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Florida 
 Historical Pageant 
 
 Ofificial Program 
 
 Presented at 
 
 JacksonA)ille, Florida 
 
 April 20, 21, 22, 
 
 1922 
 
 THE TUTEWILER PRESS 
 
 JACKSONVILLE. FLA. 
 

 "The stranger that dwelleth with you shall 
 be unto you as one born among you, and thou 
 shall love him as thyself." 
 
 Lev. 19:34 
 
 c7 i^ . ^ •'^^- 
 
 ^ 
 
FLORIDA HISTORICAL PAGEANT 
 
 JACKSONVILLE COMMUNITY SERVICE 
 Fore'word 
 
 Community Service is now entering its second year 
 of activities in Jacksonville. During this period its pur- 
 pose has been to develop a greater community spirit 
 by means of a greater community interest. In its efforts 
 to bring about this result, it has encouraged self-expres- 
 sion in the individual, developed leadership and found 
 talent of which we little knew. 
 
 At present Community Service is composed of eight 
 Community Leagues and the three larger branches known 
 as Community Players, Community Music Association and 
 Community Pageant Association. The latter is the new- 
 est of the three and through it from year to year it is 
 hoped that it may be a means to further manifest our 
 community spirit and communicate to the world our 
 love for Florida. 
 
 To those who have contributed to the success of 
 Community Service, may this foreword convey a message 
 of sincere appreciation. 
 
 LEE GUEST, President, 
 
 Jacksonville Community Service. 
 
JACKSONVILLE COMMUNITY SERVICE 
 
 JACKSONVILLE COMMUNITY SERVICE 
 
 Officers 
 
 Lee Guest, President J. W. Pettyjohn, Treasurer 
 
 Mellen C. Greeley, Vice-President Gertrude Jacobi, Secretary 
 
 Executive Committee 
 
 Lorenzo A. Wilson 
 Melville E. Johnson 
 Gertrude Jacobi 
 Mrs. B. M. Ellington 
 Geo. J. Garcia 
 A. Aronovitz 
 Frank Brown 
 
 George R. DeSaussure 
 J. W. Pettyjohn 
 Mellen C. Greeley 
 Mrs. H. I. Niven 
 Dr. C. E. Foster 
 Lee Guest 
 R. L. Trump 
 
 Branches 
 
 Community Music Association Community Players 
 
 Geo. R. DeSaussure, Prest. Lorenzo A. Wilson, Prest. 
 
 Community Pageant Association 
 Melville E. Johnson, Prest. 
 
 Community Leagues 
 
 Brentwood 
 
 Dr. C. E. Foster, Prest. 
 Lackawanna 
 
 Mrs. B. M. Ellington, Prest., 
 Central Riverside 
 
 Mrs. H. L Niven, Prest. 
 Fairfield 
 
 R. L. Trump, Prest. 
 
 LaVilla 
 
 A. Aronovitz, Prest. 
 East Springfield 
 
 Frank Brown, Prest. 
 East Jacksonville 
 
 Melville E. Johnson, Prest. 
 Northeast Springfield 
 
 Geo. J. Garcia, Prest. 
 
FLORIDA HISTORICAL PAGEANT 
 
 THE PAGEANT ASSOCIATION 
 OF 
 
 JACKSONVILLE COMMUNITY SERVICE 
 
 Working Through 
 
 THE COMMUNITY MUSIC ASSOCIATION 
 THE COMMUNITY LEAGUES 
 THE COMMUNITY PLAYERS 
 
 AND 
 
 All Organizations in Jacksonville 
 
 And co-operating with 
 THE STATE OF FLORIDA 
 
 Presents 
 The History of the State From 
 
 1500 to 1823 
 
 Through those dramatic periods of Indian, Spanish, 
 French and English History of the time when all Flags 
 gave place to — 
 
 THE STARS AND STRIPES 
 
JACKSONVILLE COMMUNITY SERVICE 
 
 COMMUNITY PAGEANT ASSOCIATION 
 Foreword 
 
 When we take into consideration the fact that all of 
 the early explorers of Florida — Ponce de Leon, Narvaez, 
 de Soto, and Ribault — reached our shores in April, our 
 loveliest month, the month of new buds and blossoms, 
 when our birds are chanting their own joyous halleluiahs 
 to the heavens, it seems most fitting that the first Florida 
 Pageant should be held at an April Easter-tide. 
 
 To the intent that we may foster a more sincere 
 neighborliness in our community and a greater Ameri- 
 canism in our nation we have attempted this pageant 
 which is a thanksgiving to Almighty God for the blessings 
 which we enjoy. 
 
 It is with a profound sense of gratitude that we here 
 express our appreciation to all committees, groups, and 
 individuals, whose interest and work in the organization 
 and development of this Pageant have made the finished 
 production possible. 
 
 Melville E. Johnson, President, 
 
 Community Pageant Association. 
 
FLORIDA HISTORICAL PAGEANT 
 
 Patrons and Patronesses 
 
 Gov. and Mrs. Carey Hardee, 
 
 Tallahassee, Florida. 
 Hon. and Mrs. John W. Martin, 
 
 Jacksonville, Florida 
 Hon. and Mrs. J. E. Ingraham, 
 
 St. Augustine, Florida. 
 Mr. and Mrs. George White, 
 
 St. Augustine, Florida. 
 Mr. and Mrs. Peter O. Knight, 
 
 Tampa, Florida. 
 Mr. and Mrs. Clarence Camp, 
 
 Ocala, Florida. 
 Mr. and Mrs. J. W. McCollum, 
 
 Gainesville, Florida. 
 Mr. and Mrs. M. H. Depass, 
 
 Gainesville, Florida. 
 Hon. and Mrs. W. J. Bryan, 
 
 Miami, Florida. 
 Hon. and Mrs. Frank Shutts, 
 
 Miami, Floirda. 
 Mr. and Mrs. Glen C. Frissell, 
 
 Miami, Florida. 
 Mrs. W. A. Blount, 
 
 Pensacola, Florida. 
 Mrs. William A. Knowles, 
 
 Pensacola, Florida. 
 Mrs. Lois K. Mayes, 
 
 Pensacola, Florida. 
 Hon. and Mrs. P. K. Yonge, 
 
 Pensacola, Florida. 
 Hon. and Mrs. W. A. Rawles, 
 
 Pensacola, Florida. 
 Hon. and Mrs. Forest Lake, 
 
 Sanford, Florida. 
 Mr. and Mrs. Henry Wight, 
 
 Sanford, Florida. 
 Mr. and Mrs. W. R. O'Neal, 
 
 Orlando, Florida. 
 Mrs. Martha McAllister Palmer, 
 
 Orlando, Florida. 
 Mr. and Mrs. Kirk Munroe, 
 
 Cocoanut Grove, Florida. 
 Judge and Mrs.T.M.Shackleford, 
 
 Tampa, Florida. 
 Mr. and Mrs. J. B. O'Hara, 
 
 Lake Worth, Florida. 
 Miss Susan Dyer, 
 
 Winter Park, Florida. 
 Judge and Mrs. Jefferson D. 
 Browne, 
 
 Tallahassee, Florida. 
 Dr. and Mrs. Deward Conradi, 
 
 Tallahassee, Florida. 
 Mrs. Marshall Price, 
 
 Cocoanut Grove, Florida. 
 Miss Elizabeth Skinner, 
 
 Dunedin, Florida. 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Edgar Lewis, 
 
 Ft. Piei'ce, Florida. 
 Dr. and Mrs. Lincoln Hulley, 
 
 DeLand, Florida. 
 Mrs. M. L. Stanley, 
 
 Daytona, Florida. 
 Hon. Tom Wilson, 
 
 Bartow, Florida. 
 Mrs. Katherine B. Tipetts, 
 
 St. Petei-sburg, Fla. 
 Hon. and Mrs. W. B. Lamar, 
 
 Monticello, Fla. 
 Mr. and Mrs. Meade Love, 
 
 Quincy, Florida. 
 Hon. and Mrs. W. H. Milton, 
 
 Marianna, Florida. 
 Mr. and Mrs. E. H. Mote, 
 
 Leesburg, Florida. 
 Hon. and Mrs. Chas. Davis, 
 
 Madison, Florida. 
 Hon. and Mrs. W. Hunt Harris, 
 
 Key West, Florida. 
 Mr. and Mrs. Harvey Heitman, 
 
 Ft. Myers, Florida. 
 Mr. and Mrs. Frank Stranahan, 
 
 Ft. Lauderdale, Florida. 
 Hon. and Mrs. W. J. Hillman, 
 
 Live Oak, Florida. 
 Mr. and Mrs. Herbert Y. Wilson, 
 
 Palatka, Florida. 
 Mr. and Mrs. J. A. Hendley, 
 
 Dade City, Florida. 
 Hon. and Mrs. J. E. Calkins, 
 
 Fernandina, Florida. 
 Mrs. E. N. Dimick, 
 
 West Palm Beach, Florida. 
 Hon. and Mrs. Eugene Mathews, 
 
 Starke, Florida. 
 Mr. and Mrs. H. B. Minium, 
 
 Green Cove Springs, Florida. 
 Mrs. G. M. Wright, 
 
 Lakeland, Florida. 
 Ex-Governor A. W. Gilchrist, 
 
 Punta Gorda, Floirda. 
 Hon. and Mrs. Joseph Varn, 
 
 Bradentown, Florida. 
 Hon. and Mrs. W. J. Hilburn, 
 
 Palatka, Florida. 
 Miss Emily Carter, 
 
 West Palm Beach, Florida. 
 Hon. and Mrs. Fred P. Cone, 
 
 Lake City, Florida. 
 Mrs. John T. Fuller, 
 
 Orlando, Florida. 
 Dr. and Mrs. W. F. Blackman, 
 
 Lake Monroe, Florida. 
 Dr. A. A. Murphree. 
 
JACKSONVILLE COMMUNITY SERVICE 
 
 HOSTS AND HOSTESSES 
 FLORIDA STATE HISTORICAL PAGEANT 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Richard P. Daniel 
 Mr. and Mrs. A. W. Cockrell 
 Mr. and Mrs. James V. Freeman 
 Mr. and Mrs. Melville E. Johnfoa 
 Mr. and Mrs. James McN. Wright 
 Mr. and Mrs. Richard P. Marks 
 Mrs. Emma Munoz 
 Mr. and Mrs. T. P. Denham 
 Mr. and Mrs. C. H. Chestnut 
 Mr. and Mrs. George Richards 
 Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Meigs 
 Mr. and Mrs. Frank Jennings 
 Mr. and Mrs. Arthur G. Cummer 
 Mrs. W. W. Cummer 
 Mr. and Mrs Waldo Cummer 
 Dr. and Mrs. E. H. L'Engle 
 Mr. and Mrs. A. P. Anthony 
 Mr. and Mrs. J. R. Anthony 
 Mr. and Mrs. W. B. Drew 
 Mr. and Mrs. A. H. King 
 Mr. and Mrs. A. S. Hubbard 
 Mr. and Mrs. Courts Kendall 
 Dr. and Mrs. Fons Hathaway 
 Mr. and Mrs. John D. Baker 
 Miss Louise Meiggs 
 Mr. and Mrs. A. F. Perry 
 Mr. and Mrs. Arthur McDuff 
 Mr. and Mrs. Frank Dearing 
 Mrs. J. E. Bryan 
 Mr. and Mrs. R. D. Knight 
 Mr. and Mrs. Thos. M. Palmer 
 Mr. and Mrs. George Avant 
 Mr. and Mrs. J. T. Alsop 
 Mr. and Mrs. C. G. Bucci 
 Mr. and Mrs. E. B. Brown 
 Mr. and Mrs. Louis Z. Baya 
 Mr. and Mrs. Edgar Rogers 
 Mr. and Mrs. B. W. Blount 
 Mr. and Mrs. J. E. T. Bowden 
 Mr. and Mrs. W. E. Sweeney 
 Mr. and Mrs. D. J. Conroy 
 Mr. and Mrs. C. T. Doty 
 Mr. and Mrs. W. T. Hadlow 
 Mr. and Mrs. L. B. Wooton 
 Mr. and Mrs. Harry James 
 Mr. and Mrs. W. F. Kelly 
 Mr. and Mrs. Sam Marks 
 Mr. and Mrs. J. C. Reynolds 
 Mr. and Mrs. R. R. Roscborough 
 Mr. and Mrs. Herbert Zacharias 
 Mr. and Mrs. W. H. Baker 
 Mr. and Mrs. A. W. Palmer 
 Mr. and Mrs. John A. Futch 
 Mr. and Mrs. Joseph H. Walsh 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Kenneth Hunter 
 Mr. and Mrs. John A. Newsome 
 Mr. and Mrs. Louis C. Rivas 
 Mr. and Mrs. J. K. Atwood 
 Mr. and Mrs. W. A. Edmunds 
 Mr. and W. C. Cooper, Jr. 
 Mr. and Mrs. W. H. Mouser 
 Mr. and Mrs. B. A. Murphy 
 Mr. and Mrs. Geo. W. Hessler 
 Mr. and Mrs. W. E. Arnold 
 Mr. and Mrs. S. A. Kyle 
 Mr. and Mrs. Stanton Walker 
 Mr. and Mrs. C. A. Tutewiler 
 Mr. and Mrs. W. A. Elliott 
 Mr. and Mrs. Chas. Pelot 
 Mr. and Mrs. Rob Baker 
 Mr. and Mrs. Kenneth Hunter 
 Mr. and Mrs. Windle Smith 
 Mr. and Mrs. W. A. Hallowes, Jr. 
 Mr. and Mrs. W. Keeley 
 Mr. and Mrs. Brandon McNair 
 Mrs. B. H. Barnett 
 Dr. and Mrs. Frederick Waas 
 Mr. and Mrs. Jno. A. Cunning- 
 ham 
 Miss Josie Loftin 
 Mr. and Mrs. George Mason 
 Mr. and Mrs. W. E. Kay 
 Mr. and Mrs. W. R. Frazier 
 Mr. and Mrs. Abner G. Withee 
 Mr. and Mrs. John D. Baker 
 Mr. and Mrs. W. Marcy Mason 
 Mr. and Mrs. W. P. Gilreath 
 Mr. and Mrs. W. R. Letcher 
 Mr. and Mrs. W. L. Whitehead 
 Mr. and Mrs. David Berkovitz 
 Mr. and Mrs. W. J. Power 
 Mr. and Mrs. Ben Weathers 
 Mr. and Mrs. W. K. Warren 
 Mr. and Mrs. W. C. Warrington 
 Mr. and Mrs. Harry B. Hoyt 
 Mr. and Mrs. F. H. Farwell 
 Mr. and Mrs. R. L. Blagg 
 Mr. and Mrs. T. W. Jenks 
 Mr. and Mrs. Harry B. Howell 
 Mr. and Mrs. C. W. Tucker 
 Mr. and Mrs. A. Y. Milam 
 Mr. and Mrs. M. L. Fleischel 
 Mr. and Mrs. R. V. Covington 
 Mr. and Mrs. Leon T. Cheeck 
 Mr. and Mrs. F. O. Miller 
 Mr. and Mrs. Geo. W Hardee 
 Mr. and Mrs. Frank C. Groover 
 Mr. and Mrs. Jefferson Thomas 
 
FLORIDA HISTORICAL PAGEANT 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. J. E. Cohen 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Damon Yerkes 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. W. K. Jackson 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Will Ingram 
 
 Mrs. J. B. Graves 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Telfair Stockton 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. C. B. Rogers 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. John C. Cooper, Sr. 
 
 Mrs. B. M. Warner 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Walter Hawkins 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Giles Wilson 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Plant Osborne 
 
 Mrs. W. S. Jennings 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. J. C. Chase 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. F. P. Fleming 
 
 Dr. and Mrs. James Pasco 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. John L. Doggett 
 
 Mrs. Charles S. Adams 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. George L. Drew 
 
 Mx's. J. C. Burr owes 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Jas. P. Taliaferro 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. H. P. Adair 
 
 Judge and Mrs. W. B. Young 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Lee Guest 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Morgan V. Gress 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. C. Buckman 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Chas W. Tucker 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. J. D. Holmes 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. J. N. Durkee 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. McGarvey Cline 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. J. Y. Wilson 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. T. C. Parker 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Frank Brown 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. G. D. Auchter 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. J. L. Medlin 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. S. H. Berg 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. J. T. Blalock 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. E. Screven Bond 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. J. Turner Butler 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. H. F. Huster 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. J. T. G. Crawford 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. O. P. Woodcock 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. J. D. Stuart 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. D. H. Doig 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. E. R. Hoyt 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Nat F. Jackson 
 
 Mrs. Raymond D. Knight, Sr. 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. A. N. O'Keefe 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. R. J. Riles 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Stephen E. Foster 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. John S. Bond 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. O. M. Wellslager 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. C. D. Fish 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. T. W. Dunk 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. E. E. Cohen 
 
 Mr. aedn Mrs. Blair Burwell, Jr. 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Quimby Melton 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. H. L. Covington 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Milton E. Bacon 
 Mr. and Mrs. R. S. Nicholson 
 Mr. and Mrs. John L. Roe 
 Mr. and Mrs. Lorenzo A. Wilson 
 Mr. and Mrs. Camille L'Engle 
 Mr. and Mrs. J. W. Edmondson 
 Mr. and Mrs. Chas. E. Jones 
 Mr. and Mrs. Frank O. Spain 
 Mr. and Mrs. Mellen C. Greeley 
 Mr. and Mrs. B. S. Levy 
 Mr. and Mrs. H. J. Klutho 
 Mr. and Mrs. T. M. Keller 
 Mr. and Mrs. J. C. Crawford 
 Mr. and Mrs. Ernest L. Hill 
 Mrs. Washington Smith 
 Mr. and Mrs. V. H. Lanier 
 Mr. and Mrs. Austin A. Miller 
 Mr. and Mrs. John C. Cooper, Jr. 
 Col. and Mrs. W. P. Corbett 
 Mr. and Mrs. L. J. Larzelere 
 Mr. and Mrs. A. V. Snell 
 Mr. and Mrs. Bayless Haynes 
 Mr. and Mrs. John E. Hartridge 
 Mr. and Mrs. A. C. Ulmer 
 Mr. and Mrs. W. M. Toomer 
 Mr. and Mrs. Don Barnett 
 Dr. and Mrs. Raymond Turck 
 Mr. and Mrs. Linwood Jeffreys 
 Judge and Mrs. Dewitt T. Gray 
 Mr. and Mrs. Stockton Broome 
 Mr. and Mrs. John Steele Porter 
 Mr. and Mrs. W. R. Rannie 
 Mr. and Mrs. J. H. Patterson 
 Mr. and Mrs. C. C. Jones 
 Mr. and Mrs. Solomon S. Shad 
 Mrs. Florence M. Cooley 
 Mr. and Mrs. Richard P. Marks 
 Mr. and Mrs. Alston Cockrell 
 Mr. and Mrs. Frank Rogers 
 Mr. and Mrs. Joel H. Tucker 
 Mr. and Mrs. Robert W. Simms 
 Mr. and Mrs. Robt. R. Milam 
 Mr. and Mrs. J. D. Holmes 
 Mr. and Mrs. Frances Mason 
 Mr. and Mrs. Frank D. Bisbee 
 Mr. and Mrs. W. G. Jones 
 Mr. and Mrs. D. C. Randolph 
 Mr. and Mrs. C. M. Shine 
 Mr. and Mrs. L. P. McCord 
 Mrs. Emma Wienecke 
 Mr. and Mrs. Chas. T. Paxon 
 Mr. and Mrs. W. T. Stockton 
 Mr. and Mrs. J. Henry Blount 
 Mr. and Mrs. Reuben Ragland 
 Mr. and Mrs. E. G. Trenholm 
 Mr. and Mrs. A. K. Taylor 
 Mr. and Mrs. Roswell King 
 Mr. and Mrs. Jonathan Yerkes 
 
10 
 
 JACKSONVILLE COMMUNITY SERVICE 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. J. E. Byrnes 
 Mr. and Mrs. Chas. H. Mann 
 Mr. and Mrs. H. C, Avery 
 Mr. and Mrs. Geo. W. Parkhill 
 Mr. and Mrs. Geo. H. Baldwin 
 Mr. and Mrs. Geo. B. Hills 
 Mr. and Mrs. Leopold Furchgott 
 Mr. and Mrs. V. E. Jacobs 
 Mr. and Mrs. Geo. R. DeSaussure 
 Mr. and Mrs. Giles Patterson 
 Judge and Mrs. Geo. Couper 
 
 Gibbs 
 Rev. E. M. Henderson 
 Rev. A. M. Yarborough 
 Rev. R. L. Baker 
 Rev. S. W. King 
 Rev. W. J. Kukendell 
 H. C. Peelman 
 Rev. J. T. Butler 
 Rev. W. E. Harlow 
 Rev. J. Mullady 
 Rev. V. W. Shields 
 Rev. A. M. Blackford 
 Rev. Melville E. Johnson 
 Rev. W. S. Gray 
 Rev. 0. T. Usleman 
 Rev. F. W. Sessions 
 Rev. J. B. Mitchell 
 Rev. H. A. Spencer 
 Rev. F. W. Krauser 
 Rev. H. P. Blocker 
 Rev. D. D. D.ffenweirth 
 Rev. S. D. Hendrix 
 Rev. L. E. McNair 
 Rev. W. A. Cleveland 
 Rev. E. F. Montgomery 
 Father Barry 
 Rev. E. G. Schultz 
 Rev. A. J. Coleman 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. C. B. Campbell 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. N. D. Suttles 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. W. D. Jones 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. W. B. Read 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. C. B. Fitch 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Windle W. Smith 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. E. E. Cleveland 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Herman Ulmer 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Chas. A. Chesnut 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Knox Simpson 
 
 Rev. D. M. Coulson 
 
 Rev. W. A. Hobson 
 
 Rev. W. I. Sanders 
 
 Rev. W. L. C. Mahon 
 
 Rev. B. F. Green 
 
 Rev. W. W. Lowery 
 
 C. W. Kneeland 
 
 Rev. J. T. Boone 
 
 Rev. Chas. W. Ross 
 
 Rev. E. C. Gillette 
 
 Rev. D. B. Leatherbury 
 
 Rev. C. W. Frazier 
 
 Rev. Milton R. Worsham 
 
 Rev. S. E. Idelman 
 
 Rev. M. M. Reynolds 
 
 Rev. J. B. Rooney 
 
 Rev. R. Ira Barnett 
 
 Rev. C. S. Hartridge 
 
 Rev. J. E. Hartsfield 
 
 Rev. H. Dutil 
 
 Rev. J. D. Lewis 
 
 Rev. G. H. Hendry 
 
 Rev. J. M. Waggett 
 
 Rev. E. W. Way 
 
 Father M. Maher 
 
 Dr. L L. Kaplan 
 
 Rev. Karl I' rost 
 
 Rev. W. H. Hiller 
 
FLORIDA HISTORICAL PAGEANT 
 
 11 
 
 Those Who Made Florida's First Pageant and This Book 
 Possible By Arranging the Finances 
 
 W. D. Jones 
 
 B. H. Chadwick Furniture Co. 
 A. G. Cummer 
 
 W. E. Cummer 
 
 John L. Roe 
 
 H. P. Adair 
 
 L. T. Cheek 
 
 R. V. Covington 
 
 Wilson and Toomer Fertilizer Co. 
 
 W. H. Baker 
 
 A. W. Palmer 
 
 O. M. Wellslager 
 
 H. & W. B. Drew Co. 
 
 C. D. Fish 
 
 T. P. Denham 
 
 Rhodes-Futch-Collins Furn. Co. 
 Joseph H. Walsh 
 H. S. Moulton 
 T. W. Dunk 
 J. C. Chase 
 
 B. E. Hardacre 
 J. E. Cohen 
 Florida Metropolis 
 A. Y. Milam 
 
 J E. Byrnes 
 
 H. L. Covington, Jr. 
 
 M. L. Fleischel 
 
 C. H. Mann 
 H. C. Avery 
 F. O. Miller 
 Geo. W. Parkhill 
 A. F. Perry 
 Geo. W. Hardee 
 F. C. Groover 
 Geo. B. Hills 
 Jefferson Thomas 
 W. R. McQuaid 
 E. M. L'Engle 
 Milton E. Bacon 
 J. K. Attwood 
 C. B. Fitch 
 
 N. D. Suttles 
 
 L. P. McCord 
 
 Mrs. Emma Wienecke 
 
 V. E. Jacobs Co. 
 
 Kohn-Furchgott Co. 
 
 E. E. Cleaveland Funiture Co. 
 James Demos 
 
 Windle W. Smith 
 W. A. Edmonds 
 W. C. Cooper, Jr. 
 H. J. Klutho 
 W. H. Mouser 
 T. M. Keller 
 
 B. A. Murphy 
 Nat F. Jackson 
 J. C. Crawford 
 Geo. W. Hessler 
 M. C. Greeley 
 Louis C. Rivas Co. 
 Geo. R. DeSaussure 
 W. E. Arnold 
 Ernest H. Hill 
 Melville E. Johnson 
 Alfred Hess 
 
 S. A. Kyle 
 
 Joe S. Diver 
 
 V. H. Lanier 
 
 Lee Guest 
 
 W. P. Gilreath 
 
 James Y. Wilson 
 
 W. R. Letcher 
 
 W. L. Whitehead 
 
 David Berkovitz 
 
 Robert W. Simms 
 
 W. J. Power 
 
 Geo. J. Avant 
 
 Ben Weathers 
 
 W. K. Warren 
 
 W. C. Warrington 
 
 Harry B. Hoyt 
 
 W. G. Jones 
 
 R. L. Blagg 
 
 Tutewiler Press 
 
 T. W. Jenks 
 
 Harry B. Howell 
 
 Frank D. Bisbee, Trustee 
 
 Don M. Barnett 
 
 F. H. Farwell 
 
 Randolph Motor Transportation 
 Co. 
 
 C. M. Shine 
 
12 
 
 JACKSONVILLE COMMUNITY SERVICE 
 
 COMMUNITY PAGEANT ASSOCIATION 
 
 Rev. Melville E. Johnson, Pres. 
 Harry B. Hoyt, 1st V-Pres. 
 George Avant, Treas. 
 
 Geo. W. Hardee, 2nd V-Pres. 
 Mellen C. Greeley, Secretary 
 
 Executive Committee 
 
 Melville E. Johnson, chairman 
 
 F. C. Groover 
 
 A. P. Anthony 
 
 Harry B. Hoyt 
 
 Geo. B. Hills 
 
 Mrs. T. P. Denham 
 
 Mrs. E. R. Hoyt 
 
 Mrs. Jessie A. McGriff 
 
 Marcus C. Fagg 
 
 Hon. Gary A. Hardee 
 
 Hon. John W. Martin 
 Frank H. Owen 
 Chas. A. Clark 
 Arthur F. Perry 
 Chas. H. Mann 
 Miss Margaret Weed 
 R. T. Blagg 
 Rabbi I. L. Kaplan 
 Father M. Maher 
 Rev. W. A. Hobson 
 Mrs. W. B. Young 
 Mrs. C. W. Tucker 
 Quimby Melton 
 W. A. Elliott 
 Rev. J. B. Mitchell 
 Stockton Broome 
 L. J. Larzelere 
 W. E. Arnold 
 L. W. Strum 
 E. C. Williamson 
 Chas. G. Day 
 Mrs. C. C. Bucci 
 Joe E. Byrnes 
 Marcus Fagg 
 Hon. Geo. Couper Gibbs 
 Hon. Daniel A. Simmons 
 Miss Tracy L'Engle 
 Dr. Raymond C. Turck. 
 
 T. Frederick Davis 
 H. P. Adair 
 Lorenzo A. Wilson 
 Geo. W. Hardee 
 Prof. Fons A. Hathaway 
 Mrs. J. Y. Wilson 
 Mrs. C. W. Tucker 
 Miss Martha Race 
 Geo. W. Hardee 
 Miss Eleanor Rawson 
 
 Directors 
 
 Dr. Fredereick Waas 
 
 Fred M. Valz 
 
 Edward W. Lane 
 
 Bion H. Barnett 
 
 Mrs. W. W. Cummer 
 
 Dr. L. E. McNair 
 
 F. W. Hoyt 
 
 Mrs. Jessie A. McGriff 
 
 Mrs. Beulah M. Warner 
 
 Miss Gertrude Jacobi 
 
 R. P. Daniel, Jr. 
 
 Mrs. Frank Brown 
 
 Mrs. W. S. Jennings 
 
 Chas. E. Jones 
 
 R. T. Arnold 
 
 Chas. Paxon 
 
 Mrs. J. D. Alderman 
 
 Mrs. 0. H. Page 
 
 John H. Mackey 
 
 F. O. Miller 
 
 Mrs. J. B. Gravea 
 
 J. C. Chase 
 
 W. M. Stockton 
 
 Hon. Rhydon M. Call 
 
 Hon. DeWitt T. Gray 
 
 Arthur T. Williams 
 
 Miss Ruth Rich 
 
 Art Committee 
 
 Mrs. Lee Guest, Chairman 
 Mrs. E. R. Hoyt 
 Miss Florence Tricker 
 Miss Louise Moffet 
 Mrs. Arthur F. Perry 
 Miss Susan Williams 
 
 Franklin Yeager 
 Mrs. Phelps M. Burchette 
 Miss Marjorie Currier 
 Mrs. Strawn Perry 
 Mrs. T. H. Ellington. 
 
FLORIDA HISTORICAL PAGEANT 13 
 
 Auto Service Committee 
 
 Mrs G P. Swanson, Chairman Oldsmobile Co. 
 
 Mrs. M. K. Wilson Mrs. M. M. Green 
 
 Mrs. John Karner Mrs. Fulton Saussy 
 
 C E Riddle Mrs. Kenneth Merrill 
 
 Howard Boss E. Screven Bond 
 Barwald Motor Co. 
 
 Boats Committee 
 
 Kenneth Merrill, Chariman M. A. Evans 
 
 Frank Holt, sub-Chairman C. W. Morton 
 
 Capt. William Starratt J. C. Merrill 
 
 Louis Strum A. B. Potter 
 
 P E. Peck V. H. Eldred 
 
 George Ruckes William Schloenbach 
 
 M Enge Jos. Weed 
 
 Geo. W. Gibbs Chas. E. Pelot 
 B. F. Adams 
 
 Cast Committee 
 
 Mrs. J. Y. Wilson, Chairman Mrs. W. S. Thomas 
 
 Miss Carmen Park Mrs. Frank Brown 
 
 O Z. Tyler Miss Adele Jacobi 
 
 Mrs. W. W. Smith Mrs. O. Z. Tyler 
 Mrs. H. E. Reichard 
 
 Costume Committee 
 
 Mrs. Frank Genovar, Chairman Mrs. Frank Evans 
 
 Miss Anne Stockton Miss Florence Tricker 
 
 Miss Marjorie Currier Miss Mae Franklin 
 Mrs. V. H. Gwinn 
 
 Dance Committee 
 
 Mrs. E. I. Minick, Chairman Miss Edith Rope 
 
 Miss Clevie Cullum Miss Marjorie Smith 
 
 Mrs. H. Ross Jimmie Collins 
 
 Miss Adele Jacobi Miss Fay Evans 
 
 Finance Committee 
 
 H. S. Moulton, Chairman Wm. Stockton 
 
 Joe Byrnes Jos. H. Walsh 
 
 Geo. Avant Geo. W. Parkhill 
 
 Don Barnett William Harkisheimer 
 
 W. H. Johnson William Dickson 
 
 L. P. McCord H. G. Aird 
 
 Delmer Upchurch Alfred Hess 
 
 Waldo Cummer James Stockton 
 
 Leon Cheek C. D. Mills 
 
 Nat Jackson J. M. Quincy 
 Fred Farwell 
 
14 
 
 JACKSONVILLE COMMUNITY SERVICE 
 
 Grounds 
 
 Mellen C. Greeley, Chairman 
 James Stockton 
 Miss H. Dozier 
 John R. Walsh 
 
 B. F. Haynes, Jr. 
 Marcy Mason 
 
 C. T. Dawkins 
 Geo. Hessler 
 Laidley Ogden 
 A. Laney 
 Abner G. Withee 
 M. B. Herlong 
 
 Committee 
 
 Solomon Shad 
 
 Geo. B. Hill 
 
 LeRoy Sheftall 
 
 Ellis, Curtis & Kooker 
 
 W. M. Marsh 
 
 Louis Rivas 
 
 R. J. Gallespie 
 
 J. L. Wilkes 
 
 W. T. Hadlow 
 
 Fred Boston 
 
 W. R. Frazier 
 
 Tracy Acosta 
 
 Grounds Service Committee 
 
 Joshua C. Chase, Chairman 
 Judge DeWitt T. Gray 
 R. E. Merritt 
 
 A. S. MacFarlane 
 T. C. Imeson 
 A. J. Roberts 
 
 Jacksonville Boy Scouts Council 
 Scoutmasters and Assistants 
 
 A. S. MacFarlane, Scout Execu- 
 tive 
 Moreland Richardson, S. M. 
 William Decker, Asst. 
 Herman Gordon, Asst. 
 Chas. Wellington, Asst. 
 Cyril Marx, S. M. 
 T. F. Davis, S. M. 
 Benj. Shorstein, Asst. 
 Carl H. Barlow, Asst. 
 Carl Bowen, Asst. 
 C. C. Strasburger, S. M. 
 Earl Jacobs, S. M. 
 W. B. Wasson, Asst. 
 Alfred R. Stein, S. M. 
 Herbert C. Brown, Asst. 
 R. G. Madden, S. M. 
 Clyde Moulton, Asst. 
 H. Castine, S. M. 
 J. J. Salzer, S. M. 
 George Floyd, Asst. S. M. 
 C. A. Hoyt, Asst. 
 
 Nathanel L. Bedford, S. M. 
 Clinton Denmark, Asst. 
 Rev. M. E. Johnson, S. M. 
 Wm. S. Chambers, S. M. 
 Chas. Hamilton, Asst. 
 Stanley Webb, S. M. 
 
 E. C. Wimer, S. M. 
 Alton R. Colcord, S. M. 
 Stewart W. Pendleton, S. M. 
 O. B. Jay, S. M. 
 
 Chas. B. Wachtel, Asst. 
 Hansel Jeffers, Asst. 
 W. H. Wernicoff, Asst. 
 J. V. Borum, S. M. 
 Charles Harmon, Asst. 
 
 F. L. Salfelder, S. M. 
 Fred E. Lueders, S. M. 
 E. L. Decker, Asst. 
 
 Rev. Chas. Hartridge, S. M. 
 
 Everett McDowell, Asst. 
 
 Rev. E. F. Montgomery, S. M. 
 
 Horse Committee 
 
 W. J. Bryson, Chairman 
 S. Permenter 
 Charlie McQuage 
 
 Ira Melson 
 
 Harry T. Armington 
 
 J. G. Permenter 
 
 History Committee 
 
 T. Frederick Davis, Chairman 
 Mrs. Josephine Beckley 
 Mrs. Elizabeth M. Bogart 
 Mrs. Herbert M. Corse 
 Richard P. Daniel, Jr. 
 
 Benjamin Harrison 
 Mrs. Linwood Jeffreys 
 J. D. Kerrison 
 Miss Gertrude L'Engle 
 Miss Elizabeth V. Long 
 
FLORIDA HISTORICAL PAGEANT 15 
 
 Mrs. Thomas P. Denham Joseph F. Marron 
 
 C. Seton Fleming Daniel A. Simmons 
 
 Moses Folsom Miss Essie May Williams 
 
 State History Committee 
 
 Mrs. Minnie Moore Wilson, Kissimmee, Florida 
 
 Chairman 
 
 Mrs. F. R. S. Phillips Tallahassee, Florida 
 
 Dr. James M. Leake University of Florida, 
 
 Gainsville, Florida 
 
 Mrs. S. L. Lowry Tampa, Florida 
 
 Mrs. Frank A. Stanahan Ft. Lauderdale, Florida 
 
 Mrs. Washington E. Conner New Smyrna, Florida 
 
 Mr. John B. Stetson Elkins Park, Pa. 
 
 Mrs. Florence Cooley Jacksonville, Florida 
 
 Mrs. J. H. Durkee Jacksonville, Florida 
 
 Invitation Committee 
 
 Mayor John W. Martin, Rev. Melville Johnson 
 
 Chairman A. V. Snell 
 
 Frank H. Owen Fred M. Valz 
 Chas. A. Clark 
 
 Literary Committee 
 
 Mrs. Jessie A.McGriff, Chairman Fred T. Davis 
 Geo. Chapin Miss Martha Race 
 
 Miss Eleanor Rawson 
 
 Prologue Committee 
 
 Miss Eleanor Rawson, Chairman Max G. Sabel 
 
 Miss Margaret Fairlie Kenneth West 
 
 Miss Frances Dickinson Pinder W. H. Cordner 
 
 Mrs. F. M. Bogart Miss Martha Race 
 
 Membership Committee 
 
 Mrs. J. B. Graves, Chairman Mrs. Frank Rogers 
 
 Miss Margaret Failie Mrs. Carrington Barrs 
 
 Mrs. N. C. Slade George Shepherd 
 
 Mrs. C. B. Rogers Miss Katherine Sproull 
 
 Music Committee 
 
 John J. Mackey, Chairman Prof. Wm. Meyer 
 
 J. Warren Berry George Orner 
 
 W. H. Leaker Lyman P. Prior 
 
 Lou Volino Cyrus Washburn 
 
 Mrs. G. H. Lake J. B. Lucy, Jr. 
 
 Albert I. Spencer Miss Irma SchuU 
 
 Fred Godfrey Arno E. Anske 
 Mrs. Chas. Tucker 
 
 Accompanists 
 
 Mrs. Marion B. Bowles, Chairman Mrs. W. A. Foster 
 
 Miss Isabel Oliver Miss Mary Morris 
 
 Miss Joanna Boyer Miss Fannie Frost Miller 
 
 Miss Emma White Mrs. A. L. Powell 
 
 Miss Helen Hollingsworth Mrs. Blanche Delgado Sheftall 
 
 Mrs. S. M. Hirons 
 
16 
 
 JACKSONVILLE COMMUNITY SERVICE 
 
 Photography Committee 
 
 Geo. M. Chapin, Chairman 
 C. W. Dishinger 
 
 H. J. Klutho 
 V. W. Eldred 
 
 Productions Committee 
 
 Miss 
 Mrs. 
 Miss 
 Miss 
 Miss 
 Mrs. 
 Mrs. 
 Miss 
 Mrs. 
 Mrs. 
 
 Eleanor Rawson, Chairman 
 
 E. I. Minick 
 
 Gertrude Jacobi 
 
 Margaret Fairlie 
 
 Elizabeth Long 
 
 Edward L'Engle 
 
 E. H. Seasbrook 
 
 Anne Stockton 
 
 Chas. Johnson 
 
 John L. Doggett 
 
 Mrs. E. R. Hoyt 
 
 Mrs. V. H. G-w-inn 
 
 Mrs. Frances L'Engle 
 
 Mrs. Wilmarth Taylor 
 
 Mrs. R. B. Trueman 
 
 Miss Frances Ruggles 
 
 Miss Ruth Rich 
 
 Miss Gertrude L'Engle 
 
 Miss Martha Race 
 
 Miss Margaret Somerville 
 
 Advance Ticket Sale Committee 
 
 Mrs. S. Franklin Gammon, 
 
 Chairman 
 Mrs. Frank H. Mallard 
 Mrs. W. L. Benton 
 
 • Mrs. Robert J. Downey 
 Mrs. N. A. Upchurch 
 Mrs. Julian E. Gammon 
 
 Program Committee 
 
 M. G. Schiveley, Chairman 
 Mrs. B. W. Blount 
 Mrs. O. H. Page 
 John Othen 
 
 Mrs. J. D. Holmes 
 Mrs. J. D. Alderman 
 Mrs. M. M. Lander 
 Prof. R. B. Rutherford 
 
 Properties Committee 
 
 George Massey, Chairman 
 Mrs. Wm. Jeacle 
 George Ruckles 
 C. A. Hoyt 
 
 H. H. Drayton 
 
 Mrs. Percy J. Mundy 
 
 L. C. Hitchcock 
 
 Make-Up Committee 
 
 Miss Virginia W. Estes 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. J. Elwell 
 
 Jose Whidden 
 
 Laura Nickel 
 
 Mrs. Mildred Hostage 
 
 Miss Hussel 
 Mrs. Lyle T. Irwin 
 Joyce Clark 
 Ethel Hancock 
 
 Publicity Committee 
 
 Mrs. O. Y. Elder, Chairman 
 
 Mrs. George Bucci 
 
 Mrs. J. O. Holder 
 
 Mrs. O. H. Page 
 
 Mrs. Frank Brown 
 
 Mrs. N. S. Brinkley 
 
 Mrs. W. W. Porser 
 
 Mrs. J. D. Alderman 
 
 Mrs. Gail Barnard 
 
 Mrs. A. S. Delinski 
 
 Mrs. Carrington Barrs 
 
 Mrs. James Campbell 
 
 Mrs. Giles Brown 
 
 Mrs. R. E. Hodges 
 
 Mrs. J. H. Yewing 
 
 Mrs. John Miller 
 
 Mrs. Harry Williams, of Arling- 
 ton 
 
 Mrs. Moselle, Green Cove 
 Springs 
 
 Mrs. Paul Carpenter, South 
 Jacksonville 
 
 Mrs. C. A. Purcel, 
 Pablo Beach. 
 
FLORIDA HISTORICAL PAGEANT 
 
 17 
 
 Speakers Bureau 
 
 Mr. Richard P. Daniels, Jr., John W. Dodge 
 
 Chairman Alston Cockrell, Jr. 
 
 F. P. Fleming Stanton Walker 
 R. D. Knight E. S. Hemphill 
 
 A. H. King W. M. Madison 
 H. P. Osborne 
 
 Workshop Committee 
 
 Mrs. E. R. Hoyt, Chairman Mrs. Fons Hathaway 
 
 Mrs. A. J. Coleman Mrs. Ray D. Knight 
 
 Mrs. Frank Genovar Miss Frances Ruggles 
 
 Mrs. George Christie Mrs. W. Jenison 
 
 Mrs. Fred Burr Mrs. F. P. West 
 Mrs. Josephine Nutter 
 
 Decoration Committee 
 
 B. K. Hanafourde, Chairman Joe Byrnes 
 Wm. C. Logan Albert Hess 
 E. M. Dougherty 
 
 Railroad Transportation 
 
 G. Z. Phillips, Chairman S. G. Linderbeck 
 W. D. Stark G. R. Pettit 
 
 O. H. Page 
 
 Local Transportation 
 
 C. C. Jones, Chairman Frank Rogers 
 
 Elmer Hagin 
 
 STAGE DIRECTION 
 
 J. Oliver Brison 
 Eleanor Rawson 
 Pauline Oak 
 
 Mr. and Mrs J. Y. Wilson 
 Mrs. E. R. Hoyt 
 Margaret Somerville 
 Mrs. Arthur Perry 
 
 Directors 
 
 Gertrude Jacobi 
 Mrs. E. L Minick 
 
 Entrance Directors 
 
 Anne L. Stockton 
 Mrs. O. Z. Tyler 
 Mrs. F. O. Spain 
 
 Field Directors 
 
 Mrs. E. M. Bogart 
 
 Mrs. Grace P. Woodman 
 
 Gertrude Marvin 
 
 Mr. L. S. Teague 
 
 Mrs. Chas. Johnson 
 
 Adele Jacobi 
 
 Mr. Francis A. Moore 
 
 Mr. Ernest Quincy 
 
 Mr. Fred Wood 
 
 Martha Race 
 
 Dr. and Mrs. L. J. L'Engle 
 
 Gertrude L'Engle 
 
 Delia Meigs 
 
 May Franklin 
 
 Margaret Fairlee 
 
 Mrs. Hake Lesk 
 
 Ruth Rich 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. H. L. Richmond 
 
 Marion Adams 
 
 Virginia McHvain 
 
 Mr. Scriven Bond 
 Mr. B. N. Jones 
 Mr. L. McCubbins 
 Frances Ruggles 
 Elsie Butell 
 Mrs. D. D. Colcock 
 Mr. Francis L'Engle 
 Mr. Frances Ewell 
 Mrs. W. B. Ford 
 Beulah Beal 
 Clara Weltch 
 Sarah Smith 
 Mr. Stanley Webb 
 Mr. F. E. Bislon 
 Miss May Franklin 
 Mrs. W. Taylor 
 Mrs. R. B. Truman 
 Mrs. Robert R. Milam 
 Edith Burrow^s 
 Irene Stuart 
 
18 JACKSONVILLE COMMUNITY SERVICE 
 
 COSTUME DESIGNS — By members of Art Committee 
 
 WORKSHOP — Under direction of Majorie Currier. 
 
 BOATS — Designed and built by Members of Boat Committee. 
 
 PROPERTIES — George Massey, Chairman. 
 
 OLD FORT — Designed by Miss H. Dozier 
 
 SMALL PROPERTIES— Made by George Ruckes, C. E. Hitchcock. 
 U. S. Hospital for disabled Florida soldiers, made under direc- 
 tion of Ralph Smith. 
 
 HORSES — Loaned by Bryson Live Stock Co., J. A. McQuage Co., 
 Permenter Live Stock Co. 
 
 ARCHITECTURAL AND CONTRACTUAL WORK— By members of 
 Grounds Committee. 
 
 USE OF GROUNDS — Given by Mrs. Abner G. Withee, Soloman S. 
 Shad, Avondale Co., C. H. Mann, W. F. Catling, Shelby Smith, 
 Miss Elenor Rawson, Mrs. Josephine Simmons, H. A. Renfroe 
 and E. H. Fredericks. 
 
FLORIDA HISTORICAL PAGEANT 19 
 
 PERSONNEL PAGEANT DIRECTION 
 
 Pageant Director — Nina B. Lamkin, Dramatic De- 
 partment, Community Service, Inc., New York. 
 
 Executive Director — J. Oliver Brison, Community 
 Service, Inc., New York. 
 
 Chorus Director — Lyman P. Prior. 
 
 Orchestra Director — Geo. Orner. 
 
 Band Director — J. Warren Berry. 
 
 Personnel of Chorus Groups 
 
 Organization Director 
 
 Community Music Association Lyman P. Prior 
 
 Chorus Units Organizer Mrs. Chas. W. Tucker 
 
 St. Johns Episcopal Choir H. F. Rivenburg 
 
 Good Shepherd Episcopal Choir Nelson Brett 
 
 Snyder Memorial M, E. Choir Lyman P. Prior 
 
 First Christian Church Choir L. M. Wanckel 
 
 Main Street Baptist Church Choir H. M. Wilson 
 
 Central Christian Church Choir J. Nisson Lamb 
 
 Riverside Baptist Church Choir N. W. Cathcart 
 
 Chorus of School Children Mrs, Grace P. Woodman 
 
 Riverside Park Meth. Church Choir ...Mrs. J. T. Blalock 
 
 St. Andrews Church Choir John Z. Parsons 
 
 American Harmony Association G. Porter 
 
 Fryar Studio of Music Chorus Miss Gertrude Mason 
 
 Immaculate Conception Choir 
 
 Genevieve McMurray and Jos. Schrieber 
 
 Mary B. Morris Chorus Accompanist 
 
 Pianos loaned by F. O. Miller, S. Ernest Phillpit, 
 Cable Piano Co. 
 
20 
 
 JACKSONVILLE COMMUNITY SERVICE 
 
 PAGEANT ORCHESTRA 
 
 Under the Direction of George Orner 
 
 Composed of the following orchestral units: 
 
 Community Concert Orchestra 
 
 Violins Flutes 
 
 Herbert Folsom J- F. Livingston 
 
 W. W. Hunter Sol Goldberg 
 J. H. Copeland Clarinets 
 
 N. A. Von Dohlen Vincent J. Rio 
 
 Leo Carrol Folsom J- J- Dmsmore 
 Nels Johnson Cornets 
 
 J. G. Morton Guy L. Carter 
 
 Leon Joel Roland Deaton 
 Fred Wolf Trombones 
 
 C. E. Pallett Earl B. Romig 
 
 David Fripp C. H. Bernreutter 
 Lucien Moray Wanckel • Saxophones 
 
 John Meyer, Jr. T. E. Jackson 
 
 Sidney L. Clark Felix Meyer 
 
 Ellis Ferandel Eugene C. Cellon 
 
 g> ,1 C. W. Godwin 
 
 Cellos -i\yr o 
 
 T^. , , __ Mr. Summers 
 
 Richard Knauer Horns 
 
 £• ^;r^^¥"^^" O- J- Muehlbacher 
 
 E. W. Obernauer Avery G. Powell 
 
 Basso Drums 
 
 Arno E. Anske Harry L. Canova 
 
 THEATER MUSICIANS 
 
 Arcade Theater 
 
 Frank Norris Violin 
 
 Florian Del Record Clarinet 
 
 Eugene Bedard Ceilo 
 
 Ernest Goodwin Bass 
 
 Enrique Baza Flute 
 
 C. O. Robinson Tympani 
 
 Russell Broughman Trumpet 
 
 Imperial Theater 
 
 Clyde Gardner _ Violin 
 
 E. A. Holmes ..Clarinet 
 
 Adolph Marier Cello 
 
 Segundo Lopez Bass 
 
 Palace Theater 
 
 Howard Manucy Piano 
 
 D. J. Cunningham Violin 
 
 Lloyd Massey Trumpet 
 
 Joe Crevasse Drums 
 
 Fred Thellman Clarinet 
 
 W. E. Atkinson Trombone 
 
 Rialto Theater 
 Charles Nelson Organ 
 
FLORIDA HISTORICAL PAGEANT 
 
 21 
 
 Duval Theater 
 
 Geo. Orner Violin 
 
 Geo. Frick Clarinet 
 
 Joe Verney Clarinet 
 
 J. H. Hebblen Bass 
 
 Carl Richardson Drums 
 
 Casino Theater 
 
 Mrs. J. D. Joel. 
 
 Mason Hotel Orchestra 
 
 Harry Potter Piano 
 
 L. D. Branch Violin 
 
 Leo Paroda Clarinet 
 
 G. Pearson Drums 
 
 COMMUNITY BAND 
 
 Under Direction J. Warren Berry 
 
 Cornets U. Russo 
 
 Cyrus Washborn J- ^ytle 
 
 James Deacy ^- ^^^^ 
 
 Lloyd Massey ^- ^^e 
 
 G. E. Masche C. Jackson 
 H. Haydock Baritones 
 
 Percy Branning V. Santors 
 
 Eldon Boyce Carrol Ford 
 
 Clarinets L. Snyder 
 John Bell Trombones 
 
 Jos. Verni jj. E. Ross 
 
 Geo. Boutivell ^^^^y. Pumell 
 
 Jos. Needham jj perters 
 
 GlenGiddmgs Log_ Ci^^^ 
 
 Jos. Barbiers j^g. Bienizer 
 
 Harry Howell -^ ^^ Curtis 
 
 Edward Wells A. Rooney 
 
 Leo Pasoda rp Xeate 
 
 Robert Ross ^i McCormick 
 
 Flute, Piccolo j^^^^ 
 
 H. Hess r^ T^ J. ^ 
 
 C. Frenstead 
 
 Saxaphones Percy Allen 
 
 H. Hatcher Alvin Foster 
 
 Geo. Hattern R. Gorden 
 
 John Thomas Dr. Brillhart 
 R. Banzhof Drums 
 
 L. Mendelssohn a t> o 
 
 Edward Dretina ^•^\ Spencer 
 
 . Albert Fowler 
 
 Bass Clarinet j^^^^ jjahn 
 
 Florian Record Carl Richardson 
 
 French Horns P- Bernreuter 
 
 D. Bache 
 
22 JACKSONVILLE COMMUNITY SERVICE 
 
 CHARACTERS AND GROUPS IN ORDER 
 OF THEIR ENTRANCE WITH GROUP SPONSORS 
 
 Reader of Prologues— Rev. Melville E. Johnson. 
 
 FLORIDA — Mrs. Frances L'Engle. 
 
 FLORIDA'S ATTENDANTS— Mrs. Damon Yerkes, Frances Shme, 
 
 Emma R. Williams, Isabelle M. Williams, Anna R. Williams, Susan 
 
 A. Williams, Mrs. Phil May, Mrs. Judson Yerkes and 
 others. 
 
 SEA NYMPHS — Concordia School, Clevie Cullum. 
 
 SPIRIT OF THE FOREST — Eulalie Haas. . 
 
 VOICES OF THE FOREST — Junior Dept. Ladies Friday Musical, 
 Claire Kellogg, Mrs. A. A. Coult, Margaret Haas. 
 
 LEGEND OF THE FLORIDA MOSS — Story Tellers' League. 
 
 SPANISH MOSS — Junior Department Concordia School, Clevie Cul- 
 lum. 
 
 MIST MAIDENS — Riverside Group, Mrs. Jessie A. McGriff. 
 
 IHE NORTH WIND — Violet Newell. 
 
 THE SOUTH WIND — Louise Newell. 
 
 POINSETTIA — Pupils of Fay Evans School of Dancing, Fay Evans. 
 
 RED BIRDS — Nancy Boss, Betty Boss. 
 
 EPISODE I 
 
 THE FIREMAKER — Austin Norton 
 
 CHIEF UCITA — R. L. Pullen. 
 
 CHIEF TUSCALA— F. L. Cooper. 
 
 INDIAN BRAVES — Kiwanis Club, F. L. Cooper, Louis Rivas, Geo. 
 V. Salzer. 
 
 INDIAN BRAVES — Seminole Tribe Red Men — Percy L. Thomas, 
 W. J. Tipton. 
 
 CHIEF SATOURIONA— 
 
 CHIEF OLOCATORA — Walter G. Whiteman 
 
 INDIAN BRAVES — Junior Chamber of Commerce, Donald Barnett, 
 Louis Rivas, Robert Frazier. 
 
 INDIAN CHIEF— S. F. Williams. 
 
 INDIAN BRAVES — Red Cross Volunteer Life Saving Corps, Capt. 
 O. L. Schubert, Seminole Canoe Club, Wm. Schloenbach. 
 
 CHIEF HELICOPALE— S. T. Campbell. 
 
 MEDICINE MAN — A. F. Brookside. 
 
 INDIAN BRAVES — Lackawanna League, Walter G. Whiteman. 
 
 INDIAN BRAVES — St. Andrews Parish, Lysle Johnson. 
 
 INDIAN GUIDES — Y. M. C. A., Mr. Carlisle. 
 
 INDIAN BRAVES — High School Boys, O. P. West. 
 
 INDIAN BOYS — Brentwood League, Mrs. J. H. Hennies. 
 
 INDIAN WOMEN — Lackwanna League, Mrs. T. H. Wigg, Mrs. C. 
 E. Weathers. 
 
 INDIAN WOMEN — Friendship Camp. 
 
 INDIAN WOMEN — Friendship Camp, Poinsetta Camp, Royal Neigh- 
 bors of America, Mrs. Edward Hershberg Mrs. Carrie 
 
 B. Grunthal. 
 
 INDIAN GROUP — Central Riverside Community League, Mrs. I. 
 
 N. Nivan. 
 DAUGHTER OF TUSCALA — Mrs. Austin Norton. 
 INDIAN WOMEN — Moosehart Legion, Mrs. E. Van Valkenburg. 
 INDIAN WOMEN — Pocahontas Lodge, Mrs. Lockwood, Mrs. W. 
 
 J. Tipton. 
 INDIAN WOMEN — Womens Club South Jacksonville, Mrs. J. T. 
 
 Atkinson, Mrs. F. J. Bingham. 
 
FLORIDA HISTORICAL PAGEANT 23 
 
 INDIAN WOMEN — American Legion Auxilliary, Mrs. Davenport. 
 
 INDIAN WOMEN— East Jacksonville Mothers Club, Mrs. W. H. 
 Honeycutt. 
 
 INDIAN WOMEN— Pythian Sisters, Jacksonville Chapter No. 3 
 Mrs. W. A. Vassar. 
 
 INDIAN WOMEN — St. John's Branch Girls Friendly Society, Anna 
 Lalor. 
 
 INDIAN WOMEN— y. W. C. A. Girl's Clubs, Miss Edith Rope. 
 
 INDIAN GIRLS— Camp Fire Girls, Mrs. M. H. Ogilvie. 
 
 INDIAN RIDERS — Eugene Permenter, Katherine Bryson, Thelma 
 Permenter, Virginia Taylor, Retta Frost, Asther Cum- 
 mings, Mr. and Mrs. W. H. Donaldson, Myrtle Nevin, 
 Gladys Holmes, Inez Norton, Mrs. Kaufman. 
 
 INTERLUDE I 
 
 FOUNTAIN OF YOUTH — Young Women of Jacksonville, Marion 
 
 Adams, Edith Burrowes. 
 GROUP LEADERS — Mrs. Wilson Sweat, Virginia Fish, Mary Hoyt, 
 
 Katherine Chestnut. 
 
 EPISODE II 
 Scene 1 
 
 PONCE DE LEON — Frank Wideman. 
 
 AIDES — Franklin Russell, Jr., W. J. Baker. 
 
 ASSOCIATES— First Baptist Church, C. E. Martin, Robert Mclver, 
 
 E. C. Vaughn, D. E. Rigdell, J. L. Odum, V/. G. Jones, 
 
 P. K. Wilson,. Dr. M. E. Kennedy, G. B. Levy, L. E 
 
 Brown, W. A. J. Moore. 
 SPANISH SOLDIERS— National Guards, Capt M. R. Woodward. 
 INDIAN GUIDES— Y. M. C. A., Mr. Carlisle. 
 SPANISH PRIEST— Knights of Columbus, A. N. O'Keefe, C. R. 
 
 Mundee, C. F. Dieter. 
 LEADER OF SPANISH MEN— Loren Green. 
 SPANISH MEN— Brentwood League, Mrs. F. C. Taylor. 
 SPANISH MEN— Y. M. C. A., Mr. Carlisle. 
 SPANISH MEN— First Christ-an Church, Mrs. May Winn. 
 SPANISH BOYS AS ATTENDANTS— Group from Riverside, Mrs. 
 
 Fulton Saussy. 
 
 Indians in Episode I 
 Scene II 
 
 INDIAN BOYS — Brentwood League, Mrs. J. H. Hennies. 
 INDIAN CHILDREN— Lackwanna, Mrs. Ellington. 
 INDIAN DANCER— Creel Durrance. 
 Scene I 
 
 EPISODE III 
 
 NARVAEZ — William Cordner. 
 
 ASSOCIATES — Herbert Lamson, Charles Taylor, P. Moody Clarkson, 
 
 Lawrence Holton, Leroy Dart, Claude Shine, William 
 Wakefield, Wm. Thigten, Harry Johnson. 
 SPANISH MEN — Brentwood League, Mrs. F. C. Taylor; Y. M. C. A. 
 Mr. Carlisle; East Jacksonville Community League, 
 
 Mr Pacetti 
 JUAN ORTIZ— Francis Stringfellow. 
 CABEZA DE VACA— 
 SPANISH SOLDIERS— National Guards. 
 INDIAN GUIDES— Y. M. C. A., Duval High School Boys. 
 
24 JACKSONVILLE COMMUNITY SERVICE 
 
 Scene II 
 
 CHIEF UCITA— R. L. Pullen. 
 
 INDIAN PRINCESS DAUGHTER OF CHIEF UCITA— Katherine 
 
 Wilson. 
 ATTENDANTS OF PRINCESS— Members of Mrs. Nelson Brett's 
 
 Class, Church of Good Shepherd and Lois West, Julia 
 
 Bronson, Julia Heard, Frances Young, Helen Holden, 
 
 Jacynthia Smith, Susie Burdett. 
 
 INDIAN BRAVES— IN EPISODE I 
 
 INDIAN WOMEN — Mrs. Plant Osbourne and Group. 
 
 Scene III 
 
 DE SOTO— Plant Osbourne. 
 
 AIDES — Kenneth W. Hunter, Stanton Walker. 
 
 SPECIAL AIDES TO DE SOTO— Geo. H. Baldwin, Herbert Lamson, 
 
 Robert Mclver, Wm. B. Young, Jr., P. Moody Clarkson, 
 
 Chas. Wightman. 
 ASSOCIATES— C. E. Martin and Group. 
 INDIAN GUIDES— Seminole Yatch Club, Wm. Schloenback, Mr. 
 
 Engle. 
 SPANISH PRIESTS— Knight of Columbus. 
 SPANISH BOYS OF ATTENDANTS— Miss Jacobi's School. 
 
 INTERLUDE II 
 
 SPIRIT OF THE RIVER— Garry Ford. 
 
 RIVER SPIRITS— Duval High School Girls, Mrs. M. G. Gundy; 
 V. I. M. Corps (H. S.) — Carmen H. Pike; Excelsis 
 Corps (H. S)— Mrs. J. M. Endenfield; 8th Grade Girls, 
 Mrs. Martha Race. 
 
 EPISODE IV 
 Scene I 
 
 JEAN RIBAULT— Civitan Club. Frank Dearing. 
 
 CHIEF AID— Civitan Club, Charles Bettes. 
 
 ASSOCIATES — Civitan Members, Frank Rogers, R. D. Baldwin, 
 J. D. Sasse, John Holmes, Dr. James Pasco, W. F. Coach- 
 man, Jr., Lingan A. Warren, Archer Hubbard, Frank 
 Bisbee, William Letcher. 
 
 ASSOCIATES— Evan T. Evans, Arthur DuProz. 
 
 HUGUENOT PREACHER— Rev. Douglass Leatherbury. 
 
 FRENCH SOLDIERS— Duval H. S. Boys. 
 
 FOLLOWERS WITH RIBAULT— East Jacksonville Presbyterian 
 Church, E. M. Norton. 
 
 Scene II 
 
 LAUDONNIERE— Howard Harkisheimer. 
 
 ASSOCIATES— Those who came with Ribault. 
 
 FOLLOWERS — Those who came with Ribault. 
 
 Scene III. 
 
 HUGUENOT WOMEN— Jacksonville Chapter D. A. R., Mrs. J. M. 
 
 Durkee, Mrs. Frances Cooley. 
 HUGUENOT WOMEN— Katherine Livingston Chapter D. A. R., 
 
 Mrs. K. Hooper. 
 HUGUENOT WOMEN— Group led by Mrs. E. H. Seabrook. 
 HUGUENOT MEN AND WOMEN (Decendants of Early Huguenots) 
 
 — Congi-egational Church, Mr. and Mrs. W. L. Bedford. 
 
FLORIDA HISTORICAL PAGEANT 25 
 
 HUGUENOT WOMEN— First Methodist Church, Mrs. R. L. Pullen. 
 HUGUENOT GIRLS— First Methodist Church, Mrs. Gene Franklin. 
 INDIANS IN FORMER SCENES. 
 Scene IV 
 
 MENENDEZ — Thomas T. Elmore. 
 
 SPANISH SOLDIERS— National Guards 
 
 FATHER MENDOZA AND PRIESTS— Knights of Columbus, A. N. 
 
 O'Keefe. 
 JEAN GYROT — Russell Moore. 
 INDIAN GUIDES — Roswell King and Group. 
 SPANISH MEN IN OTHER SCENES- 
 INDIANS IN FORMER SCENES— 
 
 Scene V 
 
 DOMINIC de GOURGUES— J. B. Lucy. 
 ASSOCIATES — Huguenot men in other scenes. 
 
 INTERLUDE III 
 
 VOICES OF THE FLORIDA SPRINGS — Concordia School, Clevie 
 Cullum. 
 
 EPISODE V 
 
 MENENDEZ — Thomas T. Elmore. 
 
 SPANISH PRIESTS — Knights of Columbus. 
 
 ASSOCIATES OF MENENDEZ — All Spanish men in earlier scenes. 
 
 INDIANS IN FORMER SCENES. 
 
 INTERLUDE IV 
 
 SPIRIT OF THE FLOWERS — Louise Collins. 
 
 SPIRIT OF JASSAMINE — Genevieve Estes. 
 
 SPIRIT OF THE CHEROKEE ROSE— Vida McGriff. 
 
 SPIRIT OF THE PHLOX — Elaine Klepper. 
 
 SPIRIT OF WATER HYACINTH— Eleanor Haight. 
 
 JASSAMINE GROUP — Jacksonville Schools, Marie Smith. 
 
 CHEROKEE ROSE GROUP — Jacksonville Schools, Marie Smith. 
 
 PHLOX GROUP — Jacksonville Schools, Marie Smith. 
 
 WATER HYACINTHS — Jacksonville Schools, Marie Smith. 
 
 BROWN EYED SUSANS — East Jacksonville Schools, Mrs. DuBose. 
 
 FLORIDA BIRDS — Dancing Class, Marjorie Smith. 
 
 FLORIDA BUTTERFLIES — Dancing Class, Marjorie Smith. 
 
 EPISODE VI 
 
 GOVERNOR HERRERA — Abner Withee. 
 
 STAFF — Civitan Club, R. E. Bonfield, C. Buckman, Marion Bowles, 
 Edward H. Clarkson, A. B. Conley, T. M. Dechman, T. T. 
 Elmore, S. F. Gammon, Geo. W. Simmons, E. J. Marquis, 
 C. H. Lloyd. 
 
 SPANISH SOLDIERS — National Guards. 
 
 GOVERNOR JAMES GRANT — Donald Barnett. 
 
 AIDES — E. R. Hoyt, Raymond Knight, T. C. Imeson, Russell In- 
 graham. 
 
 STAFF — Civitan Members, Charles G. Strickland, leader. Nelson 
 Brett, R. A. Baker, E. G. Fehr, B. K. Hall, C. C. Franklin, 
 C. C. Jones, A. W. Inglis, J. H. Payne, E. E. Duncan, G. 
 E. Smith. 
 
 ENGLISH SOLDIERS — American Legion. 
 
 ENGLISH MEN — John Holland and Group. 
 
26 JACKSONVILLE COMMUNITY SERVICE 
 
 ENGLISH WOMEN — Daughters of the British Empire, Mrs. Geo. 
 
 Emery. 
 ENGLISH WOMEN — Womens Club, Clevie Cullum. 
 ENGLISH WOMEN — Virginia Asher Council, Verne Crowell. 
 ENGLISH WOMEN— Business and Professional Womens Club, Mrs. 
 
 C. A. Witle, Mr. G. E. Murial. 
 ENGLISH WOMEN GROUP— Mrs. W. M. Mason. 
 ENGLISH WOMEN GROUP — Pan Hellenic Association, Martha 
 
 Brotherton. 
 ENGLISH GIRLS— Y. W. C. A., Miss Hicks. 
 ENGLISH GIRLS — Elizabeth Edgar Home— Mrs. H. W. Dexter, 
 
 Mrs. C. W. Denton, Miss N. Casey. 
 ENGLISH BOYS AND GIRLS — Duval High School, Miss V. L. 
 
 Shore. 
 ENGLISH CHILDREN — Mrs. J. W. Berry. 
 
 EPISODE VII 
 
 ALL SPANISH MEN IN EARLIER SCENES. 
 
 ALL SPANISH ASSOCIATES AND FOLLOWERS IN EARLIER 
 SCENES. 
 
 SPANISH WOMEN — First Christian Church — Mrs. C. W. Zar- 
 ing. 
 
 SPANISH WOMEN— Mrs. I. L. Kaplan and Group. 
 
 SPANISH WOMEN — Mrs. F. K. West and Group. 
 
 SPANISH WOMEN — Brentwood League, Mrs. W. W. Burr. 
 
 SPANISH WOMEN — Catholic Woman's Club, Mrs. David Maner. 
 Mr. Vincent Armstrong, Mrs. P. D. McGarry. 
 
 STROLLING MINISTRELS — Miss Bethels School of Music, Yulee 
 Bethel. 
 
 SPANISH DANCERS— Eulalie Haas, Gary Ford. 
 
 SPANISH GIRLS — Y. W. C. A., Girl Reserves, South Jacksonville 
 Corps; Advisors, Margaret Richardson, Miss Finley 
 Panama Park Royal Palm Corps, Ruth Brothers; Be 
 Square Corps, Geraldine Hatcher; Lackawanna Corps, 
 Mrs. Plank; Rainbow Corps, Mrs. G. B. McDowell, Shaw- 
 nee Corps, Carmen Park. 
 
 SPANISH DANCERS — Jimmie Collins, Omar Davis. 
 
 SPANISH GROUP IN ENSEMBLE — Miss Jacobi's School, Margaret 
 Brammer, Carrie Kaeber, Hazel Quincy. 
 
 SPANISH GIRLS — Furchgotts Store, Anna Klinkhammer. 
 
 SPANISH GIRLS — Cohen's Store, Alice Lines. 
 
 SPANISH GROUP — Jacksonville Young Women. Mrs. M. A. Besser. 
 
 SPANISH GROUP — Harriet Hendricks, Ruth Mettinger, Gertrude 
 Mason, Frances West, Betty Fryer, Esther Catlin, Mrs. 
 J. B. Baldwin, Gladys Cook, Abbie Barrs, Ethel Allen. 
 
 TAMBOURINE GIRL — Nettie Wineman. 
 
 FRUIT VENDER — Clarice Naumburg. 
 
 FLOWER GIRL^Helen Naumburg. 
 
 SPANISH CHILDREN — Brentwood League, Mrs. Dave Benson. 
 
 EPISODE VIII 
 Scene I. 
 
 ANDREW JACKSON— C. Seton Fleming. 
 AIDE TO JACKSON — Barney Shields. 
 ASSOCIATES — Rotary Club Members. 
 CONTINENTIAL SOLDIERS — American Legion. 
 SPANISH COMMANDER— Col. Callava, Abner Withee. 
 
FLORIDE HISTORICAL PAGEANT 27 
 
 FRENCH SOLDIERS— National Guards. 
 
 SPANISH SOLDIERS — National Guards. 
 
 BRITISH SOLDIERS— American Legion. „ . , ^ ^ ^ i, , 
 
 INDIAN CHIEF — Alexander McGillvray, Seminole Lodge of Red 
 
 Men. 
 INDIAN BRAVES — Seminole Lodge of Red Men, Percy Thomas, 
 
 W. J. Tipton. 
 Scene II 
 PIONEER MEN — led by John L. Doggett, Jr., Wilson Baltzell, 
 
 C. E. McKinnon and others 
 
 PIONEER MEN — Association of Engineers, Geo. W. Simmons, W. 
 
 W. Fineran, W. E. Sheddan, 
 PIONEER MEN AND WOMEN — Ortega Citizens, Mrs. R. I. Rue, 
 
 Mrs. M. H. Martin, Mrs. W. Ostner, Mrs. I. F. Rooney, 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. R. E. Hodges, Mrs. V. 0. Banks. 
 GOVERNOR DUVAL— Pope Duval. ,. ^ , 
 
 AIDES AND STAFF — Rotary Club Members, Eddie Cohen, Geo. 
 
 W. Thames. 
 JAMES GADSDEN— Eddie Cohen. 
 BERNARDO SEGUI — Geo. W. Thames, W. L. Shekey, Joseph H. 
 
 Marron, C. B. Sandberg, William C. Logan, John D. 
 
 Baker, John Stephens, H. S. Moulton, W. E. Arnold. 
 PIONEER WOMEN — Rebecca Lodge No. 1, Mrs. M. E. Fairbanks, 
 
 Mrs. Rashel Wells, Mrs. Josie Morrow, Mrs. O. Pellicer. 
 PIONEERS — Murray Hill, Mrs. J. T. Campbell, Mrs. C. C. Dailey. 
 PIONEER CHILDREN— Junior Department, Miss Jacobi's School, 
 
 Miss Adele Jacobi. 
 PIONEER CHILDREN — Children of the Republic, sponsered by 
 
 D. A. R., Miss Anne Stockton. 
 
 Scene III. — Treaty of Ft. Moultrie 
 
 CHIEF OF THE SEMINOLES — J. R. Thurler, Great Sachem, Sem- 
 inole Lodge of Red Men. 
 
 SEMINOLES — Seminole Lodge Order of Red Men, Percy L. Thomas, 
 W. J. Tipton 
 
 INDIAN CHIEFS AND BRAVES IN EARLIER SCENES. 
 
 INTERLUDE V 
 
 FLORIDA'S GIFT TO THE WORLD— 
 THE WHITE SAILS — Processional of Boats. 
 
 ENSEMBLE OF ALL WHO HAVE MADE FLORIDA'S EARLY 
 HISTORY. 
 
28 JACKSONVILLE COMMUNITY SERVICE 
 
 FLORIDA 
 
 O'er waters blue and under skies 
 Whose tints reflected in the wave, 
 My boat sails on along a shore 
 Resplendent with the gifts God gave. 
 
 The waving palms, majestic, tall 
 The oaks with grey moss moving slow 
 And orange groves whose yellow globes 
 Peep through the green leaves high and lo 
 
 And, as I thrill at this great sight 
 
 A perfume steals upon me there. 
 
 That grips my heart in ecstacy, 
 
 And bathes my soul in wordless prayer. 
 
 For poetry itself has come 
 
 To shed its light upon the whole. 
 
 Embodied in the orange bloom, 
 
 The perfect poem of the Soul. 
 
 Ah Florida ! thy fronded palms 
 
 And orange groves and waters blue, 
 
 Thy tender skies and brilliant birds 
 
 Make Life a poem sweet and true. 
 
 Gertrude Jacobi. 
 
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FLORIDA HISTORICAL PAGEANT 31 
 
 THE BOOK OF THE PAGEANT 
 
 Introduction 
 
 An Historical Pageant aims to present in a specta- 
 cular and dramatic form the vital events which make a 
 country what it is. In its successful presentation some- 
 thing is demanded of the audience as well as of the pro- 
 ducers and performers. Pageantry is a distinct form 
 of dramatic entertainment, suggesting both the drama 
 and the moving picture, yet distinct from either in that 
 Nature provides us everything but a drop curtain and a 
 movable stage. The Audience must use its imagination 
 to supply these deficiencies. The Stage of the present 
 pageant moves all over the State of Florida — St. Augus- 
 ine, Tampa, St. Johns River, Pensacola. Each of these 
 localities is rich in intensely dramatic material which, 
 can only be suggested here today. As interest in our 
 State Pageant grows, the possibilities for increased beau- 
 ty, variety and finish of production will also grow so that 
 in time our Florida Pageant will be known throughout 
 the world for its beautiful and artistic interpretation of 
 those living forces which have sustained the "Land of 
 Flowers." 
 
32 JACKSONVILLE COMMUNITY SERVICE 
 
 AUTHORS OF THE PAGEANT 
 
 The Florida State Historical Pageant has been writ- 
 ten and developed thru the efforts of many people work- 
 ing together on a Community project which had for its 
 ultimate good the dramitization of the History of the 
 ^late, in a way that should adequately record the achieve- 
 ments of those who builded in the early years and should 
 show our reverence for Tradition, our honor to our fore- 
 bears, our loyalty to our State and Nation. 
 
 The first outline of the Pageant was prepared by the 
 Literary Committee of which Mrs. Jessie A. Mcriff is 
 Chairman. 
 
 The History Committee of which T. Frederick Davis 
 is Chairman, co-operating with the Literary Committee, 
 enlarged and developed this outline. 
 
 The Historical sketches have been prepared by the 
 History Comittee. 
 
 The Prologues have been written by different people. 
 Credit for these is given in the Book of the Pageant. 
 
 The Stories of Interludes and Episodes have been pre- 
 pared by the Literary Committee. 
 
 The Pageant Director adapted the Pageant for dram- 
 atic production. 
 
 We are indebted to the State Historical Committee 
 for data, also to the books and authors named in the 
 Bibliography. 
 
EULALIE HAAS— THE SPIRIT OF THE FOREST. Ford Studio. 
 
FLORIDA HISTORICAL PAGEANT 35 
 
 FLORIDA HISTORICAL PAGEANT 
 
 Buglers announce the Pageant 
 
 Chorus — Nocturnal and Morning Hymn of 
 Praise from Atalanta — Safrinck. 
 
 Prologue — The Land of Flowers. 
 
 There is a hush that waits upon the dawn, 
 
 A pause apochryphal, transcending thought, 
 
 When what has been is merged in what shall be. 
 
 As mists take shapes of fair reality. 
 
 So rising from the foam of opal seas, 
 
 As in far Paphos when the world was young, 
 
 With fond entreaty and the soft lament 
 
 Of silver waves that follow up the strand. 
 
 Comes one to w^hom our loyalty and love 
 
 Flow forth in greeting, as a wave of flowers — 
 
 Magnolia, and that sister to the wind 
 
 Brief jasmine, honeysuckle with her pale 
 
 Pink syrinx piping softly to the Spring 
 
 Where iris leans, to hear the rippling-song 
 
 Of nymphs that follow down the ebbing tide 
 
 To frolic with their sisters of the sea 
 
 And from the deeper shade of glades that keep 
 A cloistral quiet as of ocean caves. 
 The voices of the Forest echo down 
 
 Like Twilight memories of far-off bells 
 
 While from the whispering Palm, the druid Oak, 
 The ghostly Cypress and each haunted tree 
 Step forth those little sisters of the Dusk, 
 
 The Forest Spirits, mad for revelry 
 
 Who dance the legend of the Spanish Moss — 
 
 Of how the North Wind in his Masque of Death 
 
 Desired the flowers . . . how the South Wind wept 
 
 Until Great Spirit shook the small grey clouds 
 
 Down the wide sky for cloaks for these . . . until 
 
 From lodge and tepee and each far trail's end, 
 
 The happy people of this sunny land 
 
 Are met in festival to celebrate 
 
 The sacred corn; to kindle now anew 
 
 The Busk Fire, that the winds may bear its smoke 
 
 As symbol of the cleansing flame abroad. 
 
 So gathered thus about their gentle queen. 
 
 Fair Florida, they spend the smiling days 
 
 As stations of a dream .... But as a dream 
 
 Will change and merge from one fantastical 
 
36 JACKSONVILLE COMMUNITY SERVICE 
 
 Conceit to others more unreal and strange, 
 So now upon this peaceful scene appears 
 A pageantry as strange as it is real : 
 
 Frances Dickenson Finder. 
 
 PRELUDE 
 
 Part L — Florida and Her Attendants. 
 
 Part n, — The Voices of the Forest. 
 
 Part in. — The Legend of the Florida Moss. 
 
 Florida and Her Attendants the Sea Nymphs, come 
 out of the Sea and call the Palms, the Magnolia, the Cy- 
 press and the Pine, sj^mbolizing the joy and beauty of 
 the Forests. 
 
 The Legend of the Spanish Moss is told thru the 
 dance which follows: 
 
 Music — Gondoliere — Nevin. 
 
 Moment Musical — Schubert. 
 
 ody, 
 
 EPISODE I 
 Chorus — The Sun Worshippers — an old Indian Mel- 
 
 1512 
 Early Indian Days, among the Florida Creeks. 
 
 It is midsummer day prior to the Spring which 
 brought Ponce de Leon. An Indian Fire-maker appears 
 with sticks to prepare the ceremonial of the New Fire 
 which begins the important BUSK or GREEN CORN 
 FESTIVAL of the American Indians. This ceremonial, 
 somewhat similar to our Thanksgiving, is of a religious 
 nature and besides depicting rejoicing for the fruits and 
 grain crops, indicates amnesty, forgiveness and absolu- 
 tion. New fires are kindled, old raiment discarded and 
 new household utensils replace the old ones which are 
 thrown on the fire. This ceremony us«d to last four days. 
 
 Care is taken by the Fire-maker to arrange the logs 
 cross-wise according to the cardinal points of the com- 
 pass. Chief Tuscala now appears, with council, and be- 
 gins the ceremonial of sending smoke to the four winds. 
 This is followed by the passing of the Black Drink, which 
 purifies and strengthens. 
 
 Women gather and perfom their special ceremonies 
 
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 Eh 
 
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 W 
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FLORIDA HISTORICAL PAGEANT 39 
 
 of preparing maize for the feast, and sprinkling it on the 
 fire. Braves, maids and squaws continue to arrive and 
 form circles within circles. 
 
 The Turkey Dance by the Women is followed by the 
 GREEN CORN DANCE in which all participate. The 
 corn dance is concluded with distribution of Tobacco to 
 the chief and his council. 
 
 Music — War Dance — Belstead. 
 
 Prologue — Early Spanish Days. 
 
 THE FOUNTAIN OF YOUTH 
 
 We hail the name of Ponce de Leon 
 
 First governor of Porto Rico isle ; 
 
 Who, dazzled by events of recent years, 
 
 And wearied by a life of arms and strife, 
 
 Deemed nothing fabulous. Persistently, 
 
 He heard vague rumors of a marv'lous stream 
 
 Of life, but nothing definite. Until 
 
 An Indian of the Carib tribe vouched for 
 
 Their truth, declaring she herself would guide 
 
 Him to the wondrous isle of Bimini, 
 
 Where nature's treasury, with lavish hand, 
 
 Emptied itself, and in profusion lay, 
 
 Where flowers ever blossomed, and the sun 
 
 Ne'er ceased to shine — an earthly paradise. 
 
 And furthermore, she'd find the hidden spring, 
 Whose crystal drops a mystic power possessed; 
 For all who drank of this life-giving stream, 
 Renewed their strength, received eternal youth. 
 
 Brave Ponce de Leon, war veteran, 
 Dreamed dreams of continents still farther west, 
 Visioned himself with health and youth restored. 
 Yet with his wisdom and his affluence, 
 Discov'ring lands and peoples now unknown. 
 
 Three caravels were soon equipped, and sailed 
 
 Away, the promised land to seek. At last, 
 
 On Easter morn, a beauteous shore was reached; 
 
 A flowery land, with blossoms everywhere. 
 
 He called it Florida, the land of flowers. 
 
 And claimed possession in the name of Spain. 
 
 'Neath palms, and moss-draped oaks, in silver springs, 
 
40 JACKSONVILLE COMMUNITY SERVICE 
 
 The fabled fount he sought — and sought in vain, 
 
 Although the seasoned soldier aged, and died, 
 
 With blighted hopes of everlasting youth. 
 
 We hail de Leon, the discoverer; 
 
 Who earned his share of glory and renown. 
 
 A precedent he set, for countless throngs, 
 
 Finding their health, and strength, renew their youth, 
 
 Beneath the sunny skies of Florida. 
 
 Margaret Garrick Fairlie. 
 
 EPISODE II 
 
 The Discovery of Florida — 1513 
 
 Chorus — From Act III, Lohrengrin — Wagner 
 
 Scene I. — Landing of Ponce de Leon 
 
 1513. A Spring morning in early April on the shore 
 about 3 miles north of St. Augustine. A Band of Creek 
 Indians gathered together looking out to sea in won- 
 der and astonishment at the three ships approaching the 
 shore. They watch with growing curiosity and suspicion 
 the landing of Ponce de Leon and his men. Some of the 
 Indians hide behind trees, others gather in groups, while 
 their chief greets Ponce de Leon. He plants the Spanish 
 flag and takes possession of the country for the Spanish 
 crown. Ponce de Leon is a middle aged man and seems 
 anxious and preoccupied and eager to be off on a quest 
 more personal than new lands for his sovereign. As 
 soon as the ceremony is completed he questions the In- 
 dians concerning the location of the Fountain of Youth, 
 for it is said that Ponce de Leon has left a young and 
 lovely lady in Spain to whom he desires to return in a 
 more pleasing form than the one he now presents to us. 
 The Indians shake their heads and point out to sea, but 
 de Leon evidently assuming that their only desire is to 
 be rid of him, pushes by them and disappears with his 
 men into the jungle. 
 
 Historical note 
 
 Several years elapse. De Leon having been unsuccessful in 
 his search, has returned to Spain and thence comes back to Florida 
 with no greater success than heretofore. Whatever tolerance the 
 Indians have shown him on his previous voyage, has been exhausted 
 and he finds them hostile and vengeful. 
 
FRANK WIDEMAN— PONCE DE LEON. Woodward. 
 
FLORIDA HISTORICAL PAGEANT 43 
 
 Scene II.— 1521 
 
 The Indians again gather in groups but this time it 
 is to watch Ponce de Leon, who bears the weight of ten 
 additional years, depart, discouraged and dejected from 
 the Land of Promise. He has failed in his search. The 
 Indians no longer fear him. They approach showing 
 hostility, and as he and his men hurry into their boats and 
 push off, an Indian takes aim and sends an arrow straight 
 at the old man wounding him severely in the thigh. His 
 men pick him up and carry him aboard the boat and push 
 off amidst a shower of arrows and wild yells from the In- 
 dians who even follow the boats into the water. 
 
 The Indians then return to their own preoccupations. 
 The women weave fibre mats, the children play Indian 
 games, the young braves leave for the hunt. A young 
 Indian Maid dances before the chief. The hunters re- 
 turn with skins and game. Ponce de Leon and his quest 
 are forgotten. 
 
 Music— Old Chant — Brett. 
 
 Dagger Dance from Natoma. 
 
 Prologue — 
 
 Day after day the call of Florida grew with the 
 
 Spaniards. 
 Stories of gold and pearls of rare beauty, and fair gleam- 
 ing waters. 
 Lured their frail ships to cross the waves of the stormy 
 
 Atlantic ; 
 Sailed these ships full-freighted with hopes for the glory 
 of conquest. 
 
 Led by Narvaez, with Ortiz his friend, came the crowd 
 of enthusiasts; 
 
 Far to the west coast their ships found a harbor in Clear- 
 water Bay. 
 
 Charmed with the beauty of tree bordered shore and 
 mildness of climate, 
 
 Here they landed, determined to seek by conquest a 
 country. 
 
 Taking for Spain all the land from the Gulf to the River 
 of Palms. 
 
 Cruel by nature, Narvaez ill-treated the Indians, too 
 guileless. 
 
44 JACKSONVILLE COMMUNITY SERVICE 
 
 Soon to their sorrow Ortiz was captured by chieftain 
 
 Ucita. 
 Fires were kindled, a rack placed above for the burning 
 
 of Ortiz. 
 Not far away the Indian Princess, with heart stiff with 
 
 terror 
 Saw the fell torture of Ortiz the youthful, and touched 
 
 with deep pity, 
 Rushed to her father and plead for the Spaniard in tones 
 
 of deep anguish. 
 Softened by these, Ucita unbound the youth suffering 
 
 greatly. 
 
 Mother and maiden took him and taught him the In- 
 dian language. 
 Frightened the maiden for safety of Ortiz, she begged 
 
 him to go 
 Where her own lover, Mucoso the brave, dwelt far to the 
 
 east-ward, 
 Ortiz a wanderer among a strange people forgot his own 
 
 language. 
 Save for the name of "Savilla" his home town in far-away 
 
 Spainland. 
 Ten years had passed when de Soto, the brave with vision 
 
 of great wealth. 
 Sought the land of Florida famed for gleaming gold 
 
 nuggets. 
 Indians he met and fearing their vengeance from wrongs 
 
 done by Spaniards, 
 Raised his spear, but "Savilla!" the name of the city in 
 
 Spain 
 Checked its flight, while Ortiz the wanderer with heart 
 
 full of joy. 
 Rushed to de Soto, and clasping his hands, thanked God 
 
 for deliverance. 
 
 Many a river with black-flowing waters, saw their stern 
 
 hardships. 
 Many a forest draped with gray moss, sheltered their 
 
 camp fires. 
 Ortiz now died, and de Soto marched westward to lands 
 
 far removed. 
 
 Eleanor Rawson. 
 
R. L. PULLEN— CHIEF UCITA. 
 
 Woodward. 
 
FLORIDA HISTORICAL PAGEANT 47 
 
 THE EXPEDITION OF PAMFILO NARVAEZ — 1528 
 
 EPISODE III 
 
 INTRODUCTORY HISTORICAL NOTE: — It was on another 
 spring morning early in April that the second explorer came to Flor- 
 ida, landing with three hundred men at St. Clements Point near the 
 entrance of Tampa Bay. There he left the ships and with about 
 half his company began his march northward towards Apalachee 
 Bay. Among the members of his force was Cabeza de Vaca, a well 
 known historical character, and a young lad of seventeen name Juan 
 Ortiz, of whom we shall hear further. Narvaez was not only cruel 
 and selfish, but incompetent as well. He aroused the hatred of the 
 Indians wherever he went, by his ingratitude and cruelty and was 
 the cause of much of the distrust and deception that were later prac- 
 ticed by the Indians on white explorers. Narvaez finally reached 
 Apalachicola Bay and after many hardships set sail in rudely con- 
 structed boats for the open sea. The boat containing Narveaz was 
 never heard from. Four other boats, one containing Cabeza de Vaca 
 and another young Juan Ortiz, were driven ashore. The following 
 scene takes place shortly after Narvaez' landing at Tampa. 
 
 Music — Sevillan — Festival — Novan. 
 
 Scene 1. — The Meeting of Narvaez and Chief Ucita 
 
 In the Indian village of Hirrihigua a band of Timu- 
 quanan Indians are shown in peaceful occupations. Chief 
 Ucita sits smoking, the Princess Ulelah, his daughter, is 
 nearby. Runners approach in excitement telling the 
 news of Narvaez arrival. Narvaez appears with his men, 
 Cabeza de Vaca and Juan Ortiz on either side of him, 
 the latter as a page or attendant. A small group of In- 
 dians go forward to greet them in friendly fashion. Nar- 
 vaez immediately observes the gold ornaments they are 
 wearing and demands to know where such gold is to be 
 found. They reply "Apalachee" and point north. An 
 old Indian squaw comes forward, her arms laden with 
 gold trinkets. Narvaez demands the trinkets, and on 
 h.er refusal, he strikes her down with his sword. Chief 
 Ucita rushes forward in fury and explains to Narvaez 
 that the woman is his mother. Narvaez shows no regret 
 and when Chief Ucita attempts to attack him, he binds 
 the Indian and cuts off his nose. Narvaez then calls 
 his men together and goes off in the direction indicated 
 by the Indians in which gold might be found. Ucita then 
 gathers his men about him and makes them all swear 
 to show no mercy to the next white men that come to 
 their land. 
 
48 JACKSONVILLE COMMUNITY SERVICE 
 
 Scene II. — The Revenge of Ucita 
 
 The Indian Princess Ulelah is surrounded by Indian 
 Maids to whom she is giving gifts of bright fibre and 
 beads. At some distance Chief Ucita is counselling with 
 his warriors. A boat appears near the shore with two 
 men in it. One of the men is Juan Ortiz. Chief Ucita 
 plots with his warriors to entice the men to shore by 
 means of a letter which they indicate, to the men in the 
 boat, is for them. They explain in pantomine that the 
 letter is a message from Narvaez. The men land and 
 come forward for the letter. Immediately they are set 
 upon. Ortiz' companion attempts to escape and is shot 
 down. Ortiz is bound fast to the trellis and a fire started 
 beneath him, while the Indians dance a War dance round 
 him. At the sound of his cries Princess Ulelah rushes 
 to her father and begs that the lad's life be spared. The 
 Chief reluctantly consents. Ortiz is taken from the 
 trellis more dead than alive. Ulelah dresses his wounds. 
 He is then ordered by Chief Ucita to don the garb of an 
 Indian and he is tied to a tree. All the Indians depart 
 leaving Ortiz a captive. Ulelah then comes stealthily 
 back, sets him free and urges him to escape. She gives 
 him food and water and starts him on his way. 
 
 Scene III. — 1539 — The Landing of DeSoto 
 
 Several years have elapsed. It is again spring. The 
 vicinity is still that of Tampa Bay. A small group of In- 
 dian hunters appear. They have settled themselves for 
 a nap when they are roused by the sound of a trumpet. 
 Presently Ferdinand de Soto appears with cavaliers 
 grandees and many gallant men in glittering array of 
 burnished armour. There are 1000 fighting men, 350 
 horses and 12 priests. The small band of Indians start 
 to flee in the face of such a force, but they are captured 
 by de Soto's men and are about to be killed when one 
 of the Indians rushes to de Soto crying, "Christian, I'm 
 a Christian." de Soto is greatly astonished. "I am not 
 an Indian but a Spaniard," cried the man. "I am Juan 
 Ortiz." De Soto descends from his horse and embraces 
 the man. He is showered with gifts and rich clothing 
 and de Soto listens to his story with great interest and 
 bids him become a member of his party and act as inter- 
 preter for him among the Indians. Other Indians then 
 appear and Ortiz explains to them that de Soto is his 
 friend and will do them no injury. De Soto and his men. 
 
GARY FORD— THE SPIRIT OF THE RIVER. Ford Studio. 
 
FLORIDA HISTORICAL PAGEANT 51 
 
 with Juan Ortiz, depart peacefully on their way north- 
 ward. 
 
 Prologue — 
 
 Invocation to The River 
 
 Awake, O River-soul! Awake, to hear 
 
 A suppliant voice, behold appealing hands. 
 
 And feel through inmost secret depths 
 
 Responsive thrill at our insistent call! 
 
 Silent since that day of beginning, when 
 
 The Spirit moved above the face of all 
 
 Dim, brooding waters, find thy voice, and speak! 
 
 Reveal, we implore, the secrets of the past .... 
 
 The drama unfolding, act succeeding act. 
 
 Along thy shores, and in thy hidden coves. 
 
 Thy silver-bright expanse has served, through all 
 
 The years, as mirror, reflecting, crystal-clear. 
 
 The storm and swirl of passion, greed, and hate; 
 
 Dark deeds that spread a slowly widening stain 
 
 Of blood across thy bosom. Again, was limned 
 
 The clear, pure color of peaceful sky and cloud 
 
 Above great hearts in quest of liberty. 
 
 The rich-hued wares of red man, plying his craft. 
 
 Made flecks of color on shade of oak and palm. 
 
 And then came questing sails of white, that bore 
 
 The lilies of France, to find a haven safe 
 
 From bigotry, and bloom before an altar 
 
 Erected in the New World solitudes. 
 
 Thy pitying mirror showed these flowers fair 
 
 Soon crushed beneath the trampling feet of those 
 
 Who bore the flag of Spain ... the yellow of gold, 
 
 The red of blood. And these, in turn, met Fate. 
 
 Once more the flag of France braved unknown seas. 
 
 To fly above the altar of revenge. 
 
 Awake, O River-soul! Awake, and turn 
 
 To us thy mirror! We would see thy past, 
 
 And, seeing, render homage, full and true! 
 
 Martha Race. 
 
 INTERLUDE— II 
 
 Our River 
 
 Have you ever watched the river 
 When it looked like diamonds bright; 
 Or when the stars are shining 
 
52 JACKSONVILLE COMMUNITY SERVICE 
 
 And the moon throws forth its light? 
 See how it ripples to and fro 
 Every time the breezes blow. 
 The ships are flying sails of white 
 As you and I would fly a kite. 
 
 By Vida McGriff, aged 10 
 The River Spirits 
 
 Music — The River Spirts (Valse Dramatique) — 
 
 Prior 
 
 Up from the river rises the Spirit of the River. To 
 the sound of Fairy trumpets she awakens her attendant 
 spirits and together they join in their dance of joy. Sud- 
 denly trumpets sound again. Frightened they pause — 
 Man approaches. In the wild confuson the attendant 
 spirits rush off — but, reluctant to surrender at the first 
 approach of danger, the Spirit of the River remains, until 
 realizing the futility of disputing man's authority she 
 returns to her watery home. 
 
 EPISODE IV 
 DRAMA OF THE ST. JOHN'S RIVER 
 
 Introductory Historical Note : 
 
 To ^asp the full significance of the tragic scenes that were 
 enacted in the vicinity of the St. Johns River it is necessary to recall 
 the struggle in France during the reign of Charles IX, to establish 
 the Protestant party known as the Huguenots. Admiral Coligny, at 
 that time, was the head of the Protestant party in France and it was 
 his ambition to found a new empire over the sea which would afford 
 a refuge for the Huguenots in case their party was overthrown at 
 home. The man Coligny chose to perform this great task, was Jean 
 Ribault, an officer of excellent reputation and much experience. Ri- 
 bault made his first landing near St. Augustine the last of April 
 and sailing northward landed in the mouth of the St. John's River on 
 the First of May. He therefore named it the River May and erect>- 
 ed a monument near the River's Mouth bearing the arms of the 
 King of France. Not satisfied to make final settlement here, he push- 
 ed on still farther north till he entered Port Royal Harbor in South 
 Carolina where he finally established a fort which he named Charles 
 Fort. Satisfied with this beginning, Ribault then returned to France, 
 to report to Admiral Coligny and the King. 
 
 Music — Overture from William Tell — Rossini. 
 Scene I — 1562 — The Landing of Jean Ribault. 
 
 On a bright May morning a party of Creek Indians 
 gather at the mouth of the St. John's River to watch 
 
FLORIDA HISTORICAL PAGEANT 53 
 
 the approach of Jean Ribault's expedition. From the 
 flagship, "Trinity," Ribault is seen to disembark. As 
 he lands with his men he is greeted with friendliness by 
 the Indians. Ribault exchanges presents with them. An 
 atmosphere of peace and good will is apparent between 
 them. Presently Ribault brings a column bearing the 
 arms of France and sets it on a mound. He gathers his 
 men about him and with heads uncovered they take pos- 
 session in the name of France. 
 
 Ribault says: 
 
 "I plant this monument as a symbol of religious 
 liberty and take possession of the country in the name 
 of France. The river, called by the Indians, "Illaka,"* 
 I now name the River May in honor of the month of its 
 discovery." 
 
 During this ceremony the Indians, who have helped 
 raise the column, stand about in friendly interest. 
 Ribault then bids them farewell and departs to establish 
 Charles Port farther north. 
 
 Successive Historical Note: — Ribault then returns to France 
 with the intention of securing colonists to take back to Charles 
 Port, but when he reached home Civil war was raging and the exis- 
 tence of Charles Port was almost forgotten. After a truce was made 
 between the contending parties Coligny again turned his attention to 
 the occupation of Florida and in 1564 sent out Rene Laudonniere, 
 who had accompanied Ribault on the first expedition. 
 
 Scene II — 1564 — The Coming of Rene Laudonniere 
 
 It is the latter part of June at the mouth of the St. 
 John's River. A band of Creek Indians are smoking the 
 Peace Pipe. The Chief Satouriona is describing in re- 
 miniscence the visit of his friend, the white chief, Ribault. 
 In memory and honor of this visit he rises and with his 
 companions takes flowers and fruit and decorates the 
 column that Ribault erected. Chief Satouriona goes 
 to the river's edge and scans the water in the hope that 
 Ribault might return. A runner appears in great ex- 
 citement and points towards the open sea. Laudonniere's 
 party are approaching the shore. There is great ex- 
 citement and rejoicing on the part of the Indians. When 
 Laudonniere comes forward Satouriona salutes him with 
 the words: "Antipola, benassan," meaning brother, 
 friend. At first Satouriona and his warriors seem dis- 
 
 *Note 1 — The name "Illaka," afterwards interpreted "Welaka," 
 means "different" and was intended by the Indians to indicate that 
 the river flowed north. 
 
54 JACKSONVILLE C02vIMUNITY SERVICE 
 
 appointed that it is not Ribault that has returned, but 
 Laudonniere makes gifts and convinces him of his friend- 
 liness and all is well. The Satouriona then presents 
 Laudonniere with a great wedge of silver. Laudonniere 
 and his men show great excitement at sight of the silver 
 and disperse in different directions to search for the 
 precious metal. 
 
 Music — March Lorraine — French Folk Song. 
 
 Chorus of School Children — Under direction of 
 Mrs. Grace P. Woodman. 
 
 Scene III.— 1564 
 
 The Huguenot Settlement and Building of Fort Caroline 
 
 Laudonniere and his men are seen making final 
 selection of the ground to build Fort Caroline. They de- 
 cide upon a spot now known as St. Johns Bluif. It is 
 covered with a thick, high wood. At break of day on 
 the 30th of June, 1564, the trumpets sound and the Hu- 
 guenots are called to prayer After prayers 
 
 a chorus is sung. The settlement is established, the fort 
 is built and for a time everything seems promising. 
 
 Chorus — ^A Mighty Fortress is our God. 
 
 Historical Note: — It was not long however before famine 
 overtook the little group. This was partly due to ignorance of the 
 country and partly to their desire to find gold and precious stones. 
 If instead they had sought for wild fruit and for the fish with which 
 the river abounded, they might have secured a happier fate. They 
 were constantly scanning the water for the return of Ribault who 
 was to follow them shortly after their departure from France. They 
 tried to force the Indians to give up their own provisions, and this 
 antagonized them. When they appealed to chief Olata Utina he 
 wisely replied: "Hath the great Spirit commanded that the red men 
 shall gather food in the proper season that the white man may sleep 
 like the drowsy deer in the 'Palmetto Thicket?' " When their condi- 
 tion seemed desperate Sir John Hawkins hove in sight and with 
 true British good will shared his stores with them and sailed away. 
 They still awaited Ribault's promised return with men and provi- 
 sions. At last Ribault did arrive, but on the very day he came a- 
 shore to reinforce the Huguenots at Fort Caroline, a Spanish fleet 
 under Pedro Menendez landed at St. Augustine and took that vicinity 
 in the name of Phillip of Spain and the Catholics. It was his inten- 
 
 **Note 2. — Ft. Caroline was named after Charles IX of France, 
 then reigning. 
 
 ♦**Note 3. — This it will be seen that long prior to the landing of the 
 Pilgrim Fathers at Plymouth, Protestent worship was celebrated with- 
 in the present limits of Florida. 
 
FLORIDA HISTORICAL PAGEANT 55 
 
 tion to establish Spanish Missions in Florida. No sooner does Ribault 
 land than he learns of the proximity of Menendez and secure m his 
 own strength sets out to give him battle. A terrible storm arises 
 as soon as he reaches the open sea and all his boats are finally 
 driven ashore or wrecked. 
 
 Scene IV — Menendez Destroys Fort Caroline 
 
 It is immediately after the departure of Ribault. A 
 small band of Huguenots are moving restlessly about 
 Fort Caroline waiting for news of the victory of Ribault 
 over Menendez. Many of the men are weak or ill from 
 their long famine period. Presently two Indians appear 
 and demand entrance to the fort. They are discovered 
 to belong to an enemy tribe and are captured and bound. 
 Presently Menendez and his men attack the Village, 
 shouting: "Santiago! At them, God with us! Victory! Vic- 
 tory!" ... 
 
 There follows great confusion, cries, prayers lor 
 mercy. A few make their escape and hide in the ad- 
 joining woods. Almost all the rest are killed and the 
 fort destroyed. 
 
 Menendez leaves a force of men to guard the Fort 
 and marches with the others back to St. Augustine. Mean- 
 while he has changed the name of the fort to San Mateo. 
 Laudonniere escapes to a boat lying in the river and re- 
 turns to France. 
 
 Music — A Spanish Village — From Don Quixote — 
 
 Safrenck. 
 
 Scene V. — 1568 — Revenge of de Gourgues 
 
 Introductory Historical Note: — The name of Dominic de 
 Gourgues is associated with one of the most remarkable and drama- 
 tic incidents on record. De Gourgues was a man of whom it was 
 said that "All his life he had sought to attain honor rather than 
 wealth." Many years before Menendez massacred the Huguenots at 
 Ft. Caroline, de Gourgues had been captured by the Spaniards 
 and condemned to the galleys. He finally made his escape and on 
 his return to France learned of the fate of Ribault. This new tale 
 of horror stirred against the Spaniards all the hatred of his nature. 
 He swore to avenge his countrymen. He sold all of his estate and 
 borrowed from his friends to equip his expedition. In August, 1567 
 he set sail and soon reached the coast of Florida and entered the 
 harbor of Fernandina where the Indians, including Chief Satouriona 
 welcomed him as Laudonnierre's friend. These Indians, headed by 
 Satouriona, Olocatora and Helicopali, marched to Fort Caroline, 
 where they arrived at dawn. 
 
 It is dawn at Fort Caroline. The Spaniards in charge 
 
56 JACKSONVILLE COMMUNITY SERVICE 
 
 seem cowed and fearful of attack. The sentinels keep 
 scanning the water for enemy vessels. Suddenly, from 
 the rear, a cannon shot is heard. The sentinels seem 
 panic stricken, running here and there, crying "The 
 French have come!" A group of Spaniards rush out of 
 the Fort and are quickly surrounded by De Gourgues 
 and the Indians who kill them. De Gourgues presses 
 on to the Fort with 70 men and many Indians. They 
 kill the Spaniards guarding the Fort. The Indians creep- 
 ing up on every side, see that none escape. De Gourgues 
 comes upon a group of Spaniards surrounded by Indians, 
 led by Satouriona. He chooses thirteen men from the 
 group, ties their hands and marches them off to be hang- 
 ed as Menendez had hanged his countrymen. The Indians 
 lead off the rest of the group as captives. 
 
 Music — Indian Campaign — Gordon. 
 
 Successive Historical Note: — While de Gourgues was destroy- 
 ing Ft. Caroline, Menendez was in Spain where he had gone to ad- 
 vance the cause of establishing missions throughout Florida and the 
 surrounding country. He was received with great favor at court, 
 but he chafed to return, fearing the reaction of his massacre of 
 the French might result in an avenger. He finally secured ten mis- 
 sionaries to return with him to Florida who were to engage in the 
 propagation of the faith among the Indians. He arrived in Florida 
 in 1568, shortly after de Gourgues had wrecked his vengeance upon 
 the Spaniards at Fort Caroline. This was a great blow to Menendez 
 but did not discourage him from his purpose of continuing the esta- 
 blishment of the missions around and in the vicinity of S. Augustine. 
 After much strenuous labor he finally left the government of Florida 
 and returned to Spain where he occupied a high position at court 
 until his death in 1574, which occurred on the eve of his assuming 
 command of a gi'and armada of over three hundred vessels. It is sajd 
 by some that he ended his own life. 
 
 Prologue — 
 
 THE STORY OF EARLY SETTLEMENT 
 
 Dust are the flags of the nation of Europe that flew 
 
 for a season 
 Over the ramparts of forts they erected in Florida's 
 
 wilderness. 
 Dust are the flags, but the men who have borne them, 
 
 their romance and hatreds 
 History brings back to life from the land where there 
 
 is no tomorrow. 
 
 September 6, 1565 
 
 Philip the Second of Spain had appointed Don Pedro 
 Menendez 
 
FLORIDA HISTORICAL PAGEANT 57 
 
 Florida's Governor on the conditions the French there 
 were ousted. 
 
 Likewise a colony was to be planted, and Indians con- 
 quered. 
 
 Sighting the Florida shores on St. Augustine's day in 
 
 his honor 
 Named they the beautiful site of the colony which they 
 
 established. 
 Famous beforehand it was as the best of the towns of 
 
 the Seloves, 
 Indians whom they dispatched quickly. Built was their 
 
 fort and their dwellings 
 All by their African slaves. Thus was slavery started 
 
 that finally 
 Brought us years later, a nation, to taste of grim Civil 
 
 War's travail. 
 
 May 28, 1586 
 Sir Francis Drake on his Flagship "Elizabeth Bonaven- 
 
 tura," 
 Which with the "Primrose" and "Tyger," all flying the 
 
 flag of old England 
 Fresh from adventures with Spaniards, and proud of 
 
 his booty and conquest 
 Sighted St. Augustine, and with his followers landed and 
 
 took it; 
 Captured the fort and the cannon together with two 
 
 thousand Sterling; 
 Fired the buildings and put to the sword all the Span- 
 iards encountered. 
 
 1592 
 Came to St. Augustine with some adventurers, twelve 
 
 brave Franciscans 
 Hoping that with their superior, Fray Jean de Silva, 
 
 their efforts, 
 Under the charge of the Father Manon, St. Helena's 
 
 good warden, 
 Would be the means of converting and bringing the 
 
 Christ to the natives. 
 Though the adventurers found not their treasure, the 
 
 noble Franciscans 
 Found far more wealth in the souls they could rescue 
 
 than every they dreamed of, 
 Planted the banner of Peace and its Prince in their wild- 
 erness chapels. 
 
 W. H. Cordner. 
 
58 JACKSONVILLE COMMUNITY SERVICE 
 
 INTERLUDE II 
 Voices of Florida's Springs 
 
 Far-famed are the beautiful, free-flowing springs 
 of Florida. These are the names of some: Silver, 
 Crystal, Clay, Green Cove, Defuniak and White, Wau- 
 kula and De Leon. Lovely are they in their greens and 
 blues, with hues of the rainbow encircling every sub- 
 merged leaf of fern and moss. 
 
 Music^ — Voices of Spring — Strauss. 
 
 EPISODE V. — 1568 — 1593 
 
 Menendez arrives at St. Augustine from Spain with 
 chaplain and ten priests, among whom is a converted 
 Indian, who afterwards betrays the priests to the sub- 
 sequent violence of the Indians. 
 
 Menendez approaches with numerous banners. 
 Trumpets and other martial music is resounding amid sal- 
 vos of artillery. The priests, headed by the chapjain 
 (Father Segura) carry a cross and chant the hymn "Te 
 Ueum Laudemus." Menendez marches up to the cross, 
 with his men, and all kiss it. A number of Indians stand- 
 ing about, imitate what they see done. 
 
 Menendez finds his garrison demoralized and suf- 
 fering from hunger and insufficiency of clothing. 
 
 The priests labor zealously for the conversion of the 
 Indians, who apparently respond as long as the daily 
 rations of corn and other food are handed out to them 
 by the priests, but as soon as the provisions grow short 
 the Indians betray their true attitude. They have been 
 fired with the lust to kill through their success in the 
 massacre of the Spaniards at Ft. Caroline. 
 
 Two Indian villages are established on the outskirts 
 of St. Aufgustine, called Tolomato and Topiqui. The 
 young Indian chief of Guale collects the Indians from 
 these villages and steals upon the missions at midnight, 
 dispatching the priests with their hatchets. Thence they 
 go on the warpath and destroy the missions where-ever 
 they are established in the surrounding country. 
 
 After the Indians depart a party of Spaniards arrive 
 and bury the priests with appropriate ceremonies. 
 
 Music — Spanish Hymn — Te Deum Laudemus — Petit 
 Bolero — Rovina. 
 
FLORIDA HISTORICAL PAGEANT 61 
 
 INTERLUDE IV 
 The Path Thru The Forest 
 Chorus — Come Gentle Spring — Haydn. 
 The Voices of the Forests return. The Flowers, 
 Birds and Butterflies unite their beauty and grace with 
 those of the Trees, in a dance full of charm. 
 
 Music — Wedding of the Winds — Hall. 
 
 ENGLISH COLONIZATION UNDER GRANT 
 
 FLORIDA RETURNED TO SPAIN 
 
 WORK OF GENERAL JACKSON 
 
 And now on Florida's fruitful land 
 
 Sweet Peace doth reign with beckoning hand. 
 
 Old England's children gather there. 
 
 While England's flag floats high in air, 
 
 Through forests dim where wild birds sing. 
 
 They build a highway for the king, 
 
 And proud ships bear across the sea. 
 
 The wealth of grove and forest tree. 
 
 'Neath fig and vine the people rest. 
 
 And deem themselves supremely blest. 
 
 The bloom of palm tree calls the bee. 
 
 Life giving winds blow from the sea. 
 
 The mockbird from his live oak calls. 
 
 And golden sunlight softly falls, 
 
 Alas! that king or potentate 
 
 This peaceful scene showed desolate, 
 
 Alas! that in a land so bright. 
 
 Royal decrees should bring such blight. 
 
 Florida is ceded back to Spain, 
 
 The Spanish flag goes up again. 
 
 And savage war cries wake the night. 
 
 From peaceful homes men take their flight. 
 
 War mocks at Peace and ever stands 
 
 With cruel eyes and blood stained hands. 
 
 Then Jackson comes superb and brave 
 
 Fair Florida to help and save. 
 
 He meets the tyrants and they flee. 
 
 He plants the flag of Liberty. 
 
 Now, numbered with Columbia's band. 
 
 No foe shall trespass this lair land. 
 
 Elizabeth M. Bogart. 
 
62 JACKSONVILLE COMMUNITY SERVICE 
 
 EPISODE VI— 1763— 1783 
 The English in Florida 
 
 Intrductory Historical Note: — (During the hostilities be- 
 tween Great Bi-itian and Spain, Havana, Cuba fell into the 
 hands of the English which isolated St. Augustine from its home 
 government and sources of supply. England had long desired to ac- 
 quire Florida and the capture of Havana seemed to present a favor- 
 able opportunity for the exchange of territory — Havana in exchange 
 for Florida. Spain was agreeable and thus the provinces of East 
 and West Florida were ceded to Great Britian and Cuba was re- 
 stored to Spain. This exchange was most distastful to the Spanish 
 population of Florida. 
 
 Scene I — 1763 
 
 This scene takes place at St. Augustine, Florida. 
 Governor Jaines Grant with a company of English sol- 
 diers arrives and the ceremony of the change in govern- 
 ment takes place. The Spaniards draw up opposite 
 Grant, salute and exit. Governor Herrera represents 
 the Spanish. 
 
 Scene II. — 1764 — 1766 — At St. Augustine 
 
 The English men, women and children take posses- 
 sion of Florida and a reception and ball is given for the 
 Governor. 
 
 They are all making merry at this dance when a 
 runner reaches the village with the news of the Declara- 
 tion of Independence. Great disgust is shown by the 
 English. Those who sympathize with America's Inde- 
 pendence gather in a group by themselves. The Gover- 
 nor calls his men and soldiers and marches from the 
 scene to martial music. 
 
 A group of Union sympathizers remain and sing, 
 "God save the Thirteen States; God save them all." 
 
 EPISODE VII— 1784 
 
 Historical Note: — At a period when the people of Florida 
 were looking forward to a long career of peaceful prosperity they 
 were suddenly made victims of one of those political set-offs by 
 vhich diplomats endeavor to make amends for unsatisfactory 
 political divisions. After the American Revolution, the ministry of 
 Great Britian was desirous, for obvious reasons, to close a fruitless 
 war with Spain. In order to effect this they pretended to believe 
 that East and West Florida and the island of Minorca were of little 
 value to the crown, since all the other colonies were no longer under 
 the British flag. They proposed to recede Florida, including Min- 
 orca, to Spain in exchange for the insignificant Bahama Islands. This 
 proposal was accepted and evacuation took place three months aftei 
 the ratification of the treaty 
 
FLORIDA HISTORICAL PAGEANT 65 
 
 Scene I — 1784 
 The Fulfillment of The Treaty 
 
 The scene shows a Spanish colony at Pensacola. 
 
 A Spanish governor takes possession with staff and 
 company of soldiers and plants the Spanish flag. A Span- 
 ish village comes into being, men, women, peasants, la- 
 dies and gentlemen of quality, flower and fruit vendors, 
 minstrels, etc. 
 
 A festival is held for the governor where Spanish 
 dances are shown. Indians, especially Creeks, are in 
 groups here and there. One group has in it the chief 
 of the Creeks at that time — Alexander McGillvray. 
 
 Music — 
 
 Bolero - Moskowski 
 
 La Paloma — Spanish Waltz Moskowski 
 
 Successive Historical Note: — For 37 years following the re- 
 cession of Florida the country was in a state of turmoil. Spain, 
 England and the United States, being the actors in the drama, agreed 
 or disagreed according to their humor, and, throughout, the Indians, 
 Creeks, Miccosukees, Seminoles, banded together to destroy che 
 settlers, sometimes under the direction and with the connivance of 
 adventurous men of the various governments specified. This sort of 
 thing kept up, without much profit to any government involved until 
 finally in 1819 when a treaty of peace consisting of sixteen articles 
 was concluded between Spain and the United States which ceded 
 the Floridas (East and West) to the United States. The treaty was 
 finally ratified in 1821, the change of flags taking place in East 
 Florida at St. Augustine on July 10, 1821 and at Pensacola, in 
 West Florida, on the 21st of July of the same year. 
 
 The following ceremony takes place at Pensacola. 
 
 Prologue — The Change of Flags. 
 
 The proud ensign of Spain proclaimed to all 
 
 The world that Bimini at last was found. 
 
 And it belonged to Spain. But fighting France 
 
 Fought for the land of everlasting Youth. 
 
 And fighting planted many a standard there. 
 
 Then mighty England threw her gauntlet down 
 
 And took her place. The proud ensign of Spain 
 
 Arose again to fall again before 
 
 The Stars and Stripes of these United States, 
 
 The Flag supplanting all the other flags, 
 
 The Flag that claimed its own, once and forever! 
 
 Max. G. Sabel. 
 
66 JACKSONVILLE COMMUNITY SERVICE 
 
 EPISODE VIII 
 
 Note: — This scene is a review of all the flags that have 
 Avaved over Florida. 
 
 Scene I — 1821 — Change of Flags 
 
 At Pensacola, 21st of July, 1821. 
 
 An old Indian Chief (McGillivray) enters, blows a 
 conch shell and a group of Seminole braves respond. 
 
 English, Spanish and French groups assemble to 
 martial music from different entrances. They take sta- 
 tions in the background. Each group carries the flag of 
 of its own country. From the Flag-pole floats the Spanish 
 flag. To the music of the Spanish National Hymn Span- 
 ish soldiers march up front stage and form outside square. 
 
 Then the French march up — to the Marseillaise — 
 and form a second side to the square. 
 
 Then the British march forward — to Rule Britannia 
 — and form third side of square. 
 
 To the music of Yankee Doodle the American troops 
 march forward. The Spanish flag is lowered and the 
 Stars and Strips raised as the Star Spangled Banner is 
 sung. 
 
 Governor Callava represents Spanish and Gen. Jack- 
 son the United States Government. 
 
 Prologue — The Pioneers. 
 
 Intrepid sons of hardihood they came 
 
 In search of gold, adventures and wide fame. 
 
 The pioneers, the devotees of Chance, 
 
 The dauntless lovers of Madame Romance. . . . 
 
 From France and Italy, Spain and Smyrna, Greece 
 
 And England, questing for another Fleece, 
 
 And from Minorca, to plant row on row 
 
 Of vines and figs and precious indigo. 
 
 Max G. Sabel. 
 
 Scene II — Early Settlement 
 
 Note: — This scene is a review of all the flags that have 
 vaved over Florida. 
 
 It is some time after the exchange of flags. Florida 
 has again been thrown open to settlement — this time 
 to Americans. 
 
 Groups of Seminole Indians, who seem contented 
 and happy, meet with traders. 
 
FLORIDA HISTORICAL PAGEANT 69 
 
 Period follows of the early settlement of Jackson- 
 ville with descendents of early pioneers. 
 
 Settlers begin to arrive in covered wagons pulled by 
 oxen ; others come on horse back and on foot. A preacher 
 appears. Games are played by the children, men prepare 
 for hunting trips, etc. 
 
 Finally a young man and woman appear and in- 
 quire for a preacher. He steps forward. All gather for 
 wedding ceremony. 
 
 After ceremony they form sets for old square dance. 
 
 In the midst of the dance a runner appears with the 
 news of disturbances among the Indians. There is a 
 conference among the Pioneers. Indians creep up and 
 show a sullen spirit. There is great excitement. 
 
 Music — 
 
 Flag of our Country — Pearce. 
 
 Wedding March — Wagner 
 
 When you and I were Young, Maggie. 
 
 Arkansas Traveler. 
 
 Florida My Florida. — Kerrison. 
 
 Treaty of Camp Moultrie 
 
 With folded arms in a dim line they stood, 
 Severely patient children of the wood, 
 While, Duval, the white man's Governor 
 Took land away from them and gave them law. 
 They listened while he promised beef and salt, 
 They gave no sign of finding any fault; 
 He promised silver, many, many pounds, 
 And south of Micanopy, hunting grounds 
 But one among them, Enemathla, heard 
 And mated silent threats with every word. 
 
 Max G. Sabel. 
 Scene III — 1822 — Treaty of Fort Moultrie 
 
 Introductory Historical Note: — During the period that Wni. 
 P. Duval was governor of Florida, in 1822, he negotiated a treaty 
 with the Indians at Ft. Moultrie, about five miles south of St. Au- 
 gustine. 
 
 The scene opens with Governor Duval, James Gads- 
 den and Bernardo Segui, as Commissioners, negotiating 
 the treaty with Miccosukee and Seminole Indians. 
 
 After signing the treaty the Governor and associates 
 move up the field, and the Indians, after a short peace 
 ceremonial, move to the back field. 
 
70 JACKSONVILLE COMMUNITY SERVICE 
 
 Music — America. 
 
 Music — Coronation March — Meyerbeer. 
 
 Florida the land of Sunshine, the land of Fruits and 
 Flowers, will show in symbolism its gifts and the dis- 
 tribution of these to the world. 
 
 A procession of boats will pass during this scene. 
 
 Chorus — Hail Bright Abode, From Taunhauser — 
 Wagner. 
 
 Ensemble of Interludes. 
 
 INTERLUDE V 
 
 Florida's Gift to The World 
 
 Prologue — To Florida and Her Future Statehood. 
 
 By silver gleamings of a star 
 
 That shed its light on the way-worn trail 
 
 And guided you afar, 
 
 You fought your way through 
 
 Valleys tenanted with strife ; 
 
 Felt anew passion's swift desire 
 
 Rush thru your heart like raging fire, 
 
 Burning the bitterness from life. 
 
 Out from the flame that purifies 
 
 You came, 
 
 The spirit of a new resolve impressed 
 
 Upon your heart; 
 
 With eyes that look no longer to the West, 
 
 Came unafraid into the Union's fold .... 
 
 Not as a servile slave. 
 
 But to be One In One, but to go Side By Side; 
 
 Seeing beyond the sordid things of earth. 
 
 The glory of your statehood's birth, 
 
 With eyes so heaven-lit with pride! 
 
 Kenneth K. West. 
 
 Ensemble — Vision of Those Who Made the Early 
 History. 
 
 Music — Dixie — Suwannee River. 
 
 Epilogue 
 
 And so the tale draws to a close you say? 
 Not so; 'tis but a legend just begun. 
 
FLORIDA HISTORICAL PAGEANT 71 
 
 Your province now to gather up the thread 
 Fair Florida consigns to your high care 
 To weave for those who shall come after you. 
 How fair a trust ! No heart but thrills to feel 
 
 Her destiny a part of his to know 
 
 The measure of his effort as the guage 
 
 Assessing her achievement with his own, 
 
 To realize that her fair fame is his 
 
 To keep untarnished — ^that no blot or stain 
 
 Upon his shield but fouls her own as well . . . 
 
 So fair a faith ! That asks no guaranty 
 
 For what is hers by due, but rests on love — 
 
 A love that gives to each the uttermost 
 
 Of all she has, serene that in each gift 
 
 The law of giving is divinely kept; 
 
 Secure, that to your covenant with her. 
 
 Sealed by the oath that binds her sisterhood 
 
 Of States in one illustrious empire. 
 
 You will be true, that so our glorious past 
 
 May pledge our future to one noble end ! 
 
 By Frances Dickenson Finder. 
 
 Recessional — America the Beautiful. 
 
72 JACKSONVILLE COMMUNITY SERVICE 
 
 LEGENDS OF FLORIDA 
 
 The Florida Moss. 
 
 The Coming of the Cherokee Rose. 
 
 Legend of the Mocking Bird. 
 
 The Fountain. 
 
 The Legend of The Suwanee. 
 
 LEGEND OF THE FLORIDA MOSS 
 
 As told by Mrs. E. M. Bogart and written by Mrs. 
 Linwood Jeffreys 
 
 The weird and fantastic effect made by the gray 
 moss hanging from our Florida trees is in itself sugges- 
 tive of song and story. It savors of romance and tradi- 
 tion. 
 
 There were priests who came to the shores of Flor- 
 ida in the early days of Spanish discovery. As they looked 
 on vistas of moss-landen trees, possibly they were remind- 
 ed of Gothic aisles in their own cathedrals. Surely if a 
 Florida sunset was in its glory above the scene they rea- 
 lized that no stained glass window ever had rarer colors. 
 If you have ever seen the pink-bud tree in bloom and 
 laden with slender streamers of this moss you will think 
 of it in a more lyric vein. It seems a delicate and fragile 
 thing, fit to inspire a theme for a woodland sketch by 
 McDowell. 
 
 In the realm of folk-lore there is a hitherto unpub- 
 lished legend which was told to a little Florida girl many 
 years ago by her old Southern mammy. This old mammy 
 was half Indian, which probably accounts for her know- 
 ledge of the legend. Certainly the story has the childlike 
 simplicity so characteristic of Indian folklore and just 
 a bit of the quaint drollery of the old time negro. 
 
 Ages before any white man ever touched these 
 shores, so the legend begins, the gentle South Wind held 
 complete dominion over all this fair land of Florida. Her 
 many subjects went here, there and everywhere to do 
 her bidding. Zephyr, Whispering Wind, Balmy Breeze, 
 and Wafted Fragance were four of her helpers, but there 
 were scores of others just as loyal. 
 
 In an old ballad we are told that spring would be 
 but gloomy weather if we had nothing else but spring, 
 and that was just the trouble with the days and nights 
 the South Wind dispensed to her kingdom. It needed 
 an occasional cool snap to give character to the climate, 
 
FLORIDA HISTORICAL PAGEANT 73 
 
 at least, so thought the Father of the Winds. Accord- 
 ingly, he dispatched the North Wind to advise the South- 
 ern soveriegn that he would rule for three months in her 
 place over the land of flowers. Very loath to submit 
 was the South Wind, for she loved her marshes and palms 
 and vari-colored flowers. 
 
 "Oh, Great Spirit," she pleaded, "Do not deny me 
 Ihe sight of my beautiful kindgom, even for a short time. 
 I cannot bear to see my trees and flowers touched by 
 northern blasts. I pray thee for mercy. My land is so 
 beautiful and I love to keep it so." 
 
 The Great Spirit was touched by her profound and 
 intense love for her native land. 
 
 "Gentle South Wind," she was told, "You need 
 sleep only short intervals during the North Wind's reign." 
 
 "But, what of my subjects?" asked the South Wind 
 as she looked across the river on whose banks she held 
 court. 
 
 In the sky above the water hung hundreds of tiny 
 gray clouds, very fleece-like and lacy in appearance. 
 
 "Never fear, gentle one," said the Great Spirit, "Yon 
 tiny gray clouds shall enfold your faithful spirits until you 
 need them." 
 
 ■Whiff! — The little gray clouds fairly danced down 
 from the sky in an ecstacy of service. Here, there and 
 everywhere they scampered in search of Zephyr, Whis- 
 pering Wind, Balmy Breeze, Wafted Fragrance, and 
 scores of others. Now the little wind spirits had taken 
 refuge in their favorite tree tops and there the gray clouds 
 found them. 
 
 Snug and close about the spirits the little clouds 
 wrapped their dainty grayness. All through branches 
 of the trees you could see these gray-clad wind sprites, 
 securely sleeping. 
 
 When the North Wind began to rule the land, he no- 
 ticed the small gray clouds among the trees. It was just 
 about the time for icicles. 
 
 "Oh," thought the North Wind, "I can't hang icicles 
 on these trees. Icicles would spoil the eflfect. Those gray 
 things hung like icicles would be very becoming to the 
 landscape, and I have such a short and interrupted reign 
 anyway." 
 
 So, the little gray clouds were hung gracefully from 
 the branches, very much after the fashion of icicles. 
 
 Now, of course, when the South Wind awoke the 
 first time, she immediately summoned her spirits. Balmy 
 
74 JACKSONVILLE COMMUNITY SERVICE 
 
 Breeze, Zephyr, Whispering Wind, Wafted Fragrance, 
 and all the rest. They slipped gently out of their gray 
 cloaks and left them hanging from the trees. 
 
 The North Wind, himself, was so in love with the 
 land as he found it, that even his cold and hardened heart 
 began to warm just a little. Stern and cruel monarch 
 that he was, he did practically no damage to the flowers 
 and trees. Then the little gray garments of the Southern 
 Wind-spirits began to be a permanent addition to the 
 crees, for they turned into moss. Even until this very day, 
 through winter, summer, spring and fall, are the Florida 
 trees hung with streamers of gray moss. 
 
 The Coming of the Cherokee Rose 
 
 Nay, my child, this waxen blossom, 
 Lovely Rose of Cherokee, 
 Did not send its first wild tendrils 
 Shooting o'er the Florida lea. 
 Tell me. Grandpa, which fair forest 
 Is the birthplace of the rose 
 That in graceful, perfumed riot 
 Here on hedge and fencing grows; 
 Climbs the wildcat-haunted hammock 
 Where the Indian River glides. 
 And Il-la-ka laughing ripples 
 In fantastic, upward tides; 
 Wreathes the banks of Ock-la-wa-ha, 
 Carpets Tall-a-ha-see clay 
 And on With-la-coo-chee's borders 
 Share the waterlilies' sway; 
 Showers leaves and snowy petals 
 In the sun-spots and the shades. 
 Where the Florida woods are deepest, 
 'Cho-bee to the Everglades. 
 
 Child, the story of the flower. 
 Swaying now among the trees. 
 Is the story of Ya-la-ha, 
 Maiden of the Cher-o-kees. 
 
 She, an aged chieftain's daughter, 
 Georgia's proudest Indian belle. 
 Loved a hated Seminole, 
 Loved him ere he sinned and fell. 
 No young brave was fleeter, greater. 
 In the hunt or in the fray, 
 
FLORIDA HISTORICAL PAGEANT 75 
 
 Than the son of Chief See-Cof-Fee, 
 Rebel now, and runaway. 
 
 Yet the sinning of Lu-co-see 
 Was not from his savage soul; 
 Was but filial love and duty, 
 But the making of the goal 
 Long designed by old See-cof-fee, 
 Who had roamed and hunted far. 
 And knew every fragrant tangle 
 In the woods called Florida 
 And had ever, while he marveled 
 That such forest, lake and strand 
 Had so long remained unpeopled. 
 Vowed possession of the land. 
 Plotted he the fierce rebellion, 
 And — a peninsula for bribe 
 Now the quick, complete, secession 
 Of the Flowers of the tribe. 
 Lovers left behind their maidens. 
 For the lowest Cher-o-kee, 
 Felt it shame should Seminole 
 Wed beneath his te-pee tree. 
 
 Yet the mourning of Ya-la-ha 
 Held a hidden, joyous stave 
 Had she not a secret solace 
 In the promise of her brave? 
 
 Never shall another's te-pee 
 
 While my heart is beating fast. 
 
 Lend your head a moment's shelter, 
 
 Give you arrow-won repast. 
 
 But my father's ten-ten triumphs. 
 
 By the sun that I adore; 
 
 By Che-no-pa and Wauchee-pee, 
 
 By our sacred, chanted lore; 
 
 By my manhood's scalp locked girdle. 
 
 By tomahawk's keen edge; 
 
 By this band of hammered silver. 
 
 Of my prowess highest pledge; 
 
 By your dark eyes starry welcome. 
 
 By those dear lips, coral hued, 
 
 Is there ought my vow to strengthen? 
 
 By my love, now blood imbued ; 
 
 I will come tomorrow's midnight, 
 
76 JACKSONVILLE COMMUNITY SERVICE 
 
 With the Mock bird's latest trills, 
 On the swiftest prairie pony 
 Bear you safe beyond the hills. 
 
 SoYa-la-ha, in the darkness 
 Waited by the sweetgum tree, 
 Till the sad, oppressive silence 
 Echoed to the mock-bird's glee. 
 Softly stole around her shoulder, 
 Arm that owned a double art: 
 Fettered closer still the women, 
 Touched with pain the daughter heart 
 Now she went with timid footsteps, 
 Now turn backw^ard to the glade — 
 God forgive you, young Lu-co-see, 
 If you cherish not the maid ! 
 
 Love, the king, soon subtly conquered, 
 
 But Ya-la-ha, ere she rode. 
 
 Gathered roses in the pathway. 
 
 On the air their sweetness strowed; 
 
 Nursed them on the hurried journey 
 
 To the far A-lach-u-ah 
 
 Planted them around her tee-pee. 
 
 Underneath a friendly star 
 
 And from them, on loved Su-wa-nee, 
 
 Ran the Rose of Cherokee, 
 
 Over all the Florida Mainland, 
 
 Leon to the Kiss-im-mee. 
 
 Mrs. M. E. Drew. 
 
FLORIDA HISTORICAL PAGEANT 77 
 
 LEGEND OF THE MOCKING BIRD 
 
 In Florida long, long ago, there lived 
 
 A dainty modest bird with plumage gray. 
 
 Strange to relate, this bird was almost mute, 
 
 He could not sing a note. In early spring 
 
 A feeble chirp he gave, but that was all. 
 
 No one knew why he was afflicted thus. 
 
 No crime could such a bird commit, for kind 
 
 And gentle were his ways. His friends declared 
 
 He neither tried to warble or to trill. 
 
 Determined effort and the will to sing 
 
 Was all that was required, they said. Ashamed, 
 
 And sad, that one bird did not voice the joy 
 
 That sought expression in a burst of song ; 
 
 They called a conference among the birds. 
 
 A plan was formed, each one was given a night 
 In which to teach the tuneless one to sing. 
 With kindly heart, at evening time, there came 
 Unto the wee gray bird, a feathered friend, 
 Who o'er and o'er trilled out a sweet refrain. 
 The bird drank in the music sweet. His heart 
 With joy grew light, new inspirations came. 
 Love, life and happiness surged like a flood 
 Of light into his heart. He too must sing! 
 Which song to choose of all that he had heard. 
 Was now the problem he alone must solve. 
 For all were beautiful, each one expressed 
 The wonderous love he felt. He could not choose. 
 The night crept on — beneath the southern moon 
 The bird was overpowered by his desire. 
 He sang them all — yes, every single one. 
 The melodies sublime burst from his heart. 
 The mocking bird was master of the art. 
 
 Margaret Carrick Fairlie. 
 
78 JACKSONVILLE COMMUNITY SERVICE 
 
 A LEGEND OF THE SUWANEE 
 
 Is there a Floridian whom the mention of the Suwa- 
 nee does not thrill? 
 
 Legends? Yes, many. I wonder how many recall 
 the one about the Spirit Guard of the Suwanee Bathing 
 Fool, of the Seminoles? Found by few travellers and un- 
 der only certain conditions; it is well worth a trip, in- 
 spired by the hope of reaching the banks of the river un- 
 der these conditions. Some years since, going to a dis- 
 tant state by auto, the writer, with a party of travelers, 
 encamped on a spot overlooking the river. The grand 
 old water oaks, with their drapery of moss, the stars, 
 with their peculiar Florida nearness and the Moon just 
 beginning to cast weird shadows on our camping site, 
 brought the age-old legend to mind. I had become fa- 
 miliar with some Indian words and their musical rhythm 
 seemed ringing in my ears. The quiet loneliness of the 
 forest and the cooing of the birds to their mates, with the 
 sweet notes of the mocking bird, had lulled to sleep my 
 fellow travelers, but I was looking here and there through 
 the nearby forest trees, with, strange as it may seem, no 
 fear of coocheles (bears) ; I listened for the timid step of 
 the Echos (deer). Ah! there near my cot was a distinct 
 outline of an Indian Form. Dreaming? No!! My fully 
 
 awake senses caught the sound Woolisee Woo — lis 
 
 se We wah (near water) as if a 
 
 zephyr from the river had borne it towards me. The 
 echo, faint, but distinct, came from the nearby shore — 
 
 We W a h. Impatiently waiting for the 
 
 first dawn of day, I arose and cautiously avoiding the 
 narrow path, I glided in and out among the lower 
 branches of the great oaks leading in the direction of the 
 echo. I saw on the water's edge a tall stone sentinel; 
 creeping between this rock and the boulders on my left 
 I almost stepped into the Spirit Guarded Pool. Stones of 
 centuries and moss of ages surrounded the place. Slipping 
 from rock to rock, I took my morning bath just as did the 
 Seminoles of that beautiful spot. As the rising sun gilded 
 the outlet of the pool into the sparkling waters of the 
 Suwanee, I came up from my Indian plunge, wondering 
 how many spirits of the happy hunting grounds were 
 around me. 
 
 Any traveller passing through Live Oak may be dir- 
 ected to this camping ground, but the Indian Spirit Guard 
 must direct him to the pool and the conditions must be 
 according to the legend. Mrs. C. V. Waugh. 
 
An Outline of 
 
 Florida's Early Histor}? 
 
 First Seal of Florida. 
 
 Prepared Under ^\e Direction of 
 
 HLe Florida Historical Pageant Associatiori 
 
 of ^e 
 ]acksonA)ilie Communibi) Ser^)ice 
 
 By 
 nrhe History Committee 
 
Columnam a Prjtfcao pnma na\ igat'c^nclocatam 
 venerantur Floridcnics. 
 
 viii: 
 
 I.' injittut<t dme LaH<lonmero, eppuhC 
 . yt(n;fm dtjcendtt ,JiiImi! xh Indis nc- 
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 sV M CUlhsnlLruUm^rovm. . ■■ :•'■■• 
 
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 RIBAULT'S COLUMN 
 (Erected on south side of St. Johns river near its mouth) 
 
FLORIDA HISTORICAL PAGEANT 81 
 
 Florida 
 
 [a 
 
 BEFORE THE DAWN OF THE WHITE MAN 
 
 From the most authentic reports it is evident that 
 the natives of Florida in pre-Columbian times were 
 divided into a number of tribes, each governed by a dif- 
 ferent chief. They did not live in harmony with one 
 another and were often engaged in tribal warfare, the 
 Apalachees of West Florida being especially warlike in 
 character. These Florida tribes were not the Seminoles 
 of a later period, and have long since become extinct. 
 
 The ceremonials of these early Indians comprised 
 the Busk Ceremony, frequently called the "Green Corn 
 Ceremony," lasting four or eight days with a definite 
 ritual for each day. It was a harvest festival and cele- 
 bration, and included ceremonials of penitence as well 
 as protection from crime and injury. Their war cere- 
 monies and celebrations of victory were somewhat on 
 the order of the old Creek ceremonies and doubtless 
 descended from the same source. 
 
 A head-man or chief is described as wearing his hair 
 drawn to a peak at the top of his head, from which droops 
 the tail of a raccoon or a fox. Deer-hoof rattles dangle 
 from his loin cloth and suspended from his neck is a 
 large disc six inches in diameter. Several similar discs, 
 strung on buskskin, are worn above his knees and elbows, 
 while the lobes of his ears, which have been pierced, are 
 adorned with green stone ornaments. 
 
 Both men and women painted their bodies in gro- 
 tesque fashion. Ornaments of shell were worn by both 
 sexes. Their costumes were very scanty, being scarce- 
 ly more than a loin cloth of buckskin for the men and 
 a light buckskin fringe for the women. — (Bullentin 30, 
 Bureau of Am. Ethnology). 
 
 Such were the people who gathered at the seashore 
 a short distance north of St. Augustine on that day in 
 the spring of 1513, watching with amazement the 
 approach of three objects, the like of which they had 
 never seen before. It was Ponce de Leon and the coming 
 of the first white men to the shores of Florida. 
 
82 JACKSONVILLE COMMUNITY SERVICE 
 
 EARLY EXPLORATIONS BY THE SPANISH 
 
 By T. Frederick Davis 
 
 Juan Ponce de Leon* 
 
 Born about 1460, Aragon Spain 
 Died 1521, Isle de Cuba 
 
 The ancestry and early life of Ponce de Leon are 
 more or less shrouded in obscurity. In his boyhood, he 
 served as page to a man of distinction. While yet a 
 youth, he entered the military service of Spain, and he 
 emerged from the Moorish conquest a veteran seasoned 
 in the arts of M^ar. 
 
 The accounts of the marvelous country discovered 
 by Columbus in the West fanned into flame Ponce de 
 Leon's desire for new adventures, and he eagerly availed 
 himself of the opportunity to ship with Columbus on the 
 latter's second voyage to the West Indies. 
 
 Upon his arrival in the islands, Juan Ponce quickly 
 gained recognition as a result of his successes against 
 the warlike natives. From time to time he was appointed 
 to commands of varying importance. Ever seeking new 
 fields for adventure, however, he undertook the conquest 
 of the island of Porto Rico and was finally appointed 
 governor of that island. 
 
 Opposition to Ponce de Leon now developed in the 
 claim that his commission as governor of Porto Rico 
 conflicted with the interest of others of greater influence 
 at the court of Spain. Policy required his removal and 
 he was displaced. After being relieved of this command 
 he was still for a while in the island. His proud spirit 
 was hurt, but not destroyed. He had accumulated some 
 wealth and with this he decided to equip three vessels 
 and go in search of the land to the north, that according 
 to report abounded in gold and all manner of delights; 
 and above all, possessed a river of such virtue that who- 
 ever bathed in it would be restored to everlasting youth. 
 Some of the native Indians declared also that in an island 
 toward the north, called Bimini, there was a fountain 
 possessing the same qualities. They claimed that a num- 
 ber of their people had gone years before to look for 
 these wonderful springs and had never returned, there- 
 fore they must surely have found the object of their 
 search. 
 
 "Irving's "Voyages of Companions of Columbus" and other histories. 
 
fU 
 
 
 •.••/\5 
 
 \4i 
 
 
 
 C-^ -V- rvv' 
 
84 JACKSONVILLE COMMUNITY SERVICE 
 
 This brave cavalier had no difficulty in finding ad- 
 venturers ready to cruise with him, and early in March, 
 1513, he left the shores of Porto Rico in quest of the 
 fairy land. Sailing westward, he then turned toward 
 the north and soon reached the Bahama Islands. He 
 cruised among them and everywhere made inquiry for 
 Bimini, but in vain. Being convinced that the youth-re- 
 storing waters were not here, he shaped his course north- 
 westward. 
 
 Discovery of Florida 
 
 On Sunday, the 27th of March, 1513, the Spaniards 
 came in sight of, as they supposed, an island, but could 
 not land on account of stormy weather. For nearly a 
 week they hovered off the coast, and in the night of the 
 2nd of April, they came in and anchored near the shore, 
 in latitude 30 degrees and 8 minutes. 
 
 Ponce de Leon landed with his principal officers, 
 planted a cross, and threw the royal banner of Spain to 
 the breeze. Gathered around the cross they all swore 
 allegiance to the crown, and proclaimed possession of 
 the country in the name of the Spanish sovereigns. Ponce 
 de Leon named the land Florida (Pascua Florida-Flowery 
 Easter) , because he had first seen it on Easter Sunday. 
 Everything was fresh in the bloom of spring. He thought 
 that this must surely be the enchanted land. 
 
 The natives called the country "Cautio." They 
 proved to be savage and warlike and Ponce de Leon 
 could gain from them no information that would lead him 
 to the wonders he was seeking. They gave him but one 
 invitation — that to leave the country. He met with 
 resolute hostility from the natives whenever he attempted 
 to explore the region away from the coast. Boarding his 
 vessels, he turned southward, touching here and there 
 along the coast. Every where it was the same story — 
 resistance by the Indians ; no trace of the precious metals ; 
 nothing of the fountain of perpetual youth! Disheartened 
 by the perils and trials that had beset him, he gave up 
 the quest and returned to Porto Rico, "infinitely poorer 
 in purse and wrinkled in brow by this cruise after in- 
 exhaustible riches and perpetual youth." 
 
 Although he failed to find the fairy fountain. Ponce 
 de Leon gave to the world a discovery that has ever 
 since held attention in song and story as the land of 
 enchantment. Fortunately, there has been no attempt to 
 take away from him the credit of standing first in Flor- 
 ida's history. 
 
FLORIDA HISTORICAL PAGEANT 85 
 
 Juan Ponce soon sailed for Spain, to report his dis- 
 covery to the Spanish court. He was received graciously, 
 returning to the West Indies v^ith the title of Governor 
 of Bimini and Florida. He did not immediately avail 
 himself of the new office, being detained several years 
 in the islands in an attempt to put down uprisings of the 
 natives. His efforts were not marked with complete suc- 
 cess, however, and he became unpopular and dissatis- 
 fied. He now began preparations for another expedition 
 to Terra Florida, sinking what was left of his fortune 
 in equipping two vessels for the enterprise. 
 
 All was ready in March, 1521. After a toilsome 
 voyage a landing was made on the lower Gulf coast, in 
 Ponce de Leon Bay. The Indians appeared and a battle 
 ensued, during which Ponce de Leon himself was wound- 
 ed by an arrow in the thigh. He was carried on board 
 his ship and finding himself grievously wounded, he set 
 sail for Cuba, where he arrived ill in body and dejected in 
 heart. His death occured soon afterward. Thus the 
 search of the old cavalier for perpetual youth had the 
 effect of hastening his death. 
 
 During the interval between the two voyages of 
 Ponce de Leon, one Diego Miruelo, a pilot from Cuba, 
 and Fernando de Cordova, each visited the Florida coast 
 for a very short time. Following Ponce de Leon's de- 
 parture in 1521, seven years passed before another at- 
 tempt was made to explore the Florida peninsula. Then 
 came the expedition under Narvaez. 
 
 Panfilo de Narvaez* 
 
 Born 1470 Valladolid, Spain 
 Drowned 1528, off mouth of Mississippi river 
 
 When a young man, Narvaez went to South America, 
 serving under several adventurers; thence to Jamaica, 
 and later to Cuba, where he assisted in the subjugation 
 of that island. He commanded the expedition sent by the 
 governor of Cuba to overthrow Cortez in Mexico, but 
 was defeated and taken prisoner. After several month's 
 imprisonment he was released and returned to Spain, 
 where he published the belief that by crossing over to 
 Florida from Cuba it would be possible to reach Mexico 
 by land by a march of a few hundred leagues. The 
 Spanish king thereupon bestowed on him the appoint- 
 
 ♦Frorn the narrative of Cabeza de Vaca, printed at Valladolid in 
 1555 and re-printed by H. Ternaux-Compans, Paris, 1837. 
 
86 JACKSONVILLE COMMUNITY SERVICE 
 
 ment of governor of Florida, with permission to make 
 the attempt. 
 
 The expedition of Narvaez left Spain in June, 1527; 
 refitted in the West Indies, and reached the Florida 
 coast just north of Tampa Bay on Good Friday of the 
 following year (1528). Here Narvaez landed, unfurled 
 the royal standard of Spain, and took possession of the 
 country in the name of the King. He disembarked 300 
 men, several priests, and 42 horses. On the following day 
 the Indians came to see them, and soon indicated by 
 signs that they wished the Spaniards to leave the country. 
 
 Narvaez did not at once begin his long march north- 
 ward, but first made several short excursions toward the 
 interior with a part of his force. He subjected the na- 
 tives to unnecessary cruelties and treated their sacred 
 rites with wanton contempt. Thus at the start, he 
 incurred the vicious enmity of the Indians. 
 
 The governor now decided that the vessels should 
 follow the coast, while the troops should proceed on land 
 in the same direction. On May 1st, the Spaniards began 
 their march toward Apalachee, which they had been told 
 was a rich country, with plenty of gold. Each man car- 
 ried a ration of two pounds of biscuit and half a pound 
 of meat, the intention being to derive their subsistence 
 from the natives along the way. They marched fifteen 
 days without seeing an Indian or a habitation of any 
 kind, and were on the verge of starvation when they 
 came to a neighborhood where there was a large quan- 
 tity of maize. They rested here several days with a 
 tribe that expressed friendship when it became known 
 that Narvaez was on his way to the country of their ene- 
 mies, the Apalachees. 
 
 The Spaniards resumed the march, and after a fa- 
 tiguing journey, during which they suffered much from 
 hunger, they at length arrived near the village of Apala- 
 chee. The governor ordered Cabaza de Vaca with a 
 body of foot soldiers to go into the town. They found only 
 women and children, but a little while afterward the 
 warriors arrived and asked for their people, who were 
 given up to them. The next day the Indians began hos- 
 tilities, which continued throughout the twenty-five days 
 that the Spaniards occupied the town. 
 
 Learning that the sea was not far away toward the 
 south, Narvaez left the village of Apalachee and march- 
 ed in that direction, expecting to gain some tidings of 
 his vessels. In nine days he came to the coast, near the 
 head of Apalachicola Bay, but the vessels were nowhere 
 
FLORIDA HISTORICAL PAGEANT 87 
 
 to be seen. He was sick; so also were a third of his men. 
 Forty had already died of disease and hunger and twen- 
 ty had been killed by the Indians. He called his officers 
 together in council. They decided to build boats and 
 make the attempt to reach Mexico by sea. 
 
 Desperate in their desire to leave this inhospitable 
 land, these men set about the task with super-human 
 zeal. Some cut timber and hewed it into shape, while 
 others gathered palmetto fibre for the caulking. The 
 smith forged the necessary iron from swords, arms and 
 equipment. They made sails of their shirts. In little 
 more than six weeks five boats were made ready and in 
 these crude craft the army of Narvaez now numbering 
 240 men, embarked on September 22, 1528, upon the 
 perilous voyage to Mexico. 
 
 All five of these boats met with disaster. That 
 containing Narvaez was driven out to sea by a storm and 
 its occupants were never heard of again. The others 
 were wrecked along the coast of Louisiana. Only four 
 survivors ever reached civilization again — Cabeza de 
 Vaca, two other Spaniards, and a Moorish negro. After 
 living a number of years with the Indians, these four men 
 finally found their way to the Spanish settlements in 
 Mexico. Cabeza de Vaca returned to Spain and wrote the 
 narrative of the expedition, and on it the foregoing ac- 
 count is based. 
 
 There is strong evidence that Narvaez saw the 
 mouth of the Mississippi river, and Cabeza de Vaca cer- 
 tainly did, twelve years before the discovery claimed 
 by De Soto. 
 
 Of the vessels of Narvaez's expedition, two cruised 
 around the Gulf for about a year and eventually reached 
 Mexico. The others returned to Cuba. One of them 
 was sent back from Cuba to search for Narvaez, and on 
 this vessel was Ortiz, whose romantic career may be 
 properly included here. 
 
 Juan Ortiz* 
 
 The brigantine sent from Cuba by the wife of Nar- 
 vaez in quest of her husband arrived upon the coast in 
 the vicinity where Narvaez had landed. The Indians 
 appeared and pretended to have a letter from Narvaez 
 and made signs for the Spaniards to come for it. Juan 
 Ortiz, a youth of eighteen, and a companion volunteered 
 to go, but in opposition to the advice of the other people 
 
 ♦History of William Roberts, London, 1763. 
 
Q 
 
 h- ( 
 
 o 
 
 w 
 o 
 
 H 
 
 << 
 
 Plh 
 
 p^ 
 Pi 
 
 w 
 > 
 
FLORIDA HISTORICAL PAGEANT 89 
 
 on board. They took a boat and went on shore. The In- 
 dians immediately surrounded them, killed the compan- 
 ion of Ortiz, because he offered resistance, and carried 
 Ortiz off to their chief, called Ucita, none on board dar- 
 ing to land to give him aid. 
 
 The Indian chief sentenced Ortiz to be burned alive, 
 which surely would have been his fate, but for a sudden 
 emotion of pity that touched the heart of Ucita's daugh- 
 ter, who prevailed upon her father to spare his life. Or- 
 tiz was then set to guard the burial place from the wild 
 beasts that sometimes came to carry off the bodies that 
 were laid there. It happened that one night these ani- 
 mals seized the body of the son of a prominent Indian, 
 but Ortiz had the good fortune to kill one of them and 
 recover the body. After this, Ucita beg'an to treat him 
 more kindly for a while. Three years passed, when an 
 Indian chief named Mucoso attacked Ucita, destroyed 
 his village, and forced him to flee to the seashore. 
 
 These wild people had a custom of making human 
 sacrifices to the evil spirits, whom they supposed would 
 be so well pleased with the offering that they would not 
 molest them. Ucita now destined Ortiz to this fate; but 
 the same girl that saved him from the fire, counselled 
 him to flee to Mucoso (the enemy of Ucita), who, she 
 said, would treat him kindly. As he was unacquainted 
 with the way, she started him in the right direction her- 
 self. 
 
 Ortiz reached the dominion of Mucoso safely; but 
 being unable to speak the language of this tribe, some 
 Indians that he met were on the verge of killing him, 
 when, providentially, one came up who understood him 
 and his life was spared. He was then taken to Mucoso, 
 who received him cordially, and promised that if any 
 Christians should arrive in that country, he would give 
 him leave to join them. 
 
 Ortiz remained with Muscoso's tribe nearly nine 
 years, and had long despaired of ever seeing another 
 European again, when one day he was told that Chris- 
 tians had made a descent at the town of Ucita and that 
 he was at liberty to go and join them; that if he did not, 
 he must blame himself alone when the Christians were 
 gone as the promise made to him had been performed. 
 He thanked the chief in the most grateful terms, and 
 with guides furnished by Mucoso, set out to find the 
 Europeans. 
 
 It was De Soto's expedition. Ortiz and the little 
 band of friendly Indians that came to escort him, met a 
 
90 JACKSONVILLE COMMUNITY SERVICE 
 
 foraging party of De Soto's army. They were attacked 
 by the Spaniards; one was wounded, and a horseman 
 was running at Ortiz with his lance, when he cried out 
 that he was a Christian. He and those with him were 
 taken on the horses of the cavaliers and carried to camp. 
 He was naked and painted like the Indians. The gen- 
 eral presented him with clothes, arms, and a good horse. 
 Ortiz went with De Soto as interpreter. He was 
 with the army throughout its march to the Mississippi. 
 His death occurred shortly before that of de Soto. 
 
 Ferdinand de Soto* 
 
 Born about 1496, Xeres, Spain 
 Died May 21, 1542, on west bank of Mississippi river 
 
 Although not of the nobility of Spain, De Soto was 
 yet of respectable ancestry. Entering the service of 
 Pedrarias, then governor of the West Indies, when about 
 twenty years of age, it was not long until he was promoted 
 to the command of a troop of horse. Pedrarias sent him 
 to join Pizarro in the conquest of Peru, and in this under- 
 taking De Soto played a most prominent part. He rose 
 to the position of second in command, assisting in the cap- 
 ture of Atahualpa and sharing the immense ransom with 
 which the credulous Inca purchased the promise of free- 
 dom. 
 
 When De Soto perceived the jealousy arising among 
 the leaders, he sensibly withdrew and returned to Spain. 
 His reception there was triumphant; his wealth gave 
 him a position close to the Spanish Court. He married 
 the Lady Isabella, daughter of the distinguished noble- 
 man under whom he had first served, Pedrarias. 
 
 Cabeza de Vaca, of the Narvaez expedition, had 
 reached Spain and addressed to the King a narrative of 
 his adventures, setting forth his belief that the country be- 
 tween Mexico and the Atlantic contained riches far 
 greater than any that had yet been discovered in all the 
 world. De Soto, now tiring of the life at Court, readily 
 accepted the statements of Cabeza de Vaca; the call of 
 the western sea had come to him again and he could 
 not resist it. 
 
 He had no difficulty in securing the appointment of 
 governor of Cuba, with absolute power over the entire 
 country then known as "Terra Florida." When it be- 
 
 *Relation of de Biedma who went with the expedition; Ternaux's 
 collection of Voyages, Relations and Memoirs: Early Voyages to 
 America — Va. Hist. So. 1848. Bancroft's History of U. S. 
 
FLORIDA HISTORICAL PAGEANT 91 
 
 came known that a new expedition to Florida under the 
 leadership of De Soto was contemplated the wildest en- 
 thusiasm ensued. Adventurers assembled as volunteers, 
 many of them people of noble birth and good estate. The 
 port of San Lucar was crowded with those who hastened 
 to solicit permission to share in the enterprise. Even 
 soldiers of Portugal were there in the glittering array of 
 burnished armor, and the Castilians, brilliant with hopes, 
 "were gallant with silk upon silk." 
 
 The fleet sailed with the gaiety of a holiday excur- 
 sion, and on arrival in Cuba was welcomed by joyous 
 festivals. Lady Isabella accompanied De Soto to Cuba, 
 and remained there to govern the island in the absence 
 of her husband in Florida. 
 
 At length all preparations were completed. With 
 1000 fighting men, 350 horses, and 12 priests, the expe- 
 dition sailed from Cuba, May 18, 1539, and landed in 
 the lower part of Tampa Bay on the 25th, following. 
 They marched to the head of the bay, where they found 
 an Indian town, now thought to be the site of Tampa. 
 It was in this neighborhood that Juan Ortiz was brought 
 in. 
 
 This expedition exceeded in numbers and equipment 
 even the famous expeditions against the empires of Mexi- 
 co and Peru. Everything was provided that experience 
 in former invasions could suggest — arms of all kinds then 
 in use; instruments of the forge; bloodhounds as auxil- 
 iaries against the feeble natives, and chains for the cap- 
 tives; ample stores of food (as was supposed) ; and a 
 drove of hogs with which to stock the country. It was a 
 roving expedition of gallant freebooters in quest of for- 
 tune; a romantic stroll of men whom avarice rendered 
 ferocious. 
 
 Everywhere meeting with stubborn resistance from 
 the Indians, De Soto's progress was tedious and slow. 
 Always enquiring for gold and precious metals, receiving 
 always the same answer, "Not here, but farther on," tht 
 Spaniards pushed forward to the country of the Apala- 
 chees, west of the Suwanee river. They advancd as far 
 as the Ocklocknee river, and visited the place on tLe 
 coast where Narvaez had built his boats. 
 
 Nearly a year had now passed and there had not 
 been found the slightest indication of gold. Constantly 
 harassed by the Indians and numbers sick with fever, 
 the entire company grew dispirited and requested the gov- 
 ernor to return to Cuba. "I will not turn back" he said, 
 "until I see the poverty of the country with my own eyes." 
 
FLORIDA HISTORICAL PAGEANT 93 
 
 In the meantime, some of De Soto's ships had arrived 
 in the vicinity, but he did not visit them, nor let it be 
 knoM^n to his men, fearing mutiny among them. Conse- 
 quently, early in the spring (1540), he turned toward the 
 northeast, under the guidance of an Indian who promised 
 to lead the way to a country governed by a queen, where 
 gold abounded in plenty. The route carried the Span- 
 iards through Georgia to South Carolina, and they really 
 came to the province where a queen ruled. They were 
 received with kindness and provided with such articles 
 of food as the province afforded. From the graves of 
 prominent Indians they gathered "four measures of 
 pearls." 
 
 De Soto spent some time in this province. His men 
 were so impressed with the country, that many of them 
 wished to stay and settle there. Settlement, though, was 
 not what De Soto desired at this time. A little gold had 
 been found with this tribe of Indians, the source of which 
 he traced to the hill country (of Georgia and North Car- 
 olina). He resumed the march, toward the northwest, 
 bearing west through northern Georgia in order to avoid 
 the rugged mountain country that the guides said was im- 
 passible for the army; then more southerly (into Ala- 
 bama), ever on the lookout for, yet failing to find a trace 
 of the precious metals. 
 
 At Mavila (in Alabama), De Soto was attacked by 
 a large body of Indians. Much of the army's baggage, 
 with the treasure of pearls, was lost by fire which con- 
 sumed the town. It is said that 2,000 Indians perished 
 here by fire and sword. He remained at this point near- 
 ly a month, refitting as best he could and allowing his 
 wounded to recover. While here, De Soto heard that 
 a vessel, sent by Lady Isabella for his relief, had reached 
 the coast six days' journey away; but having accom- 
 plished little in a material way so far, he refused to avail 
 himself of this opportunity to return to Cuba. 
 
 The march was resumed, now toward the northwest. 
 Beset on all sides by hostile natives; short of provisions 
 and clothing, and suffering greatly from the cold of win- 
 ter, the plight of De Soto was one of discouragement for 
 the stoutest heart; yet he kept on and on through the 
 wilderness. 
 
 In May (1541), the Spaniards reached the banks of 
 a mighty river, naming it the Rio Grande. This was the 
 Mississippi river. It took them twenty days to build the 
 barges on which they crossed the Mississippi with all 
 
94 JACKSONVILLE COMMUNITY SERVICE 
 
 their force, their horses and the swine. The crossing 
 was made at midnight. 
 
 De Soto spent the summer and autumn exploring the 
 country bordering the west bank of the Mississippi ; and 
 the following winter probably in Missouri or Arkansas. 
 In April (1542) he returned to the banks of the Mississ- 
 ippi, discouraged now and sick himself with fever. Here 
 on the 21st of May (1542), "departed out of this life the 
 valorous and valiant Captain Don Fernando de Soto, 
 Governor of Cuba and Adalantado of Florida." They 
 buried his body within the gates of the town where they 
 were then encamped, but the Spanish, wishing to keep 
 the knowledge of his death from the Indians, exhumed 
 the body the next night, wrapped it up with a great 
 deal of sand, and buried it in the river at midnight. 
 
 When the vote was taken, it was unanimous for a re- 
 turn to New Spain as quickly as possible. The Span- 
 iards set out to reach Mexico by land, but after wandering 
 about for seven months, they returned to the Mississippi 
 to make the attempt by boat. It took them seven months 
 more to build the boats, and on July 18th (1543), they 
 embarked on the voyage. On 10th of September following, 
 311 men reached a Spanish settlement on the coast of 
 Mexico — all that was left of the 1,000 that had landed 
 at Tampa Bay, four and a half years before. 
 
 During the twenty years after De Soto left the con- 
 fines of Florida as we know it today, no organized at- 
 tempt was made to explore this part of the country. One 
 or two attempts were made by priests from Cuba to 
 establish missions, but they were promptly murdered 
 by the Indians. Now and then along the coast Spanish 
 galleons were wrecked by storms; the survivors were 
 either killed or kept as slaves by the natives. In one 
 instance a party of 300 people shipwrecked on the lower 
 Gulf coast made the effort to reach Mexico overland ; all 
 perished except one. 
 
 Notwithstanding the trials, vicissitudes and disas- 
 ters that had befallen every expedition to Florida, the 
 viceroy of Mexico organized and despatched another 
 expedition, under De Luna, for the purpose of planting 
 a colony on the coast. De Luna landed in Pensacola 
 Bay in August, 1559. After suffering the usual hard- 
 ships, the settlement was abandoned in about a year. 
 
 Up to this time no banner of the white man, except 
 the Spaniard, had ever been planted on the soil of Flor- 
 ida. There now appeared a different people speaking a 
 different language, and coming for a different purpose. 
 
FLORIDA HISTORICAL PAGEANT 95 
 
 THE FRENCH IN FLORIDA * 
 
 By Elizabeth M. Bogart 
 
 Across the sea in a country made wretched by bit- 
 ter religious quarrels and cruel wars, the great Admiral 
 Coligny seeking a haven of refuge for some of his un- 
 happy countrymen, remembered that beyond the Atlan- 
 tic lay America. Perhaps the discoveries and settlements 
 of the Spanish in Mexico and Peru, suggested to the as- 
 tute mind of the admiral the idea of founding beyond 
 the sea a new empire which might extend the possessions 
 of France and at the same time afford a refuge to the 
 persecuted Huguenots. 
 
 Jean Ribault 
 
 An expedition was fitted out, and sailed in February, 
 1562. There were two good vessels and Jean Ribault 
 With Rene de Laudonniere were the officers in command. 
 
 After a prosperous voyage, land was sighted near 
 St. Augustine. Sailing to the north they discovered the 
 St. Johns River which they called the River Mai. Here 
 they landed and erected a stone column on which was 
 engraved the arms of France. 
 
 The Indians received the Frenchmen with great 
 kindness. Many orations were made which neither side 
 understood ; then presents were exchanged, farewells 
 said, and the ships sailed on to the north. 
 
 This first expedition established no colony within 
 the present limits of Florida. A settlement was attempt- 
 ed at Port Royal, South Carolina, but was soon aban- 
 doned. 
 
 Rene de Laudonniere 
 
 Through the influence of Coligny a second expedi- 
 tion was fitted out; this time three ships were sent and 
 Laudonniere was placed in command. A voyage of two 
 months brought them to the shores of Florida. They were 
 warmly welcomed by the Indians, especially those who 
 were recognized as former visitors with Ribault. They 
 were conducted by the natives to the spot where Ribault 
 had set up the stone column. Laudonniere was pleased and 
 surprised to find the pillar covered with flowers. Around 
 its base were set baskets of maize, beans and fruits, gifts 
 from the Indians to their visitors. 
 
 *Early Voyages to America — 1848; Translations from original man- 
 uscripts by H. Ternaux; Vol. 3 of Hakluyt: Fairbanks' History of 
 Fla. 
 
96 JACKSONVILLE COMMUNITY SERVICE 
 
 Laudonniere sailed up the river and was received 
 with kindness everywhere. After examining several lo- 
 calities he decided to establish his settlement at a point 
 now known as St. Johns Bluff. Having fixed upon the 
 spot the trumpets were sounded, and the Huguenots were 
 called to prayer. And so, long before the landing of 
 the Pilgrims at Plymouth, Protestant worship was cele- 
 brated in Florida. 
 
 Fort Caroline 
 
 After this devout service of thanksgiving and prayer, 
 the erection of a fort was begun. Every man helped; 
 some brought earth, some cut faggots, while others clear- 
 ed the ground. Laudonniere says, "There was not a man 
 that had not either a shovel, or a cutting hook, or a hat- 
 chet, and we did work in such cheerfulness that within 
 a few days the effect of our dilligence was appearent," 
 
 The fort was triangular in shape. The landward 
 sides were built of faggots, sand and turf, with a ditch ; on 
 the river side was a palisade of planks or heavy timbers. 
 Within the fort were built barracks, a house for the com- 
 mandant and an arsenal. An oven was built some dis- 
 tance from the fort to avoid the danger of fire. 
 
 Satiouriana, a powerful Indian Chief on whose 
 ground the fort was built, came with two of his sons and 
 a number of Indians with offers of help. His offer was 
 thankfully accepted. Laudonniere tells us, "I prayed 
 the chief to command his subjects to make a covering of 
 palm leaves for the houses, and for the space of two days 
 the Indians worked unceasingly. Some brought palmetto 
 leaves and others wove them into a thatch for house 
 tops." The fort was named Caroline, in honor of Charles 
 the IX, king of France. 
 
 Unfortunately the French colonists were not the 
 sort of people to get on in a new country. The soil was 
 fertile but they planted no crops. They made no attempt 
 to strengthen their defenses, or add anything in the way 
 of food to their rapidly decreasing supplies, but spent 
 the winter in fruitless expeditions after gold. Ribault was 
 expected almost any day from France with a fleet of 
 vessels which Admiral Coligny was to fit out. Their 
 needs would be abundantly supplied. But they waited 
 in vain, the expedition was delayed by serious troubles in 
 France and no help could be given then, to the colony 
 in Florida. 
 
 As spring came on, the inhabitants of Fort Caroline 
 having consumed all of the provisions suffered greatly, 
 
FLORIDA HISTORICAL PAGEANT 37 
 
 and were forced to eat roots, palmetto and a kind of sor- 
 rel found in the woods. Nothing was to be had from the 
 Indians, for months before they had given the greater 
 part of their corn and beans to the Frenchmen in ex- 
 change for beads and trinkets. 
 
 It was at this distressing time that the colonists de- 
 termined to build a ship and return to France. In the 
 mean time food must be had for the starving people. And 
 the Indians were asked to supply it. But the expeditions 
 which had traversed the neighboring territory during 
 the winter had weakened the friendship of the natives 
 and very little food was procured. It was then suggested 
 that one of the Indian chiefs should be captured. It was 
 thought that if the Frenchmen had the chief, his sub- 
 jects would not let them starve. At first Laudonniere 
 was not in favor of this plan, but in the end had to give 
 his consent. A powerful chief by the name of Utina 
 was captured, yet, very small supplies were obtained and 
 the good will of their Indian friends was lost. 
 
 After many delays and disappointments two ships 
 were made ready, but just as the starving colonists were 
 about to leave, Sir John Hawkins, a famous seaman came 
 sailing along the coast, in search of fresh water. Seeing 
 the distress of the Huguenots he gave them liberal sup- 
 plies and also one of his ships; then he sailed away. 
 
 Return of Ribault 
 
 After the departure of Sir John, the Frenchmen 
 made ready to leave Fort Caroline, but on the day set for 
 sailing, Ribault's vessels arrived with the long expected 
 supplies. Admiral Coligny had kept his promise and the 
 fleet of seven vessels brought families of emigrants, dom- 
 estic animals, tools, seed, in fact everything necessary for 
 a permanent occupation of the country. Among the ad- 
 venturers were representatives from many of the first 
 families of France. 
 
 Arrival of Pedro Menendez 
 
 Spain and France at that time were at peace with 
 each other, but Spain claimed Florida by right of discov- 
 ery, and the report of the founding of the French colony 
 at Fort Caroline aroused the anger and jealousy of King 
 Philip of Spain. An expedition sailed from Spain, to 
 destroy the Huguenot colony at Fort Caroline and Pedro 
 Menendez, a brave but cruel Spanish officer, was in 
 command. He was also appointed governor of Florida, 
 
98 JACKSONVILLE COMMUNITY SERVICE 
 
 and was to conquer and settle the country, and convert 
 the Indians. 
 
 On the voyage out, the fleet of Menendez was scat- 
 tered by a storm; when he arrived at Porto Rico he had 
 but a third of his forces with him. He would not wait 
 for the coming of his other vessels, so great was his haste 
 to reach Florida, but sailed as soon as he could make the 
 necessary repairs that his storm-tossed vessels required. 
 Sailing northward, he sighted the coast of Florida on the 
 28th day of August, the day consecrated to Saint Augus- 
 tine. Menendez named the place where he landed in 
 honor of this holy man. 
 
 Destruction of Ft. Caroline by Menendez 
 
 Coasting to the north, Menendez discovered four 
 large vessels of the French anchored at the mouth of the 
 St. Johns River. Menendez decided to attack the French 
 vessels; the French anticipating his designs, cut their 
 cables, hoisted sail and put out to sea. The Spaniards 
 oDened fire and started in pursuit; their shot fell short. 
 The chase continued all day, but the French out sailed 
 the Spanish ships and escaped. 
 
 The Spaniards returned at nightfall to St. Augustine, 
 landed, and at once began to fortify the place. 
 
 When Ribault heard from the Indians that the 
 Spaniards had landed and were erecting fortifications, 
 he called his officers together and told them of his inten- 
 tion to attack Menendez. Laudonniere and his cap- 
 tains objected to Ribault's plans. They told him that 
 their fort was in an almost defenseless condition and that 
 more than half of the people were ill; added to all this it 
 was the season of the year when storms might be expect- 
 ed. Ribault decided to make the attack, and in spite of 
 all objections, he ordered his force aboard his vessels. 
 He also took from the fort nearly all the able bodied men 
 and sailed for St. Augustine. The vessels encountered 
 a fierce storm as they left the harbor; they were driven 
 a hundred miles down the coast and wrecked. 
 
 In the meantime, Menendez, also against the ad- 
 vice of his officers, made preparations to attack Fort 
 Caroline. Guided by two Indian chiefs, who were ene- 
 mies of the French, Menendez at the head of five hun- 
 dred men set out for the fort. They marched through 
 an almost impassable country in the furious storm and 
 despite the wind, rain and flooded condition of the land, 
 halted at the end of three days within striking dis- 
 
FORT CAROLINE 
 (Copy of Orig^inal Drawing by Le Moyne) 
 
100 JACKSONVILLE COMMUNITY SERVICE 
 
 tance of Fort Caroline. Menendez made a reconnais- 
 sance of the fort. He found it carelessly guarded and 
 saw that breaches in its rude walls afforded an easy 
 means of entrance. 
 
 The storm was still raging. One of Laudonniere's 
 lieutenants was captain of the watch that night ; through 
 pity for the sentinels exposed to such weather he allowed 
 them to shelter themselves as best they could, not dream- 
 mg that an enemy could be abroad on such a night. 
 
 At dawn the forces of Menendez commenced the 
 attack. A sudden rush, a quick alarm, a feeble resistance, 
 and the fort was taken! Laudonniere who was ill at 
 the time, sprang from his bed and tried to rally his men. 
 Contesting his ground step by step he fought bravely as 
 long as there was hope; but at last, seeing that all was 
 lost and being still pursued by the Spaniards, he managed 
 to escape to the forest where he met other fugitives from 
 the fort. With much difficulty they made their way 
 through the tangled underbrush and thick marsh grass 
 that lined the river banks; they were then rescued by 
 sailors from two French vessels that were still anchored 
 in the river. 
 
 In the attack on Fort Caroline the French were cut 
 down without regard to age or sex. Toward the last 
 Menendez ordered that no women, children or cripples 
 should be injured. 
 
 Tragedy of Matanzas 
 
 Leaving three hundred men to repair and occupy the 
 fort, Menendez returned to St. Augustine with the rest 
 of his soldiers. Soon after his arrival there he learned 
 from the Indians that some white men were at Matanzas 
 Inlet. He knew they were some of Ribault's men, and 
 rightly guessed that they had been shipwrecked. He 
 at once set out with a party of his men for Matanzas. 
 When he arrived he saw across the inlet a number of 
 men, one of whom swam over and informed him that 
 they were a part of the French forces under Ribault, 
 whose vessels had been wrecked farther down the coast, 
 that they wished to pass the inlet and go to their friends 
 at Fort Caroline. Menendez told them of the destruc- 
 tion of the fort and the slaughter of the garrison. He 
 was then asked that vessels be furnished in which they 
 might return to France. 
 
 Among these Frenchmen were many of wealth who 
 were willing to pay a large ransom for their lives, and 
 
FLORIDA HISTORICAL PAGEANT 101 
 
 such offers were made to Menendez, His answer was 
 evasive. Finally the homesick and weary Frenchmen 
 agreed to surrender and trust to the mercy of Menendez. 
 Boats were sent over for them and ten at a time they cross- 
 ed the inlet. When the first boat arrived the Frenchmen 
 were told by Menendez that as they outnumbered the 
 Spaniards it would be necessary for them to march to 
 the camp with their hands tied behind them, as they 
 might be tempted to kill their guards and thus take re- 
 venge for the destruction of Fort Caroline. The French- 
 men consented and were taken behind the trees, where 
 their hands were securely tied. Each party that came 
 over received the same treatment. Then, one by one, 
 the captive bands of ten were taken to a certain spot and 
 butchered. 
 
 Death of Ribault 
 
 The next day Ribault and his party reached the in- 
 let. They were informed of the fate of Fort Caroline. 
 After a consultation with Menendez, Ribault and one 
 hundred and fifty of his men surrendered. Two hun- 
 dred of his party refused to surrender and escaped dur- 
 ing the night. Ribault and his comrades were also taken 
 over in groups of ten, and on the same pretense given the 
 first party of Frenchmen, were induced to have their 
 hands tied behina them; they met the same fate as the 
 others. When Ribaull saw the fate that awaited him, 
 he sang the psalm, "Domine memento mei ;" that finished, 
 he told Menendez to do with him as he wished. And so 
 with unfaltering courage, Ribault met death . 
 
 Revenge of Dominic de Gourgue" * 
 
 Menendez repaired Fort Caroline and changed its 
 name to San Mateo. He established other posts also, 
 among them one on each side of the river, now likewise 
 called San Mateo, near its mouth. 
 
 Laudonniere upon escaping to the French vessels at 
 the mouth of the river immediately set sail for France. 
 He reported all that had occurred at Fort Caroline, but 
 the Roman Catholic king of France received the informa- 
 tion with indifference. A suppressed feeling of indig- 
 nation, however, took hold in the country, culminating in 
 the organization of a private enterprise to avenge the 
 slaughter of the French on the River May. 
 
 Dominic de Gourgues, a brave cavalier and soldier 
 
 *Vol. 3 of Hakluyt. 
 
102 JACKSONVILLE COMMUNITY SERVICE 
 
 of fortune, equipped three small vessels from funds de- 
 rived by selling his own property and borrowing from 
 his friends. Sailing for Florida by an indirect route, he 
 reached the vicinity of the River May just after Easter 
 Sunday, 1568. Passing the Spanish posts at the mouth 
 of the river, he saluted them to conceal his identity, and 
 proceeded to Nassau sound, where he came to anchor. 
 The shore was covered with natives and a league with 
 them was quickly formed, as the outrages of the Span- 
 iards against the Indians caused in them, also, a desire 
 to be avenged. 
 
 The French and Indians attacked the fort on Bat- 
 ten Island at midday, while the garrison was at dinner. 
 The entire garrison was either killed or captured. Then 
 De Gourgues with his Frenchmen crossed the river in a 
 vessel that had been ordered to meet him. The Indians 
 "leapt all into the water, holding up their bows and ar- 
 rows in one hand and swimming with the other, so that 
 the Spaniards (in the second fort) seeing both the shores 
 covered with so great a number of men thought to flee 
 toward the woods; but being charged by the French and 
 afterwards repulsed by the savages toward whom they 
 would have retired, they were sooner than they would, 
 bereft of their lives." 
 
 De Gourgues now made his preparations for the at- 
 tack on the main fort. Fort San Mateo. In the night he 
 sent the Indians to surround the fort and lay in ambush 
 for any of the Spaniards that might escape toward the 
 woods. The next morning he advanced with his French- 
 men meeting a reconnoitering party of sixty Spaniards 
 which he surrounded with the result that "they remained 
 all slain upon the place." In the attack the Spaniards 
 were "no niggards of their cannon shot, which made cap- 
 tain Gourgues to get to the hill covered with wood, at the 
 foot whereof the fort beginneth, and the forest of wood 
 continueth and stretcheth forth beyond it." 
 
 The besieged garrison soon sought safety in flight, 
 but were met by arrows of the Indians and turned back, 
 only to be intercepted by the French. Most of the garrison 
 perished. The captives were lead out. De Gourgues 
 lectured them, reciting the barbarities that had been prac- 
 tised upon his countrymen ; then they were hanged from 
 the same trees where Menendez had caused the French 
 to be executed three years before. 
 
 De Gourgues ordered that the forts be destroyed, 
 which was done by the Indians who quickly razed them. 
 This done, the French returned to their vessels and set 
 
FLORIDA HISTORICAL PAGEANT 103 
 
 sail for France, where they arrived after a favorable voy- 
 age. De Gourgues reported the success of the expedi- 
 tion to the French court, but, as in the case of Laudon- 
 niere, he was received coldly, and even had to seek safe- 
 ty in concealment for a time. 
 
 That the motive of De Gourgues in this enterprise 
 was one of patriotism and respect for the honor of his 
 country, is evinced by the fact that he, himself, was not 
 a Huguenot, but a Roman Catholic in religious faith. 
 
 IN THE EARLY DAYS * 
 
 By Josephine Broward Beckley. 
 
 Menendez had gone to Spain to make a personal re- 
 port of the conditions in the Florida colony and was there 
 while De Gourgues was administering swift vengeance 
 upon the Spanish on the San Mateo. When he returned 
 to Florida shortly after the departure of De Gourgues 
 and learned what had taken place during his absence, 
 his fury may be conjectured. He again repaired and gar- 
 risoned the forts on the San Mateo and built others also. 
 Ten years afterward Menendez left Florida permanent- 
 ly, turning over the government of the colony to a rela- 
 tive. 
 
 Sir Francis Drake Burns St. Augustine 
 
 St. Augustine at this time was struggling for exis- 
 tence. The Indians were hostile and there was little 
 help from the Motherland. Added to all of this, the town 
 was burned to the ground one day in 1586, by Sir Francis 
 Drake, the English sea-rover. 
 
 Returning from a freebooting expedition to the West 
 Indies, Sir Francis saw a lookout on Anastasia Island and 
 stopped to investigate. He landed a cannon and fired 
 several shots at the fort, which was built of pine logs and 
 was not yet completed. The garrison fled, together with 
 the inhabitants of the town, toward San Mateo. While 
 pursuing the fugitives, an English officer was shot from 
 ambush, and Drake, in retaliation, sacked and burned the 
 town. 
 
 The Missions 
 
 In this early period the Spaniards made no attempt 
 to extend the limit of settlement outside of St. Augustine. 
 They confined themselves rather to establishing outly- 
 
 *See P'airbanks' "History of Florida" 
 
104 JACKSONVILLE COMMUNITY SERVICE 
 
 ing missions for the conversion of the Indians to the Chris- 
 tian faith. With the establishment of the missions, the 
 Indians would murder the Priests here and there, but 
 others would follow in their places. Years passed thus, 
 until by a concerted attack a band of Indians destroyed 
 the entire chain of missions, even to the very gates of St. 
 x\ugustine. There were two missions in the suburbs of St. 
 Augustine. At midnight the Indians attacked one of 
 these and killed the Priest with their hatchets. At the 
 other, the Priest begged the privilege of celebrating 
 mass before he died. This they granted him, but no sooner 
 had he finished than they killed him with the utmost 
 fury at the foot of the altar. Yet again the missions 
 were re-established, and in 1618, there were twenty of 
 them, located in the principal Indian towns. 
 
 From this time on for many years the history of Flor- 
 ida is but the history of St. Augustine. The town passed 
 through the array of vicissitudes that would naturally 
 attend its isolation from other civilized communities. 
 With the settlement of Carolina and Georgia by the En- 
 glish, events shaped themselves into a lengthy drama, 
 wherein Spanish, English, and Indians were the actors. 
 
 A CENTURY OF TURMOIL* 
 
 (1663-1763) 
 By Essie May Williams 
 
 Although more than 100 years had passed since Flor- 
 ida had been definitely settled, the Spaniards had not 
 been stimulated to undertake the occupation of the rich 
 lands lying within the limits claimed by them as Florida. 
 Spain had been content to occupy the one fortified post 
 of St. Augustine and to plant a few missions here and 
 there. 
 
 The first English settlement had been made at 
 Jamestown, and other colonies to the north had been 
 planted by the English and Dutch without opposition by 
 the Spanish crown. The wide interval between the 
 English and Spanish settlements for a time prevented any 
 collision. But the settlement of Carolina (1670), by the 
 English brought them nearer to the Spaniards who oc- 
 
 *Lossing, Enc. Am. History; F. P. Fleming, Memoirs of Fla. ; G. R. 
 Fairbanks, History of Fla.; Green's History of Fla.; Brevard and 
 Bennett, History of Fla.; Chambers', United States; Consin and Hill, 
 Am. History; Goodrich, Pictorial Hist, of Am. 
 
FLORIDA HISTORICAL PAGEANT 105 
 
 cupied St. Augustine and regarded the Carolina ter- 
 ritory as a part of Florida. A hostile feeling between 
 the two colonies began immediately and lasted for more 
 than a century. 
 
 The antagonism was partly religious and partly poli- 
 tical. The Spaniards claimed that the English sea-rovers 
 who preyed upon their commerce were sheltered by the 
 Carolinians, and the Carolinians claimed that the Span- 
 ish incited the Indians against them and enticed their ser- 
 vants from them, so the ill feeling increased. The alli- 
 ance of the Indian tribes was desired by each and became 
 a subject of contention also. 
 
 Captain John Davis Burns St. Augustine 
 
 In 1665, a freebooting expedition, under Capt. John 
 Davis, made a descent upon St. Augustine with seven 
 small vessels and an inconsiderable force. Little resis- 
 tance was made by the small Spanish garrison and the 
 town was pillaged and burned by the English sea-rovers. 
 
 In 1686 a Spanish force attacked the colonists on 
 the coast of South Carolina (Charleston). Though the 
 attack on Charleston was unsuccessful the scattered 
 homes along the coast were pillaged and some colonists 
 taken prisoners and cruelly treated. 
 
 At the close of the 17th century, little progress had 
 been made by the Spanish in the civilization of the In- 
 dians. The fer.ocity of these savage tribes, their aver- 
 sion to restraint, and their love of warfare prevented 
 the spread of Christian faith among them. In 1687 an 
 attempt of the Spanish Governor, to move several Indian 
 tribes to the banks of the St. Johns caused a general in- 
 surrection. Several tribes moved within the limits of 
 Carolina and from there made incursions into Florida. 
 
 Though Spain had been indifferent to colonization 
 for her own sake she was jealous of what she considered 
 encroachment of others. It was left to La Salle to confer 
 upon France the right of appropriating the great Miss- 
 issippi Valley (1682). This aroused the Spanish and a 
 few years later the Vicerov of Spain in Florida sent an 
 expedition to explore the harbors of the Gulf of Mexico. 
 As a result of this expedition Pensacola was occupied and 
 a fort built and garrisoned (1696). 
 
 Not far from this town on an island in Mobile Bay, 
 the French in 1699 planted a settlement. The Perdido 
 River was agreed upon as a boundary line between the 
 French and Spanish territory. In the early years of 
 
106 JACKSONVILLE COMMUNITY SERVICE 
 
 existence, Mobile (French) and Pensacola (Spanish) ex- 
 changed many courtesies. Once when Pensacola was 
 threatened with starvation, Mobile supplied her needs, 
 and again came to her assistance against a threatened 
 Indian attack. But unfortunately the time came when 
 France and Spain were at war with each other, and these 
 settlements had to take the part of the mother country. 
 
 Governor Moore Burns St. Augustine 
 
 In the second Intercolonial war (Queen Anne's) Eng- 
 land, Holland and Germany, were allies on one side and 
 France and Spain on the other. During this period (1701- 
 1714) there were four expeditions against the Spanish 
 and Indians in Florida and in retaliation there were two 
 against the Carolina colonists. Thus the horrors of war in 
 Europe had their counterpart among the magnolias and 
 live oaks of Florida. In the first of these attacks against 
 Florida (1702), the town of St. Augustine was taken 
 and the fort where the inhabitants had taken refuge was 
 besieged. The guns of Governor Moore who led the Car- 
 olinians, were of such small caliber that no impression 
 could be made upon the coquina walls of the fort. When 
 three Spanish vessels appeared off the coast. Governor 
 Moore raised the siege, burned the town, and returned 
 home. This expedition though a failure cost the colony 
 of Carolina 6000 pounds and led to the first issue of pap- 
 er money ever circulated in America. 
 
 In 1719, during hostilities between France and Spain, 
 Pensacola was thrice captured, and then burned by the 
 French within a period of three months. In 1722 by a 
 treaty of peace between Spain and France, what was left 
 of Pensacola was restored to the Spanish crown and the 
 town was rebuilt on Santa Rosa Island, near where Fort 
 Pickens now stands. The island was sandy and sterile, 
 and the settlement was gradually transferred to the north 
 side of the bay. 
 
 When Georgia was settled in 1733 by Oglethorpe, 
 the jealous Spaniards at St. Augustine claimed that the 
 new colony was a part of Florida and showed signs of 
 hostility. They tried to incite the Indians against the 
 new settlement and also to procure the assassination of 
 Oglethorpe. 
 
 Against expected trouble Oglethorpe began to pre- 
 pare. He explored some of the coast islands and built for- 
 tifications. One of the islands explored was Cumber- 
 land island. The Indian name of the island was Missoe. 
 
FLORIDA HISTORICAL PAGEANT 107 
 
 When Oglethorpe came to the Island of Missoe, an old 
 Indian chief, Tomowanda, said, "I will name this island 
 Cumberland after the Duke of Cumberland who gave me 
 a watch." Oglethorpe was so pleased with the act of 
 the old Indian's good will that he is said to have erected 
 on the southern end of the island a hunting lodge which 
 he called Dunganess. For protection against the Span- 
 iards in Florida, Oglethorpe built a fort at the northern 
 end of Cumberland Island and another at the southern 
 end to command the entrance to St. Marys River. This 
 fort at the southern end of the island he named Fort Wil- 
 liam. He also built posts on Amelia Island and even at 
 St. George, in 1737, intending to extend his domain to the 
 St. Johns River. 
 
 Oglethorpe Invades Florida 
 
 In 1738 Oglethorpe returned from England, whith- 
 er he had gone for assistance, bringing with him a com- 
 pany of 600 men. War was declared between England 
 and Spain (1739). In 1740 Oglethorpe as commander- 
 in-chief of the Georgia and Carolina forces was ordered 
 to invade Florida. Expecting attack from Oglethorpe, 
 the Spanish governor began immediately to prepare St. 
 Augustine for defense. The fort was repaired and push- 
 ed toward completion, the ramparts were heightened and 
 casemated, and covered ways and bombproofs provided. 
 With its revelin and four bastions, St. John, St. Peter, St. 
 Augustine and St. Paul, the castle, already old though in- 
 complete, was impregnable to any assault that might be 
 expected. No instrument of war at that time could affecl 
 such solid masonry, while today one cannon ball would 
 shatter its walls. 
 
 With 900 regulars and militia and 1,100 Indians, 
 Oglethorpe appeared before St. Augustine. Having cap- 
 tured the Spanish works on Anastasia Island, he demand- 
 ed the surrender of the fort. In the Spanish governor's 
 answer he swore by the Holy Cross that he would defend 
 the castle to the last drop of his blood and hoped soon to 
 "kiss his Excellency's hand within its walls." After be- 
 sieging the fort for more than a month without success, 
 Oglethorpe returned to Georgia. This failure was not 
 only mortifying to Oglethorpe but made his lot at home 
 an unhappy one. After a while however, he had an op- 
 portunity to gain glory for himself and save Georgia and 
 Carolina from being overrun and plundered by the Span- 
 iards. 
 
FLORIDA HISTORICAL PAGEANT 109 
 
 Spanish Invade Georgia 
 
 In retaliation for the attack on St. Augustine, 56 
 vessels and a large force of men appeared off St. Simon's 
 Bar for the purpose of attacking Frederica (1742) . Ogle- 
 thorpe made a gallant defense, but was compelled to a- 
 bandon the fort on St. Simon's island and the Spaniards 
 advanced upon Frederica, but were driven back in the 
 Battle of Bloody Marsh. 
 
 Oglethorpe then planned a night attack upon the 
 main body of the Spanish army, but his plan was reveal- 
 ed to the Spanish by one of his men who deserted. Know- 
 ing that the deserter would tell how weak the English 
 were, Oglethorpe resorted to strategy. A Spanish pri- 
 soner was released and given a sum of money to take a 
 letter to the deserter. The letter pretended to tell the de- 
 serter what to do and thus made it appear to the Spanish 
 that the deserter was a spy. The letter told the deserter 
 to make the Spanish believe that the English were weak 
 and to induce them to make an attack. If he failed in 
 that he was to try to keep them in those parts for three 
 days longer, when a powerful fleet and force from Char- 
 leston would arrive. 
 
 As was intended, the letter puzzled the Spanish 
 commander, and as Oglethorpe expected, the deserter 
 was regarded as a spy. Three vessels coming in sight off 
 the bar just at this time made it appear that the rein- 
 forcements mentioned in Oglethorpe's letter were about to 
 land. The Spaniards hastily embarked and abandoned 
 the attempt to conquer Georgia. 
 
 In 1743 Oglethorpe made another attempt to cap- 
 ture St. Augustine, but was again unsuccessful. A treaty 
 was concluded between great Britain and Spain, which 
 caused a suspension of hostilities between the colonies. 
 The garrison at St. Augustine, however, was reduced to 
 a mere defensive force and in 1759 only 500 fighting men 
 were on duty there. 
 
 By the middle of the 18th century the conflicting 
 ambitions of England and France in regara to expansion 
 in the New World began to grow significant. The fourth 
 "Intercolonial War," called in America the French and 
 Indian War, was different from other wars of colonial 
 time because the questions at issue were of vital interest 
 to the colonies. This war began in America one year 
 before the formal declaration of war in Europe. The 
 events of the seven years of war had especially far- 
 reaching results in America. By the treaty of Paris, 
 
110 JACKSONVILLE COMMUNITY SERVICE 
 
 signed February, 1763, England received from France, 
 all her territory in America east of the Mississippi except 
 the island and city of New Orleans and two small islands 
 off the coast of Newfoundland. The year before the war 
 closed, England had captured the city of Havana to the 
 distress of the Spanish Crown. 
 
 THE ENGLISH IN FLORIDA * 
 
 By Carita Doggett Corse. 
 
 When Havana, the pride and center of Spanish 
 America, fell before a British force in 1762, Spain gave 
 up her struggle against English domination of the At- 
 lantic coast and offered Florida as a ransom for Cuba. 
 
 The vast new territory of which England then found 
 herself possessed, included the present State of Florida 
 and the coast of Alabama, Mississippi, and part of Louis- 
 iana. Because of the difficulty and uncertainty in travel- 
 ing and communication, three provinces were carved 
 from this wilderness — East Florida, West Florida, and 
 Granada. East Florida naturally developed more rapid- 
 ly than the other two, since enterprising settlers from 
 England, Georgia and the Carolinas found land grants 
 plentiful and trade routes protected. Pioneers of the 
 other two provinces faced hostile Spanish frontiers and 
 waterways, and had to content themselves for the most 
 part with life behind the staunch walls of Pensacola and 
 Mobile. 
 
 Gen. James Grant, hero of the capture of Havana, 
 was made first Governor of East Florida, in recognition 
 of his services, and proved an able administrator. He 
 selected a council of leading citizens who had already 
 been influential in England and the colonies before their 
 emigration to Florida, and stimulated interest in the new 
 province by actively promoting agricultural ventures 
 there. As a result, settlers cleared and developed more 
 land in twenty years of English occupation, than Span- 
 ish land holders had in their two hundred years of own- 
 ership. The largest colony which ever came to America 
 in one body — fifteen hundred southern Europeans led 
 by Dr. Andrew Turnbull of London landed at New Smyrna 
 
 ^British Colonial Office records; Bartram Travels; Brinton, Flor- 
 ida Peninsula; Dewhurst, St. Augustine; Fairbank's History of 
 Florida; Lanier, Florida; Romans, East & West Florida; Schoepf, 
 Travels; Doggett, Dr. Andrew Turnbull and the New Smyrna Colony 
 of Fla. 
 
FLORIDA HISTORICAL PAGEANT 111 
 
 seventy-five miles south of St. Augustine, in 1767. Gov- 
 ernor Grant labored energetically to protect the new- 
 comers from the Indians and to provide them v^ith food 
 and shelter. In his opinion, this was too large an under- 
 taking for a private company, even though the joint own- 
 ers were the English Secretary of State, a member of the 
 Navy Department and Dr. Turnbull who himself had in- 
 vested a comfortable fortune in the venture. As long as 
 Governor Grant remained in office, he secured a yearly 
 government aid for this colony, and when an uprising oc- 
 curred during the first months of its establishment, he 
 promptly sent two ships with soldiers to put down the 
 disorders. 
 
 Other smaller settlements were started on the St. 
 Johns River, among them Rollestown and a colony of 
 Scotch Highlanders, and several extensive plantations 
 developed, such as Beresford and Spring Garden, while 
 Mt. Oswald became a large and thriving sugar cane plan- 
 tation. 
 
 Florida had been a British possession less than fif- 
 teen years when the American Revolution broke out. She 
 was too newly organized and too recently benefited by 
 government aids, to sympathize with the American cause, 
 so that the majority of her settlers remained loyal, and 
 she became a port of refuge for Tories fleeing from the 
 other colonies. The home government was very anxious 
 however, to insure Florida against the spreading confla- 
 gration, and when Governor Grant was obliged to resign 
 his office on account of his health, an official was sent out 
 from England, whose chief recommendation was his vio- 
 lent opposition to the Revolutionary movement. He at once 
 bent every effort to make good this reputation, by an ac- 
 tive campaign both within and without the province. A- 
 mong those to fall under his suspicion was the Chief 
 Justice, William Drayton, and because of his fiery de- 
 fense of Mr. Drayton. Dr. Turnbull shared his fate. These 
 two finally fled to Charleston to escape imprisonment in 
 the fort, and the colony at New Smyrna, leaderless, open 
 to American and Indian raids, and without further gov- 
 ernment support, broke up. The inhabitants moved to 
 St. Augustine, where their descendants are still living. 
 
 At the close of the Revolution, Florida had reached 
 a peak of prosperity, due to the influx of Tory refugees. 
 It was a final crushing blow to these wanderers and to 
 the first English settlers when they learned that Eng- 
 land had decided to re-cede Florida to Spain because she 
 felt that she could no longer hold the province with the 
 
112 JACKSONVILLE COMMUNITY SERVICE 
 
 hostile colonies on the northern coast and Spain to the 
 south of her. The English were given eight months to sell 
 their homes and move away, though, since there were 
 no purchasers at hand, this business was a sad farce. A 
 fleet of transports was sent to Amelia Harbor on the 
 northern coast, to carry the exiles away, to England, the 
 Bermudas or Canada. With their pathetic piles of house- 
 hold goods, their slaves and cattle strung out along the 
 shore, their plight resembled that of the Arcadians ban- 
 ished from Nova Scotia, nor was their fate less hard, 
 since many perished before government aid reached 
 them. Of their splendid efforts in Florida, no trace re- 
 mained save ruins, for between Indian depredations and 
 Spanish neglect, the vigorous jungle soon crept in and 
 reclaimed the land. 
 
 AN ECHO OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION* 
 
 By Mary Simpkins Denham 
 
 Early one morning in 1780, soon after Charleston 
 was captured by the English, about forty of the most 
 influential citizens of that section were taken from their 
 beds by order of the British commander and placed on 
 transports in violation of the parole that had been given 
 them. They were sent to St. Augustine and confined 
 there as prisoners of war, the charge against them being 
 that they were the principal promoters in South Carolina 
 of the Revolutionary cause. 
 
 With the exception of General Gadsden and a few 
 others who refused to accept a parole, these gentlemen 
 were given the freedom of the town, although they were 
 subjected to many annoyances. General Gadsden and 
 those who refused the parole were confined in the fort 
 for nearly a year. 
 
 On the 4th of July, the Americans agreed to unite 
 and dine in common. The fare was very plain, the only 
 luxury being a large plum pudding in the middle of the 
 table, having in its center the new American flag show- 
 ing the stars and stripes. 
 
 On this occasion was first sung the celebrated Amer- 
 ican hymn, 
 
 God save the Thirteen States, 
 Thirteen United States, 
 God save them all. 
 
 *Traditions and Reminiscenses of the Am. Revolution — Joseph 
 Johnson. 
 
FLORIDA HISTORICAL PAGEANT 113 
 
 It was written that morning by Captain Thomas 
 Hayward of the Artillery (afterwards Judge Hayward), 
 while sitting under an orange tree in the enclosure and 
 several copies of it were made before dinner. Being the 
 same tune as "God Save the King," the British supposed 
 it to be their national song, and peeping in at the windows 
 wondered what had possessed the Yankees to sing "God 
 Save the King." After the dinner, the American version 
 of the hymn was distributed to the English and they 
 were perfectly satisfied then that the Yankees had not 
 "changed their tune." 
 
 These gentlemen were kept in St. Augustine for 
 almost a year, when they were sent to Philadelphia to 
 be exchanged. 
 
 GREAT BRITAIN RE-CEDES FLORIDA TO SPAIN* 
 
 By Susan F. Jeffreys 
 
 Although Great Britain re-ceded Florida to Spain 
 in September, 1783, actual occupation did not take place 
 until the following June, when Governor Zespedes with 
 a few troops arrived in St. Augustine to take formal pos- 
 session in the name of the king of Spain. Three years 
 before this, the Spanish had captured Pensacola from 
 the English and were already in possession of that part 
 of Florida when the transfer was made. Spain soon be- 
 came busily engaged in Europe, and Florida received lit- 
 tle attention from the home government, with the result 
 that its value as a possession decreased to a marked de- 
 gree. 
 
 The old-time feeling of animosity between Georgia 
 and Spanish Florida broke out anew, Georgia accusing, 
 Florida denying the responsibility for the Indian depre- 
 dations along the frontier and the protection afforded 
 the runaway slaves that escaped across the border. These 
 charges and counter charges led into a deep-seated ha- 
 tred that finally resulted in the Congress of the United 
 States taking a hand in the matter. In 1812, when events 
 made it certain that war with England was unavoidable, 
 Congress discussed at length, mostly in secret sessions, 
 the question of seizing Florida under the pretext of pre- 
 venting its occupation by the British. A milder course 
 was decided upon, however, and commissioners were ap- 
 pointed to treat with the Spanish authorities with a view 
 
 *Fairbanks — History of Florida; Parton's "Life of Andrew Jackson." 
 1863. 
 
114 JACKSONVILLE COMMUNITY SERVICE 
 
 to obtaining control of Florida during the period of the 
 war. Upon the failure of these negotiations, a band ot 
 persons calling themselves "Patriots" assembled at bt. 
 Marys, Georgia, and marched into Florida seeking to 
 seize the country for the purpose, they said, of establish- 
 ing a republican form of government. 
 
 The Patriot Raid in Florida 
 
 The Patriots and the United States fleet, acting in 
 concert, frightened the Spanish commander of Fernan- 
 dina into surrendering the town. The next day, United 
 States forces took possession of the place and hoisted 
 the United States flag over the fort. The Patriots, ac- 
 companied by a detachment of United States regulars, 
 now marched to capture St. Augustine. In this under- 
 taking they were unsuccessful, as the Spanish governor 
 at St. Augustine shelled their camp and forced them to 
 retire. They retreated to the St. Johns River and made 
 Cow Ford (now Jacksonville) their rendezvous. Here 
 the Patriot and the United States flags were unfurled 
 side by side. 
 
 The Indians continued to give trouble in this part 
 of Florida. Colonel Daniel Newnan, with a hundred men 
 of the Patriot army, marched to Alachua County, where 
 he encountered King Payne and his warriors. Payne 
 was killed, but the Indians besieged Colonel Newnan for 
 eight days and it was with the greatest difficulty that he 
 succeeded in extricating his force. The march back to Cow 
 Ford was attended with untold hardships. 
 
 The United States forces were withdrawn in 1813, 
 when the Patriot organization disbanded and its members 
 returned whence they came. The United States govern- 
 ment was later held responsible for much of the property 
 destroyed during this invasion of Florida. 
 
 Andrew Jackson Captures Pensacola 
 
 On the morning of August 30, 1813, a mass of human 
 beings — whites and negroes; men, women and children — 
 were crowded together within the wooden walls of Fort 
 Mims, in the southern part of what is now the state of 
 Alabama. Many of them were farmers of the vicinity, 
 with their families and slaves, who had sought the pro- 
 tection of the fort as a result of an Indian scare. At sun- 
 set of that day, three hundred mangled, scalped and 
 bloody corpses lay heaped and strewed about the en- 
 
FLORIDA HISTORICAL PAGEANT 115 
 
 closure. A thousand Creeks under Weathersford had 
 surprised the fort at the Noon hour. 
 
 The news of the massacre at Fort Mims spread over 
 the country as quickly as the pony express could carry it. 
 By the middle of October, an army of 2,500 men and 
 1,300 horses, under the command of General Andrew 
 Jackson, had gathered on the banks of the Tennessee 
 river south of Huntsville, Ala., ready to avenge the at- 
 tack on Fort Mims and forever remove the menace of the 
 warlike Creeks from the country. During the eight 
 months following, this army ferreted the Indians out 
 of their fastnesses, destroyed their towns, and finally 
 brought them to terms under a treaty obligation. Num- 
 bers of hostile Indians, however, found refuge in the 
 Spanish province of West Florida. 
 
 The United States at this titne was at war with 
 England. Rumors reached General Jackson that a Bri- 
 tish vessel was at Apalachicola distributing arms to the 
 Indians, and that it was the intention of the English to 
 occupy Pensacola. Andrew Jackson made up his mind 
 at once to "root the British out of Florida." When word 
 came that Mobile was also about to be occupied, he rush- 
 ed with his army to its rescue and repulsed the attempt of 
 the British to gain a foot-hold there. Then he marched to 
 Pensacola. This was early in November, 1814. In the pre- 
 vious August, the British had entered Pensacola harbor 
 and seemingly, with the approval of the Spanish gov- 
 ernor there, had landed troops and occupied the forts on 
 the bay. 
 
 Immediately on his arrival at Pensacola, General 
 Jackson sent in a flag of truce and demanded the sur- 
 render of the town. The flag was fired upon. A second 
 time he sent it back. A negative answer was returned to 
 him. "Turn out the troops," the General ordered. They 
 marched into the town, skirmishing as they progressed 
 through the streets. The Spanish governor soon came 
 running to find the General, offering to surrender the 
 place. The Americans now turned their attention to the 
 forts garrisoned by the British. One the British aban- 
 doned, and the other they blew up, then they took to 
 their vessels and sailed away. 
 
 General Jackson held Pensacola two days. He with- 
 drew his forces to Mobile, thence to New Orleans to meet 
 the British in that famous battle. From Pensacola the 
 British sailed to the Apalachicola river, where they built 
 

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 y 
 
 
 g* \ 
 
 
 ss-'fy!-'^'^ 
 
FLORIDA HISTORICAL PAGEANT 117 
 
 and garrisoned a fort. After the war the garrison was 
 withdrawn, and this fort became the rendezvous of hostile 
 Creeks and runaway negroes, who terrorized the sur- 
 rounding country and bade defiance to both Spanish and 
 Americans. Later Col. Clinch marched down from Georgia 
 and destroyed this fort together with nearly all its in- 
 mates. 
 
 General Jackson Again In Florida 
 
 The frontier settlements of Georgia had for some 
 time suffered from depredations of the Indians, instigated, 
 it was charged, by Nichols and Woodbine, the same Bri- 
 tish officers who had been defeated at Mobile, driven out 
 of Pensacola, and who built the negro fort on the Apala- 
 chicola river. The insistent demand of the people of 
 Georgia for the protection of their southern frontier final- 
 ly resulted in preparations for a campaign to punish the 
 Florida Indians. Georgia volunteers were mobilized and 
 sent to Fort Scott in the extreme southwestern part of 
 Georgia. 
 
 Not far from Fort Scott there was an Indian village, 
 one of the Fowltowns. In November, 1817, a detach- 
 ment from the fort attacked and burned this town. The 
 Indians retaliated by killing a boatload of people on the 
 Apalachicola river. The war had begun. 
 
 When news of the situation reached Washington 
 General Andrew Jackson was ordered to assume per- 
 sonal command of the troops in the South. He arrived at 
 Fort Scott from his home in Tennessee early in March, 
 1818, and straightway advanced into Florida with his 
 army of Tennesseeans, Georgians, and a brigade of friend- 
 ly Indians. Going directly to the place of the old negro 
 fort, he erected another fortification on the site, naming 
 it Fort Gadsden. Leaving a garrison here, the army took 
 up its march to St. Marks. After several brushes with 
 the Indians enroute. General Jackson appeared before 
 St. Marks on April 6th. This was a Spanish fort. The 
 General sent in a demand for surrender, which was re- 
 fused. He marched in without further ado, lowered the 
 Spanish flag, and raised the American flag over the 
 fort. 
 
 Within the fort he found a Scotch trader, named 
 Alexander Arbuthnot, who evidently was the guest of 
 the Spanish governor. The General's suspicions were a- 
 roused by this circumstance, and he ordered that Arbuth- 
 not be placed in close confinement. Two noted Indian 
 
118 JACKSONVILLE COMMUNITY SERVICE 
 
 outlaws fell into his hands here, also, Francis and another 
 chief; they were immediately taken out and hanged. 
 
 The army remained at St. Marks only two days. 
 Leaving a sufficient force to garrison the place, General 
 Jackson pushed on toward Suwanee Town, on the banks 
 of the Suwanee river. He found the town practically de- 
 serted — the Indians had been forewarned. In the even- 
 ing of April 17th, the whole army was encamped on the 
 banks of the Suwanee river. About midnight the report 
 of a musket aroused the camp. The next morning it was 
 learned that the guard had captured an Englishman 
 named Robert C. Ambrister, together with an attendant 
 and two negro servants. Ignorant of the situation they had 
 blundered into the American camp while endeavoring to 
 reach Suwanee Town to meet the Indians. Receiving in- 
 formation as to the character and business of Ambrister, 
 General Jackson had him conducted to St. Marks, where, 
 like Arbuthnot, he was placed in close confinement. 
 
 No doubt believing that he had reached the source of 
 the Indian troubles in Florida by capturing these two 
 white men. General Jackson now considered the war at 
 an end. He sent the Georgia troops home to be disband- 
 ed ; dismissed the Indian brigade and returned to St. 
 Marks with his Tennesseeans and regulars on April 25th, 
 on his way home. He tarried at St. Marks a few days to 
 be present at the trial of Arbuthnot and Ambrister. 
 
 Before a special court of fourteen selected officers, 
 'Arbuthnot was charged with inciting the Creek Indians 
 lo war against the United States; acting as spy; aiding 
 and comforting the enemy and supplying them with 
 the means of war." Verdict — "That he be suspended by 
 the neck until he is dead." 
 
 "Ambrister was charged with aiding and comforting 
 the enemy ; levying war against the United States by as- 
 suming command of the Indians and ordering them to 
 give battle to the army of the United States ; that he had 
 come to Florida on Woodbine's business, which was to 
 see the negroes righted, and that he had apprized them 
 of the American invasion." Verdict — "That he be shot 
 to death." 
 
 General Jackson approved the verdict in both cases 
 and the prisoners were promptly executed. This event 
 created a profound sensation in England, and it was 
 only through the most careful handling of the matter by 
 the United States government that serious complications 
 did not arise. 
 
 The army now returned to Fort Gadsden, where 
 
FLORIDA HISTORICAL PAGEANT 119 
 
 General Jackson received information that many Indians 
 had collected in Pensacola and were terrorizing the 
 neighboring settlements, even with the knowledge and 
 sanction of the Spanish governor. This was enough for 
 Andrew Jackson. He marched to Pensacola and cap- 
 tured the place, including the forts, after a brisk engage- 
 ment. The Spanish governor escaped, and well for him 
 that he did, as said the General, "all I regret is that I had 
 not stormed the works, captured the governor (Spanish), 
 put him on trial for the murder of Stokes and his family 
 (by the Indians), and hung him for the deed.*" 
 
 Five days after the capture of Pensacola, General 
 Jackson was on his way home. He left a sufficient number 
 of troops under Colonel King to garrison the place. This 
 provisional government lasted about fourteen months, 
 Pensacola being restored to the Spanish authorities in 
 September, 1819. 
 *Parton's "Life of Andrew Jackson," P. 315. 
 
 THE CHANGE OF FLAGS* 
 
 By Moses Folsom 
 
 General Jackson's inroad into Florida did not bring 
 peace along the southern border of the United States. 
 Both Presidents Madison and Monroe had considered the 
 necessity of annexing Florida and under the latter this 
 was consummated by a treaty signed at Washington, Feb- 
 ruary 22, 1819, by which Spain agreed to surrender Flor- 
 ida for $5,000,000 and the payment of claims amounting 
 to $600,000. Although Spain accepted the treaty, the 
 ratification was not completed until February 22, 1821. 
 General Andrew Jackson was designated as Military Gov- 
 ernor of East and West Florida, with headquarters at 
 Pensacola. 
 
 It was planned to exchange flags on July 4th, but the 
 Spaniards had no sentiment for the American natal day, 
 and the final act was delayed until July 10th, 1821, at 
 St. Augustine, and July 17th at Pensacola. 
 At St. Augustine 
 
 It was 3 o'clock in the afternoon when the Spanish 
 flag was lowered and the Stars and Stripes took its place 
 on Fort San Marco, orginally known as "San Juan de 
 Pinos" and after the American occupation as Fort 
 Marion, in honor of General Francis Marion. The fort 
 is the oldest fortification in the United States and co- 
 
 *Dewhurst — History of St. Augustine; Brevard — History of Fla.; 
 Fairbanks — History of Fla.; and History of St. Augustine. 
 
120 JACKSONVILLE COMMUNITY SERVICE 
 
 vers four acres. It was begun in 1696 and completed 
 in 1756, the material of the walls being coquina rock 
 from quarries on Anastasia Island. The workmen 
 included soldiers, Indians and negroes who extended 
 their work through many long and weary years. 
 
 The transfer of authority took place at 4 P. M. in 
 the Government House, when Colonel Jose Coppinger, 
 the last of the forty-three Spanish governors of Florida, 
 figuratively gave the keys of the city to Adjutant-Gen- 
 eral Butler. An incident preceeding the transfer occured 
 when Capt. J. R. Hanbam arrived after a journey of sev- 
 enteen days from Pensacola, having been sent by General 
 Jackson to demand the papers and records properly be- 
 longing to the United States. These had been packed in 
 eleven large boxes and a vessel was waiting in the harbor 
 to carry them away. After Gov. Coppinger had refused 
 to deliver them, Capt. Hanbam had the room in the Gov- 
 ernment House forced open and took charge of the do- 
 cuments. 
 
 At Pensacola 
 
 It was 10 o'clock A. M. on July 17th, when General 
 Jackson and staff entered Pensacola and met Colonel 
 Callava, the Spanish governor. The two walked from the 
 Government House to the center of the square where the 
 flagstaff still carried the colors of Spain. At a signal 
 from General Jackson the American flag began its ascent 
 and the Spanish flag began its fall. Soldiers of the two 
 countries, citizens, Indians, and negroes filled the square, 
 streets and windows of neighboring buildings. The Span- 
 iards seemed much depressed, and to avoid any spirit of 
 triumph the Americans refrained from cheering. Pre- 
 ceding the ceremony. General Jackson had trouble with 
 the Spanish authorities over the public documents, and, 
 as at St. Augustine, they had to be taken by force. 
 
 The Indian chiefs were displeased over the change 
 of authority, but the American commander assured them 
 of his friendship. Under the Spanish, they had been do- 
 ing as they pleased. They and their people had learned 
 something of General Jackson's sternness and success in 
 former campaigns against them. 
 
 Spanish Governor Imprisoned* 
 
 The delays incident to the transfer weighed heavily 
 upon the American commander, and, coupled with the 
 memory of the unpleasant experiences he had had with 
 
 *See Parton's "Life of Andrew Jackson." 
 
FLORIDA HISTORICAL PAGEANT 121 
 
 the Spanish officials on former occasions, Jackson, who 
 was known as Don Andrew by the citizens, had no sen- 
 timental feelings toward the Spaniards. 
 
 Colonel Callava, of all the Spanish governors of Pen- 
 sacola had been the most popular and a favorite of the of- 
 ficers of the American army. With his staff he had remain- 
 ed to superintend the return to Cuba or Spain of all Span- 
 iards who desired to go, and to complete the evacuation. 
 General Jackson had appointed Henry M. Brackenridge, 
 afterwards a member of Congress and prominent in Ken- 
 tucky politics, as alcalde of Pensacola, part of whose duty 
 it was to receive the papers and records relating to pri- 
 vate property. 
 
 One day a woman appeared at Alcalde Bracken- 
 ridge's office and represented that papers involving her 
 estate were being held by the Spanish authorities. These 
 papers with other Spanish documents were in boxes at 
 Colonel Callava's house. The news reached General Jack- 
 son's ears and he immediately sent an order to Col. Calla- 
 va to produce the papers. Not understanding English, 
 the former Spanish governor asked time to have the order 
 translated, and the American officer reported the fact to 
 General Jackson who interpreted the reply as being a 
 subterfuge. Without waiting for further information the 
 General ordered out a guard and at midnight Col. Cal- 
 lava, his secretary, and the former Spanish alcalde were 
 locked up in the city prison, and the Spanish papers were 
 seized and taken to American headquarters. The prison- 
 ers were released the next morning but General Jack- 
 son, unrelenting, issued an order requiring all Spanish 
 officers to leave the town within four days. The claim 
 of the old woman was thoroughly investigated later, and 
 it was found that the valuable estate to which she claimed 
 title was worth less than nothing, since it was bankrupt 
 to the extent of serveral hundred dollars. 
 
 General Jackson, himself, remained but a short time 
 in Pensacola, only three months, returning early in Nov- 
 ember, 1821, to his home near Nashville, where he re- 
 mained until he was advanced to the exalted position of 
 President of the United States. 
 
 FLORIDA BECOMES A TERRITORY * 
 
 By C. Seton Fleming 
 
 Florida had been in the hands of the military au- 
 
 *Sprague — the Florida War.; Fairbanks — History of Fla.; The South 
 in the Building of the Nation. 
 
122 JACKSONVILLE COMMUNITY SERVICE 
 
 thorities for about a year, when William P. Duval, a na- 
 tive of Virginia, but a resident of Kentucky, was appoint- 
 ed Territorial governor, in 1822. 
 
 In tradition and sentiment Florida was affected at 
 this time by the old division into East and West Florida, 
 with their separate capitals, governors, and interests. 
 The Legislative Council, therefore, at a meeting held in 
 St. Augustine in June, 1823, appointed commissioners to 
 select the most eligible and convenient situation for the 
 seat of government. The commissioners selected the pre- 
 sent site of Tallahassee as the permanent capital. The 
 Governor issued a proclamation in March, 1824, calling 
 upon the members of the council to assemble at this site 
 for the next meeting and the first council meeting was 
 held there in November of that year. The capitol build- 
 ing was begun in 1824, and likewise the first house erect- 
 ed in Tallahassee. 
 
 During the early part of Governor Duval's adminis- 
 tration, the Indian question was one of paramount im- 
 portance. The famous treaty of Fort Moultrie (five miles 
 south of St. Augustine) was negotiated with the Seminoles 
 in September, 1823, Governor Duval, himself, being one 
 of the commisssioners to treat with the Indians. Three 
 artillery officers of the United States army signed the 
 treaty as witnesses. Among other stipulations the treaty 
 of Fort Moultrie provided, that the chiefs and warriors 
 of the Florida tribes of Indians cede and relinquish all 
 claim or title which they had to the whole territory of 
 Florida, with the exception of such district of the coun- 
 try as shall therein be allotted to them, and they shall 
 thereafter be concentrated and confined to such dis- 
 trict. It was agreed, further, that farming implements, 
 cattle and hogs, to the value of $6,000 be distributed 
 among the Indians, and that they be paid $5,000 a year 
 for twenty years. 
 
 The district allotted to the Indians was south of a 
 line drawn between Gainesville and Ocala, but the terri- 
 tory embraced was not to approach either the Gulf or 
 the Atlantic coast nearer than 15 miles. With their re- 
 moval from the northern part of the Territory, settle- 
 ments by the whites increased and Florida then overcame 
 many of her troubles and difficulties and has steadily 
 continued her march of progress. 
 
 3477-251 
 
FLORIDA HISTORICAL PAGEANT 123 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE HISTORY SECTION 
 
 American Ethnology, Bureau of — Bulletin No. 30. 
 
 Bancroft — History of the United States. 
 
 Bartram, Wm. — Travels, 1794. 
 
 Brevard and Bennett — History of Florida. 
 
 Brinton, D. G. — Florida Peninsula. 
 
 British Colonial Office records. 
 
 Cabeza de Vaca — Narrative re-printed by Tarnaux, 1837. 
 
 Chambers — History of the United States. 
 
 Consin and Hill — American History. 
 
 Davis, T. F. — History of Early Jacksonville, Fla., 1911. 
 
 De Biedma, Relation — (De Soto). 
 
 Dewhurst, Wm. — History of St. Augustine, 1885. 
 
 Doggett, Carita — Dr. Andrew Turnbull and the New 
 
 Smyrna Colony in Florda, 1919. 
 Fairbanks, G. H. — History of Florida, 1871, 
 
 History and Antiquities of St. Augustine, 
 
 The Spaniards in Florida. 
 Fleming, F. P. — Memoirs of Florida. 
 Green — History of Florida. 
 Goodrich — Pictorial History of America. 
 Hakluyt— Vol. 3. 
 
 Irving — Voj^ages of Companions of Columbus. 
 Johnson, Joseph — Traditions and Reminiscences of Am. 
 
 Revolution. 
 Lossing — ^Enc. of American History. 
 Parton, James — Life of Andrew Jackson. 
 Roberts, Wm. — History of the Floridas, 1763. 
 South in the Building of the Nation. 
 Sprague, John T. — The Florida War. (Seminole) 
 Tarnaux-Compans H. — Collection of Voyages, Relations 
 
 and Memoirs, Paris 1837. 
 Virginia Historical Society — Early Voyages to America, 
 
 Translations from original sources, 1848. 
 
 

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