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EI«[L.W=T„ i^E^iAM 
 
Life and Deeds 
 
 of 
 
 General Sherman 
 
 Including the Story of His 
 
 Great March to the Sea 
 
 BEING A GRAPHIC NARRATWK OF 
 
 His Boyhood and Early Life ; Education at West Point ; Career 
 in Florida, California and Louisiana ; Daring Deeds 
 at Shiloh, Corinth and Vicksburg ; Sublime 
 Achievements in the Georgia and Tenn- 
 essee Campaigns, and Closing 
 Scenes of the Great 
 Struggle, etc., etc., 
 
 COMPRISING 
 
 Thrilling Descriptions of Battles, Marches, and Victories ; 
 Personal Anecdotes ; Life as a Citizen ; Last Sickness 
 and Death ; the Nation's Sorrow, and Magnifi- 
 cent Tributes to the 
 
 GREAT COMMANDER, HERO and PATRIOT 
 
 By Henry Davenport Korthrop 
 
 SUPERBLY EMBELLISHED WITH STRIKING ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 G^TELY & 0'GORMA.ISr, 
 BOSTON, MASS.; PROVIDENCE, R. L 
 
 1.- L, 
 
>978 
 
 Entered acc'.ircling to Act of Congress, in the yea: 1891, by 
 
 J. R. JONES, 
 
 In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D. C. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 The story of General Sherman's brilliant career is 
 one of the most interesting ever told. His early 
 life was spent in poverty and obscurity ; he rose to 
 the highest pinnacle of fame. Fortune was against 
 him; he conquered it; he was a conqueror through- 
 out his eventful life. Without wealth or outside 
 influence to lift him above his surroundings, he 
 carved his name high before the eye of the world, 
 and died amidst the honors of the nation he defended 
 so nobly. 
 
 Like nearly all Americans who have achieved 
 fame, Sherman was a self-made man. He was a 
 patriot who courted sacrifice and death ; he was a 
 leader of undaunted bravery, brilliant strategy, and 
 unfaltering resources. His rank is among the world's 
 greatest heroes, and his place is in the hearts of more 
 Jian sixty millions of people. 
 
 The complete story of his life, contained in this 
 volume, gives a graphic account of his boyhood and 
 youth. The reader sees him struggling with early 
 trials ; the sturdy boy grows into the manly youth, 
 pressing on in his eager pursuit of an education. He 
 enters the Military Academy ; he graduates with 
 
iv PKJJFACE. 
 
 honor, and is fully equipped for his magnificent mili- ; 
 tary career. 
 
 General Sherman is then seen among the Ever- 
 glades of Florida, at Fort Moultrie in South Carolina, 
 and on the Pacific Coast. The outbreak of the war 
 finds the gallant leader in Louisiana ; he sees that. 
 war is inevitable, resigns his position, and appears ini 
 Washington. 
 
 At the first battle of Bull Run, Sherman is a colonel ;-^ 
 he rises to the rank of brigadier of volunteers and is 
 sent to Kentucky. His upward strides are rapid, audi 
 the reader next beholds him in command of a division 
 at Shiloh, where he displays consummate generalship 
 and heroism, and saves that famous battle. He is 
 the first to enter Corinth ; he takes command at 
 Memphis ; he makes- a bold attack on Vicksburg; and 
 next appears upon the world-renowned field of Chat- 
 tanooga. Through the dense smoke and fiery glare 
 of Missionary Ridge the reader sees the commanding 
 figure now prominent before the nation, whose pres- 
 ence on the field is the signal for victory. 
 
 These wonderful exploits, this daring heroism, this 
 extraordinary command of men, these magnificent 
 deeds which thrill two hemispheres, are depicted in 
 this work. The theme is brilliant and captivating. 
 Step by step the thrilling history is unfolded ; over 
 the pages armies march and charge, and the reader 
 moves amid startling scenes : the old days of heroism 
 and Spartan bravery are brought back. 
 
 The crowning achievement of General Sherman, 
 
 i 
 
PREFACE. V 
 
 that which electrified the whole world, that which 
 even military men believed to be impossible, was his 
 celebrated march to the sea. This part of the narra- 
 tive has an extraordinary interest for the reader, and 
 is told in this volume by General Sherman himself, 
 who was as skilful and fascinating with the pen as he 
 was valiant with the sword. Here the crreat oreneral 
 
 o o 
 
 showed his remarkable foresight, burned the bridges 
 behind him, pushed into the enemy's country, met 
 and mastered seeming impossibilities, and put the 
 splendid climax upon his marvellous career. 
 
 We find him at Atlanta with an army which is 
 compelled to subsist upon the surrounding country. 
 Thence he marches to the Atlantic. This almost 
 miraculous feat, resulting in the capture of Savan- 
 nah, the retreat of General Hardee from Charleston, 
 and other events of vast importance, is fully por- 
 trayed. The grave doubts as to the result all van- 
 ished before the masterly generalship, intrepid 
 courage, and perseverance of the illustrious leader. 
 
 Next the reader sees the two great generals, Sher- 
 man and Grant, face to face. The bloody days are 
 ended, the smoke of battle lifts from the field, the 
 'itioise of guns is hushed, and the world looks on in 
 wonder at the closing scenes of the greatest struggle 
 of modern times. Conspicuous in this thrilling period 
 of our history, his majestic form standing in the 
 nation's eye, we see the hero and patriot, the invin- 
 cible commander. He has received the surrender of 
 Johnston, and has acted a part no less remarkable and 
 
^i PEEFACE. ] 
 
 successful than that of Grant in the Wilderness and 
 before Richmond. 
 
 This work also gives a striking picture of General 
 Sherman's life as a citizen. He was a genial man ; 
 he was an admirable speech-maker ; he was the idol of 
 the nation : he was honored on every public occasion 
 where his commanding figure was seen ; his loyalty to 
 the old veterans was sincere and unwavering ; his 
 popularity among the army boys was surpassed by 
 that of no other general. 
 
 All readers are interested in personal anecdotes and^ 
 reminiscences concerning great men. In the long life 
 and checkered career of General Sherman many inci- 
 dents occurred, an account of which the public is 
 anxious to obtain. Stories of camp-life, long marches, 
 hardships of the campaign, and anecdotes concerning 
 General Sherman's private life and intercourse with 
 his old comrades enliven the pages of this volume. 
 Side by side stand with him other brilliant heroes in 
 the nation's struggle, and a picture of him as a man 
 among men is presented. 
 
 The demonstration of sympathy and sorrow when 
 his death occurred has scarcely been paralleled in this 
 country. Sherman was loved by everybody, as well 
 as admired. His death struck home to the heart of 
 the nation. All classes of citizens, including the 
 President, members of the Cabinet, army and naval 
 ofificers, merchants, farmers, professional men, the 
 rich, the poor, vied with each other at his funeral in 
 telling of his glory and in honoring his memory. 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 BOOK I. 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 PAGB 
 
 A Remarkablb Family.— The Illustrious Commander's 
 Early Life and Struggles.— Born to be a Hero . . 17 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 Education at West Point— Chasing Savage Seminoles in 
 the soutpi 25 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 A Recruiting Officer.— Stirring Times in California . 32 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 Sherman's Romantic Marriage.— Banker in California 
 AND New York.— Becomes a Lawyer 40 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 Prophet and Patriot. — Advice to the War Department 
 treated as a proof op insanity 50 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 Army of the Tennessee.— Sherman Co-operates with 
 Grant. — Forward Movements 65 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 From Atlanta to the Sea.— Thrilling Story of One op 
 the Greatest Feats in Military History 78 
 
 vii 
 
viii CONT^ENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 PACK 
 
 Important Letter of Generai, Sherman— The Country 
 Deluded in the Early Part of the War. — Strange 
 Charge of Lunacy 95 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 After the War.— Not a Candidate for the Presidency, 
 — Sketch of the Hero. — Life in New York 113. 
 
 CHAPTER. X. 
 
 Reminiscences of the Renowned Commander.— Ardent 
 Friendship for Grant. — Interesting Facts and Anec- 
 dotes 133 
 
 BOOK IL 
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 
 Sherman at the Battle op Bull Run.— His Graphic Ac- 
 count OF THE Bloody Conflict 175 
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 
 Events preceding the Battle of Shiloh. — Rapid Move- 
 ments in the Cumbe^rland Valley and South-west . 189 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 Sherman Saves the Battle of Shiloh. — Valley of Death. 
 —A Wall of Iron.— Grant Praises Sherman's Heroism. 206 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 General Sherman's Graphic Description of the Battle { 
 OP Shiloh ^ 236 
 
CONTENTS. i^ 
 
 CHAPTER XV. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Thrilling Pen-Picture of the Battle op Shiloh by an 
 Army Surgeon 254 
 
 CHAPTER XVI. 
 General Sherman's Achievements at Vicksburg .... 270 
 
 CHAPTER XVII. 
 Sherman's Superb Valor at Chattanooga 314 
 
 CHAPTER XVIII. 
 
 General Sherman's Fascinating Story of the Battle 
 OF Chattanooga 357 
 
 CHAPTER XIX. 
 The Great Atlanta Campaign.— Grand Forward Move- 
 
 MBNT , 393 
 
 CHAPTER XX. 
 From Atlanta to the Sea.— The Famous March . . . .417 
 
 CHAPTER XXI. 
 Brilliant Campaign of the Carolinas 450 
 
 CHAPTER XXII. 
 
 Surrender of Johnston to Sherman. — Capture of Fifty 
 Thousand Men 469 
 
X CONTENTS. 
 
 BOOK III. 
 
 CHAPTER XXIII. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Fatai^ Illness.— The Giant Shorn oe his Strength. — 
 Anxiety throughout the Nation 481 
 
 CHAPTER XXIV. 
 Battling with the Foe.— A Gallant Fight for Liee . . 490 
 
 CHAPTER XXV. 
 
 The Struggle Ended.— The Great Warrior's Last Bat- 
 tle 503 
 
 CHAPTER XXVI. 
 A IsfATioN IN Mourning.— Tributes of Love and RESPECT.514 
 
 CHAPTER XXVII. 
 
 Final Obsequies of General Sherman.— Grand Proces- 
 sion of Troops and Civic Bodies . . . , 529 
 
 CHAPTER XXVIII. 
 
 Glowing Eulogies upon the World-renowned Com- 
 mander 548 
 
BOOK I. 
 
 STORY OF GENERAL SHERMAN'S 
 LIFE AND DEEDS. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 A Remarkable Family. — The Illustrious Com- 
 mander's Early Life and Struggles. — Born to 
 be a Hero. 
 
 A PATRIOTIC American, a wise, brave, skilful soldier, 
 a sincere, earnest, friendly man, General Sherman . 
 died honored and beloved by numberless personal 
 friends and by millions of his countrymen. In a 
 sense broader than that of a military genius. General 
 Sherman was a great man. He showed in his war 
 correspondence that he had the learning of the scholar 
 and the wisdom of the statesman. Such men do not 
 die ; they pass on from among their surviving old 
 comrades of camp and field to a grander life, to the 
 reward of men who are good and great. 
 
 Like Grant, Meade, and Sheridan, General Sher 
 man had not only military genius ; he had the high' 
 est qualities of a citizen of the great Republic. He 
 entered the service of his country as one who was 
 willing, if need be, to die. He gave it no half-hearted. 
 
 2 17 
 
18 GENEEAL SHERMAN. 
 
 halting service, and the mighty energy he so continu- 
 ously displayed on the march and in the assault was 
 as much the inspiration of his loyal heart as of his 
 alert mind and vigorous body. j 
 
 A Brilliant Record. 
 
 Sherman's education was unusually liberal and 
 comprehensive before the war began. He was grad- 
 uated from the West Point Military Academy with 
 distinction ; he served in the army with credit and 
 usefulness as second and as first lieutenant and as 
 captain. Subsequently resigning his commission, he 
 became a banker and lawyer, and still later on a rail- 
 road president and the superintendent of the Louisiana 
 State Military Institute ; which latter position he re- 
 signed, when Louisiana seceded from the Union, in a 
 letter that was in the highest degree creditable to his 
 honor and patriotism. He was nearly forty-one years 
 old when the Civil War began, and was then in the 
 fullest vigor of physical and mental health. His fine 
 intelligence, his diverse education, his varied associa- 
 tions and intercourse with men of distinction in dif-i 
 ferent walks of life, had peculiarly fitted him for the 
 great work to which his country called him at the 
 beginning of the war. 
 
 The story of his achievements is one of the most 
 glorious and precious records of his country, and 
 most conspicuous in it is that chapter of it known to 
 his countrymen, to the admirers of military genius of 
 all countries — the march through Georgia from the 
 mountains to the sea. It was the grandeur of this 
 
EAELY LIFE AND STRUGGLES. 19 
 
 great movement, the grandeur of its courage and 
 of its results, which will render it for ever remark- 
 able. * 
 
 No soldier of ancient or modern history more com- 
 pletely burned his bridges behind him than did Sher- 
 man when he marched out of Atlanta at the head of 
 that great Union host, the objective point of which 
 was the Atlantic Ocean, the purpose of which was to 
 cut through the Confederacy in its most vital part, 
 and to bring its chief support, the army of Lee, be- 
 tween two fires, that of Grant and Meade and that of 
 Sherman. As it was planned, it was executed — with- 
 out of a single failure at any point. All that was an- 
 ticipated from it was realized, and history wrote one 
 of its most thrilling chapters that day when Sherman, 
 turning his back upon the mountains, set out upon 
 his march to the sea. 
 
 It is impossible to form any just estimate of the 
 value of services such as this illustrious soldier ren- 
 dered his country in its time of greatest need. He 
 was one of those who stood as an impregnable fort- 
 ress in defence of national unity. He offered to the 
 cause of Union and freedom all that man has to offer 
 — intellect, strength, and even that for which all things 
 else will be freely sacrified, life. General Sherman's 
 was the genius of both planning and doing. He 
 thought and he wrought with magnificent courage 
 ; and effective skill for his country, and his efforts were 
 f crowned with success. In the sudden making of 
 splendid names his name became one which inspired 
 
20 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 armies with confidence and assured the soldierly en- 
 deavor which achieved triumphs. 
 
 Such men are so truly great that their countrymen 
 can only reverently salute them and resolve to keep 
 their deeds in grateful remembrance as they pass 
 from the world which was better for their living in it. 
 
 Sherman's Ancestors. 
 
 The Sherman family from which William Tecumseh 
 Sherman sprang was of English descent. In the rec- 
 ords of the British Museum there is an account of the 
 Shermans of Laxley, in the county of Suffolk, dating 
 as far back as 1616. There was another branch of 
 the family in Dedham, Essex county. The first Sher- 
 man whose name is found recorded in this country 
 was Edmond, who, with his three sons, Edmond, 
 Samuel, and John, was at Boston before 1636. In 
 the Histo7^y of Ancient Woodbury, Co7t7iecticut, it is 
 stated that Samuel Sherman, the Rev. John Sherman, ! 
 and Captain John, his first cousin, arrived from Ded- 
 ham in 1634. This Captain John was the ancestor 
 of Roger Sherman, the signer of the Declaration of I 
 Independence. The Ohio Shermans trace their des- 
 cent from Samuel Sherman and his brother John, the 
 clergyman. 
 
 All these Shermans and their children were men of , 
 prominence in their respective places. They were | 
 justices, judges, commissioners, representatives in 
 the Assembly, town-clerks — in fact, they were good 
 office-seekers, lucky in getting what they wanted, and 
 pretty deserving men generally. In religion they 
 
 i 
 
EAKLY LIFE AND STRUGGLES. 21 
 
 were rigid Presbyterians. In politics, when the 
 struggle for Independence came, they were rebels. 
 The Family Settles in Oliio. 
 
 When James Monroe became President in 1817, he 
 made Lawyer Charles R. Sherman of Norwalk, Conn., 
 a collector of internal revenue. Two of his deputies 
 robbed the Government, and involved him in financial 
 embarrassment from which he never recovered. In 
 the hope of bettering his condition he went West in 
 1 82 1, leaving his wife behind him in Connecticut. A 
 year later he sent for her, and under the escort of 
 some friends and neighbors she travelled on horse- 
 back over the Alleghanies, holding her infant child on 
 a pillow in front of her. The new home was in Lan- 
 caster, O. Mr. Sherman in a short time won great 
 prominence as an able, eloquent, and judicious 
 advocate. 
 
 His reputation soon extended over the entire State, 
 and his practice was very large and fairly remunera- 
 tive. In 1823, when he was only thirty-five years of 
 age, the Legislature of Ohio elected him a judge of 
 the Supreme Court. 
 
 This was upon the recommendation of his fellow- 
 citizens, as follows: 
 
 " Somerset, Ohio, July 6, 1821. 
 
 " May it please your Excellency : 
 
 " We ask leave to recommend to your Excellency's 
 favorable notice Charles R. Sherman, Esq., of Lan- 
 caster, as a man possessing in an eminent degree 
 
22 GENEEAL SHEEMAN. 
 
 those qualifications so much to be desired in a judge 
 of the Supreme Court. 
 
 *' From a long acquaintance with Mr. Sherman we 
 are happy to be able to state to your Excellency that 
 our minds are led to the conclusion that that gentle- 
 man possesses a disposition noble and generous, a 
 mind discriminating, comprehensive, and combining a 
 heart pure, benevolent, and humane. Manners digni- 
 fied, mild, and complaisant, and a firmness not to be 
 shaken and of unquestioned integrity. 
 
 " But Mr. Sherman's character cannot be unknown 
 to your Excellency, and on that acquaintance without 
 further comment we might safely rest his pretensions. 
 
 "We think we hazard litde in assuring your Ex- 
 cellency that his appointment would give almost uni- 
 versal satisfaction to the citizens of Perry county." 
 
 He was soon after appointed a judge of the Su- 
 preme Court, and served in that capacity to the day 
 of his death. Admirably fitted for the bench, his 
 written opinions prove that he possessed a fine legal 
 mind. His manner was kind and considerate, and to 
 know him was to be his friend. The salary attached 
 to the office was barely sufficient to support himself 
 and his large family, so that when he suddenly died 
 at Lebanon, O., June 24, 1829, in the noon of his 
 fame and at the age of forty-one, those dependent on 
 him were almost totally unprovided for, and the family 
 was suddenly thrown on its own resources. 
 
 In this emergency the relatives and friends of her 
 
EAELY LIFE AND STKUGGLES. 23 
 
 husband came to the assistance of the widow and her 
 eleven children. Two of them were adopted by an 
 aunt. John, afterward United States Senator and ex- 
 Secretary of the Treasury, went to live with an uncle, 
 and Thomas Ewing, who had then been United States 
 Senator and Secretary of the Treasury, took William 
 Tecumseh into his family and educated him as one of 
 his own children. 
 
 Adopted by Mr. Ewing*. 
 
 The story of the adoption is interesting. Mr. 
 Ewing, who was not only a warm friend, but also a 
 distant relative of Judge Sherman, drove across the 
 country to the Sherman home as soon as he heard of 
 the death. He knew the family was large, that they 
 were very poor, and he resolved to take one of the 
 children until the fortunes of the house grew brighter. 
 Mrs. Sherman was unable to decide which one of the 
 little ones to surrender. After a tearful consultation 
 she and her eldest daughter accompanied Mr. Ewing 
 out of doors, where the boys were romping on the 
 grass. 
 
 "Well," said Mr. Ewing, "which one of 'em shall I 
 take? They all look alike to me." 
 
 The distressed mother was still unable to decide, 
 when the daughter, snatching up one of them in her 
 arms and holding him out, said, " Well, Mr. Ewing, if 
 you must take one, take ' Cump,' because he is the 
 smartest." 
 
 " All right, then — * Cump' it is," said Mr . Ewing, 
 taking the child in his arms and placing him in his 
 
24 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 carriage. Mr. Ewing took him to his family, and, says 
 General Sherman, " ever after treated me as his own 
 son." " Cump" was then nine years of age, having 
 been born in Lancaster, February 8, 1820. His father 
 knew and admired the Indian chief Tecumseh, which 
 •accounts for his middle name. 
 
 You nor Sherman was sent to the Lancaster Acad- 
 
 o 
 
 emy by his benefactor. It was the best educational 
 establishment in the place — as good a school, in fact, 
 as any in Ohio at the time. He studied all the or- 
 dinary branches, including Latin, Greek, and French. 
 The years passed on, and one day a note came from 
 Senator Ewing, who was in Washington, notifying 
 him to prepare for the Military Academy at West 
 Point. Previous to this, however, Sherman was al- 
 lowed in 1834 to work during that fall and the follow- 
 ing spring as rodman for a surveyor who was making 
 surveys for a canal to connect with the great Ohio one 
 at Carroll, eight miles above Lancaster. He was paid 
 a silver half-dollar for each day's actual work, and this 
 was the first money he earned. 
 
CHAPTER II. 
 
 Education at West Point. — Chasing Savage 
 . Seminoles in the South. 
 
 During the autumn and spring of 1835-36 young 
 Sherman worked hard studying mathematics and 
 French, the chief requisites for admission to West 
 Point. The letter of appointment came early in 1836 
 from the Secretary of War, Mr. Poinsett. Sherman 
 made the journey to Washington to see Mr. Ewing. 
 A week was spent at the capital. General Jackson 
 was then at the height of his power, and General 
 Sherman has left it on record how he spent an hour 
 looking through the wooden railings which then ran 
 around the White House at "Old Hickory" as he 
 walked up and down inside. In less than thirty years 
 his own fame as a soldier was destined to surpass 
 that of the hero of New Orleans. 
 
 The start for the academy was made, and on June 
 12 he stepped, in New York, on board the steamer 
 Cornelius Vanderbilt, and finished the last stage of 
 his journey. 
 
 He joined the class of 1836 and went through the 
 regular course of four years, graduating in June, 1840, 
 No. 6 in a class of forty-three. The class originally 
 was more than one hundred. " At the academy," says 
 the general, '' I was not considered a good soldier, for 
 
 26 
 
26 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 at no time was I selected for any office, but remained 
 a private throughout the whole four years. Then, as 
 now, neatness in dress and form, with a strict con- 
 formity to the rules, were the qualifications required 
 for office, and I suppose I was found not to excel in 
 any of these. In studies I always held a respectable 
 reputation with the professors, and generally ranked 
 among the best, especially drawing, chemistry, mathe- 
 matics, and natural philosophy. My average demerits 
 per annum were about one hundred and fifty, which 
 reduced my final class standing from No. 4 to No. 6." 
 
 Early Service in the South. 
 
 After graduation and the usual three months' fur- 
 lough he was commissioned second lieutenant in the 
 Third Artillery, and ordered to report the following 
 September at Governor's Island in New York har- 
 bor. There he was placed in command of a com- 
 pany of recruits preparing for service in Florida. In 
 less than a month the company, with three others, 
 was ordered to Savannah, Ga. They embarked in a 
 sailing vessel for that port, where they were trans- 
 ferred to a small steamer and taken to St. Augustine, 
 Fla. General Taylor was then in command in Florida, ] 
 with headquarters at Tampa Bay. \ 
 
 The Third Artillery, Sherman's regiment, occupied : 
 the posts along the Atlantic coast from St. Angus- | 
 tine to Key Biscayne, his own company being sta- 1 
 tioned at Fort Pierce, on the Indian River. He was |: 
 detached from the company of recruits and joined his ' 
 own command. In November preparations were be- 
 
BUILDINGS AND PARADE GROUND AT WEST POINT. 
 
 27 
 
28 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 gun for active operations against the Indians, the ob- 
 ject being to catch the scattered bands of Seminoles 
 then on the Peninsula and send them to join their 
 tribe in the newly-estabHshed Indian Territory. The 
 Hfe was not without its perils. The Indians did not 
 want to leave, and frequently offered resistance with 
 disastrous consequences to themselves as well as to 
 the military. 
 
 First Promotion. 
 
 In November, 1841, Sherman received his first pro- 
 motion, being made the first lieutenant of Company 
 G. He left Fort Pierce and joined his new command 
 at St. Augustine. Shortly afterward he was placed 
 in command of a detachment of twenty men at Pico- \ 
 lata, on the St. John's River. He remained there 
 only a few months, having been ordered on duty 
 which took him to Pensacola. Thence he was sent 
 to Fort Morgan, Mobile Point. 
 
 He was now quartermaster and commissary. The g 
 following June found him in Fort Moultrie, the regi- II 
 ment having been changed from the Gulf posts to ] 
 those on the Atlantic. ''We remained at Fort Moul- I 
 trie," says General Sherman, "nearly five years, until 
 the Mexican War scattered us for ever. Our life 
 there was of strict garrison duty, with plenty of leis- 
 ure for hunting and social entertainment. We soon 
 formed many and most pleasant acquaintances in the 
 city of Charleston, and it so happened that many of 
 the families resided at Sullivan's Island in the summer 
 season, where we could reciprocate the hospitalities 
 
 
30 GENERAL SHEKMAN. ; 
 
 extended to us in the winter." This Hfe was inter- \ 
 rupted by a brief leave of absence in 1843, which he; 
 spent in Ohio and in visiting some of the principal; 
 Southern cities. ^ 
 
 First March through Georgia. 
 
 An order came from the War Department at Wash-j 
 ington in January, 1844, which, curiously enough, took^ 
 him through the country over which he was in after] 
 years to sweep at the head of a conquering army on^ 
 one of the most famous expeditions in all militaryj 
 history — the " march to the sea." It was a detail to 
 assist Colonel Churchill, the inspector-general of the 
 army, in taking depositions in Upper Georgia and 
 Alabama concerning certain losses by volunteers in 
 Florida of horses and equipments by reason of the 
 failure of the United States to provide sufficient for-}j 
 age, and for which Congress had made an appropria-| 
 tion. } 
 
 The order directed him to go to Marietta, where 
 Churchill was conductincr the investio^ation. It was all 
 over in two months, when Sherman rode south on 
 horseback by way of Rome, Allatoona, Marietta, At- 
 lanta, Madison, and Augusta, Ga. ''Thus, by a mere 
 accident," says Sherman, *' I was enabled to traverse 
 on horseback the very ground where, in after years, I 
 had to conduct vast armies and fight great battles.; 
 That the knowledge thus acquired was of infinite use 
 to me, and consequently to the Government, I have 
 always felt and stated." 
 
SERVICE IN THE SOUTH. 31 
 
 Meets with an Accident. 
 
 In the winter of 1844 his right shoulder was dislo- 
 cated by the fall of his horse while hunting deer on 
 the Cooper River. He suffered severely, and spent a 
 short leave of absence which was allowed him in the 
 North. He was back in Fort Moultrie by March, 
 1845. Congress had about this time passed a joint 
 resolution providing for the annexation of Texas, 
 then an independent republic, and the army and the 
 country looked for an immediate war with Mexico. 
 General Taylor had assembled some regiments of in- 
 fantry and one of dragoons at Fort Jessup, La., and 
 the orders from Washington were that he should ex- 
 tend military protection to Texas against the Indians 
 or a *' foreign country" when the terms of annexation 
 were agreed to. The terms were accepted in July, 
 and he moved his troops to Corpus Christi, at which 
 point during the summer and fail of 1845 ^^^ concen- 
 trated the army that in the spring of the following 
 year was to begin the Mexican War. 
 
CHAPTER III. 
 
 A Recruiting Officer. — Stirring Times in 
 California. 
 
 A COMPANY of Sherman's regiment was ordered 
 from Fort Moultrie to Corpus Christi, but it was not 
 his, and before the other companies were directed to 
 follow Sherman was detaJied for recruiting service. 
 May I, 1846. That detail took him out of the Mexican 
 War and deprived him of die promotion it brought 
 to so many. Perhaps it also preserved him for the 
 greater work he was to do. The recruiting order 
 brouo^ht him back ao^ain to Governor's Island. The 
 Pittsburgh district was given to him, and he took up 
 his headquarters at the St. Charles Hotel in that city 
 early in May. Recruits were in very active demand, 
 and he was authorized to open a sub-rendezvous at 
 Zanesville, Ohio. 
 
 He had been at Pittsburgh only a few weeks when 
 the stirring news of the battle of Palo Alto excited the 
 entire country. " That I should be on recruiting 
 service," says Sherman, "when my comrades were 
 actually fighting was intolerable, and I hurried to my 
 post at Pittsburgh. I wrote to the adjutant-general 
 at Washington, asking him to consider me as an appli- 
 cant for any active service, and saying that I would 
 willingly forego the recruiting detail, which I well knew 
 
, STIRRING TIMES IN CALIFORNIA. * 33 
 
 plenty of others would jump at. Impatient to approach 
 the scene of active operations, without authority — and, 
 I suppose, wrongfully — I left my corporal in charge of 
 the rendezvous, and took all the recruits I had made 
 in a steamboat to Cincinnati, turning them over to 
 Major N. C. McCrea, commanding at Newport Bar- 
 racks. I then reported to Cincinnati, where the super- 
 intendent of the Western recruiting service inquired 
 by what authority I had come away from my post. I 
 argued that I took it for granted he wanted all the re- 
 cruits he could get to forward to the army, and did 
 not know but that he might want me to go along. In- 
 stead of appreciating my volunteer zeal, he cursed 
 and swore at me for leaving my post without orders, 
 and told me to go back to Pittsburgh." 
 
 He went back, and the following June received 
 orders relieving him from the recruiting business, and 
 assigning him to Company F, then under orders for 
 California. This brought him once more to Gover- 
 nor's Island. 
 
 Early Days in California. 
 
 Over in Brooklyn the United States storeship Lex- 
 ington was then being fitted out for the long journey 
 around Cape Horn to California. The Lexington at 
 last was ready, in July, 1846, and they sailed. Among 
 that party of officers were Ord and Halleck. It was 
 a slow, tedious voyage. The first port made was 
 Rio de Janeiro, at the end of sixty days. They had 
 a good time on shore for a week, seeing Dom Pedro 
 and his then young empress, the daughter of the king 
 
34 GENEKAL SHERMAN. 
 
 of Sicily. Throne and empress have passed away, 
 and only Dom Pedro himself remains, the last per- 
 haps of all. 
 
 The Lexington resumed her voyage, and in Octo- 
 ber saw the snows of the Cape. In sixty days from 
 Rio, Valparaiso was reached. There they heard news 
 about the war, the events of which up to that time 
 had been a sealed volume. At last, about the middle 
 of January, the California coast began to loom up, 
 and when the high mountains about Santa Cruz came 
 in view a boat with Lieutenant Henry Wise, master 
 of the Independence frigate, that they had left at Val- 
 paraiso, came alongside. . He told them that Cali- 
 fornia had broken out into insurrection ; that General 
 Kearney had reached the country and been beaten in 
 a severe battle ; and much else which was not strictly 
 fact. 
 
 Ready to Fig-lit. 
 
 When the old Lexington dropped anchor in the 
 Bay of Monterey, Jan. 26, 1847, after a voyage of two 
 less than tw^o hundred days from New York, all on 
 board were ready to fight at once. But when they 
 went on shore, nothing could be more peaceful than 
 Monterey. No fighting was necessary. Sherman 
 was then quartermaster and commissary, and he had 
 abundance of work on his hands for a few weeks. 
 But he soon had leisure enough, and he employed it 
 in learning something about the country in which the 
 chances of war, although it was all peace to him, had 
 thrown hitii. Sherman was not making much history 
 
8TIKRING TIMES EN CALIFORNIA. 35 
 
 then, but the vivid story of the scenes and incidents 
 in those distant California days which he tells shows 
 that if he was denied the chance to make history, he 
 knew how to write it. 
 
 Making- Surveys. 
 
 Sherman was acting assistant adjutant- general of 
 the Department of California until February, 1849, 
 when he was transferred to San Francisco on similai 
 duty on the staff of General Persifer Smith, com- 
 manding the Division of the Pacific. There was very 
 little to do, and General Smith encouraged Sherman 
 and two or three other officers to go into any business 
 that would enable them to make money. Sherman 
 made a contract to survey Colonel J. D. Stevenson's 
 newly-projected city, which was to be called " New 
 York of the Pacific," at the mouth of the San Joaquin 
 River. The contract embraced also the making of 
 soundings and the marking out of a channel through 
 Suisun Bay. For this work he got five hundred dol- 
 lars and ten or fifteen lots. Sherman sold enough 
 lots to make an additional five hundred dollars, 
 "and," he tells us, " let the balance go, for the ' City 
 of New York of the Pacific ' never came to any- 
 thing.'' 
 
 Subsequently he made a bargain with a Mr. Plart- 
 nett to survey his ranch at Consumnees River in the 
 Sacramento Valley. General Ord was associated 
 with him in this work. It took about a month to 
 make this survey, which, when finished, was duly 
 plotted, and for it they received one-tenth of the land 
 
S6 GENEEAL SHEfeMAN. 
 
 or two sub-divlslons. Sherman by the sale of the 
 land subsequently realized three thousand dollars. 
 Ord and he did some work for a man named Bailor, 
 who paid them five hundred dollars a day for the 
 party. He invested these earnings in Sacramento 
 City lots, on which he made fair profit. 
 
 General Smith had promised Sherman that he 
 would send him East the first opportunity, and the 
 chance came in December, 1849. Smith was in 
 Oregon, and from there he sent despatches to Sher- 
 man, to be delivered in person to General Winfield 
 Scott, who was then in New York. He came back by 
 way of Panama. Scott questioned him closely, he 
 says, in regard to affairs on the Pacific coast, and 
 " startled me with the assertion that 'our country was 
 o I the eve of a terrible civil war.' He interested me 
 by anecdotes of my old army comrades in his recent 
 battles around the city of Mexico, and I felt deeply 
 the fact that our country had passed through a foreign 
 war, that my comrades had fought great battles, and 
 yet I had not heard a hostile shot. Of course I 
 thought it the last and only chance in my day and 
 that my career as a soldier was at an end." 
 
 Sent to Wasliiiig^ton by General Scott, 
 
 By order of Scott, Sherman went to Washington 
 to lay before Secretary of War Crawford the de- 
 spatches he had brought from California. He found 
 Mr. Ewing Secretary of the Interior, and of course 
 his position was in every way assured. Crawford, he 
 says, questioned him on California, but he seemed to 
 
STIREING TIMES IN CALIFORNIA. 37 
 
 be interested In the country chiefly as it related to 
 slavery and the route through Texas. The President, 
 Zachary Taylor, whom he had never met, although 
 he had served under him in Florida in 1840-41, re- 
 ceived him with great kindness, told him that he had 
 heard his name mentioned with praise, and that he 
 would be pleased to do him any act of favor. A few 
 years before, if he had spoken these words to the re- J 
 cruiting officer at Pittsburgh, he would have promptly 
 asked him to take him with him into Mexico. 
 
 Very wonderful stories are told of those old days in 
 California. Persons are now.livine who can remember 
 well when gold was first discovered, and how the gold 
 fever swept like wild-fire over the country. Men left 
 home, family, friends, and all their pleasant surround- 
 ings in the East to make their fortunes on the Pacific 
 coast. The country was in a craze; men were mad 
 to obtain sudden fortunes. 
 
 Eager for Gold. 
 
 Life In California at that time was of course rough 
 and wild. Men were their own diggers ; hands that 
 had never been hardened by work grew rough by 
 handling the spade ; wherever there was gold to be 
 had, a whole host was after it ; some men made for- 
 tunes, and many others lost the little fortune they had 
 acquired in the East in the vain endeavor to obtain a 
 larger one in the West. 
 
 Sherman's life at this time, since it brought him Into 
 contact with all grades of men, was well calculated to 
 prepare him for his future career in the service of the 
 
38 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 United States. It Is particularly important that a 
 general should have a knowledge of men, should 
 know the interests by which they are influenced,.and 
 should be able to control them at. his will. Only a 
 man of experience who has seen a great deal of the 
 world can do this. One thing is particularly to be 
 noted, however; which Is, that General Sherman did 
 not in California make a fortune for himself. How- 
 ever rich the diggings might be, he was not himself a 
 ** digger." 
 
 Men slept on the ground, and even during the 
 rainy season the sky was their only covering. As a 
 soldier in the service of the United States he had only 
 those comforts wliich soldiers obtain in the field. The 
 life of a soldier is hard anyway, and the only wonder 
 is that during his brief stay in California Sherman did 
 not break down under it. He was possessed, how- 
 ever, of an iron constitution, which served him ad- 
 mirably through his long life. The fibre of which 
 he was made was oak, not basswood. 
 
 A Fine City. 
 
 What a contrast between the California of to-day 
 and the California of forty years ago ! Now the wave 
 of civilization, sweeping westward, has struck the 
 Golden Gate. San Francisco, one of the great cities 
 of the Republic, has Its inviting streets, lofty mercan- 
 tile establishments, costly public buildings, schools, 
 churches, and financial institutions, and in some re- 
 spects is the foremost city in the land. At the time 
 when Sherman traversed the vales and climbed the 
 
STIKRING TIMES IN CALIFORNIA. 39 
 
 mountains of the country all this was but a dream, if 
 any one dreamed it at all. 
 
 As an instance of the kind of life United States 
 officers and soldiers led there, Sherman relates that 
 the servants whom General Smith had brought from 
 New Orleans, and who had pledged their word that 
 they would remain with him faithfully for a year, de- 
 serted him one after another. The ladies were left 
 without maid or attendant, and, says Sherman, with an 
 exquisite touch of humor, "The general commanding 
 all the mighty forces of the United States on the Pa- 
 cific coast had to scratch to get one good meal a day 
 for his family." There was no regular time for break- 
 fast, dinner, or supper; breakfast could generally be 
 had by twelve o'clock, and " dinner according to cir- 
 cumstances," which circumstances varied from day to 
 day, so that the most uncertain thing was the dinner, 
 as no one knew when it was coming nor what it was 
 to be composed of when it did come. 
 
 We have been more particular to refer to this ex- 
 perience of Sherman on the Pacific coast in order to 
 bring out the varying struggles of his earlier days. 
 If he had been the scion of wealth he would never 
 have been the world-renowned commander. He was 
 to be a self-made man ; he was to make his own way 
 in the world ; he was to master the world — was to 
 put the world proudly beneath his feet ; he was to 
 rise above men, stretch out his arm over them and 
 give them command, and his early experience qual- 
 ified him for his magnificent career. 
 
CHAPTER IV. 
 
 General Sherman's Romantic Marriage. — A 
 Banker in California and New York. — Be- 
 comes a Lawyer. 
 
 Sherman applied for leave of absence from army 
 duty, which was, of course, immediately granted. His 
 first ^isit was to the mother whose poverty had com- 
 pelled her to surrender him so many years before to 
 Mr. Ewing. She was then Hving at Mansfield, Ohio. 
 All through these years, while he was in Florida and 
 California, they had been in constant correspondence, 
 and he contributed handsomely toward the support 
 of the family. He returned to Washington, and on 
 May I, 1850, he was married to his old playmate, 
 Miss Ellen Boyle Ewing, the daughter of the man of 
 whom he was the adopted child. 
 
 The marriage ceremony was attended by a large 
 and distinguished company. Daniel Webster, Henry 
 Clay, Thomas H. Benton, President Taylor, and the 
 entire Cabinet were amoncr the guests. The cere- 
 mony took place at the residence of Mr. Ewing, the 
 old house subsequently owned by Francis P. Blair, on 
 Pennsylvania avenue, opposite the old War Depart- 
 ment. The wedding-tour took the young officer — 
 hen only thirty years old — and his bride to Baltimore, 
 
 40 
 
A BANKER. 41 
 
 New York, Niagara, and Ohio. They returned to 
 Washington in July. 
 
 Taylor's death followed in a few days, and Sherman 
 attended the funeral as an aide-de-camp at the request 
 of the adjutant-general of the army. Sherman's rank 
 at this time was only that of first lieutenant of the 
 Third Artillery. In the following September he joined 
 his command at Jefferson Barracks, Mo. He had not 
 been there very long when Congress increased the 
 commissary department by four new captains, and he 
 was made one of them. He was ordered to St. Louis, 
 where he relieved Captain A. J. Smith of the First 
 Dragoons. His commission bore date September 27, 
 
 1850. Sherman resided in St. Louis during the year 
 
 185 1, and in the summer of 1852 his family went to 
 Lancaster, but he remained at his post. In- Septem- 
 ber, 1852, he was ordered to New Orleans, where he 
 remained until March, 1853. He then obtained six 
 months' leave of absence, and resigned from the army 
 September 6, 1853, ^^ ^*^g^§^^ i^ the banking business 
 in San Francisco. 
 
 jjb From Barracks to Banks. 
 
 ^' Sherman sent his family to Ohio, and started for 
 California alone by way of Nicaragua. The captain 
 of the vessel lost his reckoning, and at the end of 
 eighteen days out the ship struck a reef north of San 
 Francisco, the engines stopped, and, although it was 
 four o'clock in the morninof, the decks were soon 
 crowded with terrified passengers. The sea was 
 calm, and the ship, being already on the bottom, could 
 
42 GENEKAL SHERMAN. 
 
 not sink. The passengers were soon taken on shore 
 and huddled on the beach under a bluff. Sherman 
 started off to make an examination of the country 
 and find out, if possible, where they were. He learned 
 that the ship had struck at Bantinas Creek, and that 
 a schooner was only waiting for the tide to sail to San 
 Francisco. Sherman sent back word to the captain 
 that he would go to San Francisco on the schooner 
 and send assistance. The schooner had not been 
 many hours at sea, however, when she was struck by 
 a squall which sent her over on her side. Sherman, 
 among the others; found himself in the water, but 
 they all managed to escape. He was picked up by a 
 passing boat. Finally, he got to San Francisco, but 
 if the weather had been stormy the chances are that 
 he could never have reached shore. 
 Bank Failure. 
 After making all the investigations he desired 
 about the proposed banking business, he returned 
 to New York about July, 1853, and proceeded" to 
 Lancaster, O., where his family was living. He ex- 
 plained the offer that had been made, the prospects 
 of success, and other matters connected with the enter- 
 prise. Having completed arrangements, he resigned 
 from the army, to take effect six months later. With 
 his family he left New York in September for San 
 Juan del Norte. He had then only one child, Lizzie, 
 who at the time was less than a year old. They 
 reached San Francisco safely on October 15. The ex- 
 soldier now plunged into all the mysteries of banking. 
 
 1 
 
A BANKER. 43 
 
 The banking-house of Page, Bacon & Co. soon 
 became involved in trouble, and there was a run on 
 the San Francisco branch. The failure, of course, 
 involved all the other banks in the city, and the 
 Sherman institution was no exception. This was in 
 1855. When the doors of the Sherman house were 
 opened one morning, in rushed the crowd. Several 
 gentlemen asked if their money was safe, and on 
 being assured that it was they went away satisfied. 
 Before the day closed seventy-five thousand dollars 
 in gold bullion were paid out, and the bank was kept 
 open until the usual hour for closing, meeting all 
 demands upon it. It still had a respectable amount 
 left. The run was continued the next day, and finally 
 it weathered the crisis and was left with a standing of 
 the very first class. Finally in 1855-56 business in 
 California became depressed. A great many enter- 
 prises failed. Foreign capital was withdrawn, and, on 
 the suggestion of Sherman, Mr. Lucas gradually drew 
 out of the business, settling all demands and giving 
 due notice to depositors. The house closed in April, 
 1857, having transacted its business in an honorable 
 way from first to last. , 
 
 The Old "Vigilance" Days. 
 
 Sherman bore a very prominent part in the disorders 
 that arose in San Francisco about this time and which 
 led to the establishment of the Vigilance Committee. 
 But he was on the side of law and order, believing 
 that the courts were abundandy able to purge the city 
 of crime, and that all that was required was a vigorous 
 
44 GENEEAL SHERMAN. 
 
 execution of the law. The governor, Johnson, con- 
 sulted him about the reorganization of the militia, and 
 offered him a commission as major-general of the 
 second division of militia, which embraced the city of 
 San Francisco. Sherman accepted at first, but while 
 volunteers were numerous enough, there were no 
 arms for them. In this emergency efforts were made 
 to induce General John E. Wood to loan some of the 
 Government rifles. He at first promised, but failed 
 to keep his engagement. Sherman made many un- 
 successful efforts to stop the high-handed action of the 
 Vigilance Committee, but finally withdrew from the 
 struggle and allowed things to take their course. 
 
 A Banker in New York. 
 
 After closing the bank, Sherman, on May i, 1857, 
 left San Francisco with his family, by way of Panama, 
 for New York. It had been arranged that a branch 
 bank of the St. Lcuis house was to be established 
 there, with Sherman in charge. Mr. Lucas, Major 
 Turner, and he met in New York in July to make the 
 necessary preparations. An office was rented at No. 
 12 Wall street, furniture was bought, and a teller, 
 bookkeeper, and porter hired. The new firm was to 
 bear the name of Lucas, Turner & Co. The office 
 was opened July 21, 1857, and at once began to 
 receive accounts from the West and from California. 
 Sherman went to live at No. 100 Prince street. 
 
 The Metropolitan Bank and Bank of America were 
 institutions at that time of good repute in New York, 
 and with these he established business relations. For 
 
 i 
 
A BANKER. 45 
 
 a time prosperity crowned his efforts and his financial 
 success appeared to be assured. The struggles 
 through which he had passed in years gone by, and 
 the misfortunes which had attended some of his ven- 
 tures, seemed to be over. This, as has already been 
 remarked, was in the year 1857, which was memor- 
 able for the greatest financial panic our country ever 
 saw. As a certain Friday which destroyed magnifi- 
 cent fortunes in Wall street has been called " Black 
 Friday," so 1857 might be called the black year. 
 
 Financial Disaster. 
 
 Suddenly, like a thunderbolt falling from a clear 
 sky, on the 21st of August the failure of the Ohio 
 Life and Trust Company was announced; Wall street 
 was instantly convulsed and the city was in a panic ; 
 with terrible swiftness the panic extended from New 
 York to every part of the country. Men went to bed 
 thinking they were rich, and wak^^d up to find they 
 were poor. Colossal fortunes were sv/ept away as 
 the frail cottages in the valley of Johnstown were 
 carried like chips before the awful flood. 
 
 General Sherman says the panic was so much like 
 similar ones he had witnessed in San Francisco that 
 for a time he felt no alarm, considering that he had 
 nothing very valuable at stake. He was simply 
 amused, but the turn of affairs assumed a serious 
 aspect, and affected him as it did all others in the 
 community. Western stocks and securities shrank 
 to almost worthless figures, so that the banks which 
 held them and had borrowed money on them were 
 
46 GENEBAL SHERMAN. 
 
 forced to pay their Indebtedness at once or substitute 
 other collaterals of increased value. 
 
 Startling News. 
 
 The house with which General Sherman was con- 
 nected was not indebted to parties in New York at 
 all, but its correspondents in the West were deeply 
 involved, and felt extremely anxious concerning their 
 interests, and looked to General Sherman to protect 
 them. Early in September the New York banks 
 were threatened, having caught the general alarm, 
 and grave fears were entertained for their safety. 
 
 In the very midst of this panic came the news that 
 the steamer Central America, formerly the George 
 Law, with six hundred passengers and about one 
 million six hundred thousand dollars of treasure, 
 coming from Aspinwall, had foundered at sea off the 
 coast of Georgia, and that about sixty of the passen- 
 gers had been provid«mtially picked up by a Swedish 
 bark and brought into Savannah. The absolute loss 
 of this treasure went to swell the confusion and panic 
 of the day. 
 
 All efforts to save the banks were unsuccessful; the 
 whole country was in the grasp of financial failure. 
 No man lost a single cent by the banking-house with 
 which Sherman was connected, which speaks vol- 
 umes for the integrity of those who managed Its 
 affairs. 
 
 After helping to straighten matters out in New 
 York and St. Louis, Sherman again went to San 
 Francisco to see what he could do in the way of col- 
 
A BANKER. 47 
 
 lectinof old debts due himself and the firm. He ad- 
 vertised that the notes held would be sold at auction 
 and that the real estate would be sold. Having col- 
 lected all that was possible to be collected, he sailed 
 for home. He got back to Lancaster July 28, 1858, 
 free in every way, but confronted with the serious 
 problem of finding some means of supporting a wife 
 and four children. 
 
 A Kansas Lawyer. 
 
 He conferred with Mr. Ewing and others as to 
 what he should do — this man who was to be the great 
 soldier of the Republic less than six years later. He 
 wanted to be independent if he could. There were 
 coal and salt mines belonorinor to Mr. Ewinor at 
 Chauncey, O., but Sherman was not attracted toward 
 that part of Ohio. Two of the Ewing boys were at 
 Leavenworth, Kan., where they and their father had 
 bought a good deal of land, some in the town and the 
 greater portion back in the country. Mr. Ewing 
 offered Sherman the management of his interest in 
 the speculation, and the boys were willing to give him 
 an equal copartnership in the law firm. He accepted 
 the offer, and was admitted to the bar, not by examina- 
 tion, but on the ground of general intelligence. 
 
 On the first day of the New Year, 1859, another 
 partner was admitted into the firm, which became 
 Sherman, Ewing & McCook. Business continued to 
 grow, but the income was hardly large enough for the 
 three partners, and Sherman consented to look out 
 for something more permanent and profitable. Tiiat 
 
4S GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 Spring he undertook to open a farm on a large tract 
 forty miles from Leavenworth for the benefit of Mn 
 Ewing's grand-nephew, Henry Clark, and his grand- 
 niece, Mrs. Walker. There was only a little money 
 in it, but it helped to pass away the time. 
 
 Manag-er of a Military Academy. 
 
 In June, 1859, Sherman sent a note to' Major D. 
 
 C. Buell, assistant adjutant- general, inquiring if there 
 was a vacancy among the paymasters or if he cbuld sug- 
 gest any other military employment. Floyd was then 
 Secretary of War. Buell sent Sherman the programme 
 of a military college which was about to be organized 
 in Louisiana, and advised him to apply for the posi- 
 tion of superintendent. Sherman at once addressed 
 a letter to Governor R. C. Wickliffe at Baton Rouge, 
 La. In July, 1859, Governor Wickliffe notified him 
 that he had been elected superintendent of the pro- 
 posed college, and asking him to come to Louisiana 
 as soon as possible, as they were anxious to put the 
 college into operation. 
 
 *' For this honorable position," says Sherman in 
 telling the story of his life, " I was indebted to Major 
 
 D. C. Buell and General G. Mason Graham. During 
 the Civil War it w^as reported and charged that I 
 owed my position to the personal friendship of 
 Generals Bragg and Beauregard, and that in taking 
 up arms against the South I had been guilty of a 
 breach of hospitality and friendship. I was not in- 
 debted to General Bragg, because he himself told me 
 that he was not even aware that I was an applicant, 
 
A BANKER. 49 
 
 and had favored the selection of Major Jenkins, an- 
 other West Point graduate. General Beauregard had 
 nothlngr whatever to do with the matter." 
 
 Sherman reported to Governor Wickliffe, who by 
 virtue of his position was the president of the board 
 of supervisors of the new institution, in the autumn of 
 1859. The college buildings were near Alexandria, 
 in the parish of Rapides. It was a large and hand- 
 some house, surrounded by about four hundred acres 
 of pine lands, with numerous springs. The institu- 
 tion was opened with a good staff of professors 
 January Vi, i860. A series of by-laws for its govern- 
 ment had been drawn up and thi title of the " Louis- 
 iana Seminary of Learning and Military Academy " 
 was given to it. The title grew out of the original 
 grant by Congress of a certain township of public 
 land, to be sold by the State and dedicated to the use 
 of a " seminary of learning." 
 
 Sixty cadets appeared on the day of the opening, 
 and everything started on pretty much the same lines 
 as at West Point, but without uniforms or muskets. 
 During the first term there were seventy-three cadets, 
 of whom nearly sixty passed the examination In July, 
 i860. Defects were found in the act of Incorporation, 
 and the legislature, at the suggestion of Sherman, 
 amended it. Handsome appropriations were made 
 for the support of the cadets, the erection of new 
 buildings and the purchase of scientific apparatus. 
 The seminary was made a State arsenal, and was placed 
 in a fair way toward ef^ciency and prosperity. 
 
CHAPTER V. 
 
 Prophet and Patriot. — Advice to the War De- 
 partment Treated as a Proof of Insanity. 
 
 Sherman, however, could not be happy away from 
 the tap of the drum. As stated, he was made president 
 of the Louisiana State Mihtary Academy with a salary 
 of five thousand dollars, and he stayed there until 
 Louisiana's talk of secession roused his ire, and then 
 penned the following sharp and patriotic letter: 
 
 Jan. i8, i86i. 
 
 Governor Thomas O. Moore, Baton Rouge, La. : 
 
 Sir : As I occupy a ^nast-mWitdiry position under 
 this State, I deem it proper to acquaint you that I 
 accepted such position when Louisiana was a State in 
 the Union, and when the motto of the seminary was 
 inserted in marble over the main door: "By the liber- 
 ality of the General Government of the United^ 
 States — the Union, £slo perpetua!' Recent events 
 foreshadow a great change, and it becomes all men 
 to choose. If Louisiana withdraws from the Federal 
 Union, I prefer to maintain my allegiance to the old 
 Constitution as long as a fragment of it survives, and 
 my longer stay here would be wrong in every sense 
 of the word. In that event I beg you will send or 
 appoint some authorized agent to take charge of the 
 
 60 • ' 
 
GENERAL GEORGE B. McCLELLAN. 
 
 U 
 
62 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 arms and munitions of war here belonging to the 
 State, or direct me what disposition should be made 
 of them. And furthermore, as president of the board 
 of supervisors I beg you to take immediate steps to 
 relieve me as superintendent the moment the State 
 determines to secede, for on no earthly account will I 
 do any act or think any thought hostile to or in defi- 
 ance of the old Government of the United States. 
 With great respect, etc., 
 
 W. T. Sherman. 
 
 His resignation was accepted, and he removed to 
 St. Louis. Pending the dreadful days of doubt be- 
 tween the inauguration of President Lincoln and the 
 firing upon Sumter, Sherman was at Washington, a 
 close observer of a^airs. He held a position as su- 
 perintendent ^f a street railway in St. Louis at a 
 salary of two thousand dollars, but his heart was in 
 mightier things than transportation, and he was ready 
 to obey the first call of duty. 
 
 He Meets with a Coo! Reception. 
 
 It came in the spring and found Sherman waiting. 
 He met the fate which so often overtakes enthusiasdc 
 souls. The Secretary of War received him coldly, 
 saying that he thought the ebullition of feeling would 
 soon subside. Even President Lincoln did not then 
 believe that the nation would be plunged into civil 
 war. 
 
 ** Humph !" said Sherman in his blunt way; "you 
 might as well try to put out a fire with a squirt gun 
 
PROPHET AND PATRIOT. 
 
 53 
 
 as expect to put down this rebellion with three 
 months' troops." 
 
 He refused to go to Ohio for the purpose of rais- 
 ing three months' troops, declaring that the whole 
 military power of the country should be called out at 
 
 ABRAHAM LINCOLN. 
 
 once to crush the rebellion In Its inclplency. Well 
 would It have been If his advice had been taken. It 
 was worthy of consideration, for his residence In 
 Louisiana had given him an inkling of the tremend- 
 ous feelinof In the South — a feellne which the author!- 
 ties at Washington did not fully appreciate. 
 
64 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 
 Sherman's patriotic ardor was at last rewarded, and 
 he was appointed by General McDowell a colonel of 
 the Thirteenth Infantry, regular army. At the batde 
 of Bull Run he was in command of the Third brigade 
 of the First division, and his command was the only 
 one in that memorable defeat which retired from the 
 field in good order. For his soldierly qualities In this 
 batde he was promoted to the rank of brigadier- 
 general of volunteers, and was ordered to join An- 
 derson, the hero of Sumter, who was in command of 
 the Department of the Ohio, with headquarters at 
 Louisville. General Anderson's ill-health forced him 
 to resign, and Sherman succeeded to the command. 
 
 Good Advice Disregarded. 
 
 The affairs of the department were in a bad way. 
 Sherman applied for reinforcements. In reply to a 
 question of Secretary Cameron as to the number of 
 troops required for a successful advance, Sherman 
 said that "to make a successful advance against the 
 enemy — then strongly posted at all strategic points 
 from the Mississippi to Cumberland Gap — would re- 
 quire an army two hundred thousand strong." For 
 this reply he was adjudged to be "crazy." Being 
 thus in discredit with the War Department, he asked 
 to be relieved. General Buell succeeded him, and he 
 retired to the command of Benton Barracks, near St. 
 Louis. 
 
 Grant, who still had his spurs to win, stood by 
 Sherman in this opinion, and the latter never forgot 
 it One day, shortly after the occupation of Savan- 
 
PROPHET AND PATRIOT. 55 ^ 
 
 nah by Sherman, a prominent civilian approached Te- " 
 
 cumseh and sought to win favor by disparaging Grant. ] 
 
 " It won't do, sir," said Sherman; "It won't do at ] 
 all. Grant Is a great general. He stood by me when 
 
 I was crazy, and I stood by him when he was drunk i 
 
 and now, by thunder, sir, we stand by each other." ^ 
 
 Not so Crazy as Others. ! 
 
 Subsequent events proved that Sherman was again ,; 
 
 right and the authorities at Washington wrong. If \ 
 
 the Confederates had made good use of their oppor- '] 
 
 tunitles. General Buckner might have made good his ] 
 boast of investinof Louisville before winter. 
 
 What hurt Sherman more than to be called crazy ! 
 
 was to have the details of a private conversation with . 
 Secretary Cameron and General Thomas, in which he 
 
 fully reported the condition of his troops, amply re^ ] 
 
 peated in the newspapers, thus giving the enemy in- ] 
 
 valuable information reeardinof the weakness of his ; 
 
 position. The enemy took advantage of this know- ( 
 
 ledge, and Sherman was forced to employ strategy to | 
 
 hold his position. He recognized that he was In d\s> i 
 
 favor with the War Department, and had the good ] 
 sense to retire from a conflict which must have proved 
 
 disastrous to him and to the men under his command. \ 
 
 Sherman was always a man of rare patience, and it i 
 
 never stood him in better stead than in this Instance. ; 
 
 Saved the Day at Shiloh. ^ 
 
 His opportunity came In the following year, 1862, ; 
 when he was early called Into the field and assigned . 
 to the command of the district of Cairo. In Febru- ^ ; 
 
56 GENERAL StlERMAN. 
 
 ary his headquarters were at Paducah, Ky., and he 
 rendered General Grant invaluable assistance in for- 
 warding troops and supplies to the latter, who was 
 operating on the Tennessee and Cumberland rivers. 
 After the capture of Fort Donelson he was assigned 
 to the command of the Fifth division of the Army of 
 the Tennessee, Major-General Grant commanding. 
 
 In the batde of Shiloh he first displayed the hidden 
 merit which, up to that time, had only met with the 
 ridicule of his superiors. 
 
 General Grant, always generous in giving praise to 
 those beneath him, paid this tribute to Sherman's 
 work : 
 
 "To General Sherman I was greatly Indebted for 
 his promptness in forwarding to me, during the siege 
 of Fort Donelson, reinforcements and supplies from 
 Paducah. At the battle of Shiloh, on the last day, he 
 held, with raw troops, the key-point of the landing. 
 It is no disparagement to any other officer to say that 
 I do not believe there was another division com- 
 mander on the field who had the skill and experience 
 to have done It. To his Individual efforts I am In- 
 debted for the success of that batde." 
 
 Valor and Promotion. 
 
 General Halleck, In his despatch to the Secretary 
 of War recommending General Sherman for promo- 
 tion, said of him: ''It Is the unanimous opinion here 
 that Brigadier-General W. T. Sherman saved the for- 
 tunes of the day on the 6th of April and contributed 
 largely to the glorious victory of the 7th. He was In 
 
58 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 the thickest of the fight on both days, having three 
 horses killed under him and beine wounded twice. I 
 respectfully request that he be made a major-general 
 of volunteers, to date from the 6th instant." 
 
 With such glorious and gallant tributes as these, 
 who will deny to William Tecumseh Sherman the 
 meed of his deserts ? The flaming torch of truth 
 speaks from the battle-field. It is only when men are 
 grown cold and selfish that the spirit of envy detracts 
 from a man's true worth. 
 
 On the recommendation of General Halleck, Gen- 
 eral Sherman was promoted to be a major-general of 
 volunteers, his rank dating from May i, 1862. He 
 next took part in the operations against Corinth, and 
 his troops were the first to enter the enemy's works 
 upon the morning of May 30. j 
 
 Sherman's Plan of Campaign. ^ 
 
 The summer of 1862 was passed in completely over- 
 running and subjecting that portion of Tennessee I 
 lying west of the Tennessee River. Sherman moved 
 at the head of a column across the country toward 
 Memphis. The city capitulated to the gunboats on 
 June 6, and Sherman occupied it and assumed com- 
 mand July 22. I 
 
 He found the city under a reign of terror, but his j 
 strong arm soon brought order out of chaos. The j 
 turbulent element was quelled and Union people in 
 the city once more breathed free. 
 
 An interesting glimpse into Sherman's scheme of 
 campaign was given by him in a speech delivered in 
 
PROPHET AND PATRIOT. 69 
 
 St. Louis in the summer of 1865. " Here in St. Louis, 
 probably," he said, " began the great centre movement 
 which terminated the war; a batde-field such as never- 
 before was seen, extending from ocean to ocean al- 
 most with the right wing and the left wing ; and from 
 the centre here. I remember one evening up in the 
 old Planters' House sitting with General Halleck and 
 General Cullum, and we were talking about this, that, 
 and the other. A map was on the table, and I was 
 explaining the position of the troops of the enemy in 
 Kentucky, when I came to this State. 
 
 Halleck's Question. 
 
 " General Halleck knew well the position here, and 
 I remember well the quesdon he asked me — the ques- 
 tion of the school-teacher to his child : ' Sherman, here 
 is the line ; how will you break that line ? ' — ' Physically, 
 by a perpendicular force.' — * Where is the perpendic- 
 ular?' — *The line of the Tennessee River.' General 
 Halleck is the author of that first beginning, and I 
 give him credit for it with pleasure. Laying down 
 his pencil upon the map, he said, 'There is the line, 
 and we must take it.' The capture of the forts on the 
 Tennessee River by the troops led by Grant followed. 
 
 "These were the grand strategic features of that first 
 movement, and it succeeded perfectly. General Hal- 
 leck's plan went farther — not to stop at his first line, 
 which ran through Columbus, Bowling Green, crossing 
 the river at Henry and Donelson, but to push on to 
 the second line, which ran through Memphis and 
 Charleston ; but troubles Intervened at Nashville and 
 
60 GENERAL SHEKMAK 
 
 delays followed ; opposition to the last movement was 
 made, and I myself was brought an actor on the scene. 
 I remember our ascent on the Tennessee River ; I 
 have seen to-night captains of steamboats who first 
 went with us there ; storms came and we did not 
 reach the point we desired. At that time General 
 C. F. Smith was in command. He was a man indeed. 
 All the old officers remember him as a gallant and 
 elegant officer, and had he lived probably some of us 
 younger fellows would not have attained our present 
 positions. 
 
 **We Foiig-lit and Held our Ground." 
 *' We followed the line — the second line—and then 
 came the landing of forces at Pittsburg Landing. 
 Whether it was a mistake in landing them on the 
 west instead of the east bank it is not necessary now 
 to discuss. I think it was not a mistake. There was 
 gathered the first great army of the West, commen- 
 cing with only twelve thousand, then twenty thousand, 
 then thirty thousand, and we had about thirty-eight 
 thousand in that battle, and all I claim for that is that 
 it was a contest for manhood. Tliere was no strategy. 
 Grant was there and others of us, all young at that 
 time and unknovv^n men, but our enemy was old, and 
 Sidney Johnson, whom all the officers remembered as 
 a power among the old officers, high above Grant, 
 myself, or anybody else, led the enemy on that batde- 
 field, and I almost wonder how we conquered. But, 
 as I remarked, it was a contest for manhood — man to 
 man — soldier to soldier. We fought and we held our 
 
62 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 ground, and therefore accounted ourselves victorious. 
 From that time forward we had with us the prestige ; 
 that battle was worth millions and millions to us by 
 reason of the fact of the courage displayed by the 
 brave soldiers on that occasion, and from that time to 
 this I never heard of the first want of courage on the 
 part of our Northern soldiers." 
 
 Sherman counted the war virtually ended when 
 Vicksburg was taken and "the Mississippi ran un- 
 vexed to the sea ;" but the Confederates would not 
 have it so, and there had to be more fighting. Jeffer- 
 son Davis had the Southerners well trained, and he 
 refused to ratify the work of the Union armies, being 
 vexatiously obstinate. 
 
 Movements against Vicksburg-. 
 
 In November, Sherman was assigned to the com- 
 mand of the right wing of the Army of the Tennes- 
 see, and conducted an expedition threatening the 
 enemy's rear south of the Tallahatchie River, and 
 enabled General Grant to occupy the position without 
 a fight. In December he, having returned to Mem- 
 phis, was assigned to the command of the Fifteenth 
 army corps, still continuing, however, in the general 
 command of the right wing of the army. In the 
 middle of the same month he organized an expedi- 
 tion composed of the Thirteenth and Fifteenth corps, 
 and moved down the Mississippi on transports, with 
 a view to an attack upon Vicksburg from the Yazoo 
 River, near Chickasaw Bayou and Haines' Bluff. The 
 surrender of Holly Springs, Miss., enabling the enemy 
 
PKOPHET AND PATRIOT. 
 
 63 
 
 to concentrate at the point of attack, frustrated the 
 efforts of the Union troops. 
 
 The terrible fighting of December 27th, 28th, and 
 29th settled the fact that the place could not be taken 
 by storm, and the troops were withdrawn to consum- 
 mate the glorious victory of Arkansas Post in Janu- 
 
 GRANT'S HEADQUARTERS NEAR VICKSBURG. 
 
 ary, 1863. In this last action General Sherman was 
 subordinate to General McClellan, having been as- 
 signed by that officer to the command of the right 
 wing of the temporary Army of the Mississippi. 
 Upon the concentration of troops preparatory to 
 further movements against Vicksburg, General Sher- 
 man was stationed with his corps in the vicinity of 
 
64 GENEKAL SHERMAN. 
 
 Young's Point. In March, 1863, he conducted the 
 expedition up Steele's Bayou and released A^dmiral 
 Porter's fleet of orunboats, which, having been cut off 
 and invested by the enemy, was In imminent danger 
 of being captured. This expedition was perhaps one 
 of the most severe ever experienced by his troops. 
 They penetrated through a country cut up by numer- 
 ous and deep bayous and swamps and overgrown by 
 immense forests of cotton wood and cypress. Sher- 
 man, with his usual determination, was not to be 
 thwarted, and pushed ahead and accomplished his 
 object. 
 
CHAPTER VI. 
 
 Army of the Tennessee. — Sherman Co-operates 
 
 with Grant.-— Forward Movements. j 
 
 Upon the Inaiio:u ration of General Grant's move- ^^ 
 
 ment across the Peninsula to Grand Gulf and Bruins- : 
 burg, during April 1863, General Sherman made a 
 
 feint upon Haines' Bluff, on the Yazoo River. His ' 
 
 demonstration (April 26th and 29th) was intended to , 
 hold the enemy about Vicksburg while the main army 
 was securing a foothold on the eastern shore of the 
 
 Mississippi below. Having successfully performed ; 
 
 this duty, by means of rapid and forced marches he ; 
 moved down the Louisiana, side of the river, crossed 
 
 at Grand Gulf, and immediately pushed forward and . 
 rejoined General Grant's main army. 
 
 Sherman, with his corps, accompanied McPherson ; 
 
 on his movement against Jackson, the capital of Mis- ^ 
 
 sissippi. In the batde of Jackson, Sherman took no ; 
 
 part, in consequence of the rout of the enemy being i 
 
 effected by McPherson's corps alone. The day after .. 
 
 the batde McPherson hurried toward Baker's Creek, \ 
 
 while Sherman remained in Jackson some hours longer i 
 
 to complete the destruction of the enemy's stores and j 
 the railroad. He then moved on a line parallel with 
 
 the route of march of McPherson's column, crossed ^ 
 
 6 66 ; 
 
ee 
 
 GENEBAL SHERMAN. 
 
 the Big Black River and took possession of Walnut 
 Hills, near Vicksburg, on May i8th. 
 
 The occupation of this important position enabled 
 General Grant to open communication with his depot 
 of supplies on the Mississippi River, by way of Yazoo 
 
 GENERAL ULYSSES S. GRANT. 
 
 River, from Chickasaw Bayou. During the siege of 
 Vicksburg, Sherman's corps held the left of General 
 Grant's lines and co-operated in all the combined at- 
 tacks of the centre and right. During the conference 
 between the rebel commander Pemberton and Gen- 
 eral Grant in regard to the terms of capitulation for 
 
ARMY OF THE TENNESSEE. 
 
 67 
 
 the garrison and city of Vicksburg-, Sherman was 
 vigorously engaged in organizing an expedition at 
 the Big Black River. The plan was to carry the war 
 into the enemy's country; hence the preparations for 
 this expedition. 
 
 GENERAL JOE JOHNSTON. J 
 
 •No sooner had VIcksbiirof surrendered than he re- \ 
 
 ceived orders to throw his force across the river and ' 
 move out Into the country. Vicksburg was occupied 
 
68 GENERAL SHEKMAN. 
 
 on the morning of the 4th of July. The same after- 
 noon troops were converging from all parts of the 
 old lines, and Sherman's advance had already crossed 
 the Big Black. 
 
 Two days' march found Sherman investing Joe 
 Johnston in Jackson. Before the beginning of 
 August he engaged the enemy, and, defeating him 
 severely, was about to close in upon his rear when 
 the rebel commander very prudently withdrew. 
 
 For his great service in the military operations of 
 1863, Major-General Sherman w^as promoted to the 
 rank of brigadier-general in the regular army, to date 
 from July 4, 1863, and was confirmed by the United 
 States Senate February 29, 1864. 
 
 Sherman Succeeds Grant. 
 
 Upon the assignment of General Grant to the 
 command of the military division of the Mississippi, 
 General Sherman succeeded, by authority of the 
 President, to the command of the Department and 
 Army of the Tennessee, to date from October 27, 
 1863. After making some necessary changes in the 
 disposition of the troops on the Mississippi River, 
 Sherman concentrated portions of the Fifteenth and 
 Sixteenth corps at Corinth, and in the month of No- 
 vember moved, by way of Tuscumbia and Decatur, 
 Ala., to join and participate with General Grant in 
 his winter campaign against Chattanooga. General 
 Sherman's forces moved up the north side of the 
 Tennessee River, and during the nights of Novem- 
 ber 23d and 24th established pontoon-bridges and 
 
AEMY OF THE TENNESSEE. 69 i 
 
 effected a lodgment on the south side, between Citico 
 Creek and the Chickamauga River. 
 
 After the development of the plans along other i 
 
 portions of the lines, on the 24th Sherman carried ^ 
 
 the eastern end of Missionary Ridge up to the tun- i 
 
 nel. On the next day the whole of Missionary ^ 
 
 Ridge, from Rossville to the Chickamauga, was car- ! 
 
 ried after a series of desperate struggles. By the ; 
 turning of the enemy's right and forcing it back 
 
 upon Ringgold and Dalton, Sherman's forces were \ 
 
 thrown between Bragg and Longstreet, completely ' 
 
 severing the enemy's lines. No sooner was this end \ 
 
 reached than Thomas and Hooker forced BraeS!" into ; 
 Georofia, while Sherman, with his own and Granorer's 
 
 forces, moved off to the succor of Knoxville. Burn- ^ 
 
 side, by a gallant defence of the position, held out .: 
 
 against Longstreet, who upon the appearance of ' 
 Sherman was obliged to raise the sies^e and effected 
 
 his escape by withdrawing into Virginia. The enemy i 
 
 being defeated at every point, his army broken and ] 
 his plans completely disarranged, and Grant's army 
 
 in winter quarters. General Sherman personally left i 
 
 for Cairo, thence for Memphis, arriving in the begin- i 
 ning of January. After organizing a portion of the 
 Sixteenth corps for the field, he despatched it upon 
 
 transports to VIcksburg. , . 
 
 Pushes on to Vicksbiirg-. 
 
 In the latter part of the month he joined It, and fin- : 
 
 ished the organization of a fine body of troops, com- ; 
 
 posed of portions of the Sixteenth army corps, \ 
 
70 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 Major-General S. A. Hurlbut commanding, and the 
 Seventeenth army corps, Major-General James B. 
 McPherson commanding. 
 
 On the 3d of February the expeditionary army, 
 commanded in person by Sherman, crossed the Big 
 Black, and after continuous skirmishinij alonor the 
 route entered Meridian, Miss., February 14, 1864, 
 driving Polk, with a portion of his army, toward 
 Mobile, another portion toward Selma, and com- 
 pletely cutting off Lovell from the main army, pur- 
 suing him with cavalry northward toward Marion. 
 Remaining in possession of Meridian four days, the 
 railroads converging there were destroyed within 
 a radius of twenty miles. The army then returned by 
 a different route, reaching Canton, Miss., February 26. 
 
 Turning over the command of his army to McPher- 
 son, with instructions to devastate the country and 
 then to continue the return march to Vicksburo-, 
 General Sherman, at eiofht o'clock the next morninof . 
 escorted by the Second Iowa Cavalry, pushed through 
 in advance of the army, riding over sixty miles in 
 twenty-four-hours, and reached Vicksburg on the 
 morning of February 28th. Remaining in the city but 
 a few hours, he embarked on one of the boats of the 
 Mississippi Marine brigade and left for New Orleans. 
 
 At the expiration of eight days he returned to 
 Vicksburg, having during his absence consulted with 
 General Banks upon the Red River expedition, toward 
 which he was to contribute a co-operating column. 
 This force was immediately organized and equipped, 
 
ARMY OF THE TENNESSEE. 71 
 
 and embarked in March for die mouth of Red River, 
 and was commanded by Generals A. J. Smith and 
 Thomas Kilby Smith, both veteran officers of large 
 experience and ability. Sherman now left ior 
 Memphis. 
 
 On to Atlanta. 
 
 The promotion of General Grant to the rank of 
 lieutenant-general and commander-in-chief of the 
 armies of the United States opened a still higher pro- 
 motion to General Sherman. By authority of the 
 President, expressed in general orders dated March 
 1 2th, he was assigned to the command of the military 
 division of the Mississippi. On the 14th of March 
 he received notification of his appointment while at 
 Memphis. He immediately left for Nashville, and 
 held a conference with General Grant upon the sub- 
 ject of the spring operations. Between the two 
 officers there was a full and complete understanding 
 of the policy and plans for the ensuing campaign, 
 which was designed to embrace a vast area of country. 
 On the 25th, General Sherman commenced a tour of 
 inspection of the various armies of his command, visit- 
 ing Athens, Decatur, Huntsville, and Larkln's Ferry, 
 Ala. ; Chattanooga, Loudon, and Knoxville, Tenn. 
 
 In the course of his visit he held interviews with 
 Major-General McPherson at Huntsville, Major-Gen- 
 eral Thomas at Chattanooga, and Major-General 
 Schofield at Knoxville. With these officers he ar- 
 ranged in general terms the lines of communication 
 to be guarded, the strength of the several columns 
 
72 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 and garrisons, and appointed the ist of May as the 
 time for everything to be in readiness. While these 
 commanders were carrying out their instructions 
 General Sherman returned to Nashville, giving his 
 personal attention to the subject of supplies, organiz- 
 ing a magnificent system of railroad communication 
 by two routes from Nashville, and preparing the way 
 for future operations. 
 
 Three Great Armies. 
 
 The storehouses and depots of Chattanooga soon 
 groaned beneath the weight of abundance. The 
 whole of East Tennessee and Northern Alabama 
 contributed to the general, store, while the whole 
 North-west and West poured volumes of sustenance 
 through the avenues of communication from Louis- 
 ville. On the 27th of April the three great armies of 
 his division were converoflnor at Chattanooofa. The 
 1st of May witnessed over sixty thousand troops and 
 one hundred and thirty guns forming the Army of 
 the Cumberland, Major-General George H. Thomas 
 commanding, encamped in the vicinity of Ringgold, Ga. 
 
 McPherson, with a portion of Grant's old veteran 
 and victorious battalions of the Army of the Tennes- 
 see, numbering twenty-five thousand troops of all 
 arms and ninety-six guns, lay at Gordon's Mill, on the 
 historic Chickamauga. General Schofield, with over 
 thirteen thousand troops and twenty-eight guns, con- 
 stituting the Army of the Ohio, lay on the Georgia 
 line, north of Dalton. In the aggregate these three 
 armies formed a grand army of over ninety-eight 
 
AKMY OF THE TENNESSEE. 73 
 
 thousand men and two hundred and fifty-four guns, 
 under the supreme command of General Sherman. 
 
 Preparing for Attack. 
 
 The enemy, superior in cavalry and with three 
 corps of infantry and artillery, commanded by Hardee^ 
 Hood, and Polk, and all under the command of General 
 Joseph E. Johnston, lay in and about Dalton. His posi- 
 tion was covered by an inaccessible ridge known as the 
 Rocky Face, through which ran Buzzard Roost Gap. 
 The railroad and wagon road following this pass the 
 enemy had strongly defended by abattis and well- 
 constructed fortifications. Batteries commanded it in 
 its whole length, and especially from a ridge at its far- 
 ther end, like a traverse directly across its debouch. 
 To drive the enemy from this position by the front 
 was impossible. After well reconnoitring the vicinity, 
 but one practicable route by which to attack Johnston 
 was found, and that was by Snake Creek Gap, by 
 which Resaca, a point on the enemy's railroad com- 
 munication, eighteen miles below Dalton, could be 
 reached. 
 
 Accordingly, McPherson w^as instructed to move 
 rapidly from his position at Gordon's Mill, by way of 
 Ship's Gap, Villanow, and Snake Creek Gap, directly 
 upon Resaca. During this movement Thomas was to 
 make a strono- feint attack in front, and Schofield w^as 
 to press down from the north. Thomas occupied 
 Tunnel Hill May 7, facing Buzzard Roost Gap, ex- 
 periencing litde opposition except from cavalry. Mc- 
 Pherson reached Snake Creek Gap May 8, surprising 
 
74 
 
 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 a brigade of the enemy while e7i route to occupy It. 
 May 9, Schofield moved down from the north close 
 on Dalton. The same day Newton's division of the 
 
 1 ILKLli ON Dbl\ 
 
 Fourth corps carried the ridge, Geary of the Twen- 
 tieth corps crowding on for the summit. 
 
 While this was going on at the front the head of 
 McPherson's column made Its appearance near Resaca 
 and took position confronting the enemy's works. 
 May 10 the Twentieth corps (Hooker) moved to join 
 
ARMY OF THE TENNESSEE. 75 
 
 McPherson ; the Fourteenth corps (Palmer) followed; 
 the Fotirth corps (Howard) commenced pounding 
 Dalton from the front. Meanwhile, Schofield also 
 hastened to join McPherson. May ii the whole 
 army, with the exception of Howard's corps and some 
 cavalr}', was In motion for Snake Creek Gap. May l2, 
 McPherson debouched from the gap on the main road, 
 Kilpatrick with his cavalry in front. 
 
 Thomas moved on McPherson's left, Schofield on 
 Thomas's left. Kilpatrick drove die enemy within 
 two miles of Resaca. Kilpatrick having been wound- 
 ed. Colonel Murry took command, and, wheeling out 
 of the road, McPherson's columns ^crowded impetu- 
 ously by, and, driving the enemy's advance within the 
 defences of Resaca, occupied a ridge of bold hills, his 
 right resting on the OostenauJa, two miles below the 
 railroad bridge, and his left abreast of the town. 
 Thomas, on his left, facing Camp Creek, and Scho- 
 field, forcing his way through a dense forest, came in 
 on the extreme left. 
 
 The enemy had evacuated Dalton and was now 
 concentrated at Resaca. Howard occupied Dalton 
 and hung upon the enemy's rear. May 14 the batde 
 of Resaca commenced: May 15 it continued. The 
 same night the enemy was flying toward the Eto- 
 wah. The whole army followed in pursuit. May 19, 
 Sherman held all the country north of the Etowah 
 and several crossings of that stream. May 23 the 
 whole army was moving upon the flank of the ene- 
 my's position in the Allatoona Mountains. May 25, 
 
76 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 Hooker whipped the enemy near New Hope Church. 
 On May 28, McPherson killed and wounded about 
 five thousand of the enemy near Dallas. June 6 the 
 enemy was in hasty retreat to his next position at 
 Kenesaw Mountains. . June 8, Blair arrived at Ack- 
 worth with the fresh troops of the Seventeenth corps. 
 June II the sounds of Sherman's ardllery reverbera- 
 ted among the rugged contortions of Kenesaw. July 
 3 the enemy was pressing for the Chattahoochee. The 
 mountains and Marietta were occupied by our forces 
 the same day. 
 
 The Gallant McPhersoD's Death. 
 
 The enemy haei a tete-du pout and formidable works 
 on the Chattahoochee at the railroad crossing. Sher- 
 man advanced boldly with a small force on the front. 
 July 7, Schofield had possession of one of the enemy's 
 pontoons and occupied the south side of the Chatta- 
 hoochee. By July 9. Sherman held three crossings. 
 Johnston abandoned his tete-du-pont, and there was na 
 enemy north or west of the Chattahoochee July 10. 
 July 17 the whole army was in motion across the 
 Chattahoochee. July 18, Atlanta was cut off from the 
 east. Rousseau, with an expeditionary cavalry force, 
 was operating within the enemy's lines. July 20 all 
 the armies closed in upon Atlanta. The same after- 
 noon the enemy attacked Hooker and was driven 
 into his intrenchments. On July 22, Johnston was 
 relieved, and Hood, in command of the enemy, sud- 
 denly attacked McPherson's extreme left with over- 
 powering numbers. Giles A. Smith held the position 
 
AKMY OF THE TENNESSEE. 77 
 
 first attacked with a division of McPlierson's troops. 
 First he fought from one side of the parapet, when, 
 being attacked in the rear, he fought from the other. 
 McPherson's whole army soon became engaged. The 
 battle was the most desperate of the campaign. Mc- 
 Pherson was killed when the contest was the thickest. 
 His last order saved the army. Logan succeeded to 
 command. " McPherson and revenue ! " rano- alone 
 the lines. The effect was electric, and victory closed 
 in with the night. The battle footed up nine thousand 
 of the enemy against four thousand of our own troops 
 killed and wounded — a balance in our favor of five 
 thousand dead and mangled bodies. • 
 
CHAPTER VII. 
 
 From Atlanta to the Sea. — Thrilling Story of 
 One of the Greatest Feats in Military His- 
 tory. 
 
 After Vicksburg, Sherman was soon to be heard 
 from amone the mountains of Tennessee. Rose- 
 crans, having encountered Brao-Sf in the tremendous 
 batde of Chickamauga, had fallen back into Chatta- 
 nooga and was virtually under siege. Grant, sum- 
 moned thither from Vicksbure to take command, 
 hurried Sherman, who had succeeded to the com- 
 mand of the Army of the Tennessee, to the rescue. 
 
 Arrivin or at Chattanooga from the lone -march, 
 Sherman took post on Grant's left at Tunnel Hill, 
 and when all was ready engaged the enemy hotly ; 
 while Thomas, with the Army of the Cumberland, 
 "forming on the plain below with the precision of 
 parade," swept magnificently across Mission Ridge 
 and drove Bracrof back into Georgia. Meanwhile, 
 Burnside had been besieged by Longstreet at 
 Knoxville, and was in great stress. Without a 
 pause for rest, Sherman was sent to his relief, but 
 Bragg's disaster had broken up the siege, and Sher- 
 man marched back to Chattanooo:a. Congress voted 
 thanks to him and his m^n " for their gallant and 
 arduous services in marchinor to the relief of the 
 
FROM ATLANTA TO THE SEA. 
 
 79 
 
 Army of the Cumberland, and for their gallantry and 
 heroism in ,the battle of Chattanooga, which con- 
 tributed in a great degree to the success of our arms 
 in that glorious victory." 
 
 -^ 
 
 GENERAL oEukGi:. H. THOMAS. 
 
 Ecxrly in 1874, General Sherman was invested with 
 the command of the entire South-west, and on the - 
 19th of April he received his final instructions from 
 General Grant for the movement aoainst Atlanta. 
 
80 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 Starting from Ringgold, in front of Chattanooga, 
 with nearly one hundred thousand men, including 
 Thomas's Army of the Cumberland, over sixty 
 thousand strong, McPherson's Army of the Ten- 
 nessee, and Schofield's Army of the Ohio, Sherman 
 drove back his opponent, the wary and skilful Gen- 
 eral J. E. Johnston, in a series of remarkable move- 
 ments, now fighting and now flanking him. Sherman 
 came up with Johnston at Dalton, turned his position 
 at Buzzard's Roost, assaulted him at Resaca, flanked 
 him again and threw him back to Cassville and the 
 Etowah, and fought him again at New Hope Church 
 and on the heights of the Kenesaw, finally compel- 
 ling him to fall back on Atlanta, with all of 
 Northern Georgia at the mercy of the victorious 
 invader. 
 
 Thanks from President Lincoln. 
 
 In the mean time Hood superseded Johnston, but 
 he lost in quick succession the battles of Peach Tree 
 Creek, Ezra Church, opposite Atlanta, and Jonesboro, 
 twenty miles away, after which the victorious army 
 entered the city, where Sherman received from Presi- 
 dent Lincoln the thanks of the nation "for the dis- 
 tinguished ability and perseverance displayed in 
 the campaign in Georgia, which, under Divine favor, 
 has resulted in the capture of Atlanta. The marches,' 
 battles, sieges, and other military operations that have 
 signalized the campaign must render it famous in the 
 annals of war." 
 
 The occasion of this disting^uished praise is found 
 
FROM ATLANTA TO THE SEA. 81 
 
 in Sherman's famous march and conquests, which we 
 now proceed to describe. 
 
 There was little of the vivid interest then attached 
 to the fiercely-contending- armies in Virginia in Sher- 
 man's famous march to the sea. However, it was far 
 more brilliant, showed greater mastery of the art of 
 war, and was fraught with more important results than 
 were dreamed of at the time. 
 
 Illustrious Commanders. 
 
 Sherman had met Grant at Nashville in the middle 
 of March, and had accompanied him to Cincinnati, 
 during which time the plans of the campaign were 
 matured. He was in command of the principal 
 Western armies — the Army of the Tennessee, under 
 McPherson ; the Army of the Cumberland, under 
 Thomas ; atid the Army of the Ohio, under Schofield. 
 All were officers of the regular army and graduates 
 of West Point. All had Ion or served with the Western 
 armies, and had received their promotion after dis- 
 tinguished services. Thomas, older than his brother- 
 generals, a Virginian by birth, had never faltered in 
 his allegiance to the Union, and had quickly arrived 
 at high command in the West. At the disastrous 
 battle of Chickamauga he alone had achieved renown 
 when others had suffered defeat and disgrace. Mc- 
 Pherson had won each successive step of his promo- 
 tion by brilliant services from Fort Donelson to Vicks- 
 burg. Schofield, the youngest of the three and class- 
 mate of McPherson and of his later Confederate 
 opponent, Hood, had shown administrative capacity 
 
82 GENERAL SHERlVrAN. 
 
 and military ability of a high order when in command 
 of the Department of the Missouri. 
 
 Such were the generals under Sherman's immediate 
 command, in whom he had complete confidence and 
 which they In turn fully reciprocated. 
 
 The Confederate forces were also led' by men edu- 
 cated at West Point, and who had seen service In 
 the regular army. General Joseph E. Johnston was 
 in chief command, while Hardee, Hood, and Polk 
 commanded the divisions under him. The entire 
 Confederate force throughout Tennessee, Nortliern 
 Alabama, and Mississippi numbered about one hun- 
 dred and eighty thousand, while the available force 
 under Johnston at the outset of the great march 
 numbered less than fifty thousand, with headquarters 
 at Chattanooga. Sherman's force started with a total 
 of ninety-eight thousand eight hundred, which a month 
 later was increased by Blair's corps to one hundred 
 and twelve thousand eio^ht hundred men. 
 
 The Start for the Sea. 
 
 Notwithstanding Johnston's inferiority of force, 
 the authorities at Richmond expected him to assume 
 the offensive, and promised reinforcements as he 
 should advance. Johnston wanted all his reinforce- 
 ments first," and thus, at the very beginning of the 
 campaign, there was neither harmony nor good feel- 
 ing between him and President Davis. 
 
 Meantime, the 5th of May came, and In accordance 
 with Grant's general orders Sherman set his army In 
 motion for Dalton. And now followed a campaign 
 
PROM ATLANTA TO THE SEA. 83 
 
 which has had no parallel In modern war. It re- 
 sembles more die old '* War of Positions" of the 
 days of Gustavus Adolphus and Tiirenne, when both 
 armies, protecting themselves on their fiohting ground, 
 sought for advantage in either outflanking the enemy 
 or cutting off his supplies. From Dalton to Atlanta 
 It was a campaign of siege and counter-siege the 
 whole way. Sherman pressed forward on the prin- 
 ciple of an advance against fortified positions. The 
 whole country passed through was an interminable 
 line of forts, connected by fifty miles of trenches, with 
 abattis and finished batteries. Even the skirmishers 
 learned to cover themselves by the simplest and best 
 forms, such as rails or logs piled up to make a simple 
 lunette, covered on the outside by earth thrown up. 
 
 In all this work of throwing up intrenchments or 
 making rifle-pits the men of both armies became ex- 
 tremely skilful, because each man could realize its 
 importance to himself. As soon as a brigade fancied 
 a position it would set to work with a will, and would 
 construct an impregnable position in a night. To 
 lighten the labors of his men in this respect Sherman 
 organized a pioneer corps of freedmen, two hun- 
 dred of whom were assigned to every division, re- 
 ceiving regular pay and rations. 
 
 Sherman's greatest problem was to supply his army, 
 and it was a source of continual anxiety to him. The 
 country was entirely impoverished, and he was de- 
 pendent on the preservation of the railway, which he 
 was obliged to rebuild as he advanced. The displace- 
 
84 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 ment of a rail would hinder communication for a con- 
 siderable time, while die frequent attacks made on the 
 trains by the guerillas necessitated strong guards 
 along the line. Nevertheless, the supplies came and 
 Sherman moved steadily forward. 
 Hard Fig-litiiig". 
 
 On the 8th of May the hostile armies first came in 
 contact at Dalton, where heavy skirmishing, followed 
 by an unsuccessful assault under General Thomas 
 against Rock Hill Ridge, convinced General Sherman 
 at the start that direct attacks on intrenched positions 
 could not yield good results. He then moved Mc- 
 Pherson around by the right against Johnston's rear, 
 and the latter was obliged to fall back upon Resaca, 
 to fortifications already prepared there. On the 14th 
 of May the Federal forces found nothing in their front 
 at Dalton and moved on to Resaca. Here some hard 
 fighting took place, in which Palmer's corps of 
 Thomas's army and Judah's division of Schofield's 
 played a conspicuous part, but no serious impression 
 could be made on the Conft^derate lines. Again Mc- 
 Pherson moved around by the right, and again John- 
 ston was oblio^ed to retire, nor could he find a suitable 
 place to make a stand until he reached the Etowah 
 River, forty miles south of Resaca and ninety-six miles 
 from Chattanooga. He was Immediately followed by 
 Sherman, who sent forward two cavalry divisions In 
 pursuit, supported by a division of infantry, the main 
 army advancing in parallel lines In three columns. 
 
 Sherman's march was necessarily slow, because he 
 
FROM ATLANTA TO THE SEA. 85 
 
 was obliged to rebuild the railroads as he advanced. 
 Johnston had crossed the Etowah River, and now 
 held a strong position at Allatoona Pass, in the 
 Etowah Mountains. Here and at New Hope, called 
 by the soldiers " Hell Hole," there was very hard 
 fighting, but again Sherman's flanking movement by 
 the right proved successful, and Johnston on the 4th 
 of June fell back to Marietta, and Allatoona was left 
 in our possession. Before advancing farther Sherman 
 finished the railroad up to Allatoona, and strongly 
 fortified that place and made it a secondary base of 
 supplies. His army, too, needed some rest after 
 nearly a month of incessant fighting and fortifying. 
 
 In the Georgia Mouiitaius. 
 
 On the 9th of June, Sherman again moved forward 
 in the direction of Marietta. Johnston held an unas- 
 sailable position in the mountain-ranges which under 
 the names of Kenesaw, Pine Hill, and Lost Mountain 
 divide the tributaries of the Etowah from those of the 
 Chattahoochee. The conical summits of the chestnut- 
 covered mountains were crowned with signal-stations, 
 while aloncr their sides and amonor the ravines breast- 
 works and abattis completely barred the further 
 progress of the Federal troops. 
 
 Here, at last, it seemed that Sherman's farther 
 advance must be stayed. In person he reconnoitred 
 the position, exposing himself fearlessly as he directed 
 the firing of batteries for the purpose of drawing the 
 fire of the enemy to ascertain the strength of the 
 various positions. 
 
SQ GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 A series of enoraorements now ensued for the 
 
 o o 
 
 possession of these mountains, on one of which 
 General Polk, while overlooking the action, was 
 killed. Thus Louisiana lost its bishop and the Con- 
 federates an able soldier. On the 27th of June, 
 Sherman ordered a direct assault against the fortified 
 position on the Kenesaw, but his troops were repulsed 
 with great slaughter. Three thousand fell on that 
 hardly-contested slope, while the defenders lost litde 
 more than five hundred. In his memoirs Sherman 
 has justified this assault. "Failure as it was," he 
 says, "and for which I assume the entire responsi- 
 bility, I yet claim it produced good fruits, as it was 
 demonstrated to General Johnston that I would 
 assault, and that boldly." 
 
 Johnston Driven Back. 
 
 Satisfied that his former strategy was best adapted 
 to the capabilities of his army, Sherman proceeded to 
 turn the position he had failed to force, and, again 
 extending his right, he threatened Johnston's com- 
 munications with Atlanta. 
 
 These operations v/ere completed by the 3d of July, 
 and Johnston was compelled to retire to the Chatta- 
 hoochee River. Thomas and Schofield followed his 
 retreat, passing through Adanta and advancing rapidly 
 with the hope of falling on the retiring army while 
 crossing the river. But the strength of the Confed- 
 erate defences in front of the river forbade attack, 
 and again Sherman resorted to his accustomed tactics 
 of operadng on die flanks. A succession of compli- 
 
FROM ATLANTA TO THE SEA. 87 
 
 cated and well-timed movements of the three Federal 
 armies, successfully executed, secured command of 
 the Chattahoochee, and Johnston again retired and 
 entered the defences of Adanta. He had retreated 
 over one hundred miles, but he had inflicted heavy 
 losses on his enemy, and had compelled him to con- 
 sume two months in makinor his advance. 
 
 But his Fabian gen-eralship by no means found 
 favor with the Richmond Government. All through 
 the campaign he had been constantly urged to take 
 the offensive, to throw himself on Sherman's pro- 
 longed line, and to force him to retreat. He believed 
 his own policy to be best, and steadfasdy adhered to it. 
 
 General Hood in Command. 
 
 It is said that he intended to try the issue of an 
 offensive batde before the fortifications of Atlanta, 
 and when Sherman should have the Chattahoochee in 
 his rear; but on the same day that the armies of the 
 Ohio, the Cumberland, and the Tennessee poured 
 over the bridges and across the fords of that river 
 Johnston was superseded, and the conimand of the 
 Western army conferred upon General Hood. He 
 was to take the offensive, and brilliant results at his 
 hand were confidently expected. 
 
 Johnston undoubtedly deserves high praise for the 
 conduct of the campaign, and General Grant has ap- 
 pro\ed of his policy and commended his ability. In- 
 deed, it needs but little arguniemt to show that he was 
 right in refusing to rush wildly forward inio Tennes- 
 see to court such disaster as Hood afterward met 
 
88 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 with. What he might have accompHshed had he been 
 opposed to a less wary and less able commander than 
 Sherman, a commander who would have hurled his 
 troops at impregnable breastworks as Grant did in 
 Virginia, is mere matter of conjecture. As things 
 actually were disposed, and under the circumstances 
 in which he was placed, Johnston merits a place at 
 least in the second rank of great generals. 
 Before Atlanta at Last. 
 
 Atlanta was very strongly intrenched in a complete 
 circle about a mile and a half outside the city. Be- 
 yond, there were advanced intrenchments which must 
 be taken before a close sieo^e could be commenced. 
 But Hood did not intend to abide a siege. As the 
 three Federal armies converged on Atlanta he moved 
 out on the 20th of July and attacked the Army of the 
 Cumberland most furiously. Hooker's corps and 
 Newton's and Johnston's divisions were the principal 
 ones engaged in this contest.* After a fierce struggle 
 the Confederates were repulsed and retired to their 
 intrenchments, leaving their dead and wounded on 
 the field. It was in this battle that General Gresham, 
 now judge of the United States Circuit Court, was 
 very severely wounded. 
 
 But Hood did not intend to abandon offensive op- 
 erations. On the night of the 21st he moved out 
 ao^ain to make an attack on the left of the Federal 
 line. About noon of the 2 2d the battle commenced 
 with an assault by Hardee upon Blair's corps, which 
 he pressed heavily. Our left was turned, and it was 
 
FROM ATLANTA TO THE SEA. 89 
 
 with great difficulty that an Immense wagon-train was 
 saved. Sherman and his able lieutenants proved 
 fully equal to the emergency in the end, and, though 
 the fighting was at first very much in favor of the 
 Confederates, before night fell they were driven back 
 into the city. It was during this battle that the brave 
 McPherson was killed. This was the battle of At- 
 lanta, and on the score of having captured thirteen 
 guns and some prisoners Hood claimed a great 
 victory. 
 
 Disastrous Victory. 
 
 But, nevertheless, Sherman held his ground, and 
 prepared by new combinations to press forward his 
 operations against the city. Hood had suffered the 
 severest losses, and such victories would prove as 
 disastrous as defeats. For the next six weeks he 
 kept mainly on the defensive. To carry the city by 
 an assault was beyond the power of the invading 
 army, and to approach it by regular siege and invest- 
 ment equally impossible. 
 
 Sherman's only resource was either to destroy or 
 occupy the great railway arteries which brought sup- 
 plies to the army and to the people. The work was 
 tedious and the lines to be maintained were very 
 long, but slowly and surely through the months of 
 July and August the work went on. Several exten- 
 sive cavalry raids were organized. One of these, 
 under General Stoneman, numbering about one 
 thousand men, was captured, and the others did 
 not accomplish nearly so much as was expected. It 
 
90 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 remained then for the infantr)- to carry out more 
 slowly the plan of separating Hood's army from its 
 base of supplies. 
 
 Daring- Cavalry Movements. 
 
 Nor was the Confederate cavalry idle. General 
 Wheeler moved upon the railroad north of Resaca 
 and destroyed it nearly up to Dalton, cutting Sher- 
 man off from communication with the North for sev- 
 eral days. But neither raids nor assaults availed to 
 retard Sherman's movements to seize all the com- 
 munications leading to Atlanta. Many sharp engage- 
 ments took place, but Sherman never loosened a grip 
 once firmly taken. 
 
 Finally, on August 25, he commenced his last and 
 final flank movement, by which he swung his whole 
 army, except one corps, on Hood's communications 
 south of Atlanta, comp(illing him to leave his in- 
 trenchments and to fight a decisive batde or to 
 retreat. To do this Sherman had to cut loose from 
 his own communications, and to depend for subsist- 
 ence upon such stores as he could carry or gather 
 from the country. It was bold strategy, but its suc- 
 cess proved that the details had been carefully studied 
 out, and that it was a fittini^ conclusion to the canv 
 paign of Atlanta. All the movements of the various 
 corps were made with precision and accomplished as 
 ordered. 
 
 On August 30 and 31 sharp engagements occurred 
 with the Confederates under Hardee at Jonesboro, 
 twenty miles south of Atlanta. On September i, 
 
FROM ATLANTA TO THE SEA. 91 
 
 Sherman had complete possession of the Macon 
 railroad. During that night our army heard great 
 explosions in the direction of Atlanta and Jonesboro. 
 Hood had found himself compelled to yield the city 
 at last. He blew up his military works, and fell back 
 southward, toward Macon. On the foliowine mornino- 
 General Slocum, who had remained with his corps 
 north of the city, marched in and took possession. 
 • The campaign had lasted four months, and is one 
 of the most memorable of the war. The aggregate 
 loss from the force in killed, wounded, and missing 
 amounted to 31,687 men. During the same period 
 the loss inflicted on the Confederate army amounted 
 to 34779 men. 
 
 This campaign abundantly proved Sherman's com- 
 mandinor oenius for war. He could execute as well 
 as conceive. He understood the discipline of armies 
 In its fullest extent. He knew how to select and em- 
 ploy his officers. 
 
 Why He did Not go to Aug^iista. 
 
 The question, *' Why didn't General Sherman go to 
 Auorusta instead of to Savannah when he made the 
 great march through Georgia ?" has been often asked 
 and commented upon. General Sherman himseU" an- 
 swered It two years ago. " The march to the sea from 
 Adanta," said he, '• was resolved on after Hood had 
 got well on his way to Nashville. I then detached to 
 General Thomas a force sufficient to whip Hood, 
 which he, In December, 1864, very handsomely and 
 conclusively did. Still, I had left a very respectable 
 
92 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 army and resolved to join Grant at Richmond. The 
 distance was one thousand miles, and prudence dic- 
 tated a base at Savannah or Port Royal. Our enemy 
 had garrisons at Macon and Augusta. I figured on 
 both, and passed between to Savannah. Then, start- 
 ing northward, the same problem presented itself in 
 Augusta and Charleston. I figured on both, but 
 passed between. 
 
 " I did not want to drive out their garrisons ahead 
 of me at the crossings of the Santee, Catawba, Pedee, 
 Cape Fear, etc. The moment I passed Columbia the 
 factories, powder-mills, and the old stuff accumulated 
 at Augusta were lost to the only two Confederate 
 armies left — Lee's and Hood's. So, if you have a 
 military mind, you will see I made a better use of 
 Augusta than if I had captured it with its stores, for 
 which I had no use. I used Augusta twice as a buffer; 
 its garrison was just where it helped me. 
 
 <* Sherman's Bummers." 
 
 " If the people of Augusta think J slighted them in 
 the winter of 1864-65 by reason of personal friend- 
 ship formed in 1844, they are mistaken, or if they 
 think I made a mistake in strategy, let them say so, 
 and with the President's consent I think I can send a 
 detachment of one hundred thousand or so of 'Sher- 
 man's bummers' and their descendants, who will finish 
 up the job without charging Uncle Sam a cent. The 
 truth is, these incidents come back to me in a humor- 
 ous vein. Of course the Civil War should have ended 
 with Vicksburg and Gettysburg. Every sensible man 
 
FROM ATLANTA TO THE SEA. 93 
 
 on earth must have then seen there could be but one 
 result. The leaders of the South took ofood care not 
 to ' die in the last ditch,' and left brave men like 
 Walker, Adams, Pat Cleburne, etc. to do that." 
 
 After resting at Savannah and refitting his army, 
 he moved northward February i. Columbia was oc- 
 cupied on the 17th; Cheraw, March 3d; Fayetteville, 
 March nth; the battle of Averysboro was fought 
 March i6th; that of Bentonville, March 19th, 20th; 
 Goldsboro was occupied March 22d; Raleigh, April 
 13th; and April i8th, at Durham Station. 
 
 By marching through the heart of South Carolina 
 instead of skirting the sea, Sherman pierced the State 
 In its most vital part. It was the boast of Davis and 
 Breckenridge that the sea was not necessary to the 
 South. Their strength lay inland. Sherman marched 
 inland, shutting up one Confederate general in Au- 
 gusta, another in Branchville, a third in Charleston, 
 and a fourth in -Columbia. These orenerals never 
 knew where the blow would fall, and it never fell 
 v^here they thought it likely to. As Sherman moved 
 up northward, leaving Charleston on the right, Beau- 
 regard was confident that he would have to assault 
 Branchville, a great railway-centre and a post from 
 which he could equally menace Charleston and Au- 
 gusta. Branchville was accordingly strengthened 
 with guns and occupied In force. But Sherman cut 
 the railway-lines and compelled the enemy to abandon 
 their works and guns. Branchville passed and 
 Columbia gained, Charleston fell. 
 
94 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 Sherman accepted the surrender of Johnston's 
 army on a '' basis of agreement" which was rejected 
 by the Government, but on the 26th received the 
 surrender on the terms accorded to Lee by Grant. 
 Resuming his march, Washington was reached May 
 24, 1865, where, after the grand review, his army 
 was dissolved. On the 27th of June, 1865, he was 
 appointed to command the mihtary division of the 
 Mississippi; was promoted to be heutenant-general 
 July 25, 1866. and August 11 assigned to command 
 the military division of the Missouri. On the acces- 
 sion of General Grant to the Presidency he became 
 general (March 4, 1869). In 1871-72 he made an 
 extended tour in Europe and the East. In Octob'^r, 
 1874, the headquarters of the army were removed 
 from Wasiilngton to St. Louis, but in April, 1876, 
 were re-established at Washington. He published 
 in 1875 Memoirs of General W. T. Sherman, by Him- 
 self. 
 
CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 Important Letter of General Sherman. — The 
 ^ Country Deluded in the Early Part of the 
 War. — Strange Charge of Lunacy. 
 
 A LETTER written by General Sherman while he was 
 at Memphis to his brother, Senator John Sherman, 
 shows how accurately he understood the gravity of 
 the situation, and how crazy they were who pro- 
 nounced him wild and visionary. .The story was 
 actuah}' circulated that he was out of his mind, and 
 so fully was it believed that for a brief period his 
 command was taken aw'ay from him. The country 
 soon discovered that no man was more sane on war 
 questions than he was. The letter is as follow's : 
 
 My Dear Brother: I have not written to you for 
 so long that I suppose you think I have dropped the 
 correspondence. For six weeks I was marching along 
 the road from Corinth to Memphis, mending roads, 
 building bridges, and all sorts of work. At last I got 
 here, and found the city contributing gold, arms, pow- 
 der, salt, and everything the enemy wanted. It was 
 a smart trick on their part thus to give up Memphis, 
 that the desire of gain to our Northern merchants 
 should supply tiiem with the things needed in war. I 
 
 9$ 
 
96 GENEEAL SHERMAN. 
 
 Stopped this at once, and declared ^Sfold. silver, Treas- 
 ury notes, and salt as much contraband of war as 
 powder. I have CKie man under sentence of death 
 for smuggling arms across the lines, and hope Mr. 
 Lincoln will approve it. 
 
 But the mercenary spirit of our people is too 
 much, and my orders are reversed and I am ordered 
 to encourage the trade in cotton, and all orders pro- 
 hibiung gold, silver, and notes to be paid for it are 
 annulled by orders from Washington. Grant 
 prompdy ratified my order, and all military men 
 here saw at once that gold spent for cotton went 
 to the purchase of arms and munitions of war. Bu: 
 what are the lives of our soldiers to the profits of the 
 merchants ? 
 
 Great Call for Men. 
 
 After a whole year of bungling the country has 
 at last discovered that we want more men. All knew 
 it last fall as well as now, but it was not popular. 
 Now one million three hundred thousand men are 
 required, when seven hundred thousand were deemed 
 absurd before. It will take time to work up these 
 raw recruits, and they will reach us in October, when 
 we should be in Jackson, Meridian, and Vicksburg. 
 Still, I must not growl. I have purposely put back, 
 and have no right to criticise, save that I am glad the 
 papers have at last found out we are at war and have 
 a formidable enemy to combat. 
 
 Of course I approve the Confiscation Act, and 
 would be willine tq revolutionize the Government so 
 
8TKANGE CHARGE OF LUNACY. 97 
 
 as to amend that article of the Constitution which 
 forbids the forfeiture of land to the heirs. My full 
 belief is we must colonize the country de novo, begin- 
 ning with Kentucky and Tennessee, and should re- 
 move four million of our people at once south of the 
 Ohio River, taking the farms and plantations of the 
 rebels. I deplore the war as much as ever, but if . 
 the thing has to be done let the means be adequate.* 
 Don't expect to overrun such a country or subdue 
 such a people in one, two, or five years. It is the 
 task of half a century. Although our army is thus 
 far south, it cannot stir from our garrisons. Our 
 men are killed or captured within sight of our lines. 
 I have two divisions here — mine and Hurlbut's, 
 about thirteen thousand men — am building a strong 
 fort, and think this is to be one of the depots and 
 bases of operations for future movements. 
 
 Too Many Heads. 
 
 The loss of Halleck is almost fatal. We have no 
 one to replace him. Instead of having one head, we 
 have five or six, all independent of each other. I ex- 
 pect our enemies will mass their troops and fall upon 
 our detachments before new reinforcements come. I 
 cannot learn that there are any large bodies of men 
 near us here. There are detachments at Holly 
 Springs and Senatobia, the present termini of the 
 railroads from the South, and all the people of the 
 country are armed as guerillas. Curtis is at Helena, 
 eighty miles south, and Grant at Corinth. Bragg's 
 army from Tripoli has moved to Chattanooga, and 
 
98 GENEKAL SHERMAN. 
 
 proposes to march on Nashville, Lexington, and 
 Cincinnati. They will have about seventy-five thou- 
 sand men. 
 
 Buell is near Huntsville with about thirty thousand, 
 and I suppose detachments of the new levies can be 
 put in Kentucky from Ohio and Indiana in time. The 
 weather is very hot, and Bragg can't move his forces 
 very fast; but I fear he will give trouble. My own 
 opinion is, we ought not to venture too much into the 
 interior until the river is safely in our possession, 
 when we could land at any point and strike Inland. 
 To attempt to hold all the South would demand an 
 army too large even to think of. We must colonize 
 and settle as we go south, for in Missouri there Is as 
 much strife as ever. Enemies must be killed or trans- 
 ported to some other country. 
 
 Your affectionate brother, 
 
 W. T. Sherman. 
 
 From the outset Sherman looked for a great war, 
 and he reorarded President Lincoln's first call for 
 
 o 
 
 seventy-five thousand men in April, 1861, as trifling 
 with a serious matter. To him the Secessionists were 
 not merely an armed mob to be put down by a few 
 holiday soldiers. Very early in the war he did not 
 hesitate to give his views official expression. Made a 
 brigadier-general of volunteers, he was assigned to 
 the Department of the Cumberland, under General 
 Robert Anderson, whom he soon succeeded^General 
 Anderson's health having failed. 
 
STEANGE CHARGE OF LUNACY. 99 
 
 He soon astounded the Washington optimists, who 
 were going to put down the revolt in sixty days, by 
 declaring that to retake the Mississippi Valley would 
 require two hundred thousand men. It was expected 
 by the Government that all the men needed to keep 
 Kentucky in the Union could be raised in that State, 
 but for that work alone Sherman declared that sixty 
 
 GENERAL JOHN A. LOGAN. 
 
 thousand would be needed. The country was dis- ] 
 
 posed to look upon this sagacity as lunacy, and the i 
 
 Government shared in the public distrust of Sherman, ' 
 
 as was shown by the fact that he was relieved of his ^■ 
 
 command on the 12th of November by General Buell, ; 
 
 and ordered to report to General Halleck, by whom ; 
 he was assigned to the command of Benton Barracks. 
 This singular proceeding was brought about by Mr, 
 
100 GENERAL SHEEMAN. 
 
 Cameron, Secretary of War, mentioning to General 
 Thomas what he called Sherman's insane request for 
 two hundred thousand men. Some newspaper-man 
 got hold of it, and the news was trumpeted abroad 
 that Sherman was " insane, crazy," etc. The occasion 
 of Mr. Cameron's remark was the following letter: 
 
 Headquarters Department of the Cumberland, 
 Louisvi'.LE, Kentucky, October 22, 1861. 
 
 To General L. Thomas, Adjutant- General, Washing- 
 ton, D. C. : 
 
 Sir: On my arrival at Camp Dick Robinson, I 
 found General Thomas had stationed a Kentucky 
 regiment at Rock Castle Hill, beyond a river of the 
 same name, and had sent an Ohio and an Indiana regi- 
 ment forward in support. He was embarrassed for 
 transportation, and I authorized him to hire teams and 
 to move his whole force nearer to his advance-guard, 
 so as to support it, as he had information of the ap- 
 proach of Zcrtlicoffer toward London. I have just 
 heard from him that he had sent forward General 
 Schoepf with Colonel Wolford's cavalry. Colonel 
 Steadman's Ohio regiment, and a battery of artillery, 
 followed on a succeeding day by a Tennessee brigade. 
 He had still two Kentucky regiments, the Thirty- 
 eighth Ohio, and another battery of artillery, with 
 which he was to follow yesterday. This force, if con- 
 centrated, should be strong enough for the purpose; 
 at all events, it is all he had or I could give him. 
 
 I explained to you fully, when here, the supposed 
 
STBANGE CHARGE OF LUNACY. 101 
 
 position of our adversaries, among whom was a force 
 in the valley of Big Sandy, supposed to be advancing 
 on Paris, Kentucky. General Nelson at Maysville 
 was instructed to collect all the men he could, and 
 Colonel Gill's regiment of Ohio volunteers. Colonel 
 Harris was already in position at Olympian Springs, 
 and a regiment lay at Lexington, which I ordered to 
 his support. This leaves the line of Thomas's opera- 
 tions exposed, but I cannot help it. I explained so 
 fully to yourself and the Secretary of War the con- 
 dition of things that I can add nothing new until 
 further developments. You know my views, that this 
 great centre of our field is too weak, far too weak, 
 and I have begged and implored till I dare not say 
 more. 
 
 Buckner still is beyond Green River. He sent a 
 detachment of his men, variously estimated at from 
 two to four thousand, toward Greensburg. General 
 Ward, with about one thousand men, retreated to 
 Campbellsburg, where he called to his assistance some 
 partially-formed regiments to the number of about 
 two thousand. The enemy did not advance, and Gen- 
 eral Ward was at last dates at Campbellsburg. The 
 officers charged with raising regiments must of neces- 
 sity be near their homes to collect men, and for this 
 reason are out of position ; but at or near Greens- 
 burg and Lebanon I desire to assemble as large a 
 force of the Kentucky volunteers as possible. 
 
 This organization is necessarily 'irregular, but the 
 necessity is so great that I must have them, and 
 
102 GENEKAL SHEEMAK 
 
 therefore have Issued to them arms and clothlnor dur- 
 ing the process of formation. This has faciUtated 
 their enHstment ; but inasmuch as the Legislature has 
 provided money for organizing the Kentucky volun- 
 teers, and entrusted its disbursement to a board of 
 loyal gentlemen, I have endeavored to co-operate with 
 them to hasten the formation of these corps. 
 
 The great difficulty is, and has been, that as vol- 
 unteers offer we have not arms and clothing to give 
 them. The arms sent us are, as you c.lready know, 
 European muskets of uncouth pattern, ivhich the vol- 
 unteers will not touch. 
 
 General McCook has now three brigades — John- 
 son's, Wood's, and Rousseau's. Negley's brigade ar- 
 rived to-day, and will be sent out at once. The Min- 
 nesota regiment has also arrived, and will be sent for- 
 ward. Hazzard's regiment of Indiana troops I have 
 ordered to the mouth of Salt Creek, an important 
 point on the turnpike-road leading to Elizabethtown. 
 
 I again repeat that our force here is out of all pro- 
 portion to the importance of the position. Our defeat 
 would be disastrous to the nation, and to expect of 
 new men, who never bore arms, to do miracles, is 
 not right. 
 
 I am, with much respect, yours truly, 
 W. T. Sherman, 
 
 Brigadier- Genei^al commanding. 
 
 This letter was characteristic of Its author — saga- 
 cious, honest, outspoken, and right to the point 
 
STRANGE CHARGE OF LUNACY. 103 
 
 Sherman knew the magnitude of the fight the country 
 had on hand ; he wished others to know it too. 
 
 The Facts in the Case. 
 
 It is Important to the unsuUied fame of General 
 Sherman that the pubHc should have a plain state- 
 ment of the facts concerning this remarkable episode 
 in his history. In an interview with Mr. Cameron he 
 urged the necessity of raising more troops, expressing 
 views similar to those stated in his letter to Adjutant- 
 General Thomas. Cameron was astonished at the 
 demand for troops, and exclaimed, " Where are they 
 to come from ? " Sherman supposed his conversation 
 with Cameron was confidential, and had occasion to 
 complain afterward that it was made public and was 
 used to his disadvantage. 
 
 After the war was over General Thomas J. Wood, 
 then in command of the district of Vicksburg, prepared 
 a statement addressed to the public, describing the In- 
 terview with the Secretary of War, which he calls a 
 "council of war." Sherman did not then deem it 
 necessary to renew a matter which had been swept 
 into oblivion by the \rar Itself; but, as it Is evidence by 
 an eye-witness. It Is worthy of Insertion here. 
 
 Statement of General Wood. 
 
 " On the I ith of October, 1861, the writer, who had 
 been personally on mustering duty in Indiana, was 
 appointed a brigadier-general of volunteers and 
 ordered to report to General Sherman, then in com- 
 mand of the Department of the Cumberland, with his 
 headquarters at Louisville, having succeeded General 
 
104 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 Robert Anderson. When the writer was about leav- 
 ing Indianapolis to proceed to Louisville, Mr. Cameron, 
 returning from his famous visit of inspection to Gen- 
 eral Fremont's department at St. Louis, Missouri, 
 arrived at Indianapolis, and announced his intention 
 to visit General Sherman. 
 
 "The writer was invited to accompany the party to 
 Louisville. Takinor the earlv morninor train from In- 
 dianapolis to Louisville on the i6th of October, 1861, 
 the party arrived in Jeffersonville shortly after mid- 
 day. General Sherman met the party ir Jeffersonville; 
 and accompanied it to the Gait House in Louisville, the 
 hotel at which he was stopping. 
 
 Behind Closed Doors. 
 
 *' During the afternoon General Sherman informed 
 the writer that a council of war was to be held im- 
 mediately in his private room in the hotel, and desired 
 him to be present at the council. General Sherman 
 and the writer proceeded directly to the room. The 
 writer entered the room first, and observed in it Mr. 
 Cameron, Adjutant-General L. Thomas, and some 
 other persons, all of whose names he did not know, 
 but whom he recognized as beino- of Mr. Cameron's 
 party. The name of one of the party the writer had 
 learned, which he remembers as Wilkinson or Wil- 
 kerson, and who he understood was a writer for the 
 New York Tribune newspaper. The Hon. James 
 Guthrie was also in the room, having been invited, on 
 account of his eminent position as a citizen of Ken- 
 tucky, his high civic reputation, and his well-known 
 
STRANGE CHAUGE OF LUNACY. 105 
 
 devotion to the Union, to meet the Secretary of War 
 in the council. When General Sherman entered 
 the room he closed the door and turned the key in 
 the lock. 
 
 *' Before entering on the business of the meet- 
 ing, General Sherman remarked substantially : ' Mr. 
 Cameron, we have met here to discuss matters and 
 interchange views which should be known only by 
 persons high in the confidence of the Government. 
 There are persons present whom I do not know, and 
 I desire to know, before opening the business of the 
 council, whether they are persons who may be prop- 
 erly allowed to hear the views which I have to submit 
 to you.' Mr. Cameron replied, with some little testi- 
 ness of manner, that the persons referred to belonged 
 to his party, and there was no objection to their 
 knowing whatever might be communicated to him on 
 a matter so important. 
 
 The Forces Insufficient. 
 
 " Certainly the legitimate and natural conclusion 
 from this remark of Mr. Cameron's was that what- 
 ever views might be submitted by General Sherman 
 would be considered under the protection of the seal 
 of secrecy, and would not be divulged to the public 
 till all apprehension of injurious consequences from 
 such disclosure had passed. And it may be remarked, 
 further, that justice to General Sherman required that 
 if, at any future time, his conclusions as to the amount 
 of force necessary to conduct the operations com- 
 mitted to his charge should be made public, the 
 
106 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 o-rounds on which his conclusions were based should 
 be made public at the same time, that there might be 
 no misapprehension. 
 
 *' Mr. Cameron then asked General Sherman what 
 his plans were. To this General Sherman replied 
 that he had no plans ; that no sufficient force had 
 been placed at his disposition with which to devise 
 any plan of operations ; that before a commanding 
 general could project a plan of campaign he must 
 know what amount of force he would have to operate 
 with. 
 
 " The general added that he had views which he 
 would be happy to submit for the consideration of the 
 Secretary. Mr. Cameron desired to hear General 
 Sherman's views. 
 
 Sherman Speaks for Kentucky. 
 
 " General Sherman began by giving his opinion ot 
 the people of Kentucky and the then condition of the 
 State. He remarked that he believed a very large 
 majority of the people of Kentucky were thoroughly 
 devoted to the Union, and loyal to the Government, 
 and that the Unionists embraced almost all the older 
 and more substantial men in the State; but, unfor- 
 tunately, there was no organization nor arms among 
 the Union men ; that the rebel minority, thoroughly 
 vindictive in its sentiments, was organized and armed 
 (this having been done in advance by their leaders), 
 and, beyond the reach of the Federal forces, overawed 
 and prevented the Union men from organizing; that, 
 in his opinion, if Federal protection were extended 
 
STRANGE CHARGE OF LUNACY. 107 
 
 throughout the State to the Union men, a large force 
 could be raised for the service of the Government. 
 
 '• General Sherman said that the information in his 
 possession indicated an intention, on the part of the 
 rebels, of a general and grand advance toward the 
 Ohio River. He further expressed the opinion that 
 if such advance should be made and not checked, the 
 rebel force would be swollen by at least twenty thou- 
 sand recruits from the disloyalists in Kentucky. His 
 low computation of the organized rebel soldiers then 
 in Kentucky fixed the strength at about thirty -five 
 thousand. Add twenty thousand for reinforcements 
 gained in Kentucky, to say nothing of troops drawn 
 from other rebel States, and the effective rebel force 
 in the State, at a low estimate, would be fifty-five 
 thousand men. 
 
 Difficulties Ahead. 
 
 " General Sherman explained forcibly how largely 
 the difficulties of suppressing the rebellion would be 
 enhanced if the rebels should be allowed to plant 
 themselves firmly, with strong fortifications, at com- 
 manding points on the Ohio River. It would be facile 
 for them to carry the war thence into the loyal States 
 north of the river. 
 
 *'To resist an advance of the rebels. General Sher- 
 man stated that he did not have at that time in Ken- 
 tucky more than some twelve to fourteen thousand 
 effective men. The bulk of this force was posted at 
 Camp Nolin, on the Louisville and Nashville railway, 
 fifty miles south of Louisville. A part of it was in 
 
108 GENEBAL SHERMAN. 
 
 Eastern Kentucky, under General George H. Thomas, 
 and a very small force was in the lower valley of 
 Green River. 
 
 "General Sherman next presented a resume of the 
 information in his possession as to the number of the 
 rebel troops in Kentucky. Commencing with the 
 force at Columbus, Kentucky, the reports varied, 
 giving the strength from ten to twenty thousand. It 
 was commanded by Lieutenant-General Polk. Gen- 
 eral Sherman fixed it at the lowest estimate, say, ten 
 thousand. The force at Bowling Green, commanded 
 by General A. S. Johnston, supported by Hardee, 
 Buckner, and others, was variously estimated at from 
 eighteen to thirty thousand. General Sherman esti- 
 mated this force at the lowest figures given to it by 
 his information — eighteen thousand. 
 
 The Enemy has the Advantagre. 
 
 "He explained that for purposes of defence these 
 two forces ought, owing to the facility with which 
 troops might be transport^^d from one to the other 
 by the network of railroads in Middle and West 
 Tennessee, to be considered almost as one. General 
 Sherman remarked also on the facility with which 
 reinforcements could be transported by railroad to 
 Bowling Green from the other rebellious States. 
 
 "The third organized bod}^ of rebel troops was in 
 Eastern Kentucky, under General Zollicoffer — esti- 
 mated, according to the most reliable information, at 
 six thousand men. This force threatened a descent, 
 if unrestrained, on the Blue-grass region of Kentucky, 
 
STKANGE CHAEGE OF LUNACY. 109 
 
 including the cities of Lexington and Frankfort, the 
 capital of the State, and, if successful in its primary 
 movements, as it would gather head as it advanced, 
 might endanger the safety of Cincinnati. 
 
 " This disposition of the force had been made for 
 the double purpose of watching and checking the 
 rebels and protecting the raising and organization 
 of troops among the Union men of Kentucky. 
 
 Defensive Operations Useless. 
 
 ** Having explained the situation from the defen- 
 sive point of view. General Sherman proceeded to 
 consider it from the offensive^ standpoint. The Gov- 
 ernment had undertaken to suppress the rebellion ; 
 the onus facie7idiy therefore, lested on the Govern- 
 ment. The rebellion could never be put down, the 
 authority of the paramount Government asserted, 
 and the union of the States declared perpetual by 
 force of arms, by maintaining the defensive ; to ac- 
 complish these grand desiderata it was absolutely 
 necessary the Government should adopt and main- 
 tain until the rebellion was crushed the offensive. 
 
 "For the purpose of expelling the rebels from 
 Kentucky, General Sherman said that at least sixty 
 thousand soldiers were necessary. Considering that 
 the means of accomplishment must always be propor- 
 tioned to the end to be achieved, and bearing in mind 
 the array of rebel force then in Kentucky, every sen- 
 sible man must admit that the estimate of the force 
 given by General Sherman for driving the rebels out 
 of the State and re-establishing and maintaining the 
 
110 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 authority of the Government was a very low one. 
 The truth Is, that before the rebels were driven from 
 Kentucky many more than sixty thousand soldiers 
 were sent into the State. 
 
 Number of Troops Required. 
 
 "Ascendinor from the consideration of the narrow 
 question of the political and military situation in 
 Kentucky, and the extent of force necessary to re- 
 deem the State from rebel thraldom, forecasting in 
 his sagacious intellect the grand and daring opera- 
 tions which three years afterward he realized in a 
 campaign, taken in its entirety, without a parallel in 
 modern times. General Sherman expressed the 
 opinion that to carry the war to the Gulf of Mex- 
 ico and destroy all armed opposition to the Govern- 
 ment in the entire Mississippi Valley, at least two 
 hundred thousand troops were absolutely requisite. 
 
 *' So soon as General Sherman had concluded the 
 expression of his views Mr. Cameron asked, with 
 much warmth and apparent irritation, ' Where do you 
 suppose, General Sherman, all this force is to come 
 from ? ' General Sherman replied that he did not 
 know — that it was not his duty to raise, organize, and 
 put the necessary military force into the field ; that 
 duty pertained to the War Department. His duty 
 was to organize campaigns and command the troops 
 after they had been put into the field. 
 
 Sherman's Views Indorsed. 
 
 "At this point of the proceedings General Sher- 
 man suggested that it might be agreeable to the Sec- 
 
STRANGE CHARGE OF LUNACY. Ill 
 
 ret^ry to hear the views of Mr. Guthrie. Thus ap- 
 pealed to, Mr. Guthrie said he did not consider 
 himself, being a civiHan, competent to give an 
 opinion as to the extent of force necessary to carry 
 the war to the Gulf of Mexico ; but, being well in- 
 formed of the condition of things in Kentucky, he 
 indorsed fully General Sherman's opinion of the 
 force required to drive the rebels out of the State. 
 
 "The foregoing is a circumstantial account of the 
 deliberations of the council that were of any im- 
 portance. 
 
 " A good deal of desultory conversation followed 
 on Immaterial matters, and some orders were issued 
 by telegraph by the Secretary of War for small re- 
 inforcements to be sent to Kentucky immediately 
 from Pennsylvania and Indiana. 
 
 '* A short time after the council w^as held — the ex- 
 act time is not now remembered by the writer — an 
 imperfect narrative of it appeared in the New York 
 Tribune. This account announced to the public the 
 conclusions uttered by General Sherman in the 
 council, without giving the reasons on which his con- 
 clusions were based. The unfairness of this course 
 to General Sherman needs no comment. All military 
 men were shocked by the gross breach of faith which 
 had been committed. 
 
 "Th. J. Wood, Major-General Volunteers. 
 
 "ViCKSBURG, Mississippi, August 2\, 1866." 
 General Wood's account of what passed between 
 Mr. Cameron and General Sherman shows how base- 
 
112 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 less were the grounds upon which Sherman was judged 
 to be Incompetent and crazy. No man comprehended 
 the appalhng situation more fully than he did. Events 
 Immediately transpiring proved the correctness of his 
 judgment. He knew the magnitude of the great 
 Southern uprising ; his keen eye saw the hosts mar- 
 shalling for the fray. To be deceived and Ignore facts 
 plain and undeniable was lunacy: the lunacy was not 
 his. He was nervous, excited, terribly In earnest ; his 
 soul was up In arms. To-day we know what solemn 
 occasion he had for believing that the " unpleasant- 
 ness" was something more than a bubble soon to 
 burst. 
 
 He was relieved of his command for a short time, 
 but his country called; her voice was Imperative; the 
 grandest man In the field — In many respects the 
 grandest — must come to the front. He came, and 
 brilliant history In Illuminated letters has recorded his 
 deeds. 
 
CHAPTER IX. 
 
 After the War. — Not a Candidate for the Presi- 
 dency. — Sketch of the Hero. — Life in New 
 York. 
 
 Preliminary to the disbandment of the national 
 armies they passed in review before President John- 
 son and Cabinet and Lieutenant-General Grant — the 
 Army of the Potomac on May 23d, and General Sher- 
 man's army on the 24th. Sherm.an was particularly 
 observed and honored. From June 27, 1865, to 
 March 3, 1869, he was in command of the military 
 Division of the Mississippi, with headquarters at 
 St. Louis, embracing the Departments of the Ohio, 
 Missouri, and Arkansas. 
 
 Upon the appointment of Grant as general of the 
 army on July 25, 1866, Sherman was promoted to be 
 lieutenant-general, and when Grant became President 
 of the United States, March 4, 1869, Sherman suc- 
 ceeded him as general, with headquarters at Wash- 
 ington. From November 10, 1871, to September 17^ 
 1872, he made a professional tour in Europe, and was 
 everywhere received with the honors due to his dis- 
 tinguished rank and service. At his own request, and 
 in order to make Sheridan general-in-chief, he was 
 placed on the retired list, with full pay and emolu- 
 ments, on February 8, 1884. 
 
114 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 Upon Sherman's retirement from the active list, 
 President Arthur issued an order in which he said: 
 "The announcement of the severance from the com- 
 mand of the army of one who has been for so many 
 years its distinguished chief can but awaken in the 
 minds, not only of the army, but of the people of the 
 United States, mingled emotions of regret and grati- 
 tude — regret at the withdrawal from active military 
 service of an officer whose lofty sense of duty has 
 been a model for all soldiers since he first entered the 
 army, in July, 1840, and gratitude, freshly awakened, 
 for the services of incalculable value rendered by him 
 in the war for the Union, which his great military 
 genius and daring did so much to end. The President 
 deems this a fitting occasion to give expression to the 
 gratitude felt toward General Sherman by his fellow- 
 citizens, and to hope that Providence may grant him 
 many years of health and happiness in the relief from 
 the active duties of his profession." 
 
 General Sherman received many honors, among 
 which may be mentioned the degree of LL.D. from 
 Dartmouth, Yale, Harvard, Princeton, and other uni- 
 versities, and membership in the Board of Regents of 
 the Smithsonian Institution, 1871 to 1883. 
 
 Sherman and Blaine. 
 
 Every reader will peruse with interest the following, 
 written by General Sherman for the North American 
 Review of December, 1888: 
 
 In the year of our Lord, 1884, there was to be a 
 sharp contest for the nomination in Chicago for a 
 
AFTER THE WAR. 115 
 
 Presidential candidate of the Republican party. The 
 press and the people generally believed that Blaine 
 wanted it, and everybody turned to him as the man 
 best qualified to execute the policy to accomplish the 
 result aimed at. Still, abnegating himself, he wrote, 
 to me from Washington this letter: 
 
 Confidential, strictly and absolutely so. 
 
 Washington, D. C, May 25, 1884. 
 
 My Dear General: 
 
 This letter requires no answer. After reading It 
 file it away In your most secret drawer or give It to 
 the flames. 
 
 At the approaching convention at Chicago It Is 
 more than possible — It Is, Indeed, not improbable — 
 that you may be nominated for the Presidency. If 
 so, you must stand your hand, accept the responsi- 
 bility, and assume the duties of the place to which you 
 will surely be chosen If a candidate. 
 
 You must not look upon It as the work of the poli- 
 ticians. If It comes to you it will come as the ground- 
 swell of popular demand, and you can no more refuse 
 than you could have refused to obey an order when 
 you were a lieutenant in the army. If it come to 
 you at all. It will come as a call of patriotism. It 
 would in such an event injure your great fame as 
 much to decline It as It would for you to seek it. 
 Your historic record, full as It Is, would be rendered 
 still more glorious by such an administration as you 
 would be able to give the country. Do not say a 
 
116 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 word In advance of the convention, no matter who 
 may ask you. You are with your friends who will 
 jealously guard your honor and renown. Your 
 friend, James G. Blaine. 
 
 Sliemian's Remarkable Answer. 
 
 To which I replied : 
 
 912 Garrison Ave., St. Louis, Mo. ] 
 May, 28, 1884. I 
 
 Hon. James G. Blaine, Washington, D. C. : 
 
 My Dear Friend: I have received your letter of 
 the 25th; shall construe it as absolutely confidential, 
 not intimating even to any member of my family that 
 I have heard from you ; and, though you may not 
 expect an answ^er, I hope you will not construe one 
 as unwarranted. I have a great many letters from 
 all points of the compass to a similar effect, one or 
 two of which I have answered frankly, but the great 
 mass are unanswered. 
 
 I ought not to submit myself to the cheap ridicule 
 of declining what is not offered, but it is only fair to 
 the many really able men who rightfully aspire to the 
 high honor of being President of the United States to 
 let them know that I am not, and must not be con- 
 strued as, a rival. In every man's life occurs an 
 epoch when he must choose his own career, and 
 when he may not throw off the responsibility or 
 tamely place his destiny in the hands of friends. 
 Mine occurred in Louisiana when, in 1861, alone in 
 the midst of a people blinded by supposed wrongs, 
 I resolved to stand by the Union as long as a frag- 
 
AFTEE THE WAR. 117 
 
 ment of it survived on which to cling. Since then, 
 through faction, -tempest, war, and peace, my career 
 has been all my family and friends could ask. 
 
 We are now in a good house of our own choice, 
 with reasonable provisions for old age, surrounded 
 by kind and admiring friends, in a community where 
 Catholicism is held in respect and veneration, and 
 where my children will naturally grow up in contact 
 with an industrious and frugal people. You have 
 known and appreciated Mrs. Sherman from child- 
 hood, have also known each and all the members of 
 my family, and can understand without an explanation 
 from me how their thouo^hts and feelings should and 
 ought to influence my action. But I will not even 
 throw off on them the responsibility. 
 
 I will not in any event entertain or accept a nomi- 
 nation as a candidate for President by the Chicago 
 Republican Convention or any other convention, for 
 reasons personal to myself. I claim that the Civil 
 War, in which I simply did a man's fair share of v/ork, 
 so perfectly accomplished peace that military men have 
 an absolute right to rest, and to demand that the men 
 who have been schooled in the arts and practice of 
 peace shall now do their work equally well. 
 
 Any Senator can step from his chair at the Capitol 
 into the White House and fulfil the office of President 
 with more skill and success than a Grant, Sherman, or 
 Sheridan, who were soldiers by education and nature, 
 who filled well their office when the country was in 
 danger, but were not schooled in the practice by 
 
118 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 which civil communities are and should be governed. 
 I claim that our experience since 1865 demonstrates 
 the truth of this my proposition. Therefore I say 
 that patriotism does not demand of me wliat I con- 
 strue as a sacrifice of judgment, of inclination, and 
 of self-interest. ■ 
 
 I have my personal affairs In a state of absolute 
 safety and comfort. I owe no man a cent, have no 
 expensive habits, envy no man his wealth or power, 
 no complications or Indirect liabilities, and would ac- 
 count myself a fool, a madman, an ass, to embark 
 anew at sixty-five years of age In a career that may 
 become at any moment tempest-tossed by perfidy, the 
 defalcation, the dishonesty, or neglect of any single 
 one of a hundred thousand subordinates utterly un- 
 known to the President of the United States, not to 
 say the eternal worriment of a vast host of Impecu- 
 nious friends and old military subordinates. Even as 
 It Is I am tortured by the charitable appeals of poor, 
 distressed pensioners, but as President these would 
 be multiplied beyond human endurance. 
 
 I remember well the experience of Generals Jack- 
 son, Harrison, Taylor, Grant, Hayes, and Garfield, all 
 elected because of their military services, and am 
 warned, not encouraged, by their sad experiences. 
 
 The civilians of the United States should and must 
 buffet with this thankless office, and leave us old 
 soldiers. to enjoy the peace we fought for and think 
 we earned. With profound respect, your friend, 
 
 W. T. Sherman. 
 
AFTER THE WAR. 119 
 
 These letters prove absolutely that Mr. Blaine, 
 though qualified, waived to me personally a nomina- 
 tion which the world still believes he then coveted for 
 himself. 
 
 For copies of these letters I believe I have been 
 importuned a thousand times, but as a soldier I claim 
 the privilege of unmasking my batteries when I 
 please. 
 
 In giving to the North American Review at this 
 late day these letters, which thus far have remained 
 hidden in my private files, I commit no breach of con- 
 fidence, and to put at rest a matter of constant inquiry 
 referred to in my letter of May 28, 1884, I here record 
 that my immediate family are strongly Catholic. I am 
 not and cannot be. That is all the public has a right 
 to know ; nor do I wish to be construed as departing 
 from a resolve made forty years ago never to embark 
 in politics. The. brightest and best youth of our land 
 have been drawn into that maelstrom, and their 
 wrecked fortunes strew the beach of the ocean of 
 time. My memory, even in its short time, brings up 
 names of victims by the hundreds, if not thousands. 
 
 W. T. Sherman. 
 
 Nothing could swerve the general from his purpose 
 to avoid a public life. He had won his fame, and was 
 satisfied. At this time, when his name was promi- 
 nently mentioned for the Presidency, and when he 
 might have got the nomination, he said to a particular 
 friend, speaking about it: *T wouldn't be devilled by 
 
120 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 that horde of Congressmen if I could be President for 
 life." 
 
 Sketch of tlie General. 
 
 Those three heroes, Grant, Sheridan, and Sherman, 
 after the war lived for many years at the National 
 Capital and became identified with its society. It was 
 here that they were the best known and appreciated. 
 General Sherman came in closer touch with society 
 at large than the other two generals. He was fonder 
 of general company and was more ready to become 
 acquainted with strangers. Grant was companionable 
 only with his intimates. The same could be said of 
 Sheridan. He was even more retiring than Grant. 
 He detested going out in general society, while 
 society was the atmosphere which General Sherman 
 needed in order to live. 
 
 The latter was fond of gatherings of any kind. He 
 loved to be the centre of a bright, cheerful group. He 
 had sympathies which reached out in every direction. 
 While he had strong likes and dislikes, he had few 
 prejudices. Like all of the leading men who fought 
 in the Union army, he had more sympathy for the 
 South than any of the Northern politicians. Yet he 
 believed that sterner measures should have been em- 
 ployed during the period of reconstruction. 
 
 As a friend to the South he believed that it w^ould 
 have been better if the laws had been more rigidly 
 enforced by the Federal authority, and if the States 
 had not recovered local self-control so early. They 
 should have received back their old rights only when 
 
AFTER THE WAR. 121 
 
 they had given the most solemn guarantee to enforce 
 the laws passed for the protection of the rights of the 
 colored people. Even then this authority should have 
 been granted only temporarily, and only made per- 
 manent when it was clear that the State was going to 
 act throuofhout in orood faith. 
 
 A Masterly Intellect. 
 
 General Sherman had more brilliant Intellectual 
 qualities than his two great associates. In this we do 
 not speak of him as a soldier, but as a man. His 
 position as a soldier has been long ago determined by 
 the first military critics of the world. The intellectual 
 advantage that he had over his associates was in his 
 readiness of expression. He was an easy and elegant 
 writer upon almost any topic of the day. 
 
 He was also a ready speaker. He had a directness 
 of style and a blunt eloquence which always captivated 
 an audience. He was so direct and so honest as to 
 produce with the simplest phrases the profoundest im- 
 pression. He was one of the most upright of men. 
 He was patriotic to the verge of passion. No one 
 who has been in the public life of this country was 
 ever more devoted to its hio-hest and best interests. 
 Upon this subject he was always eloquent. 
 
 His character was noted for its strong quality of 
 common sense. At the height of his popularity as 
 a general of the army he was never tempted for a 
 moment by any of the flattering offers of the politicians ' 
 to permit his great name to be used in politics. He 
 said often that this was the mistake which Grant made. 
 
122 GENEEAL SHERMAN. 
 
 When Grant came out of the war he was at the highest 
 pinnacle of success. When he resigned from the 
 army and became President, General Sherman always 
 said he began a career of misfortune. 
 
 Ambition Satisfied. 
 
 General Sherman would often say to the "politi- 
 cians: "I am a soldier out and out. For that I am 
 trained, and for that career I am fitted. I have to-day 
 arrived at the climax of my ambition. I am general 
 of the army, and at its head. I desire nothing more. 
 I do not propose to risk my name and fame in the 
 field of partisan politics. I want to leave my reputa- 
 tion free from tarnish to my children." 
 
 From this resolution General Sherman never 
 swerved. He was never more sorely tempted than 
 during the period of the Chicago Convention which 
 nominated Mr. Blaine. The politicians then came 
 to him and said : " With your name we can carry 
 the convention." 
 
 The combination which came to the general was a 
 strong one. It controlled certainly enough votes to 
 have tempted any man with Presidential ambitions, 
 but General Sherman said " No " from the first. 
 The committee which called on him told him flatly 
 and frankly that they should not consider his refusal, 
 but that they should go ahead and use their own 
 judgment. It was then that the general sat down 
 and dictated that brusque letter which ex-Senator 
 Henderson caused to be read to the convention, and 
 which showed clearly to every one that no possible 
 
AFTER THE WAR. 123 
 
 combination of circumstances could force General 
 Sherman to accept a nomination. 
 
 **Go Ahead!" 
 
 The general was hot-tempered. He despised petty 
 technicalities. When he was in the War Department 
 the bureau people fretted him with the endless red 
 tape which of necessity came to him when he took 
 charge of the great army machine. He would often 
 write orders for the direction of affairs in the West 
 which would be in direct conflict with the civil law. 
 Once, when his attention was called to this by the 
 adjutant-general in some particular order issued by 
 the general concerning Indian territory, the general 
 replied to the assertion that this was against the law, 
 " So much the worse for the law. Go ahead ! " 
 
 It was only with difficulty that he was coaxed Into 
 changing the order. While he was imperious and 
 high-tempered, he was withal one of the kindest- 
 hearted and most just of men. He would apologize 
 for any hasty word with the earnest vigor of a manly 
 man convicted of havlnor rnade a mistake. The 
 bureau people apparently took great pleasure in 
 fretting the general, and two or three of them, 
 whom It Is needless to name now, were responsible 
 for the celebrated controversy he had with the Secre- 
 tary of War under Hayes. 
 
 **A Plain, Blunt Man." 
 
 General Sherman could not reconcile himself to 
 the fact that a civilian Secretary of War should be 
 his superior in purely military matters. It was no 
 
124 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 wonder that he held this view. Mr. McCrary, who 
 was Secretary of War at that time, was a respectable 
 ex-member of Congress from Iowa. He knew no 
 more about military matters than any one who had 
 always been occupied with civil affairs. When he 
 came into the Department the small bureau people 
 who loved to fret General Sherman were continually 
 forcing the secretary to show his authority. Sherman 
 would say: "What does this Iowa chap mean by 
 always interfering?" He was too blunt and out- 
 spoken to get along. He was too impatient to be 
 diplomatic, and so he challenged outright the authority 
 of the secretary. Technically, the Secretary of War 
 was correct, and the President was obliged to sustain 
 him. 
 
 If Mr. McCrary had been a greater man, he would 
 undoubtedly have seen some way to avoid a con- 
 troversy with this distinguished general. Any right- 
 minded secretary would have been only too glad to 
 give General Sherman full sway. Mr. McCrary, how- 
 ever, was of the type, dogged and dull, which is as 
 relentless as fate in adhering to some small technical 
 right, and consequently the breach between him and 
 the general w^as made complete when the President 
 sustained the secretary. General Sherman never 
 called on him after that. He made one appeal to the 
 President, and that was to be permitted to remove 
 the headquarters of the army to St. Louis. This 
 permission was given him, to the great despair of his 
 staff officers. He packed up the whole establishment. 
 
AFTEE THE WAR 125 
 
 and for the first time since the close of the war the 
 headquarters of the army were in another place than 
 at the Capital. 
 
 After several years of exile in St. Louis, where 
 he was unhappy and discontented, General Sherman 
 was persuaded to bring back the headquarters of the 
 army with him, but only after Mr. McCrary had 
 retired. Conflicts have always existed since the war 
 between the general of the army and the Secretary 
 of War. But no one ever made such an energetic 
 protest as General Sherman. 
 
 Personal Appearance. 
 
 General Sherman was of a tall and spare figure. 
 He had what is called an iron constitution. He never 
 showed sio-ns of fatiofue, and was tireless in eoino- 
 about seekinof amusement and entertainment when 
 not engaged in the performance of his duties. At 
 the War Department he was a close worker. He 
 had great energy and great decision of character. 
 He could transact business rapidly. He had keen 
 intuitions and formed impressions as rapidly as a 
 woman. He was a strange combination of iron self- 
 control and passionate emotional capabilities. 
 
 The general' was over six feet in height. He was 
 broad-shouldered. There was a great resemblance 
 between him and his brother. Senator John Sherman. 
 General Sherman had all the ruggedness of feature 
 of a man who lived out of doors, while the Senator's 
 features are refined by indoor life and the study of 
 books. The general had a broad forehead, dark eyes 
 
126 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 deeply set, a large Roman nose, a face marked and 
 seamed in its upper part and hidden in the lower part 
 by a short, gray beard and mustache. He had a deep 
 voice. He was fond of young people. He loved to 
 go to the theatre. 
 
 He rarely prepared himself for any speech-making. 
 Nearly all of his remarks were off-hand, the ideas of 
 which were suggested to him through the stimulus of 
 the occasion. He was fond of attending Grand Army 
 gatherings. At their meetings, called camp-fires, he 
 used to appear at his best. Surrounded by his old 
 associates, he would recount in a most spirited and 
 entertaining manner stories and experiences of his 
 campaigns. He was a man of extreme simplicity of 
 manners, thoroughly devoid of any pretence. He 
 was a manly man. He was in sympathetic touch with 
 the plain people. He knew all parts of this country 
 well. He was especially interested in the West and 
 its development. 
 
 Graphic Pictures of the War. 
 
 One of the most important chapters of his life after 
 the war was the writing of his memoirs, He wrote 
 this book too soon after the war for his own personal 
 comfort. He had to speak of the actors in the War 
 of the Rebellion while the orreater number of them 
 were still living. He wrote as plainly concerning 
 them as if they had been dead and buried. His blunt 
 criticisms brought out many protests. But in the end 
 these memoirs will live as one of the most correct 
 pictures of the period through which he passed. The 
 
AFTER THE WAR. 127 
 
 books written by the three great generals form a 
 splendid basis for an estimate of their characters. 
 Sherman is more brilliant, more slashing, and enter- 
 taining. This is his character. 
 
 Very Gallant. 
 
 He had the reputation of being one of the most 
 gallant men in the army. His gallantry, however, 
 was kindly and commendable throughout his whole 
 long life. His great name was never touched by 
 scandal. He had a fatherly, kindly air which made a 
 welcome for him In every house in Washington. His 
 favorite companion In Washington days was General 
 Van Vliet. Arm in arm they used to go about from 
 one house to another, greeted everywhere with the 
 smiles and bright looks of the young ladies of Wash- 
 ington, who vied with each other in strewing social 
 roses in the path of this most distinguished and most 
 charmlne veteran. 
 
 The resolution and strong purpose and grim gravity 
 exhibited by his features in repose would Indicate to 
 the stranger a lack of the softer and more humane 
 qualities, but when he was animated In social conver- 
 sation such an estimate was changed at once, and In 
 his bright and sympathizing smile one was reminded 
 of Richard's words : 
 
 " Grim-visaged War has smoothed his wrinkled front." 
 
 His association with his friends and comrades was 
 always exceedingly cordial, and his affection for those 
 allied to him as tender as that of a woman. In May, 
 
128 GEI5ERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 1888, when he presided for the last time at a dinner 
 of the Loyal Legion, he declined a re-election, and 
 when he arose, at two o'clock in the morning, to say 
 good-bye, an almost death-like stillness prevailed. 
 
 A Pathetic Farewell. 
 
 The general spoke with feeling of the extraordinary 
 scene. He said it was delightful to see such a body of 
 men togther, so strong physically and mentally, and to 
 hear such speeches. He was sure no European country 
 could produce such a gathering, yet he had seen sim- 
 ilar meetings all over this land, from Maine to Puget's 
 Sound, even in New Orleans and in Atlanta. The 
 lessons of patriotism and loyalty to the flag Inculcated 
 here he begged companions to carry home with them 
 and teach them to their children and grandchildren ; 
 and with this he said farewell, asking the commandery 
 to join In singing '' America." 
 
 General Sherman had to fight some battles after 
 the war, and was attacked repeatedly and in many 
 ways. But he always seemed to take a* grim satis- 
 faction in the blows both given and received, and it 
 was never said of him that he ran away from his 
 enemy. 
 
 In November, 1871, he obtained leave of absence 
 for twelve months, and travelled extensively In the 
 East and in Europe, being received everywhere with 
 many honors. The Khedive of Egypt caused a 
 good deal of comment by sending to the general's 
 daughter Minnie a valuable present of diamonds. 
 
 The general's family consisted of his wife, Ellen 
 
AFTER THE WAR. 129 
 
 Boyle Ewing, and six children, two sons and four 
 daughters. He was married, as already stated, in 
 1850, when thirty years of age, and his active mil- 
 itary life, which began ten years later, involved the 
 necessary separation from his family a great portion 
 of the time until the close of the war. This was not 
 according to his liking, but he was too good a patriot 
 and soldier to grumble or find fault while batdes 
 were to be fought and won. On his retirement he 
 removed from Washington to St. Louis, where he 
 had resided at the breaking out of the war. Here he 
 intended to spend the rehiainder of his life, but two 
 years later was induced by his daughter, Mrs. Fitch, 
 to move to New York, where he continued to reside 
 until his death. 
 
 Household Circle. 
 The first two or three years of his residence in 
 New York he spent with his wife at the Fifth Avenue 
 Hotel, but, preferring home to hotel life, he removed 
 in the latter part of 1888 to a modest house on Sev- 
 enty-first street, where he passed his closing years. 
 Here his wife died of heart disease November 28, 
 1888, at the age of sixty-four. After her death his 
 two unmarried daughters, Lizzie and Rachel, pre- 
 sided over the affairs of his household. His other 
 children are Thomas Ewing Sherman, a Catholic 
 priest; Tecumseh Sherman, a member of the bar in 
 New York City ; Lienor M., the wife of Lieutenant 
 Thackara of the navy ; and Mrs, T. W. Fitch of 
 Pittsburg, 
 
130 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 Mrs. Sherman was a devout Catholic, who trained 
 her children in her own faith, and through whose 
 influence her eldest son became a member of the 
 priesthood. His choice of a religious life was a great 
 disappointment to his father, who had marked out for 
 him a brilliant career in another channel. General 
 Sherman was too good a father to oppose his son's 
 choice, while regretting it, as he was too good a hus- 
 band to oppose his wife, although not a Catholic him- 
 self. His own religious faith is best expressed in his 
 own reverent words on one occasion when asked the 
 question. " I believe in God the Almighty ; that is as 
 far as I have got," said the grim-visaged soldier. 
 
 Army Treasures. 
 
 At his home in New York his closing years were 
 far from idle. An early riser, methodical in his habits 
 and work, after a lio-ht breakfast he was accustomed 
 to resort at once to the library on the parlor floor of 
 his house. It contained a comparatively large collec- 
 tion of books, not entirely of a military character. 
 There were few men who were better posted on the 
 literary and historical records of this and other lands. 
 A large amount of the space in his library was taken 
 up by the maps which were drawn by himself and his 
 generals during the Civil War. 
 
 He had the original copies of the maps, and there 
 was scarcely a day when he was not called upon to 
 settle by reference some disputes as to a military 
 mancEuvre made by himself or some other general. 
 These maps were his hobby, and very valuable they 
 
AFTER THE WAR. 131 
 
 are, too, viewed from any standpoint. Then, too, he 
 had "an enormous correspondence, made up largely 
 of Invitations to speak before Grand Army posts and 
 to contribute to all sorts of periodicals. He passed 
 through the evening of his life In a calm and quiet 
 manner, beloved and honored by the whole country, 
 and blessed with a fuller share of happiness than falls 
 to the lot of most men. 
 
 In the summer of 1878 a great disappointment fell 
 upon the general. His eldest son, Thomas Ewing 
 Sherman, named after the kind foster-father and the 
 idol of his father, whom the general had hoped to 
 make a soldier, but finding this Impossible had fitted 
 for the study of the law, decided after long hesitation 
 to devote his life to the priesthood. This decision 
 almost broke the general's heart, and he refused to 
 lend the slightest countenance to the step. 
 
 In a letter dated June i, 1878, from young Sherman 
 to his friend Samuel Elbers of St. Louis, which was 
 published with his consent, he stated what he pro- 
 posed to do and besought his father's friends not to 
 question the latter about It. 
 
 "Father," the young man wrote, **gave me a com- 
 plete education for the Bar at Georgetown College 
 and the Scientific School at Yale. On me rests the 
 entire responsibility for taking this step. I go with- 
 out his sanction, approval, or consent." 
 
 At the same time he expressed his sorrow for caus- 
 ing such grief and disappointment to the father whom 
 he loved. The greatest cross of General Sherman's 
 
132 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 was that no son of his followed him Into the army. 
 That has always been his first and greatest love. 
 
 General Sherman showed his belief In a future life 
 in a letter which he wrote on his return from burying 
 his wife. " I expec ed to go first," he wrote, **as I am 
 much older and have been more severely tried, but It 
 was not to be. But I expect to resume my place at 
 her side some day." 
 
CHAPTER X. 
 
 Reminiscences of the Renowned Commander. 
 — Ardent Friendship for Grant. — Interesting 
 Facts and Anecdotes. 
 
 Like all men of strong and Intense American per- 
 sonality, General Sherman had some peculiarities 
 that were quite his own. Akin to Grant's taciturnity 
 was Sherman's brusqueness. He was not exactly 
 discourteous (though none held in greater contempt 
 the ceremonial insincerities of what is called polite 
 life), but he had the bluntness of the soldier to ex- 
 cess. If anything was said that did not meet with 
 his approval, he was quick to say so in most forcible 
 terms, and he did not care how it was taken. Even 
 in private life he was the fighter, and it was this ag- 
 gressiveness and pugnacity of his nature and his 
 way of hitting out straight from the shoulder that got 
 him into so many disputes in St. Louis about seem- 
 ing trifles, and led him to finally shake the dust of 
 the city from his feet for ever. 
 
 ' If he did not like people he did not hesitate to tell 
 them so, and he was very quick and decided in his 
 likes and dislikes. Very often it took strangers some 
 time to get accustomed to him, he was so thoroughly 
 sincere and free from the stereotyped convention- 
 alities. Like many another great soldier, he was for- 
 
134 GENEBAL SHERMAN. 
 
 • 
 cible In his language and found strong expletives 
 
 convenient to express his feelings. These usually 
 
 came thick and fast whenever politics was broached, 
 
 though it was the subject he did not like. He had 
 
 an odd antipathy to Congressmen, and as a class 
 
 spoke of them in terms far from complimentary. 
 
 In February, 1862, Grant was assigned to the 
 command of the new military District of West Ten- 
 nessee, with '* limits not defined." At the same time 
 Sherman, who was then a brigadier-general, was put 
 in command of the District of Cairo. They had 
 both been at West Point together, but Sherman had 
 been graduated three years earlier, and up to 1862 
 no intimacy had existed between them. Fortune, in 
 fact, had set them thousands of miles apart, and be- 
 sides there was a considerable difference in their 
 wordly condition. Grant was then, as a rule, very 
 poor, while Sherman, if not rich, was at least com- 
 fortable. 
 
 Congratulating Grant. 
 
 The first official intercourse of the two men who 
 were destined to win the highest renown in the army 
 took place during the siege of Fort Donelson, when 
 Sherman sent troops and supplies to Grant with ex- 
 traordinary rapidity. Sherman was then the senior, 
 but he wrote to Grant : *' I will do everything in my 
 power to hurry forward your reinforcements and sup- 
 plies, and if I could be of service myself would gladly 
 come, without making any question of rank with your- 
 self or General Smith." There was not a particle of 
 
INCIDENTS IN HIS LIFE. 135 
 
 envy in Sherman's nature, and he never intrigued for 
 place or position. 
 
 When Donelson fell, Sherman was one of the first 
 to congratulate General Grant on his success. " I 
 feel under many obligations to you," wrote General 
 Grant in reply, " for the kind terms of your letter, and 
 hope that should an opportunity occur you will earn 
 for yourself that prom.otion which you are kind enough 
 to say belongs to me. I care nothing for promotion 
 so long as our arms are successful and no political 
 appointments are made." Many years passed before 
 the pleasant relations that existed then between the 
 two soldiers were disclosed. The war had gone into 
 history, but when at length the story was told the 
 country could understand for the first time why it was 
 there was victory in the West and so much disaster in 
 the East. 
 
 *'This," says Badeau in the Military History of U, 
 S. Grant, " was the beginning of a friendship destined 
 thereafter never to flag ; to stand the test of apparent 
 rivalry and public censure ; to remain firm under 
 trials such as few friendships were ever subjected to ; 
 to become warmer as often as it was sought to be in- 
 terrupted, and in hours of extraordinary anxiety and 
 responsibility and care to afford a solace and a sup- 
 port that were never lacking when the need arose." 
 
 Noble Words from Grant. 
 
 Early in 1864, General Grant was made lieutenant- 
 general and assumed command of all the armies of 
 the United States. Immediately on receiving this 
 
136 GENERAL SHEKMAK. 
 
 promotion, with characteristic generosity he wrote as 
 follows to Sherman : 
 
 "While I have been eminently successful in this 
 war, in at least gaining the confidence of the public, 
 no one feels more than I how much of this success is 
 due to the energy, skill, and the harmonious putting 
 forth of that energy and skill, of those whom it has 
 been my good fortune to have occupying subordinate 
 positions under me. 
 
 '' There are many officers to whom these remarks 
 are applicable to a greater or less degree, propor- 
 tionate to their ability as soldiers ; but what I want is 
 to express my thanks to you and McPherson as the 
 men to whom, above all others, I feel indebted for 
 whatever I have had of success. How far your 
 advice and suggestions have been of assistance you 
 know. How far your execution of whatever has 
 been given you to do entitles you to the reward I am 
 receiving you cannot know as well as I do. I feel all 
 the gratitude this letter would express, giving it the 
 most flattering construction." 
 
 The reply of General Sherman to what he well 
 called a "characteristic and more than kind" letter is 
 worth quoting in part, to show the relations which 
 existed between these two eminent soldiers fighting 
 in a common cause. 
 
 *'I repeat, you do General McPherson and myself 
 too much honor. At Belmont you manifested your 
 traits, neither of us being near; at Donelson also you 
 illustrated your whole character. I was not near, and 
 
INCIDENTS IN HIS LIFE. 137 
 
 General McPherson was In too subordinate a capacity ; 
 to influence you. ' 
 
 " Until you had won Donelson, I confess I was ' 
 almost cowed by the terrible array of anarchical 
 elements that presented themselves at every point; 
 but that victory admitted the ray of light which I have 
 followed ever since. 
 
 "I believe you are as brave, patriotic, and just as 
 the great prototype Washington ; as unselfish, kind- 
 hearted, and honest as a man should be ; but the 
 chief characteristic in your nature is the simple faith 
 in success you have always manifested, which I can 
 liken to nothing else than the faith a Christian has in - 
 his Saviour." ' 
 
 Among Ge,neral Sherman's photographs was a cen- [ 
 tral group of three pictures. The middle one of these ^ 
 was a full-length likeness of Ulysses S. Grant stand- I 
 ing in an easy pose, with the left hand thrust into the i 
 breast of a fatigue coat and the right deep down in ' 
 the trousers pocket. To the left of this was a picture : 
 of Phil Sheridan in full uniform, and to the right was ] 
 a picture of General Sherman himself, also in full ; 
 uniform. He was especially fond of these pictures ] 
 of Grant and Sheridan. He was wont to say that he , 
 knew of no other likeness of Grant that showed so 
 clearly the repose of the man. It had been taken at \ 
 the close of the war, when Grant was down to fight- 
 ing weight, as the general expressed it, and before he 
 had become fleshy and taken on the heavy look that i 
 appears in some of his later pictures. The picture J 
 
138 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 of Sheridan had been selected by General Sheridan 
 out of many hundreds, and on this account General 
 Sherman preferred it to all others. He used to say 
 that he loved these pictures because they recalled to 
 him the men as he had known them best. These- pho- 
 tographs were among his valuable treasures. 
 
 Porter's Description of Sherman. 
 
 Admiral Porter got down to Memphis, where Sher- 
 man was awaiting him, in a week or ten days, and 
 sent word to Sherman that he would call on him. 
 Admiral Porter, in one of his books, gives a racy 
 account of the meeting and a good portrait of Sher- 
 man. They had never before met. "Thinking," says 
 the admiral, ** that Sherman would be dressed in full 
 feather, I put on my uniform coat, the splendor of 
 which rivalled that of a drum-major. Sherman, hear- 
 ing that I was indifferent to appearances and generally 
 dressed in workinof clothes, thought he would not 
 annoy me by fixing up, and so kept on his blue flannel 
 suit, and we met, both a little surprised at the appear- 
 ance of the other. 
 
 "'Halloo, Porter!' said the general, 'I am glad to 
 see you ; you got here sooner than I expected, but 
 we'll get off to-night.' (They were preparing for the 
 second attack on Vicksburg.) ' Devilish cold, isn't it? 
 Sit down and warm up.' And he stirred up the coal 
 in the grate. — * Here, captain,' to one of his aides, 
 ' tell General Blair to get his men on board at once. 
 Tell the quartermaster to report as soon as he has 
 six hundred thousand rations embarked.' — ' Here 
 
INCIDENTS IN HIS LIFE. ' 139 
 
 Dick/ to his servant, 'put me up some shirts and 
 underclothes in a bag, and don't bother me with a 
 trunk and traps enough for a regiment.' — ' Here, 
 captain,' to another aide, ' tell the steamboat captains 
 to have steam up at six o'clock, and to lay in plenty 
 of fuel, for I'm not going to stop every few hours to 
 cut wood. Tell the officer in charge of embarkation 
 to allow no picking and choosing of boats — the gen- 
 erals in command must take what is given them. 
 There ! that will do. — Glad to see you, Porter ; how's 
 Grant?'" 
 
 Could not Perforin Impossibilities. 
 The embarkation took place December 19, the boats 
 steaming down to Helena. The failure of that expe- 
 dition is a matter of history. The obstacles and mis- 
 haps were too great for even Sherman to overcome, 
 and he retired, surrendering the command to McCler- 
 nand, who had been personally appointed by Presi- 
 dent Lincoln. " My relief on the heels of a failure," 
 says Sherman, *' raised the usual cry at the North of 
 * repulse, failure, and bungling.' There was no bung- 
 ling on my part, for I never worked harder or with 
 more intensity of purpose in my life, and General 
 Grant, long after, in his report of the operations of 
 the siege of Vicksburg, gave us all full credit for the 
 skill of the movement and described the almost im- 
 pregnable nature of the ground ; and, although in my 
 official reports I assumed the whole responsibility, I 
 have ever felt that had General Morgan promptly and 
 skilfully sustained the lead of Frank Blair's brigade 
 
140 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 on that day, we should have broken the rebel line and 
 effected a lodgment on the hills behind Vicksburg." 
 
 Sherman's wonderful faculty for comprehending 
 topographical details, developed, of course, by his war 
 experience, often astonished those with whom he was 
 well acquainted. He would go for a drive where he 
 had never been before, and startle those around him 
 by telling them where this and that road started, the 
 length of stream, what was planted before growth ap- 
 peared, and even telling what would be encountered 
 ahead that was not in sight. All this he did by his 
 keen observation, his wonderful intuition and reason- 
 ing powers, and the experience he had given to such 
 matters for a lifetime. He said himself once, in 
 speaking of his march to the sea, that he already 
 knew before he started some of the States better than 
 anybody who lived in them. 
 
 Living" Over Old Campaig-ns. 
 
 General Sherman's house was a war-office in mini- 
 ature. In his basement he had a big office fitted up 
 with war maps and documents of tremendous value, 
 including duplicates of those in use at Washington. 
 Here he passed many happy hours, living over the old 
 campaigns with the maps before his eyes, and plan- 
 ning how he might have done otherwise if he had it 
 all to do over again, and what the result of this or 
 that movement would have been. 
 
 The office was a rendezvous for military men when 
 they were in New York, who always were certain of 
 meeting with a warm welcome, and it was much fre- 
 
INCIDENTS IN HIS LIFE. 141 
 
 quented by historical writers in search of material and 
 documentary evidence. 
 
 A friend, in speaking of the general, said : " The 
 old fighter is peculiar in one respect. The girl that 
 opens his door for visitors never has to go and ask 
 him if he Is in. At the first she tells one that 'the 
 general is in,' or he is not. That setdes it. If he Is 
 in he v^ill see you. If you are a bore, as a good many 
 of his callers are, look out for squalls, and under any 
 circumstances it is not well to be prolix. General 
 Sherman likes one to get to the point at once. If the 
 visitor is not able to do this, he is likely to be inter- 
 rupted. 
 
 " There is one sort of a caller who is always received 
 with warmth, and that is one of General Sherman's 
 old soldiers, or his 'boys,' as he calls them. Just how 
 much assistance General Sherman gives to old and 
 unfortunate soldiers it would be hard to say. No one 
 but himself knows, and he won't tell. But these are 
 among the more numerous of the visitors at his house. 
 Besides them there are all sorts and conditions of 
 callers at his house." 
 
 The California Drummer. 
 
 General Sherman had a wonderful memory. This 
 was illustrated by an incident that occurred in Phila- 
 delphia. He was visiting his daughter, and while 
 sitting at the open window smoking one midsummer 
 night he saw the policeman pass, and as the patrol- 
 man halted a moment the general was noticed to give 
 him a keen glance and utter an exclamation. 
 
142 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 The next evening he told some one that when the 
 policeman on the beat passed again to say he wanted 
 to speak to him. When the officer entered he 
 straightened up and gave General Sherman the re- 
 gular military salute. 
 
 "Ah, ha! " said the general, "I thought so. Now, 
 where was it I saw you before ? Do you know me ? " 
 
 "Oh yes," said the bearded patrolman, "I knew 
 you when you were a lieutenant. I was your drum- 
 mer in California." 
 
 " Ha, ha, I thought so ; and wait a bit. So you 
 were that little drummer-boy, and your name — your 
 name's Hutchinson." 
 
 Sure enough, the general of the United States 
 army, who had seen thousands of drummers, had 
 recognized in a passing policeman the drummer-boy 
 who was with his company in the Mexican War. 
 
 Dates, names, figures, and the greatest intricacy of 
 details could not escape General Sherman's marvel- 
 lous memory. He remembered them all, and could 
 call them up after the lapse of many years. He 
 remembered everything about California just before 
 and at the time it was admitted to the Union as 
 though it had been yesterday. He was in command 
 of a portion of the United States forces there then. 
 
 Sherman's Hiimorovis Side. 
 
 The men who served with or under General Sher- 
 man in any of his numerous and brilliant campaigns 
 are now telline anecdotes illustrative of that wonderful 
 
 - o 
 
 personality that has made so deep an impress upon 
 
INCIDENTS IN HIS LIFE. 143 
 
 American history during the third of a century past. 
 It was in the presence of his old army friends, when 
 the civiHan world was shut out, that he was at his 
 best, and the flow of his spirits ran unchecked and 
 joke and story ran into each other, sometimes at the 
 expense of his neighbor and as often at the expense 
 of himself. No conceit gave him more amusement 
 than that his friend General Howard was a convivial 
 spirit, given to the bowl and kindred pursuits, whereas 
 the hero of the one arm is the most temperate of 
 men. It was this fact that gave point to the joke, and 
 Sherman was never more happy than when he could 
 corner Howard at one of their little Loyal Legion 
 dinners and lecture him upon the errors of his ways. 
 
 That Seidlitz Powder. 
 
 Perhaps Sherman never forgot a great practical 
 joke which Howard unconsciously played upon him 
 back in the days when the Union army was resting 
 upon its arms at Goldsborough. Sherman paid a visit 
 to Howard's tent, where neither wine nor anything 
 more invigorating than cold water was kept. As luck 
 would have it, Dr. James Moore, the medical director, 
 dropped into Howard's tent. Here was a man Sher- 
 man could depend upon in an emergency like this. 
 
 Sherman gave Moore a wink when Howard's back 
 was turned and said, '' Doctor, have you a seidlitz 
 powder in your quarters ? I don't feel just right, and 
 I know one would do me good." Moore had not sup- 
 plemented a liberal college education by several years 
 in the army in vain. He was equal to any drug clerk 
 
144 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 of New York In his knowledge of the meaning of a 
 wink. 
 
 "A seidHtz powder, general? Certainly. Come 
 right over to my quarters and I can fix you out imme- 
 diately." 
 
 General Howard sprang to his feet, "That won't 
 be necessary, doctor," said he. " I have plenty of 
 powders here, and good ones, too. I will get the gen- 
 eral one." 
 
 Sherman had little desire and less need for a seid- 
 Htz just then, and he followed Howard to his feet. 
 " Never mind," said he, '' I can get along very well 
 without it." 
 
 " No trouble at all," Howard answered, as he began 
 to get the powder and the glasses ready. Sherman 
 turned to Moore for relief, but that gentleman was 
 busy in examining the landscape as an aid to keeping 
 his face straight. 
 
 When that was accomplished he turned about and 
 gravely said: "By the way, general, I don't believe I 
 have one about the premises, and you had better 
 take the one Howard has prepared." Moore was 
 something of a joker himself, and knew a joke when 
 he saw one. 
 
 Sherman was a soldier to the backbone and would 
 not retreat in the face of an enemy. When Howard 
 came up with the glasses he bravely took them and 
 swallowed the foaming stuff. But he never again 
 complained of needing medicine when in Howard's 
 tent. 
 
INCIDENTS IN HIS LIFE. 145 
 
 A Joke on the General. 
 
 A joke as good, but of a different character, was 
 that almost unconsciously perpetrated on Sherman by 
 an Indian chief. Out at Fort Bayard there lay for a 
 long time an old cannon of no use to any one, but 
 which had greatly taken the fancy of an old Apache 
 chief. He daily asked the commander for it, but was 
 put off with the excuse that it belonged to the Gov-^ 
 ernment and could not be given away. One day Gen- 
 eral Sherman arrived at the fort, and the request of 
 the chief was referred to him. He examined the can- 
 non, saw that it was worthless, and told the Indian he 
 might have it. Then, putting on a grave air, he said 
 to the chief: *'I am afraid you want that gun so that 
 you can turn it on my soldiers and kill them." 
 
 "Umph! no," was the unexpected reply. "Can- 
 non kill cowboys. Kill soldiers with club." 
 
 General Hickenlooper of Ohio tells a story illus- 
 trating Sherman's dry wit, rather at the expense of 
 General Corse. In the fiofht at Allatoona a rifle-ball 
 took Corse alongside the head, making a slight wound 
 that, at the time, was thought to be a great deal more 
 dangerous than it really was. When the word reached 
 Sherman it had been greatly magnified, and he was 
 informed that Corse's ear and cheek were gone, but 
 that he would still hold his position and fight it out. 
 
 Meanwhile, Corse had tied up his head and gone on 
 with the business he had been sent there to do. As 
 soon as possible Sherman hurried over, full of anxiety 
 as to the amount of damage done his officer. Nothing 
 
 10 
 
146 GENEEAL S^EKMAN. 
 
 would do but that the bandage must come off, so that 
 he might judge of the damage for himself. The sur- 
 geon carefully took off the cloths and revealed a slight 
 gash across the face and a hole through the ear. 
 Sherman looked for a moment and then dryly said : 
 " Why, Corse, they came mighty near missing you, 
 didn't they !" 
 
 "Going- just Where I Please." 
 
 Many are the stories told of that march to the sea, 
 and occasionally the general would tell one himself. 
 Here is one of his own narration : On one occasion -he 
 had halted for rest on the piazza of a house by the 
 roadside, when it came into the mind of an old. Con- 
 federate who was present that he might pick up a bit 
 of valuable information by a little careful quizzing. 
 He knew by Sherman's dress that he was an officer, 
 but had no suspicion as to his rank. When he heard 
 a staff officer use the title of " General" he turned 
 to Sherman in surprise and said : " Are you a gen- 
 eral ?" 
 
 "Yes, sir," was the response. 
 
 "What is your name?" 
 
 " Sherman." 
 
 " Sherman ! You don't mean General Sherman ?" 
 
 "That's who I mean." 
 
 " How many men have you got ?" 
 
 " Oh, over a million." 
 
 "Well, general, there's just one question I'd like to 
 ask, if you have no objection." 
 
 " Go ahead." 
 
INCIDENTS IN HIS LIFE. 147 
 
 "Where are youns agoing to go when you go away 
 from here ?" 
 
 " Well, that's a pretty stiff question to ask an entire 
 stranger under these circumstances, but if you will 
 give me your word to keep it a secret I don't mind 
 telling you." 
 
 " I will keep it a secret ; don't have no fear of me." 
 
 " But there is a great risk, you know. What if I 
 should tell you my plans, and they should get over to 
 the enemy ?" 
 
 "I tell you there is no fear of me." 
 
 *' You are quite sure I can trust you ?" 
 
 " A.S your own brother." 
 
 The general slowly climbed into his saddle and 
 leaned over to the expectant Confederate, who was 
 all eyes and ears for the precious information : " I 
 will tell you where I am going. I am going — just 
 where I please." And he did, and there was not 
 enough power in the South to stop him. 
 
 The Brave Drummer-Boy. 
 
 Sherman never forgot that little drummer-boy who 
 came to him in the hot fight at the rear of'Vicksburg, 
 and when it came in his power he had the youngster 
 appointed to the Naval Academy at Annapolis. The 
 troops were in the heat of the engagement when 
 Sherman heard a shrill, childish voice calling out to 
 him that one of the regiments was out of ammuni- 
 tion, and that the men would have to abandon their 
 position unless he sent to their relief. He looked 
 down, and there by the side of his horse was a mite 
 
148 GENEKAL SH^KMAN. 
 
 of a boy with the blood running from a wound in his 
 leg. 
 
 " All right, my boy," said the general ; " I'll send 
 them all they need, but as you seem to be badly hurt, 
 you had better go and find a surgeon and let him fix 
 you up." 
 
 The boy saluted and started to the rear, while 
 Sherman prepared to give the required order for the 
 needed ammunition. But he once more heard the 
 piping voice shouting back at him : " General, calibre 
 fifty-eight, calibre fifty-eight." Glancing back, he 
 saw the little fellow, all unconscious of his wound, 
 runninof aeain toward him to tell of the character of 
 the ammunition needed, as another size would have 
 been of no use and left the men as badly off as be- 
 fore. Sherman never could speak too highly of the 
 little fellow's pluck ; he asked him his name, compli- 
 mented him, and promised to keep an eye upon him; 
 which he did. He often related the story, and always 
 with praises for the little soldier's bravery. 
 
 A good story is told of one who was on Kenesaw 
 Mountain during Sherman's advance. A group of 
 Confederates lay in the shade of a tree overlooking 
 the Union camps about Big Shanty. One soldier 
 remarked to his fellows : '' Well, the Yanks will have 
 to git up and git now, for I heard General Johnston 
 himself say that General Wheeler had blown up 
 the tunnel near Dalton, and that the Yanks would 
 have to retreat because they could get no more 
 rations." 
 
INCIDENTS IN HIS LIFE. 149 
 
 "Oh, ! " said a listener. "Don't you know- 
 that old Sherman carries a duplicate tunnel along?" 
 
 One day, looking back, the men saw a line of 
 bridges in their rear in flames. 
 
 " Guess, Charley," said a trooper, " Uncle Billy has 
 set the river on fire." 
 
 Charley's reply was, " Well, if he has, I reckon it's 
 all right." 
 
 A Capital Host. 
 
 General Sherman was always a most delightful 
 host. His welcome was cordial and hospitable, and 
 the guests felt at once at ease wdille realizing the 
 honor and the privilege of the association. As a 
 raconteu7' he was admirable. He had lived so long, 
 had seen so much, and had done so much, that the 
 least suggestion brought forth from him stories that 
 were both instructive and entertaining. On his 
 seventieth birthday, which he celebrated by a little 
 dinner in his home on the evening of February 8, 
 1890, he said: "Yes, I am seventy years old to-day, 
 the time allotted for man to live, but 1 can truly say 
 that I have not felt better at any time within ten 
 years. Seventy years is a long time, and it seems 
 a great while since I was a boy. Still, I can recall 
 incidents that happened when I was not more than 
 four years of age." His memory was astonishing 
 in detail and his mind was wonderful in vigor. He 
 could recall the minutiae of incidents almost from 
 infancy and throughout his eventful career. 
 
 The partiality of the grizzled old war-hero for 
 
150 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 ladies' society is well known, and at school reunions 
 and many such occasions his friendly and cordial 
 notice of many a rosy miss who had never seen him 
 before is familiarly remembered. 
 
 His love for the theatre was prodigious. He was 
 deeply interested in all that pertained to the stage, 
 and he valued certain actors and actresses as his 
 dearest friends. He used to tell how he had come to 
 New York when he was sixteen years old, and had 
 then visited the old Park Theatre, on Park Row, 
 between Beekman and Ann streets. In those days, 
 he said, there were great star actors, but the general 
 average of theatrical people was not high, and the 
 possibility of an actress being received in social circles 
 was not considered. He gloried in the change that 
 had taken place in the interim, and it was a delight 
 to him to recognize the fact that many of our actresses 
 to-day might grace any parlor with their presence. 
 He maintained that it was the duty of all public men 
 to foster and encourage an institution so worthy as 
 the stage. 
 
 Opinion of Dinners. 
 
 In attending public dinners, of which he averaged 
 far more than any other man of his age. General 
 Sherman was very particular as to what he ate. He 
 confined himself on such occasions to the plainest 
 dishes, and was wont to drink only a little sauterne 
 or sherry. He never touched champagne, and had 
 no use for the heavier wines. Of all things, he 
 abhorred what he called those mixed-up French 
 
INCIDENTS IN HIS LIFE. 151 
 
 dishes which might be anything or nothing. " Half 
 the time," he used to say, '' these concoctions are only 
 turkey or chicken hash fixed up with some kind of 
 sauce and called a croquette or something of the kind. 
 I have no use for them." He had his own theories 
 about dining both in private and in public. 
 
 He disliked exceedingly the prevalent custom of 
 late dinners. He declared that all private dinners 
 should be given at such an hour as to enable the 
 diners to attend the theatre afterward. His great 
 love for the theatre probably had more to do with 
 this position than his dislike for late dinners. He also 
 advocated plain food for public dinners, and deplored 
 the costliness of modern banquets, declaring that it 
 was absurd to pay twenty- five dollars a plate for a 
 dinner. Most people could not eat such dinners, and 
 those that could paid the penalty of sickness for their 
 rashness. Fond as General Sherman was of public 
 banquets, he loved his home better. He was hap- 
 piest when he could gather about him a choice circle 
 of intimate friends and entertain them in his own 
 house. 
 
 Birthday Episode. 
 
 When he attained his seventieth birthday the Union 
 League Club proposed to honor the event by a ban- 
 quet to him in its club-house. He thanked them for 
 the kindness intended, but refused on the ground that 
 he had arranged and preferred a little dinner In his 
 own dining-room, which could seat but sixteen people. 
 And so he told the members of the Union League 
 
152 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 that they would have to postpone their proposed ban- 
 quet or else abandon it altogether. He was going to 
 dine at home that night, and with him he would have 
 his brother John, the United States Senator from 
 Ohio, and General Schofield, General Howard, and 
 General Slocum, who had been his three division 
 commanders at the close of the war. It afforded 
 General Sherman the greatest happiness that these 
 three distinguished soldiers should be with him that 
 night, and all in excellent health. Mr. Depew was 
 very anxious to have General Sherman come around 
 to the Union League Club that nio^ht after the dinner 
 in his own house, but the general replied to this sug- 
 gestion : "How can I do that, Chauncey? I can't 
 hurry up my guests in order to go to somebody else's 
 entertainment. You will have to give up this Union 
 League scheme of yours." And so Mr. Depew sub- 
 mitted gracefully to the inevitable, but a month later 
 a grand banquet was given by the Union League in 
 honor of General Sherman's birthday, and at this ban- 
 quet were present many of the most noted men in 
 the United States, all eager to honor the old chieftain. 
 
 The General's **Fad." | 
 
 Thousands of his friends have interesting stories to ' 
 tell of Sherman. So democratic were his manners, 
 and so easy for all sincere travellers was the road to 
 his heart, that of his friends and admirers, numerous 
 as they were, each feel as if he had in- his particular 
 custody some bit of history or anecdote of the great 
 commander which the world could not afford to lose. 
 
INCIDENTS IN HIS LIFE. 153 
 
 The general's fondness for kissing pretty girls was 
 the subject for stones innumerable. How that fond- 
 ness, which may have been latent in his earlier career, 
 for all we know, developed with him into a fad in the 
 satisfaction of which his efforts were untiring, and, it 
 must be confessed, exceedingly popular, is not gen- 
 erally known. Here are the facts as related by 
 himself: 
 
 " Some time after Grant was elected Preslderil I 
 went to call on him at the White House. I had been 
 struck with the number and speed of his horses, and 
 with the delight it seemed to orive him to be in their 
 
 o o 
 
 company. So I said to him, ' General, fine hor-^ 
 seem to have become a fad with you.' ^her- 
 
 " 'Well, Sherman,' said he, 'we all must h^ere a 
 fads these days. It seems to have become e story 
 ionable thing. I have all my life been intense'rview 
 of good horseflesh. In my youth I hadn't the'oung 
 to indulge this fancy. Later in life I had n<. the 
 time. Now, when for the first time I have both fi. 
 money and the leisure, I am indulging it and enjoying 
 It to the full.' 
 
 Kissingr the Pretty Girls. 
 
 " 'Well, general,' said I, *I suppose I'll have to be 
 getting a fad myself I never have had one, and if I 
 have one now I don't know it. Let me see — let me 
 see : what shall it be ? I have it ! You may drive 
 your fast horses, and I will kiss all the pretty girls. 
 Ha ! ha ! that shall be my fad.' " 
 
 General Sherman was some years afterward a 
 
154 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 guest at Congress Hall, Saratoga, where a well- 
 known lady was a conspicuous figure with her dia- 
 monds and her costumes. Not the least interesting 
 of her possessions was a very charming daughter 
 about fifteen years of age, just blushing into the first 
 beauty of maidenhood, and as plump and as fasci- 
 nating a little creature as the eye might light upon 
 in a long day. There was a children's ball that 
 evening at Congress Hall, and General Sherman, 
 who seemed to be in an excellent humor, strolled 
 into the ball-room about the time the music struck 
 up, in company with the wife of the gentleman who 
 
 jj^he authority for these incidents. 
 
 g"estic Rebuffed by a Little Maid. 
 
 hurrv u ^^^^^ scores and scores of pretty young 
 ^ x^ anged around the walls and waiting for the 
 
 Leap-u "^^ General Sherman, on the arm of his fair 
 •j^. lion, promenaded past this array of juvenile 
 
 _ ^^itude, a smile of unmistakable satisfaction came 
 
 - nis face, and his eye wandered from one bud to 
 another with intense and respectful appreciation. 
 When he reached the young lady referred to, after 
 having bestowed a series of rattling salutations on 
 the most attractive little maids, he interrupted his 
 triumphal progress and reached out his arms to 
 salute her tempting lips, but she would none of it. 
 
 "Thank you, sir," she said with a profound 
 courtesy. " I cannot kiss any one without my 
 mother's permission." 
 
 The general was delighted. " My dear young 
 
INCIDENTS IN HIS LIFE. 155 
 
 friend," he said, with a cordial laugh, "you are quite 
 right ; but allow me to say that I must Insist upon 
 your continuing to keep this excellent rule of con- 
 duct. Promise me now that never, as long as you 
 live, will you kiss any man who is not specially 
 designated and approved of by your mother." 
 Whether she did or did not make the promise Is 
 not a matter of history, but the Incident was an 
 exceedingly diverting one to all who witnessed It. • 
 
 Florida Experiences. 
 
 General Sherman and General Carleton, the father 
 of Henry Guy Carleton, were lieutenants together In 
 the army under General Harney, the famous Indian 
 fighter, down In the Seminole War. General Sher- 
 man's experiences at that time in Florida were a 
 fruitful source of anecdote In his after life. One story 
 In particular he told with great gusto of an interview 
 between himself and a very respectable-looking young 
 white man taken prisoner by the troops from the 
 ranks of "Billy Bowlegs's " disreputable followers. 
 He said It showed how accident made or marred a 
 career. 
 
 "I said to this young man," General Sherman used 
 to say, " that It was difficult for me to understand how 
 he got Into such bad company." 
 
 " Lieutenant," said he, " I am here as the victim of 
 one of the most unfortunate accidents that ever hap- 
 pened. My father and mother are excellent citizens 
 of the State of Kentucky, where on the farm near 
 Paris I spent a happy boyhood. The bright dreams 
 
156 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 of my youth were clouded over by an untoward en- 
 counter with a jackass. That whole region in which 
 we live was infested by those half-wild 'jacks' which 
 had been imported into the State by thousands. Ken- 
 tucky was the great mule-producer among the States, 
 and when the old discarded jacks were turned out 
 worthless we boys used to lasso them and ride them 
 out into the woods on our expeditions after chestnuts 
 and walnuts. 
 
 " One day I secured the raggedest, longest-eared, 
 and deepest-voiced brute you ever saw, and hid him in 
 the smoke-house, intending to start off before day the 
 next morning on a nutting expedition. Now, I had a 
 maiden aunt who lived in the family who had a strong 
 and earnest conviction of the existence of a personal 
 devil. The Evil One was to her just such an awful 
 creature as Bunyan showed his to be in his Pilgrim s 
 Progress. Down on a farm in Kentucky people get 
 up before day, anyway, and when my aunt went out 
 to the smoke-house the next morning to get some 
 bacon to fry for breakfast, it was still pitch dark. 
 
 His Satanic Majesty. 
 
 "As she opened the smoke-house door, she said after- 
 ward, she saw the horrible face of the arch enemy 
 himself popped suddenly out at her through the dark- 
 ness, set off by two long and hideous 'horns.' No 
 sooner had the jack spied my respected relative than 
 he broke forth into a series of the most diabolic, ear- 
 piercing, nerve-tearing hee-haws that ever desolated 
 the stillness of a country landscape. My aunt went 
 
INCIDENTS IN HIS LIFE. 157 
 
 off Into a succession of fits, and when she came to she 
 swore by all that was holy that she had seen the devil. 
 I had slept calmly through the whole disturbance, but 
 the offence was promptly laid at my door, and, enter- 
 ing my room while I was yet asleep, my father wore 
 out a leather strap on me. 
 
 " But for this apparendy trivial incident I might to- 
 day be a respected citizen of the great State which raises 
 pretty girls, blue grass, mules, and bourbon, for, smart- 
 ing, under a sense of wrong and the lively application 
 of the strap, I put two shirts into a handkerchief, and 
 without waiting to say good-bye, made a bee-line South. 
 I never stopped until I got into the Florida swamps, 
 where I have just been taken prisoner." 
 
 "Old Bill." 
 
 This was a favorite story of General Sherman's, as 
 showing how a man's whole career could be swerved 
 by a trifling incident. There is another story which 
 he used to tell to his intimates which illustrates the 
 serious side of his mind, and betrays by a touch the 
 gentle and affectionate nature which became toward 
 the end of his life his most marked characteristic. 
 
 "When I went back to Washington," he used to 
 say, " after the war was over and took part in the grand 
 review, I was struck during the first day by the dis- 
 order and confusion in the procession caused by the 
 andcs of some of the fiery chargers ridden by the 
 officers. On the first day the Army of the Potomac 
 filed by. Many gallapt troopers had changed off their 
 old war-horses, and that day for the first time rode 
 
158 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 animals* unaccustomed to such surroundlno-s. The 
 immense masses of humanity, the blare of the bands, 
 and the glitter of the landscape in general frightened 
 these beasts, so that they interfered seriously with the 
 general effect of the spectacle. The morning of the 
 next day, when the Army of the Tennessee was to 
 march by in review, my old body-servant came to me 
 and said : 
 
 " * General, what horse do you want to ride to- 
 day ?" ' 
 
 '-Old Bill,' said I. 
 
 '**Why, general,' said my servant, 'Old Bill isn't 
 the kind of a horse you'd want to ride to-day, sure. 
 Why, he's got no life and spirit about him, and won't 
 make any show at all.' 
 
 " Now," continued the general, " that was the very 
 reason why I wanted to ride old Bill. I knew there 
 was no nonsense in him. In fact, he mi^ht have been 
 called sheepish. A cannonade itself would not have 
 excited him, and I was looking out for my own com- 
 fort, not for display. So that morning I got on the 
 old charger and rode quietly along through that im- 
 pressive scene. The old fellow never phazed and ex- 
 hibited about as much style as a plough-horse. But 
 we got through very comfortably. 
 
 "After passing about one huudred yards beyond 
 the erand stand I rode old Bill to the sidewalk and 
 dismounted. He was led away, where I do not know, 
 and I have never seen the old fellow since. I never 
 knew what they did with him, and it has always been 
 
INCIDENTS IN HIS LIFE. 159 
 
 a genuine sorrow to me that I hadn't been able to 
 keep him near me during the rest of our Hves." 
 His Versatility. 
 
 Colonel L. M. Dayton, who came on from Cincin- 
 nati to attend General Sherman's funeral, was eight 
 years on his staff, serving with him during the entire 
 war and for nearly five years afterward. The intimacy 
 of the relations which Colonel Dayton in such a posi- 
 tion necessarily sustained to the great commander 
 gave him a peculiar insight into the operations of his 
 mind. He tells the following story of an incident 
 which could have happened in the military experience 
 of no other general during the war, and which illus- 
 trates admirably the boldness of Sherman's military 
 operations and the extraordinary foresight with which 
 he planned out a campaign even beyond what might 
 seem to many its objective point. 
 
 "What amazed me most," said Colonel Dayton, 
 "was the versatility of that extraordinary soldier. 
 I cannot help but believe that as a general he was 
 greater than any other the war produced. He 
 planned a campaign to its uttermost limit before 
 he began active operations. For instance, in the 
 Vicksburg campaign, while General Grant might 
 not have figured out his movements beyond the 
 actual capture of that city itself. General Sherman 
 in his place would have outlined clearly what he 
 would do with his men after the siege and what 
 disposition he would make of the baggage and 
 siege-guns. 
 
160 GENERAL SHERMAK. 
 
 " When we started out from Atlanta on the march 
 to the sea, nobody knew what our objective point 
 on the Atlantic coast was, except a few members of 
 the staff and the authorities at Washington. Every- 
 body else simply knew that we were going to march 
 across Georgia to the coast. When General Sherman 
 reached Savannah — which of course was all along 
 known to the authorities as our objective point — 
 he was greatly surprised to find that a gunboat 
 had been despatched down the coast to meet him 
 there. 
 
 **I Won't do Anything of the Kind." 
 
 "The captain of this gunboat had succeeded In 
 ascending Ossabaw Sound and the Ogeechee River, 
 which lies just back of Savannah, and made instant 
 communication with the general. An important 
 official document which had been brought down in 
 this way was handed to General Sherman in my 
 presence. When he received it he got excited and 
 seemed vexed about something. I noticed his color 
 rising and a look of irritation in his eye, as well as 
 the nervous motion of the left arm which character- 
 ized him when anything annoyed him. It seemed, 
 for Instance, as if he was pushing something away 
 from him. 
 
 "'Come here, Dayton,' said he; and we went Into 
 the Inner room of the building where he made his 
 headquarters. As soon as we got Inside I could see 
 that he was greatly opposed to the suggestions that 
 had apparently been contained In the document. 
 
INCIDENTS IN HIS LIFE. 161 t 
 
 'I won't do It,' he would say to himself several times ] 
 over — ' I won't do anything- of the kind.' J 
 
 " The document was an official order from Secre- 1 
 tary Stanton, approved by General Grant, for General '^ 
 Sherman to wait with his army at Savannah for trans- : 
 ports which had been sent down the coast to convey \ 
 them by sea to the mouth of the James, and then to ] 
 ascend that river to co-operate with Grant. General ■ 
 Sherman had all along Intended to march his army up ] 
 the coast across the country, and he sat down at once \ 
 and wrote a letter to General Grant explaining- to ^ 
 him why he was opposed to taking a sea-voyage with - 
 his men ; how he thought such an experience would i 
 demoralize them with sea-sickness, confinement In I 
 close quarters and lack of exercise; and how he had ; 
 decided to take all the responsibility and march them j 
 up by land In accordance with his original plans, j 
 He said he would be at Goldsboro, N. C., on the S 
 2i-st day of March, 1865, and that If any other orders^] 
 were sent to him there, they would reach him ; 
 promptly. So closely did he calculate that on the 23d ] 
 of March he was In possession of Goldsboro. ; 
 
 " As Sherman had at that time practically an army ■ 
 of a hundred thousand men, which could easily anni- ■ 
 hilate any opposition he might meet with on his march, I 
 the wisdom of his course was at once apparent to the ^ 
 authorities, and no attempt was made to interfere 1 
 with his execution of his plans. As a matter of fact ] 
 he did encounter Joe Johnston on the way up the i 
 coast and defeated him at Bentonville. That, I believe, 3 
 
162 GENERAL SHERISrAN. 
 
 was his last battle. No other general would have 
 dared to do what Sherman did in this instance. The 
 boldness of his military genius and his keen insight 
 into the future were admirably illustrated by it. 
 
 How He met Jennie Lincl. 
 
 " It was In Florence," he said ; " I received a card to 
 a musicale, as they called it, and Jennie Lind sent me 
 with this card a note saying how much she would feel 
 honored, and all that. So I went. 
 
 " Lord ! but it was awful ! 
 
 " They lived on the top floor of an old palace. 
 Jennie Lind looked like a washwoman, and Gold- 
 schmidt, her husband, Avas a little black, weazened 
 fellow. There was a daughter, too, I remember. She 
 was freckled mighty bad ! 
 
 " It was an awful time. The refreshments were 
 ice-cream and jumbles. I got away as soon as I could 
 — it made my heart ache to remember that woman so 
 different and see her now so contented with the changfe. 
 I'd have jumped out of a four-story window to have 
 escaped. 
 
 " She was a good woman, too," he went on musingly. 
 '' They were very poor at this time. She had spent 
 all the money she had made in America in Swedish 
 charities. I think she might better have kept some of 
 it, anyhow." 
 
 Hated to be Pliotograplied. 
 
 " My ! how I hate to be photographed," the general 
 exclaimed one day, "because in pictures by that pro- 
 cess I always look stern ; don't like to look stern. My 
 
INCIDENTS IN HIS LIFE. 163 
 
 mood Is pleasant and friendly to all, though I have 
 been told that when I'm in a fight I look like the very 
 devil. That is because my nature is one that concen- 
 trates itself, heart and soul, fire and will, into one ter- 
 rible focus. No half measures for me. I take after 
 my mother in that." 
 
 He tells of a Speech by Grant. 
 
 The following characteristic anecdote of General 
 Grant was told, and illustrated with exquisite humor, 
 by General Sherman at a little dinner: 
 
 •"Grant and I were at Nashville, Tenn., after the 
 battle of Chattanooga. Our quarters were in the same 
 Ibuildino^. 
 
 " One day Grant came into the room that I used for 
 an office. I was very busy, surrounded with papers, 
 muster-rolls, plans, specifications, etc., etc. When I 
 looked up from my work I saw he seemed a good 
 deal bothered, and, after standing around a while^ 
 with his shoulders thrown up and his hands deep 
 down in his trousers pockets, he said: 
 
 " ' Look here, there are some men here from Galena.' 
 ■ "'Well?' I said. 
 
 "Looking more uncomfortable every minute, he 
 went on: 
 
 ; " ' They've got a sword they want to give me ;' and, 
 looking over his shoulder and jerking his thumb in 
 in the same direction, he added : 
 
 " 'Will you come in ? ' 
 -"He looked quite frightened at the idea of going 
 to face them alone, so I put some weights on my 
 
1 64 GENEKAL*^ SHERMAN. 
 
 several piles of papers to keep them from blowing 
 around, and went into the next room, followed by- 
 Grant, who by this time looked as he might if he'd 
 been going to be court-martialled. There we found 
 the mayor and some members of the board of coun- 
 cilmen of Galena. On a table in the middle of the 
 room was a handsome rosewood box containing a 
 magnificent gold-hilted sword, with all the appoint- 
 ments equally splendid. 
 
 Grant Nonplussed. 
 
 "The mayor stepped forward and delivered what 
 was evidently a carefully prepared speech, setting 
 forth that the citizens of Galena had sent him to pre- 
 sent to General Grant the accompanying sword, not 
 as a testimonial to his greatness as a soldier, but as a 
 slight proof of their love and esteem for him as a 
 man and their pride in him as a fellow-citizen. 
 
 " After delivering the speech the mayor produced 
 a large parchment scroll, to which was attached by a 
 long blue ribbon a red seal as big as a pancake, and 
 on which was inscribed a set of complimentary reso- 
 lutions. These he proceeded to read to us, not omit- 
 ting a single 'whereas' or 'hereunto.' And after: 
 finishing the reading he rolled it up and with great 
 solemnity and ceremony handed it to Grant. 
 
 " General Grant took it, looked ruefully at it, and 
 held it as if it burnt him. Mrs. Grant, who had been 
 standing beside her husband, quietly took it from 
 him, and there was dead silence for several minutes. 
 Then Grant, sinking his head lower on his chesl 
 
INCIDENTS IN HIS LIFE. 165 
 
 and hunching his shoulders up higher and looking 
 thoroughly miserable, began hunting in his pockets, 
 diving first in one and then in another, and at last 
 said: 'Gentlemen, I knew you were coming here to 
 give me this sword, and so I prepared a short 
 speech ; ' and with a look of relief he drew from his 
 trousers pocket a crooked, crumpled piece of paper 
 and handed it to the mayor of Galena, adding, 'and, 
 gentlemen, here it is! ' " 
 
 The General and Mrs. Cleveland. 
 
 To those who appreciated General Sherman's 
 genial nature it is superfluous to say that he regarded 
 his extensive acquaintance with the "ladies of the 
 White House " with peculiar gratification. This he 
 specially referred to on one occasion when he had 
 been introduced to Mrs. Cleveland, then but a short 
 time a bride. The general said : 
 
 "The other day, when I was in Washington, I 
 received a note from Mrs. Endicott tellinof me that 
 the President and Mrs. Cleveland were to dine at her 
 ,house that evening, and begging me to join them. I 
 wrote her a very polite reply — said I had two or three 
 engagements I must keep, but if Mrs. Endicott would 
 reserve me a place I would slip in quietly and take up 
 my dinner at the point at which I arrived. 
 
 " When I got there they were at the table, and I 
 
 *Ound that the seat at Mr. Endicott's left had been 
 
 eserved for me, Mrs. Cleveland being on his right. 
 
 Well, we just shoved Endicott to one side, and sailed 
 
 in and had a good time. After a while the ladies left 
 
1 QQ GENEEAL. SHERMAN. 
 
 US, and then after a little we went into Endicott's 
 room for a smoke. Then, about 11.30, we went up 
 to the ladies. It was rather late, and very soon Mrs. 
 Cleveland made a move to go, and of course several 
 gentlemen surrounded her, helping her with her 
 wraps ; and she turned to me and said very quietly, 
 ' General, I am very glad to have met you, and I want 
 you to come and see me.' I smiled and said, ' You 
 know that such an invitation is a command.' And 
 she smiled back and said, ' When will you come ? 
 To-morrow? Shall we say one o'clock?' Well, I 
 went, and she came in to meet me plainly and simply 
 dressed, and was just sweet and girlish — but bright! 
 and shrewd ! 
 
 The Finest Lady at the White House. 
 
 " She wanted to know all about the ladies that have 
 presided in the White House. I have known 'em 1 
 all since Jackson's time, and she made me tell her 
 about them. I consider Harriet Lane, Buchanan's 
 niece, the finest lady that ever did the honors of the 
 White House, though she was cold and impassive ; 
 but her tact and suavity of manner were perfect. I 
 believe Mrs. Cleveland has taken Harriet Lane for 
 her model, and she is as clever and sweet a lady as 
 Miss Lane was. 
 
 ''The sweetest woman I ever met presiding there 
 was Kitty Taylor, General Taylor's daughter, after- 
 ward Mrs. Dr. Dandrido-e. But none of them wa? 
 briorhter and more beautiful than Mrs. Cleveland. 
 
 Youth and beauty General Sherman loved — indeed, 
 
 
INCIDENTS IN HIS LIFE. 167 ; 
 
 I think the only subject on which I ever heard him 1 
 speak with deep regret, says a friend, was that of lost 1 
 youth. One day he remarked, '' Ah, how I envy the ^ 
 young their hopes and dreams and aspirations ! I ; 
 envy the beggar on the street if he is young — who i 
 can tell what lies before him ? Yes, yes, I know, but ' 
 there's no fun in looking back ; it's an old story, \ 
 you've heard it over and over again, but the future | 
 may hold all sorts of surprises. I went into my club i 
 the other night, and a young fellow came over to me i 
 and said, * General, I am very proud and happy to . 
 meet you ; you've been a landmark to me all my life, j 
 I've read about you In history.' Lord ! he looked at l 
 me with reverence and bowed down before me, and it i 
 was all I could do to be civil to him. Read about me i 
 in his history, indeed ! as if I were Moses !" \ 
 
 At the time of the death of General Sheridan he l 
 was lamenting the rapid thinning of the ranks of his ^ 
 contemporaries, and, shaking his head, said sadly^ j 
 *' There we eo, one after another. Grant and Sheri- ■ 
 dan, and soon, I suppose, I shall join the procession. • 
 Well, that will be the last of the race — there will be \ 
 no generals left when I'm gone." J 
 
 Excuses for Swearing. i 
 
 On one occasion when visiting his sister, Mrs. - 
 Ewing, General Sherman met four or five clergymen, \ 
 and his patience was rather severely tried by their ^ 
 religious discussions, and what seemed to him their I 
 intolerant and one-sided views. One of them chal- J 
 lenged him to offer any excuse for swearing, meeting j 
 
168 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 him with the clinchlnor statement that there could be 
 
 o 
 
 no redemption for blasphemers. 
 
 "Were you," inquired the young soldier, " ever at 
 sea in a heavy gale, with spars creaking and sails flap- 
 ping, and the crew cowardly and incompetent?" 
 
 "No." 
 
 " Did you ever," he continued gravely, " try to drive 
 a five-team ox-cart across the prairie ?" 
 
 " No." 
 
 "Then," said Captain Sherman, " you know nothing 
 of temptations to .blasphemy — you know nothing about 
 extenuating circumstances for blasphemers — you are 
 not competent to judge?" 
 
 Proud of his 3Iotlier. 
 
 General Sherman was proud of tracing his powers 
 of endurance to his mother, to whom he also fre- 
 quently ascribed the heritage of other soldierly cha- 
 racteristics. 
 
 "She married very young," said the general, "her 
 husband, who was not very much older, being a lawyer 
 with hope and ambition for his patrimony and all the 
 world before him where to choose. He chose Ohio, 
 leaving his young wife in Jersey City while he made 
 a home for her in what was then a far country, though 
 now comparatively near. 
 
 " Soon as he had made a home for her she went to 
 him. She rode on horseback, with her young baby in 
 her arms, from Jersey City to Ohio, the journey oc- 
 cupying twenty-three days ! What would a New 
 York bride say to such a journey as that ? I'm afraid 
 
INCIDENTS IN HIS LIFE. 169 
 
 she'd want to wait until her husband had made money 
 enough to have a railroad built for her." 
 
 His Methodical Brother. 
 
 " Curious," said the general one day, " to note the 
 differences in the family ! I've got a brother out in 
 Wisconsin — cashier in a bank — most methodical man 
 that ever lived — eats and sleeps by rule. He couldn't 
 live in one of these New York palaces. He lives in 
 a nice frame house, and has for twenty years and 
 more gone and come from his office every day at pre- 
 cisely the same hour. The people in the town set 
 their watches by him, and if he were five minutes late 
 there wouldn't be a correct timepiece within a mile. 
 He has sat on one seat in his office and hung his coat 
 on one peg for twenty years, and if anybody gets in 
 before him and gets off a joke on him by using that 
 peg, it sours his temper for the whole day." 
 
 General Sherman's '=* Idolized Soldier-Boy." 
 
 Willie Sherman, when about nine years of age, 
 went down to Mississippi, where he became a com- 
 rade and favorite of the Thirteenth regulars, who 
 formed General Sherman's personal escort. On the 
 Way up the river, after the Vicksburg campaign, he 
 oecame ill. October 3, 1863, the brave litde fellow 
 died. October 4, he had a military funeral at Mem- 
 phis ; at midnight came a letter of thanks from the 
 general to Captain Smith, commanding battalion, one 
 )f the most touchinor letters ever written. In the 
 spring of 1867 the body was removed to St. Louis 
 ind buried in Calvary Cemetery. A beautiful marble 
 
170 GENERAL SHEEMAK. 
 
 monument was erected by the officers and soldiers 
 
 of the battaHon. 
 
 The above facts suggested the following poem, 
 
 a copy of which was sent to the general at his home 
 
 in New York. In the battalion the boy was fondly 
 
 called : 
 
 "Serg^eant Willie." 
 
 The Thirteenth Regulars, as brave 
 A regiment as ever gave 
 Their blood to solder sundered lands, 
 Of prompt obedience to commands, 
 
 Had once a sergeant of the line, 
 
 A little fellow aged nine, 
 
 Called " Sergeant Willie," Sherman's boy, 
 
 His father's pride, his mother's joy. 
 
 He — ^born a soldier — loved the camp; 
 Of future prowess bore the stamp; 
 W^hile clinging yet to mother's hand 
 Had all the air of high command. 
 
 The Thirteenth treads to muffled drum; 
 To some one in its ranks has come 
 The soldier's fate — to some one small, 
 Is seen by hearse and little pall, 
 
 " Who lies so bravely 'neath the stars, 
 That wraps a form too young for wars ?" 
 
 " Our • Sergeant Willie,' Sherman's boy. 
 His father's pride, his mother's joy." 
 
 "Battalion, halt!" — Battalion, weep. 
 Your dearest comrade sleeps the sleep 
 That knows no waking : — Dry your tears, 
 The brave have e'en in death no fears. 
 
 Whate'er was mortal, free from guilt, 
 Rests in the tomb affection built : 
 His soul has joined the ranks above, 
 And found a Heavenly Fathers love, 
 
 George Morton. 
 
INCIDENTS IN HIS LIFE. 171 
 
 With military promptitude, the following character- 
 istic letter of acknowledgment was duly sent : 
 
 75 West 71ST St., New York, Sept. 9, 1889. 
 
 G. H. McCabe, Esq., Philadelphia, Pa. : \ 
 
 My Dear Sir: Please accept for yourself, the > 
 
 sender, and for Mr. Morton, the author of the poem i 
 
 " Sergeant Willie," a copy of which Is just received, \ 
 
 my heartfelt and grateful thanks. The same, I assure : 
 
 you, will be preserved in my archives, together with j 
 
 many other encomiums, mainly from the hands of . 
 
 members of the old Thirteenth, to which regiment he j 
 
 was in life so thoroughly devoted. 1 
 
 Very truly yours, ^ 
 
 W. T. Sherman, General, j 
 
 The general's habits of life were simple. He had a j 
 
 keen sense of the beauty of Nature, and never was { 
 
 happier than when his camp w^as pitched in some forest 1 
 
 of lofty pines, where the wind sang through the tree- j 
 
 tops in melodious measure and the feet were buried ; 
 
 In the soft carpeting of spindles. He was the last one ] 
 
 to complain when the table fare was reduced to beef ; 
 
 and "hard tack," and. In truth, he rather enjoyed ? 
 
 poverty of food as one of the conditions of a soldier's ' 
 
 life. He apologized to his guest, the Secretary of j 
 
 War, one day at Savannah because certain luxuries, ] 
 
 such as canned fruits and jellies, had found their way ■ 
 
 to his table. ? 
 
 ** This," he remarked, " Is the consequence of coming : 
 
172 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 into houses and cities. The only place to live, Mr. 
 Secretary, is out of doors in the woods." 
 
 This simplicity of taste, which was so perfectly 
 natural to the general, served well in the campaigns of 
 the war. It is easily seen that in making long marches 
 the most fatal clog to successful operations is exces- 
 sive transportation, and the tendency of the army was 
 constantly to accretion ; but Sherman reduced bag- 
 gage-trains to the minimum, and himself shared the 
 privations of the common soldier. 
 
 Unselfish Patriotism. 
 
 General Sherman's patriotism was a vital force. 
 He gave himself and all that he had to the national 
 cause. Personal considerations never influenced him. 
 Doubtless he was ambitious, but it was impossible to 
 discern any selfish or unworthy motive either in his 
 words or deeds. We do not believe it possible for a 
 man more absolutely to subordinate himself and his 
 personal interests than he did. His patriotism was as 
 pure as the faith of a child, and before it family and 
 social influences were powerless. His relatives were 
 the last persons to receive from his hand preferment 
 or promotion. In answer to the request of one nearly 
 allied to him that he would give his son a position on 
 his staff, the general's reply was curt and unmis- 
 takable : 
 
 " Let him enter the ranks as a soldier and carry a 
 musket a few years." 
 
 In all of his pleasant and peaceful old age General 
 Sherman realized fully the necessary infirmities of in- 
 
INCIDENTS IN HIS LIFE. 173 
 
 creasing years and the probability that death might 
 remove him at any time. The contemplation of death 
 had no terrors for him. His position in this matter is 
 best expressed in the reply which he made on his 
 seventieth birthday to a conventional wish that he 
 might have many happy returns of the day. He said 
 then, with a full appreciation of the insecurity of life 
 as well as of the fact that his race was nearly run, '' I 
 am too old to hope for many returns of the day. And 
 then life is so uncertain. Death seems to come now- 
 a-days without almost any warning, but many a man 
 has sprung up in readiness when I have had the 
 trumpets sounded, and I am still a soldier. When 
 Gabriel sounds his trumpet I shall be ready." 
 
 He was, of course, long past the years when a man 
 can expect vigorous health, and he often spoke about 
 death, and said he did not expect to be much longer 
 on the scene of active affairs. He frequently prefaced 
 remarks about the future by saying, ''If I live" and 
 " If I am here." Indeed, for a number of years, espe- 
 cially since the death of his wife, his mind assumed a 
 melancholy mood. The deaths of Hancock, Sheridan, 
 and Grant, with whom he was intimately associated, 
 were to him profound shocks, and had an effect differ- 
 ent to the philosophical way in which they were 
 regarded by others. 
 
 For some time his hearing had been failing and he 
 had become quite deaf. This troubled him very much, 
 as his senses had been phenomenally keen. It pained 
 him when he could no longer hear the birds sing in 
 
174 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 the spring or the sparrows twittering in the city, and 
 friends had to be exceedingly careful not to talk be- 
 fore him about things he could not hear. It such a 
 thing occurred he was likely to get up and leave the 
 
 room. 
 
 The Greatest Soldier. 
 
 How should the greatest soldier die ? 
 The winds and seas and hills reply: 
 
 At peace ! The horrid front of War 
 Smoothed by a smile from every scar; 
 His sword and spear beat into hooks 
 To prane his vines; among his books; 
 His armor rusting on the wall ; 
 Friends thicker than the leaves that fall 
 In Vallombrosa; with a sigh 
 Of sweet content — thus let him die. 
 
 Where should the greatest soldier lie? 
 The winds and seas and hills reply : 
 No granite base nor marble pile, 
 Nor fretted arch nor vaulted aisle, 
 Nor storied urn nor sculptured stone, 
 ^ Is worthy, now that he is gone. 
 
 In every heart where freedom swells, 
 f In every soul where honor dwells, 
 
 Till children in their turn impart 
 Each memory of soul and heart 
 To others, who still love to hear 
 The name of him whom all hold dear : 
 There, of the nation's love possessed, 
 In peace and honor let him rest. 
 
BOOK II. 
 
 GENERAL SHERMAN'S GREAT 
 MARCHES AND BATTLES. 
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 
 Sherman at the Battle of Bull Run. — His 
 Graphic Account of the Bloody Conflict. 
 
 In the Civil War, General Sherman came into 
 the mihtary service of the United States as colo- 
 nel of the Thirteenth regular infantry. At Bull 
 Run his rank was that of colonel commanding 
 brigade. 
 
 The reader will be interested in his own graphic 
 description of the part he acted in the first great on- 
 slaught of the war (July 21st, 1861), which is 
 herewith given in his own words : 
 
 My brigade was composed of the Thirteenth New 
 York Volunteers, Colonel Quinby; Sixty-ninth New 
 York, Colonel Corcoran ; Seventy-ninth New York, 
 Colonel Cameron ; Second Wisconsin, Lieutenant- 
 Colonel Peck ; and Company E, Third Artillery, under 
 command of Captain R. B. Ayres, Fifth Artillery. We 
 Jeft our camp near Centreville, pursuant to orders, 
 It half-past 2 A. M., taking place in the column of 
 |A.ssistant- Adjutant General Baird, next to the brigade 
 oi General Schenck, and proceeded as far as the 
 
 175 
 
176 GENEEAL .SHEKMAN. 
 
 halt, before the enemy's position, near the stone 
 bridge across Bull Run. Here the brigade was de- 
 ployed in line along the skirt of timber to the right of 
 the Warrenton road, and remained quietly in position 
 till after lo a. m. The enemy remained very quiet, 
 but about that time we saw a rebel regiment leave its 
 cover in our front and proceed in double-quick time: 
 on the road toward Sudley Springs, by which we: 
 knew the columns of Colonels Hunter and Helntzel- 
 man were approaching. 
 
 The Enemy in Siglit. 
 About the same time we observed in motion a large 
 mass of the enemy below and on the other side of; 
 the stone bridge. I directed Captain Ayres to take: 
 position with his battery near our right and to open fire 
 on this mass; but Baird had previously detached the 
 two rifle-guns belonging to this battery, and, finding 
 that the smooth-bore guns did not reach the enemy's 
 position, we ceased firing, and I sent a request that 
 Baird would send to me the thirty-pounder rifle-gun 
 attached to Captain Carlisle's battery. At the same 
 time I shifted the New York Sixty-ninth to the extreme 
 right of the brigade. Thus we remained till we heard 
 the musketry-fire across Bull Run, showing that the 
 head of Colonel Hunter's column was engaged. 
 This firing was brisk, and showed that Hunter was 
 driving before him the enemy, till about noon, when 
 it became certain the enemy had come to a stand, and 
 that our forces on the other side of Bull Run were 
 all engaged, artillery and infantry. 
 
m :,o'!!'!!,u5 fill 
 
 lii'ili'' 'H'niiini'i|iii 
 
 '' Ml i: 'i" 
 
 i!a,.ir ■■ 
 
 |lil!«fi« 
 
 lllllPP^^ 
 
 r 
 
 ■\ i|- 
 
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 il'J'ii* <7<, 
 
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( 
 
 MAJOR-GENERAL JAMES B. M'PHERSON. 
 

SHERMAN AT BULL RUN. 177 
 
 Here Baird sent me the order to cross over with 
 the whole bricrade to the assistance of Colonel Hunter. 
 Early in the day, when reconnoitring the ground, I 
 had seen a horseman descend from a bluff in our front, 
 cross die stream, and show himself in the open field 
 on this side, and, inferring that we could cross over 
 at the same point, I sent forward a company as skir- 
 mishers, and followed with the whole brigade, the New 
 York Sixty-ninth leading. 
 
 Hagrg-erty Shot from his Horse. 
 
 We found no difficulty in crossing over, and met 
 with no opposition in ascending the steep bluff oppo- 
 site with our infantry, but it was impossible to the 
 artillery, and I sent word back to Captain Ayres to 
 follow if possible, otherwise to use his discreticm. 
 Captain Ayres did not cross Bull Run, but remained 
 on that side with the rest of the division. Advancing 
 slowly and cautiously with the head of the column, to 
 give time for the regiments in succession to close up 
 their ranks, we first encountered a party of the enemy 
 retreating along a cluster of pines; Lieutenant-Colonel 
 Haggerty, of the Sixty-ninth, without orders, rode out 
 alone and endeavored to intercept their retreat. One 
 of the enemy, in full view, at short range, shot Hag- 
 gerty, and he fell dead from his horse. 
 
 The vSixty-ninth opened fire on this party, which 
 was returned; but, determined to effect our junction 
 with Hunter's division, I ordered this fire to cease, 
 and we proceeded with caution toward the field where 
 we then plainly saw our forces engaged. Displaying 
 
 12 
 
178 GENEEAL SHBEMAN. 
 
 our colors conspicuously at the head of our column, 
 we succeeded in attracting the attention of our friends, 
 and soon formed the brigade in the rear of Colonel 
 Porter's. 
 
 IJere I learned that Colonel Hunter was disabled 
 by a severe wound, and that General McDowell was 
 on the field. I sought him out, and received his 
 orders to join in pursuit of the enemy, who was falling 
 back to the left of the road by which the army had 
 approached from Sudley Springs. Placing Colonel 
 Quinby's regiment of rifles in front, in column by 
 division, I directed the other regiments to follow in 
 line of batde, in the order of the Wisconsin Second, 
 New York Seventy-ninth, and New York Sixty-ninth. 
 
 Quinby's Brave Advance. 
 
 Quinby's regiment advanced steadily down the hill 
 and up the ridge, from which he opened fire upon the 
 enemy, who had made another stand on ground very 
 favorable to him, and the regiment continued ad- 
 vancing as the enemy gave way, till the head of the 
 column reached the point near which Rickett's battery 
 was so severely cut up. The other regiments de- 
 scended the hill in line of batde under a severe 
 cannonade, and, the ground affording comparative 
 shelter from the enemy's artillery, they changed di- 
 rection by the right flank, and followed the road before 
 mentioned. At the point where this road crosses the 
 bridge to our left front the ground was swept by a 
 most severe fire of artillery, rifles, and musketry, and 
 we saw, in succession, several regiments driven from 
 
180 GENERAL SHEEMAN. 
 
 it ; among them the Zouaves and battaHon of marines. 
 Before reaching the crest of this hill the roadway was^ 
 worn deep enough to afford shelter, and I kept the 
 several regiments in it as long as possible ; but when 
 the Wisconsin Second was abreast of the enemy, by 
 order of Major Wadsworth, of General McDowell's 
 staff, I ordered it to leave the roadway by the left flank, 
 and to attack the enemy. 
 
 Wisconsin Second Kepiilsed. 
 
 This reeiment ascended to the brow of the hill 
 steadily, received the severe fire of the enemy, re- 
 turned it wath spirit,, and advanced, delivering its fire. 
 This regiment is uniformed in gray cloth, almost iden- 
 tical with that of the s^reat bulk of the Secession 
 army, and when the regiment fell into confusion and . 
 retreated toward the road, there was a universal cry • 
 that they were being fired on by our own men, The: 
 regiment rallied again, passed the brow of the hill a i 
 second time, but was again repulsed in disorder. By 
 this time the New York Seventy-ninth had closed up, 
 and in like manner it was ordered to cross the brow of 
 the hill and drive the enemy from cover. 
 
 It was impossible to get a good view of this ground. 
 In it there was one battery of artillery, which poured 
 an incessant fire upon our advancing column, and the 
 ground was very irregular, with small clusters of pines 
 affording shelter, of which the enemy took good ad- 
 vantage. The fire of rifles and musketry was very '^ 
 severe. The Seventy- ninth, headed by its colonel, 
 Cameron, charged across the hill, and for a short time 
 
SHEBMAN AT BULL BUN. 181 i 
 
 the contest was severe ; they ralHed several times ■ 
 
 under fire, but finally broke and gained the cover of ' 
 the hill. 
 
 This left the field open to the New York Sixty- : 
 
 ninth, Colonel Corcoran, who in his turn led his regi- ; 
 
 ment over the crest, and had in full open view the " 
 
 ground so severely contested ; the fire was very ; 
 severe, and the roar of cannon, musketry, and rifles 
 incessant ; it was manifest the enemy was here in 
 great force, far superior to us at that point. The 
 
 Sixty-ninth held the ground for some time, but finally j 
 
 fell back in disorder. ^ 
 
 Federals thrown into Confusion. ] 
 
 All this time Ouinby's regiment occupied another 
 
 ridge to our left, overlooking the same field of action \ 
 
 and similarly engaged. Here, about half-past 3 p. M., ' 
 
 beean the scene of confusion and disorder that cha- ' 
 
 racterized the remainder of the day. Up to that time ': 
 all had kept their places, and seemed perfectly cool 
 
 and used to the shell and shot that fell, comparatively '■■ 
 harmless, all around us ; but the short exposure to an 
 
 intense fire of small-arms at close range had killed \ 
 many, wounded more, and had produced disorder in all 
 
 of the battalions that had attempted to encounter it. ' 
 Men fell away from their ranks, talking and in great 
 
 confusion. ' 
 
 Colonel Cameron had been mortally wounded, was 
 
 carried to an ambulance, and reported dying. Many : 
 
 other ofificers were reported dead or missing, and ' 
 
 many of the wounded were making their way, with ^ 
 
182 GENEBAL SHEKMAN. 
 
 more or less assistance, to the buildings used as hos 
 pitals on the ridge to the west. 
 
 We succeeded in partially re-forming the regiments, 
 but it was manifest that they would not stand, and I 
 directed Colonel Corcoran to move along the ridge to 
 the rear, near the position where he had first formed 
 the brigade. General McDowell was there in person, 
 and used all possible efforts to reassure the men. By 
 the active exertions of Colonel Corcoran we formed 
 an irregular square against the cavalry which were 
 then seen to issuti from the position from which we 
 had been driven, and we beoran our retreat toward the 
 same ford of Bull Run by which we had approached 
 the field of battle. 
 
 Retreat toward Centreville. 
 
 There was no positive order to retreat, although 
 for an hour it had been going on by the operation of 
 the men themselves. The ranks were thin and irreg- 
 ular, and we found a stream of people strung from 
 the hospital across Bull Run and far toward Centre- 
 ville. 
 
 After putting in motion the irregular square In 
 person, I pushed forward to find Captain Ayres's 
 battery at the crossing of Bull Run. I sought it at its 
 last position, before the brigade had crossed over, but 
 it was not there ; then passing through the woods 
 where, in the morning, we had first formed line, we 
 approached the blacksmith's shop, but there found a 
 detachment of the Secession cavalry, and thence made 
 a circuit, avoiding Cub Run Bridge, into Centreville, 
 
SHERMAN AT BULL RUN. 183 ' 
 
 where I found General McDowell, and from him i 
 understood that It was his purpose to rally the forces j 
 and make a stand at Centreville. \ 
 
 But about nine o'clock at night I received from \ 
 General Tyler, in person, the order to continue the i 
 retreat to the Potomac. This retreat was by night i 
 and disorderly in the extreme. The men of different 1 
 regiments mingled together, and some reached the ; 
 river at Arlington, some at Long Bridge, and the : 
 greater part returned to their former camp at or near 
 Fort Corcoran. I reached this point at noon the next i 
 day, and found a miscellaneous crowd crossing over 
 the aqueduct and ferries. Conceiving this to be ; 
 demoralizing, I at once commanded the guard to be ^ 
 increased and all pers3ns attempting to pass over ^ 
 to be stopped. This soon produced its effect; men ; 
 sought their proper companies and regiments. Com- \ 
 parative order was restored, and all were posted to ^ 
 the best advantage. ; 
 
 Our loss was heavy, and occurred chiefly at the ^ 
 point near where Rickett's battery was destroyed. . 
 Lieutenant-Colonel Haggerty was killed about noon, ' 
 before we had effected a junction with Colonel Hunter's ] 
 division. Colonel Cameron was mortally wounded \ 
 leading his regiment In the charge, and Colonel ^ 
 Corcoran has been missing since the cavalry charge ] 
 near the building used as a hospital. • 
 
 Lieutenants Piper and McQuesten, of my personal i 
 staff, were under fire all day, and carried orders to 
 and fro with as much coolness as on parade. Lieu- \ 
 
184 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 tenant Bagley of the New York Sixty-ninth, a volunteer 
 aide, asked leave to serve with his company during the 
 action-, and was among those reported missing. I 
 had intelligence that he was a prisoner and slightly 
 wounded. 
 
 " Colonel Coon of Wisconsin, a volunteer aide, also 
 rendered good service during the day." 
 
 Lincoln's Humorous Reply. 
 
 They were all back near Georgetown by July 23d, 
 and made preparations to defend their position against 
 the Confederates, who they were certain were at 
 their heels. Sherman about this time had trouble with 
 some of his ninety-day men, who wanted to return 
 home. Mr. Lincoln visited the camp one day, when 
 one of the officers stepped up to the President's car- 
 riage, in which Sherman was seated with him, and 
 said: "Mr. President^ I have a cause of grievance. 
 This morning I went to speak to Colonel Sherman, 
 and he threatened to shoot me.** Mr. Lincoln repeated 
 interrogatively the words, "Threatened to shoot 
 you ? " — " Yes, sir, he threatened to shoot me." Mr. 
 Lincoln looked at him and then at Sherman, and 
 bending his tall, spare form toward the officer, said to 
 him in a loud stage-whisper, that could be easily heard 
 at some distance, "Well, if I were you, and he threat- 
 ened to shoot, I would not trust him, for I believe he 
 would do it." The officer disappeared amid the 
 laughter of all who were around. 
 
 During the anxious August days after the battle of 
 Bull Run, while Sherman was drilling and disciplining 
 
GENERAL SHERMAN AT THE OUTBREAK OF THE WAR. 
 
 185 
 
186 GENERAL pHEKMAN. 
 
 the raw regiments under him and getting ready to do 
 his part in repulsing the attack that was almost hourly 
 expected, he received a note from General Robert An- 
 derson asking him to call on him in Washington. 
 Anderson explained that the Administration was be- 
 coming alarmed about Kentucky, where matters were 
 rapidly approaching a grave crisis. The Legislature 
 was in session, and was ready, as soon as supported 
 by the General Government, to take measures that 
 would keep the State in the Union. It had been de- 
 termined, therefore, to organize a new military depart- 
 ment, to be known as the Department of the Cum 
 berland, and to embrace Kentucky, Tennessee, etc. 
 
 Critical Situation in Kentucky. 
 
 Anderson said he had been offered the command 
 had accepted it, and wanted help. The Presiden 
 agreed that he should select four of the brigadiers, 
 and he wanted Sherman to be one of them and to be 
 his right-hand man. Anderson had been the captain 
 of Sherman's company in the old Fort Moultrie, and 
 knew his splendid abilities as a soldier. The other 
 brigadiers selected for the new department by Ander- 
 son were Thomas, D. C. Buell, and Burnside. Sher- 
 man always wanted to go West, and he was rejoiced 
 to be given the chance to go with Anderson, whom he 
 so much admired and esteemed. 
 
 The situation in Kentucky at this time was exceed- 
 ingly critical. The State was threatened with invasion 
 by two forces — one from the direction of Nashville, 
 under the command of Albert Sidney Johnston and 
 
 I 
 
SHEKMAN AT BULL KUN. 187 
 
 Buckner, and the other from the direction of the 
 Cumberland Gap, under the command of Generals 
 Crittenden and Zollicoffer. Anderson saw that the 
 force at his disposal was not sufficient to fight these 
 two columns, and he sent Sherman to Indianapolis 
 and Springfield to confer with the governors of Indiana 
 and Illinois and ascertain what assistance they could 
 give. Sherman found Governor Morton busily en- 
 gaged equipping regiments and sending them East 
 to McClellan or to Fremont in Missouri. These two 
 generals were then looked upon as the great soldiers 
 who were to put an end to the war and restore the 
 Union. Governor Yates in Illinois was as active as 
 Morton, but the new troops were all going to Fre- 
 mont or McClellan. 
 
 Sherman was not very successful In obtaining help 
 for Kentucky, and he resolved to go to St. Louis and 
 lay the situation before Fremont in person. When 
 he succeeded in obtaining admission to Fremont, 
 which was a work of no small difficulty, owing to the 
 number of guards with whom he surrounded himself, 
 the Western commander was courteous enough, but 
 Sherman could do nothing with him in furtherance of 
 his mission. He returned to Louisville. The city 
 was in the greatest state of excitement. The Legis- 
 lature had resolved to adhere to the Union, and John- 
 ston had invaded the State, advancing as far as 
 Bowling Green, which he began to fortify. Buckner 
 was despatched by him with a division toward Louis- 
 ville. Zollicoffer entered the State and advanced as 
 
188 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 far as Somerset. Columbus was in possession of Gen- 
 erals Polks and Pillow, and General Grant, on the 
 other side, had moved from Cairo to Paducah. 
 
 In a few hours the news came that Buckner was 
 rapidly marching on Louisville. All the troops An- 
 derson had to oppose him were Rousseau's division 
 and a few home-guards in Louisville. Sherman was 
 sent out with Rousseau's force to seize Muldraueh's 
 Hill, back of Elizabethtown. As fast as troops reached 
 Louisville they were sent to Sherman, and toward the 
 beginning of October he had a division of two brigades. 
 Anderson in Louisville was rapidily breaking down 
 under mental strain and worry, and relinquished the 
 command. Sherman, as senior, had to fill his place, 
 but he did not desire to serve except in a subordinate 
 capacity. The War Department replied that Briga- 
 dier-General Buell would soon arrive from California 
 to relieve him. Sherman in the mean time went 
 vigorously to work raising troops, but it was not an 
 easy matter. The young men, as a rule, sympathized 
 with the South, and the old men wanted to stay at 
 home and defend their property. He succeeded, 
 however, in materially strengthening General George 
 H. Thomas and Brigadier-General A. D. McCook, 
 commanding respectively at Camp Dick Robinson and 
 Elizabethtown. 
 
CHAPTER XII. 
 
 Events preceding the Battle of Shiloh. — 
 Rapid Movements in the Cumberland Val- 
 ley and South-west. — Capture of Island 
 No. 10. 
 
 The fall of Fort Donelson, February i6, 1862, 
 completely broke up the line of defence stretching 
 from Bowling Green to Columbus — a line of defence 
 which the Confederates fondly imagined to be in- 
 vulnerable. It carried the whole Union front forward 
 two hundred miles. It had the immediate effect of 
 driving the insurgents completely out of Kentucky. 
 It threw them back into the centre of Tennessee, and 
 brought the capital of that State under Union au- 
 thority. It practically unbound both the Cumberland 
 and Tennessee rivers — an immense gain to the Union 
 commanders, as they fully appreciated the great ad- 
 vantage of gunboats on those inland rivers. 
 
 There can now be no doubt in any mind at all 
 familiar with the subject that the Union victories at 
 Forts Henry and Donelson were rendered compar- 
 atively easy by the bad management of the Confed- 
 erate commander-in-chief Had General Johnston, 
 in place of attaching so much importance to the pro- 
 tection of the two forts on the Tennessee and the 
 Cumberland respectively, concentrated his various 
 
 189 
 
190 
 
BEFORE THE BATTLE OF SHILOH. 
 
 191 
 
 armies and forced either Grant or Buell or both to 
 risk the chances of battle in the open ground, the 
 result might have been very different. Johnston saw 
 this himself when it was too late, and in a remarkable 
 letter addressed from Murfreesboro to Jefferson 
 Davis, he said, " If I join this corps to the forces of 
 General Beauregard, then those who are declaiming 
 ao^ainst me will be without an aroument." It was the 
 best he could do under the circumstances. 
 
 Bowling Green had been evacuated before Fort 
 Donelson fell; for, believing it to be untenable, John- 
 
 NASHVILLE, TENNESSEE. 
 
 ;ton had moved on toward the south. Nashville was 
 :hrown into a perfect panic by the report of the 
 :apture of Donelson, and as Johnston had declared 
 
192 GENEEAL §HERMAN. 
 
 that he fought for that city while endeavoring- to save 
 this fort on the Cumberland, the capital of Tennessee 
 fell an easy prey to the troops of General Buell. Six 
 days after the capture of Nashville, General Halleck 
 
 telegraphed to General Mc- 
 Clellan from St. Louis, " Co- 
 lumbus, the Gibraltar of the 
 West, is ours and Kentucky, 
 is free. Thanks to the bril- 
 liant strategy of the campaign 
 by which the enemy's centre 
 was pierced at Forts Henry 
 and Donelson, his wings iso- 
 
 MAJ..GEN. D. c. BUELL. ^^^^^ ^^^m each Other and 
 
 turned, compelling thus the 
 evacuation of his stronghold of Bowling Green first, 
 and now Columbus." 
 
 Driven from all these strongholds, it became neces- 
 sary for the Confederates to select some defensive 
 position farther to the south. In obedience to in- 
 structions from Richmond, Polk fell back some miles, 
 still clinging to the shores of the Mississippi, and es- 
 tablished himself at Island No. lo and at New Madrid. 
 Attack on Island l^o, 10. 
 
 These places, although fortified with great strength, 
 Island No. lo particularly having had the special at- 
 tention of General Beaurecrard and beinor deemed the 
 most impregnable of all the posts on the Mississippi; 
 the Confederates were compelled in succession to 
 evacuate, The attack on Island No. lo reflected the 
 
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BEFOKE THE BATTLE OF SHILOH. 
 
 193 
 
 ADMIRAL FOOTE. 
 
 highest credit on the skill of the Union commanders 
 and on the bravery of the Union troops. It was not 
 until a canal had been cut across 
 Donaldson's Point, between Is- 
 land No. 8 and New Madrid, that 
 the Nationals had any hope of 
 dislodging- the enemy. 
 
 The canal was twelve miles 
 long and fifty feet wide, and 
 nineteen days were consumed 
 in cutting it from point to point 
 and making It navigable for the 
 largest of the gunboats. Commander F'oote reported 
 to his Government that Island No. lo was "harder to 
 conquer than Columbus, its shores being lined with 
 forts, each fort commanding the one above it." 
 
 Beauregard telegraphed to Richmond that the 
 National i^uns had " thrown three thousand shells 
 and burned fifty tons of gunpowder," his batteries 
 being uninjured and only one man killed. The canal 
 made a complete change in the situation. New 
 Madrid had been evacuated on the 12th of March, 
 and on the 8th of April, four days after the com- 
 pletion of the canal, Island No. 10 had ceased to be 
 a Confederate stronghold. 
 
 Federal Victory. 
 
 The defenders of the batteries had fled In con- 
 fusion, but they were pursued by Pope and compelled 
 to surrender. The garrison on the island, learning 
 what had taken place, and believing the situation to 
 
 13 
 
194 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 be hopeless, sent a flag of truce to Commander Foote^ i 
 offering to surrender. The immediate fruits of victory j 
 were some seven thousand prisoners, inchiding three | 
 eenerals and two hundred and seventy field and \ 
 company officers, one hundred heavy siege-guns, ! 
 twenty-four pieces of field artillery, a large quantity ^ 
 of ammunition, several thousand stands of small-arms, , 
 with tents, horses, and w^agons innumerable. " No ; 
 single batde-field has yet afforded to the North such ! 
 visible fruits of victory as have been gathered at ; 
 Island No. lo." Such was the language used by the ^ 
 
 1 
 
 ISLAND NO. 10. 
 
 high officials at Richmond. The Mississippi was now I 
 open as far south as Fort Pillow. 
 
 While these events were followlne each other in ^ 
 rapid succession in Middle Tennessee and Western j 
 Kentucky, successes of a scarcely less substantial i 
 kind were attending the National arms in Arkansas,. ; 
 in the grand movement, conducted by Curtis, SIgel, , 
 
BEFORE THE BATTLE OF SHILOH. 
 
 195 
 
 and others, down the Mississippi Valley toward the 
 Gulf. Early in February the Confederate general 
 Price had been compelled to retreat from Missouri 
 into Arkansas. 
 
 The Old Flag- in Arkansas. 
 
 On the 1 8th of that month he was closely followed 
 by the Nationals under General Samuel R. Curtis of 
 Iowa. On the same day joy 
 was created throughout the 
 Union by a telegram sent by 
 General Halleck to General 
 McClellan. "The flag of the 
 Union," said Halleck, "is float- 
 ing in Arkansas. The army- of 
 the South-west is doing its duty 
 nobly." Curtis foresaw, how- 
 ever, that he was certain soon 
 to be taken at a disadvantage, 
 
 as the Confederates in retreating had really been 
 falling back upon reinforcements. He therefore took 
 post upon Sugar Creek. His entire force consisted 
 of twelve thousand five hundred men, with forty-nin6 
 guns. The enemy, under General Earl Van Dorn, 
 a dashing Confederate officer, was at least twenty 
 thousand strong. 
 
 On the morning of the 7th of March the two 
 armies came into collision, and fierce fighting con- 
 tinued throughout the day. 
 
 There had been much previous manoeuvring, and 
 in consequence of a skillful and successful flank 
 
 MAJ.-GEN. H. W. HALLECK. 
 
196 
 
 GENEKAL SHERMAN. 
 
 movement made by Van Dorn, Curtis was compelled, i 
 
 almost at the last moment, to change his front. ^ 
 
 Carr's Division Driven Back. 
 
 When the strueo^le beijan the First and Second ' 
 divisions, under Sigel and Asboth, were on the ! 
 left, the Third, under Davis, was in the centre, and ' 
 Carr's Fourth division formed the right. The line ex- [ 
 
 tended between three and four ■ 
 miles, from Sucrar Creek to : 
 Elkhorn Tavern. On the op- ; 
 posite side of a ravine called i 
 Cross-Timber Hollow the Con- \ 
 federate line was stretched out ] 
 before them, with Price on the ; 
 right, Mcintosh in the centre, ; 
 and McCulloch on the left. 
 The attack fell heavily upon j 
 Carr's division, which during the course of the day 
 was driven back nearly a mile, but was not discr- ] 
 ganized. • 
 
 An attempt was made by McCulloch, by a move- = 
 ment of his force to the left, to join Van Dorn and ) 
 Price in their attack on Curtis's riofht. To arrest ' 
 this movement, Sigel pushed forward three pieces \ 
 of artillery, with a body of cavalry to protect and \ 
 support them. The cavalry were immediately over- ' 
 whelmed and the guns captured. Davis hurried to "' 
 the assistance of Sigel ; a desperate struggle followed, i 
 victory oscillating like a pendulum, the Nationals and | 
 Confederates recoiling and recovering alternately ; ul- I 
 
 GEN. STERLING PRICE. 
 
BEFORE THE BATTLE OF SHILOH. 
 
 197 
 
 MAJOR-GENERAL F. SIGEL. 
 
 timately, however, the Confederate right was broken 
 and routed, and among those left on the field were 
 Generals McCulloch and Mcintosh, mortally wounded. 
 At the close of the fighting on 
 the 7th, Price was on the Fay- 
 etteville road, in Curtis's rear. 
 
 Van Dorn had his headquar- 
 ters at Elkhorn Tavern. On the 
 right the National army had been 
 defeated ; it was cut off from its 
 line of communication ; its pro- 
 visions were all but exhausted. 
 The Confederates, however, had 
 been defeated on their right and nearly driven from 
 the field Durinor the nioht the Confederates united 
 their forces on the ground held by their left v*^ing. A 
 chano-e was also effected in the National line, Davis 
 taking the right, Carr the centre, and Sigel the left 
 A Federal Victory. 
 
 At sunrise the batde was resumed, Sigel opening 
 a heavy cannonade and advancing round the enemy's 
 right, Davis at the same time»turning the enemy's left. 
 It was a darinof and skilful movement, and had all the 
 effects of a surprise. All at once the Confederates 
 found themselves exposed to a destructive cross-fire. 
 They made a brave resistance, but in two hours, such 
 was the precision and rapidity of Sigel's gunners, they 
 were in full retreat through the defiles of Cross- 
 Timber Hollow. 
 
 Thus ended what is known as the battle of Pea 
 
198 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 Ridge. In the two days the Nationals lost over thir- 
 teen hundred men. The Confederate loss must have 
 been greater. This battle had no direct connection 
 with the movements more immediately under con- 
 sideration. It did not result from the fall of Forts 
 Henry and Donelson. It did not in any way affect 
 the impending struggle at Pittsburg Landing. 
 
 But inasmuch as the movements of the army under 
 Curtis were part of Halleck's general plan, as that 
 plan contemplated quite as much the opening of the 
 Mississippi from Cairo to the Gulf as the driving of 
 the enemy out of Kentucky and Tennessee, and as 
 the battle of Pea Ridge was noted for skill on the part 
 of the officers and bravery on the part of the men, it 
 has been deemed wise, the more especially as it 
 occurred simultaneously with the events now under 
 review, to give it a place in these pages, which are in- 
 tended to be preliminary to the most gigantic effort 
 yet made on either side since the commencement of 
 the war. 
 
 The Popular Favorite. 
 
 After the fall of Donelson it was only natural that 
 General Grant should, for a time at least, become the 
 popular favorite. All over the Union his praises 
 were liberally sounded, and by not a few who had ac- 
 quired an insight into his character he was hailed 
 already as the coming man. His sphere of action had 
 been greatly enlarged. General Halleck, as if to 
 mark his appreciation of Grant's noble services, had 
 assigned him to the command of the new district of 
 
BEFORE THE BATTLE OF SHILOH. 
 
 199 
 
 West Tennessee, a command which extended from 
 Cah'o to the northern borders of Mississippi, and em- 
 braced the entire country between the Mississippi 
 and Cumberland rivers. 
 
 General Grant took immediate steps to turn to ac- 
 count the victories which he had won and to press 
 the enemy still farther to the south. He established 
 his headquarters at Fort Henry, where General Lewis 
 Wallace was in command. We have seen already 
 
 MEMPHIS. TENNESSEE: 
 
 that Foote's flotilla was withdrawn from the Cumber- 
 land, that part of it had gone up the Tennessee River, 
 and that Foote himself, with a powerful naval arma- 
 ment, had gone down the Mississippi for the purpose 
 
200 GENERAL SHERMAN. ' 
 
 of co-operating with the land troops against Colum- • 
 bus, Hickman, Island No. lo, and New Madrid. 
 General C. F. Smitli iu Command. 
 
 It seems to have been the conviction of all the ^ 
 Union commanders — of Halleck, of Buell, of Grant — \ 
 that a lodo-ment should be made at or near Corinth in ^ 
 Northern Mississippi. The possession of Corinth or \ 
 Florence or Tuscumbia, but particularly Corinth, ; 
 would crive the National forces control of the Mem- i 
 phis and Charleston railroad, the key to the great : 
 railway communications between the Mississippi and 1 
 the East, as well as the border slave States and the l 
 Gulf of Mexico. 
 
 It would facilitate the capture of Memphis, because ; 
 it would place it more completely at the mercy of the , 
 troops now moving down the Mississippi ; and it 
 would render effective assistance to General Curtis^ 
 who, as we have seen, was at this moment carrying 
 on important operations in Arkansas. While adopt- ; 
 ing vigorous measures for the purpose of giving effect : 
 to the general plan. Grant had the mortification to ' 
 receive an order from Halleck instructing him to turn 
 over his command to General C. F. Smith and to -j 
 remain himself at Fort Henry. \ 
 
 Grant Humiliated. 
 
 In such circumstances such an order must have \ 
 been humillatlncr in the last deeree to General Grant, : 
 and it is not surprising that, stung to the quick as he : 
 must have been, he should have asked to be entirely \ 
 relieved from duty. As a general rule, it is unwise \ 
 
BEFORE THE BATTLE OF SHILOH. 201 
 
 to attach too much Importance to individuals in a 
 great national contest. No one man is absolutely in- 
 dispensable. It Is undeniable, however, that the 
 retirement of General Grant at this particular junc- 
 ture might have materially affected the future history 
 of the great national struggle, now fairly begun and 
 already bearing upon it somewhat of the impress of 
 his chara.cter and genius. 
 
 The story of this short-lived difficulty is easily told. 
 Complying with a request for an interview, Grant had 
 on the 27th of February gone on a visit to Buell, up 
 the Cumberland to Nashville. In the mean time, Hal- 
 leck had ordered him to ascend the Tennessee, then 
 In full flood, and establish himself on the Memphis 
 and Charleston railroad at or near Corinth. On the 
 1st of March, Halleck ordered him to fall back from 
 the Cumberland to the Tennessee, with the view of 
 carrying out the orders previously given. It was sup- 
 posed at this moment that the Confederates had re- 
 treated to Chattanooo^a. 
 
 Halleck's Coniplaiuts. 
 
 Sherman meanwhile received orders to seize all 
 steamboats passing Paducah, and to send them up the 
 Tennessee for the transportation of Grant's army, 
 On hearing that Grant had gone up the Cumberland, 
 Halleck telegraphed to him, " Why don't you obey 
 my orders? Why don't you answer my letters? 
 Turn over the command of the Tennessee expedition 
 to General C. F. Smith, and remain yourself at Fort 
 Henry." At the same time, Halleck wrote complain- 
 
202 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 ingly to McClellan at Washington, saying he could 
 get no reports from Grant, whose troops were demor- 
 aHzed by their victory. 
 
 To Grant himself Halleck wrote, stating that his re- 
 peated neglect of positive orders to report his strength 
 had created great dissatisfation and seriously inter- | 
 fered with the general military arrangements, and that | 
 his oroinor to Nashville when he ou^ht to have been \ 
 with his troops had given such offence at Washington j 
 that it had been considered advisable to arrest him on ji 
 his return. f 
 
 Grant's Conduct Explained. ji 
 
 It is possible that, judging by the highest forms of ' 
 military law, Grant in some of the particulars charged i 
 was to blame. It is possible, too, that Halleck, who^ 
 was a man of the old school and strict to the letter H 
 of the law, was officious overmuch. Grant, however,, | 
 had his explanation ready. He had not received! ! 
 Halleck's orders in time ; he had gone to Nashville 
 for the good of the service, and not for personal plea- 
 sure or for any selfish motive ; he had reported every 
 day, had written on an average more than once a 
 day, and had done his best to obey orders from head- 
 quarters ; he had not permitted his troops to maraud; 
 on the contrar}', he had sent the marauders on to St. 
 Louis. He submitted to instructions by turning the 
 army over to General Smith. He asked, however, 
 that he micrht be relieved. 
 
 The explanations so far satisfied Halleck that he 
 requested the authorities at Washington to allow the 
 
 
BEFOKE THE BATTLE OF SHILOH. 
 
 203 
 
 matter to drop. Smith, however, remained in com- 
 mand, but, as the reader will soon dilscover, only for a 
 brief period. 
 
 A Splendid Pag-eant. 
 
 The temporary change of commanders did not al- 
 low any intermission of the work. The expedition up 
 the Tennessee was hurried forward. An acquisition 
 was found in Sherman, who, in compliance with orders 
 from Halleck, reported to 
 Smith. It was not many days 
 until seventy transports, carry- 
 ing over thirty thousand troops, 
 were ready to move to the 
 point agreed upon. As the 
 boats steamed up to Savannah, 
 where the depot of supplies 
 was established, bands playing 
 and banners flying, it was per- 
 haps the most splendid pageant 
 seen since the commencement of the war. 
 nth of March the greater portion of the army was 
 debarked at Savannah in perfect safety. 
 
 General Lewis Wallace, with his division, disem- 
 barked on the west bank of the river at Crump's 
 Landino-, about four miles above Savannah, and took 
 post on the road to Purdy. His instructions were to 
 destroy the railroad bridge in the immediate neighbor- 
 hood of that village. This was a hazardous under- 
 taking, for the Confederates, as was afterward learned, 
 [were lying close at hand ; but it was successfully ac- 
 
 MAJ.-GEN. LEW. WALLACE. 
 
 On the 
 
204 GENERAL SHEKMAN. 
 
 complished, and that, too, under the inconvenience 
 and discomfort of a series of heavy thunderstorms. 
 
 A Confederate train approached while the bridge ■ 
 was burning, and narrowly escaped capture by re- 
 versing the engine. Sherman was ordered by Smith 
 to take his own division and the two gunboats Tyler 
 and Lexington, to proceed farther up the river, and 
 to strike the Memphis and Charleston railroad. 
 
 Sherman's Coininancl in Peril. 
 
 Sherman went up as far as Tyler's Landing, at the 
 mouth of Yellow Creek, just within the borders of 
 Mississippi, but the roads were so flooded by the 
 heavy rains that he found it impossible to reach the 
 railroad. Had the enemy known his opportunity, 
 Sherman's division might have been cut to pieces ; j 
 for it was with the utmost difficulty, and not until \ 
 many men and horses had perished in the swollen ■ 
 streams, that he got back to his boats. [ 
 
 On his way up the stream Sherman made one im- 
 portant discovery. On passing Pittsburg Landing j 
 the gunboats were fired upon by a Confederate regi- \ 
 ment. It had already become known that the Con- I 
 federate army was concentrating at Corinth, and that i 
 two batteries were already posted in advance — one 
 at Eastport, the other just above the mouth of Bear i 
 Creek. 
 
 Shern:ian learned that a road led from Pittsburg 
 Landing to Corinth ; he conveyed the information at 
 once to Smith, and declared it to be all-important, 
 in his judgment, that Pittsburg Landing should be oc- 
 
BEFORE THE BATTLE OF SHILOH. 205 
 
 cupled. The advice was taken and the place became 
 sacred — the name immortal. 
 
 After a personal examination of the ground, Smith 
 was satisfied that Sherman's advice was sound ; and 
 Hurlbut was ordered to occupy Pittsburg Landing, 
 while Sherman was directed to brinor hjs division on 
 the ground, but to take a position out from the river, 
 leaving space enough behind him, as Smith put It, 
 *' for a hundred thousand men." 
 
CHAPTER XIII. ^ 
 
 Sherman Saves the Battle of Shiloh. — Valley: 
 of Death. — A Wall of Iron. — Grant Praisesi 
 Sherman's Heroism. 
 
 Pittsburg Landing is about eight or nine miles i 
 above Savannah, and lies on the west side of the| 
 Tennessee. The river-banks at the landing risei 
 about eighty feet, but are cloven by a number of: 
 ravines, through one of which runs the main roadj 
 to Corinth to the south-west, and branching off to] 
 Purdy to the north-west. The landing is flanked on 
 the Ifeft by a short but precipitous ravine. On the. 
 right and left are Snake and Lick creeks, streams 
 which rise near each other and gradually diverge^ 
 faUing into the Tennessee some four or five miles 
 apart on either side of the landing. Between these 
 streams, which form a good flanking arrangement 
 making attack possible only in the front, lies a| 
 plateau or table-land rising some eighty feet high,, 
 of irregular surface, cleared near the shores, buti 
 covered with tall oaks and thick brushwood farther 
 from the river. 
 
 About three miles from the landing, and embowered 
 in trees, stood a little log building — a place used 
 occasionally by the Methodists for holding camp- 
 meetinors. It had neither doors nor windows, and 
 
 ■^3 
 
 206 
 
BATTLE OF SHILOH. 207 
 
 was only half-floored. Some corn in the husk lay 
 piled on the floor. This was Shiloh Church, destined 
 to ofive its name to the neighborhood and to the 
 bloody contest which was so soon to disturb its quiet 
 surroundings. 
 
 Slierinan's Guard of Eig-lit Thousand. 
 
 The illness of General Smith, which resulted in 
 death on the 25th of April, brought Grant again 
 to the front. On the 17th of March he arrived at 
 Savannah, established his headquarters at the house 
 of Mr. Cheney, and assumed the command. He 
 found the army already in position, and made no 
 radical changes. The landing was guarded by the 
 gunboats Tyler and Lexington. Sherman's division,, 
 eight thousand strong, formed a sort of outlying 
 force, covering all the main roads leading to the 
 landing. There was a gap between his centre and 
 his right, and a still wider gap of about two and a 
 half miles between his centre and his left. Hurlbut's 
 division was put in line on the left of the main Corinth 
 road, and Smith's own division, under General W. H. 
 L. Wallace, was on Hurlbut's right. 
 
 Lewis Wallace's division was detached and sta- 
 tioned at Crump's Landing, to observe any move- 
 ments which might be made by the Confederates at 
 Purdy and to cover the river communications between 
 Pittsburof Landinor and Savannah. McClernand's 
 division was about a mile in front of W. H. L» 
 Wallace, with that of Prentiss to his right. These 
 I two divisions — that of McClernand and that of Pren- 
 
208 
 
 GENERAL > SHERMAN. 
 
 tiss — formed the real line of battle. The entire force ' 
 was about thirty- three thousand men. In estimating 
 the possible strength of the Union army the aid 
 which miofht come from Buell must be taken into 
 account. 
 
 Buell on the March, 
 This general, after repeated solicitations that he 
 might be permitted to abandon Nashville, cross Ten- | 
 nessee, and join his forces to those of Grant with a 
 view to counteract the Confederate concentration at 
 Corinth, had at last obtained Halleck's consent. The ! 
 Army of the Ohio, which numbered some forty thou- j 
 sand men, was therefore already on its march, and by \ 
 the 20th of March it had reached Columbia. The i 
 roads were bad and the weather stormy in the ex- : 
 treme ; but it was not unreasonable to conclude that . 
 
 Buell would be able to accom- i 
 plish the distance in time. : 
 Should this laro-e increase of I 
 strenorth arrive before the com- i 
 mencement of hostihties, Grant i 
 could have but small reason for 
 anv misoflvino-s as to the issue 
 of the contest. 
 
 Let us now glance at the po- 
 sition of the Confederates and 
 consider their plans and thein 
 prospects. When the ^rst line of the Confederate 
 defence had been swept away by the capture of Fort 
 Donelson, Johnston retired first of all to Murfreesboro; 
 
 GEN. P. G. T. BEAUREGARD. 
 

 
^^^^^^■^*'^^V.^;NV^ 
 
 GTINERAL SHERIDAN. 
 
CAVALRY CHARGE. 
 
COMMODORE FARRAGUT, 
 
MAP SHOWING Pli'TbBURG LANDING AND CORINTH. 
 14 209 
 
210 
 
 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 but the great object aimed at both by him and Beau- 
 regard was to concentrate the Confederate forces and 
 estabHsh a second Hne of defence on the Memphis and 
 Charleston railroad. Concentration had for some time 
 past been the favorite idea of Beauregard. If his 
 advice had been taken in time, Donelson might not 
 yet have fallen. Beauregard selected Corinth as the 
 most desirable point for concentrating the scattered 
 forces of the Confederacy. Here the two great 
 railroads which connect the Gulf of Mexico and 
 the Mississippi with the Atlantic Ocean form a junc- 
 tion. It is the key of the railroad system of Missis- 
 sippi. 
 
 A Great Military Camp, 
 
 Orders were issued to the commanders of all the 
 outlying positions, and Beauregard was soon joined 
 by Bragg from Pensacola, by Polk from Mississippi^ 
 Johnston also coming up with 
 his entire army from Murfrees- 
 boro. Corinth therefore became 
 a great military camp, and in ad- 
 dition to its other advantages it 
 afforded complete protection to 
 Memphis. In three weeks the 
 Confederate streno^th had risers 
 from eleven thousand to forty- 
 five thousand men. This, how- 
 Van Dorn and Price were known 
 to be coming up from Arkansas with other thirty 
 thousand men. 
 
 GENERAL B. BRAGG. 
 
 ever, was not all. 
 
BATTLE OF 8IIIL0H. 211 
 
 Since the commencement of the war the Confed- 
 erates never found themselves in circumstances 
 more favorable for striking a bold and decisive 
 blow. After the junction with Johnston that general 
 took the command, Beauregard being nominally 
 second, but remaining really the soul of the move- 
 ment. 
 
 It had been the intention of Halleck, under whose 
 instructions the entire movement on the part of the 
 Nationals was conducted, to intervene between John- 
 ston and Beauregard. When, therefore, he heard 
 that Johnston had disappeared from Murfreesboro, 
 and that his object was to join Beauregard at Corinth, 
 he ordered Buell to hurry forward to the aid of Grant 
 and counteract, as far as possible, the Confederate 
 concentration. 
 
 Confederate Forces United. 
 
 There had been unnecessary delay, which permitted 
 the Confederate orenerals to unite their strenorth ; and 
 now the weather and the roads were such that, al- 
 though Buell's army was at Columbia on the 20th, It 
 took full seventeen days to reach Pittsburg Landing, 
 a distance of only ninety miles. 
 
 To the Confederate general two questions presented 
 themselves: Shall I wait for Van Dorn and Price? or 
 shall I strike Grant at once, before Buell has time to 
 come up ? At this time Breckenridge, with the Con- 
 federate right, which consisted of eleven thousand 
 men, was stationed at Burnsville; Hardee and Bragg, 
 with more than twenty thousand men, formed the 
 
212 
 
 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 LIEUTENANT-GENERAL POLK. 
 
 centre at Corinth ; and Polk and Hindman, with ten 
 
 thousand men, were on the 
 left, to the north of the Mem- 
 phis and Charleston railroad. 
 Johnston, on assuming com- 
 mand, had issued a flaming 
 proclamation. " You are ex- 
 pected," he said to the sol- 
 diers, " to show yourselves 
 worthy of your valor and 
 courage, worthy of the women 
 of the South, whose noble 
 
 devotion in this war has never been exceeded in any 
 
 time." 
 
 The Foe Advancingf. 
 
 On the 3d of April their available strength being 
 forty thousand men, the Confederates commenced 
 their onward march. Their plan was first to destroy 
 Grant and then to fall with all their weight on Buell. 
 The roads were in a terrible condition, and in conse- 
 quence the progress made was slow. It was intended 
 to attack the National army on the 5th, but the attack 
 was delayed in consequence of a heavy rainstorm 
 which fell in the afternoon. They were the less un- 
 willing to delay the attack by reason of information 
 having just reached them that the troops from the 
 West, under Van Dorn and Price, would certainly join 
 them the next morning. 
 
 That night they were distant from the National pickets 
 only about three-quarters of a mile. Hardee was in 
 
 
BATTLE OF SHILOH. 
 
 213 
 
 MAJ.-GEN. BRECKEN- 
 RIDGE. 
 
 front; Bragg was in a second line behind ; Polk was be- 
 hind Bragg; and Breckenridge brought up the rear. 
 During the course of the even- 
 ing a council of w^ar was held. 
 There was a disposition to wait 
 for Van Dorn and Price. But 
 there was peril in waiting. If 
 Buell should arrive, Johnston 
 would lose his golden oppor- 
 tunity. It was the general 
 conviction that their forward 
 movement was unknown to 
 Grant, and, after a consultation 
 of some two hours it was resolved to strike a blow be- 
 fore dawn of the coming day. " Gentlemen," said 
 Beauregard at the close of the council, while pointing 
 in the direction of Grant's army, " we sleep in the 
 enemy's camp to-morrow night." 
 
 Slier man at the Front. 
 
 The Confederate generals made a mistake in sup- 
 posing that Grant was ignorant of the fact that they 
 were moving forward upon him with the view of 
 making an attack. That the enemy was massed at 
 Corinth he was well aware, but he was in the enemy's 
 country, and information w^as not willingly obtained 
 from the people of the neighborhood. That he ex- 
 pected to be attacked is proved by the instructions 
 which he gave to his officers, particularly to Lewis 
 Wallace and Sherman. 
 
 But he had no means of knowing the enemy's 
 
214 
 
 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 streneth. He did not know that concentration was 
 taking place so rapidly, and a vague idea prevailed in 
 the Union camp that the force opposed to them did 
 not exceed ten thousand men. Of the forward march 
 
 ^ 
 
 ABATTIS. 
 
 of the enemy he could not be ignorant, for on the 4th 
 an infantry picket belonging to Colonel Buckland's 
 brigade having been captured, Sherman took that 
 brigade, with some cavalry, and drove back the Con- 
 federate horsemen some six miles from the front of 
 the camp, taking good care not to expose his com- 
 mand to any sudden assault. 
 
 The firing of cannon was heard in the evening. On 
 the same day Lewis Wallace reported eight regiments 
 of infantry and twelve hundred cavalry at Purdy, and 
 an equal force at Bethel It is not to be denied, how- 
 
BATTLE OF SHILOH. 215 i 
 
 ever, that Grant was in doubt from what direction ) 
 the onslaught would be made. They might attack : 
 his main camp, or they might cross over Snake Creek | 
 to the north and west of him, establishing themselves ! 
 on the Tennessee below, and forcing him to fight or 
 cross to the east side of the river. Grant had his 
 feelers out all around, and, as the result proved, he 
 did best to risk a battle on the ground which had been 
 chosen and on which he stood. 
 
 All Eventful Day. 
 
 The uncertainty which prevailed in the Union camp 
 as to the point which might first have to bear the 
 shock of battle proved an immense gain to the Con- 
 federates. It enabled them to mass themselves in 
 great force and fall with destructive effect on one part 
 of the Union line. So orreat, indeed, was the advan- 
 tage which they thus obtained that the wonder Is not 
 so much that victory leaned to their standards during 
 the greater part of the first day's fighting, but that 
 they did not succeed In a few hours In completely 
 sweeping the Union army from the field. 
 
 Their plan was to penetrate the Union centre, di- 
 vide the army In two, and cut It up In detail. This 
 done, it would not be difficult to make short, sharp 
 work with Buell. The plan was good enough, but In 
 their calculations the Confederate generals made one 
 mistake : they did not take into account the cool pluck 
 and skill of the Union commanders and the stern 
 courage and determination of the Union men. 
 
 The night of the 5th was, as we have seen, wild 
 
216 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 and stormy. The next morning (Sunday) rose bright 
 and clear. The recent rains, while they had filled the 
 creeks and streams, had given an air of freshness to 
 the surrounding country. The breath of spring was- 
 everywhere. The trees were robed in the most deli- 
 cate ofi'een and the sweet, rich voices of the morning 
 sonorsters filled the air with melodv. In the Union 
 camp it was still unknown toward what point the 
 enemy might be moving, but there was watchful- 
 ness everywhere. Prentiss's grand guards had been 
 doubled the night before and his pickets were out one 
 mile and a half. 
 
 Sherman's troops had already breakfasted, and 
 were formed into line. With the early dawn Har- 
 dee's corps, which formed the first Confederate line, 
 was in motion. Quickly but silently they passed 
 across the ravine of Lick Creek and the irround 
 which separated it from the outlying divisions of the 
 Union army. It was the more easy for them to move 
 noiselessly because the fallen leaves, teing soaked 
 with rain, made no rustling sound under the footsteps 
 of the men. 
 
 The Terrible Onset. 
 
 The onslaught was tremendous. Avalanche-like, it 
 overcame all resistance. The Union outposts were 
 driven like chaff before the wind. On Hardee 
 moved, falling heavily on Sherman's left, and then, 
 as if rebounding from that firm phalanx, his entire 
 force rolled with resistless and crushing weight upon 
 Prentiss's division. The fierce yells of the charging 
 
BATTLE OF SHILOH. 217 
 
 regiments, the sharp shrill sounds of musketry, 
 the booming of cannon, the bursting of shells, the 
 crashing of timber, and the clouds of sulphurous 
 smoke which filled the woods too plainly told that the 
 battle of Shiloh had begun. 
 
 When the first shots were fired, Grant, unfortu- 
 nately, was not on the ground. He had gone down 
 the river to Savannah, some nine miles off, to have 
 an interview with Buell. Soon as he heard the first 
 euns he hastened to the scene of action. Leavinof a 
 letter for Buell, and ordering Nelson, who had arrived 
 with a portion of Buell's forces, to hurry forward, he 
 took a steamboat for Pittsburg Landinof. Haltinor at 
 Crump's Landing, he gave directions to Lewis Wal- 
 lace to follow at once, unless it should turn out that 
 the firing they heard was intended to deceive and 
 that the real attack was to be made upon him. In 
 the latter event he was to defend himself to the 
 utmost, and to rely with confidence on reinforcements 
 being sent him with the least possible delay. The 
 attack had been made at the first streak of early 
 dawn. 
 
 Grant on the Field. 
 
 It was eight o'clock before Grant reached the field 
 of Shiloh. He saw that he had to fi^ht the combined 
 Confederate force, and without the aid of Buell. 
 What the Confederate strength was Grant could 
 only guess. We know that the combined army was 
 over forty thousand strong. Grant had an available 
 force of thirty-three thousand men. He believed he 
 
218 GENERAL ^HERMAN. 
 
 could depend upon Lewis Wallace, who had five 
 thousand more. Some severe work, however, had 
 already been done. 
 
 There was a considerable gap between Prentiss's 
 right and Sherman's left. It was into this gap that 
 Hardee tried to force himself, his object being to out- 
 flank and turn both lines. In the beeinnine of the 
 conflict Sherman's left, as we have indicated, was 
 sorely pressed and suffered terribly. 
 
 Sherman in the Thick of the Fig^ht. 
 
 But that active and skilful general was present in 
 the thickest of the fight, and by his cheering words 
 and personal bravery, as well as by the admirable 
 manner in which he handled his men, he laid that day the 
 foundation of a fame which the American people will 
 not willingly let die. Hildebrand's brigade, which had' 
 been driven from its position by the first onset of the 
 enemy, Sherman tried in vain to rally. While thus 
 eno^aeed he received a severe bullet-wound in the 
 hand. Nothing, however, could daunt his energy or 
 induce him to relax his efforts. McClernand pushed 
 forward a portion of his troops to aid the smitten Hil- 
 debrand, and these for a time bore the shock of 
 battle. 
 
 All, however, was In vain. In poured the Confed- 
 erates in ever-Increasinof numbers. Braesf had come 
 to the aid of Hardee, and Polk, with the third Con- 
 federate line, was already moving toward Sherman's 
 rear. By nine o'clock a very large portion of Sher- 
 man's division was virtually out of the fight, and before 
 
BATTLE OF SHILOH. 219 
 
 ten Prentiss had been forced from his ground, his camp 
 captured and plundered, his division thrown into con- 
 fusion, and he himself isolated from his men. 
 
 Pluck and Strateg-y. 
 
 But for the pluck and skill of Sherman the battle 
 .at this sta^e miofht have been lost, althoucrh it cannot 
 be said that there was any lack of bravery on the 
 part of any of the Union divisions. Officers and men 
 everywhere vied with each other in deeds of daring. 
 But Sherman showed strategy as well as pluck. Feel- 
 ing the pressure of the enemy, and in danger of being 
 caught in the rear, he swung round upon his right as 
 upon a pivot, coming out at a right angle and taking 
 entirely new ground. Here he took a firm position 
 and held it tenaciously for several hours, the repeated 
 and vigorous attacks of the enemy falling upon the 
 solid front of his well-arranged battalions as upon a 
 shield of shining steel. 
 
 The falling back of Sherman, while it enabled him 
 to prolong the contest and successfully to prevent at- 
 tack in the rear, left McClernand's division completely 
 exposed. On this, therefore, the Confederate forces 
 I fell with tremendous energy. For a time McCler- 
 ; nand boldly and even successfully resisted, most 
 effective aid being rendered by Dresser's powerful 
 rifled cannon. Regiment after recriment of the Con- 
 j federates rushed through the abandoned camps and 
 ' pressed forward, only to be cut to pieces by the deadly 
 , rifle-shot, displaying magnificent courage and the 
 l| most reckless daring. 
 
220 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 Ultimately, however, the force of overwhelming- 
 numbers beoran to tell on McClernand's lines. He 
 
 o 
 
 was forced to retire, not, however, except in the most 
 perfect order, fighting as he went and bravely con- 
 testing every inch of ground. By eleven o'clock this 
 division was on a line with Hurlbut, close to W. H. 
 L. Wallace, with Sherman to the right. 
 
 SteAvart in Imminent Danger. 
 
 Meanwhile, Stewart's brigade of Sherman's divis- 
 ion, which was posted on the extreme left of the 
 National line, about two miles from Pittsburg Land- 
 ing, on the Hamburg road, near Lake Creek, where 
 Buell was expected to land, was, in consequence of 
 the falling back of the other divisions, in an extremely 
 perilous position. The screaming of a shell in its. 
 passage through the branches of the trees overhead 
 apprised Stewart of the approach of the enemy in his 
 direction. 
 
 It turned out to be a column of cavalry and infantry, 
 composed for the most part of Breckenridge's re- 
 serves. They were moving along the road leading 
 from Corinth to Hamburg. Notifying W. H. L. 
 Wallace of his difficulty and calling for aid, he calmly 
 awaited the attack. It was fiercely made and gal- 
 lantly resisted. Wallace sent McArthur to the aid of 
 Stewart, but McArthur missed his way, and came di- 
 rectly on the Confederates under Withers. It was 
 impossible for Stewart to maintain his position ; but 
 so vigorously did McArthur engage the enemy that 
 Stewart managed to avoid capture, and succeeded in. 
 
BATTLE OF SHILOH. 221 
 
 reaching a place of comparative safety, where he 
 
 restored his shattered force to something Uke 
 
 order. 
 
 Three Divisions Routed. 
 
 The battle had raged since the early morning. It 
 was fiercest about ten o'clock. There was but little 
 intermission, however, until two. About ten Grant 
 visited Sherman's camp, and, finding that the supply 
 of cartridges was short, he organized a train of ammu- 
 nition-wagons to run between the camp and the land- 
 inof — an arranoement beset with p^reat difficultv in 
 consequence of the large number of fugitives who 
 were forcing their way through the narrow road. By 
 twelve o'clock, noon, the Confederates had possession 
 of the ground occupied in the morning by the first 
 line of the National army, and the camps of Sherman, 
 McClernand, Prentiss, and Stewart had been captured 
 and plundered. Three of the five divisions of that 
 \ army had been completely routed. 
 !| The ground being entirely cleared before them — 
 j Prentiss's brigade, as we have seen, being demolished, 
 |i and Stewart having been compelled to retreat, Mc- 
 ': Clernand, too, and Sherman having both yielded on 
 the right — the Confederates, apparently resolved to 
 push matters to a crisis, rushed with tremendous fury 
 upon Hurlbut, who still maintained his original posi- 
 tion, and who had been joined by Prentiss and some 
 two thousand of his men. W. H. L. Wallace fiew to 
 the aid of Hurlbut, taking with him the Missouri 
 batteries of Stone, Richardson, and Webber. 
 
222 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 Heroic Wallace. 
 
 Hurlbut, who had hitherto been in the open fields, 
 now fell back into the woods which lay between his j 
 camp and the river, and there, nobly aided by Wal- ] 
 lace, who fought like a hero of old, gallantly resisted \ 
 the foe for several w^eary hours. Upon this compact \ 
 body of National troops, who knew that if they had \ 
 death in front they had certain death in the rear,. \ 
 three most desperate charges were made as if upon j 
 a wall of iron. i 
 
 In one of these encounters General W. H. L, Wal- 
 lace fell mortally wounded. McArthur took the com- 
 mand, but in spite of their best efforts both he and 
 Hurlbut were compelled to retire a litde farther down 
 and toward the river. In the confusion Prentiss and 
 his company, getting isolated, were captured, sent to 
 the Confederate rear, and finally marched to Corinth 
 as prisoners of war. 
 
 The situation now seemed desperate. It was be- 
 tween three and four o'clock. Sherman and McCler- 
 nand, all but utterly exhausted and having lost many I 
 of their guns, had fallen back and taken a position in 
 front of the bridge which crosses Snake Creek. It 
 was over this bridge that General Lewis Wallace was 
 momentarily expected to come. 
 
 Unaccountable Delays. : 
 
 Grant had been pressed into a corner of the battle- 
 field, his army at this time occupying a space of not 
 more than four hundred acres on the very verge oi 
 the river. As yet there were no signs of Wallace, 
 
 ii 
 
BATTLE OF SHILOH. 225 
 
 nor any explanation of his delay. Buell, too, had 
 failed to come to time. Five of the Union camps had 
 been captured, and many guns and prisoners had 
 fallen into the enemy's hands. Fatigue and disorder 
 had done and were still doing their terrible work» 
 Cooped up in this narrow corner of the field, with the 
 triumphant enemy in front and the dark rolling waters 
 of the Tennessee in the rear — death before and death 
 behind — what more can Grant do ? Will he surrender ? 
 No ! The word had no place in his system of tactics. 
 The Confederates, however, were less strong than 
 they seemed. Success had broken their ranks, and 
 the hard work of the day had produced its natural 
 fruit. The men were completely worn out. Some of 
 their best men had perished. 
 
 Death of General A. S. Johnston. 
 
 Generals Gladdon and Hindman had been killed^ 
 and at about half-past two o'clock, when pressing his 
 men tov.^ard the landing and almost recklessly expos- 
 ing himself. Commander-in-chief Johnston received a 
 rifle bullet in the leg, which proved fatal. There was 
 a lull in the fight after Johnston fell, but Beauregard 
 assumed command, and the struggle for the posses- 
 sion of Pittsburor Landings was resumed with fresh 
 energy. Beauregard felt that there was no time to 
 lose, for night and Buell were coming. 
 
 The entire strength of the Confederate army was 
 at this stage being pressed against the National left. 
 'It seemed to be the object of Beauregard to turn 
 the National line or force it into the river. In any 
 
224 GENERAL ^HERMAN. \ 
 
 case, he was determined to seize the landing. Hap-^ 
 pily, as the result proved, a deep ravine lay between^ 
 the Confederates and the Nationals, who, cooped up as-; 
 they were, still covered the landing. This ravine was-; 
 impassable for artillery and cavalry. In consequence! 
 of the heavy rains the bottom was wet and the sides^ 
 slippery. The ravine led down to the river, and atl 
 its mouth the two gunboats, Tyler and Lexington,] 
 liad taken position, their commanders having obtaine( 
 permission from General Grant to exercise their dis- 
 cretion in shelling the woods and sweeping the ravine.' 
 A Deadly Battery. 
 
 On the brow of his side of the ravine General 
 Grant had hastily flung up some earthworks in the: 
 form of a half-moon. To several siege-guns which 
 were parked there Colonel Webster, Grant's chief off 
 staff, added a number of guns which had belonged tof 
 light batteries, now broken up, and thus secured a;| 
 semicircular defence of about fifty cannon. This 
 hurriedly-improvised battery reached round nearly to 
 the Corinth road. The wretched condition to which 
 the National army had been reduced may be gathered 
 from the fact that it was with the utmost difficulty 
 men could be crot to work the cruns. 
 
 The men were exhausted and demoralized. Volun- 
 teers were called for, and Dr. Cornyn, surgeon of the 
 First Missouri Artillery, having offered his services 
 his example was quickly followed. The Confederate 
 assault was led by Chalmers, Withers, Cheatham 
 Ruggles, Anderson, Stuart, Pond, and Stevens. I 
 
15 
 
 GENERAL J. E. li. STUART 
 
 226 
 
226 GENERAL SHERMAN. \ 
 
 was a perilous attempt, but it was bravely made, i 
 Down the steep sides of the ravine they rushed, ; 
 uttering their favorite and familiar cry, and with 
 their accustomed dash and fury. \ 
 
 Critical Moment. '; 
 
 For a moment it seemed as if all was lost, and as ] 
 if Beauregard was about to crown the day's work by ; 
 a final crushing blow. But no ! It was destined to 1 
 be otherwise. The slippery sides of the ravine and j 
 the slush and mud at the bottom gready hindered ] 
 the movements of the attacking party. Once in*the 
 deadly hollow, there was literally no way of escape. 
 At a signal given Webster's guns from their fifty 
 mouths opened fire in front, while the Tyler and 
 Lexington, striking the Confederates on the flank, 
 swept the ravine with their eight-inch shells. 
 
 It was now a most unequal contest. The Con- 
 federates had fallen into a trap. Every onward 
 movement was vigorously repulsed. The National 
 troops began to rally, and, finding position, con- 
 tributed to the work of destruction by the unerring 
 aim of their rifles. Again and again, and yet again, 
 did the Confederates face the terrible fire, rushing 
 across the ravine as if they would storm the battery 
 in front, but it was only to be mowed down like 
 grass or driven back like sheep. The ravine was 
 filled with the wounded and the dead. So dense 
 was the smoke that the entire scene was wrapped 
 in almost midnicrht darkness — a darkness relieved 
 only by the swift-recurring rifle flash and the cannon's 
 
 I 
 
BATTLE OF SHILOH. 227 
 
 blaze. It was a virtual hell — a real, a veritable valley 
 of death itself. 
 
 Union Troops Hold the Field. 
 
 The tide had turned. The crisis was past. Beaure- 
 gard, seeing that it was useless to prolong the strug- 
 gle, withdrew his men. He professed himself satis- 
 fied with what he had done, and, as it was near night- 
 fall, he thought he might rest for the night and give 
 the finishino- touch in the mornino-. The firine now 
 ceased, and Grant was left master of the ground. 
 Before the close of the struggle, Nelson, with Buell's 
 advance, had arrived on the field, and Lewis Wallace, 
 having at last found his way, was coming up with his 
 fivQ thousand men. For the National cause the first 
 day at Shiloh had ended not ingloriously, and with 
 these fresh accessions of strength the prospect was 
 bright for the coming day. 
 
 The dreary hours of the night were sufficiendy 
 filled with horrors. The gunboats kept up an inces- 
 sant cannonade, in some places setting the woods on 
 fire. The wounded on both sides vainly sought to 
 escape from the grasp of this new and terrible de- 
 stroyer. Happily, a heavy rainstorm fell upon the 
 scene of agony and the fire was extinguished. 
 
 The Two Commanders Consulting". 
 
 Shortly after the firing had ceased Grant visited 
 Sherman, and as it was the opinion of both that the 
 Confederates were exhausted, it was agreed that the 
 attack should be resumed early in the morning. 
 Subsequently, Grant visited each of the division com- 
 
228 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 manders, giving the necessary instructions, and then I 
 flung himself on the wet ground and snatched a few ; 
 hours' rest, with his head resting on the stump of a • 
 tree. During the night Lewis Wallace came up and i 
 Buell arrived in person. All night through steam- ' 
 boats kept busily plying between Savannah and Pitts- = 
 burg Landing, bringing up the remaining divisions ^ 
 of Buell's army. Nelson's division was all on the] 
 field by nine o'clock p. m. Crittenden's arrived a litde 
 later, and by five in the morning McCook's division, 
 which was the last to come up, having had to wait foH 
 boats, was all safely disembarked. Twenty-seven 
 thousand men were thus added to the National army. 
 
 Second Day at Sliiloh. 
 
 With the early light of the morning of the 7th, 
 which came in with a drizzling rain, the troops were 
 in position and ready to make the attack. The fresh 
 troops were placed in line as they came upon the field,!, 
 considerably in advance and upon the ground aban- 
 doned by Beauregard after the failure of his last 
 attack. Nelson was on the left, then in order Crit- 
 tenden, McCook, Hurlbut, McClernand, Sherman, and 
 Lewis Wallace. Thomson of Wallace's division, with 
 his field-guns, was the first to disturb the silence of the 
 morning and to awaken the echoes of the forest. 
 
 The response was vigorous, but the fresh troops of 
 Wallace stood bravely to their work. At this moment 
 Grant arrived, and ordered Wallace to press forward 
 and attack the Confederate left under Braofor, who 
 since the death of Johnston was second in command*! 
 
BATTLE OF SHILOH. 229 
 
 This was gallantly done, the Confederates being- com- 
 pelled to abandon the high ground, which was soon 
 occupied by Wallace's troops. Here a halt was made, 
 Wallace expecting Sherman to come to his aid. 
 
 Booniing- Guns; 
 
 Meanwhile the two armies had come into collision 
 at the other extremities of their lines. From what has 
 been said above it will be seen that Buell's force, 
 which lay nearest to Pittsburg Landing, composed 
 the centre and left of Grant's new line of battle. The 
 divisions of Nelson and Crittenden only were ready 
 when Wallace's guns were heard booming to the 
 right. They moved forward at once. Nelson's division 
 leading. Their artillery had not yet arrived, but the 
 batteries of Mendenhall and Terrill of the regular ser- 
 vice were placed at their disposal. 
 
 Nelson had moved half a mile at least before he 
 felt the enemy. At the first touch he seemed to yield, 
 but it was only for a moment. At this point Beaure- 
 gard had gathered up his strength and was resolved 
 to strike a deadly blow. If he could turn the National 
 left he might still accomplish his purpose of yesterday, 
 and make himself master of the landing. His on- 
 slauo^ht was tremendous. For a second Nelson's 
 troops wavered, but it was only for a second. Men- 
 denhall's battery was hurried into action, and the 
 advancing Confederates were driven back in confusion 
 by a tempest of grape and canister. Hazen's brigade 
 charged, captured one of Beauregard's batteries, and 
 turned it with deadly effect on the foe. Once more 
 
230 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 the Confederates came up with redoubled strength, 
 and Hazen fell back before the advancing tide. 
 
 The Famous "Brass Twelves.'* 
 
 Terrill's battery of McCook's division W3.s now got 
 into position. Pouring forth shell from his ten- 
 pounders and grape and canister from his brass 
 twelves, Terrill did splendid and effective work. For 
 two hours the artillery conflict raged. Crittenden 
 was on Nelson's right, and McCook was to the right 
 of Crittenden, fronting the Confederate centre. Buell 
 had taken general command of his own troops. The 
 terrible artillery duel began to tell on the Confederate 
 line. Nelson, becoming more daring, began to move 
 forward. Crittenden and McCook advanced abreast 
 at the same time, but every inch of ground was 
 keenly contested, and victory, now leaning to one side 
 and now to the other, seemed undecided as to which 
 to award the palm. 
 
 Sherman's captured camp was still in the Con- 
 federate rear, and to this as an objective point the 
 National line kept slowly but steadily advancing; 
 Sherman and Wallace, carrying out Grant's instruc- 
 tions to the letter, have advanced under a terrible 
 fire and have reached the ridge occupied by the 
 former on Sunday morning. 
 
 Tempest of Battle. 
 
 The little loe church in Shiloh has aofain become 
 a conspicuous object in the battle-field. Around it 
 the tempest of battle is again to rage. Beauregard, 
 despairing of success on the left, had, by counter- 
 
 i 
 
BATTLE OF SHILOH. 231 
 
 marching his troops, greatly strengthened himself in 
 front of the enemy's right. The struggle at this 
 point was protracted and severe. Sherman and 
 Wallace held their ground, and it soon became 
 apparent that Beauregard's strength was all but 
 exhausted. 
 
 At the same time that the Confederate general 
 had concentrated his troops against the National 
 right he did not neglect an opportunity which seemed 
 to present itself more toward what might be called 
 the National centre. Noticing a slight gap between 
 Crittenden and McCook, he endeavored to force a 
 passage between them. Here he made his last effort, 
 his last decided stand. It was all in vain. McCook's 
 division stood like a wall of iron. 
 
 The Confederates Routed. 
 
 The Confederate centre now began to yield. All 
 along the line, from Nelson on the left to Sherman 
 and Wallace on the right, the Nationals were press- 
 ing forward. Everywhere the enemy was seen 
 retiring. *' Cheer after cheer," says Wallace, " rang 
 through the woods, and every man felt that the 
 day was ours." The battle of Shiloh was ended. 
 " Don't," said Beauregard to Breckenridge, as he 
 ordered a retreat — "don't let this be converted into 
 a rout." 
 
 It was now half-past fivQ o'clock, and the wearied 
 National troops being in no mood to pursue the foe, 
 the retreat was the more easily conducted. The two 
 days' fighting had resulted in the loss of over twenty 
 
232 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 thousand men — the Confederate killed and wounded 
 amounting to more than ten thousand, the Nationals 
 to nearly twelve thousand. 
 
 General Halleck only did what was right when he 
 thanked Generals Grant and Buell "and the officers 
 and men of their respective commands for the bravery 
 and endurance with which they sustained the general 
 attack of the enemy on the 6th, and for the heroic 
 manner in which on the 7th they defeated and routed 
 the entire rebel army." 
 
 Wliy Wallace was Delayed. 
 
 Lewis Wallace was greatly blamed for his non-ap- 
 pearance on the field of battle on the 6th. It was not 
 difficult, however, for that brave officer, who did such' 
 effective work on the 7th, to give sufficient and satis- 
 factory explanations. He had, it appeared, obeyed his 
 first orders, which were that he should join the right 
 of the army, but, not knowing that it had fallen back, 
 he had wasted the whole afternoon in a fruitless 
 march. 
 
 There has been much useless discussion as to how' 
 much Grant was indebted to Buell for the victory at 
 Shiloh. What did happen we know. What might 
 have been we cannot tell. That Grant was largely 
 indebted to Sherman for this brilliant victory his own 
 despatches show, confirmed by the deliberate state- 
 ments in his Memows. Some of the facts of the case 
 are plain, and admit of no double interpretation. 
 
 During the greater part of Sunday the Confeder- 
 ates marched triumphantly from point to point. The 
 
 \ 
 
BATTLE OF SHILOH. 233 
 
 Nationals were driven back entirely from their origi- 
 nal ground ; five of their division camps were overrun 
 and captured; and Grant, with his whole army, was 
 pressed into a corner of the field. The situation was 
 desperate. One blow more and it seemed as if Beau- 
 regard would reap a glorious victory. Of all this 
 there can be no doubt. 
 
 A Desperate Strug-g-le. 
 
 It is as litde to be denied, however, that at the last 
 moment Grant snatched victory from his triumphant 
 rival. The advancing Confederates were not only 
 successfully resisted, but driven back in confusion 
 and compelled to give up the struggle. All this 
 Grant accomplished before any effective assistance 
 arrived from Buell. It would simply be absurd to 
 deny that the arrival of reinforcements — which, in- 
 cluding Wallace's division, amounted in all to twenty- 
 seven thousand men — made victory on the following- 
 day comparatively more easy. But we are not at 
 liberty to say that, without the aid of Buell, Grant 
 might not have accomplished his purpose and driven 
 the enemy from the field. We simply cannot telL 
 We know that both Grant and Buell did their best,, 
 and that their best was needed. 
 
 From earliest dawn till half-past five in the after- 
 noon the battle raged without intermission. It was 
 no easily-won victory ; and if praise is due to the 
 Union commanders, justice compels us to be equally 
 generous to General Beauregard. If for the moment 
 we could forget the cause, and think only of the skill 
 
234 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 and heroism displayed, we should say that on those 
 two days he covered himself with glory. In Beaure- 
 gard the Union commanders found a foeman worthy 
 of their steel. He was by far the ablest general who 
 had yet appeared in the Confederate ranks. , 
 
 Too Late for New Plans. 
 
 There is one other point on which it is necessary to 
 make a remark before closing this chapter. It is to be 
 borne in mind that Grant was not responsible either 
 for the selection of the battle-ground or for the dis- 
 position of the troops. Whatever praise or blame re- 
 sulted from the one or the other was due to General 
 C. F. Smith. When Grant was restored to the chief 
 command of the Army of the Tennessee, it was only 
 a few days before the commencement of the fight, and 
 any attempt to make radical changes in the arrange- 
 ments, carried out, as these must have been, in the 
 presence of a vigilant and powerful enemy, would 
 have been perilous in the extreme. If the batde of. 
 the 6th had ended differendy, General Grant might 
 have been justified in making some complaint as to 
 the circumstances in which he found the enemy on 
 resuming command. As it was, his mouth was shut. 
 He showed himself a true man by nobly respecting 
 the memory of General Smith — a capable commander 
 and a brave man. 
 
 Sherman's Magnificent Deeds. 
 
 In his personal Memoirs, General Grant pays the 
 following splendid tribute to Sherman: "During the 
 whole Sunday I was continuously engaged in passing 
 
BATTLE OF SHILOH. 235 
 
 from one part of the field to another, giving- directions 
 to division commanders. In thus movinsf alonof the 
 line, however, I never deemed it important to stay 
 long with Sherman. Although his troops were then 
 under fire for the first time, their commander, by his 
 
 I constant presence with them, inspired a confidence in 
 ofificers and men that enabled them to render services 
 on that bloody battle-field worthy of the best of 
 veterans. McClernand was next to Sherman, and the 
 hardest fiorhtincr was in front of these two divisions. 
 
 I McClernand told me on that day, the 6th, that he prof- 
 ited much by having so able a commander supporting 
 
 i him. A casualty to Sherman that would have taken 
 
 ! him from the field that day would have been a sad one 
 for the troops engaged at Shiloh. And how near we 
 came to this ! On the 6th, Sherman was shot twice, 
 once in the hand, once in the shoulder, the ball cutting 
 his coat and makinor a slio^ht wound, and a third ball 
 passed through his hat. In addition to this he had 
 several horses shot during the day." 
 
V 
 
 i 
 
 I 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. I 
 
 General Sherman's Graphic Description of the j 
 Battle of Shiloh. ; 
 
 We cannot do the reader a greater favor than to . 
 insert General Sherman's very interesting account of j 
 the important part acted by himself and his division ] 
 in the celebrated battle of Shiloh. It is a plain state- j 
 ment of facts, free from all self-laudation, and was 
 written at " Camp Shiloh, April lo, 1862." General 
 Sherman's narrative is as follows: 
 
 On Friday, the 4th inst, the enemy's cavalry drove | 
 in our pickets, posted about a mile and a half in ad- j 
 vance of my centre on the main Corinth road, captur- 
 ing one first lieutenant and seven men; I caused a 
 pursuit by the cavalry of my division, driving theni' 
 back about five miles and killing many. On Satur- 
 day the enemy's cavalry was again very bold, coming" 
 well down to our front; yet I did not believe they 
 designed anything but a strong demonstration. On 
 Sunday morning early, the 6th inst, the enemy drove 
 our advance-guard back on the main body, when I 
 ordered under arms all my division, and sent word to. 
 General McClernand, asking him to support my left ; 
 to General Prentiss, giving him notice that the enemy 
 was in our front in force ; and to General Hurlbut, 
 
 236 
 
SHERMAN'S DESCRIPTION. 237 
 
 asking him to support General Prentiss. At that 
 time — 7 a. m. — my division was arranged as follows : 
 
 First brigade, composed of the Sixth Iowa, Colonel 
 J. A. McDowell ; Fortieth Illinois, Colonel Hicks ; 
 Forty-sixth Ohio, Colonel Worthington ; and the Mor- 
 ton battery, Captain Behr, on the extreme right, guard- 
 ing the bridge on the Purdy road over Owl Creek. 
 
 Second brigade, composed of the Fifty-fifth Illinois, 
 Colonel D. Stuart; the Fifty-fourth Ohio, Colonel T. 
 Kilby Smith; and the Seventy-first Ohio, Colonel 
 Mason, on the extreme left, guarding the ford over 
 Lick Creek. 
 
 Third brigade, composed of the Seventy-seventh 
 Ohio, Colonel Hildebrand ; the Fifty-third Ohio, Colo- 
 nel Appier ; and the Fifty-seventh Ohio, Colonel 
 Mungen, on the left of the Corinth road, its right 
 resting on Shiloh meetina--house. 
 
 Fourth brigade, composed of the Seventy-second 
 Ohio, Colonel Buckland ; the Forty-eighth Ohio, 
 Colonel Sullivan ; and the Seventieth Ohio, Colonel 
 Cockerill, on the right of the Corinth road, its left 
 resting on Shiloh meeting-house. 
 
 Two batteries of artillery — Taylor's and Water- 
 house's — were posted, the former at Shiloh, and the 
 latter on a ridge to the left, with a front fire over 
 open ground between Mungen's and Appier's regi- 
 ments. The cavalry, eight companies of the Fourth 
 Illinois, under Colonel Dickey, were posted in a large 
 open field to the left and rear of Shiloh meeting- 
 house, which I regarded as the centre of my position. 
 
238 GENEEAL SHERMAN. 
 
 The Fire Opens. 
 
 Shortly after 7 a. m. with my entire staff I rode 
 along a portion of our front, and when in the open 
 field before Appiers regiment the enemy's pickets 
 opened a brisk fire upon my party, killing my orderly, 
 Thofnas D. HoUiday, of Company H, Second Illinois 
 Cavalry. The fire came from the bushes which line 
 a small stream that rises in the field in front of Ap- 
 pier's camp and flows to the north along my whole 
 front. 
 
 This valley afforded the enemy partial cover, but 
 our men were so posted as to have a good fire at 
 them as they crossed the valley and ascended the 
 rising ground on our side. 
 
 About 8 P. M. I saw the glistening bayonets of 
 heavy masses of infantry to our left front in the 
 woods beyond the small stream alluded to, and be- 
 came satisfied for the first time that the enemy de- 
 signed a determined attack on our whole camp. 
 Hot Work along" tlie Whole Line. 
 
 All the regiments of my division were then in line 
 of battle at their proper posts. I rode to Colonel 
 Appier, and ordered him to hold his ground at all 
 hazards, as he held the left flank of our first line of 
 battle, and I informed him that he had a good battery 
 on his right and strong support to his rear. Gen- 
 eral McClernand had prompdy and energetically 
 responded to my request, and had sent me three 
 regiments, which were posted to protect Waterhouse's 
 battery and the left flank of my line. 
 
SHEKMAN'S DESCRIPTION. 239 
 
 The battle opened by the enemy's battery in the 
 woods to our front throwing shells into our camp. 
 Taylor's and Waterhouse's batteries promptly re- 
 sponded, and I then observed heavy battalions of in- 
 fantry passing obliquely to the left, across the open 
 field in Appier's front ; also, other columns advancing 
 directly upon my division. Our infantry and artillery 
 opened along the whole line, and the batde became 
 general. Other heavy masses of the enemy's forces 
 kept passing across the field to our left, and directing 
 their course on General Prentiss. I saw at once that 
 the enemy designed to pass my left flank and fall upon 
 Generals McClernand and Prentiss, whose line of 
 camps was almost parallel with the Tennessee River 
 and about two miles back from it. Very soon the 
 sound of artillery and musketry announced that Gen- 
 eral Prentiss was engaged, and about 9 a. m. I judged 
 that he was falling back. About this time Appier's 
 regiment broke in disorder, followed by Mungen's 
 regiment, and the enemy pressed forward on Water- 
 house's battery, thereby exposed. 
 
 Guns Lost. 
 
 The three Illinois regiments in immediate support 
 of this battery stood for some time; but the enemy's 
 advance was so vigorous and the fire so severe that 
 when Colonel Raith of the Forty-third Illinois received 
 a severe wound and fell from his horse, his regiment 
 and others manifested disorder, and the enemy got 
 possession of three guns of this (Waterhouse's) bat- 
 tery. 
 
240 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 Although our left was thus turned and the enemy] 
 was pressing our whole line, I deemed Shiloh so im-l 
 portant that I remahied by it and renewed my orders j 
 to Colonels McDowell and Buckland to hold their 
 ground ; and we did hold these positions until about 
 lo A. M., when the enemy had got his artillery to the 
 rear of our left flank and some chano-e became neces- 
 sary. Two regiments of Hildebrand's brigade — 
 Appier's and Mungen's — had already disappeared to 
 the rear, and Hildebrand's own regiment was in dis- 
 order. I therefore gave orders for Taylor's battery 
 — still at Shiloh — to fall back as far as the Purdy and 
 Hamburg road, and for McDowell and Buckland to 
 adopt that road as their new line. 
 
 Regiments iu Disorder. 
 
 I rode across the angle and met Behr's battery at 
 the cross-roads, and ordered it immediately to come into 
 battery, action right. Captain Behr gave the order, 
 but he was almost immediately shot from his horse, 
 when drivers and gunners fled in disorder, carrying 
 off the caisson, and abandoning five out of six guns 
 without firing a shot. The enemy pressed on, gaining 
 this battery, and we were again forced to choose a 
 new line of defence, Hildebrand's brigade had sub- 
 stantially disappeared from the field, though he himself 
 bravely remained. McDowell's and Buckland's bri- 
 o^ades maintained their oro-anizations, and were con- 
 ducted by my aides so as to join on General McCler- 
 nand's right, thus abandoning my original camps and 
 line. 
 
 I: 
 
SHERMAN'S DESCRIPTION". 241 
 
 This was about lo a. m., at which time the enemy 
 had made a furious attack on General McClernand's 
 whole front. He struggled most determinedly, but 
 finding him pressed, I moved McDowell's brigade 
 directly against the left flank of the enemy, forced him 
 back some distance, and then directed the men to 
 avail themselves of every cover — trees, fallen timber, 
 and a wooded valley to our right. We held this posi- 
 tion for four long hours, sometimes gaining and at 
 others losing ground ; General McClernand and my- 
 self acting in perfect concert and struggling to maintain 
 this line. 
 
 Falling- Back. 
 
 While we were so hard pressed two Iowa regiments 
 approached from the rear, but could not be brought 
 up to the severe fire that was raging in our front ; and 
 General Grant, who visited us on that ground, will 
 remember our situation about 3 p. m. ; but about 4 p. m. 
 it was evident that Hurlbut's line had been driven back 
 to the river, and, knowing that General Lew Wallace 
 was coming with reinforcements from Crump's Land- 
 ing, General McClernand and I, on consultation, 
 selected a new line of defence, with its right covering 
 a bridge by which General Wallace had to approach. 
 We fell back as well as we could, gathering, in addi- 
 tion to our own, such scattered forces as we could find, 
 and formed the new line. 
 
 During this change the enemy's cavalry charged us, 
 but were handsomely repulsed by the Twenty- ninth 
 Illinois Regiment. The Fifth Ohio Battery, which had 
 
 16 
 
242 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 come up, rendered good service in holding the enemy 
 in check for some time, and Major Taylor also came 
 up with another battery, and got into position just in 
 time to get a good flank-fire upon the enemy's column 
 as he pressed on General McClernand's right, checking 1 
 his advance, when General McClernand's division 
 made a fine charge on the enemy and drove him back j 
 into the ravines to our front and right. J 
 
 Nigrlit Comes. ji 
 
 I had a clear field, about two hundred yards wide, I 
 in my immediate front, and contented myself with jl 
 keeping the enemy's infantry at that distance during I 
 the rest of the day. In this position we rested for the 
 night. My command had become decidedly of a mixed 
 character, Buckland's brigade was the only one that 
 retained its organization. Colonel Hildebrand was per- 
 sonallv there, but his brigade was not. Colonel Mc- 
 Dowell had been severely injured by a fall off his horse, 
 and had gone to the river, and the three regiments of 
 his brigade were not in line. The Thirteenth Missouri, 
 Colonel Crafts J. Wright, had reported to me on the 
 field and fought well, retaining its regimental organi- 
 zation, and it formed a part of my line during Sunday 
 night and all Monday. 
 
 Other fragments of regiments and companies had 
 also fallen into my division and acted with it during 
 the remainder of the batde. Generals Grant and 
 Buell visited me in our bivouac that evening, and from 
 them I learned the situation of affairs on other parts 
 of the field. General Wallace arrived from Crump's 
 
SHERMAN'S DESCRIPTION. 243 
 
 Landing shortly after dark and formed his line to my 
 rig^ht rear. It rained hard durinor the niorht, but our 
 men were in good spirits, lay on their arms, being 
 satisfied with such bread and meat as could be eathered 
 at the neighboring camps, and determined to redeem 
 on Monday the losses of Sunday. 
 
 Deeds of Valor. 
 
 At daylight on Monday I received General Grant's 
 orders to advance and recapture our original camps. 
 I despatched several members of my staff to bring 
 up all the men they could find, especially the brigade 
 of Colonel Stuart, which had been separated from the 
 division all the day before ; and at the appointed time 
 the division, or rather what remained of it, with the 
 Thirteenth Missouri and other fragments, moved for- 
 ward and reoccupied the ground on the extreme right 
 of General McClernand's camp, where we attracted the 
 fire of a battery located near Colonel McDowell's 
 former headquarters. Here I remained, patiently 
 waiting for the sound of General Buell's advance 
 upon the main Corinth road. 
 
 About TO A. M. the heavy firing in that direction 
 and its steady approach satisfied me ; and General 
 Wallace beinor on our rio^ht flank with his well- 
 conducted division, I led the head of my column to 
 General McClernand's right, formed line of battle, 
 facing south, with Buckland's brigade directly across 
 the rido^e and Stuart's brio^ade on its riorht in the 
 woods, and thus advanced, steadily and slowly, under 
 a heavy fire of musketry and artillery. Taylor had 
 
244 GENEKAL SHERMAN. 
 
 just got to me from the rear, where he had gone for 
 ammunition, and brought up three guns, which I 
 ordered into position to advance by hand firing. 
 These guns belonged to Company A, Chicago Light 
 Artillery, commanded by Lieutenant P. P. Wood, and 
 did most excellent service. 
 
 Awful Rattle of Musketry. 
 
 Under cover of their fire we advanced till we 
 reached the point where the Corinth road crosses 
 the line of McClernand's camp, and here I saw for 
 the first time the well-ordered and compact columns 
 of General Buell's Kentucky forces, whose soldierly 
 movements at once gave confidence to our newer 
 and less-disciplined men. Here I saw Willich's 
 regiment advance upon a point of water-oaks and 
 thicket, behind which I knew the enemy was in great 
 strength, and enter it in beautiful style. Then arose 
 the severest musketry-fire I ever heard, and lasted 
 some twenty minutes, when this splendid regiment 
 had to fall back. 
 
 This green point of timber is about five hundred 
 yards east of Shiloh meeting-house, and it was evi- 
 dent here was to be the struggle. The enemy could 
 also be seen forming his lines to the south. General 
 McClernand sending to me for artillery, I detached 
 to him the three guns of Wood's battery, with which 
 he speedily drove them back, and, seeing some others 
 to the rear, I sent one of my staff to bring them 
 forward, when by almost providential decree they 
 proved to be two twenty-four-pound howitzers be- , 
 
 
SHEKMAN'S DESCRIPTION. 245 
 
 longing to McAlister's battery, and served as well 
 as guns ever could be. 
 
 This was about 2 p. m. The enemy had one battery 
 close by Shiloh, and another near the Hamburg road, 
 both pouring grape and canister upon any column of 
 troops that advanced upon the green point of water- 
 oaks. Willich's regiment had been repulsed, but a 
 whole brigade of McCook's division advanced beauti- 
 fully, deployed, and entered this dreaded wood. 
 
 The Enemy Swept like Chaff. 
 
 I ordered my second brigade (then commanded 
 by Colonel T. Kilby Smith, Colonel Stuart being 
 wounded) to form on its right, and my fourth brigade, 
 Colonel Buckland, on its right, all to advance abreast 
 with this Kentucky brigade before mentioned, which 
 I afterward found to be Rousseau's brigade of 
 McCook's division. I gave personal direction to the 
 twenty-four-pounder guns, whose well-directed fire 
 first silenced the enemy's guns to the left, and after- 
 ward at the Shiloh meeting-house. 
 
 Rousseau's brigade moved in splendid order steadily 
 to the front, sweeping everything before it, and at 
 4 p. M. we stood upon the ground of our original front 
 line, and the enemy was in full retreat. I directed 
 my several brigades to resume at once their original 
 camps. 
 
 Several times during the batde cartridges gave 
 out, but General Grant had thoughtfully kept a 
 supply coming from the rear. When I appealed to 
 regiments to stand fast, although out of cartridges, 
 
246 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 I did so because to retire a regiment for any cause 
 has a bad effect on others. I commended the Fortieth 
 IIHnois and Thirteenth Missouri for thus holding their 
 ground under heavy fire, although their cartridge- 
 boxes were empty. 
 
 Gallaut Kentuckians. 
 
 I was ordered by General Grant to give personal 
 credit where I thought it due, and censure where I 
 thought it merited. I concede that General McCook's 
 splendid division from Kentucky drove back the 
 enemy along the Corinth road, which was the great 
 centre of this field of battle, where Beauregard com- 
 manded in person, supported by Bragg's, Polk's, and 
 Breckenridge's divisions. I think A. S. Johnston was 
 killed by exposing himself in front of his troops at 
 the time of their attack on Buckland's brigade on 
 Sunday morning, although in this I may be mis- 
 taken. 
 
 My division was made up of regiments perfectly 
 new, nearly all having received their muskets for the 
 first time at Paducah. None of them had ever been 
 under fire or beheld heavy columns of an enemy 
 bearing down on them as they did on that Sunday. 
 
 To have expected the coolness and steadiness of 
 older troops would be wrong. They knew not the 
 value of combination and organization. When in- 
 dividual fears seized them the first impulse was to get '' 
 away. My third brigade did break much too soon, 
 and I am not yet advised where it was during 
 Sunday afternoon and Monday morning. Colonel 
 
 i 
 
SHERMAN'S DESCRIPTION. 247 
 
 Hildebrand, its commander, was as cool as any man 
 I ever saw, and no one could have made stronger 
 efforts to hold his men to their places than he did. 
 He kept his own regiment, with individual exceptions, 
 in hand an hour after Appier's and Mungen's regi- 
 ments had left their proper field of action. 
 
 Heroes of the Figlit. 
 
 Colonel Buckland mana^-ed his brigade well. I 
 commended him as a cool, intelligent, and judicious 
 gentleman, needing only confidence and experience 
 to make a good commander. His subordinates, 
 Colonels Sullivan and Cockerill, behaved with great 
 gallantry; the former receiving a severe wound on 
 Sunday, and yet commanding and holding his regi- 
 ment well in hand all day, and on Monday until his 
 right arm was broken by a shot. Colonel Cockerill 
 held a larger proportion of his men than any colonel 
 in my division, and was with me from first to last. 
 
 Colonel J. A. McDowell, commanding the First 
 brigade, held his ground on Sunday, till I ordered 
 him to fall back, which he did in line of battle ; and 
 when ordered he conducted the attack on the enemy's 
 left in good style. In falling back to the next posi- 
 tion he was thrown from his horse and injured, and 
 his brigade was not in position on Monday morning. 
 His subordinates, Colonels Hicks and Worthington, 
 displayed great personal courage. Colonel Hicks led 
 his regiment in the attack on Sunday, and received a 
 wound which it was feared would prove mortal. He 
 was a brave and gallant gendeman, and deserves well 
 
248 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 of his country. Lieutenant-Colonel Walcutt of the 
 Ohio Forty-sixth was severely wounded on Sunday^ j 
 and was disabled. 
 
 Hard-woD Laurels. 
 
 My second brigade, Colonel Stuart, was detached 
 nearly two miles from my headquarters. He had to 
 fight his own battle on Sunday against superior num- 
 bers, as the enemy interposed between him and Gen- 
 eral Prentiss early in the day. Colonel Stuart was 
 wounded severely, and yet reported for duty on Mon- 
 day morning, but was compelled to leave during the 
 day, when the command devolved on Colonel T. Kilby 
 Smith, who was always in the thickest of the tight, 
 and led the brigade handsomely. 
 
 As I did not receive Colonel Stuart's report of 
 the operations of his brigade during the time he was 
 detached, I was compelled to forbear mentioning 
 names. Lieutenant-Colonel Kyle of the Seventy-first 
 was mortally wounded on Sunday, but the regiment 
 itself I did not see, as only a small fragment of it was 
 with the brigade when it joined the division on Mon- 
 day morning. Great credit was due the fragments of 
 men of the disordered regiments who kept in the ad- 
 vance. I observed and noticed them, but until the 
 brigadiers and colonels made their reports I could not 
 venture to name individuals, but did in due season 
 notice all who kept- in our front line, as well as those 
 who preferred to keep back near the steamboat land- 
 ing. The following was the result in figures of the 
 killed, wounded, and missing: 
 
f 
 
 SHERMAN'S DESCRIPTION. 249 
 
 Officers killed 16 
 
 Officers wounded : . . 45 
 
 Officers missing 6 
 
 Soldiers killed ^02 
 
 Soldiers wounded 1230 
 
 Soldiers missing ^^c 
 
 Aggregate loss in the division 2034 
 
 The enemy captured seven of our guns on Sunday, 
 but on Monday we recovered seven — not the identical 
 guns we had lost, but enough in number to balance 
 the account. At the time of recovering our camps, 
 our men were so fatigued that we could not follow the. 
 retreating masses of the enemy ; but on the following 
 day I followed up with Buckland's and Hildebrand's 
 origades for six miles. 
 
 Bravery of Staff-officers. 
 
 Of my personal staff I could only speak with praise 
 ind thanks. I think they smelled as much gunpowder 
 md heard as many cannon-balls and bullets as sat- 
 sfied their ambition. Captain Hammond, my chief 
 )f staff, though in feeble health, was very active in 
 •allying broken troops, encouraging the steadfast, and 
 liding to form the lines of defence and attack. Major 
 Sanger s intelligence, quick perception, and rapid exe- 
 :ution were of very great value to me, especially in 
 Dringing into line the batteries that co-operated so- 
 efficiently in our movements. Captains McCoy and 
 3ayton, aides-de-camp, were with me' all the time, 
 :arrying orders and acting with coolness, spirit, and 
 :ourage. To Surgeon Hartshorne and Dr. L'Hom- 
 nedieu hundreds of wounded men were indebted for 
 
250 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 the kind and excellent treatment received on the field 
 of battle and In the various temporary hospitals created 
 along the line of our operations. They worked dayj 
 and night, and did not rest till all the wounded of oui 
 own troops as well as of the enemy were in safe an( 
 comfortable shelter. 
 
 To Major Taylor, chief of artillery, I felt under deep' 
 obligations for his good sense and judgment in man4 
 aging the batteries, on which so much depended. The^ 
 cavalry of my command kept to the rear, and took|^ 
 little part in the action ; but it would have been mad-l| 
 ness to expose horses to the musketry-fire under which; 
 we were compelled to remain from Sunday. at 8 a. m., 
 till Monday at 4 p. m. 
 
 Following- the Enemy. 
 
 With the cavalry placed at my command and two: 
 brigades of miy fatigued troops I went on the morn- 
 ing of the 8th out on the Corinth road. One afteri' 
 another of the abandoned camps of the enemy lined 
 the roads, with hospital-flags for their protection ; at 
 all we found more or less wounded and dead men. 
 At the forks of the road I found the head of General 
 T. J. Wood's division of Buell's army. I ordered 
 cavalry to examine both roads leading toward Corinth, 
 and found the enemy on both. Colonel Dickey, of 
 the Fourth Illinois Cavalry, asking for reinforcements, . 
 I ordered General Wood to advance the head of his ^ 
 column cautiously on the left-hand road, while I con- 
 ducted the head of the third brigade of my division up 
 the right-hand road. 
 
SHERMAN'S DESCRIPTION. 
 
 251 
 
 About half a mile from the forks was a clear field, 
 through which the road passed, and immediately 
 beyond a space of some two hundred yards of fallen 
 timber, and beyond that an extensive rebel camp. 
 
 CAVALRY CHARGE AT SHILOH. 
 
 The enemy's cavalry could be seen in this camp ; 
 after reconnoissance, I ordered the two advance com- 
 panies of the Ohio Seventy- seventh, Colonel Hilde- 
 brand, to deploy forward as skirmishers, and the 
 regiment itself forward into line, with an interval of 
 one hundred yards. In this order we advanced cau- 
 tiously until the skirmishers were eneaofed. Takinof 
 it for granted this disposition would clear the camp, I 
 
252 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 held Colonel Dickey's Fourth Illinois Cavalry ready 
 for the charge. 
 
 The enemy's cavalry came down boldly at a charge^ 
 led by General Forrest in person, breaking through 
 our line of skirmishers, when the regiment of infantry, 
 without cause, broke, threw away their muskets, and 
 fled. The ground was admirably adapted for a 
 defence of infantry against cavalry, being miry and 
 covered with fallen timber. 
 
 Onset of Cavalry. 
 
 As the regiment of infantry broke, Dickey's cav- 
 alry began to discharge their carbines, and fell into 
 disorder. I instantly sent orders to the rear for the 
 brigade to form line of battle, which was promptly ' 
 executed. The broken infantry and cavalry rallied 
 on this line, and, as the enemy's cavalry came to it,, 
 our cavalry in turn charged and drove them from the j 
 field. I advanced the entire brio^ade over the same 
 ground and sent Colonel Dickey's cavalry a mile ■ 
 farther on the road. On examininof the o^round 
 which had been occupied by the wSeventy-seventh 
 Ohio, we found fifteen of our men dead and about 
 twenty-five wounded. I sent for wagons and had all 
 the wounded carried back to camp, and caused the j 
 dead to be buried, also the whole rebel camp to be ! 
 destroyed. . 
 
 Here we found much ammunition for field-pieces, 
 which was destroyed ; also two caissons, and a general . 
 hospital with about two hundred and eighty Confed- | 
 erate wounded and about fifty of our own wounded I 
 
SHERMAN'S DESCRIPTION. 253 
 
 men. Not havinor the means of brincrincr them off, 
 Colonel Dickey, by my orders, took a surrender, 
 signed by the medical director (Lyle) and by all the 
 attending surgeons, and a pledge to report them- 
 selves as prisoners of war ; also a pledge that our 
 wounded should be carefully attended to, and sur- 
 rendered to us as soon as ambulances could eo out. 
 The roads were very bad, and were strewed with 
 abandoned wagons, ambulances, and limber-boxes. 
 The enemy had succeeded in carrying off the guns, 
 but had crippled his batteries by abandoning the 
 hind limber-boxes of at least twenty caissons. I am 
 satisfied the enemy's infantry and artillery passed 
 Lick Creek next morning, after travelling all night, 
 and that he left to his rear all his cavalry, which had 
 protected his retreat ; but signs of confusion and dis- 
 order marked the whole road. The check sustained 
 by us at the fallen timber delayed our advance, so that 
 night came upon us before the wounded were pro- 
 vided for and the dead buried, and our troops being 
 fagged out by three days' hard fighting, exposure, 
 and privation, I ordered them back to their camps. 
 
CHAPTER XV. 
 
 Thrilling Pen-picture of the Battle of Shiloh by 
 an Army Surgeon. 
 
 It requires many eyes to see a great battle in all its 
 details. Eye-witnesses describe what they saw, and 
 each according to his location. While all agree in the I 
 general features, changes, and aspects of the contest, i 
 each beholder has something new and of vital interest | 
 to relate. For this reason we add a striking picture I 
 of the terrible fight at Shiloh from the pen of Dr. J 
 James Moore, surgeon of the United States army. ^ 
 After detailing the movements preceding the capture 
 of Island No. lo, Dr. Moore says : 
 
 Thus the doom of Island No. lo was sealed. The ■ 
 batteries on the Kentucky shore were soon silenced 
 by the gunboats, and Pope's army crossed. The Con- 
 federate army scattered in the 
 woods, and five thousand were 
 at last captured. The Confed- 
 erate commander on the island, 
 General William D. McCall, then 
 capitulated with a few hundred 
 men. A hundred heavy guns, 
 several field batteries, small-arms 
 UEUT.-GEN. w. HARDEE, in abundance, tents, wagons, 
 horses, and provisions, were the fruit of the victory. 
 
 254 
 
PEN-PICTURE OF SHILOH. 256 
 
 Great joy was diffused throughout the North. The 
 great Mississippi was now open as far as Forts 
 Wright and Pillow, sixty miles above Memphis, and 
 Foote prepared to attack these also. 
 
 Meanwhile a great battle was in progress at Pitts- 
 burg Landing, on the banks of the Tennessee, Thus, 
 on the same Sunday night on which the steamer Pitts- 
 burg ran the enemy's batteries, the two armies lay on 
 the field where they had fought desperately the entire 
 day; and when our troops were crossing to victory 
 on the Kentucky shore, our army was struggling to 
 recover the field which it had lost the preceding day. 
 The battle of Pittsburg Landing, or Shiloh, lasted two 
 days. It commenced on the 6th of April. 
 
 The Confederate general, Johnston, after retreating 
 south through Tennessee, proceeded toward Mem- 
 phis, and subsequently massed his army at Corinth, 
 in Mississippi, near the Tennessee line, ninety-three 
 miles from Memphis. 
 
 Position of the Union Army. 
 
 General Ulysses S. Grant had moved up the Ten- 
 nessee River, and placed his army on the west bank 
 at Pittsburg Landing, where he awaited Buell's corps 
 from Nashville. The design was to combine their 
 forces and advance on the rebel camp at Corinth. 
 Johnston moved his entire army on the 4th of April, 
 intending to assault Grant on Saturday, but bad roads 
 detained him until Sunday morning. There is a road 
 from Pittsburg Landing to Corinth, distant twenty 
 miles. This road two miles from the Tennessee River 
 
256 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 divides, and while one fork continues right on in itsi 
 ■course, the other runs to lower Corinth. From Ham- 
 burg Landing, some miles up the river, a road crosses i 
 that before mentioned. Two roads branch off on the 
 right, in the direction of Purdy. It was on these 
 several roads, and between them, at a distance of from 
 two to five miles from Pittsburg Landing, that the: 
 Federal army lay encamped. The divisions farthest: 
 advanced were those of Prentiss, Sherman, and Mc- 
 Clernand. Hurlbut's and Smith's divisions lay be- 
 tween them and the river. Smith being sick, his: 
 division wes commanded by VV. H. L. Wallace. Sher- 
 man's brigade held the right, Prentiss the centre, and 
 Colonel Stuart the left. The extreme left was deemed; 
 sufficiently protected by precipices and a ravine. 
 
 On the rebel side, General A. S. Johnston com- 
 manded and had especial charge of the centre ; 
 •Generals Braxton Bragg and T. P. G. Beauregard 
 commanded the two wings ; and Hardee, Polk, and 
 Breckenridge held subordinate positions. Their plan 
 was to make an attack on the Federal centre, and 
 then on each of the wings, front and flank. The 
 rebel troops numbered seventy thousand men. 
 
 Sudden Attack. J 
 
 The enemy attacked the Federals as some were at 
 breakfast and others lying around. It was a complete 
 surprise. The pickets had been driven in suddenly, 
 and the enemy's artillery cast shot and shell among 
 the regiments. So unexpected was the assault that 
 officers were bayonetted before they rose from their 
 
PEN-PICTUKE OF SHILOH. 257 
 
 beds. There was a general panic before any line of 
 battle could be formed. The attack on Buckland's 
 
 ,^ brigade of Sherman's division was made so suddenly 
 
 '■ that the officers had not time to dress. The men, 
 snatching up their muskets as best they could, ran to 
 the other portion of the division in the utmost dis- 
 order. 
 
 Sherman Falls Back. 
 
 Sherman made herculean efforts to eet the division 
 
 in position to abide the coming shock. McClernand 
 
 meanwhile was trying to fill up the gap caused by 
 
 Buckland's disordered flight, and was gallantly stem- 
 
 , minor the tide of batde amid the rolling- smoke, the 
 
 j crash of muskets, and the roar of artillery. Sherman 
 saw that he could not resist the fearful odds which 
 
 , were hurled against him, and issued the order to fall 
 back. 
 
 Meanwhile the division of Prentiss was In a more 
 deplorable plight. It is true that there was time to 
 form in line of batde, but, being drawn up in an open 
 field, they were exposed to a murderous fire poured 
 
 [ on them by the enemy from the edge of the woods, 
 and were mowed down with great slaughter. They 
 stood thelr'ground with cool courage, and their volleys 
 were rapid and steady. But Grant was not on the 
 field, and there was little concert of action, as each 
 .commander could only take care of his own division, 
 
 .^ hold his ground, and wait for support. Hence, no 
 regular line of batde could be formed, and while the 
 Federal forces could adopt no connected plan, the 
 
 17 
 
258 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 rebel army as one machine was hurled on the disor- 
 ganized troops. 
 
 Prentiss's Division Shattered. 
 
 Prentiss was outflanked, and saw himself enclosed 
 by the enemy. The disorganized portion of his divis- 
 ion, numbering three thousand men, surrendered and 
 were marched to the rear. The insolent foe drove 
 the other reo^iments of this division before them like a 
 flock of sheep. ^ 
 
 One brigade after another was brought up by Mc-^i 
 Clernand to support Sherman. Desperate grew the ' 
 struggle which ensued, and cannon and musketry 
 rolled their continuous thunders over the bloody field, 
 and the audacious enemy rushed up to the mouth of 
 the cannon and took several. Desperate hand-to- 
 hand fights ensued, and the stubborn resistance of 
 Sherman, though the sacrifice of life was great, kept 
 the army from being driven in dismay into the river. 
 The enemy, if not repulsed, was checked for a while. 
 McClernand held his ground with great pertinacity, 
 but the gap left by Sherman in retiring laid him open 
 to a flank movement, and the head of the enemy's 
 columns was dashing with all their speed at him. 
 
 Terrible Havoc. 
 
 At this moment the rifled oruns from Dresser's 
 battery swept the road with a destructive fire, and the 
 enemy paused. Reinforcements, however, strength- 
 ened the forces of the enemy, and one charge re- 
 pulsed was only succeeded by another m^ore desperate. 
 
 Many Federal officers of the line fell. The artillery- 
 
PEN-PICTUEE OF SHILOH. 259 
 
 horses were shot by scores, and as the guns could not 
 be withdrawn from the field, they fell into the hands 
 of the enemy. The half of Swartz's guns and sixteen 
 horses of the battery were lost. Dresser lost some 
 rifled pieces and thirty-two horses, and McAlister 
 half of his howitzers. The division at eleven o'clock 
 was driven back, and on a line with Hurlbut's, which, 
 though fighting well and at times repelling the enemy, 
 was at last obliged to retreat. Colonel Stuart, in 
 command of a brioade on Sherman's extreme left, 
 would have been cut off, but had been fortunately 
 overlooked by the enemy. 
 
 Almost a Rout. 
 
 Two Confederate brigades were now sent to attack 
 him, and he fell back. The enemy pursued, and a 
 bloodv combat followed. The p;allant bricrade had to 
 retreat, with its wounded commander, in ten minutes, 
 but made a stand for upward of an hour on a wooded 
 hill. McArthur's brio^ade, which was sent to its aid, 
 lost its way, and was driven back again and again till 
 it had to be sent to the rear to re-form. 
 
 At twelve o'clock the camps of Sherman, Prentiss, 
 
 ii and McClernand were in the possession of the enemy, 
 
 [i who was still advancino-. The arrival of Grant from 
 
 Ii Savannah, a few miles down the river, could not stay 
 
 the disorder or prevent a retreat. Wallace's division, 
 
 at Crump's Landing, had been ordered up in the 
 
 morning, and would have strengthened the right, but 
 
 it lost its way, and, had this been known to the enemy, 
 
 the result would have been fatal. 
 
260 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 Hurlbut put his division into position and animated 
 his men. Slierman drew up the remains of his brigade 
 and saw that the crisis was imminent. The Confederate 
 troops now rushed on, flushed with victory, but were 
 forced back. They advanced again with desperate 
 efforts, and were again obHged to flee to the thicket. 
 The leaders led on fresh regiments. Terrible carnage 
 followed, and the Confederate general A. S. Johnston 
 was slain. For a third time the enemy was repelled, 
 but fresh troops always came up, and the wasted 
 Federal forces were compelled to fall back, while the 
 Confederates pressed on, covering the field with the 
 slain. 
 
 On the Brink of Destruction. 
 
 The entire left wingf was forced back to the riven 
 where thousands were crowded, without boats, and' 
 were in danger of being massacred by the exultant X^ 
 enemy. Wallace, on the extreme right, nobly held 
 his ground and four times repelled the foe. The re- 
 serve line was carried, and the army now contracted 
 into the area of half a mile. The sun was on the de- 
 cline and the whole army was now on the brink of 
 destruction. Just then a body of cavalry — Buell's 
 advance — was seen. Help was near. Buell's columns 
 were approaching the Tennessee, and the wily foe 
 bore down on the crowded and disorganized Federal 
 columns to crush them, and thus verify the prediction 
 of Beauregard that ere nig-ht fell his horse would drink 
 from the Tennessee. The enemy reckoned without 
 his host. 
 
PEN-PICTUEE OF SHILOH. 261 
 
 Death- shots from Parrott Guns. 
 
 At the critical moment, Colonel Webster, chief of 
 staff, skilled as an artillerist, had collected all the guns, 
 some of large calibre, from the broken batteries, and 
 arranored them in crescent form around the landinof. 
 Collecting a force of artillerists, he was ready when 
 the heavy columns of the enemy advanced. Suddenly 
 twenty-one guns sent forth a deadly fire among the 
 closed ranks, and the enemy recoiled, again to ad- 
 vance. The gunboats Tyler and Lexington now 
 moved down the bank, and with their twenty-four- 
 pound Parrott guns and rifled cannon sent the shriek- 
 ing shells bursting among the terrified ranks of the 
 Confederates. They halted, turned, and retired from 
 the ranofe of these destructive encrines. 
 
 Meanwhile, General Nelson, commanding Buell's 
 advance, crossed the Tennessee and opened a heavy 
 fire on the enemy with a battery of artillery. The 
 Confederates withdrew and bivouacked on the bloody 
 field. Buell's army was coming up rapidly. Nelson's 
 division was across the river, and Crittenden's was" 
 placed in front of Sherman's broken line. McCook's 
 division had reached Savannah, and was waiting to 
 be brought up to the field of battle. The regular 
 batteries, commanded by Captains Mendenhall and 
 Terrell, and an Ohio battery, arrived in the night, and 
 Captain Bartlett brought word that the rest would be 
 up early In the morning. The news of this powerful 
 reinforcement at hand animated the brave men who 
 had fought against such odds and, though defeated, 
 
262 GENEKAL SHEEMAN. 
 
 they felt that returning day would turn the scale of 
 victory in their favor. -" 
 
 Second Day at Sliiloh. 
 
 At five o'clock in the morning, on the 7th of April, 
 Nelson and Crittenden advanced upon the enemy, 
 drove in his pickets, and at seven o'clock neared his 
 line of battle. Crittenden formed on the right of ^ 
 Nelson, with Bardett's battery in the centre. The 
 sound of cannon shook the field, and told those at 
 the landing that the battle was begun. McCook 
 took position on the right of Crittenden, and Wal- 
 lace with three brigades held the extreme right, and 
 opened with artillery at seven o'clock. 
 
 A grand artillery duel was for some time kept up. '• 
 Nelson's line first engaged the enemy in a bloody 
 contest. Colonel Hazen, of the Nineteenth brigade, < 
 captured a battery, but was compelled to relinquish-^ 
 it. The lines of Nelson, however, still kept steadily 
 advancing, sweeping the field lost the day before, \ 
 which was yet strewed with the dead of the com- 
 batants. Crittenden pressed the enemy back in his 
 front ; and Smith's brigade, by a gallant dash, cap- 
 tured a battery, to recover which the enraged foe 
 charged aeain and a^ain. 
 
 The Host's Majestic Tread. 
 
 The combat was deadly for half an hour on this 
 spot. The splendid troops of McCook moved on, 
 and now the Federal line, a mile and a half in extent," 
 advanced with slow, majestic tread against the enemy^ 
 who, under cover of the thickets, made a desperate 
 
PEN-PICTUKE OF SHILOH. 263 
 
 rally and hurled such a powerful force on Nelson's 
 division that it recoiled, faltered, and finally fell back. 
 The compact masses of the foe were assailed at this 
 critical moment by Terrell's regular battery, raining 
 shells from the twenty-four-pound howitzers. They 
 staggered, but rallied again, and, undaunted, marched 
 up to the death-dealing guns, and horses and gun- 
 ners alike went down, till there was not a man re- 
 maining at one of the pieces. Terrell and a corporal 
 worked one of the guns dll saved by the dash of a 
 regiment. Nelson kept his men well in hand, but the 
 rally of the foe, which at first had caused him to give 
 way, swept on in turn to Crittenden, who had to take 
 up a new position. 
 
 The Tide of Battle Turiiecl. 
 
 The exultant enemy followed up his success till his 
 ranks were swept by the death-bolts hurled by Men- 
 denhall's and Bardett's ardllery. Meanwhile, Buell, 
 seeing the determined resistance of the enemy, 
 ordered an advance by brigades at the double-quick. 
 The enemy, recoiling from the terrible line of glitter- 
 ing steel and the simultaneous movement of that great 
 host, fell back step by step as the Federal divisions 
 pressed on. They lost all the ground which had been 
 won the day before. The foe was now in confusion, 
 being mowed down in platoons by the musketry and 
 artillery. 
 
 On the same spot where the Federal defeat had 
 taken place on the previous day all the guns lost on 
 that part of the field were recaptured, and two of the 
 
264 GENEEAL SHEEMAN. ^ 
 
 •f 
 
 enemy's captured in turn. A last and desperate stand 
 was made in front of McCook's division, but could -' 
 not drive him back, though he was exposed to a flank . 
 movement. 
 
 Wallace had a desperate encounter with a Confed- 
 erate line, which seemed, as regiment after regiment 
 poured in, to be interminable. Cannonading on both 
 sides extended alonor the whole front till he sent 
 sharpshooters to pick off the gunners. Waiting for 
 Sherman, at last that leader brought up the remnant 
 of his brave division and advanced on the Confederate . 
 
 lines. 
 
 Sherman Cries, "Forward!" 
 
 Sherman rode along where the bullets flew thickest, 
 and roused the courage of his men to a high degree. 
 His horse was killed, but he sprang on another and 
 gave the order, " Forward! " The woods were gained, . 
 one of the enemy's batteries flanked, and here the 
 scale of victory preponderated to the Federal side. 
 Wallace, seeing the Confederate guns limbering up, 
 was upon them. The whole line heard the order, 
 "Forward!" and pressed on the enemy till he was 
 driven to the woods. 
 
 By a determined stand here Sherman*s division was 
 forced back; but, though wounded twice and having 
 three horses shot under him, he rallied his brave 
 troops and hurled them on the foe, being distin- 
 guished on this hard-fought field as the hero of heroes. 
 The tide of batde, beginning on the left, had rolled 
 like a wave on to the right, The enemy had tried to 
 
PEN-PICTURE OF SHILOH. 265 
 
 find an unguarded or weak point, but now fell back 
 slowly till driven beyond the last Federal camp. 
 Three thousand cavalry in reserve were now ordered 
 to charge them. But the enemy retired in order, 
 and, planting his artillery, hurled destruction on the 
 victorious columns which attempted to turn the defeat 
 into a complete rout. Buell gave the order to halt, 
 and the wearied troops bivouacked on the field. 
 
 Heavy Losses on Both Sides. 
 
 General Johnston, the Confederate leader, and 
 Johnson, the provisional governor of Kentucky, were 
 amone the Confederate dead. The losses on both 
 sides were nearly equal. The Federals lost in killed, 
 wounded, and missing, including three thousand pris- 
 oners, almost fourteen thousand. The loss of the 
 enemy was estimated at about the same. 
 
 The first day was a defeat ; the second a victory, 
 but dearly purchased. McClernand lost nearly a 
 third of his whole force. 
 
 The field presented a ghastly spectacle. The 
 enemy had left his dead. Ten thousand of the same 
 race and nation lay cold in death on this ensanguined 
 field, while twice that number were wounded. The 
 Sanitary Commission here rendered the most invalu- 
 able service, the ordinary means of supply being Inef- 
 ficient and nurses as well as physicians too few. 
 
 In this battle the Confederate army on the first day 
 was well fought. Want of united action, pardy the 
 consequence of surprise, was the cause which, next to 
 overwhelming numbers, caused the Federal reverse. 
 
266 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 It was a bloody battle on both sides, and such as this 
 continent had never before witnessed. 
 
 Slierinaii's Mag^iiificent Valor. 
 
 Sherman rose at once to the peril of the occasion, 
 and all day long moved like a fabled god over the 
 disastrous field. Clinging to his position till the last 
 moment, fighting as he retired, his orders flying like 
 lightning in every direction, and he himself galloping 
 incessantly through the hottest fire, now rallying his 
 men, now planting a battery, he seemed omnipresent 
 and to bear a charmed life. 
 
 Horse after horse sank under him, he himself was 
 struck again and again, and yet he not only kept the 
 field, but blazed like a meteor over it. At noon of 
 that Sabbath day he was dismounted, his hand in a 
 sling and bleeding, giving directions to his chief of 
 artillery, while it was one incessant crash and roar all 
 around him. Suddenly he saw to the right his men 
 giving way before a cloud of Confederates. '' I was 
 looking for that," he exclaimed. The next moment 
 the battery he had been placing in position opened, 
 sending death and destruction into the close-packed 
 ranks. 
 
 The Confederate commander, glancing at the bat- 
 tery, ordered the cavalry to charge it. Seeing them 
 coming down, Sherman quickly ordered up two com- 
 panies of infantry, which, pouring in a deadly volley, 
 sent them to the right about with empty saddles. 
 The onset was arrested and our troops rallied with 
 renewed courage. 
 
PEN-PICTURE OF SHILOH. 267 
 
 Thus he acted all that fearful Sabbath day. As 
 Sheridan was the rock that saved Rosecrans at Stone 
 River, and Thomas the one that saved him at Chicka- 
 mauea, so Sherman was the rock that saved Grant at 
 Shiloh. At its close his old legion met him, and sent 
 up three cheers at the sight of his well- remembered 
 form. 
 
 The Battle Depended on Sliernian. 
 
 Rousseau, in speaking of his conduct in this battle, 
 said, '' No man living could surpass him." General 
 Nelson a few days before his death remarked, '' Dur- 
 ing eight hours the fate of the army on the field of 
 Shiloh depended on the life of one man : if General 
 Sherman had fallen the army would have been cap- 
 tured or destroyed." Grant said, "To his individual 
 efforts I am indebted for the success of that battle;" 
 and Halleck in his despatch bore this unqualified tes- 
 timony : "It is the unanimous opinion here that Brig- 
 adier-General W. T. Sherman saved the fortunes of 
 the day on the 6th of April." " He was a strong man 
 in the high places of the field, and hope shone in him 
 like a pillar of fire when it had gone out in all other 
 men." 
 
 The next day, when Buell's fresh battalions took 
 the field, Sherman again led his battered regiments 
 into the fight, and enacted over again the heroic 
 deeds of the day before'; for, as Rousseau said, he 
 "fights by the week." Untiring to the last, he pushed 
 out the third day, after the victory, and whipped the 
 enemy's cavalry, taking a large supply of ammunition. 
 
268 GENEKAL SHERMAN. i 
 
 In the subsequent advance to Corinth his division J 
 
 bore the most conspicuous part, and was the first to 1 
 
 enter the deserted works of the enemy. In the mean ; 
 
 time he had been promoted to be major-general of ^ 
 
 vohmteers. 'i 
 
 •i 
 
 He could AflPord now to Laugh. « 
 
 He could now laugh at the slander that had so ; 
 annoyed him and joke of it publicly. There were j 
 two General Shermans in the army before Corinth, J 
 the only difference in their names being a transposi- ' 
 tion of the initials, W. T. and T. W. T. W. was j 
 known as the Port Royal Sherman, on account of his i 
 operations there after the capture of the place by i 
 DuPont. He was a very unpopular man with his 4 
 troops on account of a fretful, peevish disposition, ^ 
 exhibiting itself not only in words, but in a disagree- | 
 able, nervous manner. He was equally unpopular 
 with the officers, who discussed his peculiarities freely. 
 One day. General W. T. Sherman was calling on 
 Steadman, when some one gave a ludicrous account ; 
 of the behavior of T. W. Sherman on a certain 
 occasion, which created a great deal of merriment. 
 Sherman joined in it, and jokingly remarked, " Oh, 
 that is the crazy Sherman, is it?" 
 
 The Conquerors. 
 
 At the close of this chapter it can hardly be 
 deemed out of place to notice the influence. of Shiloh 
 and Corinth on the fortunes of some of the principal 
 actors. Among the Confederates, Beauregard was 
 the man principally affected. He had the greatest 
 
PEN-PICTUEE OF SHILOH. 269 
 
 opportunity. He sustained the greatest loss. The 
 effect of Shiloh and Corinth was undoubtedly Injuri- 
 ous, but it was not lasting. Beauregard suffered the 
 less that neither at Shiloh nor at Corinth did any 
 rival of equal capacity come to the front. 
 
 On the National side three men shared largely of 
 the favors of fortune — Halleck, Grant, and Sherman. 
 Halleck reaped a glory which was scarcely all his 
 own. Grant, in spite of a treatment which must be 
 pronounced unjust, not only preserved his reputation, 
 but secured the opportunity of making himself what 
 he soon afterward was recognized to be, the leading 
 representative on the field of the Northern cause. 
 
 Sherman In the one batde and In the other sur- 
 passed himself in deeds of skill and daring, and 
 earned his right and title to a place in the front rank 
 of the great military men whom the war was gradu- 
 ally developing — a place which he never afterward 
 lost. 
 
CHAPTER XVI. : 
 
 General Sherman's Achievements at Vicksburg. \ 
 
 After the battle of Corinth, which was fought on 
 
 the 4th of October, 1862, the army under General ] 
 
 Grant fell back to the position which it formerly occu- \ 
 
 pied, and remained in comparative inactivity until the ■? 
 
 beeinninor of November. It was stationed from Mem- j 
 
 phis to Bridgeport, Tennessee, along the Memphis ] 
 and Charleston railroad. Its strong points were 
 
 Memphis, Grand Junction, and Corinth. The army ^ 
 
 was arranged in four divisions. f 
 
 General Sherman, with the first division, was at f 
 
 Memphis ; General Hurlbut, with the second, was at ^ 
 
 Jackson ; General C. S. Hamilton, with the third, was 'I 
 
 at Corinth ; and General T. A. Davies, with the "< 
 
 fourth, was at Columbus. Grant's headquarters were ' 
 
 at Jackson, Tennessee, a point in the West where the ) 
 
 Central Mississippi railroad unites with the Mobile j 
 
 and Ohio. That general had not abandoned the plan ■? 
 
 which was inaugurated at Henry and Donelson. His -i 
 whole soul was bent on the capture of Vicksburg. A 
 variety of circumstances, however, had necessitated 
 delay. The removal of Halleck to Washington had 
 devolved upon him the entire care of the Department 
 of the Tennessee — a department which included, in 
 addition to Cairo, Forts Henry and Donelson, the 
 270 
 
ACHIEVEMENTS AT VICKSBUHG. 271 
 
 whole of Northern Mississippi, and those portions of 
 Tennessee and Kentucky west of the Tennessee 
 River. This, however, was not the only or even the 
 most important reason. 
 
 A Weakened Army. 
 
 The army which had fought and won at Shiloh, at 
 Corinth, and at luka had been greatly weakened, a 
 large proportion of its strength having been sent to 
 Kentucky to resist the invasion of Bragg. It was 
 necessary, therefore, for Grant, while perfecting his 
 plans and rearranging his troops, to wait for reinforce- 
 ments. As soon as the reinforcements arrived he was 
 ready to move. 
 
 The National gunboats had swept the Mississippi 
 from Cairo to Memphis, and between those two points 
 every Confederate stronghold had been deserted or 
 destroyed. Farragut, with a portion of his fleet, had 
 pushed his way up to Vicksburg after the capture of 
 New Orleans. He was accompanied by General F. 
 Williams with an infantry force of four regiments. 
 While Farragut bombarded the city, Williams was 
 cutting a canal with the view of diverting the waters 
 of the Mississippi from their proper channel, thus 
 leaving Vicksburg high and dry on all sides. 
 
 Fruitless Sieg-e. 
 
 The siege lasted some seventy days. It was all to 
 no purpose. Farragut, who failed to make any seri- 
 ous impression on the Confederate works, began to 
 fear for his own safety. The canal also proved a 
 complete failure. The fleet and the land force both 
 
272 GENERAL SHEEMAN. 
 
 found it necessary to retire, and Vicksburg remained 
 to obstruct the navigation of the great river. 
 
 On the 4th of November, Grant began to move. 
 He transferred his headquarters from Jackson to La 
 Grano-e, some few miles to the west of Grand junction. 
 He soon discovered that the Confederates, under Gen- 
 eral John C. Pemberton, a Pennsylvanian, who had ] 
 superseded Van Dorn, were in considerable strength t 
 immediately in his front. Pemberton, in fact, had \ 
 taken a strong position behind two lines of defences, j 
 the outer beino- the Yallabusha and the inner beinof ! 
 the Tallahatchie — two streams which after their junc- J 
 tion 'form the Yazoo River. Both of these streams | 
 cross the Mississippi Central railroad between Grand ^ 
 Junction and Grenada. The banks of the Tallahatchie | 
 were strongly fortified. Grant's first intention was to.1 
 offer Pemberton battle, defeat him, and force his way -^ 
 to Vicksburo-. . i 
 
 Sherman and Grant Laying- Plans. 
 
 On the 8th he sent out McPherson with ten thousand 
 infantry and fifteen hundred cavalry, with instructions 
 to drive from Lamar a body of Confederates who 
 were holding the railroad. McPherson accomplished! 
 his task in the most effectual manner, the Confed- 
 erates having been driven back as far as Holly 
 Springs. The time had now come to make a deter- 
 mined effort to open the Mississippi. \ 
 
 About the 17th of November, Grant summoned 
 Sherman to meet him at Columbus, and at the inter- 
 view which there took place the views of the two 
 
18 
 
 MAP OF VICKSBURG AND VICINITY. 
 
 273 
 
274 GENEIiAL ^EBMAN. 
 
 generals were freely exchanged, Grant explaining to ] 
 Sherman his plan and giving him his orders. \ 
 
 It was Sherman's suggestion that a portion of Cur- [ 
 tis's army, which was stationed at Helena, should ■ 
 be brought over to Delta with a view to co-operate : 
 with Grant in his general movement toward Vicks- i 
 burg. These troops which, in the absence of General ] 
 Curtis, who was at St. Paul, were under the tempo- ; 
 rary command hi General Frederick Steele, were | 
 promptly at the place appointed on the eastern bank • 
 of the Mississippi. They numbered some seven ; 
 thousand men, and were under the joint command of - 
 Generals A. P. Hovey and C. C. Washburne. \ 
 
 Ordered to scour the country to the south and east ) 
 in the rear of the Confederate army, to destroy the jj 
 railroads and bridges so as to cut off supplies, and J 
 generally to prepare the way for Grant's advance, 
 they accomplished their task in the most effectual 
 manner, and then returned to the Mississippi. 
 
 Confederates Fall Back. 
 
 Pemberton, on discoverine that the railroads were 
 badly damaged and that the rolling-stock was de- 
 stroyed. Grant meanwhile pressing on his front, 
 deemed it prudent to fall back on Grenada. 
 
 On the I St of December, Grant .was at Holly 
 Springs. On the 5th he was at Oxford, where he 
 established his headquarters. It now became a 
 serious question with General Grant how far he was- 
 wise in allowing himself to be tempted to advance 
 into the enemy's country. The State of Mississippi 
 
ACHIEVEMENTS AT VICKSBUBG. 275 
 
 was but sparsely peopled, and he had no means of 
 knowing whether its resources were equal to the 
 wants of a large army possibly cut off from its base 
 of supplies. Had he known what he knew after- 
 ward, the caution would have been unnecessary, and 
 he would doubtless have continued his onward march. 
 On the 5th of December, Sherman, on his way to 
 join Grant and bringing with him from Memphis 
 some sixteen thousand men, arrived at College Hill, 
 about ten miles from Oxford, whence he reported to 
 his chief On the 8th he received from Grant a let- 
 ter requesting his immediate presence at Oxford, and 
 enclosinor a messaore from Halleck to Grant author- 
 
 o o 
 
 izing the latter to prosecute the new plan he had just 
 submitted to him, to move his troops as he thought 
 best, to retain till further orders all Curtis's troops 
 now in his department, to telegraph to General Allen 
 in St. Louis for all the steamboats he mio^ht need, and 
 to ask Porter to co-operate with his gunboats. 
 
 Plan of Land and ^aval Attack. 
 
 On his arrival at Oxford, Sherman found Grant 
 surrounded by his staff The new plan was discussed 
 and approved. It will be seen that Grant made up 
 his mind that, for the safety of his men as well as for 
 the final success of the expedition, it was necessary 
 to take full advantage of the river communication 
 with Vicksburof. It was agreed that a laree force on 
 transports should proceed down the Mississippi under 
 convoy of Porter's gunboats — that on reaching the 
 mouth of the Yazoo they should open up that water 
 
276 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 line, and by a joint attack of the land and naval forces 
 attempt to capture Vicksburg in the rear. Grant 
 meanwhile was to press forward toward Jackson, 
 which is only some forty-six miles to the west of 
 Vicksburg, offering Pemberton battle, and following 
 him up close in the event of his retreat, in the hope 
 of finding Sherman on the Yazoo with supplies or in 
 possession of Vicksburg. 
 
 Happily, Grant had been left complete control 
 of the w^hole movement, Halleck having offered no 
 special advice and imposed no conditions. He could 
 move at will, and he could place in prominent com 
 mand the men of his own choice. 
 
 Slierinaii's Commaiid. 
 
 Sherman, who commanded the right wing of Grant's 
 army, was appointed to the command of the river ex-j-i 
 peditlon, and received his instructions. Grant had 
 the greater pleasure in appointing Sherman to this 
 command that McClernand, who had great influenc 
 with the President, was known to be intriguing for an 
 independent command on the Mississippi. Sherman 
 was therefore ordered to take command of the forces 
 at Memphis, and those also at Helena and Delta 
 under General Steele, to descend the river by trans- 
 ports, with the gunboat fleet, commanded by Admiral -1 
 Porter, as a convoy, and to attack Vicksburg by the : 
 29th of November. 
 
 McClernand w^as to take the forces at Cairo and 1 
 to proceed to Vicksburg, so as to be in time to lend ! 
 Sherman effective aid as soon as he made the attack. 
 
ACHIEVEMENTS AT VICKSBURG. 277 
 
 Grant himself, as we have said, was to move rapidly 
 on the Confederates to the north and east of Vicks- 
 burg, to follow them if they should retreat toward the 
 city, and to take part with Sherman, if necessary, in 
 the reduction of the place. 
 
 Ready for Action. 
 
 It was a well-conceived plan. Its success, however, 
 depended on the prompt and faithful execution of ail 
 4ts parts. Grant knew that it was unsafe to trust for 
 supplies solely to the enemy's country. He had 
 therefore repaired the Central Mississippi railroad as 
 far as Oxford, where, for the present, he had estab- 
 lished his headquarters, and Holly Springs, which was 
 entrusted to the care of Colonel R. C. Murphy, was 
 retained as a grand depot and hospital. 
 
 Let us see how this plan was carried out. Grant 
 had taken ereat care that no misfortune should befall 
 him in his rear. He had left small but adequate gar- 
 risons at Columbus, at Humboldt, Trenton, Jackson, 
 Bolivar, Corinth, Holly Springs, Coldwater, Davis's 
 Mills, and Middlebury. He had taken particular care 
 of Holly Springs, for he knew that the treasures at 
 that place presented a powerful temptation to Van 
 Dorn. On the night of the 19th he warned Murphy 
 of his danger, and informed him that he had sent four 
 thousand men to enable him to repel any attack which 
 might be made upon him. Murphy, it would seem, 
 paid litde heed to the instructions given him. He 
 made no extra preparations to resist the enemy, and 
 was clearly unequal to the occasion. 
 
278 GENEKAL SHERMAN. 
 
 On the morning of the 20th, at daybreak, Van Dorn, 
 executing a brilliant cavalry operation, rushed upon 
 the place with tremendous fury. Murphy offered no 
 resistance. The Second Illinois, however, refused to 
 surrender, and gallantly fought their way out with a 
 loss of only seven men. Murphy, with the rest of his 
 men, accepted a parole. Van Dorn seized all the 
 property, valued at over fifteen hundred thousand 
 dollars, taking with him what he could carry and de- 
 stroying the remainder. He set fire to the buildings, 
 not even sparing the hospital, which was filled with 
 sick and wounded soldiers, and committed an act of 
 inhuman barbarity. 
 
 "Cowardly and Disgraceful Conduct." 
 
 This was the second time that Murphy had been 
 guilty of such conduct. He did the same thing at 
 luka. General Grant was wild with ra^e. It was his 
 opinion that with " all the cotton, public stores and 
 substantial buildings about the depot " Murphy ought 
 to have been able to keep the assailants at bay until 
 relief arrived. It was only four hours after the catas- 
 trophe when the four thousand men sent to his aid 
 arrived on the spot. Grant was particularly incensed 
 at Murphy for accepting a parole for himself and his 
 men. A cartel had been agreed to by the rival com- 
 manders, and it had been stipulated that each party 
 should take care of his own prisoners. 
 
 If Murphy had refused parole for himself and men, 
 Van Dorn would have been " compelled to release 
 them unconditionally or to have abandoned all further 
 
ACHIEVEMENTS AT VICKSBUEG. 279 
 
 aggressive movements for the time being." In a 
 severe order on the 9th of January, General Grant 
 dismissed Murphy from the army, the order to take 
 effect " from December 20th, the date of his cowardly 
 and disorraceful conduct." 
 
 The disaster at Holly Springs was ruinous to 
 Grant's plan. It robbed him of supplies which it 
 was intended should sustain the army for several 
 weeks. To replace them it would be necessary to 
 put in operation all the capacity and force of the 
 Columbus railroad, but this railroad had been de- 
 stroyed, and weeks would be exhausted before it 
 could be put in working order. Ignorant of the 
 resources of the country, and not knowing whether, 
 in the event of his pressing forward, he should find 
 Sherman in the vicinity of Vicksburg, he deemed it 
 his duty to fall back. He immediately recrossed the 
 Tallahatchie. 
 
 The Game of War. 
 
 Having no other means of subsisting his army, he 
 made requisitions on the inhabitants as he moved 
 along. On the 23d of December he was at Holly 
 Springs, now a scene of wreck and ruin, and a few 
 days later he re-entered La Grange and Grand Junc- 
 tion, where he was once more in communication with 
 Corinth and Memphis. Pemberton made no attempt 
 to pursue. On the contrary, taking advantage of 
 the retreat of his antagonist, he withdrew the greater 
 portion of his forces from Grenada and concentrated 
 toward Vicksburof. 
 
280 GENEKAL SHERMAN. 
 
 On the same day that Van Dorn made his raid on 
 Holly Springs an attack was made by a Confederate 
 force on Davis's Mills, a little farther to the north. In 
 the neighborhood of Jackson, Tennessee, a vital point 
 in Grant's line of communications, an attack was made 
 by a body of cavalry under Forrest on the 19th. The 
 telegraph wires w^ere cut and the railroad was de- 
 stroyed. 
 
 Hopes Blasted. 
 
 On the following day Forrest presented himself 
 before Humboldt and Trenton. These and other 
 stations along the railroad, such as Dyer's, Ruther- 
 ford, and Kenton, fell an easy prey to the enemy. It 
 seemed to be the purpose of the Confederates to de- 
 stroy every railroad bridge from Columbus to Corinth, 
 and thus to cut Grant off from all his communications 
 and supplies. 
 
 So far, they had carried out their purpose with de- 
 termination and with not a litde success. Never was 
 campaign opened under apparently happier auspicies. 
 The rich bud of promise, however, was cruelly blasted. 
 
 Grant's plan of the campaign had failed. Mean- 
 while, what of Sherman ? On the 20th, the very day 
 on which Van Dorn and Forrest struck the blow 
 which compelled Grant to fall back and abandon his 
 part of the joint undertaking, Sherman took his de- 
 parture from Memphis. Taking with him over tw^enty 
 thousand troops in transports, he left as a guard to 
 the city a strong force of infantry and cavalry, and 
 the siege-guns in position with a complement of gun- 
 
ACHIEVEMENTS AT VICKSBURG. 281 
 
 ners. On the following day, at Friar's Point, he was 
 joined by Admiral Porter in his flag-ship Black 
 Hawk, with the Marmora, Captain Getty, and the 
 Conestoga, Captain Selfridge, which were to act as a 
 convoy. The remainder of Porter's fleet was at the 
 mouth of the Yazoo. On the same evenino- the 
 2 1 St, the troops at Helena embarked in transports 
 and came to Friar's Point. Sherman's force was now 
 at least thirty thousand strong. All the arrange- 
 ments were completed, and the joint expedition was 
 moving down the river the 'following morning. 
 
 A Strange Story. 
 
 Sherman got away just in time to secure for him- 
 self the glory or dishonor of the expedition. Had 
 he lingered a day longer he would have been super- 
 seded in his command by General McClernand. It is 
 a strange story, and one which, for the sake of all the 
 parties concerned, it would be well if the world could 
 forget. We will not enter into details. It has already 
 been stated that General McClernand was a warm 
 personal friend of President Lincoln, and that he 
 was ambitious of an independent command on the 
 Mississippi. 
 
 It Is not necessary to say that Sherman was a man 
 according to Grant's own heart. Since that great 
 day at Shiloh their fates had been linked together, 
 and they had been to each other like David and 
 Jonathan. Sherman was also a great favorite with 
 Halleck, the commander-in-chief at Washington. 
 But for the personal wishes of Grant and Halleck, 
 
282 GENEEAL SHEKMAN. 
 
 both of whom knew well that Sherman was the man 
 for the position, McClernand would have been ap- 
 pointed by Lincoln in the first instance to the com- 
 mand of the river expedition. 
 
 McClernand, however, was not to be put off; and 
 Lincoln, who was always unwilling- to disoblige a 
 friend, was weak enough to yield to his entreaties. 
 On the 1 8th of December an order from the Presi- 
 dent reached Grant, directing him to divide all his 
 forces into four army corps, to assign one corps to 
 McClernand, and to place him at the head of the 
 troops destined for the attack upon Vicksburg. 
 
 Enibarrassing" Situation. 
 
 Grant could hardly fail to see in this order a blow 
 aimed at himself It was a most awkward circum- 
 stance, and reflected little credit on the wisdom and 
 good sense of the President. Good and great as he 
 was, Lincoln was not without his weaknesses. He was 
 vain enough to imagine that he knew quite as much 
 as his generals in the field, and he was disposed to 
 deal with military officers as he was in the habit of 
 dealing with politicians. 
 
 It is not much to be wondered at if Grant was stag- 
 gered by this order and if he was slow to put it in 
 execution. It was not difficult for him to find an ex- 
 cuse. He was in the midst of his preparations for an 
 onward march. The reconstruction of his army, ac- 
 cording to the instructions received, occupied him the 
 whole of the 19th. The disaster at Holly Springs, 
 compelling a backward movement, occurred on the 
 
ACHIEVEMENTS AT VICKSBUEG. 283 
 
 20th, and the raids of Forrest on the same day de- 
 prived him of the use of the telegraph. 
 
 Every Incli a Soldier. 
 
 As it was, Sherman had proceeded down the river 
 before any counter-instructions reached Memphis. If 
 Sherman had any reason to fear a counter-order, his 
 haste to get ready and his prompt departure but re- 
 vealed the soldierly spirit and true character of the 
 man. As the result proved, it was well for Sherman, 
 well for General Grant, and well for the nation at 
 large that Lincoln's order did not take effect before 
 the 20th of December. 
 
 On Christmas Day the expedition under Sherman 
 and Porter had reached Milliken's Bend, when Sher- 
 man detached Burbridge's brigade of A. J. Smith's 
 division to break up the railroad leading from Vicks- 
 burg to Shreveport, Louisiana. Leaving A. J. Smith's 
 division to await the return, the remainine divisions 
 proceeded on the 26th to the mouth of the Yazoo, 
 and up that rivej* to Johnson's plantation, some 
 thirteen miles, and there disembarked. 
 
 Insiirmountable Obstacles. 
 
 The disembarkation was conducted without any op- 
 position. Steele's division landed farthest up the river, 
 above what is called Chickasaw Bayou ; Morgan's 
 division, a little lower down, at the house of Johnson, 
 which had been burned by the gunboats on a former 
 occasion ; Mororan L. Smith's division, below that of 
 Morgan ; and A. J. Smith's, which arrived next night, 
 below that of M. L. Smith. The ground on which 
 
284 GENEEAL SHERMAN. 
 
 Sherman now found himself presented obstacles 
 of which formerly he had but a very imperfect 
 conception. < 
 
 Vicksburor Is built on a rancre of bluffs known as the 
 Walnut Hills. These hills, which take their rise a 
 little below the city, extend for the most part in a 
 north-easterlv direction, terminatinor In Haines' Bluff, 
 a distance of some thirteen or fourteen miles. The 
 configuration of these hills has been compared to the 
 ridge at Inkerman, to which It Is said they bear, in 
 some particulars, a striking resemblance. Their aver- 
 age height is about two hundred feet. 
 
 Natural Defences. 
 
 Where the Mississippi touches their base at Vicks- 
 burg, and for some miles both above and below, they 
 are precipitous. Along their entire length, indeed, 
 from Vicksburg to Haines' Bluff, their face is very 
 abrupt and cut up by numerous valleys and ravines. 
 The only approach to the city by land from up the 
 river is by climbing their almost perpendicular front. 
 The ground beyond Is high, broken, and somewhat 
 rolling, gradually descending to the Big Black River. 
 The Yazoo, which skirts the ridee at Haines' Bluff, 
 about nine miles above Vicksburg by the road along 
 the foot of the bluffs, flows in a south-western direction, 
 and before discharging Its waters Into the Mississippi 
 crosses an old arm of the river, which now forms a 
 semicircular lake. 
 
 The Yazoo evidendy In times gone by clung to the 
 foot of the hills, and traces of its former whereabouts 
 
ACHIEVEMENTS AT VICKSBUEG. 285 
 
 are to be seen in the numerous bayous and channels ; 
 by which the intervening ground is cut up. One of 
 these bayous puts off from the Yazoo about one-third : 
 of the distance below Haines' Bluff, runnino- at rio^ht 
 angles with the river until it approaches the bluffs, > 
 when it turns and follows their base until it empties 
 itself into the Mississippi. It is called Chickasaw i 
 Bayou. " ; 
 
 Frowning: Batteries. 
 
 Between the bayou and the hills there was an irreg- . 
 ular strip of land on which the trees had been felled > 
 to form an abattis. It was dotted also with rifle-pits. \ 
 Rifle-trenches abounded, too, along the front of the ; 
 bluffs, and the heights above were crowned with bat- ; 
 teries. i 
 
 About a mile to the north-east of the bayou, and i 
 parallel with it, there is a deep slough, which makes "! 
 a sharp turn as it approaches the bluffs, and enters ; 
 Chickasaw Bayou at the point where the latter is i 
 checked in its course and turns to flow alone the base ^ 
 of the hills. There was thus a fortified line some ' 
 twelve or thirteen miles in length, formed of abattis \ 
 and rifle-pits, with an impassable ditch in front, and J 
 terminating in the powerful fixed batteries at Haines' \ 
 Bluff on the one hand, and in the heavy batteries and \ 
 field-works above Vicksburo- on the other. 
 
 The land lying between the Yazoo and the Chick- 
 asaw was not only low and swampy : it was, except 
 in one or two places where there were plantations, 
 densely wooded. The distance from Johnson's Land- 
 
286 GENERAL SHEEMAN. 
 
 ine to the Chickasaw was about six miles. Such was ' 
 the ground over which Sherman proposed to march j 
 his men. Such were the obstacles to be overcome \ 
 before he could enter Vicksburg. To the National ' 
 commander, however, and to his officers these obsta- 
 cles were, as yet, but imperfectly known. 
 
 Sheriiian's Valiant Army. 
 
 General Sherman's army was organized in four dl- ' 
 visions. The First division, comprising three brigades, 
 
 was under Brigadier-General George W. Morgan ; : 
 
 Second division, three brigades, under Brigadier-Gen- I 
 eral Morgan L. Smith ; Third division, three brigades, 
 
 under Brigadier-General A. J. Smith ; Fourth division, ! 
 
 four brigades, under Brigadier-General Frederick } 
 
 Steele. The bricrade commanders of the Fourth divis- ' 
 ion were Generals Frank P. Blair, John M. Thayer, 
 
 C. E. Hovey, and Colonel Hassendurbel. ] 
 
 According to Sherman's plan of attack. General j 
 Steele was to hold the extreme left, General Morgan 
 
 the left centre, General M. L. Smith the right centre, • 
 
 and General A. J. Smith the extreme right. As the ■ 
 
 latter general had not yet arrived from Milliken's ■ 
 
 Bend, where we left him waiting for Burbridge, Gen- j 
 
 eral Frank P. Blair, with his brigade, was detached ■ 
 
 from Steele's division and placed on Morgan's right. -I 
 
 Clever Strateg-y. 
 
 The object of this arrangement was to distract the , 
 enemy's attention, leading him to expect an attack at j 
 a number of different points. Instructions, however, ] 
 had been given to each -of the commanders to con 
 
 
ACHIEVEMENTS AT VICKSBURG. 287 
 
 verge toward the point of attack, at or near Bar- 
 field's plantation. There it had been discovered the 
 bayou could be crossed at two points — at a sand-bar 
 and at a narrow levee. 
 
 On the 27th the army began to move. General 
 Steele, who had been ordered to take position on the 
 further side of the slough above this bayou, expe- 
 rienced great difficulty in landing his troops. So soft 
 and slushy was the ground and so dense was the 
 brushwood that he found it necessary to construct 
 roads for moving his wagons and artillery. When 
 night came he had only advanced some two miles 
 from the shore. 
 
 During the greater portion of next day he pushed 
 forward his command, but he was compelled to report 
 to Sherman that he found it physically impossible to 
 reach the bluffs from his position, and that to persist 
 in the attempt would inevitably lead to the ruin of 
 his troops and the loss of his field equipage. 
 
 Pressing- Forward. 
 
 He was therefore ordered to leave some of hia 
 troops behind him as a show of force, to hasten to the 
 west side of the Chickasaw Bayou, and to take a posi- 
 tion on Morgan's left. On the 27th, Blair moved 
 slowly toward the bluffs, his desire being to give 
 Steele time to come into position on the left. He 
 succeeded in silencing one of the enemy's batteries at 
 the point where he expected Steele would be able to 
 join him, and held his ground. 
 
 On the 28th the various divisions pressed forward, 
 
288 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 and the National troops were In full possession on 
 
 the Yazoo side of the bayou, with one bridge thrown 
 
 across and with two bridges partially constructed. ' 
 
 During the course of the day, while reconnoitring, ; 
 
 General M. L. Smith was severely wounded in the j 
 
 hip, and compelled to retire to his steamboat. • 
 
 t 
 Selecting" Positions. j 
 
 His command devolved on General Stuart; but 
 Sherman, feeling convinced that A. J. Smith could 
 accomplish nothing on the extremxC right, because of 
 the heavy fire of the forts immediately In his front, 
 ordered him to leave Burbridge In position at that: 
 point, and to come up with a portion of his forces. 
 to the point selected for crossing the bayou, and 
 entrusted him with the execution of the task. Such i 
 was the state of things on the night of the 28th. 
 
 General Morgan was in position on the west, or 
 rather south-west, side of the Chickasaw ; General 
 Blair was a little to his right, near the angle of the 
 bayou ; General M. L. Smith's division, under Gen- 
 eral Stuart, was on the right centre ; General A. J. 
 Smith's, which was farther to the right, had taken 
 position near the place where the bayou was to be 
 crossed ; and General Steele was moving up on the 
 left, to act as a reserve to Morgan. 
 
 The Grand Attack. 
 
 On the morning of the 29th all things were in 
 readiness for the attack. It was Sherman's object, 
 as he himself has told us, to make a lodgment on 
 the foot-hills and bluffs abreast of his position, while 
 
ACHIEVEMENTS AT VICKSBUKG. 289 
 
 diversions were being made by the navy at Haines' 
 Bluff and by the First division direcdy toward Vicks- 
 burg. We have already mentioned that there were 
 two crossings — one in front of Morgan, and another 
 a little farther to the south-west, in front of M. L. 
 Smith. An attempt was made by A. J. Smith to 
 throw a light flying bridge over the bayou, more to 
 the rieht. On the extreme left, a litde above the 
 angle of the Chickasaw, near the house of Mrs. Lake, 
 Blair's men had succeeded in constructing a bridge, 
 but not without great difficulty and with very con- 
 siderable loss. 
 
 Storm of Fire. 
 
 Sherman expected great things from General 
 Morgan, who, as we have seen, commanded the 
 First division and was to lead the attack in person. 
 Sherman pointed out to him the place where he 
 could pass the bayou, and received for answer, "Gen- 
 eral, in ten minutes after you give the signal I'll be 
 on those hills." His position was one of considerable 
 difficulty. The crossing was narrow, and immediately 
 opposite, at the base of the hills, there was a Con- 
 ftiderate battery, supported by infantry posted on the 
 spurs of the hills in the rear. This was the real point 
 of attack, but to distract the attention of the enemy 
 Sherman's instructions were that the initial move- 
 ments should be made at the flanks. 
 
 It was about noon before the signal was given for 
 a general forward movement across the bayou and 
 toward the enemy's position, A heavy artillery fire 
 
 19 
 
290 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 was opened all along the National line. It recalled 
 the memory of luka and Corinth. The Confederate 
 batteries made a prompt reply, and were soon fol- 
 lowed by the Infantr\^ which opened a perfect tempest 
 of lead on the advance ranks of Morgan and A. J. 
 Smith. 
 
 In the midst of this fierce storm of cannon-shot and 
 musketry, DeCourcy's brigade of Morgan's division 
 succeeded in crossing the bayou ; but the fire was so 
 terrific that they fled for cover behind the bank, and 
 could not be moved forward. General Blair mean- 
 while had crossed the bayou by the bridge above the ' 
 angle, and had reached the slough, the bottom of _■ 
 which was quicksand and the banks of which were 
 covered with felled trees, these obstacles greatly 
 impeding his advance. 
 
 Desperate Assault. 
 
 With great difficulty, and not until his ranks were 
 thrown into some disorder, was the crossing of the 
 slough accomplished. This done, it was necessary 
 before reaching the enemy's works to traverse a 
 sloping plateau raked by a direct and enfilading fire 
 from heavy artillery and swept by a storm ot bullets 
 from the rifie-pits. 
 
 Nothing daunted, Blair and his brave brigade — his 
 own and his officers' horses having been left behind, j 
 some of them floundering in the mire and vainly 
 seeking a foothold in the quicksand — went bounding ; 
 across the plateau. Rushing upon the rifle-pits, they \ 
 captured the first line, and then the second, and | 
 
ACHIEVEMENTS AT VICKSBURG. 291 
 
 • 
 
 made a desperate effort to gain the crest of the hill 
 on which the batteries were planted. 
 
 Colonel Thayer of Steele's division had follow^ed 
 Blair with his briorade over the same bridofe. Enterincr 
 the abattis at the same point, he turned somewhat to 
 the right, and emerged upon the plateau almost simul- 
 taneously with Blair and about two hundred yards 
 to his right. Unfortunately, however, Thayer found 
 that he was followed by only one regiment ; his second 
 regiment after his movement had commenced havinof 
 been ordered to the support of Morgan, and the other 
 two recriments havinor followed this one bv mistake. 
 It was a sad blunder, and one which contributed not a 
 little to the disaster of the day. 
 
 Thayer discovered the mistake before he had fairly 
 brought his troops into action, but he was too brave a 
 man to halt or hesitate in the circumstances. On he 
 pusl^ed to the right of Blair, and rendered effective aid 
 in the capture of the second line of rifle-pits. The 
 odds were fearfully against him. 
 
 An Unequal Strug-gle. 
 
 Leaving his regiment to hold the position It had 
 won, he hurried back, with Blair's consent, to obtain 
 reinforcements. It was a trying interval. The 
 moments seemed hours. " It was a struggk," as has 
 been well said, " between thre.e thousand in the open 
 ground below^ and ten thousand behind intrenchments 
 above." The hillsides bristled with bayonets and 
 blazed with the fire of musketry, while from the angry 
 mouths of huge cannon destruction was poured forth 
 
292 GENERAL SHEEMAN. « 
 
 upon the shattered and rapidly-thinning ranks of the I 
 assailants. j 
 
 Blair, impatient for the return -of Thayer, rushed j 
 back himself to persuade the advance of more troops. ; 
 It was all in vain. Both Thayer and himself failed in 
 obtaining reinforcements. No help reached them ; j 
 no diversion was made in their favor. They had no ^ 
 choice but to order a retreat. Blair and Thayer fell | 
 back with a loss of at least one-third of their men, and 
 De Courcy, who had been attacked on the flank by 
 the Seventeenth and Twenty-sixth Louisiana, lost four 
 flags, three hundred and thirty-two men made pri- | 
 soners, and about five hundred small-arms. J 
 
 Heroic Bravery. * 
 
 The attack was a complete failure. Somehow, the 
 signal for attack was imperfectly understood. Either 
 that or it w^as not heard at all on the right. Two 
 divisions had remained immovable while a handful of 
 men were being crushed in a desperate attempt on ! 
 the left. A. J. Smith had done nothing. Stuart had 
 managed to push one regiment across — the Sixth 
 Missouri — \vhich had orders to undermine the bluff. 
 
 The position of those men was one which severely | 
 tried their faith and patience. They w^ere exposed to , I 
 the vertical fire of the Confederate sharpshooters who j 
 occupied the ridge ; and a battalion of the Thirteenth I 
 regulars, who were stationed opposite, and who at- i 
 tempted to protect them from the Confederate fire, j 
 proved equally dangerous with the enemy above. | 
 *' Shoot higher!" shouted the Nationals below the 
 
ACHIEVEMENTS AT VICKSBUBG. 293 
 
 bluff. "Shoot lower! " cried the Confederates. After 
 dark this regiment was brought back over the bayou. 
 The remainder of Steele's division did not get up in 
 time to be of any assistance to Blair. Morgan failed 
 to make good his promise. He did not even obey 
 his orders. 
 
 Disobedience and Disaster. 
 
 General Sherman was particularly severe on Mor- 
 gan. To him and to his conduct he attributed the 
 failure of the attack. "This attack failed," he has 
 since told us in his memoirs, " and I have always felt 
 that it was due to the failure of General G. W. Mor- 
 gan to obey his orders or to fulfil his promises made 
 in person. Had he used with skill and boldness one 
 of his brigades, in addition to that of Blair, he could 
 have made a lodgment on the bluff, which would have 
 opened the door for our whole force to follow." 
 
 Sherman was naturally mortified at the "lame and 
 impotent conclusion " of a movement which he had 
 fondly and confidently believed would result in a 
 great and decisive victory. BafKled, and even humil- 
 iated, he was not dismayed. He resolved to make 
 another attack, and arrangements were made to push 
 forward General Hovey to the position from which 
 Blair had been driven ; Morgan's division, with the 
 brigades of Blair and Thayer, to follow and support. 
 For some reason it was not done, and next mornino^ it 
 was found to be impossible, because of the increased 
 strength of the Confederates at the menaced point. 
 Firing was continued on both sides during Tues- 
 
294 GENEEAL SHERMAN. 
 
 day, and on Wednesday, the 31st, a flag of truce 
 was sent in, and the dead were buried and the 
 wounded cared for. 
 
 The Sad Burial. 
 
 An eye-witness has given us a sad picture of the 
 battle-field on that day of burial: "All across the 
 plain, scattered among the abattis and hid away in 
 little entanglements of bogs or tufts of bushes, they 
 lay. Confederates and Federals side by side, showing 
 how the battle had rolled and surged with the alter- 
 nate charges of either party. 
 
 '' But the saddest sight of all was that of the unfor- 
 tunate wounded, who had lain through all these weary 
 hours since the battle, uncared for, many of them, 
 because the nature of their wounds prevented them 
 from moving; others were held fast by a little knot 
 of corpses which chance had thrown upon them ; and 
 still others, perhaps not wounded at all at first, but 
 being caught beneath the horses they rode as they 
 fell, were pinned to the earth. The frantic appeals 
 for water, for food, or other succor of such of these 
 miserable victims of war as could speak at all were 
 most heartrending." 
 
 The Great Coiiiniander's Xew Resolve. 
 
 Sherman was still dissatisfied, and resolved to make 
 another attack. After consulting with Admiral Porter, 
 it was agreed that a combined naval and land assault 
 should be made on Haines' Bluff, the key of the Con- 
 federate position. Porter was to proceed up the 
 Yazoo with his gunboats and open fire on the bluffs, 
 
ACHIEVEMENTS AT VICKSBURG. 295 < 
 
 while General Steele was to land his division out of ; 
 
 range of the enemy's guns, then to push forward and ^ 
 
 take the position by storm. The attack was to be '[ 
 
 made during the dark hours. By two o'clock on the \ 
 
 morning of Thursday, the ist of January, the necessary ^ 
 
 arrangements were completed. A heavy fog, how- ; 
 
 ever, had enveloped the entire district, and so dense \ 
 
 was it that Porter found it impossible to steer the I 
 
 boats. i 
 
 It was utterly out of the question to make any 
 
 further efforts. On the night of the 29th December ; 
 
 there had been a tremendous rainstorm ; all the low \ 
 
 ground was flooded, and the men, who had been biv- 1 
 
 ouackine for five successive days in those wretched -' 
 
 swamps without fire, were suffering cruelly from damp \ 
 
 and cold. On the 2d of January, Sherman placed his \ 
 
 troops on board the transports, and the fleet sailed \ 
 
 down to the mouth of the Yazoo. ' 
 
 Sliernian's Disappointment. 
 
 Thus ended, somewhat ingloriously, the second cam- ^ 
 
 paign against Vicksburg. Sherman had accomplished ; 
 
 nothino-. He had, however, made ereat sacrifices, : 
 
 his loss in killed and wounded and prisoners amount- ; 
 
 ing to nearly two thousand men. Such was the battle ; 
 
 of Chickasaw Bayou, or, as it is sometimes but less ' 
 
 correcdy named, the battle of Haines' Bluff. : 
 
 It was a sad disappointment to the people of the ' 
 
 North, and Sherman, from whom great things were '\ 
 
 expected, came in for a large share of abuse. Several . 
 
 of the correspondents on the spot, ignorant of some .\ 
 
296 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 of the causes of the faikire, and not knowing as yet 
 the fate which had befallen Grant, were unnecessarily 
 severe in their condemnation of Sherman. That he 
 meant well, that he was resolved to win, and that his 
 plan was well conceived, there can be no doubt. But 
 somehow the execution was not equal to the concep- 
 tion. 
 
 A Fatal Mistake. 
 
 There was some mistake in giving the signal, and 
 the real assault was made by only three thousand 
 men. If Blair had been sustained in his attack, as he 
 ought to have been sustained, the National army 
 would most undoubtedly have effected a lodgment 
 on the heights ; and, although hard fighting must have 
 followed, with doubtful success, it is not at all impos- 
 sible that Sherman might have i-eaped all the glory 
 due to the capture of Vicksburg. He proved his 
 generalship in the face of impossibilities. 
 
 Blair will be remembered as the hero of Chickasaw 
 Bayou. He fought like a warrior of old, face to face 
 and hand to hand with the foe. After Blair praise is 
 due to Thayer, who gallantly sustained his companion 
 in arms. The battle-ground no doubt had much to do 
 with the defeat. 
 
 To any one of less daring than Sherman, familiar 
 with the district and well Informed as to the strength 
 of the enemy's position, the undertaking might have 
 seemed impracticable from the outset ; and it is ques- 
 tionable whether even he. had he possessed a fuller 
 knowledge of the difficulties which beset him, would 
 
ACHIEVEMENTS AT VICKSBURG. 297 
 
 have imperilled his fame and risked the lives of his 
 soldiers in a task so apparently hopeless. 
 
 Success Impossible. 
 
 It was doubtless a mistake not to have more 
 thoroughly and officially reconnoitred the ground 
 before choosing It as a field of action. After all, 
 'however, it was an experiment which might have been 
 successful, and it was not the only unsuccessful ex- 
 periment which had been made before Vicksburg was 
 captured. As It was, everything might have been 
 well if Grant had been able to carry out his part 
 of the plan. The retreat of the latter from Oxford, 
 leaving, as It did, Pemberton free to concentrate his 
 troops for the defence of Vicksburg, largely dimin- 
 ished Sherman's chances of success. 
 
 The Confederates were jubilant after this first 
 victory. It was undoubtedly a great triumph. Gen- 
 eral Pemberton, not without reason, felt proud that 
 he had baffled Grant in person, compelling him to 
 retreat, and that he had, temporarily at least, saved 
 Vicksburg by the defeat of the greatest of Grant's 
 lieutenants. These rejoicings In the South were not 
 unmixed with sorrow. The more thoughtful of the 
 Confederates knew that defeat only intensified the 
 purpose of the North. 
 
 We left the transports and the fleet on their way 
 down the Yazoo. At the mouth of that river General 
 McClernand was waltlnor with orders from the War 
 Department to take command of the entire expedi- 
 tion. That general, it will be remembered, was ap- 
 
298 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 pointed to this command by the direct influence of 
 President Lincohi. It was a severe blow to Sherman, 
 who felt it keenly. It was some consolation, however, 
 to him to know that the appointment — which had been 
 made weeks ahead, and which had no connection with 
 the recent disaster — was not intended as a disgrace. 
 
 With a modesty which became a man of his hi^h 
 spirit he accepted the situation, and explained to 
 McClernand what had been done, accepting- the en- 
 tire responsibility of the failure. Referring to the 
 trains of cars which could be heard coming in to 
 Vicksburg almost every hour, and the fresh troops 
 seen on the bluffs, he gave it as his opinion that 
 Pemberton's army must have been pressed back and 
 that Grant must be at hand. 
 
 He then learned, for the first time, what had be- 
 fallen Grant; McClernand stating that Grant was 
 not coming at all, that the depot at Holly Springs 
 had been captured by Van Dorn, that Grant had 
 fallen back from Coffeeville and Oxford to Holly 
 Springs and La Grange, and that when he passed 
 down Ouimby's division of Grant's army was actually 
 at Memphis for stores. By common consent, all 
 further attempts against Vicksburg, for the present, 
 were abandoned, and the entire force left the Yazoo 
 and returned to Milliken's Bend on the Mississippi. 
 
 On the 4th of January, McClernand issued his 
 General Order No. i, assuming command of what 
 was to be called the Army of the Mississippi, and, fol- 
 lowing the plan which had been agreed upon at 
 
ACHIEVEMENTS AT VICKSBURG. 299 
 
 Washington, and which had been adopted in the 
 armies of the East, dividing his forces into two corps. 
 The first was to be commanded by General Morgan, 
 and was to be composed of his own and A. J. Smith's 
 divisions, and the second to consist of Steele's and 
 Stuart's divisions, was to be commanded by Gen- 
 eral Sherman. The rest of the Army of the Tennes- 
 see was similarly divided. General Hurlbut being 
 placed in command of one corps, and General Mc- 
 Pherson in command of the other. The supreme 
 command of these four corps w^as retained by Gen- 
 eral Grant. On the same day General Sherman 
 issued the following order : 
 
 Headquartkrs Right Wing Army of Tennessee, 
 Steamer Forest Queen, Milliken's Bend, 
 January 4, 1863. 
 
 Pursuant to the terms of General Order No. i, 
 made this day by General McClernand, the title of our 
 army ceases to exist, and constitutes in the future the 
 Army of the Mississippi, composed of two 'army 
 corps,' one to be commanded by General G. W. Mor- 
 gan, and the other by myself. In relinquishing the 
 command of the Army of the Tennessee and restrict- 
 ing my authority to my own corps, I desire to express 
 to all commanders, to soldiers and officers recently 
 operating before Vicksburg, my hearty thanks for the 
 zeal, alacrity, and courage manifested by them on all 
 occasions. We failed In accomplishing one great 
 purpose of our movement, the capture of Vicksburg, 
 but we were part of a whole. Ours was but part of 
 
300 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 a combined movement In which others were to assist. 
 We were on time; unforeseen contingencies must have 
 delayed the others. 
 
 We have destroyed the Shreveport road, we have 
 attacked the defences of VIcksburg and pushed the 
 attack as far as prudence would justify ; and, having 
 found It too strong for our single column, we have 
 drawn off In good order and good spirits, ready for 
 any new move. A new commander is now here to 
 lead you. He Is chosen by the President of the 
 United States, who Is charged by the Constitution to 
 maintain and defend It, and he has the undoubted 
 ritrht to select his own ao^ents. 
 
 I know that all good officers and soldiers will give 
 him the same hearty support and cheerful obedience 
 they have hitherto given me. There are honors 
 enough in reserve for all, and work enough, too. 
 Let each do his appropriate part, and our nation must, 
 In the end, emerge from the dire conflict purified and 
 ennobled by the fires which now test Its strength and 
 purity. All officers of the general staff not attached 
 to my person will hereafter report In person and by 
 letter to Major-General McClernand, commanding 
 the Army of the Mississippi, on board the steamer 
 Tigress at our rendezvous at Haines' Landing and at 
 Montgomery Point. 
 By order of 
 
 Major-General W. T. Sherman. 
 
 J. H. Hammond, 
 
 Assistant- Adjutant General, 
 
ACHIEVEMENTS AT VICKSBURG. 301 
 
 Before the arrival of McClernand, Sherman and 
 Porter had agreed upon a plan for the reduction of 
 Fort Hindman, or, as it was called, Arkansas Post. 
 About forty or forty-five miles from the mouth of the 
 Arkansas there is a piece of elevated ground, the first 
 hieh land on the banks of the river after leaving the 
 Mississippi. At this point the river makes a sharp 
 bend. Here the French had a trading-post and a 
 settlecnent as far back as 1685. 
 
 Sherman Bent on Conquest. 
 
 The Confederates had taken advantage of the place 
 to erect some fortifications, the principal work being 
 named Fort Hindman, after the famous guerilla chief. 
 Behind these works they kept several steamboats, 
 which were wont to sweep down the river and inter- 
 cept supplies. 
 
 Sherman had experienced some inconvenience from 
 the existence of this stronghold. He had left Memphis 
 in such haste that he had not been able to take with 
 him a sufficient supply of ammunition for his guns. 
 The Blue Wing, a small steamer carrying a mail, towing 
 some coal-barges, and having with her the necessary 
 supplies, had been sent after him. This boat had 
 been pounced upon at the mouth of the Arkansas, 
 captured, and with all her supplies taken up to Fort 
 Hindman. 
 
 It was Sherman's conviction, from the moment he 
 learned of the fate of the Blue Wing, that before any 
 operation could be successfully conducted against 
 Vicksburg by way of the Mississippi it would be neces- 
 
302 GENERAL SHEEMAN. 
 
 sary to reduce Fort Hindman and make an end of the 
 i\rkansas pirates. 
 
 The Plan Approved. 
 
 Sherman communicated his purpose to McClernand, 
 and asked permission to go up the Arkansas and 
 clear out the post. McClernand, who had not as* yet, 
 so far as appearances indicated, formed any plan of 
 his own, went with Sherman on board the Black Hawk 
 to consult with Porter. Porter, who had the highest 
 esteem for Sherman, not only approved of the enter- 
 prise, but expressed a desire to go up the river him- 
 self, in place of trusting the expedition to any of his 
 subordinates. It was Sherman's expectation that he 
 would be sent with his own corps alone on this busi- m 
 ness ; but McClernand concluded to q-q himself and 
 to take with him his whole force. 
 
 The troops, which had not yet disembarked from I 
 
 the transports, were ordered to remain on board, v 
 
 Sherman's corps was in two divisions. The first,- .- | 
 
 which consisted of three brigades, commanded re- ^ 
 
 spectively by Blair, Hovey, and Thayer, was under • I 
 
 Brigadier-General Frederick Steele. The second, \ 
 
 which consisted of two brigades, commanded by i 
 
 Colonels G. A. Smith and T. Kilby Smith, was under ] 
 
 Brigadier-General Stuart. The transports with the 
 
 troops on board, convoyed by the gunboats, of which 
 
 three were iron-clads, proceeded up the Mississippi. | 
 
 j 
 Expedition ag^ainst Fort Hindman, i 
 
 The force under McClernand amounted to some I 
 twenty-six thousand or twenty-seven thousand men, 
 
ACHIEVEMENTS AT VICKSBURG. 303 
 
 comprising forty regiments of infantry, ten batteries 
 with several guns of heavy caHbre, and about fifteen 
 hundred horse. On the 8th of January the expedi- 
 tion was at the mouth of the White River. This 
 river, which is one of the principal streams in 
 Arkansas, rises a few miles east of Fayetteville, 
 flows north-east into Missouri, then returns into 
 Arkansas, and, pursuing a south-easterly course, 
 enters the Mississippi about fifteen miles above the 
 mouth of the Arkansas River. It is navigable by 
 steamboats for about three hundred and fifty miles. 
 About fifteen miles from its mouth there is a chan- 
 nel or ** cut-off," through which it discharges a por- 
 tion of its waters into the Arkansas. If, as some- 
 times happens, the Arkansas should be higher than 
 the White River, the state of things is reversed, and 
 the waters of the Arkansas seek the Mississippi 
 through the channel of the White River. The " cut- 
 off " at this season of the year is always well filled 
 and easily navigable. 
 
 A Formidable Stroiigliold, 
 
 On the morning of the 9th the expedition, having 
 ascended the White River, had reached the mouth of 
 the "cut-off," There was no delay in making the 
 passage through to the Arkansas, a distance of about 
 eight miles. Steaming up the Arkansas, the boats 
 reached Notrib's farm, about four miles below Fort 
 Hindman, shortly after four o'clock in the afternoon. 
 Here they halted, and during the night the artillery 
 and wagons were got on shore, the troops disembark- 
 
304 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 ing in the morning. Arkansas Post is on the north 
 side or left bank of the Arkansas, at a point where 
 the river makes a sharp elbow by flowing north, then 
 east, then again abruptly to the south. The principal 
 work, as we have said, was Fort Hindman. Its guns 
 commanded the river as it stretched to the east and 
 after it bent toward the south. This fort was a regu- 
 lar square bastioned work, one hundred yards each 
 exterior side, with a deep ditch about fifteen feet 
 wide and a parapet eighteen feet high. It was armed 
 with twelve guns, two of which were eight-inch and 
 one nine-inch. 
 
 Hold the Fort or Die. 
 
 The garrison, which numbered only five thousand 
 men, was under the command of General T. J. 
 Churchill, who was under the direction of General 
 T. H. Holmes, then commanding at Little Rock. 
 Churchill had received instructions to ''hold on until 
 help should arrive or all were dead." This order 
 showed the spirit of the enemy. 
 
 The disparity of forces was great. It was twenty- 
 six thousand or twenty-seven thousand against five 
 thousand. The strong position held by the Confed- 
 erates, however, did much to compensate for inferiority 
 of numbers. The fort itself was strong, and its ap- 
 proaches were of the most difficult description. 
 Fronting on the rive;*, it was protected on the westj 
 by a bayou, on the east by a swamp which did not 
 quite reach the edge of the water. Between the fortj 
 and the swamp there was a ravine which stretchedj 
 
ACHIEVEMENTS AT VICKSBURG. 305 ' 
 
 down to the river, and the front of this ravine was ; 
 well fortified. 
 
 The position had thus to be approached through 
 the elevated ground which lav between the bavou and i 
 the swamp. The encampments of the Confederates \ 
 were established in front of the fort, in the centre of I 
 the plateau dotted with clumps of trees. There was - 
 an outer line of intrenchments which stretched across : 
 the entire ground. \ 
 
 Vig^orous Bombardment. 
 
 On the loth the army was kept busy endeavoring : 
 to get a position in rear of the fort, Sherman on the ; 
 rioht and Morgan on the left. Some mistakes were - 
 made in consequence of a want of knowledge of the 
 ground. In the afternoon, and while the land forces ', 
 were still seeking position, Porter was making good \ 
 use of his flotilla. As he moved up the river he , 
 shelled the rifle-pits along the levee and drove the . 
 Confederates inside the fort. . When about four hun- 
 dred yards from Fort HIndman he brought into action 
 his three iron-clads, the Baron de Kalb, the Louisville, 
 and the Cincinnati, and for half an hour the firing was ^ 
 kept up, the guns of the fort replying vigorously and > 
 with rapidity. ; 
 
 On the morning of the nth, McClernand, who had 
 his quarters still on board the Tigress, had come up ; 
 and taken a position in the wojods to the rear. Early i 
 in the forenoon he sent a message to Sherman, asking 
 him why the attack was not begun. It had been un- i 
 derstood beforehand that the opening of fire by the h 
 
 20 
 
306 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 gunboats on the fort should be the signal for a general 
 attack. 
 
 The Tliuncler of Guns. 
 
 Sherman therefore replied that all was ready ; that 
 he was within five or six hundred yards of the enemy's 
 works; that the next movement must be a direct 
 assault alonor the whole line ; and that he was waiting 
 to hear from the gunboats. Half an hour or there- 
 about afterward was heard the clear, ringing sound 
 of the navy cruns, the firin^r becoming louder and more 
 rapid as they neared the fort. 
 
 The National field-pieces opened fire along the 
 whole line. The thunder was terrific. The Con- 
 federates, most of whom were Texan volunteers, made 
 a gallant resistance. A regiment of cavalry, aban- 
 doning their horses, fought on foot, and rendered for 
 a time effective service in resisting the advance of the 
 Nationals. It was impossible for them to resist the 
 fierce onset made by overwhelming numbers resolved 
 to win or die. 
 
 A Storm of Bullets. 
 
 Sherman pressed forward on the right, Morgan on 
 the left, each driving the Confederates back and grad- 
 ually obtaining possession of the wooded ground in 
 front of the newly-erected parapet, but not widiout 
 considerable loss. The Confederate firing was heavy, 
 but the National .soldiers took advantage of the clumps 
 of trees and felled loes to shield themselves from the 
 storm of bullets. Gradually the edge of the woods 
 was reached, the ground was clear, and there was 
 
VICKSBURG AND ITS APPROACHES. 
 
308 GENERAL SHERMAN. I 
 
 nothing to protect them from the decimating fire of \ 
 the enemy. i 
 
 Meanwhile, the gunboats were pouring a murder- ! 
 ous fire upon the fort and sweeping the adjoining.' 
 ground above and below with grape and shrapnel. ] 
 Porter had brouoht into action not only the iron-clads : 
 but the ram Monarch, Commander EUet, and even the| 
 frailer vessels, as he tells us, that amid the clouds of 
 smoke they might "do the best they could." 
 
 The Fort Silenced. 
 
 It was not loner until the effects of this terrific firincr 
 began to be visible. All the adjoining ground Vv'as 
 cleared of the foe ; nearly all the artillery-horses in 
 the fort were killed ; and one by one the guns were 
 beine silenced. Shortly after three o'clock the firinof 
 from the fort altogether ceased. The cannonading^ ' 
 however, was kept up by the gunboats. Porter, who i 
 had taken a regiment on board, was proceeding with ij 
 the Black Hawk to attempt a landing and to take j 
 possession, when a white flag was raised in token of ;i 
 surrender. He immediately ordered the firing to 
 cease. 
 
 We left the troops In the clearing at the edge of 
 the Woods, fully exposed to the enemy's fire from the 
 parapet outside the fort. This line had three sections 
 of field-guns, and they were handled, according to the 
 testimony of Sherman himself, with great skill and 
 energy. Hovey was wounded ; Thayer had his horse 
 shot under him ; and so thick and fast were the round- 
 shot falling about Sherman and his staff that they felt 
 
ACPIIEVEMENTS AT VICKSBURG. 309 
 
 It necessary to scatter, Sherman himself dismounting. 
 Morgan at this crisis unfortunately found himself In 
 front of the ravine, beyond which It was Impossible 
 to pass. 
 
 Prodigries of Valor. 
 
 Sherman was now well engaged on the right, and 
 Morgan, finding himself thus hindered, sent a few 
 regiments to his aid. The burden of the fight, as at 
 Chickasaw, had fallen on the brigades which now 
 composed the division of General Steele. Blair and 
 Thayer and Hovey performed prodigies of valor. 
 
 On the right the Confederate batteries had been all 
 but silenced. Morgan's men, on the left, had done 
 splendid work before they w^ere brought to a standstill 
 at the ravine. A. J. Smith's brigades had pressed the 
 Confederates back step by step until they were within 
 two hundred yards of the fort. Burbrldge expressly 
 distinguished himself But for the ravine an attempt 
 would have been made by the One-hundred-and- 
 Twentleth Ohio to scale and carry by assault the 
 eastern side of the fort. 
 
 Almost at this moment, however, Sherman, as his 
 attention was arrested by the flags of the gunboats 
 visible above the parapet of Fort Hihdman, saw a 
 man jump on the nearer parapet at the point where 
 entered the road which divided the peninsula. " Cease 
 firing ! " he ordered, and the words were passed along 
 the line with amazing rapidity. The firing soon 
 ceased. Sherman knew that something extraordinary 
 was going on, and so gave this order. 
 
310 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 The White Fla-. 
 
 In a few seconds the fort was Invaded on every J 
 side by the National troops. Colonel Dayton was . 
 ordered forward to the place where was hung out the ] 
 lar^e white flae, and as soon as his horse was seen ■ 
 on the parapet Sherman advanced with his staff It - 
 appeared afterward that the white flag was hung out i 
 without even the knowledge of Churchill. It made | 
 litde difference. The battle had really been won on 3 
 the land as well as on the river side of the fort. The ) 
 surrender was subsequendy made in due form — Col- a 
 onel Dunnington, the commander of the fort, sur- I 
 rendering to Admiral Porter, and Colonel Churchill j 
 surrendering to the military authorities. \ 
 
 The National loss in killed, wounded, and missing | 
 amounted to nine hundred and seventy-seven men. * 
 On the Confederate side there were only sixty killed * 
 and eighty wounded. Five thousand soldiers, with | 
 their officers, made prisoners, and all the property of I 
 the place, including some seventeen guns, consti- \ 
 tuted the prize of victory. General Burbridge was 1 
 singled out for the honor of planting the National ] 
 standard on Fort Hindman. Such was the battle of : 
 Arkansas Post. ^ 
 
 Sherman Robbed of his Honors. I 
 
 General Sherman was dissatisfied with the arrange- i 
 ments made by General McClernand immediately 
 after the surrender. The post of honor, the occupa- l 
 tion of P^'ort Hindman, was given to A. ]. Smith of ; 
 Morgan's division, Sherman being ordered to hold j 
 
ACHIEVEMENTS AT VICKSBURG. 311 
 
 the lines outside and go on securing the prisoners 
 and stores. McClernand's reason for so doing was that 
 he did not wish to interfere with the actual state of 
 facts — the statics quo at the time of surrender. 
 
 It is undeniable that jt was Sherman's plan through- 
 out; that his corps bore the burden of the fight; that 
 after the surrender his troops were in possession of 
 two of the three brigades which constituted the op- 
 posing force ; and timt he was in possession of all the 
 ground outside the "fort proper." McClernand w^as 
 proud ot his success and manifested not a litde 
 vanity. His star, he said, was ever in the ascendant. 
 
 In his memoirs Sherman tells us that McClernand 
 was extremely jealous of the navy, and that in his re- 
 port he ignored altogether the action of Porter's fleet. 
 This was the less to be reo^retted that Porter told his 
 own story in a very handsome and effective way. It 
 is only simple truth to say that the battle w^as fought 
 and won by the fleet before the land troops had any 
 certainty of success. 
 
 Petty Rivalry. 
 
 There was, in fact, a feeling of jealousy among the 
 commanders — a feeling which was not wholly to dis- 
 appear until the arrival of Grant, in whose presence, 
 and under the influence of whose more commanding 
 genius, jealousy and selfishness gave place to a spirit 
 of honorable rivalry and dutiful obedience. 
 
 The day after the batde was devoted to burying 
 the dead. The prisoners were all collected and sent 
 to St. Louis.' The victory at Arkansas Post opened 
 
312 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 the way for a successful expedition to Little Rock, 
 the capital of the State of Arkansas. Sherman ex- 
 pressed a desire to be sent on this expedition. Mc- 
 Clernand, however, did not deem it advisable. A 
 combined expedition was therefore sent up the White 
 River as far as St. Charles, Des Arc, and Duval's 
 Bluff under General Gorman and Lieutenant-com- 
 manding J. G. Walker. The expedition was com- 
 pletely successful. 
 
 Meanwhile, the works at Fort Hindman were dis- 
 manded and blowm up, and on the 13th the troops 
 were re-embarked and proceeded down the Arkansas 
 to Napoleon. There instructions w^ere received from 
 General Grant, who ordered McClernand to take the 
 entire expedition down the river to Milliken's Bend 
 and aw^ait his arrival. This place was reached on the 
 2 1st of January. 
 
 The Second Assault. 
 
 In itself, the movement against Arkansas Post was 
 a small affair; it was so regarded by General Grant; 
 it ought to have been successfully accomplished by 
 one corps and by a portion of the fleet — instead of 
 the combined strencrth of both — and that was Sher- 
 man's idea ; but resulting as it did in victory, it served 
 the double purpose of employing troops which would 
 otherwise have been idle, and of cheering the hearts 
 of a people who w^ere somewhat despondent. 
 
 In the Vicksburg campaign which succeeded, Sher- 
 man bore a prominent part with his command — in the 
 expedition up Steele's Bayou to the Yazoo in March ; 
 
ACHIEVEMENTS AT VICKSBURG. 313 
 
 the feint upon Haines' Bluff, April 29 to May i ; the 
 movement to Grand Gulf, May i to 6 ; the capture of 
 Jackson, May 14; the occupation of Walnut Hills, and 
 subsequent assaults upon the land-defences of Vicks- 
 buro^, May 19 and 22, in each attempt the colors of 
 the corps being planted on the enemy's works ; and 
 in the siege operations which resulted in the sur- 
 render of the city July 4, 1863, when Sherman with 
 a detached command was at once ordered to pursue 
 Johnston, who with a relieving force had been lying 
 east of the Big Black, but retreating hastily on the 
 news of the surrender. By the loth he was driven 
 behind the intrenchments of Jackson. Siege opera- 
 tions were actively pressed, but on the night of the 
 1 6th Johnston succeeded in escaping, thus proving 
 himself to be the " hero of retreats." Steele's divis- 
 ion pursued to Brandon, and after destroying the 
 railroads in all directions Sherman fell back to the 
 west of the Big Black, along which he lay when sum- 
 moned, September 22, to the relief of Rosecrans's 
 beleaguered army at Chattanooga. Meanwhile he 
 had been appointed brigadier-general in the regular 
 army, to date from July 4. By the 27th of September 
 the last of his command were embarked at Vicksburg^ 
 and by October 4, Memphis was reached, whence he 
 marched eastward, repairing the railroad as he pro- 
 ceeded, until the 27th, when orders reached him at 
 Tuscumbia from General Grant, who had superseded 
 Rosecrans, to abandon all work and hasten on to 
 Chattanooea. 
 
CHAPTER XVII. 1 
 
 I 
 
 Sherman's Superb Valor at Chattanooga. ' 
 
 After Vicksburg- came the battle of Chickamauga. I 
 It was a Confederate victory, but it was barren of'j 
 results. The losses on both sides were heavy. The j 
 Nationals lost sixteen thousand three hundred and | 
 fifty men and fifty-one guns. The Confederates lost \ 
 about eighteen thousand. Chickamauga was a battle ] 
 alm.ost without a plan. It resulted to the credit of ■ 
 neither of the generals in-chief. It made an end of ] 
 General Rosecrans, and nearly ruined Bragg. It had ; 
 but one hero, and that was General Thomas. " The ^; 
 Rock of Chickamauga" will live for ever in American j 
 history. -' 
 
 After the battle of Chickamauga, Rosecrans pro- : 
 ceeded to throw up fortifications around Chattanooga. ;! 
 In this work he found an able and efficient assistant i 
 in General James St. Clair Morton. Within twenty- i 
 four hours after falling back from Rossville he was i 
 strongly intrenched — so strongly that Bragg could ,;; 
 not, with safety, venture upon an offensive movement, i 
 Bragi^^. in truth, was in great trouble. He felt bitter j 
 disappointment because the late battle had not 1 
 resulted in more complete success. He was dissatis- i 
 fied with the conduct of several of his officers. He ': 
 had not lost the confidence of Jefferson Davis, but ; 
 
 314 -■ 
 
VALOR AT CHATTANOOGA. 315 
 
 with the authorities at Richmond generally he was in 
 bad odor. He was expected by them to perform 
 impossibilities. 
 
 The suggestions offered him were as numerous as 
 they were absurd. Bragg, however, had will enough 
 to abide by his own counsel, and sense enough to at- 
 tempt the one thing which was practicable. If he 
 could not force his way into Chattanooga, he might 
 at least starve the Army of the Cumberland into sub- 
 mission or retreat. 
 
 Tactics of Brag^gr. 
 
 With this end in view the Confederate o-eneral 
 drew a cordon around the city and interrupted or cut 
 off the various lines of communication. He made 
 himself master of the south bank of the Tennessee, 
 opposite Moccasin Point, and then broke the line of 
 communication between Chattanooga and Bridgeport. 
 He destroyed the bridge at the latter place, and thus 
 severed the communication with Nashville, the base 
 of supplies. 
 
 The Army of the Cumberland became a cause of 
 great anxiety to the authorities at Washington. It 
 was felt that if something were not done to relieve 
 it, and that quickly, the army ran the risk of being 
 utterly destroyed, and Chattanooga and East Ten- 
 nessee would aoain be brought under Confederate 
 rule. In these circumstances the Government fell 
 back on the conqueror of Vicksburg. Grant was 
 ordered to Chattanooga to take sole command. He 
 was then at New Orleans, confined by an injury sus- 
 
316 
 
 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 tained in falllne from his horse. As soon as he was 
 able he hastened to IndianapoHs, where he met Stan- 
 ton, the Secretary of War, and received from his 
 hands the order appointing him to the command of 
 the new mihtary Division of the Mississippi, compris- 
 
 WATEPS-SOU NY 
 
 POSITIONS OF THE ARMIES AT THE BATiLE OF CHICKAMAUGA. 
 
 ing the three departments and armies of the Ohio, 
 the Cumberland, and the Tennessee. By the same 
 order General Rosecrans was relieved of the com- 
 mand of the Department and Army of the Ten- 
 nessee. 
 
 At the request of General Grant, the Department of 
 eiven to Thomas, and that of the 
 
 the Cumberband was 
 
VALOK AT CHATTANOOGA. 
 
 317 
 
 MAJOR-GENERAL W. ROSECRANS. 
 
 Tennessee to Sherman. On the i8th of October, 1863, 
 Grant having arrived at Louisville, formally assumed 
 the command and issued 
 his first order. Rosecrans 
 on the 19th, after issuing 
 a touching farewell address 
 to the troops, left for Cin- 
 cinnati. Thither also were 
 ordered Generals McCook 
 and Crittenden, whose corps 
 were now consolidated into 
 one. From Louisville, Grant 
 telegraphed to Thomas, 
 " Hold Chattanoocra at all 
 hazards." — " I will hold the town until we starve," 
 was the prompt and characteristic reply. 
 
 It was not enough, however, to bring Grant to 
 Chattanooga. It was necessary that he should 
 have under him a competent army. Arrangements 
 had already been made for increasing the strength of 
 the National army at Chattanooga. As soon as it 
 became known that General Lonorstreet had crone to 
 Tennessee, instructions were sent to Grant and other 
 commanders in the South and West to send Rose- 
 crans all possible assistance. Grant was yet at New 
 Orleans, and as Sherman, who represented him at 
 Vicksburg, did not receive the despatch until several 
 days had elapsed, there was some unavoidable delay 
 in sending reinforcements from the neighborhood of 
 Vicksburg. 
 
318 
 
 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 As early as the 27th of September, Sherman, with 
 the Fifteenth corps, in obedience to the orders from 
 Grant, had set out for Memphis on his way to Chat- 
 tanooo-a. Meanwhile, fearful of the consequences 
 which must result if Rosecrans should be tempted to 
 
 JOtlMillllilJ" '!;: 
 
 !g;p'S'Bi»Biiilil?^f''"'''N 
 
 r 
 
 ) ! 
 
 \ Si*':- 
 
 
 m 1 
 
 LANDING AT LOUISVILLE, KENTUCKY. 
 
 abandon his position and attempt to retreat, the Gov- 
 ernment had detached the Eleventh and Twelfth 
 corps from the Army of the Potomac, and, placinor 
 them in charge of General Hooker, hurried them 
 along by rail to Chattanooga. 
 
VALOR AT CHATTANOOGA. 
 
 319 
 
 Never before, not even at Solferino and Magenta, 
 had railroads been more effectively used for trans- 
 porting troops and all the necessary material of war 
 than on this occasion. It was Stanton's project, and 
 in giving it effect he bent upon it all the energies of 
 his powerful mind and will. In seven days the two 
 corps, some twenty-three thousand strong, with artil- 
 lery-trains, baggage, and animals, were transferred 
 from the Rapidan to Stevenson, i\labama, a distance 
 of 1 192 miles. 
 
 The Situation Critical. 
 
 Grant reached Nashville on the 21st of October, 
 ■ie there met and had an interview with Rosecrans 
 and Hooker. On the 23d he arrived at Chattanooga. 
 Next morninor he made a recon- 
 noissance of the ground and 
 determined on his plan of ac- 
 tion. He found that Rosecrans 
 lad allowed the enemy to oc- 
 upy all the heights around his 
 position, and that neither the 
 river nor the railroad could be 
 jsed. Unless the river or the maj.-gen. jos. hooker. 
 oads could be opened there was no choice but re- 
 Teat ; and retreat, in the present condition of the 
 irmy, would be' certain ruin. 
 
 Thomas and his chief engineer, General William F. 
 Smith, had decided upon a plan by which they hoped 
 :o be able to regain possession of Lookout Valley 
 md to re-establish communications with Bridgeport 
 
GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 by way of Brown's Ferry. Hooker, by order oi 
 Thomas, had already concentrated at the latter place. 
 This plan met the hearty approval of General Gram 
 who proceeded Immediately to put it in executiodl 
 Hooker was to cross the Tennessee at Bridgepoj 
 
 THE PONTOOxM-LiRiDGE. 
 
 and push on by the main wagon -road to VVauhatchie 
 in Lookout Valley. 
 
 Palmer, who was now opposite Chattanooga, wasi 
 to move down the north side of the river to a poiiiti 
 opposite Whiteside, where he was to cross the river- 
 and hold the road passed over by Hooker. W. F.' 
 Smith was to go down the river from Chattanooga,; 
 under cover of the darkness, with about four thousand 
 
VALOR AT CHATTANOOGA. 321 
 
 troops, to cross at Brown's Ferry and to seize the 
 range of hills at the mouth of Lookout Valley. A 
 pontoon-bridge was to be thrown over the river at 
 Brown's Ferry, so as to open communications between 
 Hooker and Thomas. The movements of Hooker 
 and Palmer might be made In open day, but Smith's 
 success depended largely on secrecy. These move- 
 ments were promptly and successfully executed, and 
 were of great importance. 
 
 The Question of Supplies Settled. 
 
 The Confederates, unwilling to abandon the position, 
 made a fierce attack ; but, finding their efforts useless, 
 they withdrew up the valley toward Chattanooga. 
 The remainder of Smith's force, some twelve hun- 
 dred strong, under General Turchin, having moved 
 meanwhile down the north bank of the stream, across 
 Moccasin Point, reached Brown's Ferry before day- 
 light. They were rapidly ferried across, and by ten 
 o'clock a pontoon-bridge connected the north and 
 south banks of the Tennessee. On the morning of 
 the 28th, as has been stated, Hooker, with the Elev- 
 enth corps, Major-General Howard, and Geary's 
 division of the Twelfth corps, appeared in Lookout 
 Valley at Wauhatchle, his left connecting with Smith 
 at the pontoon-bridge. 
 
 These movements secured for the Nationals the 
 possession of the roads and the river, and all fears 
 of starvation in Chattanooga were now abandoned, 
 "General Thomas's plan," said Grant in his telegram 
 to Halleck, " for securino^ the river and southside road 
 
 21 
 
322 
 
 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 to Bridgeport has proved eminently successful. The 
 question of supphes may now be regarded as settled.'* 
 
 Bragg was not wiihng that his antagonist should 
 retain the ereat advantacje he had won without makine 
 another attempt to dislodge him. Lookout Valley, 
 which lies between Raccoon and Lookout mountains, 
 and which has an average width of about two miles, 
 is divided toward its centre by a series of wood- 
 crowned heights, some of them rising to an elevation^, 
 of two hundred and three hundred feet. ■ 
 
 These heights, as well as the more commandirtgj 
 positions on Raccoon and Lookout mountains, were 
 in the hands of the Confederates. From these emi- 
 nences the position and 
 movements of the National 
 army could be easily seen. 
 McLaws, of Longstreet's 
 corps, was on Lookout 
 Mountain, eao^erlv watchinof 
 Hooker. It was his deter- 
 mination to fall upon and 
 crush that branch of the 
 National army so soon as 
 
 MAJ.-GEN. O. O. HOWARD. ^ r ' i i 
 
 he should see a favorable 
 opportunity. On the night of the 28th, Geary's di- 
 vision, on Hooker's right, was lying at Wauhatchie, 
 Howard's corps, as has been mentioned, having been 
 thrown out in the direction of Brown's Ferry. Mc- 
 Laws, desirous to take Geary by surprise, descended 
 
VALOR AT CHATTANOOGA. 
 
 ;23 
 
 at midnlorht, and with fierce enerev, His men uttering 
 wild screams as they advanced, fell upon Geary's 
 pickets, driving them in. 
 
 DIAGRAM I. 
 
 CHATTANOOGA, LOOKOUT MOUNTAIN, AND MISSIONARY RIDGE. 
 
 The batteries on Lookout Pvlountain now opened 
 fire, and while Geary's camp was furiously attacked 
 on three different sides by the on-rushing Confeder- 
 ates, his men were exposed to a very tempest of shot 
 and shell. Geary, however, was not unprepared. 
 
324 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 Knowing that he was Hable to be attacked at any 
 moment, he had been holding himself in a state of 
 readiness. When, therefore, McLaws' men came up 
 they were warmly received. - 
 
 Full in the faces of the too-confident Confederates \ 
 Geary's brave fellows poured a deadly fire of mus- -} 
 ketry. Such a reception had not been expected. 
 The advancing columns recoiled. Geary, however, 
 was greatly outnumbered, and the battle continued. .. 
 Hooker was aroused by the booming of cannon and 1 
 the shrill ratding of musketry. He knew, from the 
 direction whence these sounds issued, that Geary had 
 been attacked. Howard was ordered to double-quick . 
 his nearest division, that of Schurz, to the aid of 
 Geary. 
 
 ** Forward, Boys ! '* 
 
 "Forward to their relief, boys!" shouted Hooker 
 as Schurz's men streamed past him through the dark- 
 ness. They had advanced but a short distance when, 
 suddenly, there came a blaze of musketry from the ^ 
 hills, showing that the Confederates were close at ' 
 hand, as well as in force in the neighborhood of 
 Geary's position. Tyndale's brigade was detached 
 and ordered to charge the heights, while Schurz, with 
 the remainder of his troops, moved on toward Geary. 
 A thin brigade of Steinwehr's division, commanded by 
 Colonel Orlan Smith of the Seventy-third Ohio, now 
 came up, and it was found that the hill to the rear of 
 Schurz was occupied by the enemy. 
 
 This hill Smith was ordered to carry with the bay- 
 
VALOR AT CHATTANOOGA. 325 
 
 onet. The moon was shining bright and clear, but 
 the hill was precipitous, seamed with ravines, covered 
 with thick brushwood, and rose to the height of two 
 hundred feet. It was a darincr — it seemed almost a 
 foolhardy — experiment; but the order had been given 
 and it must be obeyed. On and up the slope rushed 
 the brave fellows of the Seventy-third Ohio and of 
 the Thirty-third Massachusetts, until they had almost 
 reached the rifle-pits, when they were received by a 
 volley from some two thousand muskets and driven 
 back in confusion to the foot of the hill, 
 
 A Grand Charge. 
 
 There, however, they re-formed, and, although now 
 fully aware of the nature of the ground and of the 
 difficulties to be encountered, those noble regiments 
 again breasted the hill, and in spite of the destructive 
 volleys which tore through their ranks, and the shout- 
 ing and yelling and taunting sneers of the men on 
 the summit, they pressed on, without firing a shot, 
 toward the blazing rifle-pits, and then, with one bound, 
 bayonet in hand, swept the enemy before them. 
 
 It was not until the enemy was in full retreat and 
 until shouts of victory were rending the midnight air 
 that the first volley was fired. It was a sort of parting 
 salute, given in a species of wild glee by the Nation- 
 als, but not particularly agreeable to the retreating 
 foe, and not likely soon to be forgotten by any of the 
 Confederates who survived that moonlight struggle. 
 Geary meanwhile, although contending with vastly 
 superior numbers and sometimes nearly overborne, 
 
S26 GENEKAL SHERMAN. 
 
 held his ground with characteristic tenacity, and at 
 length, after three hours' fighting, he hurled his as- 
 sailants back toward Lookout Mountain. 
 
 Historic Deeds. 
 
 The charge made by Orlan Smith has been singled 
 out as one of the most brilliant charges of the war. It 
 delighted and astonished Hooker. '' No troops," he 
 said, " ever rendered more brilliant service." It won 
 special commendation from so reserved a man as 
 Thomas. " The bayonet charge of Howard's troops," 
 said he in his letter of congratulation to Hooker, 
 *' made up the side of a steep and difficult hill over 
 two hundred feet high, completely routing and driving 
 the enemy from his barricades on its top, and the re- 
 pulse by Geary's division of greatly superior numbers 
 who attempted to surprise him, will rank among the 
 most distinguished feats of arms in this war." 
 
 Slieriiiaii Pushing- Forward. 
 
 While these events were taking place at Chattanoo- 
 ga, Sherman was pressing forward from Memphis. He 
 had left Vicksburg for Memphis, on his way to Chatta- 
 nooga, on the 27th of September. His own corps 
 followed him up the river in steamboats. He had 
 been preceded by the divisions of Osterhaus and John 
 E. Smith. Arriving at Memphis on the 2d of October, 
 he received a letter from Halleck instructing- him to 
 
 o 
 
 move by the line of the Memphis and Charleston rail- 
 road to Athens, and to report thence to Rosecrans at 
 Chattanooga. 
 
 He was to repair the railroads as he advanced and "*] 
 
 i 
 
VALOR AT CHATTANOOGA. 
 
 327 
 
 to depend on his own line for supplies. On his way 
 to Corinth, on Sunday, the nth, having with him as 
 an escort a battaHon of the Thirteenth regulars, he 
 arrived at ColHersville about noon, just in time to save 
 the Sixty-sixth Indiana, Colonel D. C. Anthony, from 
 being overwhelmed and probably destroyed by a body 
 of Confederate cavalry, some three thousand strong 
 with eight guns, under the command of General 
 Chalmers. 
 
 Rapid Advances. 
 
 He reached Corinth that Sunday evening. With- 
 out delay he pushed on to luka. At Tuscumbia, on 
 the 27th, his advance, under General PVank Blair, 
 came into contact with a Con- 
 federate force some five thou- 
 sand strong, under General S. 
 D. Lee. The Confederate cav» 
 airy were severely punished, 
 and Lee gave no further an- 
 noyance to the troops on their 
 march. The National troops 
 had been repairing the roads 
 as they moved along, in obedi- 
 ence to instructions received from Halleck. On the 
 same day on which Blair chastised Lee, Sherman 
 received a despatch from Grant urging him to dis- 
 continue his work on the railroad and hasten forward 
 with all possible despatch, with his entire force, to 
 Bridgeport. 
 
 Happily, he had made arrangements with Admiral 
 
 ADMIRAL PORTER. 
 
^28 
 
 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 Porter to have boats waiting for him at Eastport. By 
 means of these he passed his troops across the Ten- 
 nessee and hurried eastward, Blair covering his j*ear^ 
 and reached Bridgeport on the 14th. On the day fol- 
 lowing he joined Grant at Chattanooga, and the two 
 together reconnoitred the ground, Grant explaining 
 his proposed plan of attack so soon as the Army of 
 the Tennessee was forward and ready for action. 
 
 "Old Teciimseli" there. 
 
 Sherman arrived at Chattanooga at a most oppor- 
 tune moment. It seemed as if the fates were working 
 in the interest of General Grant and the army under 
 his command. The plans of the general commanding 
 had worked to perfection ; they had been admirably 
 carried out, and they had been attended, so far, with 
 complete success. 
 
 And now, when Sherman, his trusted right arm, 
 came up with his well-trained veterans, Bragg had 
 invited attack by committing a huge and irreparable 
 
 blunder. It was known 
 to the Confederate com- 
 mander that Burnside at 
 an earlier date had gen- 
 ^^^^^MK^-^iraBII^^^^^^-c^^.:^ eral instructions to push 
 
 forward from Knoxville 
 and form a connection with 
 Rosecrans. Believinor that 
 if such a connection were 
 MAj.-GEN. A. E. BURNSIDE. now formed it would be 
 
 fatal to his prospects, and in the vain hope of cutting 
 
VALOR AT CHATTA\OOGA. 329 
 
 his rival off and beating him in detail, he detached 
 Longstreet from the army in front of Chattanooga 
 and ordered him to attack Burnside and take pos- 
 session of Knoxville. A more fatal blunder he could 
 not have committed. He could not, had such been 
 his object, have played more completely into the 
 hands of his antagonist. Grant saw his opportunity, 
 but he resolved to wait until the arrival of Sherman, 
 so as to be able to turn it to full and satisfactory 
 account. He was now ready. 
 
 Burnside Heninied in. 
 
 Grant was not insensible to the perilous position 
 in which Burnside was now placed, nor was he in- 
 different to his calls for help. But he knew that 
 Burnside would be relieved most effectually by the 
 plan which he himself proposed to carry out — that 
 the threatened catastrophe at Knoxville would be 
 best averted by a decisive victory at Chattanooga. 
 
 The great battle of Chattanooga — by far the most 
 picturesque battle in the war — was now about to 
 be fought. Grant's plans, as we have seen, were 
 matured and ready for execution. It was now the 
 middle of November. Sherman's corps had arrived 
 at Bridgeport on the 14th. Grant made up his mind 
 to make the general attack on the 21st. He had 
 discovered that the north end of the Missionary 
 Ridge was imperfectly guarded, as also the western 
 bank of the river from the mouth of the South 
 Chickamauga down toward Chattanooga. This point 
 invited attack. This, however, was not all, A sue- 
 
330 GENERAL SHERMAN. - i 
 
 cessful blow given in that direction would make a ] 
 junction impossible between Bragg and Longstreet. [ 
 The northern end of Missionary Ridge therefore he ' 
 singled out as the special point of attack. While • 
 the attack should seem to be oreneral and bearinor ' 
 heavily on the Confederate left, he proposed to mass ] 
 his converging forces on the point thus indicated. ] 
 
 Sherinaii's Difficulties. 
 
 Sherman, with his own troops and one of Thomas's 
 divisions, was to cross the Tennessee just below the 
 mouth of the South Chickamauga, and secure the 
 heights as far as the railroad tunnel. Thomas was to 
 co-operate with Sherman by concentrating his troops 
 on his own left, leaving a thin line to Quard the works 
 on the rieht and centre. Hooker was to assail the I 
 Confederate left and drive it from Lookout Mountain. ;i 
 Grant was the more anxious to make the attack on | 
 the 2 1 St that on the day before he received from ^ 
 Bragg a letter suggesting the removal of non-com- 
 batants from Chattanooga — a letter intended to convey 
 the idea that an attack on that place was meditated, 
 but which really confirmed the report brought by a 
 deserter, and confirmed Grant in the belief that Bragg 
 was about to retreat. 
 
 The general attack which was to be made on the 
 2 1 St was countermanded. Sherman had experienced 
 unexpected difficulty in passing his troops across 
 Brown's Ferry in consequence of the heavy rains. 
 The pontoon-bridge at last gave way. Osterhaus, 
 whose division was still on the southern side of the I 
 
GENERAL JAMES LONGSTREET. 
 
 331 
 
1 
 
 ;J 
 
 S 
 
 332 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 • 
 
 river and without the means of classing, was ordered 
 to report to General Hooker, with whom he remained. 
 
 Howard was at the same time called to Chattanooga, | 
 
 and temporarily attached to the command of General | 
 
 Thomas. On the afternoon of the 23d the Fifteenth j 
 
 corps, under the immediate command of General Blair, > 
 
 having flung pontoon-bridges across the Tennessee j 
 
 at the point indicated above, and also across the i 
 
 Chickamauga, were advancing to their position on the \ 
 
 extreme left of the Nadonal army. ^ 
 
 Grant, now impatient of delay, and determined that p 
 
 if Bragg really meant to retire, he should not retire f 
 
 uninjured and in good order, had instructed Thomas i 
 
 on the morning of the 23d to advance and give the !i 
 
 enemy an opportunity of developing his lines. f 
 
 Brilliant Scene. n 
 
 The day was unusually beautiful. The men, now 'J 
 that they were relieved from their prison-house in ;; 
 Chattanooga and well fed, were in excellent spirits. < 
 They were dressed in their best uniforms and accom- j 
 panied by new bands of music. The neighboring \ 
 heights were crowded with spectators. The magnifi- i 
 cent array, the steady step, the splendid uniforms, the < 
 burnished bayonets glittering in the clear November ! 
 sunlight, — it was a holiday picturefl It seemed a dress- ^i 
 parade or review, and was so regarded for a time by ' 
 the Confederates, who witnessed the spectacle from ] 
 the side and summit of Missionary Ridge. 
 
 Wood's division of Granger's corps moved in ad- il 
 vance on the left, Sheridan's division of the same 
 
VALOR AT CHATTANOOGA. 
 
 333 
 
 corps being on the right. Palmer of the Fourteenth 
 corps supported Granger's right, with Baird's division 
 refused ; Johnson's division of Pahner's remaining 
 under arms in the intrenchments, to be ready to rein- 
 force at any point. Howard's corps was formed in 
 
 ■^^a-f ^— ^^ -^^^ ^»iS -.fc-^t-j- _ <^=i>^::r'jf 
 
 MISSIONARY RIDGE FROM THE CEMLlLk\ A'l CHAilANOOGA. 
 
 mass behind that of Granger. As soon as Thomas's 
 men began to move forward the heavy guns of Fort 
 Wood opened upon the enemy's first position. 
 
 Upon the ramparts of the fort Grant, Thomas, 
 Granger, and Howard stood watching the advance. 
 It was a splendid sight. On moved the mighty mass 
 as if it had been one sohd unit. Cheers were heard 
 to arise from the ranks of the advancing columns. 
 The pickets of the enemy were seen to break and fly 
 in confusion before them. In spite of the well- 
 directed fire from its summit, Wood had already 
 reached the base of Orchard Knob, a steep, craggy 
 lill rising above the general level of the valley, 
 
334 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 ■K 
 
 midway between the river and the ridge and about a ; 
 mile from Fort Wood. 
 
 Without halting, Wood ordered his men to charo-e. • 
 It was done in gallant style, the rifle-pits on the ] 
 summit being carried and two hundred men made , 
 prisoners. A heavy battery was advanced to the i 
 captured position from Fort Wood, and the place was J 
 held. This was an important gain to the Nationals | 
 and they made the most of It. 1 
 
 Simultaneously with this movement of General I 
 Thomas against Orchard Knob, a cavalry brigade by ' 
 order of General Grant was operating on Bragg's 
 extreme right and rear. No other movement of any j 
 consequence took place on the 23d. | 
 
 Slieriiiaii on Missionary Ridg-e. 
 
 Sherman all night through was pushing his troops j 
 across the river. As early as daylight on the morn- • 
 ing of the 24th he had eight thousand men, with artil- i 
 lery and horses, on the south side of the Tennessee. 1 
 At one o'clock p. m. the march was taken up by three ^ 
 columns, each head of column covered by a line of t 
 skirmishers with supports. It was a dull, drizzly day. ^ 
 The clouds were low, and the movements of the 
 troops could not be easily seen by the enemy. 
 
 At half- past three o'clock Sherman had possession, 
 of the whole northern extremity of Missionary Ridge, 
 as far almost as the railroad tunnel. In the afternooni 
 and during the night he threw up intrenchments and 
 established himself in a really strong position. Sher- 
 man had thus, so far, carried out his part of the genr 
 
VALOR AT CHATTANOOGA. 335 
 
 eral plan. Such was the state of things on the 
 National left at the close of Tuesday, the 24th. 
 
 On the National right matters were, if possible, 
 even more favorable. Hooker had performed a bril- 
 liant feat of arms on Lookout Mountain. At four 
 o'clock on the morning of the 24th he had reported 
 that his troops were in position and ready to advance. 
 Soon afterward the movement commenced. It had 
 been Hooker's intention to push his men across 
 Lookout Creek and strike the enemy in front. It 
 was a hazardous undertaking, for Lookout Mountain, 
 with its high palisaded crest, its steep, rugged slopes, 
 its numerous rifle-pits, its encircling lines of earth- 
 works and redans, was deemed by Bragg impreg- 
 nable. 
 
 It so happened, however, that Lookout Creek was 
 so swollen by the recent heavy rains that it was im- 
 passable. A direct movement by the main road could 
 not be attempted until temporary bridges were con- 
 structed. Hooker therefore ordered Geary, with his 
 own division and Whittaker's brigade of Cruft's divis- 
 ion, to march to Wauhatchie, to cross the creek there, 
 and move down on the right bank, while he employed 
 the remainder of his forces In throwing bridges across 
 on the main road. 
 
 The day was favorable for conducting such opera- 
 tions. A heavy mist enveloped the mountain and 
 spread itself over the adjoining valleys. The atten- 
 tion of the enemy had been drawn to the bridge- 
 builders, of whom an occasional glimpse could be had 
 
336 GENERAL ^lERMAN. 
 
 as the mist drifted with the breeze ; but no notice had 
 been taken of Geary, who reached his appointed place 
 at Wauhatchie unobserved. 
 
 The Confederates Surprised. 
 
 It was about eieht o'clock when he beo^an to cross 
 the creek. Passing over without molestation, he sur- 
 prised and captured the picket-guard, and, immediately 
 facing to the north, he extended his line on the right j 
 to the base of the mountain. The Confederates, 
 caught at once on both flank and rear, offered a stub- 
 born resistance. Meanwhile, the bridges were con- 
 structed, and, Osterhaus's division having been brought 
 up from Brown's Ferry, the Nationals were soon in 
 great force on the right bank of the creek. Under 
 cover of the two batteries — the Ohio on Bald Hill, and 
 the New York on the hill in the rear — Hooker's men 
 went dashing down the valley, sweeping everything 
 before them, capturing the rifle-pits, and making a 
 large number of prisoners. 
 
 At the same time, the troops to the right, passing 
 directly under the muzzles of the Confederate guns, 
 were rushing up the rugged sides of the hill, leaping 
 over boulders and ledges of rock, cutting their way 
 through the abattis, and gradually forcing position 
 after position until the plateau was cleared and the 
 retreating Confederates were seen plunging them- 
 selves down the jagged and precipitous face of the 
 mountain, and flying in confusion and utter rout 
 toward Chattanooga Valley. Hooker had not ex- 
 pected to accomplish so much in the same space of 
 
VALOR AT CHATTANOOGA. 337 
 
 time. Nay, he had been unwilling that his men should 
 attempt so much. 
 
 The Men would not Halt. 
 
 Not knowing to what extent the enemy might be 
 reinforced, and fearing disaster from the rough cha- 
 racter of the ground, he had given directions that the 
 men should halt when they reached the high ground. 
 But aroused to the highest pitch of enthusiasm 
 and with a flying foe before them, a halt was im- 
 possible. 
 
 It was now about two o'clock in the afternoon, and 
 such was the density of the mist which shrouded the 
 mountain and hung heavily over the valley that it was 
 found necessary, temporarily at least, to suspend 
 operations. Hooker, not deeming it advisable to 
 descend into the valley in pursuit, established his line 
 on the east side of the mountain, his rio;ht resting on 
 the palisades, his left near the mouth of Chattanooga 
 Creek. 
 
 The batde had literally been fought above the 
 clouds. It was not imtil nightfall that the sky cleared, 
 and revealed to thousands in the valley below the 
 actual progress which Hooker had made. As soon as 
 it became known that behind that veil of clouds a 
 great battle had been fought and won, and that the 
 National arms had been victorious, the soldiers gave 
 way to the wildest enthusiasm, and loud cheers for 
 "Old Hooker" coming up, resounding from the valley, 
 were echoed and re-echoed among the blood-stained 
 hills. 
 
 22 
 
338 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 The night which followed was beautiful in the 
 extreme. The mist disappeared, and a full moon 
 shed her mellow lio^ht over a scene of matchless ma^r- 
 nificence. It was Hooker s conviction that the enemy 
 would withdraw from the summit of the mountain 
 before daylight. In anticipation of such a movement 
 he detached parties from several regiments with in- 
 structions to scale the palisades. When morning 
 came the Confederates were gone. 
 
 Frowning Artillery. 
 
 Such was the condition of things on the night of 
 the 24th and the morning of the 25th of November. 
 The National army maintained an unbroken line, 
 with open communications from the north end of 
 Lookout Mountain through the Chattanooga Valley, 
 to the north end of Missionary Ridge. 
 
 The morning of the 25th rose in beauty. Far 
 almost as the eye could reach the sun fell upon the 
 compact lines of polished steel. In front, towering 
 up, the huge form of Missionary Ridge, its precipitous 
 sides defying attack, its summit swarming widi armed 
 men and crowned with artillery ; away to the right 
 and standing out clear and well defined the bold out- 
 lines of Lookout Mountain ; Hooker's men spread out 
 in the valley below to the right, Sherman's massed in 
 compact phalanx above to the left, while Thomas's 
 well-trained bands, eager and ready for the fray, are 
 gathered together in close array around tlie head- 
 quarters of the chief, — such was the sight which met 
 the eye of the beholder as he stood on Orchard Knob 
 
VALOR AT CHATTANOOGA. 339 
 
 on the morning of the day which was to witness the 
 final struggle and the crowning National victory at 
 Chattanooga. It was a magnificent spectacle, and 
 one which it rarely falls to the lot of mortals to 
 witness. 
 
 Brag-g- versus Sherman. 
 
 At an early hour the preparations were complete. 
 The sun had arisen, however, before the bugle sounded 
 "Forward!" Hooker had received orders to move 
 on the Confederate left ; Sherman was to move 
 against the right ; while the centre, under the im- 
 mediate eye of General Grant, was to advance later 
 in the day and whenever the developments made on 
 either wing should justify the attack. Shortly after 
 sunrise Hooker, who has left a small force on Lookout 
 Mountain, is seen with the mass of his troops moving 
 down the eastern slope of the mountain and sweeping 
 across the valley. 
 
 Sherman moved at the same time on the Con- 
 federate right, and it soon begins to be evident that 
 Braee, believing that the main attack is to be made on 
 his right, is massing his troops on Sherman's front. A 
 fierce artillery duel at once commenced between Or- 
 chard Knob and Missionary Ridge. Hooker, pressing 
 on toward Rossville Gap, encountered an unexpected 
 obstacle at Chattanooga Creek. The bridge had been 
 destroyed by the Confederates as they retired from 
 the valley in the early morning. It was an unfortunate 
 circumstance, necessitating as it did a delay of three 
 hours. 
 
I 
 
 340 GENERAL SHERMAN. J 
 
 As soon as the bridge was completed the troops 1 
 were pushed over. Rossville Gap was quickly occu- 1 
 pled, and Hooker, moving Osterhaus along the east j 
 side of the ridore, Geary at its base, with the batteries ] 
 on the west side, and Cruft on the ridge itself, marched 
 northward, driving the enemy before him. Shortly 
 after sunset the victory on the National right was 
 complete. Brecken ridge had proved himself no match 
 for Hooker. 
 
 The Desperate Strug-g-le. 
 
 Let us now see what was eoincr on toward the 
 left and at the centre. On the morning of the 25th, 
 Sherman was In the saddle before it was light. 
 During the night he had strongly intrenched his 
 position. His order of battle was similar to that of 
 Hooker. General Corse, with three of his own reel- 
 ments and one of LIghtburn's, moved forward on the 
 crest of the hill ; General Morgan L. Smith, with his 
 command, advanced along the eastern base ; while 
 Colonel Loomis, supported by the two reserve brig- 
 ades of General John E. Smith, advanced along the 
 western base. The brigades of Cockerell and Alex- 
 ander and a portion of LIghtburn's remained behind, 
 holding the position first occupied. Almost from the 
 commencement of the forward movement the ad- 
 vancing columns were exposed to the guns of the 
 enemy. 
 
 The tide of battle ebbed and flowed, victory now 
 leaning to the one side and now to the other. It 
 was a desperate grapple and the loss of life was 
 
 1 
 
VALOR AT CHATTANOOGA. 341 
 
 terrible. No decided progress was being made on 
 either side. Corse found it impossible to carry the 
 works in his front ; the Confederates were equally 
 unable to drive him from the position he had won. 
 The columns which under Loomis and Smith moved 
 along the sides of the ridge, encountering fewer 
 difficulties, were attended with better success. Smith 
 kept gaining ground on the left spur of Missionary 
 Ridge, while Loomis on his side got abreast of the 
 tunnel and the railroad embankment. 
 
 The fire of the one and the other, striking the Con- 
 federates on both flanks and slightly in rear of their 
 front, had the effect of withdrawing attention, and 
 thus to a certain extent of relieving the assaulting 
 party on the crest of the hill. 
 
 It was now about three o'clock. The battle was 
 raging with tremendous fury. Column after column 
 of the enemy came streaming down upon Sherman's 
 men, gun upon gun pouring upon them its concen- 
 trated shot from every hill and spur as they vainly 
 struggled in the valley and attempted to force their 
 way to the farther height. Neither, however, was 
 gaining any advantage. 
 
 They Held their Ground. 
 
 Almost at the crisis of the fight it seemed to the 
 anxious watchers at Chattanooga as if Sherman was 
 losing ground. There was, indeed, a backward 
 movement. It had seemed to General J. E. Smith 
 that Colonel Wolcott, who now commanded on the 
 crest — Corse having been wounded early in the 
 
342 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 day — was sorely pressed and in danger of being 
 overpowered. 
 
 He therefore sent to his aid the two reserve 
 brigades of Runion and Mathias. Having crossed 
 the intervening fields and climbed the hillside in spite 
 of a most destructive fire of artillery and musketry, 
 they effected a junction with Wolcott. The ridge, 
 however, being narrow, they were forced to take 
 position on the western face of the hill, where, being 
 exposed to attack on right and rear, the enemy, rush- 
 ing from the tunnel gorge, fell upon them in over- 
 whelming numbers, driving them down the hill and 
 back to the lower end of the field. There they were 
 re-formed,, and the Confederates who had ventured 
 to pursue were struck heavily on their flank, and 
 compelled to retire to the shelter of their works on 
 the wooded hills. It was this backward movement 
 of Smith's brigades which, being seen at Chatta- 
 nooga, created the impression that a repulse had 
 been sustained by the National left. 
 
 Impatient for the Fray. 
 
 Sherman has taken some pains to correct this false 
 impression, and informs us that the " real attacking 
 columns of General Corse, General Loomis, and 
 General Morgan L. Smith were not repulsed," but, 
 on the contrary, held their ground and struggled "all 
 day persistently, stubbornly, and well." 
 
 Long and wearily had Sherman waited for the 
 attack in the centre. An occasional shot from Or- 
 chard Knob, and some artillery and musketry fire 
 
VALOR AT CHATTANOOGA. 343 
 
 away In the direction of Lookout, were the only signs 
 of activity in the National ranks on his right. It was 
 not until shortly after three o'clock that he saw a white 
 line of smoke In front of Orchard Knob, the line ex- 
 tending farther and farther to the right. It was evi- 
 dent that something decisive was happening. He 
 had faith In the result, for he knew that by his repeated 
 and persistent attacks he had compelled Bragg to con- 
 centrate large masses of his troops on his own right. 
 He had thus weakened the Confederate centre and 
 created the opportunity for Grant and Thomas. 
 
 During these hours of sore trial and deep anxiety 
 Grant's attention was quite as much directed to the 
 left as was that of Sherman to the centre. Grant's 
 headquarters were at Orchard Knob. He had a com- 
 manding view of the entire battle-ground. He knew 
 that Bragg was concentrating on his own right, and, 
 determined to penetrate the National left and force 
 his way to Chattanooga, was hurling against Sherman 
 his well-disciplined legions in overwhelming masses. 
 He feared lest his trusted lieutenant, sorely pressed, 
 should be yielding to Impatience because of the con- 
 tinued inaction at the centre. 
 
 But it was necessary to wait for Hooker, who, as 
 has been stated, had been delayed three hours In re- 
 constructing the bridge across Chattanooga Creek. 
 It was desirable at least that the Confederate left 
 should be well engaged, as well as the Confederate 
 right, before the decisive blow was dealt at the centre. 
 With any other commander on his left Grant might 
 
344 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 have risked too much by leaving him so long, unaided 
 or unrelieved, to struggle against the strong position 
 and the ever-increasing numbers of the enemy.' 
 
 "A Wall of Adamant." 
 
 Grant, however, had not foro-otten Shiloh. He 
 remembered how on that day, at the foot of the 
 bridge over Snake Creek, Sherman had stood like a 
 wall of adamant, his men massed around him, and 
 presenting to the almost triumphant foe what seemed 
 a huge and solid shield of shining steel, effectually 
 resisting and ultimately turning the tide of battle. 
 What he had done then he had on many a battle-field 
 since proved his ability and willingness to do again. 
 Grant was asking much from his lieutenant, but he 
 felt convinced that Sherman would not be found 
 wanting. Meanwhile, he had the satisfaction of per- 
 ceiving that his plan was working admirably. Bragg, 
 completely out-generalled, was weaking his own centre 
 and preparing for him his opportunity. 
 
 It was now half-past three o'clock. Grant was 
 pacing to and fro on Orchard Knob. Concerned for 
 the welfare of Sherman, seeing his opportunity rapidly 
 ripening, and impatient to strike, yet unwilhng by 
 premature action to imperil the hoped-for and what 
 seemed the inevitable result, he kept turning his eyes 
 wistfully in the direction in which Hooker should 
 make his appearance. 
 
 The Moment Arrives. 
 
 Still there were no signs of his coming. Hooker, 
 as the reader knows, was successfully moving along 
 
VALOR AT CHATTANOOGA. 345 
 
 the ridge and 'driving the enemy before him. But 
 Grant was as yet ignorant at once of the cause of his 
 delay and of the progress he had made. The oppor- 
 tune moment, however, had come. He saw that 
 Bragg had greatly weakened his centre to support 
 his right, and, having faith that Hooker must be close 
 at hand, he gave Thomas the order to advance. 
 
 The thunderbolt was hurled. The signal-guns were 
 fired — one — two — three — four — five — six — and the 
 divisions of Wood, Baird, Sheridan, and Johnson, 
 long since impatient of delay, advanced with firm 
 and steady step. These were preceded by a double 
 line of skirmishers, drawn mostly from the divisions 
 of Wood and Sheridan. The orders were to carry 
 the rifle-pits at the base of the ridge, and then to re- 
 form and push their way to the summit. 
 
 The whole movement was conducted with the 
 regularity and precision of clockwork. The skir- 
 mishers dashed forward, the main body following 
 within easy supporting distance. 
 
 The Ridge Ablaze. 
 
 Missionary Ridge all at once seems ablaze. On all 
 the forts and batteries the heavy guns open fire, and 
 from their hollow mouths they bellow harsh thunder 
 and vomit forth their missiles of destruction. Full 
 thirty guns are pouring shot and shell into the ad- 
 vancing columns. Nothing, however, can cool the 
 ardor or restrain the impetuosity of the National 
 soldiers. "Rolling on the foe," on moves this "fiery 
 mass of living valor." 
 
346 GENERAL SHERMAN. | 
 
 * . . "3 
 
 The picture of the poet becomes here a living ] 
 reality. The brigades of Hazen and WIlHch are j 
 already at the base of the mountain. Like "bees J 
 out of a hive," to use the expressive words of Gen- | 
 eral Grant, the gray-coated Confederates are seen 
 swarming out of the rifle-pits and rushing up the | 
 hillside. 
 
 Fired now with the wildest enthusiasm, the brave 
 Nationals, scarcely taking time to re-form, push their 
 way up the steep and rugged sides of the mountain. 
 They are fully exposed now to a terrific fire from the 
 enemy's guns on the heights above them. Shell, | 
 canister, shrapnel, bullets, are falling upon them with ; 
 deadly effect. j 
 
 The Old Flag" climbs Hig-lier. j 
 
 Nothing daunted, however, on they pressed, and 
 from Orchard Knob the National colors are seen 
 fluttering higher and still higher and gradually nearing 
 the summit. Order now begins to disappear. The 
 brigades, partly because of the nature of the ground 
 and partly because of the severity of the fire, break 
 up into groups. There is, however, neither lack of 
 purpose nor lack of enthusiasm. Every group has Its 
 flag, and in wedge-like form, each eager to be first and 
 emulous of the other, is seen pressing onward and 
 upward. It seems as if the color-bearers are running 
 a race. To plant the first color on the summit appears 
 to be the ambition of every brigade, of every group, 
 of every soldier. Now they are clambering over the^ 
 rugged ledges, now they are seeking momentarj^ 
 
VALOR AT CHATTANOOGA. 347 
 
 shelter In the ravines or behind the overhanging 
 rocks ; but they are ever, in spite of the heavy guns 
 and the murderous volleys of musketry from the rifle- 
 pits, nearing the summit. 
 
 Down g-o the Standard-bearers. 
 
 Meanwhile, the work of destruction had been terri- 
 ble. The color-bearers had suffered fearfully. The 
 first to reach the summit was a group of men from 
 the First Ohio and a few others from other regiments 
 under the lead of Lieutenant-Colonel Langdon. Six 
 color-bearers of this party had fallen, when Langdon, 
 waving forward his men and leaping over the crest, 
 was instantly shot down. The breach, however, had 
 been made, and the brigades of Hazen and Willich 
 were soon on the summit. These were quickly fol- 
 lowed by the brigades of Sheridan's division, Sheridan 
 himself taking an active part and specially command- 
 ing the attention of General Grant, by his wonderful 
 command of his men and his intrepid bearing. 
 
 The National advance was within a few hundred 
 yards of Bragg's headquarters. There were still des- 
 perate hand-to-hand struggles after the Nationals 
 had reached the summit. But as the shoutino- victors 
 
 o 
 
 came pouring into the works, bayonetting the cannon- 
 eers at their guns, the bold and resolute front gave 
 way. It was now sunset. The Confederates were in 
 full retreat, their own guns turned upon them by the 
 triumphant Nationals. It was only with difficulty that 
 Bragg was able to make good his escape, along with 
 Breckenridge, who by this time had joined him. Mis- 
 
348 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 sionary Ridge was now occupied and held by thel 
 National troops. 
 
 Slierman Drives the Enemy. 
 
 Hooker, as we have seen, had been victorious on 
 the right; Sherman had held his ground, and, after 
 a gallant and protracted struggle against superior 
 numbers, had driven the enemy from his front; and 
 now the brave and well-trusted soldiers of the Armyi 
 of the Cumberland had pierced and routed the Con- 1 
 federate centre. The battle of Chattanooga had] 
 been fought and won. j 
 
 The modesty of Grant, the utter absence of vain- 1 
 glory, is strikingly revealed in the despatch which hej 
 sent to General Halleck immediately after the battle.' 
 " Although the battle lasted," he says, '' from early 
 dawn till dark this evening, I believe I am not prema- 
 ture in announcing a complete victory over Bragg.; 
 Lookout Mountain top, all the rifle-pits in Chattanooga 
 Valley, and Missionary Ridge entire have been carried 
 and are now held by us." 
 
 The Last Strug-g-le. 
 
 The final struggle of the day w^as in the neighbor-; 
 hood of the tunnel on Thomas's left and in Sherman's 
 front. At that point the Confederates made a most 
 obstinate resistance. This resistance and the dark- 
 ness which intervened prevented an immediate pur- 
 suit. During the night Missionary Ridge blazed with 
 Union camp-fires, the Confederates having fallen back 
 in the direction of Ringgold by the way of Chicka- 
 mauor-a Station. Braee left behind him some six hun 
 
 i 
 
VALOR AT CHATTANOOGA. 349 
 
 dred prisoners, besides a large number of stragglers, 
 forty guns, upward of seven thousand small-arms, and 
 a large quantity of ammunition. 
 
 Next morning Sherman, Palmer, and Hooker were 
 in eager pursuit. Sherman pushed on toward Grays- 
 ville, passing Chickamauga Station, where he found 
 everything In flames. The immediate result of the 
 victory at Chattanooga was the relief of Knoxville. 
 Burnslde, it will be remembered, after having been 
 relieved of the command of the Army of the Potomac, 
 was assigned on the 26th of March to the command 
 of the Department of the Ohio. His headquarters 
 were at Cincinnati, and his army, about twenty thou- 
 sand strong, was at Camp Nelson, near Richmond, 
 Kentucky. When Rosecrans commenced his onward 
 movement toward Chattanooga, Burnslde, who had 
 been ordered to co-operate with him and to effect a 
 -junction between his own right and the left of Rose- 
 crans, commenced on the i6th of August his march 
 for East Tennessee. That district of country was 
 then held by the Confederate general Buckner, whose 
 headquarters were at Knoxville. 
 
 The Situation at Knoxville. 
 
 Burnslde, more intent on restoring the authority of 
 the National Government in East Tennessee, moved 
 in the direction of Knoxville, although repeatedly 
 ordered to reinforce Rosecrans, believing it to be all- 
 important that the place should be permanently occu- 
 pied by National troops. 
 
 If Knoxville was to be taken, it must be taken by 
 
350 GENERAL "SHERMAN. M 
 
 &! 
 
 Storm. Preparations for a final effort were accorii 
 ingly hurried forward. The point chosen for attac^i 
 was Fort Sanders, on die north-west angle of the^ 
 fordfications and commanding an approach by the 
 river. It was a work of great strength, the ditcli 
 being ten feet deep and the parapet of more thanj 
 ordinary height. Around and in front of it several: 
 acres of thick pine timber had been slashed, and a 
 perfect entanglement of wirework had been formed' 
 by connecting stump with stump. There were besides 
 numerous rifle-pits and abattis. 
 
 The fort was occupied by the Seventy-ninth New] 
 York, the Twenty-ninth Massachusetts, two companies! 
 of the Second and one of the Twentieth Michigan.^ 
 The armament consisted of four twenty-pounderj 
 Parrott guns, Lieutenant Benjamin, Burnside's chief'] 
 of artillery ; four light twelve-pounders, commanded ! 
 by Buckley; and two three-inch guns. The assault-M 
 ing party was composed of three brigades of McLaws' 
 division, with those of Wolford, Humphreys, Ander- 
 son, and Bogart. They were picked men, the flowei 
 of Longstreet's army. S 
 
 The Confederate Yell. 
 
 In the gray of the morning of the 29th the assaul 
 was made, with a vigor and determination not sur 
 passed in the previous history of the war. What witl 
 the fierce yells of the Confederates, the rattle of mus 
 ketry, the screaming of shells, the thunder of artillery 
 the tumult for a time was awful. The Confederates 
 as they approached, were received with a deadly fir 
 
MAP OF THE COUNTRY BETWEEN MURFREESBORO' AND CHATTANOOGA, 
 
 TENNESSEE. 
 
352 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 I 
 
 from the batteries of the fort. Nothing daunted, how- 
 ever, by the destructive missiles which flew thick and 
 fast around them or by the sight of their fallen com 
 rades, on they pressed, through the abattis, across the 
 ditch and up the parapet, some of them forcing their 
 way through the embrasures. The obstacles encoun 
 tered, the wire network particularly, made their prog 
 ress slow, and consequently kept them long exposed 
 to the double-shotted guns which Ferrero, the comn 
 mander of the fort, kept in active play. 
 
 The Assault Fails. 
 
 When the assailants reached the parapet thei* 
 ranks were greatly thinned, but their spirits were not 
 subdued. One officer actually reached the summit 
 and, planting upon it the flag of the Thirteenth Mis- 
 sissippi, called for surrender. It was a vain call, for 
 the next moment his body, pierced by a dozen bullets 
 the flag still in his hand, was rolling into the ditch 
 Hand-grenades were freely used by the defenders 
 and they had terrible effect. 
 
 The assault, gallant as it was, proved a complete 
 failure. It was tried a second time by anothei 
 column, but the result was the same. The fighting 
 was discontinued. A truce w^as granted to the Con 
 federates to carry away their wounded and to bur) 
 their dead. Longstreet, still hoping against hope 
 and unwilling to retire, maintained t1ie siege. 
 
 The ground in front of the fort was strewn witl: 
 the dead and wounded. In the ditch alone were ovei 
 two hundred dead and wounded. "In this terrible 
 
VALOE AT CHATTANOOGA. 353 
 
 ditch/' says Pollard, " the dead were piled eight or 
 ten feet deep. In a comparatively short time we lost 
 seven hundred men in killed and wounded and pris- 
 oners. Never, excepting at Gettysburg, was there in 
 the history of the war a disaster adorned with the 
 glory of such devout courage as Longstreet's repulse 
 at Knoxville." ' , 
 
 Meanwhile, relief was comino- from Grant to Burn- 
 side. Why was this relief so long delayed ? On the 
 evening of the 25th, as soon as success at Chatta- 
 nooga had been assured, Grant had ordered General 
 Gordon Granger to start for the relief of Knoxville 
 with his own Fourth corps and detachments from 
 others — twenty thousand in all. Granger was to 
 move with four days' rations, arrangements having 
 been made to send after him a steamer with supplies. 
 
 **You will Assume Conimaiid." 
 
 When Grant returned from the front on the 28th 
 he found, much to his astonishment, that Granger 
 had not yet got off, and that he was preparing to 
 move "with reluctance and complaints." Grant fell 
 back upon Sherman, who was ever willing and ever 
 ready. "I am inclined to think," said Grant, in a 
 letter to Sherman, "I shall have to send you. In 
 plain words, you will assume command of all the 
 forces now moving up the Tennessee." 
 
 When he received the letter from Grant, Sherman 
 was at Calhoun, at the railroad crossing of the Hia- 
 wassee. If he had been less of a soldier he mieht 
 easily have found cause of complaint. It was only 
 
354 GENERAL SHERMAN. ] 
 
 1 
 
 seven days since he had marched his troops from] 
 the west side of the Tennessee, with only two days' ': 
 rations, without change of clothing, with but a single i 
 blanket or coat to a man from himself to the private .' 
 soldier. What provisions they had were picked up \ 
 by the w^ay. 
 
 Sliernian Hastening to the Rescue. 
 
 Murmur or complaint, however, with Sherman, 
 there was none. To hear was to obey. It was 
 enough for him that twelve thousand of his fellow- 
 soldiers were beleaguered at Knoxville, eighty-four 
 miles away, and that if not relieved within three days 
 they might be at the mercy of the enemy, I 
 
 With his hardy and untiring veterans Sherman j 
 was quickly on his way. The roads were bad, and, I 
 as the pontoon-bridge at Loudon had been destroyed, | 
 there was unexpected difficulty and consequent delay, j 
 After considerable progress had been made the troops j 
 were compelled to turn to the east and to trust to 
 General Burnside's bridge at Knoxville. A bridge 
 was flung across the Little Tennessee at Morgan- 
 town, and by daybreak on the 5th of December the 
 entire Fifteenth corps was over. Meanwhile, the 
 cavalry command, which had moved forward in ad- 
 vance, had reached Knoxville on the 3d of December, 
 the very day on which Burnside expected his supplies 
 would give out. 
 
 The Sieg-e Ended. 
 On the night of the 5th a messenger from Burnside 
 arrived at Sherman's headquarters, announcing that 
 
VALOE AT CPIATTANOOGA. 355 
 
 Longstreet was in full retreat toward Virginia and 
 that the National cavalry were in pursuit. As soon 
 as Sherman's cavalry appeared, Longstreet, discover- 
 ing that his flank was turned, raised the siege and 
 retreated toward Russellville in the direction of Vir- 
 o-inia. The National cavalrv followed for some dis- 
 tance in close pursuit. This ended the siege of 
 Knoxville. 
 
 Burnside had offered a noble resistance and had 
 retrieved some of the laurels lost at Fredericksburg. 
 He was not without obligations to Sherman, nor was 
 he ungrateful. In a letter to that general he fully 
 acknowledged those obligations, and thanked both 
 him and his command for so promptly coming to his 
 relief " I am satisfied," he said, " that your approach 
 served to raise the sieo^e." 
 
 Sherman, too, had great reason to be proud of 
 himself and his command. They had been constantly 
 in motion since they left the Big Black in Missisippi. 
 For long periods they had been without regular 
 rations, and the men had marched through mud and 
 over rocks, sometimes barefooted, without a murmur 
 and without a moment's delay. 
 
 Marvels of Achievement. 
 
 After a march of over four hundred miles, without 
 sleep for three successive nights, they crossed the 
 Tennessee, fought their part in the battle of Chatta- 
 nooga, pursued the enemy out of Tennessee, and 
 then turned more than one hundred and twenty 
 miles north and compelled Longstreet to raise the 
 
356 GENEKAL SHEKMAN. 
 
 siege of Knoxville. After the siege was raised, 
 Sherman, with the consent of Burnside, leaving only 
 Granger's command, fell back to the line of the 
 Hiawassee. 
 
CHAPTER XVIII. 
 
 General Sherman's Fascinating Story of the 
 Battle of Chattanooga. 
 
 Having in the preceding chapter described the 
 great general features of the battle of Chattanooga, 
 havine followed the combined Union armies on to 
 their magnificent victory, we now take pleasure in 
 presenting the reader with an intensely interesting 
 account of the sanguinary conflict from General Sher- 
 man's own pen. This clear and graphic report re- 
 lates especially his own part in the terrible yet 
 glorious deeds on that world-renowned battle-field. 
 The report is as follows : 
 
 Headquarters Department and Army of the Tennessee, 
 Bridgeport, Alabama, December 19, 1863. 
 
 Brigadier- Ge7ieral ]oYm A. Rawlins, Chief of Staff to 
 Ge7ieral Grant, Chattanooga : 
 
 General: For the first time I am now at leisure 
 to make an official record of events with which the 
 troops under my command have been connected 
 during the eventful campaign which has just closed. 
 
 During the month of September last the Fifteenth 
 army corps, which I had the honor to command, lay in 
 camps along the Big Black, about twenty miles east 
 3f Vicksburg, Mississippi. It consisted of four divis- 
 ions. The First, commanded by Brigadier-General 
 
 357 
 
358 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 P. J. Osterhaus, was composed of two brigades, led ^ 
 by Brigadier-General C. R. Woods and Colonel J. A. i 
 Williamson (of the Fourth Iowa). i 
 
 The Second, commanded by Brigadier-General 
 Morgan L. Smith, was composed of two brigades, led 
 by Brigadier-Generals Giles A. Smith and J. A. J. 
 Liorhtburn. 
 
 The Third, commanded by Brigadier-General J. 
 M. Tiittle, was composed of three brigades, led by 
 Brigadier-Generals J. A. Mower and R. P. Buckland 
 and Colonel J. J. Wood (of the Twelfth Iowa). 
 
 The Fourth, commanded by Brigadier-General - 
 Hugh Ewing, was composed of three brigades, led by 
 Brigadier-General J. M. Corse, Colonel Loomis 
 (Twenty-sixth Illinois), and Colonel J. R. Cockerell 
 (of the Seventieth Ohio). I 
 
 Off for Chattanoog'a. 
 
 On the 2 2d day of September, I received a tele- 
 graphic despatch from General Grant, then at Vicks- 
 burg, commanding the Department of the Tennessee, 
 requiring me to detach one of my divisions to march 
 to Vicksburg, there to embark for Memphis, where it 
 was to form a part of an army to be sent to Chatta- 
 nooga to reinforce General Rosecrans. I desi^nated^ 
 the First division, and at 4 p. m. the same day it 
 marched for Vicksburg, and embarked the next- 
 day. 
 
 On the 23d of September, I was summoned to Vicks- 
 burg by the general commanding, who showed me 
 several despatches from the general-in-chief, which 1 
 
STORY OF CHATTANOOGA. 359 
 
 led him to suppose he would have to send me and my 
 whole corps to Memphis and eastward, and I was in- 
 structed to prepare for such orders. It was explained 
 to me that in consequence of the low stage of water in 
 the Mississippi boats had arrived irregularly, and had 
 brought despatches that seemed to conflict in their 
 meaning, and that General John E. Smith's division 
 (of General McPherson's corps) had been ordered 
 up to Memphis, and that I should take that divis- 
 ion, and leave one of my own in its stead to hold 
 the line of the Big Black. I detailed my Third division 
 (General Tuttle) to remain and report to Major-Gen- 
 eral McPherson, commanding the Seventeenth corps, 
 at Vicksburg ; and that of General John E. Smith, 
 already started for Memphis, was styled the Third 
 division. Fifteenth corps, though it still belongs to the 
 Seventeenth army corps. This division is also com- 
 posed of three brigades, commanded by General 
 Mathias, Colonel J. B. Raum (of the Fifty-sixth 
 Illinois), and Colonel J. I. Alexander (of the Fifty- 
 'ninth Indiana). 
 
 A River Fleet. 
 
 The Second and Fourth divisions were started for 
 Vicksburg the moment I was notified that boats were 
 in readiness, and on the 27th of September I embarked 
 in person in the steamer Atlantic for Memphis, fol- 
 lowed by a fleet of boats conveying these two divisions. 
 Our progress was slow, on account of the unprece- 
 dentedly low water in the Mississippi and the scarcity 
 of coal and wood. We were compelled at places to 
 
360 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 gather fence-rails and to land wagons and haul wood 
 from the interior to the boats ; but I reached Memphis 
 during the night of the 2d of October, and the other 
 boats came in on the 3d and 4th. 
 
 On arrival at Memphis, I saw General Hurlbut, and 
 read all the despatches and letters of instruction of 
 General Halleck, and therein derived my instructions, 
 which I construed to be as follows : 
 
 To conduct the Fifteenth army corps, and all other 
 troops which could be spared from the line of the 
 Memphis and Charleston railroad, to Athens, Ala- 
 bama, and thence report by letter for orders to 
 General Rosecrans, commanding the Army of the 
 Cumberland at Chattanooga ; to follow substantially 
 the railroad eastward, repairing it as I moved ; to look 
 to my own line for supplies ; and in no event to de- 
 pend on General Rosecrans for supplies, as the roads 
 to his rear were already overtaxed to supply his 
 present army.* 
 
 I learned from General Hurlbut that General Oster- 
 haus's division was already out in front of Corinth, 
 and that General John E. Smith was still at Memphis, 
 moving his troops and material by railroad as fast as 
 its limited stock would carry them. General J. D. 
 Webster was superintendent of the railroad, and was 
 enjoined to work night and day and to expedite the 
 movement as rapidly as possible ; but the capacity of 
 the road was so small that I soon saw that I could 
 move horses, mules, and wagons faster by land, and 
 therefore I despatched the artillery and wagons by the 
 
STOEY OF CHATTANOOGA. 361 
 
 road under escort, and finally moved the entire Fourth 
 division by land. 
 
 Harassed by the Enemy. 
 
 The enemy seems to have had early notice of this 
 movement, and he endeavored to thwart us from the 
 start. A considerable force assembled in a threaten- 
 ing attitude at Salem, south of Salisbury Station, and 
 General Carr, who commanded at Corinth, felt com- 
 pelled to turn back and use a part of my troops, that 
 had already reached Corinth, to resist the threatened 
 attack. 
 
 On Sunday, October nth, having put in motion my 
 whole force, I started myself for Corinth, in a special 
 train, with the battalion of the Thirteenth United 
 States regulars as escort. We reached Collierville 
 Station about noon, just in time to take part in the 
 defence made of that station by Colonel D. C. An- 
 thony of the Sixty-sixth Indiana against an attack 
 made by General Chalmers with a force of about three 
 thousand cavalry, with eight pieces of artillery. He 
 was beaten off, the damage to the road repaired, and 
 we resumed our journey the next day, reaching Corinth 
 at night. 
 
 I immediately ordered General Blair forward to 
 luka with the First division, and as fast as I got 
 troops up pushed them forward of Bear Creek, the 
 bridge of which was completely destroyed, and an 
 enorineer reofiment, under command of Colonel Flad, 
 was engaged in its repairs. 
 
 Quite a considerable force of the enemy was assem- 
 
362 GENERAL SHEEMAN. 
 
 bled in our front, near Tuscumbia, to resist our ad- 
 vance. It was commanded by General Stephen D. 
 Lee, and composed of Roddy's and Ferguson's 
 brigades, with Irregular cavalry, amounting In the 
 acTcrreeate to about five thousand. 
 
 In person I moved from Corinth to Burnsvllle on 
 the 1 8th, and to luka on the 19th of October. 
 
 Admiral Porter. 
 
 Osterhaus's division was in the advance, constantly 
 skirmishing with the enemy; he was supported by 
 General Morgan L. Smith's, both divisions under the 
 general command of Major-General Blair. General 
 John E. Smith's division covered the working-party 
 engaged In rebuilding the railroad. 
 
 Foreseeing difficulty in crossing the Tennessee 
 River, I had written to Admiral Porter at Cairo, 
 asking him to watch the Tennessee and send up 
 some eunboats the moment the staofe of water ad- 
 mitted ; and had also requested General Allen, quar- 
 termaster at St. Louis, to despatch to Eastport a 
 steam ferry-boat. 
 
 The admiral, ever prompt and ready to assist us, 
 had two fine gunboats at Eastport, under Captain 
 Phelps, the very day after my arrival at luka; and 
 Captain Phelps had a coal-barge decked over with 
 which to cross our horses and wafjons before the 
 arrival of the ferry-boat. 
 
 Still following literally the Instructions of General 
 Halleck, I pushed forward the repairs of the railroad, 
 and ordered General Blair, with the two leadlnor dlvls- 
 
 llj 
 
STOKY OF CHATTANOOGA. 363 
 
 ions, to drive the enemy beyond Tuscumbia. This 
 he did successfully, after a pretty severe fight at Cane 
 Creek, occupying Tuscumbia on the 27th of October. 
 
 In the mean time many important changes in com- 
 mand had occurred, which I must note here to a 
 proper understanding of the case. 
 
 The Coimnands Assigned. 
 
 General Grant had been called from Vicksburg and 
 sent to Chattanooga to command the military Division 
 of the Mississippi, composed of the three Depart- 
 ments of the Ohio, Cumberland, and Tennessee, and 
 the Department of the Tennessee had been devolved 
 on me, with instructions, however, to retain command 
 of the army in the field. At luka I made what 
 appeared to me the best disposition of matters relat- 
 ing to the department, giving General McPherson full 
 powers in Mississippi and General Hurlbut in West 
 Tennessee, and assigned General Blair to the com- 
 mand of the Fifteenth army corps, and summoned 
 General Hurlbut from Memphis and General Dodge 
 from Corinth, and selected out of the Sixteenth corps 
 a force of about eight thousand men, which I directed 
 General Dodge to organize with all expedition, and 
 with it to follow me eastward. 
 
 On the 27th of October, when General Blair, with 
 two divisions, was at Tuscumbia, I ordered General 
 Ewing, with the Fourth division, to cross the Ten- 
 nessee (by means of the gunboats and scow) as 
 rapidly as possible at Eastport, and push forward to 
 Florence, which he did; and the same day a messen- 
 
364 GENEEAL SHERMAN. 
 
 ger from General Grant floated down the Tennessee 
 over Muscle Shoals, landed at Tuscumbia, and was 
 sent to me at luka. He bore a short messaee from 
 the general to this effect: "Drop all work on the rail- 
 road east of Bear Creek ; push your command toward 
 Bridgeport till you meet orders," etc. 
 
 Crossing- the Tennessee. 
 
 Instantly the order was executed ; the order of 
 march was reversed, and all the columns were directed 
 to Eastport, the only place where we could cross the 
 Tennessee. At first we only had the gunboats and 
 coal-barge ; but the ferry-boat and two transports 
 arrived on the 31st of October, and the work of 
 crossing was pushed with all the vigor possible. In 
 person I crossed, and passed to the head of the column 
 at Florence on the ist of November, leaving the rear 
 divisions to be conducted by General Blair, and 
 marched to Rogersville and Elk River. This was 
 found impassable. To ferry would have consumed 
 too much time, and to build a bridge still more ; so 
 there was no alternative but to turn up Elk River by 
 way of Gilbertsboro, Elkton, etc., to the stone bridge 
 at Fayetteville, where we crossed the Elk and pro- 
 ceeded to Winchester and Deckerd. 
 
 At Fayetteville, I received orders from General 
 Grant to come to Bridgeport with the Fifteenth army 
 corps, and to leave General Dodge's command at 
 Pulaski and along the railroad from Columbia to 
 Decatur. I instructed General Blair to follow with 
 the Second and First divisions by way of New Mar- 
 
STORY OF CHATTANOOGA. 365 
 
 ket, Larklnsville, and Bellefonte, while I conducted the 
 Other two divisions by way of Deckerd ; the Fourth 
 division crossing the mountain to Stevenson, and the 
 Third by University Place and Sweden's Cove. 
 
 In person I proceeded by Swedon's Cove and 
 Battle Creek, reaching Bridgeport on the night of 
 November 13th. I immediately telegraphed to the 
 commanding general my arrival and the positions of 
 my several divisions, and was summoned to Chatta- 
 noooa. I took the first steamboat durine the ni^ht 
 of the 14th for Kelly's Ferry, and rode into Chatta- 
 nooga on the 15th. 
 
 The Arena of Conflict. 
 
 I then learned the part assigned me in the coming 
 drama, was supplied with the necessary maps and in- 
 formation, and rode during the i6th, in company with 
 Generals Grant, Thomas, W. F. Smith, Brannan, and 
 others, to the positions occupied on the west bank of 
 the Tennessee, from which could be seen the camps 
 of the enemy compassing Chattanooga and the line 
 of Missionary Hills, with its terminus on Chickamauga 
 Creek, the point that I was expected to take, hold, and 
 fortify. Pontoons, with a full supply of balks and 
 chesses, had been prepared for the bridge over the 
 Tennessee, and all things had been prearranged with 
 a foresight that elicited my admiration. From the 
 hills we looked down on the amphitheatre of Chatta- 
 nooga as on a map, and nothing remained but for me 
 to put my troops in the desired position. The plan 
 contemplated that, in addition to crossing the Ten- 
 
366 GENERAL SHEEMAN. 
 
 nessee River and makinor a lodorment on the terminus \ 
 of Missionary Ridge, I should demonstrate against ^ 
 Lookout Mountain near Trenton with a part of my ' 
 command. 
 
 All in Chattanooga were impatient for action, ren- ' 
 dered almost acute by the natural apprehensions felt ; 
 for the safety of General Burnside in East Tennessee. ] 
 • My command had marched from Memphis, three i 
 hundred and thirty miles, and I had pushed them as : 
 fast as the roads and distance would admit, but I saw 
 enough of the condition of men and animals In Chat- i 
 tanooga to inspire me with renewed energy. I i 
 immediately ordered my leading division (General j 
 Ewlng's) to march md Shellmound to Trenton, dem- ; 
 onstrating against Lookout Ridge, but to be prepared ] 
 to turn quickly and follow me to Chattanooga ; ' 
 and in person I returned to Bridgeport, rowing a i 
 boat down the Tennessee from Kelly's Ferry, and j 
 immediately on arrival put in motion my divisions in i 
 the order in which they had arrived. 
 
 Preparing- for the Attack. l 
 
 The bridge of boats at Bridgeport was frail, and, ;■ 
 though used day and night, our passage was slow, ; 
 and the road thence to Chattanooga was dreadfully ' 
 cut up and encumbered with the wagons of the other ^ 
 troops stationed along the road. I reached General J 
 Hooker's headquarters during a rain in the after- :■ 
 noon of the 20th, and met General Grant's orders for 
 the general attack on the next day. It was simply 
 impossible for me to fulfil my part in time ; only one 
 
STOEY OF CHATTANOOGA. 367 
 
 division (General John E. Smith's) was in position. 
 General Ewing was still at Trenton, and the other 
 two were tolling along- the terrible road from Shell- 
 mound to Chattanooga. No troops ever were or 
 could be in better condidon than mine, or who la- 
 bored harder to fulfil their part. On a proper rep- 
 resentation General Grant postponed the attack. 
 On the 2 1st I got the Second division over Brown's 
 Ferry bridge, and General Ewing got up ; but the 
 bridge broke repeatedly, and delays occurred which 
 no human sagacity could prevent. 
 
 All labored night and day, and General Ewing got 
 over on the 23d, but my rear division was cut off by 
 the broken bridge at Brown's Ferry and could not join 
 me. I offered to go into action with my three divis- 
 ions, supported by General Jeff C. Davis, leaving 
 one of my best divisions (Osterhaus's) to act with 
 General Hooker against Lookout Mountain. That 
 division has not joined me yet, but I know and feel that 
 it has served the country well, and that it has reflected 
 honor on the Fifteenth army corps and the Army of 
 the Tennessee. I leave the record of its history to 
 General Hooker or whomsoever has had Its services 
 during the late memorable events, confident that all 
 will do it merited honor. 
 
 Silent Movements. 
 
 At last, on the 23d of November, my three divis- 
 ions lay behind the hills opposite the mouth of the 
 Chickamauga. I despatched the brigade of the 
 Second division commanded by General Giles A. 
 
368 GENEEAL SHERMAN. J 
 
 Smith, under cover of the hills, to North Chicka- : 
 mauea. Creek, to man the boats desicrned for the 
 pontoon-bridge, with orders (at midnight) to drop 
 down silently to a point above the mouth of the ; 
 South Chickamauga, there land two regiments, who , 
 were to move along the river-bank quietly and cap- 
 ture the enemy's river-pickets. - 
 
 General Giles A. Smith then was to drop rapidly ' 
 below the mouth of the Chickamauo^a, disembark the i 
 rest of his brigade, and despatch the boats across for ; 
 fresh loads. These orders were skilfully executed, and i 
 every rebel picket but one was captured. The bal- : 
 ance of General Morgan L. Smith's division was then I 
 rapidly ferried across ; that of General John E. Smith i 
 followed, and by daylight of November 24th two ; 
 divisions of about eight thousand men were on the ■ 
 east bank of the Tennessee, and had thrown up a ^ 
 very respectable rifle-trench as a tete-du-poiU. \ 
 
 As soon as the day dawned some of the boats ^; 
 
 were taken from the use of ferrying, and a pontoon- j 
 
 bridge was begun under the immediate direction of : 
 
 Captain Dresser, the whole planned and supervised ^ 
 
 by General William F. Smith in person. A pontoon- \ 
 
 bridore was also built at the same time over Chick- \ 
 
 . . . . ^ 
 
 amauga Creek near its mouth, giving communication :: 
 
 with the two regiments which had been left on the j 
 
 north side, and fulfilling a most important purpose at « 
 
 a later stage of the drama. I will here bear my will- ^ 
 
 ing testimony to the . completeness of this whole i 
 
 business, j 
 
 I 
 
STOEY OF CHATTANOOGA. 369 
 
 All the officers charged with the work were pres- 
 ent, and manifested a skill which I cannot praise too 
 highly. I have never beheld any work done so 
 quietly, so well ; and I doubt if the history of war 
 can show a bridge of that extent (viz. thirteen hun- 
 dred and fifty feet) laid so noiselessly and well in so 
 short a time. I attribute it to the genius and intelli- 
 gence of General William F. Smith. The steamer 
 Dunbar arrived up in the course of the morning, and 
 relieved Ewing's division of the labor of rowing 
 across ; but by noon the pontoon-bridge was done, 
 and my three divisions were across, with men, horses, 
 artillery, and everything. 
 
 The Coliinins Formed. 
 
 General Jeff. C. Davis's division was ready to take 
 the bridore, and I ordered the columns to fdrm in 
 order to carry the Missionary Hills. The movement 
 had been carefully explained to all division command- 
 ers, and at one p. m. we marched from the river in 
 three columns in echelon — the left, General Morgan 
 L. Smith, the column of direction, following substan- 
 tially Chickamauga Creek ; the centre, General John 
 E. Smith, in columns doubled on the centre, at one 
 brigade interval, to the right and rear; the right. 
 General Ewing, in column at the same distance to 
 the right rear, prepared to deploy to the right, on the 
 supposition that we would meet an enemy in that 
 direction. Each head of column was covered by a 
 good line of skirmishers, with supports. A light, 
 drizzling rain prevailed and the clouds hung low, 
 
 24 
 
370 GENEKAL SHERMAN. " 
 
 cloaking our movement from the enemy's tower of J 
 
 observation on Lookout Mountain. | 
 
 % 
 Pusliingr to the Top of the Hill. ■ 
 
 We. soon gained the foot-hills; our skirmishers: 
 crept up the face of the hills, followed by their sup- i 
 ports, and at 3.30 p. m. we had gained, with no loss,; 
 the desired point. A brigade of each division was-;' 
 pushed rapidly to the top of the hill, and the enemy ^ 
 for the first time seemed to realize the movement, but^ 
 too late, for we were in possession. He opened withi 
 artillery, but General Ewing soon got some of Captaiil 
 Richardson's guns up that steep hill, and gave back 
 artillery, and the enemy's skirmishers made one or 
 two ineffectual dashes at General Lightburn, who hac 
 swept round and got a farther hill, which was the re< 
 continuation of the ridge. 
 
 From studying all the maps I had inferred that 
 Missionary Ridge was a continuous hill, but we foun( 
 ourselves on two high points, with a deep depressioi 
 between us and the one Immediately over the tunnel 
 which was my chief objective point. The ground we 
 had gained, however, was so important that I coul( 
 leave nothing to chance, and ordered it to be fortified,' 
 during the night. One brigade of each division was' 
 left on the hill, one of General Morgan L. Smith's 
 closed the gap to Chlckamauga Creek, two of General 
 John E. Smith's were drawn back to the base in 
 reserve, and General Ewing's right was extended 
 down into the plain, thus crossing the ridge in a 
 general line, facing south-east. 
 
 
STORY OF CHATTANOOGA. 371 
 
 The enemy felt our left flank about 4 p. m., and a 
 pretty smart engagement with artillery and muskets 
 ensued, when he drew off; but it cost us dear, for 
 General Giles A. Smith was severely wounded, and 
 had to go to the rear ; and the command of the 
 brigade devolved on Colonel Tupper (One-hundred^ 
 and-Sixteenth Illinois), who managed it with skill durH 
 ing the rest of the operations. At the moment of my 
 crossing the bridge General Howard appeared, having 
 come with three regiments from Chattanooga along 
 the east bank of the Tennessee, connecting my new 
 position with that of the main army in Chattanooga. 
 He left the three regiments attached temporarily to 
 General Ewing's right, and returned to his own corps 
 at Chattanooga. 
 
 Orders for **Dawn of Day." 
 
 As night closed in I ordered General Jeff. C. 
 Davis to keep one of his brigades at the bridge, one 
 close up to my position, and one intermediate. Thus 
 we passed the night, heavy details being kept busy 
 at work on the intrenchments on the hill. Durino- 
 the night the sky cleared away bright, a cold frost 
 filled the air, and our camp-fires revealed to the 
 enemy and to our friends in Chattanooga our position 
 on Missionary Ridge. About midnight I received, at 
 the hands of Major Rowley (of General Grant's 
 staff), orders to attack the enemy at "dawn of day," 
 with notice that General Thomas would attack in 
 force early in the day. Accordingly, before day I was 
 in the saddle, attended by all my staff; rode to the 
 
372 GENEEAL SHEEMAN. i 
 
 extreme left of our position near Chickamauga Creek, \ 
 
 thence up the hill held by General Lightburn, and , 
 
 round to the extreme riofht of General Ewin^. Catch- i 
 
 ing as accurate an idea of the ground as possible by ^ 
 
 the dim light of morning, I saw that our line of ■ 
 attack was in the direction of Missionary Ridge, with 
 
 wings supporting on either flank. Quite a valley lay ! 
 
 between us and the next hill of the series, and this hill i 
 
 presented steep sides, the one to the west partially ; 
 
 cleared, but the other covered with the native forest. 1 
 
 The crest of the ridge was narrow and wooded. The ! 
 
 farther point of this hill was held by the enemy with a ; 
 
 breastwork of logs and fresh earth, filled with men I 
 and two guns. 
 
 The Bugle Sounds ** Forward ! " 
 
 The enemy was also seen in great force on a still : 
 higher hill beyond the tunnel, from which he had a ] 
 fine plunging fire on the hill in dispute. The gorge i 
 between, through which several roads and the rail- ■ 
 road tunnel pass, could not be seen from our position, ; 
 but formed the natural //^^^ d' amies, where the ene- ■ 
 my covered his masses to resist our contemplated i 
 movement of turning his right flank and endangering ■]_ 
 his communications with his depot at Chickamauga \ 
 Station. i 
 
 As soon as possible the following dispositions were ^ 
 made : The brigades of Colonels Cockerell and Alex- \ 
 ander and General Lightburn were to hold our hill as ^ 
 the key-point. General Corse, with as much of his | 
 brigade as could operate along the narrow ridge, was \ 
 
 J 
 
STORY OF CHATTANOOGA. 373 
 
 to attack from our right centre. General Lightburn 
 was to despatch a good regiment from his position to 
 co-operate widi General Corse ; and General Morgan 
 L. Smith was to move along the east base of Mis- 
 sionary Ridge, connecting with General Corse ; and 
 Colonel Loomis in like manner to move alono^ the 
 west base, supported by the two reserve brigades of 
 General John E. Smith. 
 
 Furious Figliting". 
 
 The sun had hardly risen before General Corse 
 had completed his preparations and his bugle sounded 
 the " Forward ! " The Fordeth Illinois, supported by 
 the Forty-sixth Ohio, on our right centre, with the 
 Thirtieth Ohio (Colonel Jones), moved down the face 
 of our hill and up that held by the enemy. The line 
 advanced to within about eighty yards of the in- 
 trenched position, where General Corse found a 
 secondary crest, which he gained and held. To this 
 point he called his reserves, and asked for reinforce- 
 ments, which were sent ; but the space was narrow, 
 and it was not well to crowd the men, as the enemy's 
 artillery and musketry fire swept the approach to his 
 position, giving him great advantage. 
 
 As soon as General Corse had made his prepara- 
 tions he assaulted, and a close, severe contest ensued 
 which lasted more than an hour, gaining and losing 
 ground, but never the position first obtained, from 
 which the enemy in vain attempted "to drive him. 
 General Morgan L. Smith kept gaining ground on 
 the left spurs of Missionary Ridge, and Colonel 
 
374 GENERAL SHEEMAN. 
 
 Loomis got abreast of the tunnel and railroad em- 
 bankment on his side, drawing the enemy's fire, and 
 to that extent relieving the assaulting-party on the 
 hill-crest. Captain Callender had four of his guns 
 on General Ewing's hill, and Captain Woods his 
 Napoleon battery on General Lightburn's ; also, two 
 guns of Dillon's battery were with Colonel Alexan- 
 der's brigade. All directed their fire as carefully as 
 possible to clear the hill to our front w^ithout endan- 
 gering our owm men. The fight raged furiously about 
 lo A. M., when General Corse received a severe 
 wound, w'as brought off the field, and the command 
 of the brigade and of the assault at that key-point 
 devolved on that fine young, gallant officer. Colonel 
 Walcutt, of the Forty-sixth Ohio, who fulfilled his part 
 manfully. He continued the contest, pressing for- 
 ward at all points. Colonel Loomis had made good 
 progress to the right, and about 2 p. m. General John 
 E. Smith, iudeino: the battle to be most severe on the 
 hill, and being required to support General Ewang, 
 ordered up Colonel Raum's and General Mathias's 
 brigades across the field to the summit that w^as 
 being fought for. They moved up under a heavy fire 
 of cannon and musketry, and joined Colonel Walcutt ; 
 but the crest w^as so narrow that they necessarily 
 occupied the west face of the hill. 
 
 "It was Not So." 
 The enemy, at the time being massed in great 
 strength in the tunnel gorge, moved a large force 
 under cover of the orround and the thick bushes, and 
 
STOHY OF CHATTANOOGA. 375 
 
 suddenly appeared on the ricrht rear of this command. 
 The suddenness of the attack disconcerted the men, 
 exposed as they were in the open field ; they fell back 
 in some disorder to the lower edo-e of the field and 
 re-formed. These two brigades were in the nature 
 of supports, and did not constitute a part of the real 
 attack. The movement, seen from Chattanooga (five 
 miles off) with spy-glasses, gave rise to the report, 
 which even General Meigs has repeated, that we were 
 repulsed on the left. It was not so. The real attacking 
 columns of General Corse, Colonel Loomis, and Gen- 
 eral Smith were not repulsed. They engaged In a 
 close struggle all day persistently, stubbornly, and 
 well. When the two reserve brigades of General 
 John E. Smith fell back as described, the enemy made 
 a show of pursuit, but were In their turn caught in 
 flank by the well-directed fire of our brigade on the 
 wooded crest, and hastily sought cover behind the 
 hill. 
 
 Thus matters stood about 3 p. m. The day was 
 bright and clear, and the amphitheatre of Chattanooga 
 lay In beauty at our feet. I had watched for the attack 
 of General Thomas " early in the day!' 
 
 Column after column of the enemy was streaming 
 toward me ; gun after gun poured Its concentric shot 
 on us from every hill and spur that gave a view of 
 any part of the ground held by us. An occasional 
 shot from Fort Wood and Orchard Knob, and some 
 musketry-fire and artillery over about Lookout Moun- 
 tain, was all that I could detect on our side ; but about 
 
376 GENERAL SHEEMAN. C 
 
 3 P. M. I noticed the white Hne of musketry-fire in 
 front of Orchard Knoll, extending farther and farther 
 right and left and on. We could only hear a faint 
 echo of sound, but enough was seen to satisfy me that 
 General Thomas was at last moving on the centre. I 
 knew that our attack had drawn vast masses of the 
 enemy to our flank, and felt sure of the result. Some 
 guns which had been firing on us all day were silent 
 or were turned in a different direction. 
 
 The Victory Won. 
 
 The advancing line of musketry-fire from Orchard 
 Knoll disappeared to us behind a spur of the hill, and 
 could no longer be seen ; and it was not until night 
 closed in that I knew that the troops in Chattanooga 
 had swept across Missionary Ridge and broken the 
 enemy's centre. Of course the victory was won, and 
 pursuit was the next step. 
 
 I ordered General Morgan L. Smith to feel to the 
 tunnel, and it was found vacant, save by the dead and 
 wounded of our own and the enemy commingled. 
 The reserve of General Jeff. C. Davis was ordered to 
 march at once by the pontoon-bridge across Chicka-; 
 mauga Creek at its mouth and push forward for the; 
 depot. ' 
 
 General Howard had reported to me in the earlyj 
 part of the day with the remainder of his army corps] 
 (the Eleventh), and had been posted to connect myi 
 left with Chickamauo^a Creek. He was ordered to; 
 repair an old broken bridge about two miles up thej 
 Chickamauga, and to follow General Davis at 4 a. m., \ 
 
 I 
 
STOEY OF CHATTANOOGA. 377 
 
 and the Fifteenth army corps was ordered to follow 
 at daylight. But General Howard found that to repair 
 the bridge was more of a task than was at first sup- 
 posed, and we were all compelled to cross the Chicka- 
 mauga on the new pontoon-bridge at its mouth. 
 
 By about ii a. m. General Jeff C. Davis's division 
 reached the depot just in time to see it in flames. He 
 found the enemy occupying two hills, partially in- 
 trenched, just beyond the depot. These he soon 
 drove away. The depot presented a scene of deso- 
 lation that war alone exhibits — corn-meal and corn in 
 huge burning "piles, broken wagons, abandoned cais- 
 sons, two thirty-pounder rifled guns with carriages 
 burned, pieces of pontoons, balks and chesses, etc., 
 destined doubtless for the famous invasion of Ken- 
 tucky, and all manner of things burning and broken. 
 Still, the enemy kindly left us a good supply of forage 
 for our horses, and meal, beans, etc. for our men. 
 
 Hot Pursuit. 
 
 Pausing but a short while, we passed on, the road 
 filled with broken wagons and abandoned caissons, 
 till night. Just as the head of the column emerged 
 from a dark, miry swamp we encountered the rear- 
 guard of the retreating enemy. The fight was sharp, 
 but the night closed in so dark that we could not 
 move. General Grant came up to us there. At day- 
 light we resumed the march, and at Graysville, where 
 a good bridge spanned the Chickamauga, we found 
 the corps of General Palmer on the south bank, who 
 informed us that General Hooker was on a road still 
 
378 -GENEEAL SHERMAN. 
 
 farther south, and we could hear his guns near Ring- 
 gold. 
 
 As the roads were filled with all the troops they 
 could possibly accommodate, I turned to the east, to 
 fulfil another part of the general plan — viz. to break 
 up all communication between Bragg and Longstreet. 
 
 We had all sorts of rumors as to the latter, but it 
 was manifest that we should interpose a proper force 
 between these two armies. I therefore directed Gen- 
 eral Howard to move to Parker's Gap, and thence 
 send rapidly a competent force to Red Clay, or the 
 Council-Ground, there to destroy a large section of 
 the railroad which connects Dalton and Cleveland. 
 This work was most successfully and fully accomplished 
 that day. The division of General Jeff C. Davis was 
 moved close up to Ringgold to assist General JHooker 
 if needed, and the Fifteenth corps was held at Grays- 
 ville for anything that might turn up. 
 
 Tennessee Redeemed. 
 
 About noon I had a message from General Hookef, 
 saying he had had a pretty hard fight at the mountain- 
 pass just beyond Ringgold, and he wanted me to 
 come forward to turn the position. He was not 
 aware at the time that Howard, by moving through 
 Parker's Gap toward Red Clay, had already turned 
 it. So I rode forward to Ringgold in person, and 
 found the enemy had already fallen back to Tunnel 
 Hill. He was already out of the valley of the Chicka- 
 mauea, and on eround w^hence the waters flow to the 
 Coosa. He was out of Tennessee. 
 
STORY OF CHATTANOOGA. 379 
 
 I found General Grant at RIngcrold, and, after some 
 explanations as to breaking up tlie railroad from 
 Rinoro-old back to the State line as soon as some 
 cars loaded with wounded men could be pushed 
 back to Chickamauga depot, I was ordered to move 
 slowly and leisurely back to Chattanooga. 
 
 On the following day the Fifteenth corps destroyed 
 absolutely and effectually the railroad from a point 
 halfway between Ringgold and Graysville back to the 
 State line ; and General Grant, coming to Graysville, 
 consented that, instead of returninor direct to Chatta- 
 nooga, I might send back all my artillery-wagons and 
 impediments and make a circuit by the north as far 
 as the Hiawassee River. 
 
 On the March to Knoxville. 
 
 Accordingly, on the morning of November 29th, 
 General Howard moved from Parker's Gap to Cleve- 
 land, General Davis by way of McDaniel's Gap, and 
 General Blair, with two divisions of the Fifteenth 
 corps, by way of Julien's Gap, all meeting at Cleve- 
 land that nio^ht. Here another o^ood break was made 
 in the Dalton and Cleveland road. On the 30th the 
 army moved to Charleston, General Howard approach- 
 ing so rapidly that the enemy evacuated with haste, 
 leaving the bridge but partially damaged, and five 
 car-loads of flour and provisions on the north bank 
 of the Hiawassee. 
 
 This was to have been the limit of our operations. 
 Officers and men had brought no baggage or pro- 
 visions and the weather was bitter cold. I had al- 
 
380 GENEKAL SHEEMAN. 
 
 • 
 
 ready reached the town of Charleston, when General 
 Wilson arrived with a letter from General Grant at 
 Chattanooga informing me that the latest authentic 
 accounts from Knoxville were to the 27th, at which 
 time General Burnside was completely invested, and 
 had provisions only to include the 3d of December; 
 that General Granger had left Chattanooga for Knox- 
 ville by the river-road, with a steamboat following 
 him in the river; but he feared that General Granoer 
 could not reach Knoxville in time, and ordered me to 
 take command of all troops moving for the relief of 
 Knoxville and hasten to General Burnside. Seven 
 days before we had left our camps on the other side 
 of the Tennessee with two days' rations, without a 
 change of clothing — stripped for the fight, with but a 
 single blanket or coat per man, from myself to the 
 private included. 
 
 Of course, we then had no provisions save what 
 we gathered by the road, and were ill supplied for 
 such a march. But we learned that twelve thousand 
 of our fellow-soldiers were beleaguered in the moun- 
 tain-town of Knoxville, eighty-four miles distant — that 
 they needed relief, and must have it in three days. 
 This was enough, and it had to be done. General 
 Howard that night repaired and planked the railroad- 
 bridge, and at daylight the army passed over the 
 Hiawassee and marched to Athens, fifteen miles. 
 I had supposed rightly that General Granger was 
 about the mouth of the Hiawassee, and had sent him 
 notice of my orders — that General Grant had sent me- 
 
STOKY OF CHATTANOOGA. 381 
 
 a copy of his written instructions, which were full and 
 complete, and that he must push for Kingston, near 
 which we would make a junction. 
 
 Swift Cavalry Movements. 
 
 But by the time I reached Athens I had better 
 studied the geography, and sent him orders, which 
 found him at Decatur, that Kingston was out of our 
 way, that he should send his boat to Kingston, but 
 with his command strike across to Philadelphia, and 
 report to me there. I had but a small force of 
 cavalry, which was, at the time of my receipt of 
 General Grant's orders, scouting over about Benton 
 and Columbus. I left my aicje, Major McCoy, at 
 Charleston, to communicate with this cavalry and 
 hurry it forward. It overtook me in the night at 
 Athens. 
 
 On the 2d of December the army moved rapidly 
 north toward Loudon, twenty-six miles distant. About 
 II A. M. the cavalry passed to the head of the column, 
 was ordered to push to Loudon, and, if possible, to 
 save a pontoon-bridge across the Tennessee held 
 by a brigade of the enemy commanded by General 
 Vaughn. The cavalry moved with such rapidity as to 
 capture every picket ; but the brigade of Vaughn had 
 artillery in position, covered by earthworks, and dis- 
 played a force too respectable to be carried by a 
 cavalry dash, so that darkness closed in before Gen- 
 eral Howard's infantry got up. The enemy aban- 
 doned the place in the night, destroying the pontoons, 
 running three locomotives and forty-eight cars into 
 
382 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 the Tennessee River, and abandoned much provision, 
 four guns, and other material, which General Howard 
 took at daylight. But the bridge was gone, and we 
 were forced to turn east and trust to General Burn- 
 side's bridge at Knoxville. It was all-important that 
 General Burnside should have notice of our coming, 
 and but one day of the time remained. 
 
 Surmounting Obstacles. 
 
 Accordingly, at Philadelphia, during the night of 
 the 2d of December, I sent my aide (Major Auden- 
 ried) forward to Colonel Long, commanding the 
 brigade of cavalry at Loudon, to explain to him how 
 all-important it was that notice of our approach should 
 reach General Burnside within twenty-four hours, 
 orderinof him to select the best materials of his com- 
 mand, to start at once, ford the Little Tennessee, and 
 push into Knoxville at whatever cost of life and 
 horse-flesh. Major Audenried was ordered to go 
 along. The distance to be travelled was about forty 
 miles and the roads villainous. Before day they were 
 off, and at daylight the Fifteenth corps was turned 
 from Philadelphia for the Litde Tennessee at Morgan- 
 town, where my maps represented the river as being 
 very shallow; but it was found too deep for fording, 
 and the water was freezing cold — width two hundred 
 and forty yards, depth from two to five feet; horses 
 could ford, but artillery and men could not. A bridge 
 was indispensable. General Wilson (who accom- 
 panied me) undertook to superintend the bridge, and 
 I am under many obligations to him, as I was without 
 
 i 
 
STORY OF CHATTANOOGA. 383 
 
 an engineer, having sent Captain Jenney back from 
 Graysville to survey our field of battle. We had our 
 pioneers, but only such tools as axes, picks, and 
 spades. 
 
 Needless Haste. 
 
 General Wilson, working partly with cut wood and 
 partly with square trestles (made of the houses of the 
 late town of Morgan town), progressed apace, and by 
 dark of December 4th troops and animals passed 
 over the bridge, and by daybreak of the 5th the Fif- 
 teenth corps (General Blair's) was over, and Gen- 
 erals Granger's and Davis's divisions were ready to 
 pass ; but the diagonal bracing was imperfect for want 
 of spikes, and the bridge broke, causing delay. I 
 had ordered General Blair to move out on the Marys- 
 ville road five miles, there to await notice that Gen- 
 eral Granger was on a parallel road abreast of him, 
 and in person I was at a house where the roads 
 parted, when a messenger rode up, bringing me a 
 few words from General Burnside to the effect that 
 Colonel Lono- had arrived at Knoxville with his cav- 
 airy, and that all was well with him there ; Longstreet 
 still lay before the place, but there were symptoms 
 of his speedy departure. 
 
 I felt that I had accomplished the first great step in 
 the problem for the relief of General Burnside's 
 army, but still urged on the work. As soon as the 
 bridge was mended all the troops moved forward. 
 General Howard had marched from Loudon, had 
 found a pretty good ford for his horses and wagons 
 
384 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 at Davis's, seven miles below Morgantown, and had 
 made an ingenious bridge of the wagons left by Gen- 
 eral Vaughn at Loudon on which to pass his men. 
 He marched by Unitia and Louisville. 
 
 ** The Deadly Bullet." 
 
 On the night of the 5th all the heads of columns 
 communicated at Marysville, where I met Major Van 
 Buren (of General Burnside's staff), who announced 
 that Longstreet had the night before retreated on 
 the Rutledge, Rogersville, and Bristol road, leading 
 to Virginia; that General Burnside's cavalry was on 
 his heels ; and that the general desired to see me in 
 person as soon as I could come to Knoxville. I or- 
 dered all the troops to halt and rest, except the two 
 divisions of General Granger, which were ordered to 
 move forward to Little River, and General Granger 
 to report in person to General Burnside for orders. 
 His was the force originally designed to reinforce 
 General Burnside, and it was eminently proper that ^ 
 it should join in the stern-chase after Longstreet. l 
 
 On the morning of December 6, 1 rode from Marys- ' 
 ville into Knoxville, and met General Burnside. Gen- 
 eral Granger arrived later in the day. We examined | 
 his lines of fortifications, which were a wonderful 
 production for the short time allowed in their selec- 
 tion of ground and construction of work. It seemed 
 to me that they were nearly impregnable. We exam- 
 ined the redoubt named " Sanders," where on the |, 
 Sunday previous three brigades of the enemy had 
 assaulted and met a bloody repulse. Now, all was 
 
STORY OF CHATTANOOGA. 385 
 
 peaceful and quiet; but a few hours before the 
 deadly bullet sought its victim all around about that 
 hilly barrier. 
 
 Biirnside's Statement. 
 The general explained to me fully and frankly 
 what he had done and what he proposed to do. He 
 asked of me nothing but General Granger's command, 
 and suggested, In view of the large force I had 
 brought from Chattanooga, that I should return with 
 due expedition to the line of the Hiawassee, lest 
 Bragg, reinforced, might take advantage of our ab- 
 sence to resume the offensive. I asked him to reduce 
 this to writing, which he did, and I here Introduce It 
 as part of my report : 
 
 Headquarters Army of the Ohio, \ 
 Knoxville, December 7, 1863. / 
 
 Major- General W. T. Sherman, coimnanding, etc. : 
 
 General : I desire to express to you and your 
 command my most hearty thanks and gratitude for 
 your promptness In coming to our relief during the 
 siege of Knoxville, and I am satisfied your approach 
 served to raise the siege. The emergency having 
 passed, I do not deem, for the present, any other por- 
 tion of your command but the corps of General 
 Granger necessary for operations in this section ; 
 and, inasmuch as General Grant has weakened the 
 forces Immediately with him in order to relieve us 
 (thereby rendering the position of General Thomas 
 less secure), I deem It advisable that all the troops 
 
 25 
 
386 GENERAL SHERMAN. : 
 
 now here, save those commanded by General « 
 
 Granger, should return at once to within supporting ' 
 
 distance of the forces in front of Bragg's army. In i 
 
 behalf of my command I desire again to thank you i 
 
 and your command for the kindness you have i 
 
 done us. \ 
 
 I am, general, very respectfully, I 
 
 Your obedient servant, i 
 
 A. E. BuRNSiDE, : 
 
 Major- General commanding, \ 
 
 Accordingly, having seen General Burnside's forces 
 
 move out of Knoxville in pursuit of Longtreet and \ 
 
 General Granger's move in, I put in motion my own \ 
 
 command to return. General Howard was ordered j 
 
 to move, via Davis's Ford and Sweetwater, to Athens, \ 
 
 with a euard forward at Charleston to hold and i 
 
 repair the bridge, which the enemy had retaken after i 
 
 our passage up. General Jeff. C. Davis moved to \ 
 Columbus, on the Hiawassee, via Madisonville, and 
 
 the two divisions of the Fifteenth corps moved to \ 
 
 Tellico Plains, to cover a movement of cavalry across \ 
 
 the mountains into Georgia to overtake a wagon- ; 
 
 train which had dodged us on our way up, and had ' 
 
 escaped by way of Murphy. { 
 
 Return to Chattanooga. % 
 
 Subsequently, on a report from General Howard t 
 that the enemy held Charleston, I diverted General i 
 Ewing's division to Athens, and went in person to ;1 
 Tellico with General Morgan L. Smith's division. By | 
 
STORY OF CHATTANOOGA. 387 
 
 the 9th all our troops were in position, and we held 
 the rich country between the Little Tennessee and the 
 Hiavvassee. The cavalry, under Colonel Long, passed 
 the mountain at Tellico, and proceded about seven- 
 teen miles beyond Murphy, when Colonel Long, 
 deeming his further pursuit of the wagon-train use- 
 less, returned on the 12th to Tehico. I then ordered 
 him and the division of General Morgan L. Sm'ith to 
 move to Charleston, to which point I had previously 
 ordered the corps of General Howard. 
 
 Conferring^ with Grant. 
 
 On the 14th of December all of my command in 
 the field lay along the Hiawassee. Having communi- 
 cated to General Grant the actual state of affairs, I 
 received orders to leave on the line of the Hiawassee 
 all the cavalry, and come to Chattanooga with the rest 
 of my command. I left the brigade of cavalry com- 
 manded by Colonel Long, reinforced by the Fifth Ohio 
 Cavalry (Lieutenant-Colonel Heath) — the only cavalry 
 properly belonging to the Fifteenth army corps — at 
 Charleston, and with the remainder moved by easy 
 marches, by Cleveland and Tyner's Depot, into Chat- 
 tanooga, where I received in person from General 
 Grant orders to transfer back to their appropriate 
 commands the corps of General Howard and the 
 division commanded by General JefT. C. Davis, and to 
 conduct the Fifteenth army corps to its new field of 
 operations. 
 
 It will thus appear that we have been constantly in 
 motion since our departure from the Big Black in 
 
388 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 Mississippi until the present moment. I have been | 
 unable to receive from subordinate commanders the j 
 usual full, detailed reports of events, and have, there- 
 fore, been compelled to make up this report from my i 
 own personal memory; but assoon as possible subiij 
 ordinate reports will be received and duly forwarded.vl 
 In reviewing the facts I must do justice to the men' 
 of my command for the patience, cheerfulness, and 
 courage which officers and men have displayed 
 throughout in battle, on the march, and in camp._ 
 For long periods without regular rations or supplies 
 of any kind, they have marched through mud and 
 over rocks, sometimes barefooted, without a murmur. 
 
 Courage even to Rashness. 
 
 Without a moment's rest after a march of over fou 
 hundred miles, without sleep for three successive 
 nights, we crossed the Tennessee, fought our part of 
 the battle of Chattanooga, pursued the enemy out of 
 Tennessee, and then turned more than a hundred and 
 tw^enty miles north and compelled Longstreet to raise 
 the siege of Knoxville, which gave so much anxiety 
 to the whole country. It is hard to realize the im- 
 portance of these events without recalling the memory 
 of the general feeling which pervaded all minds at 
 Chattanooga prior to our arrival. I cannot speak of 
 the Fifteenth army corps without a seeming vanity ; 
 but, as I am no longer its commander, I assert that 
 there is no better body of soldiers in America than 
 that. I wish all to feel a just pride in its real honors. 
 
 To General Howard and his command, to General^ 
 
 
STORY OF CHATTANOOGA. 389 
 
 Jeff. C. Davis and his, I am more than usually Indebted 
 for the Intelligence of commanders and fidelity of 
 commands. The brigade of Colonel Bushbeck, be- 
 longing to the Eleventh corps, which was the first to 
 come out of Chattanooga to my flank, fought at the 
 Tunnel Hill, in connection with General Ewing's divis- 
 ion, and displayed a courage almost amounting to 
 rashness. Following the enemy almost to the tunnel- 
 gorge, it lost many valuable lives, prominent among 
 them Lieutenant-Colonel Taft, spoken of as a most 
 gallant soldier. 
 
 In General Howard throughout I found a polished 
 and Christian o-endeman, exhibitincr the hiohest and 
 most chivalric traits of the soldier. General Davis 
 handled his division with artistic skill, more especially 
 at the moment we encountered the enemy's rear-guard 
 near Graysville at nightfall. I must award to this 
 division the credit of the best order durlne our move- 
 ment through East Tennessee, when long marches and 
 the necessity of foraging to the right and left gave 
 some reason for disordered ranks. 
 
 The Test of Fire. 
 
 Inasmuch as exception may be taken to my expla- 
 nation of the temporary confusion during the batde 
 of Chattanooga of the two brigades of General Ma- 
 thias and Colonel Raum, I will here state that I saw 
 the whole and attach no blame to anyone. Accidents 
 will happen In battle, as elsewhere ; and at the point 
 where they so manfully went to relieve the pressure 
 on other parts of our assaulting line, they exposed 
 
390 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 themselves unconsciously to an enemy vastly superior' 
 in force and favored by the shape of the ground; 
 Had that enemy come out on equal terms, those 
 brigades would have shown their mettle, which had 
 been tried more than once before and stood the test 
 of fire. They re-formed their ranks and were ready 
 to support General Ewing's division in a very few 
 minutes ; and the circumstance would have hardly 
 called for notice on my part had not others reported 
 what was seen from Chattanooga, a distance of nearly 
 five miles, from where could only be seen the troops 
 in the open held in which this affair occurred. 
 
 I now subjoin the best report of casualties I am 
 able to compile from the records tlius far received,',) 
 which makes our total loss 1949. 
 
 Anion e the killed were some of our most valuable : 
 officers: Colonels Putnam, Ninety-third Illinois;; 
 O'Meara, Ninetieth Illinois; and Torrence, Thirtieth 1 
 Iowa ; Lieutenant-Colonel Taft of the Eleventh corps, 
 and Major Bushnell, Thirteenth Illinois. 
 
 Among the wounded are Brigadier-Generals Giles -J 
 A. Corse and Mathias ; Colonel Raum ; Colonel 
 Waugelin, Twelfth Missouri ; Lieutenant-Colonel Par- 
 tridge, Thirteenth Illinois ; Major P. I. Welsh, Fifty- 
 sixth Illinois ; and Major Nathan McAlla, Tenth Iowa, .i 
 
 Among the missing is Lieutenant- Colonel Archer, ,3 
 Seventeenth Iowa. 
 
 My report is already so long that I must forbear 
 mentioning acts of individual merit. These will be 
 recorded in the reports of division commanders, which 
 
STORY OF CHATTANOOGA. 391 
 
 I will cheerfully indorse ; but I must say that it is but 
 justice that colonels of regiments, who have so lono- 
 and so well commanded brigades, as in the following 
 cases, should be commissioned to the grade which 
 they have filled with so much usefulness and credit to 
 the public service : Colonel J. R. Cockerell, Seven- 
 tieth Ohio; Colonel J. M. Loomis, Twenty-sixth 
 Illinois ; Colonel C. C. Walcutt, Forty-sixth Ohio ; 
 Colonel J. A. Williamson, Fourth Iowa ; Colonel G. 
 B. Raum, Fifty-sixth Illinois ; Colonel J. I. Alexander, 
 Fifty-ninth Indiana. 
 
 My personal staff, as usual, have served their 
 country with fidelity and credit to themselves through- 
 out these events, and have received my personal 
 thanks. 
 
 Inclosed you will please find a map of that part of 
 the battle-field of Chattanooga fought over by the 
 troops under my command, surveyed and drawn by 
 Captain Jenney, engineer on my staff I have the 
 honor to be, your obedient servant, 
 
 W. T. Sherman, Major-General cominandi7ig. 
 
 [General Order No. 68.] 
 
 War Department, Adjutant-General's Office, 
 Washington, February 21, 1864. 
 
 Public Resolution — No. 12.' 
 
 Joint Resolution tendering the thanks of Congress to 
 Major- General W. T. Sherman and others. 
 
 Be it resolved by the Senate and House of Representa- 
 tives of the United States of America in Congress as- 
 
392 
 
 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 sembled, That the thanks of Congress and of the 
 people of the United States are due, and that the same 
 are hereby tendered, to Major-General W. T. Sher- 
 man, commander of the Department and Army of the 
 Tennessee, and the officers and ^soldiers who served 
 under him, for their gallant and arduous services in 
 marching to the relief of the Army of the Cumberland, 
 and for their gallantry and heroism in the battle of 
 Chattanooga, which contributed in a great degree to 
 the success of our armies in that glorious victory. 
 Approved February 19, 1864. 
 
 By order of the Secretary of War : 
 E. D. TowNSEND, Assistant Adjutant- General. 
 
CHAPTER XIX. 
 
 The Great Atlanta Campaign. — Grand Forward 
 Movement. 
 
 General Grant in an open letter to General 
 Sherman, March 2, 1864, acknowledged his gratitude 
 for the co-operation and skill which had so largely 
 contributed to his own success. Cono^ress also ten- 
 dered its thanks for his services in the Chattanooga 
 campaign. When Grant was made lieutenant-general, 
 he assigned Sherman to the command of the military- 
 Division of the Mississippi, including the Departments 
 of the Ohio, the Tennessee, the Cumberland, and the 
 Arkansas, with temporary headquarters at Nashville. 
 Sherman assumed command March 25. 
 
 Two weeks later he received instructions for his 
 movements against Atlanta. Then beean the grreat 
 campaign — the march to the sea— which stands in 
 many respects unrivalled in military history. The 
 story still lives, and will ever live in the memory of 
 all men. 
 
 The great campaign in Georgia was undertaken 
 without specific orders. There was opposed to Sher- 
 man, Joe Johnston's army, numbering sixty-two thou- 
 sand men. Grant's instructions to Sherman, given 
 April 4, 1864, embraced only these few words: 
 
 "You I propose to move against Johnston's army, 
 
 393 
 
394 GENERAL ^SHERMAN. 
 
 to break it up, and to get into the interior of the 
 enemy's country as far as you can, inflicting all the 
 damage you can against their war-resources. I do 
 not propose to lay down for you a plan of campaign, 
 but simply to lay down the work it is desirable to i 
 have done, and leave you free to execute it in your i 
 own way. Submit to me, however, as early as you 
 can, your plan of operations." i 
 
 The task assigned Sherman was a part of Grant's i 
 great plan of campaign for 1S64. Banks, then at j 
 New Orleans, w^as to move on Mobile, Sherman was j 
 to strike the enemy near the heart of the Confed- | 
 eracy, w^hile Grant was to engage Lee in Virginia. ' 
 Each of the three commanders aimed to act so vigor- | 
 ously on the offensive that it w^ould be impossible j 
 for the enemy to concentrate his forces against either, j 
 
 Pushing Johnston. 
 
 Neither Adanta nor Augusta nor Savannah was 
 the objective- of Sherman's army, but the army of 
 Joe Johnston, go where it might. Some words from 
 Sherman's loyal response to his superior are worth 
 quoting: 
 
 "That we are now^ all to act upon a common plan, 
 converging on a common centre, looks like enlight- 
 ened war. Like yourself, you take the biggest load, 
 and from me you shall have thorough and hearty 
 co-operation. 1 will not let side issues draw me off 
 from your main plans, in which I am to knock Joseph 
 Johnston and to do as much damage to the resources 
 of the enemy as possible. . , , . If Banks can at the 
 
ATLANTA CAMPAIGN. 395 
 
 same time carry Mobile and open up the Alabama 
 River, he will in a measure solve the most difficult 
 part of my problem — viz. 'provisions.' But in that 
 I must venture. Georgia has a million of inhabitants. 
 If they can live, we should not starve, if the enemy 
 interrupt our communications, I will be absolved from 
 all obligations to subsist on our own resources, and 
 will feel perfecdy justified in taking whatever and 
 wherever we can find. I will inspire my command, if 
 successful, with the feeling that beef and salt are all 
 that is absolutely necessary to life, and that parched 
 corn once fed General Jackson's army on that very 
 ground." 
 
 Atlanta Tlireatened. 
 
 Never did an army start upon a great invasion with 
 less impedimenta. Tents there were none, even for 
 the officers, and absolutely nothing was carried except 
 food, clothing, arms, and ammunition. The advance 
 began on May 5th, and the enemy was first encoun- 
 tered at Dalton, strongly intrenched. McPherson's 
 troops flanked them by a sudden surprise and threat- 
 ened their communications. Johnston abandoned 
 Dalton and fell steadily back, fighting several quite 
 serious engagements as he withdrew. Sherman's 
 superior force of ninety-nine thousand men and two 
 hundred and fifty-four guns could not be safely en- 
 gaged in a general battle except under strong advan- 
 tages of position and defences. 
 
 Sherman, in thus compelling Johnston to evacuate 
 a position of such extraordinary strength as that of 
 
396 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 Dalton, demonstrated his ability to make his way to 
 Atlanta, between which and Dalton no position war- 
 likely to be held by the Confederates which might not 
 be as easily turned. 
 
 On the morning of the 14th the Confederates 
 were in complete readiness to receive an attack, hav- 
 ing spent the previous night in strengthening their 
 already formidable earthworks. General Hardee 
 held their right, General Hood their centre, and 
 General Polk their left. At an early hour skirmish- 
 ing commenced. A body of infantry with cavalry 
 was sent across the Oostanaula to threaten Calhoun 
 in the rear, farther south on the railroad, by which 
 movement General Sherman hoped to turn Johnston's 
 left, and thus cut off his retreat, but this the nature of 
 the ground rendered impossible. 
 
 Deadly Fire. 
 
 At noon there was heavy firing along the whole 
 line. About one o'clock an attempt was made by 
 Palmer's corps from the left centre to break the 
 enemy's line and force him from an elevated position 
 in the immediate front. To reach the point aimed at, 
 it was necessary to descend the slope of a hill com- 
 manded by the enemy's artillery, to ford a stream 
 bordered with a thick growth of bushes and vines, 
 and then to cross a space intersected by ditches and 
 otherwise obstructed. 
 
 Under a murderous fire of musketry and artillery 
 the hill was descended and the stream crossed; but 
 the troops, becoming confused among the ditches and 
 
MAP SHOWING THE CITY OF MOBILE AND ITS DEFENCES. 
 
 S9r 
 
398 GENERAL SHERMAN. I 
 
 I 
 obstructions, and finding no shelter from which the h 
 
 plunging fire of the enemy might be returned, were 'l 
 
 forced to retire, after losing one thousand of their J 
 
 number. Farther to the left, about the same time, ; 
 
 General Judah's division of the Twenty-third corps 
 
 and Newton's division of the Fourth drove the enemy -] 
 
 from an important position on their outer line. By ; 
 
 this means, although the position taken was not held, *; 
 
 the National line was advanced. Artillery was also | 
 
 got into a position which prevented the enemy from I 
 
 occupying the works. At both extremities of the line 
 
 heavy skirmishing took place, the density of the 
 
 woods and undergrowth preventing the use of 
 
 artillery. 
 
 The Gallant Fifteenth. 
 
 About three in the afternoon General Johnston 
 massed a heavy force on the road to Tilton, with the 
 view of turnin'g the National left flank, held by Stan- t 
 ley's division of the Fourth corps. The attack was : 
 made with overwhelming numbers, who rushed on 
 with loud yells, and with such impetuosity that Stan- 
 ley's troops were forced in confusion from the hill on ^ 
 which they were posted. The movement ordered by 
 Johnston had been detected early enough to permit 
 of Hooker's corps being moved from the centre to 
 reinforce the National left. The enemy's advance 
 was soon checked, and, Stanley's troops having been 
 rallied, the Confederates were about dusk driyen 
 back to their lines with severe loss. 
 
 While this movement was going on. General Mc- 
 
ATLANTA CAMPAIGN. 399 
 
 Pherson sent the Fifteenth corps, with a portion of the 
 Sixteenth, across Camp Creek, to carry a hill and rifle- 
 pits on the enemy's left in front of Resaca. This was 
 effected, and with loss. As this position commanded 
 the works, the railroad, and the tresde-bridges across 
 the Oostanaula, desperate efforts were made by the 
 enemy after dark to retake it, but In vain. Heavy 
 columns with fixed bayonets moved up to the very 
 crest of the hill, but were compelled to retire in con- 
 fusion before the steady fire of the National troops. 
 At ten o'clock fighting was over for the day. 
 
 "The Troops Rushed in." 
 
 Both armies strengthened their positions during 
 the night; and on the morning of the 15th, under 
 cover of severe skirmishing, preparations were made 
 by General Sherman for an assault upon two fortified 
 hills on the enemy's extreme right, the key of the 
 whole position. General Hooker's corps was moved 
 to the extreme left, Howard's, Schofield's, and Palm- 
 er's to the right. Soon after one o'clock Hooker sent 
 Butterfield's division forward as the assaulting column, 
 supported by the divisions of Geary and Williams. 
 After several attacks the Confederates were driven 
 from a portion of their lines, and a lodgment was se- 
 cured under the projecting works of a lunette mount- 
 ing four guns. 
 
 Further advance, however, was found Impossible, 
 owing to a severe fire from neighboring rifle-pits, and 
 the troops, seeking such shelter as was available, con- 
 tented themselves with holding the position gained. 
 
400 GENERAL SHERMAN. Vf ', 
 
 Toward the close of the afternoon General Hood's j 
 corps made an unavailing effort to dislodge them, i 
 Later, under cover of night and in spite of a sharp fire \ 
 from the Confederates, the ends were dug out of the j 
 works and the guns hauled out with ropes. As soon i 
 as a breach was made the troops rushed in, and after j 
 a fierce struggle made themselves masters of the j 
 lunette. ij 
 
 Too Late. * 
 
 General Johnston abandoned his position during j 
 the night, leaving behind another four-gun battery and ^ 
 a quantity of stores, and retreated toward Kingston, j 
 thirty-two miles south of Resaca, on the railroad. : 
 Resaca was immediately occupied by the troops of I 
 General Thomas, who succeeded in saving the wagon- j 
 road bridor-e. The railroad-bridore, however, had been ! 
 burned. Johnston's army owed its escape from Sher- i 
 man at Resaca to the impracticable nature of the j 
 valley between the town and Snake Creek Gap, which I 
 greatly retarded the passage of troops, and afforded -j 
 the Confederate army time to march from Dalton by j 
 comparatively good roads, which Johnston with wise I 
 foresight had kept in order. Had the National army I 
 arrived first at Resaca, nothing could have saved the i 
 army of the Confederates. 
 
 Once in their strong position at Resaca, it cost 
 much severe fio^htinor to make them abandon it. The 
 total National loss in the two days' fighting was not 
 less than four thousand killed and wounded, while 
 that of the Confederates probably did not exceed two ' 
 
 i 
 
ATLANTA CAMPAIGN. 401 
 
 thousand five hundred, as they fought for the most 
 part behind earthworks. The Confederate loss in- 
 ckided about one thousand prisoners. 
 
 The whole army started in pursuit of Johnston, 
 General Thomas directly on his rear, crossing the 
 Oostanaula at Resaca, General McPherson at Lay's 
 Ferry, a few miles to the south-west, while General 
 Schofield, making a wide detour to the left of Thomas, 
 marched by obscure roads across the Conasauga and 
 Coosawattee rivers, which unite near Resaca to form 
 the Oostanaula. On the 1 7th the march was continued 
 southward by as many roads as could be found, in a 
 direction parallel with the railroad, but no enemy was 
 seen till within the vicinity of Adairsville, thirteen 
 miles south-west of Resaca, between the railroad and 
 the Oostanaula. There, about sunset, the advance 
 division under General Newton had a sharp skirmish 
 with the enemy's rear-guard. Next morning the 
 Confederates had disappeared, but were found again 
 in force four miles beyond Kingston, on ground com- 
 paratively open and well adapted for a grand battle. 
 They held strong works at Cassville, five miles east 
 of Kingston, and on the 19th dispositions were made 
 for a general engagement. 
 
 Supplies at Hand. 
 
 While, however, Sherman was converging on the 
 Confederate position, Johnston retreated in the night 
 across the Etowah, burning the bridges at Carters- 
 ville, thus leaving the country north of the Etowah in 
 the possession of General Sherman. It had, how- 
 
 26 
 
402 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 ever, been completely stripped of supplies. Sherman 
 now gave his troops a few days' rest, the army of 
 Thomas lying near Cassville, McPherson's about 
 Kingston, and Schofield's at Cassville depot and 
 toward the Etowah Bridge. In the mean time, the 
 railroad, which had received but little injury, was re- 
 stored to running order. Trains laden with suppHes 
 arrived at Kingston on the 20th, and the wounded 
 were sent back to Chattanooga, with which place 
 telegraphic communication also was kept up as the 
 army had advanced. 
 
 General Jefferson C. Davis had on the 17th marched 
 toward Rome, at the confluence of the Oostanaula 
 and Etowah, fifteen miles west of Kingston. After a 
 sharp fight on the 19th he got possession of the town, 
 several forts, eight or ten large guns, and large quan- 
 tities of stores, as well as valuable mills and foundries. 
 
 Sherman Hurrying' Forward. 
 
 General Johnston retired upon AUatoona Pass, an 
 almost impregnable position on the railroad, about 
 five miles south of the Etowah River. General Sher- 
 man determined not even to attempt the pass in 
 front, but to turn it. Accordingly, on the 23d, leaving 
 garrisons at Rome and Kingston, and carrying with 
 him in wagons supplies for twenty days, he put the 
 army in motion for Dallas, a town about fifteen miles 
 south-south-west of AUatoona Pass and eighteen 
 miles directly west of Marietta, hoping by thus threat- | 
 ening Marietta to compel Johnston to evacuate the 
 pass. The roads through the rugged and densely 
 
 1 
 
MAP OF COUNTRY BETWEEN CHATTANOOGA, TENN., AND ATLANTA GA. 
 
 403 
 
404 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 wooded region to be traversed were few and bad, and 
 the rriarch was necessarily slow. 
 
 The movement and its objects were soon detected 
 by Johnston, who also set his troops in motion toward 
 Dallas to protect the approaches to Marietta. In the 
 march upon Dallas, McPherson, holding- the National 
 right, made a detour south-westward by Van Wert, 
 about fourteen miles west of Dallas, while Thomas 
 moved nearly due south, with Schofield on his left. 
 On the 25th, Hooker's corps, the advance of General 
 Thomas, moving on the main road to Dallas, when 
 near Pumpkin Vine Creek met portions of Hood's 
 and Hardee's corps, and a severe contest took place 
 for a position at New Hope Church, where three 
 roads meet from Ackworth, Marietta, and Dallas. 
 
 The Enemy Intrenched. 
 
 The enemy, however, having hastily thrown up 
 earthworks, and night coming on accompanied by 
 heavy rain, he retained possession of the roads. 
 Hooker lost six hundred men in this affair. Next 
 morning the Confederates were found well intrenched, 
 substantially in front of the road leading from Dallas 
 to Marietta. It was necessary, therefore, to make 
 dispositions on a larger scale. McPherson was 
 moved up to Dallas, Thomas was deployed against 
 New Hope Church, and Schofield moved toward the - 
 left, so as to strike and turn the enemy's right. 
 
 Owing to the difficult nature of the country, these 
 movements occupied two days and were attended 
 with heavy skirmishing ; but as the vicinity was for 
 
 i 
 
ATLANTA CAMPAIGN. 405 
 
 the most part densely wooded, artillery could not be 
 used, and the casualties were comparatively few. 
 On the 28th, just as McPherson was closing up to 
 Thomas in front of New Hope Church, he was re- 
 peatedly and desperately attacked by a large Con- 
 federate force, and the contemplated movement 
 was temporarily checked, but the enemy was finally 
 driven back with a loss of two thousand killed and 
 wounded. 
 
 The Pass Captured. 
 
 After the- delay of a few days the movement toward 
 the left was resumed, McPherson taking up the posi- 
 tion In front of New Hope Church which Thomas had 
 previously occupied, Thomas and Schofield taking 
 positions still farther to the left. This movement was 
 effected on the ist of June. All the roads leading 
 back to Allatoona and Ackvvorth were occupied. 
 General Stoneman's cavalry pushed Into the east end 
 of Allatoona Pass, and General Garrard's marched 
 around by the rear to Its west entrance. These move- 
 ments being effected without opposition, the pass fell 
 into Sherman's possession. 
 
 Still worklnor toward the left, General Sherman de- 
 termined on the 4th to leave Johnston in his intrenched 
 position at New Hope Church, and moved toward the 
 railroad above Ackvvorth, which was reached on the 
 ■6th of June. 
 
 Between Big Shanty and Marietta Intervenes a 
 mountainous district full of defensible positions, cover- 
 ing perfecdy the town of Marietta and the railroad as 
 
406 , GENERAL SHERMAN. I 
 
 far as the Chattahoochee. Three conical peaks in 
 this region, Hnks in a continuous forest-covered chain, ' 
 form prominent features in the landscape. These are 
 Kenesaw Mountain, Pine Mountain, and Lost Moun- 
 tain. 
 
 The National lines were gradually advanced toward 
 the Confederate positions. By the nth the lines were 
 close up, and dispositions were then made to break \ 
 the enemy's line of defence between Kenesaw and | 
 Pine mountains. i 
 
 Hooker Attacked. 
 
 On the 22d the enemy made a sudden attack on j 
 portions of Hooker's and Schofield's corps on the, \ 
 National right near the Kulp House. The blow fell \ 
 mostlv on the divisions of Generals Williams and 
 Hascall. The ground was comparatively open ; but 
 though the skirmish-lines and an advanced regiment i 
 of General Schofield's- — sent out to hold the enemy in j 
 check until preparations for his reception could be ; 
 completed — were driven in. yet when the enemy | 
 reached the National Hne of battle he received a terri- i 
 ble repulse. Many prisoners were taken, and the | 
 Confederates were compelled to abandon their dead 
 and wounded. The National centre was now estab- 
 lished in front of Kenesaw Mountain. 
 
 General Sherman determined to assault. His reason i 
 for a departure from the course which had hitherto j 
 been so successful was, that an army to be efficient j 
 must not settle down to one single mode of offence, \ 
 but must be prepared to execute any plan likely to 
 
ATLANTA CAMPAIGN. 407 
 
 result in success. The part of the enemy's lines 
 selected to be assaulted was the left centre. A strong 
 column, if thrust through at that point and pushed on 
 boldly two and a half miles, would reach the railroad 
 below Marietta and cut off the enemy's right and 
 centre from the line of retreat, which could then be 
 overwhelmed and destroyed. 
 
 Shernian's Assault. 
 
 On the 24th of June, therefore. General Sherman 
 ordered that an assault should be made at two points 
 south of Kenesaw Mountain on the 27th, thus afford- 
 ing three days for preparation and reconnoissance. 
 One of these assaults was to be made near Little 
 Kenesaw by General McPherson's troops, the other 
 about a mile farther south by those of General 
 Thomas. 
 
 On the morning of the 27th, at the hour and in the 
 manner prescribed, the assaults were made, but both 
 failed, and many valuable lives were lost, including 
 that of General Harker. At six in the morning 
 Blair's corps, holding the extreme left of McPherson's 
 line, moved on the east side of the mountain, while 
 the corps of Dodge and Logan assaulted the adjoin- 
 ing nordiern slope. The brunt of the attack was 
 borne by three brigades of Logan's corps, which, 
 pushing impetuously up the hill, scattered the Confed- 
 erate skirmishers and captured some of their rifle- 
 pits, taking also some prisoners. These troops pressed 
 forward till they arrived at the foot of a precipitous 
 cliff thirty feet high, from which the enemy poured a 
 
408 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 plunging fire and rolled down huge stones. Here the 
 line retired and fortified on the extreme right. For 
 the second and more important attack portions of 
 the divisions of Newton and Davis were selected. 
 When the signal was given the troops charged up the 
 slope of the mountain in face of a murderous fire 
 from a battery on the summit, penetrated two lines 
 of abattis, carried a line of rifle-pits beyond, and 
 reached the works ; but a destructive fire of musketry 
 and artillery from the enemy soon made it necessary 
 to recall the men. General Newton's troops returned 
 to their original line, while the brigade of Davis threw 
 up breastworks between those they had carried and 
 the main line of the enemy. The entire contest 
 lasted little more than an hour, but it cost General 
 Sherman three thousand men in killed and wounded, 
 while the enemy, fighting behind breastworks, suffered 
 little. 
 
 General Sherman could not rest long under the 
 imputation of defeat or faikire. He almost immedi- 
 ately commenced preparations to turn the enemy's 
 left. The effect was instantaneous. The object of 
 the movement was at once detected by General John- 
 ston, who without further delay prepared to evacuate 
 Kenesaw Mountain and fall back to the Chattahoochee. 
 Simultaneously with McPherson's movement, John- 
 ston's rear-ofuard abandoned the works which for three 
 weeks had been so resolutely defended, and before 
 dawn on the morning of the 3d the National pickets 
 occupied the crest of Kenesaw. 
 
ATLANTA CAMPAIGN. 
 
 409 
 
 General Johnston was obliged to leave his new 
 position by another flank movement, and on the night 
 of the 4th he fell back to the Chattahoochee, which he 
 crossed with the main body of» his army, leaving 
 Hardee's corps on the right bank. 
 
 The sudden abandonment of his formidable line of 
 defences on the left bank of the river by General 
 Johnston occasioned the utmost dissatisfaction with 
 his conduct of the campaign, especially in Atlanta, 
 where it was expected he would 
 make a stand on the Chattahoo- 
 chee, which it was argued he 
 could easily do, being in the im- 
 mediate neighborhood of his 
 supplies. His retreat from the 
 Chattahoochee was the crowning 
 offence with the enemies of this 
 able general, whose inferiority 
 of force had made it impossible 
 to avoid Sherman's outflankinor 
 
 movements, but who had nevertheless kept his army 
 in a compact body with insignificant losses of guns or 
 material of war. His removal was loudly demanded, 
 and on the 17th, In accordance with orders from the 
 Confederate War Department, he turned over his 
 command to General Hood, retaining command of 
 one division. 
 
 The whole of General Sherman's army crossed the 
 Chattahoochee on the T7th, with the exception of 
 Davis's division of the Fourteenth corps, left to watch 
 
 3HN B. HOOD. 
 
410 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 the railroad-bridge and protect the rear, and prepara- 
 tions were made to move upon Atlanta. 
 
 Fighting continued at various points, and in one of 
 the bloody combats the gallant McPherson received 
 his death-wound, devolving the command of the Army 
 of the Tennessee upon General Logan. This was^ 
 July 22d. Sherman's army sustained an irreparable: 
 loss in the death of General McPherson. " He was,"^ 
 said Sherman, "a noble youth, of striking personal j 
 appearance, of the highest professional capacity, and 
 with a heart abounding in kindness that drew to him 
 the affections of all men." His body was recovered 
 and carried in the heat of battle to General Sherman, 
 who sent it, in charge of his personal staff, back to| 
 Marietta, on its way to his Northern home. 
 
 Hood was not long in finding out that the army of 
 Sherman was swincrinor round toward the Macon rail-? 
 road, and massed troops in the same direction to 
 oppose the movement. At noon on the 28th the 
 Confederates moved out of Atlanta by the BelFs 
 Ferry road, formed in the open fields behind a rising 
 ground, and advanced in parallel lines directly against 
 the Fifteenth corps, expecting to find it detached and 
 unsupported. Fortunately, Logan's troops had thrown 
 up breastworks, and, though the advance of the Con- 
 federate columns was " magnificent," as Sh'erman, who 
 witnessed it, said, it was only to be followed by a recoil 
 before steady volleys of musketry and incessant dis- 
 charges of grape and canister. In spite of the efforts 
 of their officers the men broke and fied, and though 
 
 li 
 
ATLANTA CAMPAIGN. 
 
 411 
 
 rallied again and again, at some parts of the line as 
 often as six times, they were, about four o'clock In the 
 afternoon, compelled to retire, with a loss of not less 
 than live thousand. Logan's loss was reported at less 
 than six hundred. Had Davis's division come up at 
 
 GENERAL SHERMAN DESTROYING THE MACON RAILROAD. 
 
 any time before four o'clock, this complete repulse of 
 the enemy might have been made a disastrous rout. 
 Sherman then began the destruction of the Macon 
 railroad, thus cutting off Hood's supplies. 
 
 On the 31st the Confederates moved out of their 
 works at Jonesboro and attacked the posldon of^ 
 
412 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 Howard, but were steadily and repeatedly repulsed.. 
 After a contest of two hours' duration they withdrew,: 
 losine in killed, wounded, and captured three thou- 
 sand men, besides general officers, Including Major- 
 General Anderson, mortally w^ounded. Howard's loss 
 was slight, as his men foucrht behind breastworks. 
 It was observed on this occasion that the Confederate 
 troops had begun to lose the enthusiasm and dash 
 which had hitherto characterized their attacks. 
 
 Hearing the sounds of battle about noon, Sherman 
 renewed his orders to push the other movements on 
 the left and centre. Orders were given for the whole 
 army to move on Jonesboro. The troops advanced 
 to the attack across open fields under a withering: 
 artillery and musketry fire. After a desperate fight, 
 which lasted two hours, they drove the Confederates 
 from their works, capturing two four-gun batteries — 
 one of them Loomis's, lost at Chickamauga — some 
 battle-fiags, and a large number of prisoners, includ- 
 ing the greater part of Govan's brigade, with its; 
 commander, w^hich had formed part of the celebrated 
 ''fighdng division" of Cleburne. 
 
 Repeated orders were sent, urging the rapid ad- 
 vance of Stanley and Schofield, but the want of roads 
 and the difficult nature of the country prevented theiri 
 coming up and getting into position for attack before' 
 further operations were rendered impracticable by 
 the approach of night. Had they been able to close 
 in upon Hardee a few hours earlier, his entire force | 
 would in all probability have been captured. As it)| 
 
GENERAL SHERMAN AT ATLANTA. 
 
 413 
 
414 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 was, Hardee had to evacuate the place during the 
 night and fall back seven miles to Lovejoy's, where 
 he intrenched in a naturally strong position. About 1 
 two o'clock in the morning the watchers in Sherman's 
 camp heard in the direction of Atlanta, about twenty ^ 
 miles distant, the sounds of heavy explosions, followed 1 
 by a succession of minor reports resembling the rapid | 
 firing of cannon and musketry. About four o'clock 
 similar sounds were heard, indicating a night-attack 
 on the city by Slocum, or that Hood was blowing up 
 his magazines and preparing to evacuate. Evidently: 
 important events were at hand. 
 
 In Adanta the utmost consternation and excitement 
 had arisen when it became known that the main armyf 
 of Shernian had eot between Hardee's force and the 
 city. Hood immediately gave orders for the evacua- 
 tion of his works and the removal of as much of the 
 ammunition and stores as was possible with his limited 
 means of transportadon, and for the destruction of the 
 rest. Large quanddes of provisions in the public '■ 
 store-houses were distributed to the inhabitants and i 
 to the troops. The rolling stock of the railroads, i 
 consisting of about one hundred cars and six loco- : 
 motives, was gathered together near the rolling-mill \ 
 in the evening, by which time all the troops except ' 
 the rear-guard had got away. The cars were then | 
 laden with the surplus ammunition, and, together with : 
 the depots, store-houses, and all that could be of use I 
 to the National army, set on fire about midnight. This ] 
 ^ x)ccasioned the series of explosions that had been heard ! 
 
ATLANTA CAMPAIGN. 415 
 
 In Sherman's camp. Slocum, at the Chattahoochee 
 bridge, also hearing these sounds, sent out early in the 
 morning of the 2d of September a strong reconnoitring 
 column, which, pushing forward without meeting any 
 opposition, arrived at Atlanta about nine o'clock, 
 when the mayor made a formal surrender of the city, 
 
 ■only requesting the security of private property and 
 protection for non-combantants, which were readily 
 guaranteed. Sherman's great victory electrified the 
 country. It was a grand military achievement and 
 proved his genius and patriotism. 
 
 This success, gained on the ist of September, 1864, 
 was received throughout the country with great en- 
 thusiasm. President Lincoln sent this messag^e of 
 
 1 thanks and congratulation : 
 
 The national thanks are rendered by the President 
 to Major-General W. T. Sherman and the gallant 
 officers and soldiers of his command before Atlanta 
 for the distinguished ability and perseverance dis- 
 
 j played In the campaign in Georgia, which, under 
 
 ; divine favor, has resulted in the capture of Atlanta. 
 
 I The marches, batdes, sieges, and other military opera- 
 
 I tions that have signalized the campaign must render 
 it famous in the annals of war, and have entitled 
 those who have participated therein to the applause 
 and thanks of the nation. 
 
 ! Abraham Lincoln, 
 
 President of the United States, 
 
 General Grant was prompt also in his tribute tar 
 
416 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 the great exploit, and telegraphed as follows from 
 City Point: 
 
 Major-General Sherman : 
 
 I have just received your despatch announcing the 
 capture of Adanta. In honor of your great victory I 
 have ordered a salute to be fired with shotted guns 
 from every battery bearing upon the enemy. The 
 salute will be fired within an hour amid great! 
 rejoicing. U. S. Grant, 
 
 Lieute7ia7it- General, 
 
CHAPTER XX. 
 
 From Atlanta to the Sea. — The Famous March. 
 
 In this chapter we favor the reader with General 
 Sherman's own account of his ereat march to the sea. 
 The thrilling narrative is as follows : 
 
 Headquarters of the Military Division of the- Mississippi, "^ 
 IN THE Field, Savannah, Georgia, January ist, 1865, i 
 
 Major- General H. W. Halleck, Chief of Staff, 
 
 Washington City, D. C ,' 
 
 General : I have the honor to offer my report of 
 the operations of the armies under my command, since 
 the occupation of Atlanta in the early part of Sep- 
 tember last up to the present date. 
 
 As heretofore reported, in the month of September 
 the Army of the Cumberland, Major-General Thomas 
 commandinor, held the city of Atlanta ; the Army of 
 the Tennessee, Major-General Howard commanding, 
 was grouped about East Point; and the Army of the 
 Ohio, Major-General Schofield commanding, held 
 Decatur. Many changes occurred in the composition 
 of these armies in consequence of the expiration of 
 the time of service of many of the regiments. The 
 opportunity was given to us to consolidate the frag- 
 ments, reclothe and equip the men, and make prepa- 
 rations for the future campaign. I also availed myself 
 of the occasion to strengthen the garrisons to our 
 
 27 417 
 
418 GENEKAL SHERMAN. 
 
 rear, to make our communications more secure, and 
 sent Wagner's division of the Fourth corps and Mor- 
 gan's division of the Fourteenth corps back to Chatta- 
 nooga, and Corse's division of the Fifteenth corps to 
 Rome. Also a thorough reconnoissance was made 
 of Adanta, and a new Hne of works begun, which 
 required a smaller garrison to hold. 
 
 During this month the enemy, whom we had left at 
 Lovejoy's Stadon, moved westward toward the Chat- 
 tahoochee, taking position facing us, and covering the 
 West Point railroad about Palmetto Station. He also 
 threw a pontoon-bridge across the Chattahoochee, and 
 sent cavalry detachments to the woods in the direction 
 of Carrollton and Powder Springs. About the same 
 time President Davis visited Macon and his army at 
 Palmetto, and made harangues referring to an active 
 campaign against us. Hood still remained in com- 
 mand of the Confederate forces, with Cheatham, S. 
 D. Lee, and Stewart commanding his three corps, and 
 Wheeler in command of his cavalry, which had been 
 largely reinforced. 
 
 Making Preparations. 
 
 My cavalry consisted of two divisions: one was 
 stationed at Decatur, under command of Brigadier- 
 General Garrard ; the other, commanded by Brigadier- 
 General Kilpatrick, was posted near Sandtown, with 
 a pontoon-bridge over the Chattahoochee, from which 
 he could watch any movement of the enemy toward 
 the west. 
 
 As soon as I became convinced that the enemy in- 
 
420 
 
 GENERAL &fI£RMAN. 
 
 tended to assume the offensive — namely, September /^^ 
 28 — I sent Major-General Thomas, second in com- 
 mand, to Nashville, to organize the nev^ troops ex- 
 
 GENERAL SHERMAN'S ARMY LEAVING ATLANTA. 
 
 pected to arrive and to make preliminary preparations 
 to meet such an event. 
 
 About the ist of October some of the enemy's 
 cavalry made their appearance on the west of the 
 Chattahoochee, and one of his infantry corps w^as 
 reported near Powder Springs, and I received authen- 
 tic intelligence that the rest of his infantry was cross- 
 ing to the west of the Chattahoochee. I at once made 
 
MARCHING THROUGH GEORGIA. 421 
 
 my orders that Atlanta and the Chattahoochee railroad- 
 bridge should be held by the Twentieth corps, Major- 
 General Slocum, and on the 4th of October put in 
 motion the Fifteenth and Seventeenth corps, and 
 the Fourth, Fourteenth, aijd Twenty-third corps, to 
 Smyrna camp-ground, and on the 5th moved to the 
 strong position about Kenesaw. The enemy's cavalry 
 had, by a rapid movement, got upon our railroad at 
 Big Shanty and broken the line of telegraph and rail- 
 road, and with a division of infantry (French's) had 
 moved a^-ainst Allatoona, where were stored about 
 a million of rations. Its redoubts were orarrisoned 
 by three small regiments under Colonel Tourtellotte, 
 Fourth Minnesota. 
 
 The Smoke of Battle. 
 
 I had anticipated this movement, and had, by signal 
 and telegraph, ordered General Corse to reinforce that 
 post from Rome. 
 
 General Corse had reached Allatoona with a brigade 
 during the night of the 4th, just in time to meet the 
 attack by French's division on the morning of the 5th. 
 In person I reached Kenesaw Mountain about 10 a. m. 
 of the 5th, and could see the smoke of battle and 
 hear the faint sounds of artillery. The distance, eigh- 
 teen miles, was too great for me to make in time to 
 share in the battle, but I directed the Twenty-third 
 corps, Brigadier-General Cox commanding, to move 
 rapidly from the base of Kenesaw due west, aiming 
 to reach the road from Allatoona to Dallas, threatenino- 
 the rear of the forces attacking Allatoona. I succeeded 
 
422 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 • 
 
 in getting a signal message to General Corse during his 
 fight, notifying him of my presence. The defence of 
 Allatoona by General Corse was admirably conducted, 
 and the enemy repulsed with heavy slaughter. His 
 description of the defence i^ so graphic that it leaves 
 nothing for me to add, and the movement of General 
 Cox had the desired effect of causing the withdrawal 
 of French's division rapidly in the direction of Dallas. 
 
 Strategic Moveiiieuts. 
 
 On the 6th and 7th I pushed my cavalry well toward 
 Burnt Hickory and Dallas, and discovered that the 
 enemy had moved westward, and inferred that he 
 would attempt to break our railroad again in the 
 neighborhood of Kingston. Accordingly, on the 
 morning of the 8th I put the army in motion through 
 Allatoona Pass to Kingston, reaching diat point on tiie 
 loth. There I learned that the enemy had feigned on 
 Rome, and was passing the Coosa River on a pontoon- 
 bridge about eleven miles below Rome. I therefore 
 on the nth moved to Rome, and pushed Garrard's 
 cavalry and the Twenty-third corps, under General 
 Cox, across the Oostanaula, to threaten the flanks of 
 the enemy passing north. Garrard's cavalry drove 
 a cavalry brigade of the enemy to and beyond the 
 Narrows, leading into the valley of the Chattooga, 
 capturing two field-pieces and taking some prisoners. 
 
 The enemy had moved with great rapidity, and 
 made his appearance at Resaca, and Hood had in 
 person demanded its surrender. I had from Kingston 
 reinforced Resaca by two regiments of the Army of 
 
MARCHING THROUGH GEORGIA. 423 
 
 the Tennessee. I at first intended to move the army 
 into the Chattooga Valley, to interpose between the 
 enemy and his line of retreat down the Coosa, but 
 feared that General Hood would in that event turn 
 eastward by Spring Place and down the Federal Road, 
 and therefore moved against him at Resaca. Colonel 
 Weaver at Resaca, afterward reinforced by Gen- 
 eral Raum's brigade, had repulsed the enemy from 
 Resaca, but he had succeeded in breaking the rail- 
 road from Tilton to Dal ton, and as far north as the 
 tunnel. 
 
 Arriving at Resaca on the evening of the 14th, I 
 i determined to strike Hood in flank or force him to 
 battle, and directed the Army of the Tennessee, Gen- 
 eral Howard, to move to Snake Creek Gap, which was 
 :held by the enemy, while General Stanley, with the 
 i Fourth and Fourteenth corps, moved by Tilton across 
 the mountains to the rear of Snake Creek Gap, in the 
 neiehborhood of Villanow. 
 
 "' The Army of the Tennessee found the enemy occu- 
 
 ipying our old lines in the Snake Creek Gap, and on 
 
 the 15th skirmished for the purpose of holding him 
 
 there until Stanley could get to his rear. But the 
 
 , enemy gave way about noon, and was followed through 
 
 I the gap, escaping before General Stanley had reached 
 
 i the farther end of the pass. The next day, the 1 6th, 
 
 the armies moved directly toward La Fayette with a 
 
 view to cut off Hood's retreat. We found him in- 
 
 I trenched in Ship's Gap, but the leading division 
 
 I (Wood's) of the Fifteenth corps rapidly carried the 
 
424 GENERAL ^HERMAN. 
 
 advanced posts held by two companies of a South 
 Carolina regiment, making them prisoners. The re- 
 maining eight companies escaped to the main body 
 near La Fayette. 
 
 Hood's Rapid March. 
 
 The next morning we passed over into the valley 
 of the Chattooga, the Army of the Tennessee mov- 
 ing in pursuit by La Fayette and Alpine toward Blue 
 Pond ; the Army of the Cumberland by Summerville i 
 and Melville post-office to Gaylesville ; and the Army i 
 of the Ohio and Garrard's cavalry from V^illanow, j 
 Dirttown Valley, and Gooer s Gap to Gaylesville. 1 
 Hood, however, was little encumbered with trains and I 
 marched with great rapidity, and had succeeded in i 
 getting into the narrow gorge formed by the Lookout I 
 Range abutting against the Coosa River in the neigh- I 
 borhood of Gadsden. He evidently wanted to avoid . 
 a fight. 
 
 On the 19th all the armies were grouped about 5 
 Gaylesville, in the rich valley of the Chattooga, \ 
 abounding in corn and meat, and I determined to ) 
 pause in my pursuit of the enemy, to watch his move- ; 
 ments, and live on the country. I hoped that Hood 1 
 w^ould turn toward Guntersville and Bridgeport. The i 
 Army of the Tennessee was posted near Little River, 1 
 v/ith instructions to feel forward in support of the ' 
 cavalry, which was ordered to watch Hood in the- 
 neighborhood of Will's Valley, and to give me the 1 
 earliest notice possible of his turning northward. The A 
 Army of the Ohio was posted at Cedar Bluff, with | 
 
MARCHING THROUGH GEORGIA. 425 
 
 orders to lay a pontoon across the Coosa, and to feel 
 forward to Centre and down in the direction of Blue 
 Mountain. The Army of the Cumberland was held 
 in reserve at Gaylesville, and all the troops were in- 
 structed to draw heavily for supplies from the surround- 
 ing country. In the mean time, communications were 
 opened to Rome, and a heavy force set to work in re- 
 pairing- the damages done to our railroads. Atlanta 
 was abundantly supplied with provisions, but forage 
 was scarce, and General Slocum was instructed to 
 send strong foraging-parties out in the direction of 
 South River and collect all the corn and fodder possi- 
 ble, and to put his own trains in good condition for 
 further service. 
 
 A Wary Foe. 
 
 Hood's movements and strategy had demonstrated 
 that he had an army capable of endangering at all 
 times my communications, but unable to meet me in 
 open fight. To follow him would simply amount to 
 being decoyed away from Georgia, with little prospect 
 of overtaking and overwhelming him. To remain on 
 the defensive would have been bad policy for an army 
 of so great value as the one I then commanded, and I 
 was forced to adopt a course more fruitful in results 
 than the naked one of following him to the South-west. 
 I had previously submitted to the commander-in-chief 
 a general plan, which amounted substantially to the 
 destruction of Atlanta and the railroad back to Chat- 
 tanooga, and, sallying forth from Atlanta through the 
 heart of Georgia, to capture one or more of the great 
 
426 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 
 Atlantic seaports. This I renewed from Gaylesville, -»J^ 
 
 modified somewhat by the change of events. "^ I 
 
 On the 26th of October, satisfied that Hood had 1 
 
 moved westward from Gadsden across Sand Moun- - ' 
 
 tain, I detached the Fourth corps, Major-General '! 
 
 Stanley, and ordered him to proceed to Chattanooga : 
 
 and report to Major-General Thomas at Nashville. ^' 
 
 Subsequently, on the 30th of October, I also de- ; i 
 tached the Twenty-third corps, Major-General Scho- ^\ 
 field, with the same destination, and delegated to '1 
 Major-General Thomas full power over all the troops 
 subject to my command, except the four corps with 
 which I designed to move into Georgia. This gave 
 him the two divisions under A. J. Smith, then in Mis- 
 souri, but en route for Tennessee, the two corps named, I 
 and all the garrisons in Tennessee, as also all the / 
 cavalry of my military division, except one division ■ j 
 under Brigadier-General Kilpatrick, which was ordered 
 to rendezvous at Marietta. -«■' 
 
 Defence of the Railroad. " 
 
 Brevet Major-General Wilson had arrived from the j 
 Army of the Potomac to assume command of the 
 cavalry of my army, and I despatched him back to 
 Nashville with all dismounted detachments, and orders 
 as rapidly as possible to collect the cavalry serving in 
 Kentucky and Tennessee, to mount, organize, and 
 equip them, and to report to Major-General Thomas 
 for duty. These forces I judged would enable Gen- 
 eral Thomas to defend the railroad from Chattanooga 
 back, including Nashville and Decatur, and give him 
 
MARCHING THROUGH GEORGIA. 427 
 
 n army with which he could successfully cope with 
 lood should the latter cross the Tennessee north- 
 ward. 
 
 By the ist of November, Hood's army had moved 
 om Gadsden, and made its appearance in the neigh- 
 orhood of Decatur, where a feint was made ; he then 
 assed on to Tuscumbia and laid a pontoon-bridi^^e 
 pposite Florence. I then began my preparadons for 
 le march through Georgia, having received the sanc- 
 on of the commander-in-chief for carrying into effect 
 ly plan, the details of which were explained to all 
 ly corps commanders and heads of staff departments, 
 ith strict injunctions of secrecy. I had also com- 
 lunicated full details to General Thomas, and had 
 iformed him I would not leave the neighborhood of 
 -ingston until he felt perfecdy confident that he was 
 itirely prepared to cope with Hood should he carry 
 to effect his threatened invasion of Tennessee and 
 entucky. I estimated Hood's force at thirty-five 
 iousand infantry and ten thousand cavalry. 
 Crippling" the Enemy. 
 
 I moved the Army of the Tennessee by slow and 
 
 asy marches on the south of the Coosa back to the 
 
 ^ighborhood of the Smyrna camp-ground, and the 
 
 JDurteenth corps, General Jeff C. Davis, to Kingston, 
 
 hither I repaired in person on the 2d of November. 
 
 rom that point I directed all surplus artillery, all 
 
 ^g^^^tT^ "ot needed for my contemplated march, all 
 
 e sick and wounded, refugees, etc., to be sent back 
 
 Chattanooga; and the Fourteenth corps above 
 
428 GENEKAL SHERMAN. 
 
 mentioned, with Kilpatrick's cavalry, was put In th 
 most efficient condition possible for a long an 
 difficult march. This operation consumed the tim 
 until the nth of November, when, everything being 
 ready, I ordered General Corse, who still remained at 
 Rome, to destroy the bridges there, all foundries, 
 mills, shops, warehouses, or other property that 
 could be useful to an enemy, and to move to 
 KIncrston. 
 
 At the same time the railroad in and about Atlanta 
 and between the Etowah and the Chattahoochee was 
 ordered to be utterly destroyed. The garrisons frorn; 
 Kintrston northward were also ordered to draw back 
 
 o 
 
 to Chattanooga, taking with them all public property 
 and all railroad stock, and to take up the rails frorri 
 Resaca back, saving them, ready to be replaced 
 whenever future Interests should demand. 
 
 The railroad between the Etowah and the OostaH 
 naula was left untouched, because I thought It more 
 than probable that we would find It necessary tc 
 reoccupy the country as far forward as the line of the 
 Etowah. 
 
 Adanta Itself Is only of strategic value as long as ii 
 is a railroad-centre ; and as all the railroads leading 
 to it are destroyed, as well as all Its foundries 
 machine-shops, warehouses, depots, etc., etc., It is oi 
 no more value than any other point In Northerr 
 Georgia ; whereas the line of the Etowah, by reasor 
 of its rivers and natural features, possesses an Im 
 portance which will always continue. From It al 
 
MARCHING THROUGH GEORGIA. 429 
 
 Darts of Georgia and Alabama can be reached by 
 irmies marching with trains down the Coosa or the 
 Chattahoochee Valley. 
 
 All Comnmnication Cut Off. 
 
 On the I 2th of November my army stood detached 
 and cut off from all communication with the rear. It 
 was composed of four corps : the Fifteenth and Seven- 
 teenth, constituting the right wing, under Major-Gen- 
 eral O. O. Howard; the Fourteenth and Twentieth 
 corps, constituting the left wing, under Major-General 
 H. W. Slocum — of an aggregate strength of sixty 
 thousand infantry ; one cavalry division, in aggregate 
 strenorth five thousand five hundred, under Brio-adier- 
 General Judson Kilpatrick ; and the artillery reduced 
 to the minimum, one gun per one thousand men. 
 
 The whole force was moved rapidly, and grouped 
 about Atlanta on the 14th of November. 
 
 In the mean time, Captain O. M. Poe had thoroughly 
 destroyed Atlanta, save its mere dwelling-houses and 
 churches, and the right wing, with General Kilpat- 
 rick's cavalry, was put in motion in the direction of 
 Jonesboro and McDonough, with orders to make a 
 strong feint on Macon, to cross the Ocmulgee about 
 Planters' Mills, and rendezvous in 'the neighborhood 
 of Gordon in seven days, exclusive of the day of 
 march. On the same day General Slocum moved 
 with the Twentieth corps by Decatur and Stone 
 Mountain, with orders to tear up the railroad from 
 Social Circle to Madison, to burn the large and im- 
 portant raili-oad-bridge across the Oconee, east of 
 
430 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 Madison, and turn south and reach Milledgeville 6 
 the seventh day, exclusive of the day of march. I 
 person I left Atlanta on the i6th, in company witi 
 the Fourteenth corps, Brevet Major-General Jeff. Q 
 Davis, by Lithonia, Covington, and Shady Dalej 
 directly on Milledgeville. All the troops were prqi 
 vided with good wagon-trains loaded with ammunitio| 
 and supplies, approximating twenty days' bread, forty 
 days' sugar and coffee, a double allowance of salt foi 
 forty days, and beef cattle equal to forty days' sup 
 plies. The wagons were also supplied with about 
 three days' forage in grain. All w^ere instructed by 
 a judicious system of foraging to maintain this ordet 
 of things as long as possible, living chiefly if not 
 solely upon the country, which I knew to abound ini 
 corn, sweet potatoes, and meats. \ 
 
 Atlanta Doomed. *«' 
 
 My first object w^as of course to place my army 
 the very heart of Georgia, interposing between Macor 
 and Augusta, and obliging the enemy to divide his 
 forces to defend not only those points, but Mlllen 
 Savannah, and Charleston. All my calculations were 
 fully realized. During the 22d, General KilpatricI^ 
 made a good feint on Macon, driving the enem) 
 within his Intrenchments, and then drew back tc 
 Griswoldville, where Walcutt's brigade of infantr) 
 joined him to cover that f^ank, while Howard's trains 
 were closing up and his men scattered breaking uj; 
 railroads. The enemy came out of Macon and at 
 tacked Walcutt in position, but was so roughl) 
 
 I 
 
MARCHING THROUGH GEORGIA. 431 
 
 handled that he never repeated the experiment. On 
 the eighth day after leaving Adanta — namely, on the 
 23d — General Slocum occupied Mllledgeville and the 
 important bridge across the Oconee there, and Gen- 
 erals Howard and Kllpatrick were in and about 
 Gordon. 
 
 Rescuing^ Prisoners. 
 
 General Howard was then ordered to move east- 
 ward, destroying the railroad thoroughly In his 
 progress, as far as TennlUe Station, opposite Sanders- 
 ville, and General Slocum to move to Sandersville by 
 two roads. General Kllpatrick was ordered to Mll- 
 ledgeville and thence move rap>idly eastward, to 
 break the railroad which leads from Millen to 
 Augusta, then to turn upon Millen and rescue our 
 prisoners of war supposed to be confined at that 
 place. 
 
 I accompanied the Twentieth corps from Mllledge- 
 ville to Sandersville, approaching which place on the 
 25th we found the bridges across Buffalo Creek 
 burned, which delayed us three hours. The next day 
 we entered Sandersville, skirmishing with Wheeler's 
 cavalry, which offered little opposition to the advance 
 of the Twentieth and Fourteenth corps, entering the 
 place almost at the same moment. 
 
 General Slocum was then ordered to tear up and 
 destroy the Georgia Central railroad from Station 13 
 (Tennille) to Station 10, near the crossing of the 
 Ogeechee, one of his corps substantially following the 
 railroad, the other by way of Louisville, in support of 
 
432 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 Kilpatrick's cavalry. In person I shifted to the right J 
 wing, and accompanied the Seventeenth corps, Gen-- 
 eral Blair, on the south of the railroad till abreast of -^ 
 Station 9^ (Barton) — General Howard in person, :i 
 with the Fifteenth corps, keeping farther to the rightv 
 and about one day's march ahead, ready to tutn] 
 against the flank of any enemy who should oppose, 
 our progress. 
 
 Gallant Kilpatrick. 
 At Barton I learned that Kilpatrick's cavalry had 
 reached the Augusta railroad about Waynesboro, 
 where he ascertained that our prisoners had been 
 removed from Millen, and therefore the purpose of 
 rescuing them, upon which we had set our hearts, was.;] 
 an impossibility. But as Wheeler's cavalry had hungf 
 around him, and as he had retired to Louisville to 
 meet our infantry, in pursuance of my instruction noti 
 to risk battle unless at great advantage, I ordered: 
 him to leave his wa^-ons and all encumbrances with, 
 the left wine, and, movinor in the direction of Aucrusta 
 if Wheeler gave him the opportunity, to indulge him 
 with all the fighting he wanted. General Kilpatrick 
 supported by Baird's division of infantry of the Four=; 
 teenth corps, again moved in the direction of Waynea^ 
 boro, and, encountering Wheeler in the neighborhood 
 of Thomas's Station, attacked him in position, driving 
 him from three successive lines of barricades hand* 
 somely through Waynesboro and across Brier Creek, 
 the bridges over which he burned, and then, with 
 Baird's division, rejoined the left wing, which in the 
 
 J 
 
 ;, 
 
433 
 
434 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 mean time had been marching by easy stages of ten \ 
 miles a day in the direction of Lumpkin's Station and i 
 Jacksonboro. i 
 
 The Seventeenth corps took up the destruction of , 
 the railroad at the Ogeechee near Station lo, and i 
 continued it to Millen, the enemy offering little or no 
 opposition, although preparations had seemingly been i 
 made at Millen. 
 
 On the 3d of December the Seventeenth corps, 
 which I accompanied, was at Millen ; the Fifteenth I 
 corps, General Howard, was south of the Ogeechee, , 
 opposite Station 7 (Scarboro); the Twentieth corps, 
 General Slocum, on the Augusta railroad,' about four 1 
 miles north of Millen, near Buckhead Church ; and ! 
 the Fourteenth corps, General Jeff. C. Davis, in the j 
 neighborhood of Lumpkin's Station, on the Augusta j 
 railroad. ^ | 
 
 Aiming- for Savannah. \ 
 
 All were ordered to march in the direction of | 
 Savannah, the Fifteenth corps to continue south of I 
 the Ogeechee, the Seventeenth to destroy the railroad I 
 as far as Ogeechee Church ; and four days were j 
 allowed to reach the line from Oeeechee Church to 
 the neighborhood of Halley's Ferry on the Savannah 
 River. All the columns reached their destination on 1 
 time, and continued to march on their several roads — 
 General Davis following the Savannah River road. 
 General Slocum the middle road by way of Spring- 
 field, General Blair the railroad, and General Howard 
 still south and west of the Oo^eechee, with orders to 
 
 i 
 
MARCHING THROUGH GEORGIA. 435 
 
 cross to the east bank opposite " Eden Station," or 
 Station No. 2. 
 
 As we approached Savannah the country became 
 more marshy and difficult, and more obstructions 
 were met in the way of felled trees where the roads 
 crossed the creek-swamps on narrow causeways. 
 But our pioneer companies were well organized, and 
 removed these obstructions in an incredibly short 
 time. No opposition from the enemy worth speak- 
 ing of was encountered until the heads of the columns 
 were within fifteen miles of Savannah, where all the 
 roads leading to the city were obstructed more or less 
 by felled timber, with earthworks and artillery. But 
 these were easily turned and the enemy driven,away, 
 so that by the loth of December the enemy was 
 driven within his lines at Savannah. These followed 
 substantially a swampy creek which empties into the 
 Savannah River about three miles above the city, 
 across to the head of a corresponding stream which 
 empties into the Little Ogeechee. 
 
 The City Invested. 
 
 These streams were singularly favorable to the 
 ' enemy as a cover, being very marshy and bordered 
 by rice-fields, which were flooded either by the tide- 
 water or by inland ponds, the gates to which were 
 controlled and covered by his heavy artillery. The 
 only approaches to the city were by five narrow cause- 
 ways — namely, the two railroads, and the Augusta, 
 the Louisville, and the Ogeechee dirt roads — all of 
 which were commanded by heavy ordnance, too 
 
436 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 Strong for us to fight with our light field-guns. T( 
 assault an enemv of unknown strength at such a disi 
 advantage appeared to me unwise, especially as I ha( 
 so successfully brought my army, almost unscathe( 
 so great a distance, and could surely attain the sam( 
 result by the operation of time. 
 
 I therefore instructed my army comm^anders to 
 closely invest the city from the north and west, and 
 to reconnoitre well the ground in their fronts respect-! 
 ively, while I gave my personal attendon to open-1 
 ing communication with our fleet, which I knew was] 
 waiting for us in Tybee, Wassaw, and Ossabawj 
 sounds. j 
 
 In approaching Savannah, General Slocum strucl< 
 the Charleston railroad near the bridge, and occupiec 
 the river-bank as his left flank, where he had captured 
 two of the enemy's river-boats, and had preventec 
 two others (gunboats) from coming down the river t 
 communicate with the city; while General Howari 
 by his right flank, had broken the Gulf railroad 4 
 Fleming's and Way Station, and occupied the railro^ 
 itself down to the Little Ogeechee near Station i, 
 that no supplies could reach Savannah by any of ii 
 accustomed channels. 
 
 Ample Supplies. 
 
 We, on the contrary, possessed large herds o\ 
 cattle, which we had brought alone or eathered Ii 
 the country, and our wagons still contained a reason 
 able amount of breadstuffs and other necessaries, anc 
 the fine rice-crops of the Savannah and Ogeechc' 
 
MARCHING THROUGH GEORGIA. 437 
 
 rivers furnished to our men and animals a large 
 amount of rice and rice-straw. 
 
 We also held the country to the south and west of 
 the Ogeechee as foraging-ground. 
 
 Still, communication with the fleet was of vital im- 
 portance, and I directed General Kilpatrick to cross 
 the Ogeechee by a pontoon-bridge, to reconnoitre 
 Fort McAllister, and to proceed to St. Catharine's 
 Sound in the direction of Sunbury or Kilkenny Bluff, 
 and open communication with the fleet. General 
 Howard had previously, by my direction, sent one 
 of his best scouts down the Oo^eechee in a canoe for 
 a like purpose. But more than this was necessary. 
 We wanted the vessels and their contents, and the 
 Ogeechee River, a navigable stream close to the rear 
 of our camps, was the proper avenue of supply. 
 
 Quick Work. 
 
 The enemy had burned the road-bridge across the 
 Ogeechee, just below the mouth of the Camochee, 
 known as " Kino's Bridge." This was reconstructed 
 in an incredibly short time in the most substantial 
 manner by the First Missouri Reserves, Fifteenth 
 corps, under the direction of Captain Reese of the 
 Engineer Corps, and on the morning of the 13th 
 December the second division of the Fifteenth corps, 
 under command of Brigadier-General Hazen, crossed 
 the bridge to the west bank of the Ogeechee, and 
 marched down with orders to carry by assault Fort 
 McAllister, a strong inclosed redoubt manned by two 
 companies of artillery and three of infantry, in all 
 
438 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 about two hundred men, and mounting twenty-thre 
 cruns 671 bai'bette and one mortar. 
 
 General Hazen reached the vicinity of Fort Mc^ 
 Allister about one p. m., deployed his division about 
 the place, with both flanks resting upon the river, 
 posted his skirmishers judiciously behind the trunkst' 
 of trees whose branches had been used for abattisJ 
 and about five p. m. assaulted the place with nine 
 regiments at three points, all of them successfully. J 
 I witnessed the assault from a rice-mill on the oppb 
 site bank of the river, and can bear testimony to the | 
 handsome manner in which it was accomplished. V 
 
 Up to this time we had not communicated with our ^ 
 fleet. From the sional-station at the rice-mill our ( 
 officers had looked for two days over the rice- fields 
 and salt marsh in the direction of Ossabaw Sound, 
 but could see nothinor of it. But while watchino- the 
 preparations for the assault on Fort McAllister we 
 discovered in the distance what seemed to be the 
 smoke-stack of a steamer, which became more and 
 more distinct, until at about the very moment of the 
 assault she w^as plainly visible below the fort, and ourj 
 siornal was answered. 
 
 I 
 
 At the Fort. 
 
 As soon as I saw our colors fairly planted upon 
 the walls of McAllister, in company with General 
 Howard, I went in a small boat down to the fort, and 
 met General Hazen, who had not yet communicated ; 
 with the gunboat below, as it w^as shut out to him by 
 a point of timber. Determined to communicate that 
 
MARCHING THROUGH GEORGIA. 439 
 
 night, I got another small boat and a crew, and pulled 
 down the river till I found the tug Dandelion, Captain 
 Williamson, U. S. N., who informed me that Captain 
 Duncan, who had been sent by General Howard, had 
 succeeded in reaching Admiral Dahlcrren and General 
 Foster, and that he was expecting them hourly in 
 Ossabaw Sound. After makino^ communications to 
 those officers and a short communication to the War 
 Department, I returned to Fort McAllister that night, 
 and before daylight was overtaken by Major Strong 
 of General Foster's staff, advising me that General 
 Foster had arrived in the Ogeechee near Fort Mc- 
 Allister, and was very anxious to meet me on board 
 his boat. I accordingly returned with him, and met 
 General Foster on board the steamer Nemaha, and, 
 after consultation, determined to proceed with him 
 down the sound, in hopes to meet Admiral Dahlgren. 
 But we did not meet him until we reached Wassaw 
 Sound, about noon. I there went on board the 
 admiral's flag-ship, the Harvest Moon, after having 
 arranged with General Foster to send us from Hilton 
 Head some sieee ordnance and some boats suitable 
 for navieatinor die Oiireechee River. 
 
 Admiral Dahlgren very kindly furnished me with 
 all the data concerning his fleet and the numerous 
 forts that guarded the inland channels between the 
 sea and Savannah. I explained to him how com- 
 pletely Savannah was invested at all points save only 
 the plank-road on the South Carolina shore, known 
 as the "Union Causeway," which I thought I could 
 
440 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 reach from my left flank across the Savannah River. 
 I explained to him that if he would simply engage the 
 attention of the forts along Wilmington Channel at 
 Beaulieu and Rosedevv, I thought I could carry the 
 defences of Savannah by assault as soon as the heavy 
 ordnance arrived from Hilton Head. 
 
 On the 15th the admiral carried me back to Fort 
 McAllister, whence I returned to our lines in the rear 
 of Savannah. 
 
 Surrender Refused. 
 
 Having received and carefully considered all the 
 reports of division commanders, I determined to 
 assault the lines of the enemy as soon as my heavy 
 ordnance came from Port Royal, first making a formal 
 demand for surrender. On the 17th a number of 
 thirty-pounder Parrott guns having reached King's 
 Bridge, I proceeded in person to the headquarters 
 of Major-General Slocum on the Augusta road, and 
 despatched thence into Savannah, by flag of truce, 
 a formal demand for the surrender of the place, and 
 on the following day received an answer from Gen- 
 eral Hardee, refusing to surrender. 
 
 In the mean time, further reconnoissances from our 
 left flank had demonstrated that it was impracticable 
 or unwise to push any considerable force across the 
 Savannah River, for the enemy held the river oppo- 
 site the city with iron-clad gunboats, and could destroy 
 any pontoons laid down by us between Hutchinson's 
 Island and the South Carolina shore, which would 
 isolate any force sent over from that flank. 
 
MAECHING THROUGH GEORGIA. 441 
 
 I therefore ordered General Slocum to eet into 
 position the siege-guns and make all the preparations 
 necessary to assault, and to report to me the earliest 
 moment when he could be ready, while I should pro- 
 ceed rapidly round by the right and make arrange- 
 ments to occupy the Union causeway from the direc- 
 tion of Port Royal. General Foster had already 
 established a division of troops on the peninsula or 
 neck between the Coosahatchie and Tullifinney rivers, 
 at the head of Broad River, from w^hich position he 
 could reach the railroad with his artillery. 
 
 Preparing for an Assault. 
 
 I went to Port Royal in person and made arrange- 
 ments to reinforce that command by one or more 
 divisions under a proper officer, to assault and carry 
 the railroad, and thence turn toward Savannah until 
 it occupied the causeway in question. I went on 
 board the admiral's flag-ship, the Harvest Moon, 
 which put to sea the night of the 20th. But the wind 
 was high and increased during the night, so that the 
 pilot judged Ossabaw Bar impassable, and ran into 
 Tybee, whence we proceeded through the inland 
 channels into Wassaw Sound, and thence through 
 Romney Marsh. But the ebb-tide caught the Harvest 
 Moon, and she was unable to make the passage. 
 Admiral Dahlgren took me in his barge, and, pulling 
 in the direction of Vernon River, we met the army- 
 tug Red Legs, bearing a message from my adjutant, 
 Captain Dayton, of that morning, the 21st, to the 
 effect that our troops were in possession of the 
 
442 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 enemy's lines, and were advancing without opposi- 
 tion into Savannah, the enemy having evacuated the 
 place during the previous night. 
 
 Admiral Dahlgren proceeded up the Vernon River 
 in his baro-e, while I transferred to the tue, in which I 
 proceeded to Fort McAllister, and thence to the rice- 
 mill, and on the morning of the 2 2d rode into the city 
 of Savannah, already occupied by our troops. 
 
 Hardee Escapes. 
 
 I was very much disappointed that Hardee had 
 escaped with his garrison, and had to content myself 
 with the material fruits of victory without the cost of 
 life which would have attended a general assault. The 
 substantial results will be more clearly set forth in the 
 tabular statements of heavy ordnance and other 
 public property acquired, and it will suffice here to 
 state that the important city of Savannah, with its 
 valuable harbor and river, was the chief object of the 
 campaign. 
 
 With it we acquired all the forts and heavy ordnance 
 in its vicinity, with large stores of ammunition, shot 
 and shells, cotton, rice, and other valuable products 
 of the country. We also gain locomotives and cars, 
 which, though of little use to us in the present condi- 
 tion of the railroads, are a serious loss to the enemy, 
 as well as four steamboats gained, and the loss to the 
 enemy of the Iron-clad Savannah, one ram, and three 
 transports blown up or burned by them the night 
 before. 
 
 Formal demand having been made for the surren- 
 
 I 
 
MARCHING THROUGH GEORGIA. 
 
 443 
 
 der, and having- been refused, I contend that every- 
 thing within the hne of intrenchments belongs to the 
 United Stales, and I shall not hesitate to use it, if 
 necessary, for public purposes. But, inasmuch as the 
 
 SAVANNAH. GEORGIA. 
 
 inhabitants generally have manifested a friendly dis- 
 position, I shall disturb them as little as possible con- 
 sistendy with the military rights of present and future 
 militarv commanders, without remittinq- in the least 
 our just rights as captors. 
 
444 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 Our Army in Savannah. 
 
 After having made the necessary orders for the 
 disposition of the troops in and about Savannah, I 
 ordered Captain O. M. Poe, chief engineer, to make 
 a thorough examination of the enemy's works in and 
 about Savannah, with a view to making it conform to 
 our future uses. New Hues of defences will be built, 
 embracing the city proper, Forts Jackson, Thunder- 
 bolt, and Pulaski retained, with slight modifications in 
 their armament and rear defences. All the rest of 
 the enemy's forts will be dismantled and destroyed, 
 and their heavy ordnance transferred to Hilton Head, 
 where it can be more easily guarded. 
 
 Our base of supplies will be established in Savannah 
 as soon as the very difficult obstructions placed in the 
 river can be partially removed. These obstructions 
 at present offer a very serious impediment to the com- 
 merce of Savannah, consisting of cribwork of logs 
 and timber heavily bolted together and filled with the 
 cobble-stones which formerly paved the streets of 
 Savannah. All the channels below the city were found 
 more or less filled with torpedos, which have been re- 
 moved by order of Admiral Dahlgren, so that Savan- 
 nah already fulfils the important part it was designed 
 in our plans for the future. | 
 
 In thus sketching the course of events connected' 
 with this campaign, I have purposely passed Hghdy; 
 over the march from Adanta to the seashore, because 
 it was made in four or more columns, sometimes at 
 a distance of fifteen or twenty miles from each other, 
 
 i 
 
MARCHING THROUGH GEORGIA. 445 
 
 and It was Impossible for me to attend but one. I 
 would merely sum up the advantages which I conceive 
 have accrued to us by this march. 
 
 Fruits of the Grand March. 
 
 Our former labors in North Georgia had demon- 
 strated the truth that no large army, carrying with It 
 the necessary stores and baggage, can overtake and 
 capture an inferior force of the enemy In his own 
 country; therefore noalternative was left me but the one 
 I adopted-Trnamely, to divide my forces, and with the 
 one part act offensively against the enemy's resources, 
 while with the other I should act defensively and 
 invite the enemy to attack, risking the chances of 
 battle. 
 
 In this conclusion I have been singularly sustained 
 by the results. General Hood, who, as I have here-- 
 tofore described, had moved to the westward, near 
 Tuscumbia, with a view to decoy me away from 
 Georgia, finding himself mistaken, was forced to 
 choose either to pursue me or to act offensively 
 against the other part, left in Tennessee. He adopted 
 the latter course, and General Thomas has wisely and 
 well fulfilled his part of the grand scheme In drawing 
 Hood well up into Tennessee until he could concen- 
 trate all his own troops, and then turn upon Hood, as 
 he has done, and destroy or fatally cripple his army. 
 That part of my army is so far removed from me that 
 I leave, with perfect confidence. Its management and 
 history to General Thomas. 
 
 I was thereby left with a well-appointed army to 
 
446 GENERAL GERMAN. 
 
 sever the enemy's only remaining railroad communi 
 cations eastward and westward for over one hundred 
 miles — namely, the Georgia State railroad, which is ] 
 broken up from Fairburn Station to Madison and the^ 
 Oconee, and the Central railroad from Gordon clear 
 to Savannah, with numerous breaks on the latter road 
 from Gordon to Eatonton and from Millen to Augusta, 
 and the Savannah and Gulf railroad. We have also 
 consumed the corn and fodder in the region of country 
 thirty miles on either side of a line frOm Atlanta to,i 
 Savannah, as also the sweet potatoes, cattle, hogs, 
 sheep, and poultry, and have carried away more than 
 ten thousand horses and mules, as well as a countless-f 
 number of their slaves. I estimate the damage done 
 to the State of Georgia and its military resources at 
 one hundred millions of dollars, at least twenty mil- 
 lions of which has inured to our advantage, and the 
 remainder is simple waste and destruction. This may,' 
 seem a harsh species of warfare, but it brings the sad ' 
 realities of war home to those who have been directly ' 
 or indirectly instrumental in involving us in its attend- j 
 ant calamities. Ip 
 
 The campaign has also placed this branch of my 
 army in a position from which other great military re- 
 sults may be attempted, besides leaving in Tennessee 
 and North Alabama a force which is amply sufficientfH" 
 to meet all the chances of war in that region of our* 
 country. 
 
 Since the capture of Atlanta my staff is unchanged, 
 save that General Barry, chief of artillery, has been 
 
 1 
 
MARCHING THROUGH GEORGIA. 447 
 
 absent, sick, since our leaving- Kingston. Surgeon 
 Moore, United States army, is chief medical director, 
 in place of Surgeon Kittoe, relieved to resume his 
 proper duties as a medical inspector. 
 
 Major Hitchcock, A. A. G., has also been added to 
 my staff, and has been of great assistance in the field 
 and office. 
 
 Captain Dayton still remains as my adjutant-gen- 
 eral. All have, as formerly, fulfilled their parts to my 
 entire satisfaction. 
 
 A Splendid Army. 
 
 In the body of my army I feel a just pride. Gen- 
 erals Howard and Slocum are gentlemen of singular 
 capacity and intelligence, thorough soldiers and 
 patriots, working day and night, not for themselves, 
 but for their country and their men. 
 
 General Kilpatrick, who commanded the cavalry of 
 this army, has handled it with spirit and dash to my 
 lentire satisfaction, and kept a superior force of the 
 enemy's cavalry from even approaching our infantry 
 columns or wagon-trains. His report is full and 
 graphic. All the division and brigade commanders 
 merit my personal and official thanks, and I shall spare 
 no efforts to secure them commissions equal to the 
 rank they have exercised so well. As to the rank 
 ind file, they seem so full of confidence in themselves 
 :hat I doubt if they want a compliment from me ; but 
 L must do them the justice to say that, whether called 
 Dn to fight, to march, to wade streams, to make roads, 
 :lear out obsructions, build bridges, make " corduroy," 
 
448 GENERAU SHERMAN. 
 
 or tear up railroads, they have done it with alacrity an 
 a degree of cheerfulness unsurpassed. A little loos^ 
 in foraging, they " did some things they ought not t 
 have done," yet, on the whole, they have supplied th 
 wants of the army with as little violence as could be ex- 
 pected and as little loss as I calculated. Some of these! 
 foraging-parties had encounters with the enemy whicltj 
 would in ordinary times rank as respectable battles, j 
 
 The behavior of our troops in Savannah has been! 
 so manly, so quiet, so perfect that I take it as the best; 
 evidence of discipline and true courage. Never wasil 
 a hostile city, filled with women and children, occupiec 
 by a large army with less disorder, or more system' 
 order, and good government. The same general ano 
 generous spirit of confidence and good feeling pervades 
 the army which It has ever afforded me especial pleas 
 ure to report on former occasions. | 
 
 I avail myself of this occasion to express my heaA 
 felt thanks to Admiral Dahlcrren and the officers anr 
 men of his fleet, as also to General Foster and hi 
 command, for the hearty welcome given us on oui 
 arrival at the coast, and for their ready and proni| 
 co-operation in all measures tending to the resu' 
 accomplished. 
 
 Your obedient servant. 
 
 W. T. SheRxMan, Major- General. . 
 
 President Lincoln's Christmas Present. 
 
 When Savannah was evacuated General Sherma 
 sent this brief message to President Lincoln : 
 " I beg to present to you as a Christmas gift th 
 
MARCHING THROUGH GEORGIA. 449 
 
 city of Savannah, with one hundred and fifty heavy 
 guns, plenty of ammunition, and twenty-five thousand 
 bales of cotton." 
 
 To which the President responded : 
 
 " Many, many thanks for your Christmas gift — the' 
 .capture of Savannah. When you were about to leave 
 Atlanta for the Atlantic coast, I was anxious, if not fear- 
 ful ; but feeling that you were the better judge, and 
 remembering that ' nothing risked, nothing gained,' 
 I did not interfere. Now, the undertaking being a 
 success, the honor is all yours, for I believe none of us 
 went farther then to acquiesce. And, taking the work 
 of General Thomas into account, as it should be taken, 
 it is indeed a great success. Not only does it afford the 
 obvious and immediate military advantages, but in 
 showing to the world that your army could be divided, 
 putting the stronger part to an important new service, 
 , and yet leaving enough to vanquisli the old opposing 
 forces of the whole — Hood's army — ^^it brings those 
 who sat in darkness to see great light. Please make 
 my grateful acknowledgments to your whole army, 
 officers and men." 
 
 General Sherman is most famous as the hero of the 
 "march to the sea," but in military importance that 
 movement was of less consequence than diis campaigns 
 just before and after. To use his own words :. " Were 
 I to express my measure of. the relative importance of . 
 the march to the sea and of that from Savannah north- 
 ward, I should place the former at one and the latter 
 at ten or the maximum." 
 
 ^29 
 
CHAPTER XXI. 
 
 Brilliant Campaign of the Carolinas. 
 
 Leaving Savannah, General Sherman moved his 
 army northward, and put the finishing strokes upon 
 his magnificent achievements, which were one contin- 
 uous series of successes from the time he started on 
 his great march toward Atlanta. Following is his 
 interesting account of his campaign through the 
 Carolinas : 
 
 Headquarters of the Military Division of thf. Mississippi,) 
 GoLDSBORO, N. C, April 4, 1865. / 
 
 General : I must now endeavor to group the events 
 of the past three months connected with the armies 
 under my command, in order that you may have as 
 clear an understanding of the late campaign as the 
 case admits of. 
 
 I have heretofore explained how, in the progress 
 of our arms, I was enabled to leave in the West an 
 army under Major-General George H. Thomas of 
 sufficient strength to meet emergencies in that quar- 
 ter, while in person I conducted another army, com- 
 posed of the Fourteenth, Fifteenth, Seventeenth, and 
 Twentieth corps and Kilpatrick's division of cavalry, 
 to the Atlantic slope, aiming to approach the grand 
 tlieatre of war in Virginia by the time the seasoa 
 
 I 
 
CAMPAIGN OF THE CAEOLINAS. 
 
 451 
 
 would admit of military operations in that latitude. 
 The first lodgment on the coast was made at Savan- 
 nah, strongly fortified and armed, and valuable to us 
 as a good seaport, with its navigable stream inland. 
 Refitting the Army. 
 
 Nearly a month was consumed there in refitting 
 the army and in making the proper disposition of 
 captured property and other local matters ; but by the 
 15th of January I was all ready to resume the march. 
 Preliminary to this, General Howard, commanding the 
 right wing, was ordered to em- 
 bark his command at Thunder- 
 bolt, transport it to Beaufort, 
 South Carolina, and thence by 
 the 15th of January make a 
 lodgment on the Charleston 
 railroad at or near Pocotaligo. 
 This was accomplished punc- 
 tually, at little cost, by the Sev- 
 enteenth corps, Major-General 
 Blair, and a depot for supplies 
 was established near the mouth of Pocotaligo Creek, 
 with easy w^ater-communication back to Hilton Head. 
 
 On the 1 8th of January I transferred the forts and 
 city of Savannah to Major-General F'oster, command- 
 ing the Department of the South, imparted to him my 
 plans of operation, and instructed him how to follow 
 my movements inland by occupying in succession the 
 city of Charleston and such other points along the sea- 
 coast as would be of any military value to us. The 
 
 BRIG.-GEN. A. TERRY. 
 
452 GENERAL SHERMAN. • ^'^ 
 
 4 
 
 combined naval and land forces under Admiral Porter ? 
 and General Terry had, on the 15th of January, cap- | 
 tured Fort Fisher and the rebel forts at the mouth of | 
 Cape Fear River, giving me an additional point of se- t 
 curity on the seacoast. But I had already resolved in •'] 
 my own mind, and had so advised General Grant, that 
 I would undertake at one stride to make Goldsboro, 
 and open communication with the sea by the New- 
 bern railroad, and had ordered Colonel W. W. Wright, 
 superintendent of military railroads, to proceed in 
 advance to -Newbern, and to be prepared to extend 
 the railroad out from Newbern to Goldsboro by the 
 15 th of March. 
 
 ** Forward, March ! " 
 
 On the 19th of January all preparations were 
 complete, and the orders of march were given. 
 On the 25th a demonstration was made against the 
 Combahee ferry and railroad-bridge across the Sal- 
 kahatchie, merely to amuse the enemy, who had : 
 evidently adopted that river as his defensive line j 
 against our supposed objective, the city of Charleston. ^ 
 I reconnoitred the line in person, and saw that the '^ 
 heavy rains had swollen the river, -so that water stood 
 in the swamps for a breadth of more than a mile at a 
 depth of from one to twenty feet. 
 
 Not having the remotest intention of approaching 
 Chark^ston, a comparatively small force was able, by A 
 seeming preparations to cross over, to keep in their' 
 front a considerable force of the enemy disposed to 
 contest our advance on Charleston. On the 27th I 
 
MAP SHOWING THE ROUTE OF SHERMAN'S ARMY THROUGH SOUTH CAROLINA, 
 
 453 
 
454 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 rode to the camp of General Hatch's division of : 
 
 Foster's command, on the TuUifinney and Coosa- i 
 
 hatchie rivers, and directed those places to be evacu- ; 
 
 ated, as no longer of any use to us. That division i 
 
 was then moved to Pocotaligo to keep up the feints . 
 already begun, until we should, with the right wing, 
 
 move higher up and cross the Salkahatchie about i 
 River's or Broxton's Bridge. 
 
 The Seventeenth and Fifteenth corps drew^ out of i 
 
 camp on the 31st of January, but the real march ^ 
 
 began on the ist of February. All the roads north- ■ 
 
 ward had for weeks been held by Wheeler's cavalry, j 
 
 who had, by details of negro laborers, felled trees, ij 
 
 burned bridges, and made obstructions to impede our ' 
 
 march. But so well organized were our pioneer bat- ] 
 
 talions, and so strong and intelligent our men, that • 
 
 obstructions seemed only to quicken their progress. '■] 
 
 Felled trees were removed and bridges rebuilt by the ; 
 
 heads of columns before the rear could close up. \ 
 
 Driving the Enemy. i 
 
 On the I 2th the Seventeenth corps found the enemy i 
 intrenched in front of the Orangeburg bridge, but ; 
 swept him away by a dash, and followed him, forcing - 
 him across the bridge, which was partially burned, j 
 Behind the bridge was a battery in position, covered r 
 by a cotton and earth rampart, with wings as far as ^ 
 could be seen. General Blair held one division (Giles '; 
 A. Smith's) close up to the Edisto, and moved the : 
 other two to a point about tv/o miles below, where •: 
 he crossed Force's division by a poa toon-bridge, hold- ^ 
 
CAMPAIGN OF THE CAROLINAS. 455 
 
 ing Mower's in support. As soon as Force emeroed 
 from the swamp the enemy gave ground, and Giles 
 Smith's division gained the bridge, crossed over, and 
 occupied the enemy's parapet. He soon repaired 
 the bridge, and by four p. m. the whole corps was in 
 Orangeburg, and had begun the work of destruction 
 on the railroad. Blair was ordered to destroy this 
 railroad eflectually up to Lewisville, and to push the 
 enemy across the Congaree and force him to burn the 
 bridges, which he did on the 14th; and without wast- 
 ing time or labor on Branchville or Charleston, which 
 I knew the enemy could no longer hold, I turned" all 
 the columns straight on Columbiao 
 
 Early on the morning of February i6th the head 
 of the column reached the bank of the Congaree op- 
 posite Columbia, but too late to save the fine bridge 
 which spanned the river at that point. It was burned 
 by the enemy. While waiting for the pontoons to 
 come to the front we could see people running about 
 the streets of Columbia, and occasionally small bodies 
 of cavalry, but no masses. A single gun of Captain 
 De Grass's battery was firing at their cavalry squads, 
 but I checked his firing, limiting him to a few shots at 
 the unfinished State-house walls and a few shells at 
 the railroad depot, to scatter the people who were 
 seen carrying away sacks of corn and meal that we 
 needed. There was no white flag or manifestation 
 of surrender. I directed General Howard not to 
 cross direcdy in front of Columbia, but to cross the 
 Saluda at the factory, thi-ee miles above, and after- 
 
456 GENERAL SHERMAN. ^. 
 
 ward Broad River, so as to approach Columbia from 
 the north. Within an hour of the arrival of Gen- v 
 eral Howard's head of column at the river opposite 
 Columbia the head of column of the left wing also i 
 appeared. ■ j 
 
 Capture of Columbia. j 
 
 In anticipation of the occupation of the city, I had | 
 made written orders to General Howard touching- the % 
 conduct of the troops. These were to destroy abso- -4 
 lutely all arsenals and public property not needed ] 
 for our own use, as well as all railroads, depots, and -i 
 machinery useful in war to an enemy, but to spare all | 
 dwellings, colleges, schools, asylums, and harmless ;] 
 private property. I was the first to cross the pontoon- J 
 bridge, and in company with General Howard rode ] 
 into the city. The day was clear, but a perfect tem- ; 
 pe»st of wind was raging. The brigade of Colonel "i 
 Sione was already in the city, and was properly ^ 
 posted. Citizens and soldiers were on the streets j 
 and general good order prevailed. ? 
 
 General Wade Hampton, who commanded the Con- i 
 federate rear-guard of cavalry, Iiad, in anticipation of \ 
 our capture of Columbia, ordered that all cotton, :.* 
 public and private, should be moved into the streets :- 
 and fired, to prevent our making use of it. Bales ;: 
 were piled everywhere, the rope and bagging cut, and J 
 tufts of cotton were blown about in the wind, lodoed "• 
 in the trees and against houses, so as to resemble a ] 
 snow-storm. Some of these piles of cotton were burn- j 
 ing, especially one in the very heart of the city near ; 
 
HARLESTON HARBOR AND ITS APPROACHES, SHOWING FORTS SUMTER AND 
 Vv'AGNER, JAMES ISLAND, Etc., Etc. 
 
 457 
 
458 GENERAL SHERMAN. j 
 
 the court-house, but the fi.re was partially subdued by \ 
 the labor of our soldiers. During the day, the Fif- I 
 teenth corps passed through Columbia and out on the ! 
 Camden road. The Seventeenth did not enter the ^ 
 town at all, and the left wing and cavalry did not ] 
 come within ten miles of the town. 
 
 Before one single public building had been hred by ;: 
 order, the smouldering tires set by Hampton's order . 
 were rekindled by the wind and communicated to the • 
 buildings around. About dark they began to spread, i 
 and got beyond the control of the brigade on duty | 
 witlilii the city. The whole of Wood's division was ■] 
 brought In, but it was found Impossible to check the j 
 flames, which by midnight had become unmanageable, j 
 and raged until about four a. m., when, the wind sub- ] 
 siding, they were got under control. 'j 
 
 The ToAvii Fired by Confederates. j 
 
 I was up nearly all night, and saw Generals How- j 
 ard, Loofan, Wood, and others laborine to save houses ,- 
 and to protect families thus suddenly deprived of \ 
 shelter and of bedding and wearing apparel. I dis- :> 
 claim on the part of my army any agency in this fire, j 
 but, on the contrary, claim that we saved what of Co- j 
 lumbla remains unconsumed. And, without hesitation, j 
 I charge General Wade Hampton with having burned ;, 
 his own city of Columbia, not with a malicious intent I 
 or as the manifestation of a silly " Roman stoicism," "k 
 but from folly and want of sense in filling it with lint, ■ 
 cotton, and tinder. Our officers and men on duty 
 worked well to extincruish the flames ; but others not j 
 
 i 
 
MAP SHOWING THE ENTRANCE TO CAPE FEAR RIVER AND APPROACHES 
 TO WILMINGtON. N. C. 
 
460 GENERAL SHERMAN. ^i 
 
 on duty, including the officers who had long been i 
 imprisoned there, rescued by us, may have assisted ' 
 in spreading the fire after it had once begun, and may ; 
 liave indulged in unconcealed joy to see the ruin of 
 the capital of South Carolina. During the i8th and i 
 19th the arsenal, railroad depots, machine-shops, i 
 foundries, and other buildings were properly de- ^ 
 stroyed by detailed working-parties, and the railroad i 
 track torn up and destroyed to Kingsville and the i 
 Wateree bridge and up in the direction of Winnsboro. ' 
 Without unnecessary delay the columns were again 'i 
 put in motion, directed on Fayetteville, North Carolina, ': 
 the ricrht wine crossing the Pedee at Cheraw and the i 
 left winor and cavalry at Sneedsboro. General Kil- , 
 patrick was ordered to keep well on the left flank, and ; 
 the Fourteenth corps, moving by Love's Bridge, was j 
 given the right to enter and occupy Fayetteville first, j 
 The weather continued unfavorable and the roads^ bad, i 
 but the Fourteenth and Seventeenth corps reached \ 
 Fayetteville on the nth of March, skirmishing with;; 
 Wade Hampton's cavalry, that covered the rear of j 
 Hardee's retreating army, which, as usual, had crossed i 
 Cape Fear River, burning the bridge. During the . 
 march from the Pedee, General Kilpatrick had kept ; 
 his cavalry well on the left and exposed flank. } 
 
 Hampton's Sudden Attack. ^ 
 
 During the night of the 9th March his three brigades \ 
 were divided to picket the roads. General Hampton, i 
 detecting this, dashed in at daylight and gained pos- , 
 session of the camp of Colonel Spencer's brigade and i 
 
CAMPAIGN OF THE CAROLINAS. 461 
 
 the house in which General Kilpatrick and Colonel 
 Spencer had their quarters. The surprise was com- 
 plete, but General Kilpatrick quickly succeeded in 
 rallying his men on foot in a swamp near by, and, 
 by a prompt attack, well followed up, regained his 
 artillery, horses, camp, and everything, save some 
 prisoners whom the enemy carried off, leaving their 
 dead on the crround. 
 
 The 1 2th, 13th, and 14th were passed at Fayette- 
 ville, destroying absolutely the United States arsenal 
 and the vast amount of machinery which had formerly 
 belonged to the old Harper's Ferry United States 
 arsenal. Every building was knocked down and 
 burned, and every piece of machinery utterly broken 
 up and ruined, by the First regiment Michigan En- 
 gineers, under the immediate supervision of Colonel 
 O. M. Poe, chief engineer. Much valuable property 
 of great use to an enemy was here destroyed or cast 
 into the river. 
 
 Up to this period I had perfectly succeeded in inter- 
 posing my superior army between the scattered parts 
 of my enemy. But I was then aware that the frag- 
 ments that had left Columbia under Beauregard had 
 been reinforced by Cheatham's corps from the West 
 and the garrison of Augusta, and that ample time had 
 been given to move them to my front and flank about 
 Raleio-h. Hardee had also succeeded in orettine across 
 Cape Fear River ahead of me, and could therefore 
 complete the junction with the other armies of John- 
 ston and Hoke in North CaroHna. 
 
462 GENERAL SHERMAN. i 
 
 Johnston in Front. 
 
 And the whole, under die command of the skilful 1 
 and experienced Joe Johnston, made up an army su- 
 perior to me in cavalry, and formidable enough in : 
 artillery and infantry to justify me in extreme caution ' 
 in making the last step necessary to complete the \ 
 march I had undertaken. Previous to reaching Fay- ] 
 etteville, I had despatched to Wilmington from Laurel i 
 Hill Church two of our best scouts with intelligence of ; 
 our position and my general plans. Both of these I 
 messengers reached Wilmington, and on the morning 1 
 of the 1 2th of March the army-tug Davidson, Captain \ 
 Ainsworth, reached Fayetteville from Wilmington, ; 
 bringing me fidi intelligence of events from the outer \ 
 world. ' 
 
 All the signs induced me to believe that the ene- • 
 my would make no further opposition to our prog- i 
 ress. and would not attempt to strike us in flank : 
 while in motion. I therefore directed Howard to ,■ 
 move his right wnng by the new Goldsboro road, which | 
 goes by way of Falling Creek Church. I also left "■ 
 Slocum and joined Howard's column, with a view to j 
 open communications with General Schofield, coming i 
 up from Nevvbern, and Terry from Wilmington. By 1 
 subsequent reports I learned that General Slocum's [ 
 head of column had advanced from its camp of March j 
 i8rh, and first encountered Dibbrell's cavalry, but - 
 soon found its progress impeded by infantry and ar- ^^ 
 tillery. The enemy attacked his head of column, j 
 gaining a temporary advantage, and took three guns j 
 
 
CAMPAIGN OF THE CAROLINAS. 463 
 
 and caissons of General Carlin's division, driving- the 
 two leading brigades back on the main body. As 
 soon as General Slocum realized that he had in his 
 front the whole Confederate army, he prompdy de- 
 ployed the two divisions of the Fourteenth corps, 
 General Davis, and rapidly brought up on their left 
 the two divisions of the Twentieth corps, General 
 Williams. These he arranged on the defensive, and 
 hastily prepared a line of barricades. General Kil- 
 patrick also* came up at the sound of artillery and 
 massed on the left. In this position the left wing re- 
 ceived six distinct assaults by the combined forces of 
 Hoke, Hardee, and Cheatham, under the immediate 
 command of General Johnston himself, without giving 
 an inch of ground, and doing good execution on the 
 enemy's ranks, especially with our artillery, the enemy 
 having: little or none. 
 
 Johnston's Rapid Move. 
 
 Johnston had moved by night from Smithfield with 
 great rapidity and without unnecessary wheels, intend- 
 ing to overwhelm my left flank before it could be 
 relieved by its co operating columns. But he *' reck- 
 oned without his host." I had expected just such a 
 movement all the way from Fayetteville, and was pre- 
 pared for it. By four p. m. of the 20th a complete 
 and strong line of battle confronted the enemy in his 
 intrenched position, and General Johnston, instead of 
 catching us in detail, was on the defensive, v^ith Mill 
 Creek and a single bridge to his rear. Nevertheless, 
 we had no object to accomplish by a battle, unless at 
 
464 
 
 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 an advantage, and dierefore my general instructions 
 were to press steadily with skirmishers alone, to use 
 artillery pretty strongly on the wooded space held by 
 the enemy, and to feel pretty strongly the flanks of 
 his position, which were, as usual, covered by the end- 
 less swamps of this region of country. 
 
 Thus matters stood about Benton ville on the 21st 
 of March. On the same day General Schofield en- 
 tered Goldsboro with litde or no opposition, and Gen- 
 eral. Terry had gof possession 
 of the Neuse -River at Cox's 
 Bridge, ten miles above, with 
 a pontoon-bridge laid and a 
 brigade across ; so that the 
 three armies were in actual 
 connection, and the great bb- ' 
 ject of the campaign was 
 accomplished. 
 
 On the 2 1st a r^teady rain 
 prevailed, during which Gen- 
 eral Mower's division of the Seventeenth corps, on. 
 the extreme right, had worked well to the right around-' 
 the enemy's flank, and had nearly reached the bridge 
 across Mill Creek, the only line of retreat open to the 
 enemy. Of course there was extreme danger that^ 
 the enemy would turn on him all his reserves, and, it,- 
 might be, let go his parapets to overwhelm Mower.-. 
 Accordingly, I ordered at once a general attack by/ 
 our skirmish-line from left to right. 
 
 Quite a noisy batUe ensued, during which General'l 
 
 BRIG.-GENERAL SCHOFIELD. 
 
CAMPAIGN OF THE CAEOLINAS. 
 
 465 
 
 MAJOR-GENERAL E. O. ORD. 
 
 Mower was enabled to regain his connection with his 
 
 own corps by moving to his left rear. Still, he had 
 
 developed a weakness in the enemy's position of which 
 
 advantage mioht have been 
 
 taken ; but that night the 
 
 enemy retreated on Smithheld, 
 
 leaving his pickets to fall Into 
 
 our hands, with many dead 
 
 unburied, and wounded In his 
 
 field hospitals. At daybreak 
 
 of the 22d pursuit was made 
 
 two miles beyond Mill Creek, 
 
 but checked by my order. 
 
 General Johnston had utterly failed In his attempt, 
 
 and we remained In full possession of the field of 
 
 battle. 
 
 General Slocum reports the losses of the left wing 
 about Bentonville at 9 officers and 145 men killed, 51 
 officers and 816 men wounded, and 3 officers and 223 
 men missing, taken prisoners by the enemy ; total, 
 1247. He buried on the field 167 rebel dead and 
 took 338 prisoners. 
 
 General Howard reports the losses of . the right 
 wing at 2 officers and 35 men killed, 12 officers and 
 289 men wounded, and i officer and 60 men missing; 
 total, 399. He also burled 100 rebel dead and took 
 1 287 prisoners. 
 
 The cavalry of Kilpatrick was held In reserve, and 
 lost but few, If any, of which I have no report as yet. 
 Our aoforreeate loss at Bentonville was 164.6. 
 
466 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 It was all-important that I should have an interview 
 with the general-in-chief ; and, presuming that he could 
 not at this time leave City Point, I left General Scho- 
 field in chief command, and proceeded with all expe- 
 dition by rail to Morehead City, and thence by steamer 
 to City Point, reaching General Grant's headquarters 
 on the evening of the 27th of March. I had the good 
 fortune to meet General Grant, the President, Gen- 
 erals Meade, Ord, and others of the Army of the 
 Potomac, and soon learned the general state of the 
 military world, from which I had been in a great meas- 
 ure cut off since January. Having completed all 
 necessary business, I re- embarked on the navy steamer 
 Bat, Captain Barnes, which Admiral Porter placed at 
 my command, and returned via Hatteras Inlet and 
 Newbern, reaching my own headquarters in Golds- 
 bo ro during the night of the 30th. During my ab- 
 sence full supplies of clothing and food had been 
 brought to camp, and all things were working 
 well. 
 
 A Crowning- Success. 
 
 I have thus rapidly sketched the progress of our 
 columns from Savannah to Goldsboro, but for more 
 minute details must refer to the reports of subordinate 
 commanders and of staff officers, which are not yet 
 ready, but will in due season be forwarded and filed 
 with this report. I cannot, even with any degree of 
 precision, recapitulate the vast amount of injury done 
 the enemy or the quantity of guns and materials of fi 
 war captured and destroyed. In general terms, we ;|| 
 
 li 
 
CAMPAIGN OF THE CAROLINAS. 467 
 
 have traversed the country from Savannah to Golds- 
 boro, with an average breadth of forty miles, consum- 
 ing all the forage, cattle, hogs, sheep, poultry, cured 
 meats, corn-meal, etc. The public enemy, instead of 
 drawing supplies from that region to feed his armies, 
 will be compelled to send provisions from other quar- 
 ters to feed the inhabitants. 
 
 Of course, the abandonment to us by the enemy 
 of the whole seacoast from Savannah to Newbern, 
 North Carolina, with its forts, dockyards, gunboats, 
 etc., was a necessary incident to our occupation and 
 destruction of the inland routes of travel and sup- 
 ply ; but the real object of this march was to place 
 this army in a position easy of supply, whence it could 
 take an appropriate part in the spring and summer 
 campaign of 1865. This was completely accomplished 
 on the 2 1 St of March by the junction of the three 
 armies and occupation of Goldsboro. 
 
 In conclusion, I beg to express in the most em- 
 phatic manner my entire satisfaction with the tone 
 and temper of the whole army. Nothing seems to 
 dampen their energy, zeal, cr cheerfulness. It is im- 
 possible to conceive a march involving more labor 
 and exposure, yet I cannot recall an instance of bad 
 temper by the way or hearing an expression of doubt 
 as to our perfect success in the end. I believe that 
 this cheerfulness and harmony of action reflects upon 
 all concerned quite as much real honor and fame as 
 " battles gained " or " cities won," and I therefore com- 
 mend all — generals, staff, officers, and men — for these 
 
468 GENEKAL SHERMAN. 
 
 high qualities, in addition to the more soldierly ones 
 of obedience to orders and the alacrity they have 
 always manifested when danger summoned them 
 "to the front." I have the honor to be your obe- 
 dient servant, 
 
 W. T. Sherman, Major- General Conimandi7ig. 
 
 Major-General H. W. Halleck, Chief of Staff, Washington City, D. C. 
 
CHAPTER XXII. 
 
 Surrender of Johnston to Sherman. — Capture 
 of Fifty Thousand Men, 
 
 The closing act in General Sherman's 'superb 
 career was his capture of the entire Confederate 
 army under Johnston. We give the account of it in 
 his own words : 
 
 On the 15th day of April, 1865, I was at Raleigh 
 in command of three armies, the Army of the Ohio, 
 the Army of the Cumberland, and the Army of the 
 Tennessee ; my enemy was General Joseph E. Johns- 
 ton of the Confederate Army, who commanded fifty 
 thousand men, retreating along the railroad from 
 Raleigh by Hillsboro, Greensboro, Salisbury, and 
 Charlotte. I commenced pursuit by crossing the 
 curve of that road in the direction of Ashboro and 
 Charlotte; after the head of my column had crossed 
 the Cape Fear River at Aven's Ferry, I received a 
 communication from General Johnston, and answered 
 it, copies of which I most promptly sent to the War 
 Department, with a letter addressed to the Secretary 
 of War, as follows : 
 
 " Headquarters Military Division of the Mississippi, \ 
 IN the Field, Raleigh, N. C, April 15, 1865. i 
 
 "General U. S. Grant and Secretary of War: 
 I send copies of a correspodence to you with General 
 
 469 
 
470 GENERAL SHEHMAN. ] 
 
 1 
 
 Johnston, which I think will be followed by terms of j 
 capitulation. I will grant the same terms General i 
 Grant gave Lee, and be careful not to complicate \ 
 any points of civil policy. If any cavalry has started ! 
 toward me, caution them to be prepared to find our i 
 w^ork done. It is now rainincr in torrents, and I shall i 
 await General Johnston's reply here, and will pre- j 
 pare to' meet him in person at Chapel Hill. j 
 
 "I have invited Governor Vance to return to Ral- \ 
 
 i 
 
 eUrh with the civil officers of his State. I have met ] 
 
 ex-Governor Graham, Messrs. Badger, Moore, Hold- i 
 
 en, and others, all of whom agree that the w^ar is 1 
 
 over, and that the States of the South must resume j 
 
 their allegiance, subject to the Constitution and laws | 
 
 of Congress, and must submit to the national arms. |: 
 
 This great fact once admitted, the details are of easy j 
 arranorement. 
 
 "W. T. Sherman, Major-Gcne^^al!' 
 
 I met General Johnston in person at a house five 
 miles from Durham Station, under a flag of truce. 
 After a few preliminary remarks he said to me, since 
 Lee had surrendered his army at Appomattox Court- 
 house, of which he had just been advised, he looked 
 upon further opposition by him as the greatest possi- 
 ble of crimes ; that he wanted to know whether I 
 could make him any general concessions, anything 
 by which he could maintain his hold and control of 
 his army and prevent its scattering, anything to sat- 
 isfy the great yearning of their people ; if so, he 
 
JOHNSTON'S SURRENDER. 471 
 
 thought he could arrange terms satisfactory to both 
 parties. He wanted to embrace the condition and 
 fate of all the armies of the Southern Confederacy to the 
 Rio Grande — to make one job of it, as he termed it. 
 
 I asked him what his powers were — -whether he 
 could command and control the fate of all the armies 
 to the Rio Grande. He answered that he thoucrht he 
 could obtain the power, but he did not possess it at 
 that moment; he did not know where Mr. Davis was, 
 but he thought if I could give him the time he could 
 find Mr. Breckenridge, whose orders would be obeyed 
 everywhere, and he could pledge to me his personal 
 faith that whatever he undertook to do would be 
 done. 
 
 Can Joliiistoii Fill the Contract? 
 
 I had had frequent correspondence with the late 
 President of the United States, with the Secretary of 
 War, with General Halleck, and with General Grant, 
 and the general impression left upon my mind was 
 that if a setdement could be made consistent with the 
 Constitution of the United States, the laws of Con- 
 gress, and the proclamation of the President, they 
 would not only be willing, but pleased, to terminate 
 the war by one single stroke of the pen. 
 
 I needed time to finish the railroad from the Neuse 
 bridge up to Raleigh, and thought I could put in four 
 or five days of good time in making repairs to my 
 road, even if I had to send propositions to Washing- 
 ton ; I therefore consented to delay twenty-four hours, 
 to enable General Johnston to procure what would 
 
472 GENEEAL SHERMAN. 
 
 satisfy me as to his authority and abiUty as a military 
 man to do what he undertook to do ; I therefore con- 
 sented to meet him the next day, the 17th, at twelve, 
 noon, at the same place. 
 
 We did meet again: after a general interchange of 
 courtesies he remarked that he was then prepared to 
 satisfy me that he could fulfil the terms of our conver- 
 sation of the day before. He then asked me what I 
 was willing to do ; I told him, in the first place, I 
 could not deal with anybody except men recognized" 
 by us as '' belligerents," because no military man 
 could go beyond that fact. The attorney-general has 
 since so decided, and any man of common sense so 
 understood it before ; there was no difference upon 
 that point as to the men and officers composing the 
 Confederate armies. I told him that the President of 
 the United States by a pubUshed proclamation had 
 enabled every man in the Southern Confederate 
 army, of the rank of colonel and under, to procure 
 and obtain amnesty by simply taking the oath of 
 allegiance to the United States and agreeing to go to 
 his home and live in peace. The terms of General 
 Grant to General Lee extended the same principles 
 to the officers of the rank of brio^adier-o;eneral and 
 upward, including the highest officer in the Confeder- 
 ate army — viz. General Lee, the commander-in-chief. 
 I was therefore willing to proceed with him upon the 
 same principles. 
 
 No White Slaves. 
 
 Then a conversation arose as to what form of gov- 
 
JOHNSTON'S' SUKRENDER. i7Pi 
 
 ernment they were to have in the South? Were the 
 States there to be dissevered, and were the people to 
 be denied representation in Congress ? Were the 
 people there to be, in the common language of the 
 people of the South, slaves to the people of the 
 
 GENERAL ROBERT E. LEE. 
 
 North? Of course I said, "No; we desire that you 
 shall regain your position as citizens of the United 
 States, free and equal to us in all respects, and with 
 representation upon the condition of submission to 
 the lawful authority of the United States as defined 
 
474 GENEKAL SHERMAK 
 
 by the Constitution, the United Slates courts, and the ; 
 authorities of the United States supported by those . 
 courts/' He then remarked to me that General j 
 Rreckenridge, a major-general in the Confederate 
 army, was near by, and if I had no objection he " 
 would like to have him present. I 
 
 I called his attention to the fact that I had on the ] 
 day before explained to him that any negotiations i 
 between us must be confined to bellig^erents. He ■ 
 replied that he understood that perfecdy. " But," i 
 said he, " Breckenridge, whom you do not know, save i 
 by public rumor, as Secretary of War, is, in fact, a ! 
 major-general ; I give you my word for that. Have 
 you any objection to his being present as a major- ■ 
 general?" I replied. "I have no objection to any -'\ 
 military officer you desire being present as a part of j 
 your personal staff" I myself had my own officers ] 
 near me at call, and was willing to grant what I \ 
 claimed for myself. ^ 
 
 Breckenridge came a stranger to me, whom I had -; 
 never spoken to in my life, and he joined in the con- j 
 versation ; while that conversation was going on a ; 
 courier arrived and handed to General Johnston a ^ 
 package of papers; he and Breckenridge sat down ;^ 
 and looked over them for some time, and put them 
 away in their pockets ; what they were I know not^ f 
 but one of them was a slip of paper, written, as Gen- 
 eral Johnston told me, by Mr. Reagan, Postmaster- 
 General of the Southern Confederacy ; they seemed 
 to talk about it sof/o voce, and finally handed it to me ; 
 
 J 
 
JOHNSTON'S SURRENDER. 475 
 
 I glanced over it ; it was preceded by a preamble and 
 closed with a few general terms; I rejected it at once. 
 
 Important Conference. 
 
 We then discussed matters — talked about slavery, 
 talked about everything. There was a universal assent 
 that slavery was as dead as anything could be; that it 
 was one of the issues of the war lonor since deter- 
 mined ; and even General Johnston laughed at the 
 folly of the Confederate Government in raising negro 
 soldiers whereby they gave us all the points of the 
 case. I told them that slavery had been treated by 
 us as a dead institution — first by one class of men 
 from the initiation of the war, and then from the date 
 of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lin- 
 coln, and finally by the assent of all parties. 
 
 As to reconstruction, I told them I did not know 
 wliat the views of the Administration were. Mr. 
 Lincoln up to that time, in letters and by telegrams to 
 me, encouraged me by all the words which could be 
 used in general terms to believe not only in his will- 
 ingness, but in his desires, that I should make terms 
 with civil authorities, governors, and legislators, even 
 as far back as 1863. It then occurred to me that I 
 might write off some general propositions, meaning 
 little or meanino- much accordinof to the construction 
 of pardes — what I would term *' glittering, generali- 
 des" — and send them to Washington, which I could 
 do in four days. That would enable the new Presi- 
 dent to give me a clue to his policy in the important 
 juncture which was then upon us, for the war was 
 
476 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 • 
 
 over; the highest miHtary authorities of the Southern 
 Confederacy so confessed to me openly, unconceal- 
 edly, and repeatedly. 1 therefore drew up the memo- 
 randum (which has been published to the world) for 
 the purpose of referring it to the proper executive 
 authority of the United States, and enabling him to 
 define to me what I might promise, simply to cover 
 the pride of the Southern men, who thereby became 
 subordinate to the laws of the United States, civil and 
 military. 
 
 Grim Terms of AVar. 
 I made no concessions to General Johnston's army 
 or the troops under his direction and immediate con- 
 trol ; and if any concessions were made in those gen- 
 eral terms, they were made because I then believed, 
 and now believe, they would have delivered into the 
 hands of the United States the absolute control of 
 every Confederate officer and soldier, all their muster- 
 rolls, and all their arms. It would save us all the in- 
 cidental expense resulting from the military occupation 
 of tiiat country by provost-marshals, provost-guards, 
 military governors, and all the machinery by which 
 alone military power can reach the people of a civilized 
 country. It would have surrendered to us the armies 
 of Dick Taylor and Kirby Smith, both of them capable - 
 of doing infinite mischief to us by exhausting the re- 
 sources of the whole country upon which we were to 
 depend for the future extinguishment of our debt, 
 forced upon us by their wrongful and rebellious con- 
 duct. I 
 
 .i 
 
JOHNSTON'S SURRENDER. 477 
 
 I never designed to shelter a human being from any 
 liability incurred in consequence of past acts to the civil 
 tribunals of our country, and I do not believe a fair 
 and manly interpretation of my terms can so construe 
 them, for the words " United States courts," ''United 
 States authorities," " limitations of executive power," 
 occur in every paragraph. And if they seemingly 
 yield terms better than the public would desire to be 
 given to the Southern people, if studied closely and well 
 it will be found that there is an absolute submission on 
 their part to the Government of the United States, 
 either through its executive, legislative, or judicial 
 authorities. 'Every step in the programme of these 
 negotiations was reported punctually, clearly, and fully 
 by the most rapid means of communication that I had. 
 
 All the Fruits of Victory. 
 
 And yet I neglected not one single precaution 
 necessary to reap the full benefits of my position in 
 case the Government amended, altered, or absolutely 
 annulled those terms. As those matters were neces- 
 sarily mingled with the military history of the period, 
 I would like at this point to submit to the committee 
 my official report, which has been in the hands of the 
 proper officer, Brigadier-General Rawlings, chief of 
 staff of the army of the United States, since about the 
 1 2th instant. It w^as made by me at Manchester, Va., 
 after I had returned from Savannah, whither I went to 
 open up the Savannah River and reap the fruits of my 
 negodations with General Johnston, and to give Gen- 
 eral Wilson's force in the interior a safe and sure base 
 
I 
 
 478 GENERAL SHERMAN. ^ 
 
 from which he could draw the necessary supply of \ 
 
 clothing and food for his command. It was only after i 
 
 I had fulfilled all this that I learned, for the first time, ^ 
 
 through the public press, that my conduct had been 1 
 
 animadverted upon, not only by the Secretary of War, • 
 
 but by General Halleck and the press of the country ^ 
 
 at large. I 
 
 I did feel hurt and annoyed that Mr. Stanton coupled i 
 
 with the terms of my memorandum, confided to him, ;; 
 
 a copy of a telegram to General Grant which he had | 
 
 never sent to me. He knew, on the contrary, that 1 
 
 when he was at Savannah I had negotiations with ^; 
 
 civil parties there, for he was present in my room ; 
 
 when those parties were conferring with me, and I ^ 
 
 wrote him a letter setting forth many points of it, in ^ 
 
 which I said I aimed to make a split in Jeff Davis's :j 
 
 dominions by segregating Georgia. Those were civil $ 
 
 negotiations, and, far from beine discouraged from ' 
 making them, I was encouraged by Secretary Stanton 
 himself to make them. 
 
 Righteous Indig-nation. 
 
 By coupling the note to General Grant with my 
 memorandum he gave the world fairly and clearly to 
 infer that I was in possession of it. Now, I was not 
 in possession of it, and I have reason to know that 
 Mr. Stanton knew I was not in possession of it. Next 
 met me General Halleck's telegram, indorsed by Mr. 
 Stanton, in which they publicly avowed an act of per- 
 fidy — namely, the violation of my truce, which I had a 
 right to make, and which, by the laws of war and by 
 
 ] 
 
JOHNSTON'S SUKRENDER. 479 
 
 the laws of Congress, is punishable by death and no 
 other punishment. 
 
 Next, they ordered an army to pursue my enemy, 
 who was known to be surrendering to me, in the pres- 
 ence of General Grant himself, their superior officer; 
 and, finally, they sent orders to General Wilson and 
 to General Thomas — my subordinates, acting under 
 me on a plan of the most magnificent scale, admirably 
 executed — to defeat my orders and to thwart the in- 
 terests of the Government of the United States. I 
 did feel indignant ; I do feel indignant. As to my 
 honor, I can protect it. In my letter of the 15th of 
 April I used this language : " I have invited Governor 
 Vance to return to Raleigh, with the civil officers of 
 his State." I did so because President Lincoln had 
 himself encouraged me to a similar course with the 
 oovernor of Georgia when I was in Atlanta. And 
 here was the opportunity which the Secretary of War 
 should have taken to put me on my guard against 
 makinof terms with civil authorities, if such were the 
 settled policy of our Government. Had President 
 Lincoln lived, I know he would have sustained me. 
 
 After the War. 
 
 The foregoing narrative by General Sherman 
 throws a clear licrht on Jiis action — an action which 
 was disapproved at Washington. He was anxious to 
 stop the flow of blood, and was willing to be magnani- 
 mous toward a fallen foe. 
 
 I Then followed the grand review of the troops in 
 Washington, and on May 30, Sherman took leave of 
 
480 GENEKAL SHERMAN. 
 
 his army In general orders. In the reorganization of ' 
 the army Grant became general and Sherman lieu- 
 tenant-general. When Grant became President, ^ 
 Sherman was elevated to the highest military office, '■ 
 which he retained until his retirement in February, ; 
 
 1884. _ _ I 
 
 Appropriately, we may close this part of our vol- ] 
 ume with Charles De Kay's striking poetical tribute - 
 to the brilliant commander, whose achievements went '. 
 far toward saving the Union at the time of greatest 1 
 peril : < 
 
 Rumble and grumble, ye drums, i 
 
 Shrill be your throat, O pipes ! '• 
 
 Writhe, blood-red flag, in your mourning band, [ 
 Serpent of harlequin stripes ! 
 
 But, stars in the banner's blue ! J 
 
 Smile, for the war-chief true 'J 
 
 Up from the myriad hearts of the land ! 
 
 Comes — to your haven comes. 
 
 Guns that sullenly boom, 
 
 Mourn for the master's hand 
 Dreadful, uplifting the baton of war 
 While your hurricane shook the land ! 
 Marching, marching, battle and raid, 
 Gay and garrulous, unafraid, 
 Sherman drove with his brilliant star 
 A dragon of eld to its doom. 
 
 Pass, O shade without stain ! 
 
 Sunsets that grimly smile 
 Shall paint how your signal flags deploy 
 Battalions, mile on mile — 
 Horsemen and footmen, rank on rank. 
 Sweeping against the foeman's flank. 
 Howling full of the strange mad joy 
 Of slaujjhter and fear to be slain ! 
 
BOOK III, 
 
 GENERAL SHERMAN'S DEATH AND 
 OBSEQUIES. 
 
 CHAPTER XXIII. 
 
 Fatal Illness. — The Giant Shorn of his Strength. 
 — Anxiety throughout the Nation. 
 
 General Sherman's last illness began on the loth 
 of February. It was hoped that his iron constitution 
 would stand firmly against the attack, and that the 
 hero of many well-fought battles would not have to 
 surrender yet to death. The strongest man is finally 
 weak ; the bravest soul must some time be van- 
 quished ; the great general's foe this time was more 
 formidable than ranks bristling with steel. The vet- 
 eran of hot campaigns had met an enemy too strong 
 to be defeated. 
 
 At I.I 5 A. M. a messenger left General Sherman's 
 house in New York on the run to the nearest drug- 
 gist. He carried a message to Senator Sherman, 
 saying, " Papa is much worse." It was signed 
 "Sherman." 
 
 At 1. 20 A. M. R. T. Sherman sent the following 
 despatch to Senator John Sherman, brother of the 
 
 31 481 
 
482 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 general : " Papa is very much worse. You had bet- 
 ter come." 
 
 At a quarter-past eleven Dr. Alexander, through the 
 general's son, handed out the following bulletin, show- 
 ing the result of a consultation of physicians : 
 
 "The result of the consultation of Drs. Alexander ■ 
 and Janeway shows that there has been no improve- j 
 ment in General Sherman's condition. -^ 
 
 " Dr. Alexander." j 
 
 All day the batde between death and General [ 
 Sherman was waged with varying fortune. The bed- i 
 side of the aged sufferer was surrounded by th~^ 3 
 members of his family and loving friends, and all thi. t 
 medical science could suggest to ward off the en '. 
 croachments of the insidious disease which hac ; 
 attacked his face was done. I 
 
 The chances were against him. It was his secon'. 'j 
 attack of erysipelas, and much more severe than the '-j 
 first one. His many years — he celebrated his sev- ;] 
 enty-first birthday on the previous Sunday — had 
 weakened his iron constitution, and it was certain 
 that he had little reserve force with which to batde 
 against it. But his brother and his children, remem- 
 bering how he had come forth victorious from many 
 a forlorn hope before, refused to lose heart or to 
 admit that his case was hopeless, and at noon, as if in 
 answer to their faith, he began to rally from his sink- 
 ing spell. 
 
 Each succeeding hour brought encouraging news 
 
FATAL ILLNESS. 483 
 
 from the sick chamber, and at six o'clock Dr. R. H. 
 Green, who had been at his bedside all the afternoon, 
 said that there was no immediate danger of death. 
 But he held out small hopes of his recovery. Sena- 
 tor Sherman clung to the belief that he would get 
 well, but postponed his intended return to Wash- 
 ington. 
 
 Surrounded by his Children. 
 
 All of General Sherman's family, with the exception 
 of his son, the Rev. T. E. Sherman, who was study- 
 ing in the Jesuit Institution in the Island of Jersey, 
 and who was notified by cable of his father's condi- 
 tion, watched by his bedside. His friend, Dr. and 
 Lieutenant-Colonel Charles T. Alexander of the army, 
 was in constant attendance upon him. Shortly after 
 midnight it was noticed that his condition had changed 
 for the worse and that he was steadily growing weaker. 
 His face and neck were badly inflamed, and any mo- 
 tion seemed to be quite painful. But, as a general 
 thing, he did not suffer much. He lay In a state of 
 semi-coma, and could only be roused at long intervals 
 to partake of medicine or nourishment. In his con- 
 scious moments he seemed to be aware of the dan- 
 ger of his situation, but he bore his pains and faced 
 the menacing death with the same simple courage 
 which had always marked his strong character. He 
 waited without trepidation for the dread visitor that 
 had often confronted him on the battle field, and 
 whose coming now had no terrors. 
 
 He lay in the front room of his residence, on the 
 
484 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 second floor. The shades were drawn tightly down 
 and no noise was permitted to reach him. A notice 
 at the door warned callers not to ring the bell, and a 
 special attendant was placed there to answer the ques- 
 tions of inquirers, who came in great numbers, and 
 to receive the shoals of telegrams which came from 
 all parts of the country. One of these, from Presi- 
 dent Harrison, making anxious inquiry, was answered 
 by Mr. P. T. Sherman, but most of them were an- 
 swered only by the hourly bulletins which were sent 
 out by the doctors or by young Mr. Sherman. 
 
 Once in a while the general became slighdy deliri- 
 ous, and it seemed as if the disease had attacked the 
 brain, which was the complication to be feared. But 
 he would rally from these attacks and hope would re- 
 turn again. 
 
 The Worst Feared. 
 
 As the morning wore on the physicians lost cour- 
 age, intimating that he would not live another twenty- 
 four hours, and declared that there was no possible 
 hope. ^ 
 
 " General Sherman is suffering from facial erysipe- 
 las," said Dr. Alexander, " coupled with slow fever. 
 It is a simple disease, but difficult to treat, which 
 makes it a dangerous one. It is bad enough for a 
 younger man, who has the strength and vigor to with- 
 stand its insidious attack, but the general has not the 
 constitution that he once had. I do not anticipate 
 any crisis in this case, for erysipelas does its work 
 by slowly undermining the strength of the patient 
 
FATAL ILLNESS. 485 
 
 by slowly undermining the strength of the patient 
 until he has none left to do batde with it." 
 
 Among the callers at the house who were admitted 
 were General Thomas Ewing, General O. O. Howard, 
 and Lieutenant Treat of his staff 
 
 The reports were discouraging during the morning 
 hours, but about noon their tenor changed and the 
 doctors began to report an improvement. The fol- 
 lowing bulletins will tell the story of the day : 
 
 " 11.50 — No change for the better. General Sher- 
 man continues to grow weaker." 
 
 " 2 p. M. — General Sherman was worse this morn- 
 inof, and his condition was considered critical. Durino 
 the day his condition has improved considerably." 
 
 ''6.15 P. M. — General Sherman's condition has not 
 changed in the least since last bulletin. Still improv- 
 ing, very slowly." 
 
 " 9 p. M. — General Sherman is resting easily. His 
 family are confident that he will live through the 
 night." 
 
 He Knew his Friend. 
 
 General Ewing, who left the house at eventide, said 
 that the physicians were feeling much more hopeful, 
 though there had been no decided improvement in 
 his condidon. " General Sherman is fully as strong 
 now as he was at six o'clock this morning," he said, 
 " and when he is aroused from his lethargy seems to 
 be entirely Intelligent and free from hallucinadon. He 
 has been in a state of scmi-.oma for a long time. 
 
486 GENERAL SHERMAK 
 
 " I have been sitting by his bedside for a full hour. 
 His face and neck are much swollen and somewhat 
 inflamed, so that he moves his head with difficulty aiid 
 pain. I asked the general if he recognized me. He 
 replied, 'Hello, Ewing! is that you?' He appeared 
 to have considerable difficulty in speaking on account 
 of the mucus in his throat and the stiffness of his 
 muscles. I do not apprehend his death to-night." 
 
 Thousands of his old friends all over the country 
 were praying for his recovery, but there appeared to 
 be very little hope that the hero who saved Shiloh, 
 and tbe genius which performed the impossible and 
 marched two thousand miles to the sea against the 
 prognostications of military men the world over, would 
 do more than linger for a few hours or days, at the 
 most, before he laid down his colors to the one enem^' 
 who is unconquerable. 
 
 President Harrison having telegraphed to New 
 York for information concerning the condition of Gen- 
 eral Sherman, received a telegram from Mr. P. T. 
 Sherman, saying that his father's condition was crit- 
 ical, but that there was a slight improvement. Gen- 
 eral Schofield also received a telegram from Mr. 
 Sherman saying, " My father's condition is still critical,, 
 but the doctors are hopeful." , 
 
 Sympathy from the Grand Army. 
 
 The State Department, Grand Army of the Repub- 
 lic, in annual session in Boston, sent the following 
 despatch to the daughter of General Sherman : " The 
 Massachusetts Department of the Grand Army of the 
 
FATAL ILLNESS. 487 
 
 Republic, In convention assembled, watches with so- 
 licitude the condition of the last of the three great 
 leaders of the Union army, and that he may speedily 
 be restored to health is the earnest desire of his com- 
 rades." 
 
 The illness of General Sherman was the sole topic 
 in New York and throughout the country. The 
 earlier reports from his bedside suggested the possi- 
 bility of his recovery from the attack, but later on 
 February 12th bulletins were put up here and there 
 which indicated that his family had really given up 
 hope. 
 
 A Touching- Scene. 
 
 In front of all the bulletin-boards in the city throngs 
 were assembled during the entire day, but perhaps 
 the most suggestive and touching exhibition of the 
 interest in the great general was shown In front of the 
 bulletin which one of the newspapers put up early In 
 the afternoon. That was a bulletin from the son of 
 Sherman, in which it was stated that the family had 
 given up all hope of the general's recovery. 
 
 Not many moments after it was put up there caj]] 
 in the throng two persons who stopped and read .h 
 bulletin. One of them was a man who leaned h 
 upon his cane, whose white hair was shown bf 
 his tall beaver hat, and whose complexion, sv 
 and yet clear and indicating abundant health, 
 that seemingly of a native of the tropics. This 
 Hannibal Hamlin, and he was leaning upon the a 
 of his son, General Hamlin. He was un recognize*-. 
 
488 GENERAL SHEKMAN. 
 
 by the crowd. He stood for a moment, read the buL 
 letin, and then said : " I am afraid my old friend, Gen- 
 eral Sherman, has reached the number of his days." ■ 
 
 Ex- Vice President Hamlin seemed to be deeply ] 
 affected. His relations with General Sherman had I 
 been most cordial, and in the early part of the war ■ 
 the great general had no stronger friend In the Ad- .i 
 ministration than Mr. Hamlin showed himself to be. i 
 Although he was ten years older than Sherman, yet i 
 he displayed a vigor which the general had not shown j 
 in the last year or two. \ 
 
 The llo-hts and the fllttino- shadows in the death- ^ 
 chamber of the old warrior, who was slowly passing 4 
 away, were carefully watched during the entire night 1 
 by a score of newspaper-men, and every bulletin || 
 issued by Drs. Alexander and Janeway was quickly !^ 
 wired all over the continent. | 
 
 Death Expected. ^ 
 
 Two policemen were on duty outside, and every- ^ 
 thing was kept as quiet as possible In the neighborhood. | 
 The electric bell was removed from the door, so that i>3 
 ^^'' jingling would not disturb the rest of the sick man, ^ 
 ^^^^ instructions were P:Iven not to admit any one 
 ^ nern^ relatives and personal friends. 
 
 ^^ next bulletin said that death was only a ques- i 
 
 of a few hours. Simultaneously with this came a 
 
 patch from P. Tecumseh Sherman, the general's 
 
 '1, and it was addressed to President Harrison, in- 
 
 /rming him that death was momentarily expected. 
 
 From then on the house remained in comparative ; 
 
FATAL ILLNESS. 489 
 
 darkness. The solitary policeman silently paced In 
 front of the residence, occasionally answering the 
 queries of passers-by with the stereotyped answer, 
 " Sinking rapidly." When the early morning wagons 
 came rattling down the street a wave of the hand from 
 the officer on duty caused them to slacken their pace^ 
 and they crept by In silence, avoiding that noise of 
 wheels on the pavements so disagreeable to sick 
 persons. 
 
 The scenes about General Sherman's residence 
 this morning strongly suggested those of six years 
 before, when the death of General Grant was momen- 
 tarily expected. The newspapers of New York and 
 Brooklyn were represented, some having two or three 
 reporters present. On the street corners were groups 
 of men waiting apparently to get the latest informa- 
 tion from the sick-room. Conversation was carried 
 on In whispers, as If fearful of disturbing the dying 
 warrior, though half a block removed from his bedside. 
 Inside the storm-doors of the front entrance a young 
 man scrutinized each card handed In, and none but 
 the most Intimate family friends were admitted. All 
 others merely left their cards and withdrew. -h 
 
CHAPTER XXIV. \ 
 
 Battling with the Foe.— A Gallant Fight for ; 
 
 Life. ^ 
 
 All through the day, Thursday, February 12th, \ 
 General Sherman was wresthne with an invincible i 
 foe. What a battle it was which was wagged in the i 
 home of the grim old soldier ! Death never tackled i 
 a tougher adversary. It caught him by the throat \ 
 and tried to strauQ^le him ; it burned in his veins with \ 
 consuming fire ; it stole stealthily into the seat of his i 
 intellect. But he met it at every point and wrestled ■' 
 with it mightily. He was like a tough and sturdy j 
 oak, swayed but unbroken by the storm. ; 
 
 It was not that the general feared death. It had | 
 no terrors to him, with his beloved wife awaiting him J 
 on the other side. But he wanted to see Tom before i 
 he went. He was determined to shake hands with 
 his first-born, his beloved, who had grown apart from 
 Sim in his relio-ion, but for whom his heart still beat 
 loyally. 
 
 He would not die till Tom came, he had said 
 before his case got desperate, and he set all the - 
 powers of his indomitable will to the task of living * 
 until the Rev. Father Sherman came across the sea 
 and clasped him in his arms once more. And this 
 resolution never left him, conscious or delirious..ri^ 
 490 ail 
 
BATTLING WITH THE FOE. 491 
 
 It was that which made him last beyond the ex- 
 pectation of his physicians and turned his case into 
 a marvel. 
 
 And "Tom" left Queenstown the day before in a 
 desperate race with death. Could he possibly win ? 
 At times it seemed as if he might. It was Sherman 
 that saved the lost battle of Shiloh. It was Sherman 
 that performed the "impossible" march to the sea. 
 A man of miracles, would his unconquerable will 
 hold death itself back when hope itself seemed 
 madness ? 
 
 It was like Sliiloh. 
 
 The story of the day — what pen will ever tell It? 
 What a drama it was In the home of the dying soldier ! 
 Hope and despair, hope and despair, chased each other 
 in rapid succession across the stage, and each hour 
 had its special expectation. Like fast-fluctuating tides 
 the flickering life changed all the way from a seeming 
 certainty of death within the hour to the semblance 
 of sure recovery. The doctors had disagreed a score 
 of times, and the partial hopes of friends often built 
 high the ramparts of expectation, but the outcome 
 of it all was the edict of the men of science that death 
 was a certainty and only a matter of time. 
 
 The fright of the early morning, when all nature 
 was at ebb tide and General Sherman's life-force with 
 it, was succeeded after daybreak by a period of hope. 
 The danger of Immediate death grew less patent, and 
 the doctor said that at the worst he would live for 
 several hours. The fever was not so high nor the 
 
492 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 coma so complete. The brain was still unattacked by 
 inflammation. Could it be possible to avert the catas- \ 
 trophe, after all ? . , 
 
 !Ne\v Dang-er. 
 
 After a time the doctors were able to alter the diet i 
 to beef tea, considerable of which was administered i 
 with success, and the stimulating and strengthening ■ 
 effects of which were noticeably felt. ] 
 
 But now a new danoer was made manifest. Mucus ; 
 
 collected upon the lungs, which General Sherman did • 
 
 not have the power to relieve himself of, and there ^1 
 
 was danorer of his chokinor to death. At times he ! 
 
 . ... . ' 
 
 started up and tried to rise, but his limbs refused their : 
 
 offlce. The physicians sought in every way to relieve j 
 
 him, but it seemed in vain, and matters were at a ] 
 
 desperate stage. i 
 
 Without the house a guard was constantly in ] 
 attendance telling each inquirer that hope had almost 1 
 fled. Sturdy workingmen with their tin buckets '| 
 paused to ask after the general, and ladies and gen- | 
 tlemen in fine carriages rolled up to the curb and sent 
 in their cards or went in themselves to ask personally ; 
 how went the tide of battle. 
 
 Eleven o clock, and the tide at its lowest ebb. 
 General Sherman was dying, the doctors said. All 
 hope was gone. He had been unconscious some 
 time. His lungs were full. His face was purple. 
 His breath came in short, quick gasps. Mucus 
 rattled in his throat. The dew of death gathered 
 on his wrinkled forehead as fast as it could be 
 
 J 
 
BATTLING WITH THE FOE. 493 
 
 wiped away. Finis seemed written on the seamed 
 face. Only the will remained unconquered. Tom 
 had not come ! 
 
 Pathetic Scene. 
 
 The weeping family were gathered about the bed- 
 side. The gentle Rachel had her arms about hef 
 father. The Senator stood leaninor on the head- 
 board looking into the face of his elder brother. 
 The private secretary, who had been hastily sum- 
 moned from his vacation, and the grizzled friend, 
 General Tom Ewing, were weeping a little apart. 
 The doctors bent over the knotted form, fighting as 
 stubbornly as the general himself. 
 
 But Tom had not come ! The old soldier had not 
 yet surrendered. Again he rallied his forces mightily, 
 and the fortunes of war were again in his favor. 
 
 A sudden fit of couo-hino- freed his lunes of a 
 large quantity of mucus. He was given a stimulant, 
 and the effect was astonishine. The doctors, who 
 had sent out bulletins to the effect that he could 
 not live another hour, were now putting forth prom- 
 ising bulletins. A despatch was sent to President 
 Harrison by Senator Sherman saying: "The improve- 
 ment of General Sherman at one o'clock to-day 
 justifies a faint hope that he will recover." 
 
 When the doctor left the house he said that noth- 
 ing but the marvellous vitality of General Sherman 
 kept him alive. All through the afternoon hope 
 lived again, but it was at one o'clock, only two hours 
 after he had seemed to be fairly within the gates of 
 
494 GENERAL SHERMAN, ' 
 
 death, that the most marvellous exhibition of General i 
 Sherman's will-power was manifested. For some i 
 time he had been half sitting up, and striving earn- i 
 estly to rid himself of the incubus on his lungs. He ' 
 was conscious, but frequently wandered off into de- \ 
 lirium. Now he made a sturdy effort to rise, and, j 
 assisted by the doctors, succeeded In walking across i 
 the room and sat down in a chair. The .exercise \ 
 seemed to help him, and when he reached his bed ] 
 aeain he seemed clearer and more viororous than he j 
 
 had been for twenty- four hours. I 
 
 ■1 
 Encouraging" News. J 
 
 News of this wonderful exhibition was given to the | 
 newspaper-men by General Horatio C. King, who was | 
 greatly elated by it. It was promptly confirmed by | 
 Secretary Barrett and General Ewing, who thought | 
 It meant recovery. The doctors said no to this, and 
 hinted at fears of pneumonia. 
 
 There was a fresh alarm at nightfall, coupled with 
 most alarming bulletins, and carriages rattled up 
 from every direction bringing persons w^ho had been 
 hastily summoned. But the prophets of disaster 
 aoain reckoned without their host, and at ten o'clock 
 the general was again pronounced out of immediate i 
 danger. ^ 
 
 He was resting quite easily, though breathing with 
 difficulty. He was quite conscious and knew those 
 present. He had gotten rid of much of the trouble- 
 some mucus. At times he had a bandage over his 
 eyes to shade them from the light, Hq still appeared 
 
 11 
 

 SENATOR JOHN SHJiRMAN. 
 
 495 
 
496 GENEKAL SHEKMAN. \ 
 
 to have a good deal of strength and vitality. If he ; 
 could hold out forty-eight hours longer, the doctors ' 
 held out hopes of his ultimate recovery. His will : 
 was resolute. : 
 
 Senator John Sherman, who spent the previous , 
 night at the house of Mrs. Hoyt, his niece, decided i 
 to remain at the Sherman residence. J 
 
 At eleven o'clock the servants closed the storm-^^ 
 doors and drew down the blinds. Policeman Brown 1 
 was called to the basement door by Private Secretary -; 
 Barrett, and requested to hold until morning all tele- ^ 
 grams and messages which arrived after midnight, ^ 
 and give the family rest. 
 
 Oil his Feet for a Moment. 
 
 At eleven o'clock in the evening the general again .| 
 demonstrated his extraordinary will-power, according il 
 to Lieutenant Fitch, by arising from his bed and ^ 
 walking halfway across the room. He was unable 4 
 to speak, but appeared to recognize those who were 
 in the room. 
 
 When he reached the middle of the floor he 
 stopped and tottered. He was at once supported 
 back to bed, and when he lay down appeared to be 
 very much exhausted. 
 
 Early, at twenty-five minutes after five in the . 
 morning, the general's son, P. T. Sherman, sent this J 
 despatch to the President: 
 
 " My father is growing steadily worse. It appears 
 to be only a question of hours. I have given up 
 all hope." 
 
BATTLING WITH THE FOE. 497 
 
 Senator Sherman at one o'clock In the afternoon 
 sent this telegram to President Harrison : 
 
 *' The improvement of General Sherman at one 
 o'clock to-day justifies a faint hope of his recovery." 
 
 The medical bulletin at 8.30 p. m. said: "General 
 Sherman's condition is very critical. He is gradually 
 growing weaker." 
 
 Profound sympathy was awakened for the dying 
 hero, and from all parts of the country came messages 
 showing how deeply the nation was moved. 
 
 Prayer in Wasliington. 
 
 In the course of the opening prayer on February 
 1 2th the chaplain of the United States Senate, refer- 
 ring to General Sherman's illness, said : 
 
 " Look in mercy upon Thy servant around whose 
 sick bed so many hearts lovingly gather, and in this 
 time of anxiety give support and grace. Oh, that the 
 peace of God which passeth all understanding may 
 keep his heart and mind as he casts himself upon the 
 mercy of God! 
 
 " If it so please Thee, spare this life, so long pre- 
 served, sanctify this affliction, and grant that, as we 
 move among the dying and the dead, we may so live 
 that when this mortal life shall end we may enter upon 
 the life that never ends." 
 
 Thursday night was a grateful relief to the worn- 
 out family, for the general slept peacefully, and those 
 who had been up all the night before were able to 
 retire and get much-needed rest. He was awakened 
 every hour and given nourishment, which seemed to 
 33 
 
498 GENERAL SHEEMAN. 
 
 » 
 
 Strengthen him considerably, and about half-past six ■ 
 
 in the morning- he aoain rose from his bed and sat for ; 
 
 a few moments on a chair while a nurse made his bed. \ 
 
 At eleven o'clock he a^i^ain got out of bed, and his \ 
 
 attendants had considerable trouble in keeping him * 
 
 in bed, especially as he was suffering somewhat from '. 
 
 his long time enemy — asthma — and was anxious to ; 
 
 assume an upright position. j 
 
 The Father's Heart. 
 
 At no time during the day was he delirious, and 5 
 
 though his mind was not at all active, it was quite ' 
 
 clear and he understood all that was said to him. He ] 
 
 seemed to have but one consuming wish, and that was | 
 
 to see Tom. Several times he asked for him and for 1 
 
 " Cump," the younger son. There were some things \ 
 
 he wished to talk about, but weakness would not I 
 
 permit it. ] 
 
 The house in West Seventy-first street looked ] 
 
 peaceful enough at sunrise. All signs of the hurry ;; 
 
 and disorder which prevailed the day before were ' 
 
 absent. At seven o'clock a smiling housemaid came ^ 
 
 to the door and announced that the general had '. 
 
 passed a quiet and restful night. He had taken con- j 
 siderable nourishment and had slept well, and was at 
 that time asleep. The doctors were very much en- 
 couraged. 
 
 When the tin-pail brigade came and asked its 
 questions, the solitary officer w^as able to give encour- 
 aging news, and many a ''Thank God!" was uttered 
 as the questioners turned away. 
 
 i 
 
BATTLING WITH THE FOE. 499 
 
 General Sherman's Illness attracted a ei*eat deal of 
 Interest, and wherever bulletins were posted hun- 
 dreds of people stopped to learn the latest tidings. 
 So great was the interest throughout the country that 
 the Western Union Telegraph Company found it 
 necessary to send bulletins of his condition to eigh- 
 teen thousand offices. One did not realize what a 
 popular hero " Uncle Billy " was until his peril showed 
 how universal was the feelino- about him. 
 
 The first official news of Friday was brought out at 
 eight o'clock by^the general's private secretary, whose 
 face wore a hopeful look. He was inclined not to 
 promise too much, but he showed that the hopes 
 entertained were shared in even by the conservative 
 doctors, who had no intention of putting forth any 
 rainbow statements. 
 
 ISTo Loss meant a Gain. 
 
 At nine o'clock the following bulletin, the first of 
 the day, was issued : 
 
 " 9 A. M. — After consultation this morning the phy- 
 sicians find that General Sherman has lost nothin^r 
 during the night." 
 
 This was as far as the doctors would go officially, 
 but they admitted privately that no loss meant a gain. 
 The erysipelas had nearly all disappeared, and the 
 great peril now was from pneumonia, which had not 
 developed, but still threatened. If they could keep 
 the patient from going backward until one or two 
 o'clock this morning, they said, there would be sub- 
 stantial basis for hope. There was slight oedema in 
 
500 GENERAL sftERMAN. 
 
 one of theiungs, but the other was entirely free. He 
 was still somewhat troubled by the accumulation of 
 mucus in one lung, but it was not to the alarming ex- 
 tent as on the day before. 
 
 At eleven o'clock Senator Sherman sent the fol- 
 lowing telegram, which was given to the press in lieu 
 of a bulletin : 
 
 " To THE Hon. Redfield Proctor, Sea^etary of War, 
 Washington, D. C. : 
 
 '' Telegram received. General Sherman passed a 
 good night. Asthma, his old disease, his chief trouble. 
 Heart and lungs performing their functions. We are 
 much encouraged and hope for recovery. He has 
 every care which love, sympathy, and human skill can 
 render, for which we all are profoundly grateful." 
 
 At twelve m. General Thomas Ewing appeared, and 
 said that for the last fourteen hours the patient's con- 
 dition had been easy and that he had been resting 
 quietly. 
 
 The Crisis Passed. 
 
 ''We all think," said General Ewing, "that the su- 
 preme crisis has been passed." The following bulletin 
 was oriven out later : 
 
 " 1. 20 p. M. — After a consultation the physicians say 
 there has been no change in General Sherman's con- 
 dition since this morning." 
 
 The afternoon was void of news. The doctors did 
 not put out a bulletin for several hours, and no news 
 was looked upon as equivalent to good news. The 
 early hours of morning were the ones looked for 
 
BATTLING WITH THE FOE. 501 
 
 with apprehension. It is then, when all nature seems 
 to be at an ebb, that danger is to be feared. If those 
 hours could be reached and passed in safety and 
 pneumonia kept at bay, the doctors said they could 
 then begin to talk of hope. 
 
 The chief danger from erysipelas they declared to 
 be past. The swelling was going down and the action 
 of the muscles was crrowine more normal. General 
 Sherman was out of pain, and if his strength could be 
 kept up there was a good prospect of recovery. 
 
 Kind Inquirers. 
 
 There were many callers at the house during the 
 afternoon, but no one save the members of the family 
 were permitted to see the sufferer. Among the tele- 
 grams of sympathy or inquiry received were ones 
 from Governor Hill, ex-President Cleveland, and 
 Governor Fitzhuo^h Lee of Virg^inia. 
 
 Evening brought an increase of fever, and with it 
 an increase of anxiety. It was felt that the steady 
 drain on the resources of the aged man was slowly 
 undermining his vitality, and, while no alarming 
 symptoms were developed, all felt that he was slowly 
 growing weaker. The elation which had marked the 
 hours of sunshine disappeared, and the family shut 
 themselves away from the newspaper-men .and were 
 chary of information, saying that they cared only to 
 speak in case of a marked change for better or for 
 worse. 
 
 The doctors were non-committal and evasive. 
 They could give no good news ; they would not 
 
502 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 advance any further prognostications. The doughty 
 old sufferer had behed their prophecies too many 
 times. At nine o'clock a servant-Qflrl was sent in a 
 hurry to the drug-store. The general had a bad 
 turn, and it looked as if he was sinking. 
 
 An Alarining^ Bulletin. 
 
 The doctors were at the bedside. The consulta- 
 tion was the longest which had been held, and the 
 countenances of the physicians showed that the 
 situation was extremely critical. At ten o'clock they 
 issued a bulletin which was truly ominous. It was 
 as follows : 
 
 " lo p. M. — After consultation the doctors say there 
 is no change for the better." 
 
 A member of the household spoke frankly. ''The 
 general is undoubtedly growing weaker," he said, 
 *' and this gives the family food for anxiety, for even 
 the most stubborn vitality must yield in time. Yet 
 there is no marked chano^e in his condition. He 
 rests easily and is not troubled by mucus. It is 
 his extreme and growing weakness that causes the 
 chief anxiety." 
 
CHAPTER XXV. 
 
 The Struggle Ended.— The Great Warrior's 
 Last Battle. 
 
 General Sherman died at ten minutes of two 
 o'clock on Saturday, February I4di, aged seventy-one 
 years and five days. 
 
 His end was peaceful — it could not have been more 
 so. He had been totally unconscious all the morning, 
 and had ceased to stru^ele lonor before the cominor of 
 the end. The immediate cause of death was said to 
 be the filling of his lungs with mucus, which he had 
 not streno-th to throw off He had fouo^ht so lonor as 
 a particle of strength remained, and even at the close 
 his iron will was not vanquished. He was not ready 
 to go until his son "Tom" had come home to him. 
 But death beckoned and he had to eo. 
 
 All the morning he lay dying, his family grouped 
 about his bed. His struggles, which had been painful 
 when he returned to that semi-consciousness which 
 showed the proud, unconquered spirit that sdll lived 
 within him, were pitifully weak now. With all hopes 
 gone the family prayed only for a speedy end. For 
 hours they stood grouped about the bed, watching 
 and waiting for the end. Several times it seemed as 
 if it had come, but once more the spirit struggled back 
 and death was beaten off again. 
 
 503 
 
504 GENEEAL SHERMAN. 
 
 But at ten minutes of two there came a change. 
 The color and the look which are noticeable only 
 when death comes suddenly spread over the drawn 
 face, disfigured with iodine, and the nurse, who had 
 been bendinor over him listenino- to the last faint 
 flutterings of his heart, quickly straightened up and 
 said, " He is dead." 
 
 Remarkable Coincidence. 
 
 Thus, thirty hours after the last admiral of the 
 United States, Admiral Porter, the last general, his 
 friend for many years, passed away. 
 
 The last general of our army ; the last of the great 
 heroic figures who filled the eye of the public in the 
 bloody era that is past ; the last of the idols whom 
 the tattered remnant of the armies of the sixties 
 loved to follow and to worship, William Tecumseh 
 Sherman, w^as gone, and with him one of the strongest 
 links that still connected the people of America with 
 an epoch v/hich all would willingly forget save for 
 the mighty debt of gratitude which the present 
 generation owes to the heroes of that past and 
 passing one. 
 
 Not the least of the batdes fought by Sherman 
 was the one with disease and death. It was a battle 
 to be proud of It was an exhibition of American 
 pluck and grit and unconquerable determination in 
 which the least of Americans must feel a reflected 
 pride. Brief, compared to the long-enduring struggle 
 of the hero Grant, it was yet long enough to show 
 the metal of the man. who had but one reason for 
 
THE LAST BATTLE. 605 
 
 caring to remain on earth — a wish to clasp his absent 
 son in loving arms. 
 
 Oh, what a rare and sweet example of parental 
 love ! Who would have looked for it in the grim 
 old soldier who had hid this love behind a crusty 
 exterior for ten long years ? About the last word 
 which his lips uttered was his cry for "Tom" on 
 Friday. But he could not hold out till the coming 
 of that son. The forces against him of disease and 
 age were too mighty. But he held off the end with 
 wonderful power and vigor, and died as he had lived, 
 with an unvanquished spirit. 
 
 The Last Ebb of Life. 
 
 The beo^inninor of the end was about six o'clock the 
 evening before. The tide of life, which had risen and 
 fallen so many times, and which during the day had 
 passed the flood-mark of hope, began its final ebbing, 
 which, to the eyes of the professional watchers, would 
 never be stayed again. It was a question now of 
 hours only. How long could the sturdy frame with- 
 stand the gnawing teeth of his disease ? Time only 
 -could give the answer. 
 
 The family, who had begun to smile and talk cheer- 
 ily of recovery, now grew haggard again. Hope van- 
 ished. They read the story in the eyes of the silent 
 doctors. They knew that the last rally had been held 
 and that the standard of life must be lowered. Well, 
 let it come ! It was better than this agony of waiting. 
 None but the family and the professional attendants 
 were admitted to the sick-room. The forehead and 
 
 I 
 
506 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 Other parts of the face affected by erysipelas had 
 been anointed with iodine. 
 
 The general was speechless now, and utterly un- 
 conscious. All the energies of his being were con- 
 centrated on the one desperate task of breathing, 
 and all efforts to assist this operation seemed to have 
 no effect. "No better" was the repeated report from 
 the chamber of sickness ; and no better meant the 
 constant sapping of the depleted store of strength. 
 
 Fast Sinking-. 
 
 At four o'clock in the morning it seemed as if he 
 were sinking to the end, and again the family were 
 summoned. The trained nurse who had zealously 
 attended him, and who for more than twenty-four 
 hours had refused to take sleep or rest, did all that 
 a nurse could do to minister to his wants. Two hours 
 before this the doctors said " Not yet," and some of 
 the family had left the house, but they were hastily 
 called back, and all came expecting that he would 
 scarce survive the rising of the sun. 
 
 It was Dr. Alexander who first noticed a change for 
 the worse. It was slight, to be sure, but the trained 
 eye of the friend and physician saw an ominous signif- 
 icance in it. 
 
 Then this bulletin came from the eeneral's house : 
 "The physicians after consultation declare that the 
 general's condition is now hopeless. He is dying, and 
 the end is near." There was no mistake about it this 
 time, as before. 
 
 Dr. Alexander, who brought this bulletin to the 
 
THE LAST BATTLE. 
 
 507 
 
 telegraph-office, added signlficandy to the reporters 
 assembled, ''There will be no more bulletins." 
 
 The erysipelas had again set in, and bronchitis had 
 also attacked the sick man. At half-past nine another 
 report came from the house through a friend of the 
 general. He said that the dying man was in no phys- 
 
 I 
 
 SCENE OUTSIDE THE SHERMAN HOUSE. 
 
 ical pain. It was somewhat difficult for him to 
 breathe, but otherwise he was not suffering. 
 
 From ten o'clock on General Sherman continued to 
 fail. At twenty minutes past eleven it was stated that 
 his death was but a question of minutes. There were 
 many callers during the morning. Only immediate 
 friends were admitted. The others merely left their 
 cards. At twenty-five minutes past eight o'clock 
 
608 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 Senator Sherman teleo^raphed to his family at Wash- 
 ington that the general was still alive, but only partially 
 conscious. 
 
 Death only a Question of Minutes. 
 
 He was apparently without pain, but his breathing 
 was labored and his strenorth diminishinor. At ten 
 
 o o 
 
 minutes past twelve p. m. Thom.as Ewing, Jr., said that 
 no further bulletins of General Sherman's condition 
 would be issued. Death was only a question of 
 minutes, he said. 
 
 At a quarter to twelve a carriage and a pair drove 
 up to the door with a caller, who was Mrs. U. S. 
 Grant. She did not leave her carriage, but upon be- 
 ing told that there was not the slighest hope for the 
 general, was deeply affected and immediately drove 
 away. There was nothing to do now but wait for the 
 end, and the family waited with beating hearts. In 
 the o-eneral's office in the basement were a number 
 of military gentlemen, including Generals Howard, 
 Slocum, Stewart L. Woodford, and the commander 
 of Grant Post of Brooklyn. 
 
 About the bedside were grouped the general's two 
 unmarried daughters. Misses Lizzie and Rachel Sher- 
 man, his son Philemon T., Lieutenant and Mrs. Fitch, 
 Lieutenant and Mrs. Thackara, Senator John Sher- 
 man, Mrs. Colgate Hoyt, Dr. Alexander, and General 
 Thomas Ewine. The nurse sat at the bedside watch- 
 ing the pinched lip of the dying man. 
 
 In the windows in front the shades were up and the 
 curtains slightly parted. The policeman paced in 
 
I 
 
 I 
 
 THE LAST BATTLE. 509 
 
 front and kept the noises at a distance, save the loud 
 detonation of the blasters who were at work in a lot 
 across the way. A hush seemed to fall upon the 
 street. 
 
 The End had Come. 
 
 Suddenly the watchers on the opposite sidewalk 
 saw the curtains pulled together and the shades drawn 
 down. A moment later General Ewing appeared 
 bareheaded at the door and waved his hand. " It is 
 all over," he said. 
 
 In another moment the electric spark was flashing 
 over the land the news. Sherman was dead ! His 
 spirit had joined the great majority with his many old 
 comrades, and had met the gentle spirit of his wife at 
 last. He had marched from Atlanta to the sea. He 
 had crossed the dark, dark river. Let the fife shriek 
 and the drum sound the deathless song that was writ- 
 ten for him, and will never die so long as martial 
 music lives. 
 
 " Bring the good old bugle, boys, we'll have another song — 
 Sing it with a spirit that will start the world along — 
 Sing it as we used to sing it, fifty thousand strong, 
 While we were marching through Georgia. 
 
 I 
 
 " Hurrah ! hurrah ! we bring the jubilee ! 
 
 Hurrah ! hurrah ! the flag that makes you free ! " 
 So we sang the chorus from Atlanta to the sea. 
 While we were marching through Georgia." 
 
 Those who were present in the room said that the 
 end was so quiet as to be almost imperceptible. It 
 was not until the nurse looked up and spoke the 
 
510 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 simple words, " He is dead," that his daughters knew 
 that they were fatherless. 
 
 " ' Halt !' breathed a muffled voice ; 
 
 ' Ensheath thy sword, Jay down thine arms. 
 No more the battle's bugles or alarms 
 Shall rouse ihy lion's heart. Rejoice !' 
 Yet, spite Death's mandate low, 
 Despite a nation's woe, 
 Sherman marched on — 
 Marched on triumphantly. 
 As when he led his armies to the sea — 
 Marched on ! 
 
 " O Death ! thou couldst not stay 
 A hero, dauntless set upon his way 
 To a new planet, toward eternal peace ; 
 Thou couldst not touch him, save with pain surcease ; 
 
 For while thou speakest, even, 
 Sherman marched on — to heaven. 
 Where, then, thy sting, O Death? since he 
 Has heard God's roll-call. Where thy victory, 
 O grave? since he has made reply. 
 
 Can Sherman die ? 
 Nay; gloiy-girded, one more battle won, 
 
 He has marched on. 
 
 " Choke back your sobs, O men ! 
 He has outstripped the sun — what then? 
 The spring, that cometh soon, will let 
 Her gently falling tear-drops wet 
 His new-made grave. 
 
 "Nature will weep, but men — men do not weep the brave. 
 Lay his sheathed sword upon his breast ; 
 After life's burning warfare peace is best. 
 Let dust to dust return ; nothing can shroud 
 The soul of Shennan. Be not overbowed 
 With grief; rather let joy exult; 
 For even Death's grim "Halt!" 
 
 His purpose could not stay ; 
 
 He saw the coming day, 
 
THE LAST BATTLE. 511 
 
 And 'neath the sunrise marched, as toward the sea, 
 Marched — marched — to iminorlality," 
 
 Messages of Sympathy, 
 
 The following telegrams were received by the 
 family of General Sherman : 
 
 To Hon. John Sherman : Convey to your brother's 
 bereaved family our tenderest sympathy. A very 
 great man has gone. James G. Blaine. 
 
 To P. T. Sherman: In this hour of affliction you 
 have my deepest sympathy. The memory of General 
 Sherman will be for ever cherished by the American 
 people as one of their most valued possessions. 
 
 B. F. Tracy. 
 
 Governor Pattison of Pennsylvania sent the follow- 
 ing message to P. T. Sherman : '' I desire to express 
 the sincere sympathy of the people of Pennsylvania 
 for the family of General Sherman, of whose death I 
 have just been advised. His patriotic, faithful, and 
 invaluable services to his country will ever be. grate- 
 fully remembered." 
 
 Miss Sherman: Deep and heartfelt sympathy for 
 the irreparable loss both to you and to America. 
 
 H. M. Stanley. 
 
 General Joseph E, Johnston, Sherman's great foe, 
 sent the followino- 
 
 k 
 
 To the Misses Sherman : Intelligence of General 
 
512 GENERAL SHERMAN. ■ 
 
 Sherman's death grieves me much. I sympathize • 
 deeply with you in your great bereavement. 
 
 To Miss Rachel Sherman: The nation mourns 
 
 and sympathizes with you in all your great sorrow, i 
 
 Your illustrious father's death is to Mrs. Morton, our \ 
 
 children, and myself the loss of a personal friend, to : 
 whom we were devotedly attached. 
 
 Levi P. Morton. * 
 
 To the Misses Sherman : The death of my old 
 commander causes deep sorrow to myself and house- 
 hold. Our sympathy is with his family in their great \ 
 affliction. John M. Harlan. 
 
 To the Hon. John Sherman : We mourn with the 
 family and kindred of General Sherman. He was > 
 beloved by me and my family with the warmest per- j 
 sonal affection. I expect to reach the Fifth Avenue | 
 Hotel Monday. R. B. Hayes. 
 
 To Hon. John Sherman: Please accept for your- ' 
 self and the members of your family sympathy in 
 
 the bereavement you suffer in the loss of the general [ 
 
 commander, who was my dearest friend. i 
 
 J. M. SCHOFIELD. I 
 
 The following is the President's message to the : 
 family of General Sherman : 
 
 Executive Mansion, Washington, Feb. 14, 1891. — 
 To Hon. John Shebman, New York : I loved and 
 
THE LAST BATTLE. 513 
 
 venerated General Sherman, and would stand very- 
 near to the more deeply afflicted members of his 
 family in this hour of bereavement. It will be as if 
 there were one dead in every loyal household in the 
 land. I suggest the body be borne through Wash- 
 ington and lie in state for one day in the rotunda of 
 the Capitol. Please advise me of any arrangements 
 made. ^ Benjamin Harrison. 
 
 Upward of three thousand telegrams were received 
 within twenty-four hours, expressing the sympathy 
 felt in all parts of the land, and the high appreciation 
 in which General Sherman was held by all classes of 
 his countrymen. 
 
 33 
 
CHAPTER XXVI. } 
 
 A Nation in Mourning. — Tributes of Love and | 
 
 Respect. 
 
 President Harrison had just finished his luncheon 
 and was walking up stairs to his office when the bul- ] 
 letln announcing the death of General Sherman '' 
 reached the White House. The telegraph operator ; 
 handed the despatch to Private Secretary Halford, > 
 who hastened to inform the President, and met him -i 
 on the stairway. The President was very much 
 shocked. He served under General Sherman in the ' 
 famous march to the sea, and the friendship begun at \ 
 that time had been strengthened by their close asso- 
 ciation ever since. General Sherman never visited 
 Indianapolis while General Harrison was there with- 
 out spending many hours in his society, and even 
 greater intimacy had existed between them since the 
 President's election. The last time they were together " 
 was on January 27th, when General Sherman called 
 at the White House In company with General Scho- 
 field. In the words of Mr. Halford, " The President 
 had the greatest love and admiration for General 
 Sherman, and Is sorely grieved at his death." 
 
 A few minutes after reading the bulletin the Presi- 
 dent received a brief telegram from Senator Sherman 
 announcing his brotl:ier's death. He thereupon sent for I 
 
 514 I 
 
A NATION IN MOURNING. 515 
 
 General Lewis A. Grant, who was acting as Secretary 
 of War, and Major-General Schofield, and gave in- 
 structions for full military honors for the dead soldier, 
 and made several suggestions in regard to the cha- 
 racter of the general order announcing General Sher- 
 man's death to the army. He also prepared a message 
 to Congress on the same subject and issued the fol- 
 
 lowinor executive order: 
 «_> 
 
 It is my painful duty to announce to the country 
 that General William Tecumseh Sherman died this 
 day at 1.50 oclock p. m., at his residence in the city of 
 New York. The Secretary of War will cause the 
 highest military honors to be paid to the memory of 
 this distinofuished officer. The national flag- will be 
 floated at half-mast over all pubHc buildings until after 
 the burial, and the public business will be suspended 
 in the executive Departments at the city of Washing- 
 ton and in the city where the interment takes place 
 on the day of the funeral, and in all places where 
 public expression Is given to the national sorrow 
 during such hours as will enable every officer and 
 employee to participate therein with their fellow- 
 citizens. Benjamin Harrison. 
 
 Executive Mansion, Washington, D. C., February 
 
 14, 1891. 
 
 ^An Ideal Soldier, 
 The messag-e to Conorress Is as follows : 
 To the Senate and House of Representatives : 
 H; The death of William Tecumseh Sherman, which 
 'took place to-day at his residence in the city of New 
 
 I 
 
516 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 York at 1.50 o'clock p. m., is an event that will bring 
 sorrow to the hearts of every patriotic citizen. No 
 living- American was so loved and venerated as he. 
 To look upon his face, to hear his name, was to have 
 one's love of country intensified. He served his 
 country, not for fame, not out of a sense of profes- 
 sional duty, but for love of the flag and of the benef- 
 icent civil institutions of which it was the emblem. 
 
 He was an ideal soldier, and shared to the fullest 
 the esprit de corps of the army ; but he cherished the 
 civil institutions organized under the Constitution, and 
 was only a soldier that these might be perpetuated in 
 undiminished usefulness and honor. He was in noth- 
 ing an imitator. A profound student of military sci- 
 ence and precedent, he drew from them principles 
 and suggestions, and so adapted them to novel condi- 
 tions that his campaigns will continue to be the profit- 
 able study of the military profession throughout the 
 world. 
 
 His genial nature made him a comrade to every 
 soldier of the great Union army. No presence was 
 so welcome and inspiring at the camp-fire or com- 
 mandery as his. His career was complete ; his honors 
 were full. He had received from the Government 
 the highest rank known to our military establishment 
 and from the people unstinted gratitude and love. 
 
 No word of mine can add more to his fame. His 
 death has followed in startling quickness that of the 
 admiral of the navy, and it is a sad and notable inci- 
 dent that when the Department under which he served 
 
A NATION IN MOURNING. 517 
 
 shall have put on the usual emblems of mourning four 
 of the eight executive Departments will be simultane- 
 ously draped in black, and one other has but to-day 
 removed the crape from its walls. 
 
 Benj. Harrison. 
 Executive Mansion, Feb. 14, 1891. 
 
 General Army Order. 
 
 The Acting Secretary of War issued a general 
 order to the army announcing the death of General 
 Sherman. It included the President's message to 
 Congress and the executive order issued by him to 
 the executive Departments, and ordered that the War 
 Department be draped in mourning for the period of 
 thirty days, and that all business be suspended therein 
 on the day of the funeral. 
 
 This w^as accompanied by another order issued by 
 Adjutant- General Kelton, by command of Major-Gen- 
 eral Schofield, as follows : 
 
 On the day of the funeral the troops at every mil- 
 itary post will be paraded and this order read to them, 
 after which all labors of the day will cease. The 
 national flag will be displayed at half-staff from the 
 time of the receipt of this order until the close of 
 the funeral. On, the day of the funeral a salute of 
 seventeen guns will be fired at half-hour intervals, 
 commencinof at eieht o'clock a. m. The officers ol 
 the army will wear the usual badges of mourning, 
 and the colors of the several regiments and battal- 
 ions will be draped in mourning for a period of six 
 
518 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 months. The day and hour of the funeral will be com- I 
 munlcated to department commanders by telegraph, ! 
 and by them to their subordinate commanders. Other '. 
 necessary orders will be issued hereafter relative to \ 
 the appropriate funeral ceremonies. ; 
 
 Imposing^ Obsequies in New York. 
 
 General Sherman's funeral began in New York on , 
 February 19th, and ended in St. Louis on the 21st. 1 
 
 But once has New York seen a greater funeral ; 
 pag'eant, and that was when General Grant was borne ' 
 to his tomb in Riverside Park. Twenty thousand 
 men, it is said, followed the remains of Genera*! Sher- 
 man as they were carried through the streets, decorated \ 
 with emblems of mournincr and throneed with mourn- 
 ers eager to participate in the last honors to the hero ' 
 of the *' March to the Sea." 
 
 The day was wellnigh perfect, and from first to last j 
 no serious accident, no untoward incident, detracted 
 from the beauty and impressiveness of the pageant. 
 The bright sunshine, which made the metal helmets of 
 the soldiers glitter as they marched and sent the light 
 flashing from swords and guns, relieved the sombre- 
 ness of the funeral cavalcade, and gave the procession 
 the appearance of bravery which befitted a great 
 soldier s funeral. Everything seemed suited to the 
 occasion and to the man, and nature and the nation 
 joined in doing honor to the great Union captain. 
 
 Syiiipatlietic Crowds. 
 
 An hour or more before the hour set for the mov- 
 ing of the procession the streets along which it was j 
 
I 
 
 A NATION IN MOURNING. 
 
 519 
 
 to pass began to fill, and at two o'clock they were 
 densely packed. Tens of thousands crowded every 
 available place, and some, women as well as men, 
 stood for hours, that they might see " Shermxan's 
 
 I 
 
 BODYGUARD AT THE FUNERAL. 
 
 . funeral." The interest manifested was intense, and 
 ; the comments on the dead hero heard on every hand 
 I were always appreciative, although sometimes uncouth. 
 The first thine that the Vv^aitinor thousands saw Vv^ere 
 
520 GENERAL ^HERMAN. 
 
 the mounted police that forced the crowd back to the 
 sidewalks, leaving the street free for the vast proces- 
 sion. Not far behind them came the regular troops, 
 mounted and on foot, marching with the precision 
 which marks the veteran. Then followed, drawn by 
 four black horses, the caisson on the top of which 
 
 rested the coffined remains of General Sherman, the ] 
 
 simple casket covered with the flag of the United ] 
 
 States. I 
 
 Behind the caisson came the carriao^es of the \ 
 
 mourners, the President, Cabinet, and other distin- j 
 
 guished attendants, and these were followed by the j 
 
 Loyal Legion, the Grand Army, and the National j 
 
 Guard. The procession made a striking picture as I 
 
 its various and contrasting sections passed slowly ! 
 
 down Fifth avenue, and it compelled the comment ' 
 
 that the hero of Atlanta was worthily escorted. In ; 
 
 the marching line was a committee of twelve men i 
 from the Confederate Veteran Camp of New York, 
 
 and one of the honored pall-bearers was General i 
 
 Joseph E. Johnston, one of the greatest of the i 
 Confederate commanders. 
 
 The Solemn Knell. 
 
 As the procession moved church-bells tolled slowly, i 
 
 and from St. Thomas's, near Central Park, down to \ 
 
 Old Trinity, their solemn music gave notice that Gen- \ 
 
 eral Sherman's funeral escort was marching. At ! 
 
 intervals cannons boomed, salutes of seventeen guns i 
 
 having been fired at half-hour intervals from Fort j 
 
 Wood on Bedloe's Island, Fort Hamilton, Fort Wads- \ 
 
r 
 
 , A NATION IN MOURNING. 521 
 
 worth, Fort Schuyler, Governor's Island, Willett's 
 Point, and from the recruiting depot on David's Island. 
 The mourning decorations were not, as a rule, 
 elaborate, but they were tasteful, and such as Gen- 
 eral Sherman would have been likely to approve, 
 comprising mainly flags crape bordered. One of 
 these, which hung from one of the Vanderbilt houses, 
 bore the names of all the batdes in which General 
 Sherman fought. Nearly every house passed by the 
 procession bore some evidence of sorrow, and from 
 some floated several flaes bearing the insignia of 
 mourning. There was no ostentation ; there was also 
 no neglect. The mourning decorations, like the 
 pageant, were impressive, but they were not oppres- 
 sive through excessive sombreness. 
 
 The Casket Open cljiriiig- the Forenoon. 
 
 The casket remained open during the forenoon for 
 any distinguished visitors that might arrive from the 
 hotels. At 10.30 none but some intimate friends and 
 old veterans had come in to take a last look at their 
 old commander. A few minutes before eleven o'clock 
 a large floral shield was received at the house from 
 West Point cadets. The shield was six feet in height 
 and four feet broad. It was made of white and blue 
 immortelles, and bore the inscription, " William Te- 
 cumseh Sherman, from his West Point boys, Class of 
 1840." At the top of the shield was the American 
 eagle worked in blue immortelles, and at tlie bottom 
 a sword and scabbard in the same flower. The base 
 of the shield was made of white caila lilies. At eleven 
 
522 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 o'clock Secretaries Proctor and Rusk drove up to the 
 house in a carriage and passeci in at the front door. 
 
 At eleven o'clock many other distinguished guests 
 arrived at the house. Among the number were Gen- 
 eral O'Beirne and General Romer. Shortly after them 
 Secretary Blaine walked up Seventy-first street, arm-in- 
 arm with General Thomas Ewing. President Harri- 
 son would not look upon the remains of the general. 
 The family sent an invitation to him this morning at 
 the Fifth Avenue Hotel, but the President kindly re- 
 plied that he preferred to keep with him the remem- 
 brances of the general while alive. He did not wish 
 to see him in death, when their associations had been 
 so warm and genial. 
 
 At noon every doorstep along the street was 
 crowded with interested spectators and windows 
 were filled vAth expectant faces. The street was 
 kept free from pedestrians, but the side-streets were 
 crowded with the forming troops and citizens. 
 
 About 12.25 the caisson, draped in black and 
 drawn by four horses, was drawn up in front of the 
 Sherman house. The horses were mounted by regu- 
 lars and an army officer was in charge. Behind the 
 caisson was an orderly leading the black charger 
 which bore the military trappings of the general. 
 A black velvet coverinor almost hid the horse from 
 
 view, but the boots and saddle were plainly con- 
 
 I 
 spicuous. ; 
 
 The services of prayer began promptly on the | 
 
 hour. At five minutes to twelve a FaUier left the '. 
 
VETERANS SALUTING IHE FUNERAL TRAIN. 
 
 523 
 
524 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 general's late residence and entered No. ']'] Seventy- 
 first street, and summoned the boy choir of St. 
 Francis Xavier. The services were over at 12.30. 
 The prayers were read by Rev. Father Sherman. 
 
 There were about one hundred and fifty persons 
 present at these ceremonies. The greater number 
 were relatives, but there were many close friends as 
 well, among them being Mrs. Grant and Senator 
 Cameron. 
 
 The reading of the service and the singing to- 
 gether did not occupy more than fifteen minutes. 
 During that time no one was permitted to enter the 
 house. There were large crowds of people all along 
 the street and on the house-stoops, but they main- 
 tained the utmost order, and by their silent, com- 
 posed demeanor manifested their respect for the 
 dead general. 
 
 As the hour of two drev/ near the scene in the im- 
 mediate neighborhood was one full of life. Mounted 
 officers and orderlies dashed through the streets, the 
 polished trimmings of their horse equipments flash- 
 ing in the bright sunlight, and their yellow- and scar- 
 let-lined capes flying in the breeze. 
 
 Drooping" Flag-s. 
 
 Flags at half-staff in almost coundess numbers flut- 
 tered from windows of every house in the vicinity. 
 
 Ex-President Cleveland and Chauncey M. Depevv 
 arrived at the house together about 1.30. Soon after 
 came Governor Pattison of Pennsylvania and Major- 
 General Snowden, with their stafi'', and foilowintr tht^m 
 
A NATION IN MOURNING. 625 
 
 were Governor Bulkley and staff and Lieutenant- 
 Governor Jones. Ex-President Hayes was accom- 
 panied by Joseph H. Choate. 
 
 The Senate committee arrived in a body, wearing 
 the usual sip-ns of mourning, and after them came the 
 large committee of the House. It was close on to 
 two o'clock when President Harrison, with Lieutenant 
 Ernst, his aide-de-camp, reached the house. Follow^- 
 ing were the remaining members of the Cabinet. 
 
 Mourning- Decorations. 
 
 The hour at which the head of the funeral proces- 
 sion was to move from Seventy-first street was two 
 o'clock, but long before that time spectators began to 
 take up their places along the route of march. Every 
 house In the block where General Sherman lived so 
 long was tastefully decorated with draped flags. 
 Along Fifty-seventh street, from Broadway to Fifth 
 avenue, nearly every house was draped, and up to 
 noon the work of decoration continued. Fifth avenue 
 from the Plaza at Central Park to the Arch at Wash- 
 ington Square presented a bewildering array of 
 draped and half-masted flags. The club-house of the 
 Seventh Regiment Veterans was handsomely draped, 
 and the Union League Club building presented an 
 elaborate display of black. Especially noticeable were 
 the sombre decorations of the big hotels along the 
 line. The big wholesale houses on Broadway had 
 their flags at half-mast, and the smaller stores were 
 tastefully draped. The side-streets were similarly 
 decorated. 
 
526 GENERAL SHEKMAN. 
 
 Foriniiig- tiie Procession. 
 
 The first move toward the formation of the pro- 
 cession was at 1.58. General Howard came out on 
 the front steps of the general's residence and ordered 
 the caisson, which had been withdrawn, to come up. 
 At that instant a detailed squad of the Sixth Cavalry 
 formed to the left of the house in the middle of the 
 street. The caisson came up in front of the house at 
 exactly two o'clock. Generals Howard, Slocum, John- 
 ston, and other military dignitaries formed two lines 
 on the walk and made a passageway to the caisson, 
 As the pall-bearers left the house an army band out 
 toward Central Park began playing a funeral march. 
 
 Six lieutenants appeared in the doorway bearing on 
 their shoulders the casket of the general. Slowly they 
 bore their burden to the awaiting funeral carriage. All 
 heads were then bared, and sile«ce reigned from one 
 end of the street to the other. This was at 2.05. A 
 marching order was given and the caisson moved out 
 toward Eighth avenue. The private carriage of Gen- 
 eral Butterfield was then driven to the door, and 
 Generals Schofield, Howard, Slocum, and Schofield's 
 aide entered. The pall-bearers were then seated in 
 their respective carriages in quick succession, and 
 were ready to fall into line. 
 
 The members of the family then entered their car- 
 riao-es, and the friends, orovernors, senators, and other 
 notables followed in the order previously announced. 
 The procession at 2.45 had moved down Eighth 
 avenue for some distance, but the movement was very 
 
A NATION IN MOURNING. 527 
 
 slow. Out on the side-streets were hundreds of car- 
 riages waiting- for a place in the immense procession. 
 
 As the caisson bearing the body rumbled cTv^er the 
 pavement through the sunlit street into Eighth avenue 
 the vast crowds stood with uncovered heads, rever- 
 ently watching the starry folds of the American flag 
 enveloping the casket. More than one veteran wept 
 as the body of his old commander was borne past 
 him. The sidewalks, the roof-tops, every window, 
 swarmed with watching humanity. As the cortege 
 passed down the avenue there fell in behind it the 
 MiHtary Order of the Loyal Legion of the United 
 States and officers of the army and navy, among them 
 being representatives of the Ohio Commandery, of 
 which General Sherman was a mem.ber. Then came 
 the Grand Army of the Republic, followed by the West 
 Point cadets. 
 
 The next in line was the National Guard, under 
 command of General Louis Fitzgerald. Among the 
 veterans were the Confederate Veterans' Camp of 
 the city of New York, riding in carriages, and after 
 them came, in carriages, representatives of the 
 Chamber of Commerce and the New York Historical 
 Society, of the Common Councils of Boston and 
 Brooklyn, the Union League Club, and other bodies. 
 Altogether, fully fifteen thousand m.en were in line. 
 
 The whole line of the long route was thronged on 
 sidewalks, on house-tops, and in every window with 
 reverent spectators, who stood in silence with bare 
 heads as the body of the dead general was borne 
 
528 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 past them. The route was lined with seventeen hun- 
 dred poHcemen, and the most perfect order was 
 maintained. As the procession moved slowly along 
 the church-bells began to toll, and through the whole 
 route the mournful sound of the bells continued as it 
 wended its way to its destination. There were many 
 funeral dirges played, but none struck with keener 
 force on the listening ears than " Marching through 
 Georgia," played in half time, as arranged for the 
 occasion. 
 
 .1 
 
CHAPTER XXVII. 
 
 Final Obsequies of General Sherman. — Grand 
 Procession of Troops and Civic Bodies. 
 
 On February 21st, St. Louis bade an impressive 
 farewell to the soldier whose military genius was 
 excelled by none and equalled by "few. 
 
 For the first time in several days the sun shone out 
 gloriously, but its rays fell upon a city draped in 
 mourning. The hearts of the people were saddened, 
 and with one accord all manner of men abandoned 
 their earthly pursuits and assembled along the line of 
 the funeral procession to do homage to the honored 
 dead. As early as 6.30 o'clock in the morning the 
 Union Depot was thronged with people awaiting the 
 arrival of the Sherman funeral train. As the morning 
 advanced the crowd became larger, and each train as 
 ■it entered the depot deposited load after load of 
 human freight, which added to the throng until the 
 depot became almost impassable. 
 j When the hands of the big clock pointed to 8.20 
 o'clock a squad of police marched to the depot, and 
 soon the immense crowd was under control. In a few 
 minutes the funeral train appeared, and the ponder- 
 ous iron horse slowly rolled into the station. The 
 dull black engine looked duller, blacker, and heavier 
 than ever before, its sombre drapings of mourning 
 ^dd in or to the dismal effect. 
 
 34 529 
 
' I 
 
 530 GENERAL ^HERMAN. 
 
 For miles the streets were lined with solid walls of \ 
 people, standing at least a dozen deep, and the evi- 1 
 dences of affection in which his fellow-townsmen held i 
 General Sherman were abundant on all sides. The ; 
 city was draped in mourning. Evidences of individual 
 sorrow were also abundant, and badges of ribbon and ^ 
 crape fluttered from every coat-lapel. The grief of 
 diose in the procession was not alone genuine, but 
 apparent to every one. His comrades of Ransom 
 Post marched in hollow square about the caisson. 
 
 The Historic TMrteeutli. 
 
 Following the caisson were the handful of surviv- 
 ors of the old Thirteenth Infantry, a small and grief- 
 stricken body of men, following their old leader over 
 a road which they too must travel at no very far dis-; 
 tant day. 
 
 There- were, besides, thousands of veterans of the 
 war, members of the Grand Army of the Republic, 
 old and grizzled comrades-in-arms of the dead gen- ' 
 eral. Slowly they walked, and only too plainly was 
 it written that the ravages of time were fast depleting 
 the ranks of the preservers of the Union. Yet 
 none of them were so feeble that they would admit, 
 even to themselves, that they were taxing their 
 strength in following Sherman to Calvary, even as 
 they had followed him to Savannah. 
 
 Arrival of the Funeral Train. 
 
 The funeral train arrived at just half-past eight. As 
 it crossed the bridge a salute from a near-by battery { 
 announced its approach. Emerging from the tunnel, 1 
 
 I 
 
FINAL OBSEQUIES. 531 
 
 it was compelled to proceed slowly while the police 
 cleared the tracks of people. On the depot platform 
 was Governor Francis with his staff and the members 
 of the General Reception Committee, headed by 
 Messrs. James C. Yeatman and Henry Pitchcock. 
 
 After an exchange of greetings the governor and 
 representatives of the General Committee and Ran- 
 som Post, G. A. R., were introduced to the members 
 of the Cabinet and Lieutenants Fitch and Thackara. 
 
 Meantime, outside, the military companies were 
 moved into position. The caisson on which the body 
 was to be borne from the train to its resting-place was 
 standing on Poplar street, at the entrance of the car- 
 riage-way. It was from Battery E, First Artillery, and 
 was under Lieutenant Wilson, with Sergeant Cannon 
 in immediate charge. It was drawn by six bay horses. 
 The riders were the men who worked the Hotchkiss 
 gun at the battle of Wounded Knee Creek during the 
 recent Indian war. They belonged to the Seventh 
 Cavalry, know as the *' Flighting Seventh." Their 
 names were Privates Mallory, Ryan, and Krauss. The 
 body-bearers were eight sergeants. Four of them, 
 Sergeants Connelly, Lang, Hennessey, and Siegber, 
 were from the Seventh Cavalry. The other four, 
 Sergeants Hunneman, Lavay. French, and Donohugh, 
 were from Battery E, First Artillery. 
 
 The Riderless Horse. 
 
 In front of the caisson, on Poplar street, was the 
 Twelfth Infantry, from Fort Leavenworth, under com- 
 mand of Colonel Townsend, drawn up in line facing 
 
532 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 the depot. On the opposite side of the street were 
 the members of Ransom Post, who were to act as 
 guard of honor. The horse that was to be led behind 
 the caisson, equipped with the dead general's saddle, 
 bridle, boots, and spurs, stood next to the cassion. 
 He was a black horse belonging to Troop D, Seventh 
 Cavalry, of Fort Riley, Kansas, and was brought from 
 there especially for this purpose. It was led by Ser- 
 geant George H. Rathguber. The hearse on this 
 occasion was not covered with a black cloth, as was 
 done in the general parade in New York. 
 
 Removal of the Body from the Train. 
 
 At a quarter-past ten an open barouche drove into 
 the carriage-way. All of the floral pieces brought 
 from New York and those received during the trip 
 were put in this carriage, to be conveyed to the 
 cemetery. General Merritt and staff arrived at the 
 depot at half-past ten. At this hour the adjacent 
 streets and Twelfth street bridge were fairly black 
 with people. The police had all they could to keep 
 room enough for the procession to move in. 
 
 Immediately after the arrival of General Merritt 
 and staff preparations were made to remove the body 
 from the car where it had rested during its long 
 journey. The eight body-bearers took up positions 
 at the car-door, four on each side. Directly behind 
 rhem, six on a side, stood the honorary pall-bearers. 
 They were: Military — Major-General John Pope,' 
 Brevet Major-General Amos Beckwith, Brevet Major- 
 General A. J. Smith, Brevet Major-General John W. 
 
FINAL OBSEQUIES. 633 
 
 Turner, Brevet Major-General Willard Warner, Brevet 
 Brigadier-General John W. Barriger, Commander 
 Charles S. Cotton, U. S. N.; Citizens — Judge Samuel 
 Treat, Colonel George E. Leighton, Colonel Charles 
 S. Parsons, Byron Sherman, Esq.^ Daniel B. Harri- 
 son, Isaac Sturgeon, and Thomas E. Tutt. 
 
 A Silent Throng. 
 
 Ranged in line on each side of the carriage- 
 entrance were the military and public officials who 
 had accompanied the remains from New York, Gen 
 eral Merritt and staff, and Governor Francis and 
 staff. Three comrades of Ransom Post entered the 
 funeral car and assisted the six sergeants in charge 
 to lift the casket out through the car-door to the 
 shoulders of the waiting pall-bearers. As the end 
 of the flag-covered oaken box was passed through 
 the door every head was uncovered and silence 
 reigned supreme. Slowly and carefully the precious 
 burden was taken from the car and placed on the 
 shoulders of the stalwart sergeants. 
 I As they started with slow step out through the 
 I carriage-way to the waiting caisson, the Twelfth 
 I Infantry presented arms, flags were dipped and the 
 regimental band played Pleyel's well-known hymn. 
 Many, many hearts Vv'ere touched by the sight, and 
 veterans and comrades of the dead soldier could 
 be seen crying on all sides. Generals Howard and 
 Slocum were so overcome they could not speak for 
 several minutes. The casket was placed lengthwise 
 on the caisson and strapped in place. On it were 
 
- 1 
 
 ■534 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 placed the hat and sword of him who lay inside. 
 The delivery of the remains to the St. Louis body- 
 guard relieved the six sergeants who had accom- 
 panied it from New York of all further care. 
 
 . The Procession. 
 
 When the fastening of the casket was finished, 
 Colonel L. Townsend gave the order to march, and 
 the Twelfth Infantry wheeled into line and marched 
 up Eleventh street to the corner of Clark street. 
 Here they halted. The open carriage with the floral 
 pieces followed directly behind. Then the order was^ 
 given by Lieutenant Wilson, and the caisson, with its? 
 sacred burden, moved slowly up Eleventh street to a; 
 place next the carriage containing the flowers. On 
 each side of the caisson walked the four military 
 body-bearers. Directly the caisson started the four 
 hundred members of Ransom Post, who had made 
 up the guard of honor, marched up in two columns, 
 one going to one side and the other on the opposite 
 side of the caisson. The saddle-horse bearing the 
 riding equipments of the general was led just be- 
 hind the caisson and between the columns of Ran 
 som Post. 
 
 Meanwhile the immediate members and relative* 
 of the Sherman family had filled coaches, and wer( 
 now driven into a place in the procession next to th( 
 guard of honor. Behind the family were carriages ir 
 which were the people who had come from New Yorl 
 to attend the funeral. In the first coach were Secre 
 tary and Mrs. Noble, Judge Hough and Major Raa 
 
 di I 
 
FINAL OBSEQUIES. 535 
 
 dolph ; in the second, Secretary Rusk, Assistant 
 Secretary Grant, Charles A. Greeley, Captain Kincrs- 
 bury ; the third carriage contained ex-President Hayes, 
 General Schofield, Governor Stannard, and Lieuten- 
 ant Anderson ; the fourth, Generals Howard, Siocum, 
 and Brodhead and Lieutenant Howard ; the fifth, 
 General Alger, James E. Yeatman, Colonel McCreary, 
 and General James D. Moore. When these carriages 
 had taken their proper places in the line, General 
 Merritt with his staff galloped to the head of the pro- 
 cession, which was at the corner of Clark avenue and 
 Eleventh street. At just ten minutes after eleven, 
 all division commanders having reported everything 
 ready. General Merritt gave the order to march. 
 Great Popular Demoiistration. 
 The funeral column was made up of six divisions, 
 composed of the regular military escort, as provided 
 by army regulations, and Grand Army posts, Loyal 
 Legion, Sons of Veterans, civic societies, State militia 
 of Missouri and Ohio, and Legislatures of Missouri, 
 Illinois, and Kansas, governors of States and staffs, 
 unorganized bodies, and citizens in carriages and on 
 foot. The route of the procession from the depot to 
 Calvary Cemetery, a distance of nearly eight miles, was 
 through some of the principal streets and avenues. 
 After starting from the junction of Eleventh street and 
 Clark avenue, the cortege moved up Eleventh street 
 to Market, through Market to Twelfth, and throuQ-h 
 Twelfth to Pine street. The route was througfli the 
 business section. 
 
536 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 The stores were closed, but the windows of nearly 
 all the big blocks were filled with spectators, and the 
 sidewalks were filled with crowding, surging masses 
 of humanity. While there was no disorder (in the 
 full sense of the word) in the streets mentioned, the 
 jam of people coming in from the various intersect- 
 ing • streets when the procession started was some- 
 thing terrific. Strong men and weak women were 
 swept along by this human tidal wave until they 
 were brought to a standstill by the crowds that 
 already had possession of every inch of available 
 standing-room. 
 
 The march to the cemetery from the depot was 
 through some of the principal streets of the city. 
 The route laid out was through Eleventh, Market, 
 Twelfth, and Pine and Grand avenue, thence out 
 Florissant avenue to Calvary Cemetery. The en- 
 trance to the cemetery was by the rear gate. The 
 larger part of the military remained outside of the 
 cemetery. 
 
 The Scene at the Cemetery. 
 
 When the caisson entered the gates of the cem- 
 etery most of the troops remained outside of the 
 cemetery. On account of the large number of car- 
 riages occupied by Grand Army men, members of the 
 Loyal Legion, and the Sons of Veterans who were 
 unable to endure the fatigue of the entire march of 
 nearly eight miles, and for whom carriages were pro- 
 vided at the corner of Grand and Eastern avenues, 
 the road from the entrance to the cemetery to the 
 
 1 
 
FINAL OBSEQUIES. 537 
 
 grave was soon blocked, and many of those who 
 occupied carnages and near the end of the proces- 
 sion were obliged to leave them some distance from 
 the gate and walk to the grave. This caused some 
 delay, and it was not until half-past two o'clock that 
 all who had been assigned places took their positions 
 about the open grave, which was lined inside with 
 flags. 
 
 A short distance to the south was the brave 
 Thirteenth, to the east members of the G. A. R., 
 and directly around it to the north were grouped 
 Senator Sherman, the Misses Sherman, P. T. Sher- 
 man, Colonel Hoyt Sherman, Lieutenants Thackara 
 and Fitch and their wives. Judge and Mrs. P. B. 
 Ewing, General and Mr^ Thomas Ewing, General 
 and Mrs. Nelson A. Miles, Secretary and Mrs. Noble, 
 Secretary and Mrs. Rusk, Assistant Secretary Grant, 
 ex-President Hayes, General Schofield, General How- 
 ard, General Slocum, and others. After all had taken 
 their positions the eight sergeants, acting as body- 
 bearers, lifted the casket from the caisson and bore it 
 reverentially to the grave, when all that was mortal 
 of General Sherman was lowered to its last resting- 
 place. The casket was draped with flags and was 
 bare of any floral tributes. 
 
 The Services at the Grave. 
 
 The services were of the simplest character and 
 were conducted by Rev. Thomas Ewing Sherman, 
 all assembled at the grave standing with uncovered 
 heads. As the casket was being lowered the regi- 
 
638 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 mental band played Pleyel's hymn. Father Sherman 
 read the Catholic service, one of the selections being 
 "I am the resurrection and the life," offered a fervent 
 prayer, and the services were at an end. As the 
 services progressed many about the grave were 
 visibly affected, and when the flags surrounding the 
 casket were removed the sounds of low sobbine were 
 heard. At three o'clock the closing of the grave 
 took place, and the buglers of the Seventh Cavalry 
 sounded *' Taps," " Lights out." Salutes were fired 
 by the Thirteenth Infantry, followed by three salvos 
 of artiller}', which was stationed some distance to 
 the east. Wreaths and branches of evergreens were 
 then placed upon the grave by loving hands. The 
 funeral party and troops returned to the station and 
 the many thousands of citizens dispersed to their 
 homes. 
 
 Thus was laid to rest by the side of his wife and 
 two sons, one of whom was his ** soldier boy," Gen- 
 eral William Tecumseh Sherman. 
 
 Description by an Eye-witness. 
 
 The following graphic recital of the events attend- 
 ing the last obsequies is from the pen of an eye-witness 
 of the wonderful spectacle : 
 
 The scene at the St. Louis Union Depot as early as 
 six o'clock was one of great animation, and by the 
 time the funeral train arrived the crowd rivalled in 
 numbers the largest ever seen in this city. Every few 
 minutes, from 6.40 a. m. to 10 o'clock, a train would 
 roll in bearing a company or regiment of militia under 
 
riNAL OBSEQUIES. 539 
 
 arms and In full uniform, besides numerous civilians 
 and State dignitaries from other States. Committees 
 were prompdy on hand to meet and escort them to 
 their respective places, and notwithstanding the push 
 and jam of the crowd, there was but little confusion in 
 readily carrying out the programme that had been 
 previously arranged. With the marching and counter- 
 marching of the incoming troops, with their glistening 
 bayonets, the scene just before the arrival of the 
 funeral train vividly called to mind the excitement at- 
 tending upon the movements of an army during the 
 war. 
 
 It v/as early announced that the funeral train, which 
 was expected at 7.30 o'clock, would not arrive till 8.25, 
 so there was no anxious waiting upon the part of the 
 committees appointed to meet it. A few minutes after 
 eight o'clock Colonel Brodhead, chairman of the re- 
 ception committee, and a number of the members of 
 his committee assembled in the ladies' waitinof-room 
 of the depot, and were soon joined by Governor 
 Francis and several other prominent gentlemen. 
 They proceeded to a position just outside the main 
 entrance, where they were joined by General Merritt. 
 
 Dense Crowd. 
 
 Promptly at 8.30 the funeral train was sighted 
 slowly approaching around the curve at the east end 
 of the yards. Its approach was announced by a 
 salute. The crowd that now lined both sides of the 
 track to a depth of several feet became anxious to 
 catch a view of the train, and were with great dif- 
 
540 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 ficulty pressed back by the police, who were stationed 
 every few feet along the track. 
 
 The engine drawing the train was No. 8 of the 
 Bridge and Tunnel Company. It was heavily draped 
 in black, and on the headlight was placed an engrav- 
 ing of the dead general surrounded by a band of 
 black, while over the engine was fastened a United 
 States flag draped with crape. Slowly, with muffled 
 bell, the engine pulled past the main entrance, reveal- 
 ing one 'after another the eight heavily and tastefully 
 draped coaches composing the funeral train, till the 
 locomotive reached the Twelfth street bridcre. 
 
 Impressive Scene. 
 
 Immediately following the engine was the funeral 
 car, with the doors of either side pushed back, reveal- 
 ing the interior. The floor was covered with a hand- 
 some carpet, and in the centre was a catafalque, on 
 which rested the black walnut casket covered with a 
 silk flag, while on top of it lay the dead general's 
 sword and hat. At the head of the casket were a 
 number of beautiful floral emblems, and at the foot, 
 on a stand, were the saddle, bridle, boots, and other 
 riding equipments of the dead hero. The interior of 
 the car was entirely covered with black cloth. On 
 either side of the catafalque stood erect the guard of 
 honor, composed of the following past commanders 
 of Ransom Post, who went on to meet the train at In- 
 dianapolis: John B. Harlow, J. G. Butler, Smith P. 
 Gait, and A. G. Peterson. 
 
 The commercial strife of a great city was arrested 
 
FINAL OBSEQUIES. 541 
 
 for a few hours when the people of St. Louis ranged 
 themselves in line and paid reverence to the remains 
 of William Tecumseh Sherman. Outwardly this 
 aspect of mourning was preserved thoughout the day, 
 save for the activity of the restless ones, who, having 
 satisfied" their curiosity, set about other business. No 
 one can gainsay the affection and respect felt for Gen- 
 eral Sherman by the mass of the multitude who for- 
 sook their customary vocations. It was shown in the 
 deep and reverential silence maintained while the pro- 
 cession passed — in the eagerness of the many whom 
 a mere military show does not summon from their 
 homes. 
 
 The spectacle offered by the funeral procession v/as 
 most impressive and significant. Two generations of 
 men and Women blocked the sidewalks alone Pine 
 street and Grand avenue for many miles. For the 
 older generation war had been a horrible reality; for 
 the younger it was but an historical episode. But 
 young and old were perhaps equally impressed by the 
 solemnity of it all. 
 
 The murmur of expectation caused by the distant 
 sound of approaching troops was stilled when the 
 first horseman advanced, and silence fell upon the 
 multitude assembled to the west of where the proces- 
 sion had gotten under w^ay. All was in harmony with 
 the occasion. Early in the morning the clouds low- 
 ered forbiddingly, and there seemed small hope that 
 the wretched weather of the past week would be 
 broken. But just before .eleven o'clock — -the hour 
 
542 GENEEAL GERMAN. 
 
 set for the order to march — the sun absorbed the mist 
 
 and shone cheerfully enough, and a light breeze bore 
 
 away the smoke and the lingering fog. The streets 
 
 had been washed clean by the heavy rains ; the air 
 
 was fresh and bracing. It was excellent marching 
 
 weather. 
 
 Bronzed Veterans, 
 
 The sight of trained soldiers is always an inspiring 
 
 one. In line was a regiment of the regular army, a 
 
 regiment made up of cavalry, artiller}^, and infantry — ^ 
 
 bronzed and weatherbeaten men, most of them, who ^ 
 
 formed a diornified and solemn escort to the remains 
 
 of the old commander. The troops showed service, 
 
 and when the broken companies of the Seventh 
 
 Cavalry rode by the spectators were reminded that 
 
 war is even yet a reality and that these men had j 
 
 fouorht at Wounded Knee. ,| 
 
 . . . 'j 
 
 No more melancholy procession than a military j 
 
 funeral finds its way to a cemetery. Neither crape ^ 
 
 nor coffin was needed to emphasize the mournful- ' 
 
 ness of that march to the grave. The impression i 
 
 of sorrow is conveyed in the slow steps of the ; 
 
 soldiers, in the sad strains of bugles which were ; 
 
 moulded for inspiring melody, and in the sullen tone ; 
 
 of muffled drums. As the escort moved west there i 
 
 came a sound even more doleful than these. It was j 
 
 the tolling of the bell in the tower of St. John's j 
 
 Catholic church at Sixteenth and Chestnut streets. ' 
 
 It began before the escort was under way, and ! 
 
 clanged a cheerless accompaniment to the slow and J 
 
FINAL OBSEQUIES. 543 
 
 monotonous tramp of the troops. Then one of the 
 miHtary bands struck up a funeral march, and people 
 easily affected felt glad that the sun was shining. 
 
 Tokens of Grief. 
 
 Since the war in which Sherman fouc^ht there has 
 perhaps occurred nowhere in the West so imposing 
 a public ceremony. In the matter of mere numbers 
 there has been no such body of men in line in St. 
 Louis since the encampment of the Grand Army of 
 the Republic. It was not singular, then, that the 
 railways brought to this city thousands of strangers, 
 who, swelling the local population, made sightseers 
 thankful that the route to the cemetery was so long. 
 Otherwise the pavements and the windows along the 
 line of march would scarcely have accommodated the 
 crowds. 
 
 They stretched for miles up Pine street and along 
 Grand avenue, and the streets at their intersection 
 were blocked with well-filled wa^jons. Mournincr 
 was displayed in many windows, and while the pro- 
 cession was under way St. Louis and its people 
 showed innumerable tokens of sincere grief. There 
 was something more than this visible in the attitude 
 of the older spectators. They realized that another 
 link in the chain of events between '6i and '91 had 
 been broken — that another paragraph was prepared 
 for American history. And they took their way 
 thoughtfully to their homes, never to forget the 
 mournful scenes of the day. 
 
 Seldom has St. Louis ever made such a display of 
 
544 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 visible tokens of its sorrow. Perhaps it has never 
 been more universally draped in mourning. Both in 
 the business portions and the residence neighbor- 
 hoods there was a general display of funeral hang- 
 ings. The stately buildings on the down-town streets 
 and the small and unpretentious shops removed from 
 the business centre were alike draped. On the 
 public buildings the sombre materials were unspar- 
 ingly used. Along parts of the route of the funeral 
 pageant every building was made to testify to the 
 general sadness. In every part of the city the same 
 mournful scenes were presented. The drapery and 
 other emblems varied in quality, quantity, and per- 
 haps in taste and skill of arrangement, but whether it 
 was the black calico draping of the small shop or the 
 cashmere, serge, bombazine, bunting, or broadcloth 
 of the richer houses, it none the less testified to the 
 popular esteem in which the city held the dead hero. 
 
 Flags in Graceful Folds. 
 
 Many liberally disposed persons incurred great ex- 
 pense in this work of love and reverence, though they 
 occupied houses in unfrequented streets, where their 
 displays were hidden from general view. The ma- 
 terials used in the principal down-town thoroughfares 
 and in the wealthier residence neighborhoods were all 
 costly. 
 
 The piers of the basement section of the Govern- 
 ment building were heavily shrouded with black, and 
 the upper stories were hung with the same materials^ 
 secured with black rosettes. The City buildings were 
 
FINAL OBSEQUIES. 545 
 
 all elaborately draped with black materials and flags. 
 In the windows everywhere were portraits of Sher- 
 man in black frames. Large flags gracefully arranged 
 in folds or looped up with black bands were used as 
 drapery on many of the big business buildings and on 
 private dwellings. On others there were many small 
 flags with crape sashes. 
 
 A large flag with a heavy black bar extending diag- 
 onally across it floated over Washington avenue near 
 Seventh street. Broad bands of mourning were 
 stretched lenorthwise across several buildines on that 
 street, and a large number of the windows were hand- 
 somely decorated. Black and white feathers taste- 
 fully grouped, and sheaves of wheat and rye with 
 appropriate inscriptions, made many of the large win- 
 dows on the principal streets attractive. 
 
 The banks, the railroad offices, big wholesale houses, 
 hotels, and other large edifices, all bore some mourn- 
 ful tribute to the dead man. It was all done hurriedly, 
 but none the less tastily. 
 
 The wealthy residents on the streets and avenues 
 through which the funeral procession passed had their 
 palatial abodes put in mourning costume by skilled 
 decorators and designers. The work was not elab- 
 orate, but it was rich, costly, and in keeping with the 
 homes. Many of these houses were not draped, how- 
 ever, either because of the short time allowed for the 
 work after it was known what route the funeral 
 procession would take or because of a question of 
 propriety. 
 
 35 
 
646 GENEKAL SHEKMAN. 
 
 Myriads Avho Honor the Hero, 
 
 The hotels were all so well filled that many of the 
 late-comers to the city could not obtain rooms, but 
 myriads came for the day only, and the numbers who 
 sought accommodations at the hotels furnished no 
 fair standard by which to estimate the entire number 
 of strangers in the city. By noon the population had 
 bounded from its ordinary limit at half a million to 
 very much nearer six hundred thousand, and citizens 
 and strangers were out early, side by side, seeking 
 the most advantageous point possible from which to 
 view the procession. Hundreds of country relatives 
 and friends found comfortable quarters in the houses 
 of citizens within view of the line of march, but there 
 were myriads who were less fortunate. Train-load 
 after train-load rolled into the depot from every point 
 of the compass during the first half of the day. 
 
 The day had scarcely begun when the earliest 
 arrivals were landed, and soon there were in all of 
 the down-town streets little, broken, irregular lines of 
 men and women wandering about till time for the 
 pageant to move. In a short time these processions 
 became denser and broader. A little later armed and 
 uniformed lines of men gave variety to the scene. 
 Soon they were all over the down-town district. They 
 no longer moved in thread-like lines ; the sidewalks 
 were no longer broad enough to hold them. Every 
 house except those along the line of march seemed to 
 give up its occupants to join the strangers in the wild 
 rush hither and thither, jostling and pushing to get in 
 
FINAL OBSEQUIES. 547 
 
 the Streets from which the column could be seen, and 
 afterward to get good standing-places there. 
 
 Martial Dirges. 
 
 Then there was a blare and clash of bands, and the 
 bie crowd increased its struo;orle to eet the vantaee- 
 points. Hundreds of them took to the street-cars and 
 were quickly transported far out along the line. Hun- 
 dreds of others did not understand the necessity of 
 going early, and as a result the jam was so great in 
 many of the down-town streets that the street-cars 
 were delayed or stopped entirely when the procession 
 w^s forming. 
 
 All kinds of vehicles were movincr in the direction 
 of Pine street lono^ before the corteo^e was to move. 
 Trucks of all kinds, licensed and unlicensed vender- 
 wagons and carts rigged out with rows of wooden 
 benches, light wagons, carriages, coaches, and cabs, 
 were called into use to give the anxious people an 
 opportunity to see the uniformed line. But many of 
 them were disappointed. 
 
 The windows, roofs, and balconies were lined with 
 people before the procession moved. And still others 
 came pushing and crowding, creeping under wagons 
 and crowding between vicious horses. They rushed 
 pellmell one way in expectation of finding a vacant 
 place, and then dashed back again when they discov- 
 ered that there was no such place in sight. Pale- 
 faced, ill- clad women, gayly-dressed girls, clerks, 
 workingmen, and merchants crowded together and 
 conversed while the line moved. 
 
CHAPTER XXVIII. 
 
 Glowing Eulogies upon the World-Renowned 
 Commander. 
 
 When the President's messaore announcing Gen- | 
 eral Sherman's death reached the Senate, discussion ] 
 of the subject under consideration (the Copyright j 
 bill) was suspended, and Mr. Hawley, of Connecticut, ; 
 offered the following : \ 
 
 Resolved, That the Senate receives with profound \ 
 sorrow the announcement of the death of William \ 
 Tecumseh Sherman, late general of the armies of 
 the United States. 
 
 Resolved, That the Senate renews its acknowledg- 
 ment of the inestimable services which he rendered \ 
 to his country in the day of its extreme peril, laments \ 
 the great loss which the country has sustained, and ' 
 deeply sympathizes with his family in its bereave- 1 
 ment. 
 
 Resolved, That a copy of these resoludons be for- , 
 warded to the family of the deceased. i 
 
 Mr. Hawley said: j 
 
 " Mr. President, at this hour the Senate, the Con- \ 
 gress, and the people of the United States are one \ 
 family. What we have been daily expecting has hap- .| 
 pened: General Sherman has received and obeyed^ 
 his last order. He was a great soldier by the judg- \ 
 
 648 \ 
 
GLOWING EULOGIES. 549 
 
 ment of the great soldiers of the world. In time 
 of peace he had been a great citizen, glowing and 
 abounding with love of country and of all human- 
 ity. His glorious soul appeared in every look, 
 gesture, and word. The history of our country is 
 rich in soldiers who have set examples of simple sol- 
 dierly obedience to the civil law and of self-abnega- 
 tion. Washington, Grant, Sheridan, and Sherman 
 lead the list. Sherman was the last of the illustri- 
 ous trio who were by universal consent the foremost 
 figures in the armies of the Union in the late war. 
 Among the precious traditions — to pass into our his- 
 tory for the admiration of the old and the instruction 
 of the young — was their friendship, their most har- 
 monious co-operation .without a shadow of ambition 
 or pride. . When General Grant was called to Wash- 
 ington to take command of the armies of the Union 
 his great heart did not forget the men who stood by 
 him." 
 
 Beautiful Tribute by Hawley. 
 
 Here Mr. Hawley read the letter from Grant to 
 Sherman (written at that time), expressing thanks to 
 him and McPherson as the men to whom, above all 
 others, he owed his success, and Sherman's letter in 
 reply saying that General Grant did himself injustice 
 and them too much honor. 
 
 Mr. Hawley closed his remarks (his voice fre- 
 quently giving way from grief and emotion) by read- 
 ing the following passage from Bunyan's Pilgrims 
 Progress: 
 
550 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 "After this it was noised about that Mr. VaHant- 
 for-Truth was taken with a summons. When he 
 understood it he called for his friends and told them 
 of it. Then said he : ' I am going to my fathers ; and 
 though with great difficulty I got hither, yet now I do 
 not repent me of all the trouble I have been at to 
 arrive where I am. Mv sword I Q-'we to him that 
 shall succeed me in my pilgrimage, and my courage 
 and skill to him that can get them. My marks and 
 scars I carry with me, to be a witness for me that I 
 have fought His battles who will now be a rewarder.' 
 When the day that he must go hence was come, 
 many accompanied him to the river-side, into which 
 as he went, he said, * Death, where is thy sting?' and 
 as he went down deeper he -said, ' Grave, where is 
 thy victory ?' So he passed over, and all the trumpets 
 sounded for him on the other side." 
 
 From Senator Morgan. 
 
 Mr. Morgan said : " On this occasion of national 
 solemnity I would lead the thoughts and sympathies 
 of the American Senate back to those days in our 
 history when General Sherman was, by a choice 
 greatly honorable to his nature, a citizen of the State 
 of Louisiana, and presided over a college for the 
 instruction of Southern youths in the arts of war and 
 the arts of peace. These were not worse days than 
 some we have seen during the last half of this 
 century. In those days, notwithstanding the then 
 conditions of the South, in view of its institutions 
 inherited from the older States of the East, ever)^ 
 
GLOWING EULOGIES. 551 
 
 American was as welcome in Louisiana and the 
 South as he was elsewhere in the Union. We are 
 gradually and surely returning to that cordial state 
 of feeling which was unhappily interrupted by the 
 Civil War. 
 
 ''Our fathers taught us that It was the highest pa- 
 triotism to defend the Constitution of the country. 
 But they had left within its body guarantees of an insti- 
 tution that the will of the majority finally determined 
 should no longer exist, and which put the conscience 
 of the people to the severest test. Looking back 
 now to the beginning of this century and to the con- 
 flict of opinion and of material interests engendered 
 by these guarantees, we can see that they never could 
 have been stricken out of the organic law except by a 
 conflict of arms. The conflict came, and It was bound 
 to come, arid Americans became enemies, as they were 
 bound to be in the settlement of issues that involved 
 so much of money, such radical political results, and 
 the pride of a great and Illustrious race of people. 
 The power rested with the victors at the close of the 
 conflict, but not all the honors of the desperate war- 
 fare. Indeed, the survivors are now winning honors, 
 enriched with justice and magnanimity, not less worthy 
 than those who fell In batde, in their labors to restore 
 the country to Its former feeling of fraternal regard 
 and to unity of sentiment and action, and to promote 
 its welfare. 
 
 "The fidelity of the great general who has just de- 
 parted in the ripeness of age and with a history 
 
552 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 marked by devotion to his flag was the true and 
 simple faith of an American to his convictions of duty. 
 We differed with him and contested campaigns and 
 battle-fields with him, but we welcome the history of 
 the great soldier as the proud inheritance of our 
 country. We do this as cordially and as sincerely as 
 we gave him welcome in the South as one of our 
 people when our sons were confided to his care in a 
 relation that (next to paternity) had its influence upon 
 the young men of the country. 
 
 Supreme Devotion. 
 
 "The great military leaders on both sides of our 
 Civil War are rapidly marching across the borders to 
 a land where history and truth and justice must de- 
 cide upon every man's career. When they meet 
 there they will be happy to find that the honor of 
 human actions is not always measured by their wis- 
 dom, but by the motives in which they had their 
 origin. I cherish the proud belief that the heroes of 
 the Civil War will find that, measured by this stand- 
 ard, none of them, on either side, were delinquent, 
 and they will be happy in an association that will 
 never end, and will never be disturbed by an evil 
 thought, jealousy, or distrust. When a line so narrow 
 divides us from those hieh courts in which our actions 
 are to be judged by their motives, and when so many 
 millions now livinor and increasine millions to follow 
 are to be affected by the wisdom of our enactments, 
 we will do well to give up this day to reflection upon 
 our duties and (in sympathy with this great country) 
 
 
GLOWING EULOGIES. 653 
 
 to dedicate the day to his memory. In such a retro- 
 spect we shall find an admonition that an American 
 Senate should meet, on this side of the fatal line of 
 death, as the American generals meet on the other 
 side, to render justice to each other and to make our. 
 beloved country as happy, comparatively, as we should 
 wish the great Beyond to be to those great spirits. 
 
 From Senator Manderson. 
 
 Mr. Manderson said that as the hours of the last 
 few days passed away he had not had the heart to 
 make such preparation for the event which all feared 
 and dreaded as might seem to be meet and appropri- 
 ate. He had been afraid to prepare anything that 
 might be in the nature of a post-mortem tribute. It 
 seemed like a surrender to the enemy. The death 
 of General Sherman came (although one might have 
 been prepared for It) as the unexpected. It was a 
 day of mourning and grief. Here, at the capital of 
 the nation, lay the body of the great admiral, the 
 chief of the navy ; and in New York was being pre- 
 pared for the last sad rites the body of the greatest 
 military genius which the nation had produced. 
 General Sherman had been not only great as a 
 military leader, but he had been great as a civilian. 
 Who was there that had heard him tell of the events 
 of his wonderful career who had not been filled with 
 admiration and respect for his abilities ? It seemed 
 to him that General Sherman was perhaps the only 
 man in the North who in the early days of the war 
 seemed to appreciate what the terrible conflict meant. 
 
554 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 It was recollected how it was said in 1861 that he 
 must be insane to make the suggestions which he 
 made. These suo-crestions were so startling to the 
 country that he (Mr. Manderson) did not wonder that 
 men doubted General Sherman's sanity. Like men 
 of great genius, he seemed to have lived in that 
 debatable ground existing between the line of 
 perfect sanity and insanity. 
 
 After a review of General Sherman's military 
 career, opening at Shiloh and closing at Atlanta, Mr. 
 Manderson read General Sherman's letter to the 
 mayor and common council of Adanta, beginning, 
 " We must have peace, not only at Atlanta, but in all 
 America." In conclusion, Mr. Manderson said 
 
 The Model Citizen. 
 
 "General Sherman was estimable as a citizen, and 
 as fully appreciated the duties of a civilian as he was 
 admirable as a soldier. But this strife which we have 
 watched for the past few days has ceased. The con- 
 flict has ended. The nation has witnessed it. Sixty 
 millions of people have stood in silence, watching for . 
 the supreme result. Death, ever victorious, is again 
 a victor. A great conqueror is himself conquered. 
 Our captain lies dead. The pale lips say to the 
 sunken eye: 'Where is thy kindly glance?' And 
 no answer is returned." 
 
 Mr. Davis said he could hardly trust himself to 1 
 speak. He had been a soldier under General Sher- j 
 man, and had received acts "of kindness from him when j 
 he was a subaltern. As the years had gone by and 1 
 
GLOWING EULOGIES. 555 
 
 the widening avenues of life had opened up ways of 
 promotion, that acquaintance had ripened into friend- 
 ship, and, he might say, into intimacy. He had first seen 
 General Sherman at the siege of Vicksburg, twenty- 
 eight years ago, when he was the very incarnation of 
 war, but to-day that spirit had taken up its rest in the 
 everlasting tabernacle of death. It was fit that the 
 clangor of the great city should be hushed in silence, 
 and that the functions of government should be sus- 
 pended while the soul of the great commander was 
 passing to Him who gives and Him who takes away. 
 No more are heard the thunders of the captains and 
 the shoutings. The soul of the great warrior had 
 passed, and was standing in judgment before Him 
 who was the God of battles and was also the God of 
 love. 
 
 Mr. Pierce, as one of the soldiers who had served 
 under General Sherman ii^ the Army of the Tennes- 
 see, gave some reminiscences of the war and paid a 
 glowing eulogy to his old commander. 
 
 The Eloquent Evarts. 
 
 Mr. Evarts said that the afflicting intelligence of 
 the death of General Sherman had touched the Sen- 
 ate with the deepest sensibilities — that that grief was 
 not a private grief, nor was it limited by any narrower 
 bounds than those of the whole country. The affec- 
 tion of the people toward its honorable and honored 
 men did not always find a warm effusion, because 
 circumstances might not have brought the personal 
 
 tareer, the personal traits, the personal affectionate 
 
556 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 disposition of great men to the close and general 
 observation of the people at large. But of General 
 Sherman no such observation could be truly made. ; 
 Whatever of affection and of grief Senators might [| 
 feel was felt, perhaps, more Intensely In the hearts j 
 of the whole people. To observers of his death, as ] 
 they had been of his life, General Sherman had been f 
 yesterday the most celebrated living American. 
 
 He was now added to that lonofer and more Illus- 
 trious list of celebrated men of the country for the 
 hundred years of national life. One star differed from 
 another star In glory, but yet all of the stars had a 
 glory to which nothing could be added by eulogy and 
 from which nothing could be taken away by detrac- 
 tion. They shone in their own effulgence, and bor- 
 rowed no light from honor or respect. It had been 
 said already that General Sherman was the last of 
 the commanders. If tho*e who had passed out of 
 life still watched over and took interest in what trans- 
 pired In this world (and no one doubted It), what 
 great shades must have surrounded the death-bed of 
 General Sherman ! And who could Imagine a greater 
 death-bed for a great life than that which has been 
 watched over In a neighboring city during the week? 
 It had been reserved for him (Mr. Evarts), at the 
 declining hour of the day, as a Senator from the 
 State which General Sherman had honored by his 
 residence, and In which he had died, to move, out 
 of respect for his memory, that the Senate do now «; 
 adjourn. • ;s}i 
 
 I 
 
GLOWING EULOGIES. 557 
 
 The resolutions were then adopted unanimously, 
 and, on motion of Mr. Hawley, the presiding officer 
 was requested to appoint a committee of five Senators 
 to attend the funeral of General Sherman. The Senate 
 then, at 5 o'clock, adjourned till Monday at 11 a. m. 
 
 In the House of Representatives. 
 
 The President's message announcing General Sher- 
 man's death was received in the House about three 
 o'clock. Speaker Reed, after consultation with Mr. 
 Cutcheon of Michigan and a few others, decided, in 
 view of the near expiration of the Congress, and of 
 the necessity of getting the appropriation bills over 
 to the Senate as soon as possible, that it would not be 
 advisable to lay the message before the House until 
 near the usual time of adjournment. It was then re- 
 ferred to the Committee on Military Affairs, which will 
 report appropriate resolutions of respect and recom- 
 mend that the House take part in the funeral services, 
 if that be in consonance with the feelings of the family. 
 
 General Cutcheon, chairman of the Committee on 
 Military Affairs, referred feelingly to the fact that 
 General Sherman's death removed the last of the three 
 great Union generals. Mr. Cutcheon served under 
 General Sherman only a short time, but was attached 
 to General Burnside's command when General Sher- 
 man came to its relief 
 
 "I regard General Sherman," said Mr. Cutcheon, 
 *' as the greatest strategist developed by the war. I 
 should say that Grant was the greatest in his firmness 
 and his unfaltering courage and confidence in his 
 
558 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 ability to succeed. He was also great in his spirit of 
 magnanimity. Sherman knew more of the art and 
 science of war. Sheridan was the most brilHant fighter. 
 Sherman was also great as a patriot and as a man. This 
 passage from his memoirs, I think, is the key to the cha- 
 racter of the whole man : it was at the outbreak of the 
 war, when Sherman was in Louisiana : ' On no earthly 
 account will I do any act or think any thought hostile 
 to or in defiance of the old Government of the United 
 States.' " 
 
 Warm Tribute from Mr. Blaine. 
 
 Members of the Cabinet spoke feelingly of the 
 death of General Sherman. Secretary Blaine said he 
 could remember him personally from the time he was 
 graduated at West Point, fifty years ago, when he was k 
 himself a schoolboy often years. 
 
 ''For more than thirty years," continued Mr. 
 Blaine, "by reason of family connections, I had 
 known him very intimately. Of his many and great 
 qualities on his public side I do not care to speak. 
 General Sherman's military history Is a part, and a 
 large part, of the proudest annals of the nation. He 
 did not grow less In the Intimacy of private life or by 
 the fireside in his own home. He had the kindest of 
 hearts and the most chlvalric devotion to those he | 
 loved. He was one of the warmest friends to those I 
 for whom he professed friendship. He was frank, t 
 just, and magnanimous. He spoke and wrote with a ;i 
 freedom that almost seemed reckless, and oftentimes n 
 was misunderstood, as when he wrote his own^^i 
 
 I 
 
GLOWING EULOGIES. 659 
 
 memoirs. His death seemed premature. Seeing 
 him very often, I had discovered no decay in the acute- 
 ness of his senses except in a sHght loss of hearing. 
 I saw him last summer at Bar Harbor for a consider- 
 able period, and his brightness of talk and his enjoy- 
 ment of life, especially with the young, seemed as 
 natural and marked as ever, but at the same time I 
 had in some way gained the impression in talking 
 with him that he had no expectation of a long life." 
 
 Secretary Noble's Panegyric. 
 
 Secretary Noble said : " I feel a great personal 
 
 grief at the loss of General Sherman, my friend for 
 
 many years. I was born in Lancaster, where he was. 
 
 -lis father was my father's friend, and while I retain 
 
 br him the admiration that all Americans and the 
 
 whole world must, I feel that one has gone from me 
 
 by whose approval my personal action in life has 
 
 Deen greatly influenced. I served under him in the 
 
 var, and had been honored by his friendship and per- 
 
 ;onal intercourse in St. Louis, New York, and Wash- 
 
 ngton since. His military achievements in the 
 
 ervice of the republic are a part of the history of 
 
 »ur country ; but great as his talents as a commander 
 
 /ere, they were equalled by the beautiful traits of his 
 
 elharacter that made him the instructive companion, 
 
 e|ie genial friend, and wise counsellor that he was. 
 
 l(,|le was as tender and kind in private life as he was 
 
 reat and successful in war. His literary taste was 
 
 lost wonderful, and his memory, not only of events and 
 
 cts, but even of figures and statistics, was unfailing. 
 
560 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 i 
 
 " His love for his comrades-in-arms was like that of ; 
 a father for his children. His love embraced all our^ 
 people. Among the first events In my official life ; 
 here was a visit from General Sherman, voluntarily i 
 made in behalf of General Joseph Johnston, of whom 
 he spoke in the highest terms. He was as ready to.^ 
 support any man when friendly to the Government \ 
 as he was uncompromising to all its enemies. He ' 
 was as grand a patriot as ever lived, and I believe-, 
 that his services, his speeches, and example will have, 
 a happy influence upon our country through all Its 
 history. This is no time nor place to attempt to 
 speak of all that was valuable and admirable In the 3 
 career and character of General Sherman. May God 
 bless and console his family, and raise up other men 
 like him for the support and protection of our 
 republic !" 
 
 A Man of "Pure Gold." 
 
 Postmaster-General Wanamaker said : " I had only 
 ten years' personal acquaintanceship with General 
 Sherman, but even a much shorter time would have 
 drawn me to him closely. He never seemed to me 
 like an old man, and always woke up In me all the 
 boy that was In me. I was never where he was that I 
 could get near to him that we did not put our arms 
 around each other. The ring of his words and ways 
 showed that he was made of pure gold. No man 
 that I ever knew combined In such a degree the cour- 
 age of a lion, the loving gentleness of a woman, and^j 
 the simplicity of a child. The sunset of his caree| 
 
 1 
 
GLOWING EULOGIES. 561 
 
 has been as gorgeous and beautiful as the glory of 
 his great campaign." 
 
 Attorney-General Miller said: *'In General Sher- 
 man's death the world has lost the first of its military 
 men. At least there is no one surviving at all com- 
 parable to him, unless it be the great German marshal 
 Von Moltke. He was not only a great soldier, but he 
 was wise in all public affairs. He was, perhaps, the 
 first to appreciate, or at least the first to announce, 
 the magnitude of the nation's task in suppressing the 
 great rebellion. In this he was ahead of his contem- 
 poraries, and, as usual with men ahead of the times, 
 he was thought to be wild, not to say crazy. Events, 
 however, more than justified his declarations. I have 
 met General Sherman a good many times, but had no 
 close relations with him. One thing especially struck 
 me in the great Centennial review in New York. 
 There he stood by the side of the President. No 
 matter w^hat else might be claiming his attention, he 
 never failed to take off his hat and salute the flag. 
 He might let the men pass without recognition, but 
 never the flag. Very few men have ever been so 
 close to the hearts of the people of the United States 
 as General Sherman. 
 
 From Old Comrades. 
 
 General Henry W. Slocum, in speaking of General 
 Bherman, said that he felt that he had lost his best 
 Iriend. In Sherman's famous march General Slocum 
 ^as in command of the left wing, and the friendship 
 len formed survived the war and became stronger 
 
i 
 
 t> i 
 
 562 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 with each succeeding year. He and General Sher- 
 man were much together of late years. At public " 
 dinners which they both attended it was always to be' 
 noticed that the two veterans seemed to enjoy, fulK 
 as much as anything, getting together and talking 
 over the interesting story of the war. i 
 
 General Slocum joined Sherman's expedition at . 
 Atlanta, and was with it from that time until the ] 
 close of the war. Every other day General Sherman j 
 rode with him. On these occasions General Sher- 
 man, who was a ereat talker, was as entertainino- a 
 companion as could well be imagined. His conversa- 
 tion covered a wide range of subjects, but touched, 
 lightly on the one subject which at that time possessed . 
 the greatest interest, not only for General Slocum, .' 
 but for the whole country — the march itself and what 
 was expected of it. 
 
 General Sherman's appearance at this time, Gen- 
 eral Slocum says, was about the same as it was in 
 later years. He was angular, nervous, but giving 
 every one the impression of being a man of great de- 
 termination. At the same time he was of a sanguine 
 temperament. 
 
 " From the time he started on the expedition," said 
 General Slocum, "he never seemed for a moment to 
 doubt that it would ultimately prove successful. Noth 
 ing seemed to shake his faith in this respect. HeL 
 never discussed his plans with me to any extent. It 
 was not his habit to discuss them with his subordinates.ii 
 He preferred saying little about what he intended 
 
GLOWING EULOGIES. 563 
 
 do until It became necessary. His self-reliance was 
 remarkable." 
 
 The Army Idolized him. 
 
 With his troops, General Slocum said, General 
 Sherman was exceedingly popular. This was perhaps 
 but natural, as he had led them to success, and a com- 
 mander in such a position generally is popular. While 
 possibly he was not generous with his men, he was 
 always just, and this fact they recognized and honored 
 him for. His sense of justice caused him to be severe 
 in his treatment of those who failed to do their duty. 
 He always looked well after the welfare of those 
 under his command, and was never above having a 
 pleasant word for his men. Yet he was none the 
 less a soldier, a man of deeds. 
 
 Speaking of the feeling of the Southern people 
 against General Sherman, which was probably stronger 
 than that felt against any other Northern general, 
 General Slocum said that it had never been General 
 Sherman's wash or intention to cause any unnecessary 
 •suffering to the people In the country through which 
 he w^as marching. For the burning of Columbia he 
 was in no way responsible. Yet he w^as charged with 
 it, with much bitterness, by the Southern people. As 
 a matter of fact, the Inhabitants of the place were 
 themselves to blame for Its burning. They had filled 
 the streets with cotton, and when Sherman's army 
 marched in, thinking to propitiate the soldiers, they 
 had waylaid them with whiskey, which they gave to 
 ihem in tin cups, as much as they would take, until. 
 
664 GENERAL GERMAN. 
 
 every ugly fellow in the ranks was still uglier and 
 half drunk. 
 
 Sorrows of War. 
 
 " General Sherman," said General Slocum, '' always 
 expressed great regret at the suffering caused by the 
 burning of Columbia. He talked with me about it at 
 the time, and frequently spoke of it after the wan 
 Nothing was further from his intentions than that the 
 city should be burned. He strove to burn everything 
 useful to the Confederates ; nothinor else. When we 
 first crossed into South Carolina, we found we were 
 walking on torpedoes planted in the road, and the 
 troops did some burning on their own account, but 
 General Sherman put a stop to it as soon as possible." 
 
 One of the most astonishino- things about General 
 Sherman, General Slocum declared, was his memory. 
 He never seemed to forget anything which he met 
 with, and which he thought might at any future time 
 be of use to him. Having been stationed at Charles- 
 ton before the war, he seemed to have the whole 
 topography of the State at command. Frequently he 
 was able to give information which was not found on 
 the map which General Slocum had with him. When, 
 asked how he came to know some particular thing - 
 about the country, he would say that he had noticed 
 it several years before. i{ 
 
 Tribute from General Howard. 
 
 " Major-General O. O. Howard, commanding the 
 Division of the Atlantic, was much affected by the 
 death of his old comrade and friend. He talked for a 
 
 II 
 
GLOWING EULOGIES. • 566 
 
 few moments regardng the dead commander, and his 
 voice trembled as he spoke. 
 
 "General Sherman," he said, "has permitted me 
 during the last two years in which I have been sta- 
 tioned in the vicinity of his home to be particularly 
 intimate with him. He never seemed like a fellow- 
 officer so much as like a father or elderly friend. So 
 to-night my heart bleeds at his loss. When did I first 
 meet him ? I think it was shortly before the first 
 battle of Bull Run, and after that I was with him at 
 Chattanooga and on the march to the sea. My per- 
 sonal acquaintanceship with him did not really begin 
 until 1863." 
 
 Reininiscences by General King". 
 
 Said General Horatio C. King: "The announce- 
 ment of General Sherman's death is a great shock to 
 me, as I have had a strong hope that he would pull 
 through. I regard it as one of the greatest privileges 
 of my life that I have been favored with the close 
 friendship of General Sherman. He was the most in- 
 teresting conversationalist I have ever met, and his 
 fund of reminiscences was seemingly inexhaustible. 
 I shall never forget the first address he made at one 
 of our army reunions held in Philadelphia, June 6, of 
 the Centennial year. The meeting was in the 
 Academy of Music. He made quite a long and 
 patriotic off-hand address, in which he counselled ten- 
 derness toward the South. ' Let us,' he said, * forgive 
 and forget — provided they will do the same.' 
 
 "General Sherman has felt of late years that his 
 
566 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 Strength was being too strongly taxed by the in- 
 cessant social demands upon him. He never could 
 refuse his old Western associates, but I had some 
 difficulty to persuade him that he had as many friends 
 in the East. At Saratoga Springs in 1887 he gave 
 me a most laughable scoring for my persistence. He 
 said : ' By the law of our land, which is the only 
 king we worship, I was turned out to grass, and I 
 was told that I could spend the rest of my days in 
 peace and retirement. I sought refuge in the city of 
 St. Louis ; I found but litde peace there. But I read, 
 I think in Dr. Johnson, that peace and quiet could 
 only be had in a great city or forest — in nature's 
 wilderness. I therefore sought it in New York City.' 
 Then General Sherman told his famous story of Cap- 
 tain Bonneville. Bonneville, it seemed, wanted peace 
 and quiet. He asked for two years' leave of absence, 
 and o^ot it, and he went out to the mountains where 
 Salt Lake now is. He caught beavers and otter and 
 fished, and the Crows came and cleaned him out, 
 and he kept out of the way for two years more. 
 He was reported dead. He went to the adjutant- 
 general and reported, but the adjutant says ; ' Bon- 
 neville is dead.' — He says: 'I am not dead.' — * Oh 
 yes,' said the adjutant, 'you are dead; you are as 
 dead as a mackeral. Go away from here and don't 
 disturb the record.' 
 
 " Sherman is the last of the great triumvirate of 
 generals. Grant, Sherman and Sheridan, for in that 
 order they will always be named ; yet to my think- 
 
 1 
 
GLOWING EULOGIES. 567 
 
 ing Sherman possessed the highest mlHtary genius, 
 and as a strategist had not his equal in the war of 
 the rebelHon." 
 
 Tributes from Abroad. 
 
 Lord Wolseley, who is beheved to be the best- 
 informed man in the British army, said: ''I join the 
 people of the United States in their regret at General 
 Sherman's death, for his loss is not confined to 
 America, but is shared by all military people." 
 
 Asked what he thought of Sherman as a military 
 commander, Lord Wolseley replied that it was a 
 difficult matter for an outsider to make comparisons, 
 but, speaking purely from a military point of view, he 
 undoubtedly would place Sherman at the head of all 
 the Northern commanders as a strategist. Sherman 
 showed great power, and in this he excelled all 
 others, while in the achievements for which he was 
 most famous, notably his march to the sea, he dis- 
 played a dash combined with strategical skill that at 
 once proved his great power. 
 
 Colonel Hugh McCalmont, C. B., who has seen 
 much service in India, and who was the officer com- 
 manding the Fourth (Royal Irish) Dragoon Guards 
 at Dublin, said with great feeling that in his judg- 
 ment Grant would not have been able to break down 
 the heroic opposition of Lee if it had not been for the 
 o^enius of Sherman, whose march to the sea was the 
 grandest thing of its kind in history. He especially 
 •admired Sherman because he was a pukka general 
 (pukka in India means real, genuine), also because he 
 
568 GENERAL SHERMAN. 
 
 was a soldier solely, having resolutely refused to go 
 in for politics. 
 
 One of the most accomplished and best-read staff 
 officers in the British army is Colonel S. F. Maurice, 
 of the Royal Artillery, at present professor of Military 
 Art and History at the Staff College. He said: "I 
 have long considered the Atlanta campaign of Sher- 
 man as one of the most valuable lessons in war 
 furnished by our time. The feature of Sherman's 
 career which has always impressed me with the most 
 interest as a man w^as the generosity with which, after 
 he had himself opposed Grant's arrangements for the 
 Vicksburg campaign, he immediately afterward on 
 the spot and at the time confessed himself in the 
 wrong, and used all his military genius to point out 
 the skill, foresight, and importance of what Grant had 
 done. The mode in which Sherman talked to influ- 
 ential politicians and others of those very achievements 
 of Grant became the starting-point of Grant's great 
 ■career. To a large extent the United States owe to 
 Sherman's generosity of character and to his military 
 •clearness of vision the ultimate selection of Grant as 
 the oreneral who carried their armies to success." 
 
 Similar tributes from Von Moltke and other great 
 military heroes show the estimate placed upon the 
 renowned commander who now lies in death, *' his 
 martial cloak wrapped around him."/> ^ ^ . j^ 
 
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