantial one, which does more to encourage and refresh the Union 
 soldier than any other that could be given." 
 
 Societies of "Patriot Daughters" were formed in the cities and 
 towns throughout the State to provide outfits for the soldiers leaving 
 home, and to relieve the wants of the sick and wounded on the field 
 and in the hospitals. 
 
 14. When did the first invasion of the State occur? When did the 
 second invasion occur ? 
 
INVASION OF PENNSYLVANIA. 301 
 
 Franklin county, and burned the railroad depot at Chambers- 
 burg. In the Bummer of 1863, the whole rebel army in Vir- 
 ginia invaded the State, and made the hills around the village 
 of Gettysburg the scene of one of the greatest battles ever 
 fought on this continent. 
 
 15. On the 15th of June, General Lee, at the head of his 
 army, crossed the Potomac at Williamsport, Maryland, and 
 sent out small forces to occupy Carlisle, York, Wrightsville, 
 and Gettysburg, while the main army encamped near Cham- 
 bersburg. One of these detachments took possession of York 
 on the 27th of June, and on the next day seized Wrightsville 
 and caused the bridge across the Susquehanna to Columbia to 
 be burned. Carlisle was entered by another body of the enemy 
 on the same day. The railroads w^est of the Susquehanna 
 and south of Harrisburg were broken; bridges w^ere burned 
 and the track w^as torn up. 
 
 16. On the 30th of June, Lee marched eastw^ard from 
 Chambersburg, through South Mountain, on the Cashtown- 
 gap road; the detachments were called in and the whole 
 rebel army was ordered to concentrate at Gettysburg. 
 
 IT. On the 28th of June, the Army of the Potomac was 
 encamped at Frederick, Maryland, and on that day General 
 Meade was directed by President Lincoln to assume the 
 chief command.* As soon as Meade had ascertained the 
 
 * The Army of the Potomac at that time numbered about 95,000 
 effective men, and comprised seven Army Corps of infantry and one 
 of cavalry. The 1st Corps was commanded by General John F. 
 
 15. How did Lee enter Pennsylvania? What places were occu- 
 pied, and what was done by the enemy? 
 
 16. Describe the movements of the enemy? 
 
 17. Where was the Army of the Potomac? Who was appointed 
 to command the army? What did General Meade do? 
 
 26 
 
302 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 position of the enemy, he resolved to drive him from the line 
 of the Susquehanna. The whole army was put in motion 
 on the roads leading toward Harrisburg, the commander 
 having determined to fight the enemy, wherever found, or 
 force him to retreat across the Potomac. 
 
 18. Early on the morning of the 1st of July, General 
 Meade received word from his scouts, that the enemy had 
 fallen back from the Susquehanna and was concentrating his 
 forces. He thereupon ordered General Reynolds to march 
 forward with the 1st and the 11th Army Corps to occupy 
 Gettysburg. 
 
 19. Reynolds moved out on the Baltimore turnpike, at 
 daylight on the morning of the 1st, and arrived near the 
 village at eleven o'clock in the forenoon. Two miles farther 
 west, he found Buford's cavalry skirmishing with the enemy. 
 Reynolds boldly pushed forward his troops to support the 
 cavalry. A general engagement took place on the hill near 
 Pennsylvania College. The battle opened with artillery, and 
 as General Reynolds rode to the front to change the position 
 of his batteries, he was shot through the neck and died on 
 the field. 
 
 20. An officer had been sent back to inform General Meade 
 of the presence of the enemy at Gettysburg. The messenger 
 
 Keynolds ; the 2d by General Winfield S. Hancock ; the 3d by Gen- 
 eral Daniel E. Sickles ; the 5th by General George Sykes ; the 6th by 
 General John Sedgewick; the 11th by General Oliver O. Howard; 
 and the 12th by General H. W. Slocum. The cavalry corps was 
 commanded by General Alfred Pleasonton. 
 
 18. "What information did Meade receive, and what action did he 
 take? 
 
 19. "What did General Reynolds do? How was the battle opened? 
 How was Reynolds killed? 
 
BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG. 303 
 
 also carried orders to General Howard, directing him to 
 move his corps forward. When Howard arrived on the 
 hill on the Baltimore turnpike, east of the town, he was met 
 by a courier, who informed him that Reynolds had fallen. 
 
 21. General Howard directed General A. von Stein wehr 
 to post the reserve artillery of the 11th Corps on Ceme- 
 tery hill, and to place his troops in position to hold that 
 point. He then rode forward, where he found Reynolds' 
 troops, under the command of General Abner Doubleday, 
 fighting desperately against an overwhelming force. They 
 were soon outflanked on both right and left, and at the same 
 time hard pressed in the front. They finally gave way 
 and retreated through the tOAvn in haste and confusion to 
 the hill, where they found protection behind Steinwehr's 
 troops. 
 
 22. As soon as Meade received the report that an engage- 
 ment was in progress near Gettysburg, he ordered the whole 
 army to advance rapidly, and to concentrate in front of the 
 enemy. A line of battle* was formed during the night on 
 the hills, to the right and left of the Cemetery, on the Balti- 
 more pike, and, when the morning of the 2d of July dawned, 
 the national troops were strongly posted and ready for the 
 terrible work of that day. 
 
 * General Meade formed his line on the hills in the shape of a 
 horseshoe, with the toe nearest the enemy. The 11th Corps was in 
 the center; part of the 1st, and the whole of the 12th Corps, were on 
 the right; the 2d and 3d Corps were on the left. The 5th and Gth, 
 and TDart of the 3d Corps were held in reserve. 
 
 20. What troops had been ordered forward? 
 
 21. What did Howard do? What occurred in front? 
 
 22. What did General Meade do? How was the line of battle 
 formed ? 
 
304 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 23. At four o'clock in the afternoon, the enemy's batteries 
 opened a furious fire on the 3d Corps, which held the left of 
 the line ; the rebels emerged from the woods and advanced 
 against the front and right flank of this corps. General 
 Sickles, who commanded these troops, was, at that moment, 
 in the rear, consulting with General Meade ; at the first sound 
 of the rebel batteries he galloped forward to his men, and 
 exerted himself with conspicuous gallantry to preserve his 
 lines and steady his troops, as they fell back across the 
 ravine ; but early in the onset he was severely wounded in 
 the thigh, and was carried from the field. 
 
 24. General Humphreys, who commanded the advance 
 division, made heroic efforts to retire the troops, over- 
 whelmed by superior numbers, in good order; every staff 
 officer, even to his last orderly, had been shot down at his 
 side; his horse fell under him; but still, at the head of his 
 command, he encouraged his troops, and withdrew steadily 
 to the line of the 5th Corps. 
 
 25. As the 3d Corps, now commanded by General Birney, 
 was pressed back, the rebel column came under the fire of 
 Hancock's* guns, which opened a terrific discharge of shell 
 
 * Winflold Scott Hancock was born February 14th, 1824, in Mont- 
 gomery county ; in 1840 he entered the Military Academy at West 
 Point, as a cadet, aged sixteen years ; he graduated in 1844, and was 
 promoted to a brevet second lieutenant in the 6th Regiment of In- 
 fantry. In 1847 he iiccompanied his regiment to Mexico, where he 
 won promotion by gallant conduct in battle. At the close of the war 
 
 23. How did the battle of the second day open? 
 
 24. Who commanded the advance division of the 3d Corps, and 
 what did he do? 
 
 25. What occurred when the 3d Corps was pressed hack? How 
 did the assault on the left end ? 
 
BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG. 305 
 
 and canister, carrying fearful havoc through the Confederate 
 masses that were struggling up the hill; but on they came, 
 to the very muzzles of the guns — driving the artillerymen 
 from them at the point of the bayonet. In the instant of 
 supposed victory, two reserve batteries, that had been posted 
 by General Warren, of Meade's staff, opened an enfilading 
 fire at short range, with such accurate aim that it swept the 
 Confederate troops from the hill with a destructiveness ap- 
 palling to behold ; at the same time the infantry of the 2d 
 Corps poured in their deadly volleys of musketry, recapturing 
 their guns, which again opened a raking fire that increased 
 the fearful carnage. The right wing of the attacking columns, 
 broken and disordered, fell back to the ravine, and retreated 
 beyond the range of the artillery. Thus the assault on the 
 left had been successfully repulsed. 
 
 26. At dark, a division of the enemy advanced to attack 
 Slocum's line on the right, which had been weakened to re- 
 inforce the left, and at the same time another force made an 
 assault on Cemetery hill, held by Howard's corps. The 
 
 ho was ordered to the northwestern frontier, but afterward went to the 
 Jefferson Barracks, at St. Louis. In 1855 he was appointed assistant 
 quartermaster, with the rank of captain, and in the following year 
 was ordered to Florida, and then to the Territory of Utah. From 
 there he was transferred to the Pacific coast. When the rebellion 
 broke out, in 1861, Captain Hancock was ordered to report for duty 
 at Washington. On the 23d of September of that year he was pro- 
 moted to the rank of brigadier-general, and was assigned the com- 
 mand of a brigade in the Army of the Potomac. He served with 
 distinction through all the campaigns of that army, and rose to the 
 rank of major-general of volunteers and brigadier-general in the 
 reirular army. 
 
 26. How was the attack made and met on the right? 
 26* 
 
806 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 troops received the attack with firmness, and, from their 
 secure positions behind intrenchments and a stone wall, 
 easily repelled the enemy ; but, suddenly, the brigade of 
 ''Louisiana Tigers" sprang from its concealment in a deep 
 ravine, and charged Howard's right. These desperate fighters 
 rushed upon the batteries, drove the artillerymen from their 
 guns and the infantry from their rifle-pits, and were in the 
 act of turning the batteries upon the Union line, when a 
 brigade of German troops fell upon the victorious Tigers, 
 and, in a hand to hand encounter, in which the bayonet 
 was freely used on both sides and crushing blows from 
 clubbed muskets were given and taken, hurled the enemy 
 from the crest; and the artillery then, with murderous rounds 
 of grape and canister, swept the broken regiments from the 
 hillside. 
 
 2Y. On the extreme right, the enemy had forced Slocum's 
 men from their intrenchments, and when the battle closed, 
 at ten o'clock in the night, the rebels held the breastworks 
 of the 12th Corps, but elsewhere the line was intact. Though 
 Sickles had lost a large number of prisoners, Sykes and 
 Hancock had captured about an equal number from the 
 enemy. The battle of the second day, therefore, closed 
 without decisive advantage to either party. 
 
 28. General Meade directed Slocum to wrest his intrench- 
 ments from the grasp of the enemy, and for that purpose his 
 own corps was reinforced by the 6th. 
 
 29. At daylight, on Friday morning. General Geary,* 
 
 * John White Geary was born in Westmoreland county, Decem- 
 ber 20th, 1819, and was educated at Jefferson College. He taught 
 
 27. In what position were the opposing forces when the battle of 
 the second day closed? 
 
 28. What did Meade direct ? 
 
BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG. 30T 
 
 commanding the left division of the 12th Corps, opened his 
 batteries on the enemy. The rebels responded to the fire of 
 Geary's men by a furious charge. The battle burst fiercely 
 along the whole of Slocum's line, at times extending toward 
 the left and overlapping the 1st, and engaging the right of 
 the 11th Corps, on Cemetery hill. 
 
 30. The enemy's charge in response to Slocum's fire was 
 terrific; during six hours the rebels hurled their solid masses 
 against the well-defended lines. iSothing during the war had 
 surpassed this scene of carnage. In front of Geary's position, 
 there were more rebel dead than there were killed and wounded 
 
 school, studied engineering, and finally read law, and was admitted ~ 
 to the bar in Pittsburg. He entered the military service as captain 
 of a company of volunteers in the Mexican war, and by gallant con- 
 duct rose to the rank of colonel. At the close of the war, Colonel 
 Geary was appointed postmaster at San Francisco, and in 1849 was 
 elected "First Alcalde" and Judge of "First Instance" (Mexican 
 names for the chief officers of a city, such as mayor, sheriff, and 
 judge). When California was fully organized, in 1850, Geary was 
 chosen first mayor of San Francisco; he left the Pacific coast in 
 1852, was appointed governor of Kansas in July, 1856 ; resigned that 
 office in March, 1857, and retired into private life. "When the Presi- 
 dent called for troops, in 18G1, Colonel Geary recruited a regiment 
 and joined the army at Harper's Ferry, and was wounded in the 
 battle of Bolivar Heights, October 16th, 1861. He served with dis- 
 tinction in the Army of the Potomac until after the battle of Gettys- 
 burg, was then transferred to the army in the southwest, and com- 
 manded a division in Sherman's army in its great march from the 
 mountains to the sea ; received the surrender of the City of Savannah, 
 and was promoted to the rimk of major-general, January, 1865. In 
 1866, General Geary was elected governor of the Commonwealth. 
 
 29. How did the battle of the third day open ? 
 
 30. How did the rebels respond to the fire of Slocum's men? What 
 was the effect of this attack ? 
 
308 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 in the whole line of the 12th Corps. The slain were lying 
 in heaps, wounded and mangled in every conceivable manner, 
 from a single shot through the head to bodies torn to pieces 
 by exploding shells. 
 
 31. At ten o'clock, Slocum had repulsed the enemy at every 
 point and reoccupied his original position. The battle ceased 
 before eleven, and for nearly three hours a pause like to the 
 stillness of death rested on the armies. 
 
 32. During this interval of repose, the enemy massed his 
 artillery, numbering one hundred and fifteen guns, on a 
 ridge about a mile in front of Cemetery hill; beyond the 
 woods, Locgstreet's and Hill's corps were formed in heavy 
 columns, ready, at a given signal, to charge upon the left 
 center of Meade's line. 
 
 33. General Lee had determined to sweep the hill with 
 the fire of his artillery; thus he expected to demolish the 
 national batteries, and to shatter and drive the infantry 
 from the heights; then, by pushing forward his heavy 
 columns, he hoped to seize the intrenchments of the Union 
 army. 
 
 34. From his headquarters on the hillside. General Meade 
 calmly but with earnest eye surveyed the field, carefully 
 and minutely noting every visible movement of the enemy. 
 He soon comprehended the plans of the rebel chieftain, and 
 thoroughly understood his tactics. The batteries on the hill 
 and in the earthworks on the slope were ordered to respond 
 promptly and vigorously and with the full power of their 
 
 y 
 
 31. What was the result of this engagement, and what followed? 
 
 32. What was done ? 
 
 33. What was Lee's plan? 
 
 34. What was going on in the Union army ? What orders were 
 given to the gunners ? 
 
BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG. 309 
 
 metal, to the expected cannonade from the rebel lines ; the 
 gunners were directed, after a short time had elapsed, to 
 gradually diminish their fire, to use their pieces deliberately, 
 and to save their ammunition. General Meade was prepared 
 to meet Lee both with stratagem and with men. 
 
 35. Suddenly, the report of a single gun broke the dead 
 silence, that since half-past ten o'clock had been undisturbed. 
 It was the signal gun. Immediately, from a hundred and 
 fifteen iron throats pealed forth the thunder of battle, and 
 the air was filled with the missiles of death, that wliizzed 
 and screamed in converging lines from the circle of Semi- 
 nary ridge, and fell upon the left center of Meade's line, held 
 by Hancock's troops and the left of Howard's corps. 
 
 36. The terrific artillery fire swept across the valley for 
 more than two hours. The national batteries replied with 
 but seventy guns ; but the deliberate fire of these well-served 
 batteries did far more execution than all the terrible fusilade 
 by the enemy. The trees above the troops on Cemetery hill 
 were riddled; the rocks on the slopes were battered and 
 broken, and the grounds around them were scored in deep 
 furrows ; but the infantry, secure behind the sheltering ledges, 
 escaped almost without hurt; the artillerymen and horses 
 were less fortunate ; a considerable number were killed and 
 wounded, several caissons were exploded and two batteries 
 w^ere completely demolished. 
 
 37. General Meade ordered his gunners to gradually di- 
 minish their fire, intending thus to deceive the enemy into the 
 belief that the national artillery had been silenced and the 
 
 35. How did the cannonade open? 
 
 36. What was the effect of this terrific fire? 
 
 37. By what stratagem did Meade deceive the enemy? H( 
 the last terrible charge made ? 
 
310 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 troops swept from the hill. The stratagem was successful. 
 The enemy's artillery ceased firing, and his infantry, in three 
 columns, emerged from the woods on Seminary ridge and de- 
 scended into the valley — Pickett in the center, Wilcox on the 
 right, and Pettigrew on the left; a force of 15,000 men, 
 supported by Lee's whole army, advanced rapidly without 
 firing a gun. A heavy line of skirmishers crossed the Em- 
 mettsburg road, and drove in the outposts from a stone wall 
 in front of Hancock's corps. The rebels leaped over the wall, 
 opened fire along the whole line, and dashed forward, run- 
 ning at full speed as they approached the intrenchments on 
 the hill. 
 
 38. When the head of the column came within point-blank 
 range, suddenly the seventy guns, which Lee supposed had 
 been silenced, but which had in fact saved their ammunition 
 and their strength, opened with all the fury and deadly effect 
 of a well-trained artillery ; straight from front to rear, diago- 
 nally from right to left, and from left to right, the double 
 charges of grape and canister, the shrapnel and spherical 
 case, swept and tore in fearful havoc through the rebel 
 columns. But the infuriated enemy rushed on, even to the 
 cannon's mouth ; Pickett's division carried the intrenchments 
 in the center, and for a moment the hostile colors waved over 
 Hancock's lines ; but almost instantly the infantry drove 
 back the rebels, who had already forced the artillerymen 
 from their guns. Howard's batteries on the right had swept 
 Pettigrew's column from the slope, and Sykes' artillery on 
 the left had broken and scattered Wilcox's command. 
 
 39. General Meade, with his army well in hand, had 
 ordered up Doubleday's division of the 1st Corps, to rein- 
 
 38. How was this attack met? 
 
RETREAT OF THE ENEMY. 311 
 
 force the 2d, and, putting in motion other troops to strengthen 
 the line at the opportune moment, ordered Hancock to ad- 
 vance; his divisions instantly fell upon Pickett's brigades, 
 attackino: them in front and on both flanks with a fire and a 
 charge that swept the field like a scythe of death. 
 
 40. General Lee hastily threw forward a division of Geor- 
 gia troops, and opened fire with his artillery, to cover the 
 retreat of his broken columns, hurled back from Hancock's 
 lines. 
 
 41. As soon as General Meade saw that his troops were 
 victorious, he rode to the left to order an advance of the 
 whole line. The Pennsylvania Reserves had moved forward 
 and had driven the right wing of the enemy from a woods 
 where it had rested during the day. It was now about sun- 
 set, and before the forces could be concentrated to support 
 the Reserves, night came on, and the battle ended Avith the 
 day, resulting in a complete victory for the national army. 
 
 42. Two thousand eight hundred and thirty-four loyal 
 soldiers lay dead on the field; 13,709 were wounded, and 
 6743 were missing. A loss of 23,186. The loss of the 
 enemy was 5500 killed, 21,000 wounded, and 13,621 pris- 
 oners. A total loss of 40,121 men. 
 
 43. The enemy withdrew from Gettysburg on the night of 
 the 3d of July, and retreated rapidly toward the Potomac, 
 pursued by the national army. Thus ended the second in- 
 vasion of Pennsylvania. 
 
 44. The third invasion of the State occurred in July, 1864. 
 
 39. How did the assault terminate? 
 
 40. What did Lee do ? 
 
 41. Why did not General Meade pursue the defeated enemy? 
 
 42. What were the casualties in the battle of Gettysburg ? 
 
 43. How did the invasion end? 
 
312 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 A small force of rebels, from General Jubal Early's division, 
 entered the Cumberland valley from Virginia, and on the 
 30th of July burned the town of Chambersburg. The sol- 
 diers set fire to 260 houses, and the whole town was de- 
 stroyed. The loss to the inhabitants was estimated at 
 $2,000,000. 
 
 45. During the four years of war, Pennsylvania sent to 
 the national army 2t0 regiments and several unattached com- 
 panies, numbering in all 387,284 men.* 
 
 46. The war record of Pennsylvania does not end with 
 the discharge of the veteran soldiers who marched from the 
 State in defense of the nation. When the regiments of 
 volunteers were drawn up in the camps to receive the State 
 flag, before marching to the seat of war, Governor Curtin 
 gave a pledge to each, in the name of the great Common- 
 w^ealth, that should any of the men fall in defense of the 
 government the State would become the guardian of their 
 children; it would sustain, clothe, and educate them at pub- 
 lic expense. In 1864, the legislature passed a law providing 
 for the education of the children of soldiers who fell in the 
 service of their country. 
 
 47. Thomas H. Burrowes was appointed superintendent 
 of " Soldiers' Orphan Schools." He matured a plan for the or- 
 ganization of schools, and devised a course of instruction and 
 training in useful employments that is more comprehensive, 
 
 * See Table. 
 
 44. Describe the third invasion of the State ? 
 
 45. How many regiments and troops did the State furnish during 
 the war? 
 
 46. What noble charity did the State establish? 
 
 47. How were the schools opened for soldiers' orphans? How 
 were the children provided for by the Commonwealth ? 
 
CHARACTER OF THE PEOPLE. 313 
 
 thorough and practical than any scheme of public charity in 
 the world. Schools were opened and homes were provided 
 in different parts of the State, wherein all the destitute chil- 
 dren of the fallen patriots of Pennsylvania may be received, 
 clothed, boarded and educated. They not only are taught 
 from books, but are also trained to work, and are brought up 
 to habits of industry. On attaining the age of sixteen years, 
 they are placed in positions to learn trades or business, in 
 situations wiiere they may earn an honest living. Girls and 
 »boys are alike provided for, and thus the debt of gratitude 
 as far as possible is paid to the brave men who gave their 
 lives that the nation might live.* 
 
 48. Thus stands the history of Pennsylvania in the 231st 
 year of the settlement of the Swedes on the Delaware, in the 
 187th year of the Province, and in the 93d of the Common- 
 wealth. Whether in zeal for the attainment of American free- 
 dom, in devotion to human liberty, in the skillful development 
 of the natural resources of the country by the early and later 
 construction of public improvements, in the extent and variety 
 of manufactures, in the upbuilding of an unequaled system 
 of common schools, in loyalty to the national government, in 
 the conception of noble charities, in the reception and pro- 
 motion of true Christian doctrines, or in according to all 
 the most perfect religious liberty, its people will compare 
 favorably with the inhabitants of any other State. 
 
 * George F. McFarland, a gallant soldier, who rose to the rank of 
 colonel of volunteers, and who lost one of his legs in the battle of 
 Gettysburg, was appointed superintendent of Soldiers' Orphan 
 Schools, in April, 1867. 
 
 48. How will the people of Pennsylvania compare with the in- 
 habitants of other States? 
 
 27 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 TABLE I. 
 
 Counties in Pennsylvania. 
 
 When 
 CouNTiBS. When Formed. Population in 1860. County Towns. Laid Out. 
 
 Chester 1682 74,578 West Chester 1786 
 
 Bucks 1682 63,578 Doylestown 1778 
 
 Philadelphia 1682 565,529 Philadelphia 1682 
 
 Lancaster 1729 116,314 Lancaster 1729 
 
 York 1749 68,200 York 1741 
 
 Cumberland 1750 40,098 Carlisle 1750 
 
 Berks 1752 93,818 Beading 1748 
 
 Northampton 1752 47,904 Easton 1737 
 
 Bedford 1771 26,736 Bedford 1766 
 
 Northumberland... 1772 28,922 Sunbury 1772 
 
 Westmoreland 1773 53,736 Greensburg 1782 
 
 Washington 1781 46,805 Washington 1782 
 
 Payette 1783 39,909 Uniontown 1767 
 
 Franklin 1784 42,126 Chambersburg ...1764 
 
 Montgomery 1784 70,500 Norristown 1784 
 
 Dauphin 1785 46,756 Harrisburg 1785 
 
 Luzerne 1786 90,244 AVilkesbarre 1778 
 
 Huntingdon 1787 28,100 Huntingdon 1776 
 
 Alleghany 1788 178,831 Pittsburg 1784 
 
 Delaware 1789 30,597 Media 1849 
 
 Mifflin 1789 16,340 Lewistown 1790 
 
 Somerset 1795 26,778 Somerset 1795 
 
 Lycoming 1796 37,399 Williamsport 1796 
 
 Greene 1796 24,343 Wavnesburg 1796 
 
 Wayne 1796 32,239 Honesdale 1826 
 
 Armstrong 1800 35,797 Kittanning 1804 
 
 Adams 1800 28,006 Gettysburg 1780 
 
 Butler 1800 35,594 Butler 1800 
 
 Beaver 1800 29,140 Beaver 1791 
 
 Center 1800 27,000 Bellefonte 1795 
 
 Crawford 1800 48,755 Meadville 1795 
 
 Erie 1800 49,432 Erie 1795 
 
 (315) 
 
316 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 When 
 Counties. When Formed. Population in 1860. County Towns. Laid Out. 
 
 Mercer 1800 36,856 Mercer 1803 
 
 Venango 1800 25,043 Franklin 1795 
 
 Warren 1800 19,196 Warren 1795 
 
 Indiana 1803 33,687 Indiana 1805 
 
 Jefferson 1804 18,270 ....Brookville 1830 
 
 McKean 1804 8,859 Smethport 1807 
 
 Potter 1804 11,470 Coudersport 
 
 Tioga 1804 31,044 Wellsborough 1806 
 
 Cambria 1804 29,155 Ebensburg 1805 
 
 Clearfield 1804 18,759 Clearfield 1805 
 
 Bradford 1810 48,734 Towanda 1812 
 
 Susquehanna 1810 36,267 Montrose 1811 
 
 Schuylkill 1811 89,510 Pottsville 1816 
 
 Lehigh..... 1812.. 43,753 Allentown 1751 
 
 Lebanon 1813 31,831 Lebanon 1750 
 
 Columbia 1813 25,065 Bloomsburg 1802 
 
 Union 1813 14,145 Lewisburg 1800 
 
 Pike 1814 7,155 Milford 1800 
 
 Perry 1826 22,793 Bloomfleld 1825 
 
 Juniata 1831 16,986 Mifilintown 1791 
 
 Monroe .-.1836 16,758 Stroudsburg 1806 
 
 Clarion 1839 24,988 Clarion 1840 
 
 Clinton 1839 17,723 Lock Haven 1834 
 
 Wyoming 1842 12,5^0 Tunkhannock 
 
 Carbon 1843 21,033 Mauch Chunk 1818 
 
 Elk 1843 5,915 Kidgway 1843 
 
 Blair 1846 27,829 Hollidaysburg 
 
 Sullivan 1847 5,637 Laporte 1850 
 
 Forest 1848 898 Tionesta 1859 
 
 Fulton 1850 9,131 McConnelsburg.. 
 
 Lawrence 1850 22,999 New Castle 1800 
 
 Montour 1850 13,053 Danville 1800 
 
 Snyder 1855 15,035 Middleburg 
 
 Cameron 1860 * Emporium 1861 
 
 Population in the State in 1860, 2,906,215. Total vote for Presi- 
 dent in 1860, 476,442; in 1864, 572,702. 
 
 '••" Cameron County was formed after the taking of the census of 1860; the 
 population is included in other counties. 
 
APPENDIX. 3 If 
 
 TABLE II. 
 
 Table of the Governors of the Colonies on the Delaware, 
 of the Province and of the State. 
 
 ACCESS. EXIT. 
 
 1638. Peter Minuit (Swedish, but himself a native of Holland).. 1641 
 
 1641. Peter Hollandare (Swedish) 1642 
 
 1642. John Printz (Swedish) 1658 
 
 1653. John Papegoia (son-in-law to Printz) 1654 
 
 1654. Johan Claudius Risingh 1655 
 
 1655. Deryk Smidt (/pro tem.)"^.. 1657 
 
 1655. Nov. 29th, John Paul Jaquet* 1657 
 
 1657. Jacob Alrich (city collector) 1659 
 
 1658. Wm. Beekman (vice governor and comp. collector)-}- 1661 
 
 1659. Alex. De Hinoyossaf 1664 
 
 1664. Robert Carr (under English governor of New York) 1673 
 
 1673. Anthony Colve (under the Dutch) 1674 
 
 1674. Sir Edmund Andross (English governor of New York)... 1681 
 
 1681. William Penn (founder of the Province) 1684 
 
 1684. Governor's council, Thomas Lloyd, President 1687 
 
 1687. Five commissioners appointed by Penn 1688 
 
 1688. John Blackwell, lieutenant-governor 1690 
 
 1690. President and council 1691 
 
 1691. Thomas Lloyd, deputy governor 1692 
 
 1692. Benjamin Fletcher, governor of New York 1693 
 
 1693. William Markham, lieutenant-governor 1699 
 
 1699. William Penn, again governor, December 3d 1701 
 
 1701. Andrew Hamilton, deputy governor, died 1703 
 
 1703. Edward Shippen and council 1704 
 
 1704. John Evans 1709 
 
 1709. Charles Gookin 1717 
 
 1717. Sir William Keith 1726 
 
 1726. Patrick Gordon 1736 
 
 1736. James Logan, President of council 1738 
 
 1738. George Thomas, lieutenant-governor 1747 
 
 1747. Anthony Palmer, President of council 1748 
 
 1748. James Hamilton, lieutenant-governor... 1754 
 
 1754. Robert H. Morris, " 1756 
 
 1756. William Denny, " 1759 
 
 1759. James Hamilton, " 1763 
 
 1763. John Penn (son of Richard), lieutenant-governor 1771 
 
 * Colony divided into city and company. 
 
 f Under Stuyvesant, Dutch governor of New York. 
 
 27* 
 
318 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 ACCESS. EXIT. 
 
 1771. James Hamilton, President and council, May 6tli, till 
 
 October 16th 1771 
 
 1771. Richard Penn (brother of John), lieutenant-governor, 
 
 October 16th, till 1773 
 
 1773. John Penn, again lieutenant-governor, till September.... 1776 
 
 REVOLUTION — MARCH. 
 
 1777. Thomas Wharton, President of Sup. Ex. Council 1778 
 
 1778. Joseph Reed, » " " 1781 
 
 1781. William Moore, " " " 1782 
 
 1782. John Dickinson, » " " 1785 
 
 1785. Benjamin Franklin, " « " 1788 
 
 1788. Thomas Mifflin, " " " 1791 
 
 GOVERNORS UNDER THE CONSTITUTION OP THE STATE. 
 
 1791. Thomas Mifflin 1799 
 
 1799. Thomas McKean 1808 
 
 1808. Simon Snyder 1817 
 
 1817. William Pinley 1820 
 
 1820. Joseph Hiester 1823 
 
 1823. John Andrew Shulze 1829 
 
 1829. George Wolf. 1835 
 
 1835. Joseph Ritner 1839 
 
 1839. David R. Porter (first governor under Constitution of 
 
 1838) 1845 
 
 1845. Francis R. Shunk 1848 
 
 1848. Wm. F. Johnson 1852 
 
 1852. Wm. Bigler 1855 
 
 1855. James Pollock 1858 
 
 1858. Wm. F. Packer 18G1 
 
 1861. Andrew G. Curtin 1867 
 
 1867. John W. Geary 
 
 Two Pennsylvania soldiers of the Revolution were Presidents of 
 the Continental Congress, viz.: General Thomas Mifflin, who re- 
 ceived General Washington's commission, when he resigned it De- 
 cember, 1783, and General Arthur St. Clair, who was President in 
 February, 1787. 
 
APPENDIX. 319 
 
 TABLE III. 
 
 Tatle of the Principal Officers of the United States, from 
 Pennsylvania, since the Adoption of the Constitution. 
 
 PRESIDENT. 
 
 TERM OP SERVICE. 
 
 James Buchanan 1857-1861 
 
 VICE-PRESIDENT. 
 George M. Dallas 1845-1849 
 
 SECRETARIES OP STATE. 
 
 James Buchanan 1845-1849 
 
 Jeremiahs. Black 1861 
 
 SECRETARIES OP THE TREASURY. 
 
 Albert Gallatin 1802-1814 
 
 Alexander J. Dallas 1814-1817 
 
 Kichard Kush 1825-1829 
 
 Samuel D. Ingham 1829-1831 
 
 William J. Duane 1833 
 
 Walter Forward 1841-1843 
 
 William M. Meredith 1849-1850 
 
 SECRETARIES OP WAR. 
 
 James M. Porter 1843-1844 
 
 William Wilkins 1844-1845 
 
 Simon Cameron 1861-1862 
 
 Edwin M. Stanton 1862-1868 
 
 SECRETARY OP THE NAVY. 
 William Jones 1813-1814 
 
 SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR. 
 Thomas M. T. McKennan 1850 
 
 POSTMASTER-GENERAL. 
 James Campbell 1853-1857 
 
320 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 ATTORNEY-GENERALS. 
 
 TERM OF SERVICE. 
 
 William Bradford 1794-1795 
 
 Eichard Kush 1814-1817 
 
 Henry D. Gilpin 1840-1841 
 
 Jeremiahs. Black 1857-1860 
 
 Edwin M. Stanton 1860-1861 
 
 ASSOCIATE JUDGES OF THE SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED 
 
 STATES. 
 
 James Wilson 1789-1798 
 
 Henry Baldwin 1830-1846 
 
 Kobert C. Grier 1846 
 
 SPEAKERS OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 Frederick A. Muhlenburg 1789-1791 
 
 Frederick A. Muhlenburg 1793-1795 
 
 Galusba A. Grow 1861-1863 
 
APPENDIX. 321 
 
 TABLE lY. 
 
 Universities and Colleges in Pennsylvania. 
 
 Name. Locatiox. Denomination. Founded. 
 
 University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia 1749 
 
 Dickinsoii College Carlisle Metho list 17S3 
 
 Jeffcrsua College Caunousburg Pies. Old School 18u2 
 
 ^Vashington College Washington Pres. Old School 1806 
 
 Alleghany College Meadville Methodist 1817 
 
 AVestern University Pittsburg 1819 
 
 Pennsylvania College Gettysburg Lutheran 18:32 
 
 Lafayette College Eastou Presbyterian 1832 
 
 Girard College Philadelphia 1833 
 
 Haverford College Ilaverford Friends 1833 
 
 St. Vincent's College Latrobe Catholic 1846 
 
 Lewisburg University liCwisburg Baptist 1849 
 
 St. Joseph's College Susquehanna county ...Catholic .1852 
 
 Franklin and Marshall College Lancaster German Keformed 1853 
 
 Polytechnic College Philadelphia 1853 
 
 Agricultural Cdlege Center county 1854 
 
 Pittsburg B'emale College Pittsburg Methodist 1855 
 
 Missionary Institute Selinsgrove Lutheran 1858 
 
 Susquehanna Female College Selinsgrove Lutheran 1859 
 
 Swarthmore College West Dale Friends 1866 
 
 Muhlenburg College AUentown Lutheran 1S67 
 
 Lehigh University Bethlehem 1867 
 
 THEOLOGICAL SCHOOLS IN PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 JeflFerson Theological School Cannonsburg Presbyterian 1802 
 
 Moravian Theological Seminary Bethlehem Moravian JS07 
 
 Seminary of the General Synod Gettysburg Lutheran ..1825 
 
 German Reformed The.o. Seminary Mercersburg German Reformed 1825 
 
 "Western Theological Seminary Alleghany City i'res. Old School 1825 
 
 Alleghany City Theological Seminary ...Alleghany City United Presbyterian. ..1825 
 
 Theological Seminary Pittsburg Associate Reformed 1828 
 
 Theo. Sem. of St. Charles Borromeo Philadelphia Roman Catholic 1835 
 
 St. Michael's Theological Seminary Near Pittsburg Roman Catholic 1843 
 
 St. Vincent's Abbey Westmoreland county.. Roman Catholic 1846 
 
 Western Theological School Meadville Unitarian 1847 
 
 Theq_ Depart. Lewisburg University Lewisburg. Baptist 1855 
 
 The(ilogical Seminary Alleghany City Reformed Presby'an,..1856 
 
 Biblical Depart. Alleghany College Meadville Methodist 1858 
 
 Theo. Depart. Missionary Institute Selinsgrove Lutheran 1859 
 
 Divinity School of the Prot. Epis, Ch....Philadelphia Episcopal 1861 
 
 Theological Seminary Philadelphia Evangel. Lutheran 1864 
 
 LAW SCHOOLS. 
 Law Dep. University of Pennsylvania. ..Philadelphia 1850 
 
 MEDICAL SCHOOLS OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 Med. Dep. University of Pennsylvania... Philadelphia 1764 
 
 Philadelphia College of Pharmacy " 1821 
 
 Jefferson Medical College " 1824 
 
 Homoeopathic Med. College of Pa " 1846 
 
 Philadelphia Uii. of Med. and Surgery. " 1847 
 
 Woman's Medical College " 1849 
 
 Eclectic Medical College " 1850 
 
 Hahnemann Medical College " 1853 
 
 Penna. College of Dental Surgery *' 1856 
 
 Philadelphia Dental College " 1863 
 
322 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 TABLE Y. 
 
 Statement of the number of Troops furnished by Pennsyl- 
 vania during the Bebellion. 
 
 1861. 
 
 Under call of the President of April ISth, 1861, 
 
 for Three Months 20,979 
 
 "Pennsylvania Keserve Volunteer Corps," sent 
 into the United States service under call of 
 the President of July 22d, 1861, for Three 
 Years 15,856 
 
 Organized under Act of Congress of July 22 d, 
 
 1861, for Three Years 93,759 
 
 130,594 
 
 1862. 
 
 Under the call of the President of July 7th, 1862 
 
 (includmg 18 Nine Months^ Regiments) 40,383 
 
 Organized under draft ordered August 4th, 1862, 
 
 " for Nine Months 15,100 
 
 Independent Companies, for Three Years 1,358 
 
 Recruits forwarded by Superintendents of Re- 
 cruiting Service 9,259 
 
 Enlistments in organizations of other States and 
 
 in the Regular Army 5,000 
 
 1863. 
 
 7i,100 
 
 Organized under special authority from War De- 
 partment for Three Years 1,066 
 
 Under call of the President of June, 1863: 
 
 For Six Months 4,484 
 
 For "Emergency" 7,062 
 
 Recruits forwarded by Superintendents of Re- 
 cruiting Service 4,458 
 
 Enlistments in Regular Army 934 
 
 Militia called out in June for Ninety Days 25,042 
 
 43,046 
 
APPENDIX. 323 
 
 1864 
 
 Re-enlistments in old organizations for Three 
 
 Years 17,876 
 
 Organized under special authority from War De- 
 partment for Three Years 9,867 
 
 Under call July 27th, for One Year 16,094 
 
 Under call July 6th, for One Hundred Days 7,675 
 
 Recruits forwarded by Superintendents of Re- 
 cruiting Service 26,567 
 
 Drafted Men and Substitutes 10,651 
 
 Recruits for Regular Army 2,974 
 
 91,704 
 
 1865. 
 
 (Up to April, when Recruiting for Volunteers 
 ceased.) 
 
 Under call of the President of December 19th, 
 
 1864, for One Year 9,645 
 
 Recruits forwarded by Superintendents of Re- 
 cruiting Service 9,133 
 
 Drafted Men and Substitutes 6,675 
 
 Recruits for Regular Army 387 25,840 
 
 Total number of Men furnished 362,284 
 
 The 25,000 Militia in service in September, 1862, are not included 
 in the above statement. 
 
324 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 TABLE YI. 
 
 Bailroads in Pennsylvania. 
 
 Name of Company. Cost. Length. 
 
 Atlantic and Great Western $58,812,853 59 93 
 
 Bald Eagle Valley 1,050,000 00 61 
 
 Barclay Coal Company •. 16 
 
 Bellefonte and Snow Shoe 440,598 72 21 
 
 Buffalo, Bradford, and Pittsburg 2,866,000 00 16 
 
 Buftalo, Corry, and Pittsburg 180,69108 6J 
 
 Buffalo and Erie 5,109,932 80 20 
 
 Catasauqua and Eoglesville 678,537 89 20 
 
 Catawissa (leased to W. C. and A. & G. 
 
 W. K. E. Co.) 3,634,000 00 65 
 
 Chester Yalley 21^ 
 
 Chestnut Hill 120,650 00 4 
 
 Cleveland, Painesville, and Ashtabula... 4,868,427 13 25^ 
 
 Cleveland and Pittsburg 9,415,618 00 16 
 
 Connecting 2,000,035 13 6 
 
 Cumberland Valley 1,691,037 05 73 
 
 Delaware and Hudson Canal and Rail- 
 road 2,154,474 45 32 
 
 Delaware, Lackawanna, and "Western... 12,884,405 79 113 
 
 East Brandy wine and Waynesburg 259,000 00 17^ 
 
 East Mahanoy 391,603 93 7 
 
 East Pennsylvania 1,861,664 38 36 
 
 Elmira and Williamsport 2,620,000 00 70 
 
 Erie and Pittsburg 2,717,998 16 81 
 
 Farmers' 612,317 76 7| 
 
 Fayette County 130,000 00 12^ 
 
 Gettysburg 17 
 
 Hanover Branch 233,710 00 12 
 
 Hazleton 14 
 
 Hempfield 1,657,798 94 17 
 
 Huntingdon and Broad Top Mountain... 2,192,814 35 44 
 
 Ironton. 268,000 00 10 
 
 Jamestown and Franklin ; 1,629,846 29 43^ 
 
 Junction 891,251 43 4 
 
 Lackawanna and Bloomsburg 3,753,130 04 80 
 
 Lehigh and Luzerne 579,088 83 9|- 
 
 Lehigh and Lackawanna 15 
 
 Lehigh and Susquehanna 11,206,766 34 91 
 
 Lehigh Valley 14,867,141 92 75 
 
 Little Saw Mill Run 91,01144 3 
 
 Littlestown 76,000 00 1\ 
 
 Little Schuylkill Navigation, Coal and 
 
 R. R. Co 1,466,662 24 28^ 
 
 Lorberry Creek 82,050 00 5^ 
 
 Lykens Valley 600,000 00 21 
 
APPEXDIX. 325 
 
 Name op Company. Cost. Length. 
 
 Mahanoy and Broad Mountain 1,897,201 77 12^ 
 
 Mifflin and Center County 19o, 654 89 12| 
 
 Mine Hill and SchuylkiirHaven 135 
 
 Mount Carbon (operated by Philadel- 
 phia and Reading R. R. Co.) 203,259 58 7 
 
 Nesquehoning Valley (unfinished, and 
 
 doing no business) 36,117 17 
 
 New Castle and Beaver Yalley 408,533 45 14 
 
 Northern Central 11,315,510 51 138 
 
 North Lebanon 319,031 86 8 
 
 North Pennsylvania 6,517,345 50 55 
 
 Oil Creek 2,519,147 40 87 
 
 Pennsylvania 29,115,018 90 854 
 
 Pennsylvania Coal Company 2,000,000 00 47 
 
 Perkiomen, not yet open for business ... 139,240 50 
 
 Philadelphia and Baltimore Central 1,170,279 40 81 
 
 Philadelphia and Erie 19,014,864 78 287^ 
 
 Philadelphia and Reading 27,317,907 25 147 
 
 Philadelphia, Germantown, and Norris- 
 
 town 1,445,198 36 17 
 
 Philadelphia and Trenton 1,378,696 85 26^ 
 
 Philadelphia, Wilmington, and Balti- 
 
 n:kore 18 
 
 Pittsburg and Connellsville 2,518,066 85 58 
 
 Pittsburg, Fort Wayne, and Chicago.... 25,118,926 80 49 
 
 Reading and Columbia 2,036,778 06 40 
 
 Schuylkill and Susquehanna 1,308,696 15 54 
 
 Shamokin V^alley and Pottsville 28 
 
 South wark 2 
 
 Summit Branch 975,868 01 21 
 
 Tioga 1,085,175 46 30 
 
 Warren and Pranklin 8 465,137 75 51 
 
 Westchester 9 
 
 West Chester and Philadelphia 1,571,580 77 26 
 
 Western and Pennsylvania 2,876,329 56 42 
 
 Wrightsville, York, and Gettysburg 393,230 43 13 
 
 Total $300,338,516 29 3097f 
 
326 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 TABLE Yll. 
 
 Canals in Pennsylvania. 
 
 Name op Company. Cost, Length. 
 
 Delaware and Hudson $6,820,198 49 108 
 
 Delaware Division 2,433,350 00 60 
 
 Erie 1,864,984 94 136 
 
 Junction 18 
 
 Lehigh Coal and Navigation 4,455,000 00 48 
 
 Muncy 6,219 74 f 
 
 Pennsylvania 173 
 
 Schuylkill Navigation ^.. 10,553,333 42 108 • 
 
 Susquehanna and Tide Water 4,619,461 21 45 
 
 Union 5,907,850 00 77 
 
 West Branch and Susquehanna 123 
 
 Wiconisco 500,000 00 12 
 
 Wyoming Valley 2,000,000 00 G4 
 
 Total $38,660,397 80 972| 
 
APPENDIX. 327 
 
 TABLE YIII. 
 
 A Chronological Table of ImpoiHant Events in the History 
 of Pennsylvania, from the Discovery of the Delaware in 
 1609 until 1868. 
 
 1609. Delaware bay discovered by Henry Hudson. 
 1623. Dutch settled on the shores of the Delaware. 
 1631. Captain De Vries arrived in the Delaware with two ships and 
 colonists. 
 
 1638. Swedes arrived. Fort Christina erected near the site of Wil- 
 
 mington. 
 
 1639. First mention of negroes in the Swedish colony. 
 
 1641. Minuit, the first Swedish governor, died. 
 
 1642. Lutheran catechism translated into the Indian language by 
 
 Campanius. Swedes laid the foundation of a capitol at 
 Tinicum. 
 
 1643. Swedes' mill, on Cobb's creek, erected. 
 
 1646. Church erected and grave-yard laid out at Tinicum. Wooden 
 church erected at New Gottenburg. First mention of 
 Upland, now Chester. 
 
 1651. Fort Casimer erected by the Dutch. 
 
 1654. Treaty between Indian chiefs and Governor Kisingh, at Tini- 
 
 cum, June 17. 
 
 1655. Swedes on the Delaware subjugated by the Dutch. 
 
 1657. The name of Fort Christina changed to Altona. The name of 
 Fort Casimer changed to New Amstel, now New Castle. 
 School established at New Amstel, supposed to have been 
 the first school in the Colony. 
 
 1664. New Netherlands conquered by the English. 
 
 1669. Block-house erected at Wicaco; used as a church after 1677. 
 
 1672. Dutch recovered New Netherlands. 
 
 1673. George Fox, founder of the Quaker society, visited the settle- 
 
 ments. 
 
 1674. Dutch treaty with England. 
 
 1675. Quakers settled at Upland. Friends' meeting held at Upland. 
 
 1676. Court held at Upland, November 14, under English authority, 
 
 1677. First sermon in the block-house at Wicaco, by Rev. Jacob 
 
 Fabritius. 
 1679. First English child born in Pennsylvania. The first vessel 
 launched on Lake Erie. 
 
 1681. Penn received the charter of Pennsylvania, March 14. 
 
 1682. Penn landed at New Castle, October 27. Penn visited Upland 
 
 and changed its name to Chester, October 28. Philadel- 
 phia laid out. Germans settled on the site of Germantown. 
 Penn's great treaty with the Iiidians, November 4. First 
 session of Council and Assembly at Chester, December 4. 
 
328 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 First grand jury of Pennsylvania summoned to attend 
 Chester court. The lower counties annexed to the Prov- 
 ince, December 7. Board meeting-house erected by 
 Friends at Shackamaxon. First English child born in 
 Philadelphia. Letitia house, erected in Philadelphia, for 
 William Penn. 
 
 1683. First session of Council and Assembly held in Philadelphia, 
 
 March 10. Meetings for worship commenced at Darby 
 by Friends. Germantown founded. First grist-mill built 
 near G-ermantown. First post-office in Philadelphia es- 
 tablished by William Penn ; Henry Waldy, postmaster. 
 First sheriff of Philadelphia elected. Margaret Matson 
 tried for witchcraft. First counterfeiter tried and con- 
 demned. Number of dwellings in Philadelphia, eighty. 
 First school in Philadelphia taught by Enoch Flower. 
 Friends' burial-ground at Chester laid out. Friends' 
 grave-yard, Arch and Fourth streets, Philadelphia, laid 
 out. 
 
 1684. Pennsbury manor-house, Bucks county, erected for William 
 
 Penn. First Baptist society organized in Bucks county, 
 near Bristol. First Baptist society organized in Chester 
 county. Friends' brick meeting-house erected in Phila- 
 delphia. Provincial judges appointed by Penn. Penn 
 returned to England. Population of Pennsylvania, 7000. 
 Population of Philadelphia, 2r)00. 
 
 1685. Friends' Bank meeting-house and Center Square meeting- 
 
 house, Philadelphia, erected. Court-house at Chester 
 erected. 
 
 1686. First prison built in Philadelphia. First Baptist church in 
 
 ■ the Province erected on Pennepack creek, near where 
 Holmcsburg now stands. First church in Germantown 
 erected by German Friends. 
 
 1688. Friends' meeting-house at Haverford erected. First Friends' 
 
 meeting-house at Darby erected. Protest against slavery 
 by the German Friends' at Germantown. 
 
 1689. Germantown incorporated. 
 
 1691. Lower counties withdrew from the Province, April 11. 
 
 1692. First school established at Darby. The Province taken from 
 
 Penn, October 21. 
 
 1693. Friends' meeting-house at Kadnor built. First Friends' 
 
 meeting-house at Chester completed. 
 
 1694. Penn's rights restored, August 30. 
 
 1695. Friends' meeting-house, Lower Merion, Montgomery county, 
 
 erected. First Episcopal church at Philadelphia erected 
 on the site of the present Christ Church. First fulling- 
 mill erected in Darby township. 
 
 1696. "Board of Trade and Plantations" established. First paper- 
 
 mill in the Province erected near Germantown. Kesolu- 
 tions against slavery adopted by the yearly meeting of 
 Friends. 
 
APPENDIX. 329 
 
 1697. First Friends' meeting-house at Concord erected. Bristol, 
 
 Bucks county, surveyed and laid out. 
 
 1698. Friends' public school established in Philadelphia. First Bap- 
 
 tist and Presbj'terian congregation formed in Philadel- 
 phia. Shawanese Indians from Carolina settled along the 
 Susquehanna. 
 1699 Yellow fever raged in the Province. Penn arrived with his 
 family in the Province. 
 
 1700. Swedes' church erected on the site of the old block-house at 
 
 Wicaco. The Conoys or Gawanese, a tribe of southern 
 Indians, settled near Bainbridge. An act passed by Assem- 
 bly for the establishment of a post-office. John Penn 
 born in the "Old Slate Koof House," Philadelphia. Rev. 
 Evan Evans, tirst Episcopal missionary to Pennsylvania, 
 arrived in Philadelphia. 
 
 1701. Philadelphia chartered as a city. Edward Shippen elected first 
 
 mayor of Philadelphia under the charter. Thomas Story 
 appointed recorder of Philadelphia. Penn returned to 
 England. 
 
 1702. Episcopal church erected at Chester. Episcopal church erected 
 
 at Marcus Hook. An act passed to separate the lower 
 counties from the Province. 
 
 1703. St. Paul's church (Swedish) erected at Chester. Governor An- 
 
 drew Hamilton died, April 20. 
 
 1704. First Presbyterian church in Pennsylvania erected in Phila- 
 
 delphia, known as the "Old Buttonwood Church." 
 
 1705. An act passed to prevent the importation of Indians as slaves. 
 
 1706. First Presbytery in the United States organized in Philadel- 
 
 phia, September 12. 
 
 1707. Old court-house. Market street, Philadelphia, erected. Roman 
 
 Catholic services held in a private house in Philadelphia. 
 
 1708. First Mennonist church and school-house erected at German- 
 
 town. 
 1710. French Huguenots settled on Pequea creek, Lancaster county. 
 
 1712. An act passed forbidding the importation of Indians and 
 
 negroes as slaves. William Penn seized with paralysis. 
 
 1713. Friends' almshouse, Philadelphia, founded; buildings erected 
 
 1713-29. 
 
 1715. Governor Gookin held a council with the Indians at Philadel- 
 
 phia. First regularly-organized Baptist church in Dela- 
 ware county. 
 
 1716. First Presbyterian synod in the United States organized in 
 
 Philadelphia, September. 
 
 1717. First Presbyterian church in Montgomery county erected at 
 
 Abington. Episcopal church erected in Newtown town- 
 ship, Delaware county. German Reformed church at 
 Goshenhoppen, Montgomery county, erected. 
 
 1717. Irish and Scotch immigrants settled in Bucks and Lancaster 
 
 counties. 
 
 1718. William Penn died at Rushcomb, England, July 30. 
 
 1718. Dunkers settled about Germantown and in Lancaster county. 
 
 28* 
 
330 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 1719. Third newspaper in the colonies published at Philadelphia. 
 
 1720. First iron furnaces erected in Pennsylvania. 
 
 1721. Pirst Episcopal church in Montgomery county erected at 
 
 Evansburg. First insurance office opened in Philadel- 
 phia. A meeting was held in Philadelphia to consider 
 plans for the prevention of the sale of spirituous liquors 
 within the Province, and to encourage the making of beer 
 as a substitute. 
 
 1722. Irish and Scotch settlements made in Donegal and Paxton. 
 
 1723. Benjamin Franklin arrived in Philadelphia. Paper money 
 
 first issued in the Province. Stone prison erected in Phil- 
 adelphia, corner of Third and High streets. Act passed 
 reducing the rate of interest from eight to six per cent. 
 
 1724. First powder-house erected in Philadelphia. 
 
 1725. Friends' meeting-house, Sadsbury, Lancaster county, erected. 
 
 Duty laid upon the importation of negroes, March 5. 
 
 1726. First iron works in Lancaster county erected. "The Log Col- 
 
 lege," on Neshaminy creek, Bucks county, established by 
 Kev. William Tennant. Presbyterian church at Nesha- 
 miny, Bucks county, organized. 
 
 1727. First regular German Keformed ministers arrived in Pennsyl- 
 
 vania. Episcopal church in Concord township, Delaware 
 county, erected. German Keformed church in Frederick 
 township, Montgomery county, erected. 
 
 1728. Bartram's Botanic Garden, near Gray's Ferry, commenced. 
 
 1729. First permanent settlement in York county. First mill built 
 
 near the site of Mercersburg. State House, Philadelphia, 
 began; completed 1734. Second paper-mill in the colo- 
 nies erected in Concord township, Delaware county. 
 Temporary jail and court-house built near Lancaster. 
 Duty laid on foreigners and Irish servants imported into 
 the Province. Catholic chapel erected near Frankford, 
 Philadelphia county. 
 
 1730. First Catholic mission in Delaware county. German Re- 
 
 formed ministers ordained by Presbyterian ministers in 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 1731. First Baptist church erected in Philadelphia. Inoculation 
 
 first practiced in Pennsylvania. Philadelphia Library 
 founded; chartered 1742. 
 
 1732. Dunkers settled at Ephrata. Jewish synagogue erected at 
 
 Shaefferstown, Lebanon county. Presbyterian church near 
 Doylestown erected. 
 
 1733. First negroes emancipated in Pennsylvania. First German 
 
 Reformed church erected at Germantown. First regu- 
 larly-organized German Lutheran churches in the Prov- 
 ince. First Roman Catholic chapel erected in Philadel- 
 phia. School established at Ephrata for teaching the 
 German and classics. First German Lutheran church in 
 Montgomery county erected at New Hanover. Lutheran 
 church, erected near Lebanon, the first in the county. 
 Monastic society established at Ephrata by the Dunkers. 
 
APPENDIX. 331 
 
 Schwenckfelders immigrated to the Province and settled 
 on Perkiomen creek. 
 1734. Presbyterian cliurch erected in Peach-bottom township, first 
 in York county. First German Lutheran church and 
 school-house erected at Lancaster. First Episcopal church 
 in Lancaster county erected at Conestoga. Small quanti- 
 ties of silk manufactured in the Province. First Masonic 
 lodge in Pennsylvania, organized in Philadelphia, Benja- 
 min Franklin, master. 
 
 1736. Governor Gordon died, August. First German Keformed 
 
 church erected at Lancaster. 
 
 1737. First Lutheran church erected at Germantown. Presbyterian 
 
 church erected near Muddy creek, York county. Benja- 
 min Franklin appointed postmaster of Philadelphia. 
 
 1738. Benjamin West, the first native American artist, born in 
 
 Springfield township, Delaware county, October 10. First 
 Presbyterian church near the site of Mercersburg. First 
 fire company organized in Philadelphia. 
 
 1739. Kev. George Whitfield arrived in the Province. Whitfield 
 
 commenced the erection of a school-house for colored 
 children at Nazareth. Moravian settlement commenced 
 at the Forks of the Delaware. 
 
 1740. War declared against France. First Sabbath school in Amer- 
 
 ica established at Ephrata. Paxton Presbyterian church, 
 near Harrisburg, erected. Lazaretto erected for sick im- 
 migrants at Tinicum. Bishop Nitschman, Moravian, 
 arrived in the Province. First permanent settlement at 
 Bethlehem. 
 
 1741. First church erected at Bethlehem, Moravian. Whitfield's 
 
 church, Fourth street, Philadelphia, erected. Lutheran 
 church, St. Jacobs, erected in Warwick township, Lan- 
 caster county. York laid out. Count Zindendorf arrived 
 in the Province. 
 
 1742. First Moravian church erected in Philadelphia. Kev. Henry 
 
 M. Muhlenburg arrived in the Province. German Ee- 
 formed minister at Germantown ordained by Bishop 
 Nitschman. Election riot in Philadelphia, October 1. 
 Treat}^ with the Six Nations at Philadelphia. 
 
 1743. First German Lutheran church in Philadelphia, St. Michael's, 
 
 erected. First Moravian chapel in Lebanon county 
 erected near Lebanon ; Moravian synod held in it in 
 1748. American Philosophical Society organized in Phila- 
 delphia; incorporated 1780; building erected 1785. 
 
 1744. First Lutheran church erected in York" First Academy in 
 
 Chester county established in Nottingham township. 
 First church erected at Nazareth, Moravian. Episcopal 
 church erected at Lancaster. Council with the "Six 
 Nations " held at Lancaster. Proclamation of war against 
 France made in Philadelphia, June. 
 
 1745. Franklin stoves invented by Dr. Franklin. 
 
 1746. German Keformed church erected at York. Moravian church 
 
332 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 and school-house erected at Lancaster. First settlement 
 in what is now Carbon county, made by Moravian mis- 
 sionaries. Moravian chapel erected for Indians, at Gna- 
 denhutten, in Carbon county. Rev. Michael Shlatter, 
 arrived in the Province. 
 
 1747. Catholic chapel erected in Lancaster' on the site of the present 
 
 old stone building. First synod of the German Reformed 
 church held in Philadelphia, September 29. Moravian 
 mission established at Shamokin. First German Reformed 
 church erected in Philadelphia. First steel furnace erected 
 in Philadelphia by Stephen Paschall. 
 
 1748. First public lottery sanctioned by the legislature. 
 
 1748. Fort de la Presque Isle erected. First German Lutheran synod 
 
 in the United States organized in Philadelphia, August 
 14. At this time there were but eleven Lutheran minis- 
 ters in the Province. 
 
 1749. Academy established at Germantown. Moravian church and 
 
 school-house erected in Warwick township, near Litiz. 
 School for girls established at Bethlehem. An academy 
 and charitable school established at Philadelphia. In 
 1750 it was opened as a Latin school ; in 1753 it was incor- 
 porated and endowed; in 1755 was chartered under the 
 title of "The College, Academy, and Charitable School of 
 Philadelphia;" and in 1779 became the University of 
 Pennsylvania. Indian schools established at Gnaden- 
 hutten by the Moravians. First settlements in Tuscarora 
 valley made by Scotch-Irish. "The Ohio Company" 
 chartered. 
 
 1750. First Moravian congregation formed at York ; first church 
 
 erected, 1756. Stone Oratorio erected near Lebanon by 
 Moravians. Moravians at Bethlehem introduce the 
 wearing of the white robe by ministers during the admin- 
 istration of the Eucharist, April. 
 
 1751. Pennsylvania Hospital at Philadelphia founded ; buildings 
 
 erected 1755 to 1804. First church in Reading erected 
 by Friends. Loganian Library, Philadelphia, founded. 
 James Logan died near Germantown. A German and 
 English newspaper published in Lancaster. 
 
 1752. Mutual assurance company, founded in Philadelphia, incor- 
 
 porated 1768. Cannon stoves first used; made at Lan- 
 caster and Colebrookdale Treaty between the Indians and 
 Ohio Company at Logstown. Franklin first experimented 
 in electricity.* First settlements along the Monongahela 
 made by the Ohio Company. State-house bell imported 
 from England; recast in Philadelphia, 1753. German 
 Reformed church erected at Reading; Lutheran church 
 erected at Reading. 
 
 1753. German Catholic church in Montgomery county erected at 
 
 Goshenhoppen. Benjamin Franklin appointed deputy 
 postmaster-general for the British colonies. French in- 
 vaded "Western Pennsylvania; beginning of the French 
 
APPENDIX. 333 
 
 and Indian war. Two attempts made to find the North- 
 west passage, by Captain Swain, of the schooner Argo, 
 under the auspices of citizens of Philadelphia. Daily- 
 delivery of letters by carriers begun in Philadelphia. 
 
 1754. Chime of bells for Christ Church, Philadelphia, imported from 
 
 England. Pirst settlement on the site of Pittsburg. Wash- 
 ington returned from his mission to the French commander. 
 Port Du Quesne built by the Prench. March of colonial 
 troops for the Ohio country, April 22. Battle of Great 
 Meadows ; Jumonville killed, May 28. Washington in 
 command of the troops, May 30. Surrender of Fort Neces- 
 sity, July 4. 
 
 1755. Defeat of Braddock, July 9. Braddock died of wounds, July 
 
 13. Washington read the funeral service of the Episcopal 
 church over the body of Braddock, July 15. Massacre of 
 Moravian missionaries on the Mahoning, in Carbon county, 
 November 24. Massacre of settlers by Indians at Tulpe- 
 hocken, November 16. Free school erected at Easton by 
 subscription. First militia act passed, November 25. 
 
 1756. England declared war against Prance, May 17. Fort Granville, 
 
 on the Juniata, burned by Indians, July 30. Fort Halifax, 
 Dauphin county, erected. Kittanning destroyed by Colonel 
 Armstrong, September 8. First stage-coach communi- 
 cation between Philadelphia and New York. First line 
 of stages and wagons established between Philadelphia 
 and Baltimore. Charitable schools, for the education of 
 German and other Protestant youths, established in many 
 towns of the State. 
 
 1757. First weekly post between Philadelphia and Carlisle. First 
 
 settlement in Wayne county made by the Delaware Com- 
 pan5^ Public services in the Indian language at Bethle- 
 hem. 
 
 1758. Barracks erected in Philadelphia. French retreated from Fort 
 
 Du Quesne, November 24. 
 
 1759. Fort Pitt erected near the site of Fort Du Quesne. "Bedstone 
 
 Old Fort," Brownsville, erected. First theater erected in 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 1760. Moravian church erected in Lebanon. Classical school estab- 
 
 lished in Cumberland valley. 
 
 1761. Presbyterian church erected in Carlisle. 
 
 1762. Great'lndian 'council at Lancaster. War with Spain declared, 
 
 January 4. George III. proclaimed in Pennsylvania, 
 January 21. Wyoming valley settled by the Connecticut 
 Company. Court-house at Beading erected. First lec- 
 tures^ on*^ anatomy delivered in Philadelphia by Dr. Wil- 
 liam Shippen. Mud Fort, on Mud Island, erected. St. 
 Paul's Episcopal Church, Philadelphia, erected. 
 
 1763. Peace concluded at Paris, February 10. Pontiac's war. Mason 
 
 and Dixon commenced running the boundary line between 
 Pennsylvania and Maryland. Massacre of settlers in 
 Wyoming valley by Indians, October 15. Moravian In- 
 
334 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 dians ordered to Philadelphia for protection, November 8. 
 Massacre of Conestoga Indians at Lancaster. Moravian 
 mission established at Wyalusing, Bradford county. Swed- 
 ish church erected in Upper Merion township, Mont- 
 gomery county. 
 
 1764. Colonel Henry Bouquet's expedition against the Indians. Ee- 
 
 doubt at Fort Pitt erected. Peace concluded with the 
 hostile Indians. Grand Lodge of Masons of Pennsylvania 
 organized at Philadelphia. Medical department of the 
 University of Pennsylvania founded, the oldest medical 
 school in the United States. 
 
 1765. Lutheran church in Lower Merion, Montgomery county, 
 
 erected. First Eoiscopal church in Cumberland county 
 erected at Carlisle". First German Keformed and Lutheran 
 congregations organized at Carlisle. First Episcopal con- 
 gregation formed at York. Lutheran school-house erected 
 at Reading. Moravian chapel erected at Freidenshutten, 
 Bradford county. Stamp act passed, March 8. Swedish 
 churches of Upper Merion, Wicaco, and Kingsessing in- 
 corporated. Presbyterian meeting-house erected at Lan- 
 caster. First Lutheran church erected at Lebanon. 
 
 1766. Stamp act repealed, March 18. 
 
 1767. Lutheran church erected in Windsor township, Berks county. 
 
 First Presbyterian church at Chambersburg erected. Ro- 
 man Catholic chapel erected at Allentown. Duties levied 
 on glass, paper, etc., June 29. 
 
 1768. Treaty with the Six Nations at Fort Stanwix, November 5. 
 
 Widows' Home at Bethlehem completed. Moravian mis- 
 sion established and first church erected in Venango 
 county, near Teonista creek. 
 
 1769. Stewart and others took possession of the Susquehanna lands in 
 
 Wyoming valley in behalf of the proprietary government. 
 Second attempt of the Connecticut Company to settle Wyo- 
 ming valley. Forty Fort erected. Methodism first intro- 
 duced into Pennsylvania. 
 
 1770. Carpenters' Hall, Philadelphia, erected by the Carpenters' 
 
 Company. Moravian mission in Yenango county broken 
 * ■ up ; missionaries removed to Beaver county, established 
 a station, and built a chapel. 
 
 1771. Medical Society of Philadelphia organized. 
 
 1772. Lutheran church erected near Cherryville, Northampton county. 
 
 First ^jer??2a?ie«2! settlements along the Monongahela. Rev. 
 William White, afterward first Bishop of Pennsylvania, 
 installed assistant rector of Christ Church, Philadelphia. 
 Zion's Lutheran Church, Philadelphia, erected. 
 
 1773. First mill erected in Indiana county. Moravian mission station 
 
 at Freidenstadt, Beaver county, broken up, and mission- 
 aries removed to the Muskingum. The first Methodist 
 conference in the United States held in Philadelphia, 
 June 17. Oliver Evans first experimented in steam naviga- 
 tion on the Scliuylkill. Resolutions passed in the Province 
 
APPENDIX. 335 
 
 to resist the duty on tea, October 18. Tea ships sent back 
 to London from the port of Philadelphia. 
 
 1774. The passage of the Boston port bill observed in Philadelphia 
 
 as a day of mourning, June 1. State-house steeple taken 
 down; the present one erected 1828. Pirst Continental 
 Congress assembled in Carpenters' Hall, Philadelphia, 
 September 5. Resolutions against the slave trade passed 
 by the First Congress. The Quakers abolished slavery 
 among themselves. 
 
 1775. Second Continental Congress assembled in Philadelphia, May 
 
 10. "Washington chosen commander-in-chief, June 15. 
 The first Pennsylvania company that marched to the seat 
 of war was a company of riflemen from York, July 1. 
 Continental money first issued. Benjamin Franklin first 
 postmaster-general appointed by Congress, July 26. 
 
 1776. First powder-mill in the Province, erected near Chester, com- 
 
 menced work about the 23d of May. Delegates from all 
 the county committees assembled in Philadelphia, June 18. 
 Declaration of Independence reported to Congress, June 
 28. Declaration of Independence adopted, July 4. De- 
 claration of Independence read from the rear of the State- 
 house, July 8. Convention for forming the State Consti- 
 tution met in Philadelphia, July 15. Declaration of 
 Independence signed, August 2. The title of "United 
 States" adopted by Congress, September 9. Council or- 
 dered the shops and schools of Philadelphia to be closed, 
 December 2. Council sent money, papers, and records to 
 Lancaster for safety. Washington retreated across the 
 Delaware, December 8. Congress adjourned to Baltimore, 
 December 12. Law passed for establishing schools in each 
 county. 
 1776-7. About two thousand American soldiers were buried in Pot- 
 ters' field, now Washington square, Philadelphia. 
 
 1777. Powder-mill at French creek blown up, March 10. Congress 
 
 resolved that the national flag be composed of stars and 
 stripes, June 14. Battle of Brandy wine, September 11. 
 La Fayette wounded and removed to Bethlehem, Septem- 
 ber 11. Congress adjourned to Lancaster, September 18. 
 Massacre at Paoli, September 20. John Bartram, t^e 
 first American botanist, died near Philadelphia, Septem- 
 ber 22. British occupied Philadelphia, September 26. Con- 
 gress assembled at Lancaster, and adjourned to York, 
 September 27. Supreme Executive Council met at Lna- 
 caster October, 1. Battle of Germantown, October 4. 
 State-house bell and bells of Christ Church removed to 
 places of safety. Articles of Confederation of the United 
 States ratified, November 15. British fleet sailed up the 
 Delaware, November 18. Hospitals at Bethlehem ordered 
 to be removed to Lancaster, December. Council ordered 
 the schools and shops of Philadelphia to be reopened, De- 
 cember 7. Washington retired to Valley Forge, Decern- 
 
336 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 ber 11. Powder-magazine and military store-house erected 
 at Lancaster. First church in Luzerne county, Presby- 
 terian, erected in Hanover township. 
 1773. Zion's Lutheran Church, PhiLadelphia, used as a British hos- 
 pital. Battle of the Kegs, January 7. Treaty with 
 France, February 6. Congress recommended, as a day of 
 fasting and prayer, April 22. President Thomas Whar- 
 ton, Jr., died at Lancaster, May 23. British evacuated 
 Philadelphia, June 18. Battle of Wyoming, July 3 and 4. 
 French fleet arrived in the Delaware, July 8. Embargo 
 on provisions, August 1. John Roberts and Abraham 
 Carlisle executed near Philadelphia, for treason, Novem- 
 ber 4. Schoolmaster confined in the Lancaster jail and 
 fined for keeping school without having taken the oath of 
 allegiance. Mcintosh's campaign. Fort Mcintosh erected 
 near the site of Beaver. Peace Commissioners arrived from 
 Great Britain. University of Pennsylvania chartered. 
 First Presbyterian church erected at York. 
 9. Legislature confiscated the Penn estate. Freeland's Fort cap- 
 tured by British and Indians, July 28. 
 
 1780. The Coshocton campaign. An act passed for the gradual 
 
 abolition of slavery in Pennsylvania, March 1. The Bank 
 of Pennsylvania established, the first bank in the United 
 States. Humane Society of Philadelphia founded ; incor- 
 porated 1793. 
 
 1781. The Pennsylvania troops at Morristown mutinied, Januarj'- 1. 
 
 Bank of North America, at Philadelphia, incorporated 
 December 31. First Methodist circuit formed in Lan- 
 caster county. 
 
 1782. First Jewish synagogue erected in Philadelphia. The Penn- 
 
 sylvania ship Hyder Ali, Captain Barney, captured the 
 British ship General Monk, in Delaware bay, April 8. 
 Hannastown, Westmoreland county, burned by Indians, 
 July 13. Major-General Charles Lee died in Philadel- 
 phia, October 2. Preliminary treaty of peace signed at 
 Paris, November 30. 
 
 1783. Cessation of hostilities proclaimed, April 19. Treaty of peace 
 
 signed at Paris, September 3. Continental army dis- 
 banded, November 3. Congress recommended the second 
 Thursday in December as a day of thanksgiving and 
 prayer. First furnace in Franklin county erected in Path 
 valley. 
 
 1784. Treaty with the Six Nations at Fort Stanwix. Court-house 
 
 at Lancaster destroyed by fire, June 11. Philadelphia 
 Museum founded by Charles M. Peale. 
 
 1785. Fitch experiments in steam navigation on the Delaware. 
 
 First court held at Harrisburg, May 17. Boarding-school 
 for young ladies' opened at Bethlehem. First general 
 convention of clerical and lay delegates of the Episcopal 
 church met in Christ Church, Philadelphia. Philadelphia 
 Agricultural' Society founded, July 4; the first in the 
 United States. 
 
APPENDIX. 337 
 
 1786. First academy established at Pittsburg by act of legislature, 
 
 First mail established between Philadelphia and Pitts- 
 burg. First Presbyterian church at Pittsburg incorpo- 
 rated. The Pittsburg Gazette issued ; the first newspaper 
 published west of the Alleghanies. The Philadelphia 
 Dispensary founded; first of the kind in the United 
 States. An act passed appropriating the proceeds of 
 60,000 acres of public land in aid of public schools, 
 April 7. Western boundary of Pennsylvania settled. 
 
 1787. Academy of the Protestant Episcopal cburcli, Philadelphia, in- 
 
 corporated. First German Reformed and Lutheran 
 churches erected at Harrisburg. " Free African Society" 
 of Philadelphia formed. College of Physicians of Phil- 
 delphia established. First wagon passed over the mount- 
 ains from Hagerstown to Brownsville. Rev. William 
 White, first Bishop of Pennsylvania, and second in the 
 United States, ordained in England, February 4. Con- 
 vention for framing the national Constitution met in 
 Philadelphia, May 10; continued in session until Sep- 
 tember 17. National Constitution adopted, September 17. 
 First Universalist society formed in Pennsylvania; church 
 erected 1808. Fort Franklin, on French creek, Venango 
 county, erected. 
 
 1788. Triangle on Lake Erie purchased from the United States. 
 
 Charity school of the German Lutheran church of Phila- 
 delphia incorporated. 
 
 1789. "Pennsylvania Society for Promoting the Abolition of 
 
 Slavery" incorporated. College of Physicians, Philadel- 
 phia, chartered, March 26. Boundary between New York 
 and Pennsylvania confirmed by act of Assembly. Con- 
 vention for forming the new State Constitution met in 
 Philadelphia, November 24. First stage-coach between 
 Philadelphia and Reading. First Presbyterian church 
 erected at York. Baptist church, Marcus Hook, Dela- 
 ware county, erected. 
 
 1790. Congress occupied the County Court building at Philadelphia 
 
 until 1800. First Methodist and Presbyterian churches 
 erected at Huntingdon. Public school of Huntingdon 
 incorporated. 
 
 1791. First "Bank of the United States" in Philadelphia, incorpo- 
 
 rated February 25. Philadelphia Society for the Establish- 
 ment and Support of Charity Schools incorporated, April 6. 
 Whisky insurrection began, ended 1794. Legislature ap- 
 propriated 5000 acres of land to the Lutheran free school 
 at Philadelphia. First Sunday-school societ}^ in the 
 United States founded in Philadelphia. 
 
 1792. Poor's Academy for Young Ladies, at Philadelphia, incor- 
 
 porated. First turnpike in the United States began be- 
 tween Philadelphia and Lancaster, completed 1794. 
 United States Mint at Philadelphia founded ; coining 
 commenced 1793. 
 
 29 
 
338 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 1793. "Washington's second inauguration took place in old Congress 
 Hall, March 4. Yellow fever in Philadelphia, i'irst 
 post-office established in Reading. Bank of Pennsylvania 
 chartered for 20 years, March 30. Lehigh Coal Mine 
 Company formed. 
 
 1793-5. "Wayne's campaign. 
 
 1793. Female Employment Society of Philadelphia founded. First 
 
 Methodist society formed in Germantown. 
 
 1794. St. Thomas's African Church, Philadelphia, erected. Linden 
 
 Hall, a Boarding-school for Young Ladies, founded at 
 Litiz. 
 
 1795. "Wayne's treaty at Greeneville, Ohio. Three block-houses 
 
 built at Erie. 
 
 1796. The first successful type foundery in America established in 
 
 Philadelphia. First paper-mill, west of the mountains, 
 erected near Brownsville. General Anthony "Wayne 
 died at the garrison at Presque Isle, September 17. 
 "Washington's last speech to Congress, in old Congress 
 Hall, December 7. 
 
 1797. Seminary at "Westown, Delaware county, established by 
 
 Friends. John Adams inaugurated President of the United 
 States in Independence Hall, Philadelphia, March 4. 
 
 1798. "Schuylkill Permanent Bridge," at Philadelphia, erected, — the 
 
 first of the kind in America, and the only one known to 
 exist, at that time, in the world with a pier of regular 
 masonry in so great a depth of water. Academy and Free 
 School of Bucks county established. First mill in Mercer 
 county erected. 
 1799-12. State legislature met in Lancaster. 
 
 1800. First church in "Wilkesbarre erected by Presbyterians and 
 
 Methodists. First Methodist church in Germantown 
 erected. Magdalen Society of Philadelphia organized; 
 incorporated 1812. Seat of the national government 
 removed to "Washington. "General Book Concern" of 
 the Methodist Episcopal church established at Philadel- 
 phia; afterward removed to New York. 
 
 1801. Chamber of Commerce, Philadelphia, founded. Ground for 
 
 the United States Navy Yard, at Philadelphia, purchased 
 by the general government. First church in Erie county 
 (Presbyterian) erected at Middlebrook. 
 
 1802. Meadville Academy incorporated. Presbytery of Erie organ- 
 
 ized, April 13. Law Library of Philadelphia established. 
 Act passed by the legislature for the education of the poor, 
 gratis. 
 
 1804. Philadelphia Bank chartered, March 5. First stage between 
 
 Chambersburg and Pittsburg. "Wilkesbarre Academy, 
 the first in Luzerne county, established. 
 
 1805. Academy of Fine Arts, Philadelphia, founded ; incorporated 
 
 1806. 
 
 1806. First railroad in the United States built in Ridley township, 
 
 Delaware county. Robert Morris died in Philadelphia. 
 
APPENDIX. 339 
 
 1807. College and Theological Seminary founded at Nazareth. First 
 
 court-house erected in Erie. 
 
 1808. Eoman Catholic Orphan Society of St. Joseph, Philadelphia, 
 
 established. First newspaper published in Erie, The 
 Mirror. Philadelj)hia Bible Society, the first in America, 
 founded ; Bishop White, President. 
 
 1809. Farmers' and Mechanics' Bank of Philadelphia chartered, March 
 
 16. Monument erected to General Anthony Wayne, at 
 Eadnor, Delaware county, flarrisburg Academy estab- 
 lished. 
 
 1810. Treaty tree, at Kensington, blown down. 
 
 1811. First steamboat launched at Pittsburg. Loller Academy, Hat- 
 
 borough, Montgomery county, incorporated. Water ford 
 Academy, in Erie county, incorporated. Associate Re- 
 formed church, the first church in Erie, organized ; church 
 erected 1816. 
 
 1812. Steam water-works at Fairmount, Philadelphia, commenced. 
 
 State Legislature removed to Harrisburg. Girard Bank, 
 founded by vStephen Girard, Philadelphia. Yellow fever 
 in Philadelphia. Declaration of war against Great Britain, 
 June 19. Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, 
 founded; incorporated 1816. 
 
 1813. Two block-houses built near Erie. Perry's fleet sailed from 
 
 the harbor at Erie, August 12. Battle of Lake Erie fought, 
 September 10. Robert Proud and Dr. Benjamin Rush 
 died in Philadelphia. 
 
 1814. Battle of Fort Erie, August 15. Sortie at Fort Erie, Septem- 
 
 ber 17. Philadelphia Orphan Society Asylum founded; 
 incorporated 1816. Treaty of peace between United States 
 and Great Britain, December 24. First Methodist society 
 organized in Waterford, Erie county. 
 
 1815. Athenteum, at Philadelphia, chartered. First Presbyterian 
 
 church organized in Erie, church erected 1824. 
 1816-17. Wire bridge over the falls of the Schuylkill erected; first 
 of the kind in the country. 
 
 1816. Pittsburg incorporated as a city. Second "Bank of the United 
 
 States," at Philadelphia, chartered. April 10. Four Luth- 
 eran churches organized, Meadville, Erie, Conneaut, and 
 on French creek. 
 
 1817. Friends' Insane Asylum, Frankford, Philadelphia county, 
 
 founded. First Episcopal church in Luzerne county 
 erected at Wilkesbarre. Monument erected at Paoli. 
 Medical Institute of Philadelphia founded. Bridge over 
 the Susquehanna, Market street, Harrisburg, completed. 
 Erie Academj^ incorporated. 
 
 1818. Bridge over the Monongahela, at Pittsburg, erected. First 
 
 steamboat launched on Lake Erie, at Black Rock, May 28. 
 Commodore Barney died at Pittsburg. City and county 
 of Philadelphia erected into the "first school district of 
 Pennsylvania." First light- house on the great lakes 
 erected at Presque Isle; rebuilt 1857. Lehigh canal com- 
 menced. Completed 1838. 
 
340 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 1819-24. United States Bank building at Philadelphia erected. 
 
 1819. Eirst bridge over the Alleghany at Pittsburg erected. Ap- 
 
 prentices' Library, Philadelphia, founded. First Epis- 
 copal church erected in Gerinantown. Corner-stone of 
 the State capitol at Harrisburg laid, May 31 ; main build- 
 ing completed 1821. State arsenal at Harrisburg com- 
 menced. First newspaper published in Delaware county ; 
 issued at Chester. 
 
 1820. General synod of the Lutheran church established. 
 
 1821. Deaf and Dumb Asylum, Philadelphia, founded ; building 
 
 erected 1825. The Law Academy of Philadelphia estab- 
 lished. 
 
 1822. State legislature first met in the State capitol at Harrisburg, 
 
 January 2. Mercantile Library, Philadelphia, founded; 
 chartered 1842; building erected 1845. The present dam 
 and water-works at Fairmount erected. City and county 
 of Lancaster erected into the "second school district of 
 Pennsylvania,-' April 1. Grand Lodge of Odd Fellows of 
 Pennsylvania organized. 
 
 1823. Eastern Penitentiary, Philadelphia, erected. 
 
 1824. La Fayette's second visit to Pennsylvania. Franklin Institute, 
 
 Philadelphia, incorporated, March 30. Charles Thomp- 
 son, secretary of the First Congress, died near Philadel- 
 phia. The American Sunday-school L^nion was formed 
 in Philadelphia by the combination of several local socie- 
 ties, the largest of which was the " Philadelphia Sunday 
 and Adult School Union," founded in 1817. 
 
 1825. Schuylkill Navigation Canal completed; commenced 1815. 
 
 First Catholic church in Delaware county erected in Hav- 
 erford township. Theological Seminary of the German 
 Eeformed church founded at Carlisle; removed to York, 
 1828, and to Mercersburg, 1834, Historical Society of 
 Philadelphia established. 
 
 1826. First steamboat launched at Erie, the William Penn, May 18. 
 
 1827. Corner-stone of the first lock of the Pennsylvania canal, laid 
 
 at Harrisburg, March 14. Pennsylvania Horticultural 
 Society, Philadelphia, the first in the United States, 
 founded; incorporated 1831. Union canal finished, De- 
 cember. Monument erected on the site of the Treaty tree, 
 Kensington. Mauch Chunk railroad built ; second iron 
 track road in the United States. House of Refuge, Phila- 
 delphia, incorporated, March 23. Pittsburg water-works 
 finished. Western Penitentiary, Pittsburg, completed. 
 School district of Harrisburg established, April 11. Penn- 
 sylvania State Temperance Society organized, July. 
 
 1828. Chesapeake and Delaware canal finished. School district of 
 
 Pittsburg established, February 19. 
 
 1829. Conostoga Navigation canal completed. 
 
 1830. United States Mint at Philadelphia erected. Pennsylvania 
 
 Colonization Society incorporated. 
 
 1831. Free Trade National Convention held in Philadelphia, Octo- 
 
APPENDIX. 341 
 
 ber 1. Little Schuylkill railroad completed. Stephen 
 ' Girard died in Philadelphia, December 26. 
 
 1832. General Joseph Heister, ex-governor, died in Beading, June 16. 
 
 Philadelphia, Germantown, and Norristown railroad fin- 
 ished; first eft'ective locomotive in Pennsylvania, "Old 
 Ironsides," used on this road, Moyamensing Prison, 
 Philadelphia, begun. West Chester railroad completed ; 
 formally opened, September 13. Monument erected to 
 General St. Clair at Greensburg. 
 
 1833. Blockley Hospital, Philadelphia, erected.* First National Tem- 
 
 perance Convention held in Independence Hall, Philadel- 
 phia, May 24. John Kandolph died in Philadelphia, May. 
 Corner-stone of Girard College laid, July 4; college opened 
 Januar}^ 1, 1848. Dickinson College transferred to the 
 control of the Methodist church. La Fayette College 
 building, Easton, erected. Delaware County Institute of 
 Science" organized, September 21. Corner-stone of Wyo- 
 ming monument laid, July 3. Institute for the Blind at 
 Philadelphia opened, March. 
 
 1834. Common School System of Pennsylvania established May 1. 
 
 Philadelphia "and Columbia railroad completed. Main 
 line of canal and railroad over the AUeghanies opened. 
 First Homceopathic medical school in the world erected 
 at Allentown. Abolition riot in Philadelphia, forty houses 
 destroyed, August 12. Insane Department Philadelphia 
 Hospital opened. An insane ward was first opened in the 
 old AlmshoL»se, Eleventh and Spruce streets, in 1803. 
 
 1835. Chief Justice John Marshall died in Philadelphia. United 
 
 States Naval Asylum, Philadelphia, completed. Lancas- 
 ter and Harrisburg railroad commenced. * 
 
 1836. Laurel Hill Cemetery, Philadelphia, incorporated. United 
 
 States Bank of Pennsylvania chartered. Gas-works at 
 Pittsburg erected. Pennsylvania Hospital for the Insane 
 at Philadelphia erected; opened Januar}^ 1, 1841. 
 
 1837. Dodge's Female Seminary, Mount Joy, founded. Suspension 
 
 of specie payments. United States ship Pennsylvania 
 launched at Philadelphia, July 18. 
 
 1838. New School Presbytery of Erie held its first meeting at Mead- 
 
 ville, June. Convention to revise State Constitution met 
 at Philadelphia, and closed their labors, February 22. The 
 amended constitution adopted by the people at the next 
 election. Pennsylvania Hall, Philadelphia, dedicated May 
 14, destroyed by a mob May 17. Monument Cemetery, 
 Philadelphia, chartered. Buckshot war, December 4-8. 
 Erie Female Seminary incorporated. 
 
 1839. Pennsylvania Medical College chartered. Commodore John 
 
 Rogers died in Philadelphia, August 1. The Pennsylvania 
 banks suspended specie payments, August 13. National 
 Whig Convention met at Harrisburg, December 4 ; Har- 
 rison nominated for President. 
 
 1840. Madison Academy, Luzerne county, incorporated. Ex-gov- 
 
 29* 
 
342 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 ernor George "Wolf died in Philadelphia, March 1. 
 Matthew Carey, the celebrated printer and author, died 
 in Philadel-phia, September 17. Pennsylvania and Ohio 
 canal completed; commenced 1827. 
 
 1841. United States and Girard Banks failed. 
 
 1842. New wire suspension bridge over the Schuylkill at Philadel- 
 
 phia finished. Eight Kev. Henry Conwell, D.D., second 
 Koman Catholic Bishop of Philadelphia, died, April 22. 
 
 1843. Lehigh and Susquehanna railroad completed. 
 
 1844. AVyoming Conference Seminary, Luzerne county, established. 
 
 "Native Americans" and Irish riot in Philadelphia; 
 thirty houses and three churches burned ; fourteen per- 
 sons killed and forty wounded. Grand Division of Sons 
 of Temperance organized. 
 
 1845. Commodore Jesse D. Elliot died in Philadelphia, December 10. 
 
 1846. First telegraph lines erected in Pennsylvania. Grand Temple 
 
 of Honor and Temperance organized. 
 
 1848. Hon. Francis E. Shunk, ex-governor of Pennsylvania, died at 
 
 Harrisburg, July 30; he had resigned his office on ac- 
 count of ill health on the 9th of July. Commodore James 
 Biddle died in Philadelphia, October 1. 
 
 1849. State Lunatic Asylum, Harrisburg, erected ; corner-stone laid 
 
 April 7. 
 
 1850. "Western House of Eefuge, Pittsburg, chartered, April. Wy- 
 
 oming Institute, Wyoming, incorporated. An Amend- 
 ment to the State Constitution passed. School of Design 
 for Women, at Philadelphia, established. 
 
 1851. Christiana riot, Lancaster county, against the attempt to rescue 
 
 fugitive slaves, September 11. 
 
 1852. Ex-governor J. Andrew Shultze died, November 18. Pennsyl- 
 
 vania Training School for Feeble-minded Children 
 founded at Germantown ; removed to Media, 1859. 
 
 1853. Pennsylvania Female College, Harrisburg, incorporated. 
 
 Grand Lodge of Good Templars instituted. 
 
 1854. The office of County Superintendent established. Normal 
 
 School at Philadelphia founded. Wilkesbarre Female 
 Institute chartered. 
 
 1855. National convention of colored people met in Philadelphia, 
 
 October 16. Corner-stone of the new Masonic Hall, 
 Philadelphia, laid. Over 4000 Masons present. 
 
 1856. North Branch canal completed. May 20. Western Pennsyl- 
 
 vania Insane Hospital at Pittsburg opened. 
 
 1857. Normal School act passed. First school uuder the act recog- 
 
 nized 1859. Upland Normal Institute, Upland, Delaware 
 county, erected. Academy of Music, Philadelphia, com- 
 pleted. 
 
 1859. Agricultural College of Pennsylvania, Center county, opened, 
 
 February 16. State Normal School at Millersville recog- 
 nized. 
 
 1860. People of Pittsburg refused to permit the shipment of ordnance 
 
 from the arsenal to Southern forts, December 24. 
 
APPENDIX. 343 
 
 1861. Act passed to organize the militia of the State, April 12. Bill 
 passed by the State Senate to define and punish treason, 
 April 13. Two Pennsylvania regiments raised for the 
 United States reported ready for service, April 13. Camp 
 Curtin formed at Harrisburg, April 18. Five compa- 
 nies of Pennsylvania volunteers, accompanied by regular 
 troops from Carlisle, reached Washington, D. C, April 
 18 ; being the ^irs^ volunteer troops that entered the national 
 capital under the call of President Lincoln. " The Patriot 
 Daughters," a soldier's aid society, organized at Lancaster, 
 April 22. Military Department of Pennsylvania created : 
 headquarters at Philadelphia, commander, Major-General 
 Patterson, April 27. Act passed to organize the Keserve 
 Corps of the Commonwealth, May 15. Cooper-shop lie- 
 freshment Saloon opened at Philadelphia, May 26. The 
 Union Volunteer Kefreshment Saloon opened at Phila- 
 delphia, jSEay 27. Lieutenant John T. Greble, of Phila- 
 delphia, killed at the battle of Great Bethel, Ya., June 10, 
 the first Pennsylvania officer who fell in the war for the 
 Union. Pennsylvania Keserve Corps marched to the de- 
 fense of Washington, July 21. First victory won by 
 Pennsylvania troops at Drains ville, December 20. State 
 Normal School of the Twelfth District, at Edinboro, Erie 
 county, recognized. 
 
 1862. Normal School of the Fifth District, at Mansfield, Tioga county, 
 
 recognized. Governor Curtin called out the whole militia 
 force of Pennsylvania to repel invasion of the State, Sep- 
 tember 4. General Stuart's Confederate cavalry made a 
 raid into Pennsylvania, and demanded the surrender of 
 Chambersburg, destroyed the military stores, and burned 
 the machine shops, depot buildings, etc., October 10. 
 
 1863. Second invasion of Pennsylvania; Lee's advance north of 
 
 Chambersburg, June 16. Kcbels occupied Chambersburg ; 
 skirmish near Gettysburg, June 23. Kebels advanced to 
 Shippensburg, June 24. Kebels near Carlisle, June 25. 
 Kebels occupied Gettysburg, and unionists evacuated Car- 
 lisle, June 26. General Meade assumed command of the 
 Army of the Potomac ; rebels occupied York ; threatened 
 Harrisburg ; skirmish at Columbia bridge ; bridge burned, 
 June 28. Kebels shelled Carlisle on the night of July 1. 
 Battle of Gettysburg, July 1-3. General Keynolds killed, 
 July 1. Union League House, Philadelphia, erected. 
 Gettysburg Cemetery dedicated, November 19. 
 
 1864. Great Sanitary Fair at Logan Square, Philadelphia; opened 
 
 June 7. Third invasion of Pennsylvania by the rebels, 
 July. Chambersburg burned, July 30. Monument to 
 General Keynolds erected at Lancaster. 
 
 1865. Keception of the remains of President Lincoln at Philadelphia, 
 
 April 22. 
 
 1866. Normal School of Third District, Kutztown, Berks county, 
 
 recognized. 
 
344 HISTORY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 1867. Legislature ratified the 14th Article of Amendments to the 
 
 National Constitution, January. Soldiers' Monument 
 erected at Harrisburg. 
 
 1868. Soldiers' Monument erected at Doylestown. General McCall 
 
 died at West Chester, February 25. Corner-stone of the 
 new Masonic Temple laid in Philadelphia, June 24. James 
 Buchanan, Ex-President of the United States, died at 
 "Wheatland, near Lancaster, June 1. Thaddeus Stevens 
 died at Washington, D. C, August 11; buried at Lan- 
 caster. 
 
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