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25th Congress, [ SENATE. ] [ 300 ] 
 
 2d Session* 
 
 IN SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 u 
 
 March 12, 1838. 
 
 Submitted, and ordered to be printed, and thai 5,000 additional copies be furnished for the use 
 
 of the Senate. 
 
 Mr. Linn submitted the following 
 REPORT : 
 
 [To accompany bill S. No. 241.] 
 
 The Committee on Agriculture, to whom teas referred the memorial of Lh 
 Henry Perrine, late American consul at Campeachy, fraying jor a 
 conditional grant of land in southern Florida, to encourage the intro- 
 duction and promote the cultivation of tropical plants in the United 
 States, have had the same under consideration, and beg leave to submit, 
 to the consideration of the Senate, the following report : 
 
 At the express desire of the memorialist, your committee has long delayed 
 its action for the purpose of making a rigid investigation of his suggestions, 
 his services, and his plans in relation to the immediate domestication of 
 tropical plants in southern Florida, and of their gradual acclimation through- 
 out all the southern and southwestern States ; and hence your committee 
 has arrived at the conclusion that his services have been great ; that his 
 suggestions are important, and that his plans are laudably patriotic and 
 practicable. In obedience to the Treasury circular of the 6th of Septem- 
 ber, 1827, Dr .Henry Perrine appears to be the only American consul who has 
 perseveringly devoted his head, heart, and hands to the subject of introdu- 
 cing tropical plants in the United States ; and his voluminous manuscripts 
 alone exhibit a great amount of labor and research which promise to be 
 highly beneficial to our common country. The memorialist founds his 
 hopes of final success for the immediate propagation of, and subsequent 
 cultivation of, tropical plants in Florida, on four leading facts : 1. Many 
 valuable vegetables of the tropics do actually propagate themselves in the 
 worst soils and situations, in the sun and in the shade of every tropical re- 
 gion, where a single plant arrives by accident or design. 2. For other 
 profitable plants of the tropics which require human skill or care, moisture 
 is the equivalent to manure for tropical cultivation essentially consists in 
 appropriate irrigation. 3. A tropical climate extends into southern Florida 
 so peculiarly favorable to human health and vegetable growth, that the fer- 
 tility and benignity of its atmosphere will counterbalance the sterility and 
 malignity of its soil, 4. The inundated marshes and miry swamps of the 
 interior of southern Florida are more elevated than the arid sands and untilla- 
 ble rocks of the coast ; and hence the same canals which may drain the for- 
 Blair & Rives, printers. 
 
[ 300 ] 2 
 
 ,\\\ 
 
 ^ 
 
 mer will irrigate the latter, and afford the appropriate proportion of mois- 
 ture for both. The memorialist founds his hopes of success for the gradual 
 acclimation of many profitable plants of the tropics throughout at least all 
 our southern and southwestern States, on, 1st, the general history of all 
 tropical plants whose cultivation has been gradually extended towards the 
 poles. 2d. The particular history of our actually great staples of the south 
 and southwest, viz : tropical rice, tobacco, cotton, and sugar ; and, 3d, the 
 fact that kindred species of many profitable plants which will be still more 
 important objects of agriculture are indigenous to our worst soils between 
 the Potomac and the Mississippi, viz : of Agave and Yucca, in relation 
 to the extension of a peculiarly favorable climate of the tropics into south- 
 ern Florida, your committee believes that the memorialist has demonstrated 
 its existence by the meteorological tables annexed to this report. In rela- 
 tion to the immediate propagation of tropical plants in tropical Florida, on 
 the most arid, the most humid, and hitherto most worthless soils, your com- 
 mittee believes that the memorialist has well shown its great probability by 
 the interesting facts and statements made and collected by him, and which 
 are annexed to this report. And in relation to the gradual acclimation, at 
 least the fibrous-leaved plants, whose foliaceous fibres are superior substitutes 
 for flax and hemp, your committee coincides with the memorialist in his 
 opinion, that the tropical species may gradually extend over the most sterile 
 districts of all our southern States, and that the indigenous species may be 
 gradually propagated in the worst soils of our northern States. Hitherto, 
 southern Florida has been considered so sickly and so sterile as to be 
 unworthy the expense and trouble of surveying and of sale ; and, even 
 now, it is seriously contended that this section of the Territory is un- 
 inhabitable by the white man, and should, therefore, be abandoned to the 
 savages and runaway negroes from the neighboring States. At all events, 
 it is conceded that many millions of acres are " incapable of producing any 
 article now cultivated in the United States, and must lie unemployed and 
 useless for many years, without some experiment such as Dr. Perrine pro- 
 poses. Hence, when the Indians shall be expelled from the pestilential 
 swamps and impenetrable morasses of southern Florida, they may again be- 
 come the impregnable fortresses for fugitive negroes and piratical out-laws ? 
 who will be still more dangerous enemies to the tranquillity of our southern 
 States than the actual savage Seminoles. But if the suggestions of the 
 memorialist, and if his experiments should be successful, the arid sands and 
 arid rocks, and mangrove thicket's of the coast, the miry marshes, pestilen- 
 tial swamps, and impenetrable morasses of the interior, may all, ultimately r 
 be covered by a dense population of small cultivators and of family manu- 
 facturers; and tropical Florida will thus form a well garisoned bulwark 
 against invasion in every shape and shade. Even the statistics of Cuba 
 demonstrate that this celebrated island owes its prosperity and its safeBy 
 much more to its numerous small cultivators of fruits and vegetables than 
 to its few large planters of sugar and coffee ; and hence it may be considered 
 ibrtunate for all Florida that its southern surface does not embrace any 
 large tracts of rich soil adapted to the great staples of great planters. Hith- 
 erto, the old southern States have been drained of their rural' population by 
 the emigration of their sons to the fertile plains of the valley of the Missis- 
 sippi and Ohio. By the introduction of such new staples as can be propa- 
 gated on the worst soils of the old States more profitably than their old 
 staples can be cultivated on the best soils of the new States, emigration 
 
3 [ 300 ] 
 
 ^ from the south will be prevented, and even its ruined fields and barren 
 •v. wastes will become covered with a dense population of small cultivators ; 
 ^ and that rural population may be tripled by the employment of new 
 staples in the really domestic manufactures of their farms, families, and fe- 
 males. At all events, the numerous small cultivators of the south would thus 
 ^n be enabled to furnish the cheapest possible raw materials for the numerous 
 ^ small manufacturers of the north, and would hence create, mutually, a profit- 
 able and harmonious dependence on each other of the great pacific masses of 
 population in both sections of the Union. With these views of the national 
 importance of the enterprise of Doctor Perrine, your committee have deter- 
 mined to report a bill, on such conditions as will render it barely possible for 
 him to attract associates and capital to the aid of his future labors, with unity 
 in design, harmony in co-operation, and perseverance in pursuit. Under 
 the conditions imposed, he only hopes to get co-operators among those pat- 
 riotic persons, who will be influenced by the facts, arguments, and feelings 
 which convinced his own mind of the great probability of ultimate success, 
 and which, therefore, renders him willing to undergo all the intermediate pri- 
 vations and perils of property and person incident to the prosecution of the 
 enterprise. 
 
 In other countries, an undertaking of such magnitude is the especial duty 
 of the Government; but, in the United States, we are indebted to individual 
 zeal and perseverance for the origin and prosecution of the grandest plans 
 of national utility. 
 
 On the 26th of April, 1832, the Committee on Agriculture of the House of 
 Representatives reported a similar bill ; and your committee now refer to the 
 accompanying report and other documents. Your committee need not dwell 
 on the services of the memorialist, nor recite the precedents of equivalent 
 grants to foreigners, as the memorialist is content to rest his claim solely on 
 the merit of the enterprise, with the facts that by Ihe terms of the bill now 
 reported, if he succeed, the Government and the country will be benefitted in 
 the proportion of a thousand to one, and if he fails, himself and his associates 
 will be alone ruined. From the specimens of fibrous-leaved plants and of foli- 
 aceous fibrous submitted to your committee, they are convinced that if those 
 plants alone can be propagated in southern Florida, of which they have no 
 reasonable doubt, they will form highly important additions to the agricul- 
 ture, manufactures, and commerce of the Union. The committee annex to 
 this report several explanatory letters and other important documents, 
 from 1 to 4. 
 
 DOCUMENT No. 1. 
 
 Communications to the Committees on Agriculture of the Senate and 
 House of Representatives, January and February, 1838. 
 
 Washington, D. C, January 4, 1838. 
 Gentlemen : During the last short session of Congress, the subscriber 
 wrote a brief memorial, dated Washington, D. C, September 8, 1837, which 
 was presented by the Hon. L. F. Linn, on the 29th of the same month, and 
 was "laid on the table, and ordered to be printed/' This printed document 
 headed "25th Congress, 1st session. Senate 26. Petition of Henry Per- 
 
[ 300 ] 4 
 
 rine for a grant of land for the encouragement of the growth of tropical plants," 
 was taken from the files and reftrred^on the 21st of December last, on motion 
 of the same honorable member of your committee, and to this short petition 
 the subscriber refers for the motives of the present communication. The print- 
 ed pamphlets of the 1st session of the 22d Congress, mentioned in the first 
 clause of the short memorial aforesaid, with the report and bill of the Com- 
 mittee on Agriculture of the House of Representatives, will show that, even 
 at that early period, the suggestions and services of the subscriber, under the 
 Treasury circular of the 6th September, 1827, were considered by that 
 honorable committee to be worthy of the nominal favor conceded by that 
 bill, of a grant of land on very onerous conditions to himself and associates, 
 yet exceedingly advantageous to the people and Government of the United 
 States. 
 
 The manuscript supplementary memorial of the 29th December, 1834, 
 mentioned in the second clause of the short petition aforesaid, with the ap- 
 pended draft of a bill, will exhibit the additional claims of the subscriber on 
 the justice of Congress up to that period, and his humble willingness to 
 accept any modifications of the law which the wisdom of Congress might 
 devise, under the impression that the law itself would be infinitely more 
 valuable than the land it might convey, in order to attract associates and 
 capital to the enterprise of propagating tropical plants in tropical Florida. 
 
 The additional documents and details which the subscriber can exhibit 
 to the committee, will prove, he trusts, that his suggestions and services, 
 continued to the present date, constitute multiplied claims to the favorable 
 consideration of Congress and of his country; and hence the only favor that 
 he solicits is an attentive hearing, a rigid investigation of the merits of his 
 claims, and of the importance of his enterprise. 
 
 To facilitate a clear conception of his views, he respectfully represents the 
 four leading facts on which he founds his hopes of success for the immedi- 
 ate domestication of many valuable vegetables of the tropics, and for the 
 speedy cultivation of other profitable plants of the tropics in southern 
 Florida : 
 
 1. Many very valuable vegetables of the tropics do spontaneously propa- 
 gate themselves in the worst soils and situations, in the sun and in the shade 
 of every tropical region which they reach by accident or by design ; and 
 that hence, in general terms, it may be said that the benignity of a tropical 
 climate, or the fertility of a tropical atmosphere, does counterbalance the de- 
 fects or sterilities of the soil. 
 
 2. That, for such other profitable plants of the tropics as require human 
 care or culture to aid their reproduction, moisture is the equivalent to ma- 
 nure, or, in other words, that tropical cultivation consists essentially in ap- 
 propriate irrigation. 
 
 3. That an improved tropical climate extends into southern Florida, pe- 
 culiarly favorable to human health, and still more favorable to vegetable 
 growth, and that hence the salubrity and fertility of the air in that tropical 
 district, will counterbalance the sickness and sterility of the earth, and the 
 immediate propagation of profitable plants may hence be profitably begun 
 on even the unimproved, uncleared surfaces of tropical Florida. 
 
 4. That the peculiar formation of southern Florida is so favorable for 
 irrigation, that the same canals which may drain the inundated swamps of 
 the interior, will irrigate the arid sands and untillable rocks of the coasts, 
 
5 [ 300 ] 
 
 and afford the appropriate proportion of moisture for the speedy cultivation 
 of valuable vegetables adapted to the soils of both. 
 
 His hopes of success for the gradual acclimation of many profitable 
 plants of the tropics, throughout at least all our southern and southwestern 
 States, are founded on the general history of all tropical plants whose culti- 
 vation has been gradually extended towards the poles ; on the particular 
 history of our actually great staples of the south and southwest, viz : tropic- 
 al rice, tobacco, cotton "and sugar, and on the fact that kindred species of 
 many plants, which will be still more important objects of agriculture, do 
 actually exist indigenous to all our country between the Potomac and the 
 Mississippi. 
 
 That limiting our considerations for the moment to solely the propaga- 
 tion of fibrous-leaved plants, and the production of foliaceous fibres in 
 Florida and in all our southern States, on the poorest soils, and by our 
 poorest citizens, he repeats his convictions of its unspeakable importance 
 in creating a dense population of small cultivators in the most sterile dis- 
 tricts, by the production of a staple in which four-fifths of the labor may 
 be more profitably effected by horse power than by human power. A re- 
 ference to the statistics of Cuba, will demonstrate that this celebrated island 
 owes its prosperity and its safety much more to its small cultivators of 
 fruits and vegetables, than to its large planters of sugar and of coffee ; and 
 as southern Florida has not any fertile soils adapted to the cultivation of 
 our actual staples by our great planters, if its most sterile soils can be made 
 to sustain a much denser population of small farmers than any other equal 
 extent of surface in the United States, its proximity to the West India 
 islands renders it especially important that it should thus be constituted a 
 well-garrisoned bulwark against invasion in every shape or shade. He 
 further repeats his conviction, that the propagation of fibrous-leaved plants, 
 on the most sterile districts of all our southern States, will be still more 
 important than the cultivation of all their present staples combined, on 
 their most fertile soils; not merely for the amount and profit of the new 
 staple itself, and on account of the quantity and quality of the surfaces it 
 will occupy, but also on account of the character of the labor, and the kind 
 of population it will employ. Emigration of their small cultivators to the 
 new States, will thus be checked ; emigration of small farmers to the old 
 southern States, will thus be promoted ; and the resulting augmentation of 
 the sturdy yeomanry of the south, will ensure its prosperity, power, and 
 tranquillity. 
 
 Entertaining such convictions, the subscriber is anxious that the mem- 
 bers of the Committee on Agriculture shall take the necessary pains to 
 satisfy themselves that his convictions are founded on rational data. He is 
 willing to undergo the most rigid cross-examination, and the most severe 
 criticism, that incredulity or enmity may suggest. He is willing to be 
 suspected even of monomania on this subject, provided it will result in a 
 candid trial to ascertain the fact or falsity of the suspicion. He is willing 
 to be stricken, provided he be attentively heard. 
 
 I have the honor to be, 
 
 Very respectfully, 
 
 Your obedient servant, 
 
 HENRY PERRINE. 
 
 To the Hon. the Committee on Agriculture 
 
 in the Senate of the United States of America. 
 
[ 300 J 6 
 
 Washington, District Columbia, 
 
 January 9, 1838, 
 
 Gentlemen : By the first communication of the subscriber, of the 4th 
 instant, the attention of your body was respectfully directed to the bill (No. 
 555) of the House of Representatives, of the 1st session of the 22d Con- 
 gress, reported the 26th of April, 1832, which conditionally conveyed to 
 your memorialist and his associates a township of land, in southern Flor- 
 ida, " to encourage the introduction and promote the cultivation of tropical 
 plants in the United States ;" and also to the modification of said bill, rudely 
 sketched at the end of his supplementary memorial, from Campeachy, dated 
 the 29th of December, 1834. In the same communication, he briefly ad- 
 verted to the four leading annunciations of facts on which he founds his 
 hopes of ultimate success, for the immediate propagation, and for the 
 speedy cultivation, of all valuable vegetables of the tropics, within the 
 limits of southern Florida ; and to the three principal circumstances on 
 which he builds his expectations of the gradual acclimation of many pro- 
 fitable plants of the tropics throughout the most sterile districts of all our 
 southern and southwestern States. He now, as respectfully and briefly as 
 possible, will attempt to sketch, under three heads, the principal reasons on 
 which he founds his claims to a favorable report from your committee, of 
 a bill to concede, conditionally, to himself and associates, a township of 
 land, or thirty-six sections, in southern Florida ; and to a speedy passage 
 of the same bill into a law, by both Houses of Congress : 
 
 1st. The personal services and sacrifices of the subscriber, under the 
 Treasury circular of the 6th of September, 1827, which could not be fully 
 compensated by the Government price of a township of our most fertile 
 soils. 
 
 2d. The repeated precedents of equivalent acts of Congress to encourage 
 objects of partial utility to the public, by ceding to foreigners and their 
 associates certain tracts of the most fertile soils in the most valuable situa- 
 tions of the populated portions of sovereign States. 
 
 3d. The isolated merits of the enterprise itself, independently of the 
 past services of the subscriber, or without reference to the past acts of 
 Government, and considered solely as a pecuniary contract of Government, 
 by the conditions of which the ratio of advantages to the grantors of the, 
 lands must be, in the proportion of a thousand to one, on the part of the 
 grantees. 
 
 To demonstrate the claims of the subscriber, under the first head, he can 
 exhibit quires of manuscript and of printed documents, which he fears that 
 the committee will not have time or patience to peruse. That, in obedience 
 to the orders of his own Government, he has suffered more corporeal dis- 
 eases than the patient Job ; and that he has undergone more pains, priva- 
 tions, persecutions, and perils, than the boasting Paul, are circumstances 
 which he fears may not be considered relevant, by corporate insensibility. 
 The examples of many claimants, on the justice of our republican Gov- 
 ernment, and especially the history of the warriors of our holy revolution, 
 have painfully taught him to fear that, if he appealed to the justice of Gov- 
 ernment alone, he might grow old and die belbre a law for his relief could 
 be obtained. Had he been a French or an English consul, and had he 
 rendered the same services to the French or English Government, he has 
 
7 [ 300 ] 
 
 no doubt that, long ere this period, he would have been both promoted and 
 •otherwise rewarded. Preferring, however, the federal republican Gov- 
 ernment of the United States, whatever may be the evils inseparable from 
 our institutions, to any and all other forms of government in the world, he 
 adverts to his own unrequited sufferings, not as a matter of complaint, but 
 as a subject of regret. He, nevertheless, cannot close this topic without 
 respectfully inviting the attention of the committee to the striking contrast 
 exhibited in the treatment of Professor Doctor Ramon de la Sagra, of the 
 Botanical Garden and Pattern Plantation, near Havana, by the royal Gov- 
 ernment of Spain. He would further respectfully direct the attention of 
 the committee to some official letters of the Hon. Louis McLane, while 
 Secretary of State, in 1834 ; and to the resolutions of the Legislature of 
 Louisiana, on the 11th of March last, in reference to the extraordinary 
 services of the subscriber. 
 
 Under the second head, the subscriber refers the committee to the act of 
 Congress " to promote the introduction and encourage the culture of the 
 vine," a single extra-tropical plant, which did convey to J. J. Dufour and 
 his associates, foreigners, a certain tract of very rich soil, in a very valauble 
 situation, by which soil and site said foreign grantees were greatly bene- 
 fitted, although their experiment did fail; and to the fact that the subscriber 
 has solely solicited an equivalent act, ; <to encourage the introduction and 
 cultivation of all valuable tropical plants," which may convey to himself 
 and associate Americans, an equivalent quantity of absolutely sterile soils, 
 in an absolutely worthless situation, by which the native grantees will be 
 entirely ruined if their experiments should fail. 
 
 He further refers the committee to other acts of Congress, among the vol- 
 umes of printed laws with which they are infinitely more familiar than the 
 subscriber has ever had an opportunity to be. 
 
 Under the third head the subscriber respectfully refers, firstly, to the report 
 of the Committee of Agriculture of the House of Representative, No. 454, in 
 the first session of the 22d Congress, accompanying the bill in his behalf, 
 which exhibits the sense of that committee relative to the worthlessness of the 
 lands in the peninsula of Florida, to the general opinion of both the 
 Government and of the people of the United States, that southern Florida is 
 so sickly and so sterile a Territory, in consequence the miry marshes 
 and inundated swamps of the interior, and of the arid sands, iw tillable rocks, 
 and mangrove thickets of the coasts, as to be unworthy of even the trouble 
 and expense of surveying and sale ; to the letter of General Scott to the\ 
 Secretary of War, in which the General declared that even the gift of 
 Florida land would be a fraud on the soldiers ; to the report on file in the 
 departments relative to the obstacles presented by the surface of the country 
 to the progress of our arms during the whole Seminole war ; to even the 
 printed books on Florida, intended to present the most favorable aspect of 
 that Territory, and to conceal its most unfavorable features ; and to the spe- 
 cial testimony of the few individuals who are personally acquainted with 
 the character of the coasts and of the interior of the southern extremity of 
 that peninsula. 
 
 He thinks it will thus be shown that, for actual staples or common agri- 
 culture, all the surface of southern Florida is worse than useless ; that the"-, 
 highest estimate of the unsurveyed public lands could not exceed one cent an 
 acre ; that the best soils and sites were long since selected under the Spanish 
 Oovernrnent ; that, nevertheless, for the most valuable soils and sites under 
 
[300] 8 
 
 private claims, the asking price does not, in any case, exceed ten cents an 
 acre; that hence, if the public lands in south Florida were even surveyed 
 and in market, they would not be sold at a price equal to that of those con- 
 tained in the choice grants of private persons; that even these selected 
 soils and sites cannot be either sold or given away on the condition of actual 
 occupancy and cultivation of our present staples ; that the settlement of ag- 
 riculturists at Sinabal island was hence broken up, and that the same fail- 
 ure of all attempts at common agriculture or horticulture will occur to all 
 future emigrants ; and that, therefore, all southern Florida must remain a 
 solitary desert, unless the enterprise of the subscriber shall furnish both a 
 mode of successful vegeculture, and a nursery of profitable plants, adapted 
 to its peculiar climate and soil. 
 
 The subscriber respectfully adverts to other obstacles in the way of an im- 
 mediate commencement of tropical vegeculture in tropical Florida; the 
 continued warfare with the savage Seminoles, and the prospective danger 
 from the murderous fugitives, who will remain lurking in the thickets and 
 morasses of southern Florida ; the unsurveyed condition of the tropical dis- 
 trict, and the probability that it will not be offered for sale in many years; 
 the immense tracts under Spanish grants, with their conflicting claims ; and 
 the consequent uncertainty of right or safety in location on supposed public 
 lands; the reputed sickness and sterility of tropical Florida, augmented to 
 an exaggerated degree by the reports of our military officers, and by the 
 speeches of our members of Congress in relation to the impenetrable mo- 
 rasses and pestilential swamps of the peninsula; the certainly miry marshes 
 and inundated swamps of the interior, and the positively arid sands, until- 
 lable rocks, and mangrove thickets of the coasts ; the undoubtedly great 
 plagues of mosquetoes and sand flies, ticks and scorpions, ants and 
 landcrabs, serpents and alligators, and other noxious insects and reptiles ; 
 the much greater labor of clearing and improving the earth in tropical cli- 
 mates, where the great vigor of ceaseless vegetation must be continually 
 subdued by the axe and the hoe ; the general ignorance respecting the 
 plants and the culture appropriate to such climates and soils ; the past policy 
 of our Government in respect to preemption rights, and its prospective 
 policy to bestow on actual settlers select portions of our most fertile soils 
 and valuable situations ; the much greater inducements to emigrants offered 
 by. Texas and Cuba in the quantity, quality, and the bounty of their soils ; 
 the virtually insulated position of tropical Florida, the absence of roads and 
 post offices, and the great distance, difficulty, and expense of communica- 
 tion and intercourse with the populated portions ofour own country in general, 
 and of even northern Florida itself; the want of legal ports of entry for in- 
 tercourse with foreign countries, and especially for the importation of tropi- 
 cal plants; the expense, difficulty, and delay of introducing and propagat- 
 ing living perennial plants ; the difficulty of convincing the public thaUhe 
 benignity of the climate will counterbalance the defects of the soil: the 
 equal difficulties and delays in the task of inducing our agriculturists to en- 
 gage in the culture of.strange and perennial plants; and the free admission 
 of all tropical products in the United States, and, consequently, the entire 
 absence of even the incidental protection derived from mere revenue duties 
 to Government. 
 
 The subscriber has not yet enumerated all the obstacles, but, writing 
 with a manifold writer and "a in a hurry, he offers this apology for the de- 
 fects of the present undigested communication ; and concludes by respect- 
 
9 r 300 ] 
 
 fully soliciting that the members of the committee will each suggest objec- 
 tions, note apparent inconsistencies, and demand every explanation in his 
 power to afford. 
 
 Very respectfully, 
 
 Your obedient servant, 
 
 HENRY PERRINE. 
 To the Hon. the Committee on Agriculture 
 
 in the Senate of the United States of America. 
 
 To the honorable the Committees on Agriculture of the Senate and House 
 of Representatives of the United States of America : 
 
 Washington, D. C, 
 
 January 31, 1838, 8 o'clock a. m. 
 
 Gentlemen : Understanding that a second joint meeting of your com- 
 mittees will be held at 10 o'clock this morning, the subscriber begs leave to 
 present the following short address : The subscriber has repeatedly re- 
 quested the members of the committees that they should delay their report 
 on the merit of his claims and the importance of his enterprise, until both 
 topics should receive the most rigid investigation which incredulity, sus- 
 picion, or animosity, could suggest. Until recently, the subscriber supposed 
 it was universally known that all southern Florida was not worth a cent 
 an acre for the cultivation of our actual staples, and that all the choice sites 
 were private property, under Spanish grants. As, however, he yesterday 
 understood, that some member of your committee still believed that the 
 objects of the subscriber might be intended to promote speculation, and as 
 he believes that the mixture of mere pecuniary^ avarice with the motives 
 of himself and associates would be fatal to the ultimate views of his patri- 
 otic ambition, he is anxious to dissipate even the shadow of a doubt or a 
 suspicion which may rest in the mind of any member of either committee. 
 He therefore again most respectfully urges his request, that every member 
 of both committees will frankly express the most hidden doubts that exist 
 in his own mind, and the strongest objections which his misconceptions 
 can offer to the minds of others, as the subscriber is desirous of an unani- 
 mous report, founded on an unanimous conviction of the merits or demerits 
 of himself and of his enterprise. 
 
 He, however, still begs the just privilege of discussing all objections in 
 the presence of the whole committee, and of submitting all official docu- 
 ments and authentic details which may be relevant or necessary. 
 
 The subscriber boldly repeats, that he comes before Congress rather to 
 offer, than to receive, favors, from his Government or his countrymen. He 
 does not wish any law by the terms of which the United States will not be 
 benefitted, in the proportion of a thousand to one, on the part of himself 
 and associates. 
 
 He adverts not to his services under under the Treasury circular of the 
 6th September, 1827, although he is ready to prove that for them he is 
 entitled to at least $30,000, or more than the Government piice, for a town- 
 ship of our most fertile soils ; neither will he now advert to precedents 
 of equivalent grants to foreigners and their associates, of fertile soils and 
 
t 300 ] 10 
 
 valuable sites, in the settled districts of sovereign States. He is willing to 
 stand alone upon the isolated merits of his claims, and on the national 
 importance of his enterprise. 
 
 Very respectfully, 
 
 Your obedient servant, 
 
 H. PERRINE. 
 
 To the honorable the members of the Committee on Agriculture of the 
 House of Representatives. 
 
 Washington, D. C, 
 February 3, 1838, 9 o'clock a. m. 
 
 Gentlemen : Understanding that the fifth meeting of your committee, 
 held on the 31st ultimo, was composed of eight persons, or of all its mem- 
 bers excepting Mr. Stone, and understanding, further, that an unanimous 
 vote was given in favor of the merits of my claims, and of the importance 
 of my enterprise, I beg leave to offer a few lines more to your considera- 
 tion, previous to the adoption of your report and the accompanying bill. 
 Under the dates of the 4th and 9th of January lust, the subscriber wrote 
 two addresses to the honorable the Committee on Agriculture of the Senate, 
 and delivered them to the Hon. L. F. Linn ; but they were burned by the 
 same fire which nearly deprived of life Dr. Linn himself; nnd hence your 
 attention is respectfully requested to the original drafts of said letters in his 
 manifold writing book. Presupposing that said letters will be attentively 
 read by your committee, the subscriber appends a few more facts, observa- 
 tions, and remarks. 
 
 In his written address to your committee, left on the table of your room, 
 on the 31st ultimo, he adverted to the fact, that, for the cultivation of our 
 actual staples, the whole public lauds in south Florida are not worth the 
 average price of one cent an acre. If any doubt of that fact still exists in 
 the minds of any member of your committee, the subscriber begs the privi- 
 lege of dissipating that doubt by the testimony of personal witnesses and 
 authentic documents. The same favor he requests in relation to the facts 
 of the best sites and soils being selected under Spanish grants, and being 
 now private property. The twelve miles square at Cape Florida, embraces 
 the only site valuable either for a harbor or for water power on the main 
 land of south Florida. The original Spanish grantee, Arambide, had 
 every opportunity for selection, many years ago, for the purposes of erecting 
 saw-mills and exporting lumber, on which conditions it was expressly 
 granted by the -Spanish Government ; yet it appears that his enterprise 
 was a ruinous failure, and I doubt not that it will prove equally ruinous 
 to all future speculators in the same line, both on account of the defective 
 quality and quantity of timber, and on account of the equally deceptive 
 nature of the reputed water power. 
 
 In reference to the great expense of clearing and enclosing even until- 
 lable rocks in a tropical climate, the subscriber refers your committee to a 
 letter from the collector at Key West, in which he calculates the cost of 
 clearing and enclosing a single acre, at $200, on that island. Hence, also, 
 the failure of all persons who have hitherto emigrated to south Florida, 
 and attempted to commence the culture of our common staples in our 
 
11 [300] 
 
 usual way, of previous clearing, and enclosure, and cultivation. The 
 settlement at Sinabal island was hence abandoned by the party that went 
 from New York some years ago, after having wasted many thousand dollars 
 in the fruitless enterprise ; and hence I repeat that every future settler in 
 south Florida will be ruined, unless preceded by the associate labor of a \^ 
 company which shall introduce the appropriate plants, and teach the appro- J 
 priate mode of propagation adapted to the peculiarity of its climate and^/ 
 soil. Hence, also, Texas and Cuba will continue to attract our agricul- 
 tural emigrants in thousands, and southern Florida will become a solitary 
 desert, or will be occupied by a still worse race than the Seminoles. Its 
 pestilential swamps and impenetrable morasses, will become the fortresses of 
 the worst portions of the black and piratical inhabitants of the adjoining 
 West India islands. But the subscriber has the ambition to demonstrate to 
 his countrymen, that the benignity of the climate of southern Florida will 
 overbalance the malignity of its soil ; and that the propagation of various 
 plants may be profitably effected in the most stony, sandy, marshy, and 
 miry surfaces ; and that the ultimate results will be the creation of a dense 
 population of small cultivators and family manufacturers. It will be the 
 work of many years, it is true, but he who has devoted ten years of his 
 life to one object of ambition, affords the best guarantee of the perseverance 
 of his exertions during his remaining years. 
 
 In acquiring the right and safety of location for six miles square in 
 southern Florida, the subscriber will have merely acquired the foundation 
 stones of his enterprise. In addition to the numerous and formidable 
 obstacles interposed by nature alone to the progress of that enterprise, the 
 policy of our own Government, of the Governments of Texas and Cuba, 
 and of the proprietors of the immense tracts under Spanish grants in south 
 Florida, will operate as so many additional obstacles to my endeavors to 
 get associates in my labors. By the terms of our pre emption laws, every S 
 actual settler can obtain a quarter-section of the richest soils in the most / 
 valuable sites, and have the virtual property of all the adjoining lands, with- 
 out any stipulations of introducing and propagating strange, living, and per- 
 ennial plants. By our compromise tariff, my enterprise is deprived even 
 of that indirect protection incident to revenue duties, as all the products 
 of the tropics are now admitted free of duty into the United States. By 
 the terms of emigration to Texas and Cuba, our agriculturists are seduced 
 in the greater quantity, the better quality, and the entire bounty of their 
 soils. By the terms on which the proprietors of the immense tracts under 
 Spanish grants have acquired their titles in south Florida, the land does 
 not, probably, cost them one-tenth of a cent per acre; and hence it will be 
 their interest to give away large portions to actual settlers on the simple 
 condition of actual occupation. The immense grant to the Duke of Alogon 
 called Hackley's, is said by J. Lee William, in his recent book on Florida, 
 to contain eight millions of acres; and in 1832, during the pending of the 
 bill in behalf of the subscriber and his associates, the said Hackley offered 
 ten thousand acres of that tract to the subscriber, on the sole condition of 
 location upon it, and with the privilege of selecting those ten thousand 
 acres in the whole southern extremity of the eight millions of acres. By 
 the advice of the honorable J. M. White, the then delegate from Florida, 
 the subscriber was induced to refuse the gift of said ten thousand acres, 
 and to attach more importance to the conditional grant of Congress, con- 
 templated by the bill of the 22d April, 1832. which he was assured would 
 
[300] 12 
 
 speedily become a law. So much more importance did he still continue 
 to attach to the law than to the land itself, that, by his supplementary memo- 
 rial of 20th December. 1834, from Campeachy, your committee will have 
 perceived that he was content to have the bill so modified as to concede 
 solely the pre-emption rights to thirty-six occupable sections of land below 
 28° ; and even now he would be willing to have the grant restricted to the 
 pre-emption rights of thirty-six ^warmer-sections below 26° north latitude 
 alone, in preference to the onerous conditions of the bill for six miles 
 square, with but five years of time. If the committee, however, should 
 think that the onerous conditions of the present bill are yet not sufficiently 
 oppressive to guard against all possible speculation, the subscriber respect- 
 fully suggests that, by limiting the strip of territory for his location to a 
 line below 26° of north latitude, between Cape Florida and Cape Sable, 
 they will effectually cut off all possible chances for maritime ports or mari- 
 time cities. The only white man, in his knowledge, that has made a 
 partial exploration of the southwestern extremity of Florida, was Doctor 
 Leitner, of Charleston, who, on his return to that city, gave a public 
 lecture, and exhibited a transparent map of the country, which the sub- 
 scriber believes would frighten every person but himself from all desire of 
 spending a single day in tl^e same regions. The subscriber himself would 
 never dream of attempting to inhabit such a section of the country in any 
 quarter of the globe, were it not for the counterbalancing circumstances of 
 its relative position, of the form of our Government, and of the character 
 of our people ; for, whatever may be the defects of our citizens, or of our 
 institutions, a painful experience of ten years in Mexico has satisfied him 
 of the infinitely greater evils to which native Americans are exposed in all 
 foreign countries. 
 
 I have the honor to be, 
 
 Gentlemen, very respectfully, 
 
 Your obedient servant, 
 
 HENRY PERRINE. 
 
 To the honorable the Committee on Agriculture in the Senate of the United 
 
 States of America : 
 
 Washington, D. C, February 24, 183S. 
 Gentlemen : Slowly convalescing from a second attack of sickness, the 
 subscriber again respectfully addresses the committee. Having just received 
 a letter from Indian Key, in tropical Florida, dated the 1st of this month, 
 and written by Charles Howe, Fsq., inspector of the port, and postmaster at 
 said islet, the subscriber respectfully submits it to the committee to sustain 
 his position that all southern Florida is entirely worthless for our actual 
 staples or actual methods of cultivation. Mr. Howe has resided many years 
 in tropical Florida, and in moral character is not surpassed by any resident 
 of that country. The failure of himself, of the association at Sinabal island, 
 and of all others who have made the attempt, is sufficient to demonstrate the 
 correctness of the position of the subscriber, that without new staples pecu- 
 liarly adapted to the peculiar soil, climate, and formation of southern Florida, 
 its lands will never be worth a cent an acre. In the Alexandria Gazette, of 
 this morning, there appears, under the head of news from Florida, a com- 
 
13 [300] 
 
 munication, dated at Fort Jupiter, Jupiter inlet, February 4, 1838, of which 
 extracts are respectfully submitted : "We have been delayed at this place, 
 until the present time, by want of shoes for the men, one-third of them being 
 barefooted, and most of them having their clothes torn off. This is not 
 surprising, considering the nature of the country through which we have 
 passed, one-half of which is covered with the saw palmetto, and the other 
 half with water and sawgrass, destroying not only their shoes and clothes, 
 but severely lacerating their flesh. The greater part of the dragoons will 
 be dismounted, in consequence of their horses being worn out. Our time for 
 operations is becoming limited. Beyond March, no human being could live 
 in this country. Even the Indians themselves acknowledge that it is unin- 
 habitable." The sawgrass mentioned above is presumed to be the species 
 of sedgegrass, called Schoenus effusus, with leaves prickly forwards, and 
 six to ten feet high, of which the generic term signifies a cord, given as a 
 name to a rush, of which cords were made. The saw palmetto is probably 
 the Chamoerops serrulata, with plaited palmate fronds, and sharply serrate 
 stipes. Several species of this genus of palms afforded to the Florida tribes, 
 food, wine, sugar, fruit, cabbage, fans, darts, ropes, and cloth. Some have 
 good fruit like plums ; others, austere like dates. They are now chiefly 
 used to make hats, fans, baskets, and mats, with the leaves. 
 
 However troublesome to the march of armies, or even of individual travel- 
 lers, Divine Providence has thus furnished the means of covering the poorest 
 soils of Florida with a dense population of small cultivators and of family 
 manufacturers. The subscriber also submits to the committee, an index of 
 the officinal and economical plants mentioned in the Natural System of 
 Botany of John Lindley, (2d edition, London, 1S36,) with the common and 
 botanical names of some other very valuable vegetables inserted by himself. 
 A reference to Eaton's Manual of Botany will show the names of nearly 
 four hundred species of exotic plants introduced into the United States, of 
 which, however, the greatest proportion are of very little practical utility. 
 Hence, although many valuable plants are not embraced in the aforesaid 
 list, yet a comparison will exhibit the immense number of useful exotics yet 
 remaining to be introduced into our common country. As the English 
 editions of scientific works are extremely costly, the subscriber cuts out 
 from Lindley's Introduction to Botany, (2d edition, London, 1835,) the chap- 
 ter on the geography of plants, and adds some notes, to illustrate the practi- 
 cability and importance of the immediate domestication of tropical plants 
 in southern Florida, and of their gradual acclimation throughout our 
 southern States. As the documents which accompany the report of the 
 committee of the lower House, made on the 17th, contain an abridged ac- 
 count of various fibrous-leaved plants, the subscriber now presents merely 
 a leaf, on which is copied the descriptions given, by various botanists, of the 
 characters, habits, and range of our indigenous Yuccas and Agave, by which 
 it is shown that they prefer the worst soils from Pennsylvania to Louisiana, 
 and from the banks of the Potomac to the banks of the Missouri, "from the 
 confluence of the river Platte to the mountains." 
 
 He further submits the metereological tables which demonstrate the ex- 
 tension of a peculiarly favorable climate of the tropics into southern Florida ; 
 and two official letters to the Secretary of State concerning numerous plants, 
 which may be profitably propagated or cultivated on the worst soils of 
 tropical Florida. Believing that no rational objection can be made to the 
 speedy passage into a law of such a bill as your committee may report, he 
 respectfully trusts that, after six years' delay, it may now be carried through 
 
[300] 14 
 
 both Houses in time to enable him to transport a cargo of living tropica 
 plants into southern Florida previous to the summer rains. 
 
 The sufferings often years have so exhausted his vitality, that he cannot 
 hope to live until the successful termination of his enterprise ; and he is, 
 therefore, anxious to make a speedy commencement, under such circum- 
 stances that he can insure its zealous and persevering prosecution and 
 completion by others. He will then be content to lay down that life which 
 has long been a painful burthen, under the belief that he cannot leave to 
 his children a better inheritance than the reputation of his being a public 
 benefactor to his country. 
 
 I have the honor to be, gentlemen, ,- : 
 Very respectfully, 
 
 Your obedient servant, 
 
 HENRY PERRINE. 
 
 Extracts of letters from an officer in Florida, published in the National 
 Intelligencer of 26th February, 1 838. 
 
 The letters are dated the 8th and 9th February, at a spot about twenty 
 miles south of Fort Jupiter. He describes a difficult march through briers, 
 thick bearded sawgrass, (which is strong, and from its name, cuts badly.) in 
 black mud up to the waist, and crossed where ten Indians might defy a 
 hundred of the best troops in the world, from the peculiar situation of the 
 country. 
 
 " I hope something may be done to put an end to this almost interminable 
 war ; interminable, I say, because the Almighty has placed these savages in 
 a country inhabitable only by themselves, and where Xenophon's army 
 could not displace them so long as they choose to remain. They have 
 fastnesses and hiding places, where they lie in ambush ; wait until we come 
 up, fire upon the advance, kill and wound, and then run off." The writer 
 says there is but one opinion as to the policy of permitting the Indians to 
 remain. " The clouds are gathering, and indicate rain, which, should it 
 come, will put an end to this campaign; for the ground wherel am now 
 sitting would, with six hours rain, be overflowed some inches deep." He 
 further says that ;c the Seminoles, at the late council, wished permission to 
 retain a small portion of the country ; and that Gen. Jesup has consented 
 that they shall remain until they hear from Washington." "In my opinion, 
 they could be made useful allies instead of a daring foe, and would occupy 
 a portion of country uninhabitable by white men, unless, possibly, some 
 more degenerate than the untutored savage." Again, on the 9th February, 
 he again says: "I still express my opinion that the policy of the Govern- 
 ment ought to be to permit them to remain." 
 
 P. S. — 27th February. By a letter of the 7th instant, from Tallahassee, 
 in the Territory of Florida, the subscriber has just learned that the Legis- 
 lative Council, without a dissenting voice, has passed a new act of incorpo- 
 ration for the Tropical Plant Company, of which James Webb, the judge of the 
 federal district court at Key West, Charles Howe, inspector of the port, and 
 postmaster at Indian Key, and the subscriber, are trustees. He had desired 
 that two of the trustees should be the presidents of the agricultural societies 
 of Louisiana and South Carolina, at New Orleans and Charleston ; but i 
 
15 [300] 
 
 appears that they were objected to, because non-residents of the Territory. 
 The bill was unanimously reported by the Committee on Agriculture, and as 
 unanimously passed into a law by the Legislative Council. By a reference 
 to the report of the Committee on Agriculture of the House of Represen- 
 tatives, made on the 26th April, 1832, there will be seen, among the accom- 
 panying documents, an extract from the message of the Governor of the 
 Territory, at the beginning of the then session of the Legislative Council, 
 in which he said : "Although Mr. Perrine has made no direct application, 
 I earnestly recommend the granting of a charter, as he wishes, and the 
 bestowment upon the company of as many privileges as maybe compatible 
 with the public interests. The National Legislature, it is to be hoped, will 
 afford aid to so laudable an enterprise; and one which, if successful, pro- 
 mises to be of national benefit." A consequent act of incorporation was 
 passed, the second on the calendar, the 14th January, 1832 ; but, by the 12th 
 section it was provided, that " if the company should fail to carry into exe- 
 cution the objects contemplated by this act, by the 1st January, 1834, then 
 this act is to cease, and to be of no effect." In addition to the many insuperable 
 obstacles arising from other causes, the delay of the bill before Congress, in 
 behalf of the subscriber and his associates, has been, in itself, sufficient to 
 prevent the enterprise from being carried into successful execution ; and 
 should not the conditional grant of land be made during this sixth subse- 
 quent session of Congress, he fears that the new charter of the Legislative 
 Council will also fail to attract associates and capital for the experiment. 
 
 HENRY PERRINE. 
 
 NnttaVs genera of North American plants, and a catalogue of the species } 
 to the year 1817; Philadelphia, 1818. 
 
 Genus 318. Yucca, L., (Adam's needle.) Corolla inferior, campanulate. 
 segments not nectariferous. Filaments, of the stamina subelavate. Style, 
 none. Capside oblong, with three obtuse angles, three celled, opening at 
 the summit ; seeds flat. 
 
 Proper stem, none; caudex inconspicuous or assurgent,and shrubby, leaves 
 comose, (or crowded and terminal,) uniform, spiny at the point, sometimes 
 with a sphacelate filamentiferous margin ; flowers in a terminal, irregular 
 panicle, each protected by two spathes ; corolla white,roundish campanulate. 
 
 Species 1. Y. jilamentosa ; 2. angustifolia. Stemless, leaves glaucous, 
 long linea and mucronate, margin filamentose ; capsules large and dry 
 oblong obovate. Hub. On the banks of the Missouri, from the confluence 
 of the river Platte to the mountains ; flowers large and white ; leaves 
 scarcely half an inch wide : 3. reatrvifolia. Tn sandy fields, North Caro- 
 lina, v. v : 4. gloriosa. Capsule internally filled with a sweetish pulp of a 
 purple color. This plant is called Petre by the Mexican Spaniards, and 
 used for cordage, ropes, &c, as well as for packing cloth, and is extremely 
 durable : 5. aloifolia. There is also a 6th species of this genus, discov- 
 ered by the late Mr. John Lyons, improperly called Y. angustifolia, by 
 the gardeners around London ; it is nearly allied to Y. filamentosa, but 
 much narrower leaved ; with ^its specific character I am unacquainted. 
 An American genus, affecting the sandy sea coasts. 
 
[ 300 ] 16 
 
 Genus 319. Agave, L. Corolla superior, erect, tubulous or funnel form. 
 Si amii lifer oas filaments longer than the Corolla, erect. Capsule (inferior) 
 triangular, many seeded. 
 
 Caudex sometimes ligneous and ascending; leaves radical, or comose, 
 rigid and channelled, with the point, and often the margin, spiny ; younger 
 leaves obvolute, or rolled around each other spirally; panicle ascending 
 from the caudex, very large and pyramidal. A genus scarcely differing 
 generally from aloe, except in the situation of the capsule, which is inferior. 
 Species I. A. Virginica. From Virginia to Florida ; also, in Upper Lou- 
 isiana. An American genus, chiefly tropical. A. Americana is the largest 
 of all herbaceous plants : its panicles of flowers are of the magnitude of 
 small trees. In Peru and Mexico, it has long been cultivated by the indi- 
 genes and colonists, for various and important economical purposes. It 
 affords an abundant and vinous liquor, and, by distillation, alcohol; of the 
 fibres of its enormous leaves are made thread and paper, &c.* 
 
 Mich-auk's Flora, Boreali Americana, Paris, 1803, vol. I, p. 187; Classis 6. 
 
 Hexandria Monogynia. 
 
 Section 1. Ovario infero. Agave, L. Cor. erecta, supera. Filamenta corolla 
 longiora, erecta. 
 
 A. "Virginica. A. foliis integris, mucronatis; scape simplicissimo, spici- 
 floro ; ovario subrotundo triquetro ; staminibus exertis. Obs. Flores odo- 
 ratissimi, obsolete virentis. Hab. inherboris Carolinae et Virginias. 
 
 Section 2. Ovario supero. Yucca L. Cor. campanulato-patens. Stylus 
 nullus. Caps. 3 locularis. Y. filamentosa. Y. acaulis ; foliis latiuscule 
 lanceolatis, margine passim filamentosis. Hab. in littoralibus et remotis 
 occidentalibus Carolinae et Virginias. Y. aloifolia. Y. caulescens ; foliis 
 lineari -lanceolatis, minutis denticulis callosis quasi serrulatis. Hab. in lit= 
 toralibus Carolinae, Floridas, <fcc. Y. glorioso. Y. caulescens; foliis lati- 
 uscule lanceolatus integerrimus. Hab. in littoralibus Carolinae. 
 
 PursKs Flora America, Septentrionalis, London, 1816, 2d edit. 
 
 Genus 294. Agave. Cor. supera 6 fida ; limbo erecta. Filam. corolla 
 longiora, erecta. 
 
 Genus 298. Yucca. Cor. infera, campanulatus laciniis non nectariferis. 
 Filam. clavata. Style. O. Caps, oblonga, obtuse 3 gona sem. plana. 
 
 Agave. Gen. pi. 582. Virginica. 1. A. acaulis, herbacea ; foliis cartilaginoe- 
 serratis scapo simplicissimo. (Wild. Sp. pi. 2, p. 193 ; Icon. Jacq., icrar 2 
 to 378 ; Bot. Mag. 1,157.) On the rocky and fertile banks, Virginia to Caro- 
 lina, % July, Aug. v. v. Flowers greenish yellow, very fragrant. 
 
 Yucca. Gen. pi. 580. filamentosa 1. Y. acaulis; foliis lato-lanceolatis 
 integerrimes margine filamentosis, stigmatibus, recurvato-patentibus. (Wild. 
 Sp. pi. 2, p. 184 ;"lcur. Tren. ehret to 37.) On the shores of Virginia and 
 Carolina, and in the western parts thereof, %. July, Aug. v. v. Flowers 
 white, very showy, and the plant is from four to five feet high. 
 
 * Note by H. P.— The Pulque Agave is not the A. Americana; neither is the Mezcal Agave 
 the same plant ; nor is the Henequon, or Sisal Hemp Agave, the same species. The first yields 
 the substitute for cider, in the juice of the developing stalk ; the second yields ardent spirits, by 
 distillation of the roots; and the third yields the substitute for hemp, by scraping of its living 
 green leaves. 
 
17 [ 300 ] 
 
 Y. angustifolia. Y. acaulis ; foliis longa lineanbus ngidis margine raro fila- 
 tnentosis, capsulis magnis obovato cylindraceis. On the banks of the Mis- 
 souri, % July, Aug. V. s. in Herb Nattal. From two to three feet high, leaves 
 very narrow, capsules large. 
 
 Y. recurvifolia. 3. Y. caulescens ; foliis lineari lanceolatis viridibns re- 
 curvo deflexils margine raro filamentosis petalis interioribus latioribus. 
 (Salisb. in parad. lond. 31.) On the sandy shores of Georgia. Leconte, 
 ?2 July, Aug. v. v. Flowers greenish yellow, with a tinge of purple; stem 
 about three feet high. This species has been confounded with the following : 
 
 Y. glorioso. 4. Y. caulescens, ramosa; foliis lato-lanceolatis plieatis inte- 
 gerrimis, petalis lanceolatis. (Wild. Sp. pi. 2, . 183 ; Icon. Bot. Rep. 473 ; 
 Hot. Mag. 1.260.) On the seashore of Carolina, % July, Aug. v. v. Flowers 
 white ; plant about ten feet high. 
 
 Y. aloifolia. 5. Y. caulescens. ramosa ; foliis lineari-lanceolatis calloso- 
 crenulatis strictis. (Wild. Sp. pi. 2, p. 184 ; Icon. Dil. elth 323, f. 416; Coram. 
 prsel. 1. 11.) On the coast of Carolina and Florida, % Aug. v. v. Flowers 
 white. 
 
 Eliot's Botany of South Carolina. 
 
 Agave Virginica. Stemless, herbaceous, leaves with cartilaginous serra- 
 tures. Scape simple. Root perennial, tuberous, premorse. Radical leaves 
 long lanceolate, acute, very smooth, succulent. Stem leaves semiamplexi- 
 ■caul, acute, resembling scales. Scape four to six feet high, terete, glabrous. 
 Flowers sessile. Calyx, none. Corolla fragrant, of an obscure yellow color, 
 tubular, furrowed, segments shorter than the tube, acute. Filaments spotted, 
 twice as long as the corolla, inserted into the base. Styleteretes shorter than 
 the filaments, spotted. Capsule globular, slightly three furrowed, three- 
 celled, three-valved. Seeds numerous, compressed, angular, two-rowed in 
 each cell, attached to a central receptacle. Grorvs in pine barrens. Flowers 
 in July. Common names and synonymes : Virginian Agave. Rattlesnake's 
 master. Thick-leaved snakeroot ; the root, is bitter ; in some neighborhoods 
 it is given in tincture as a remedy for flatulent colic, and as such seems 
 deserving of notice. 
 
 Re?narks by Henry Perrine. 
 
 The foreign authors who have noticed this indigenous Agave of the 
 United States, are chiefly the following: LinnseiiS, Sp. pi., p. 461 ; Willde- 
 now, Sp. pi., II., 133 ; Roemer and Schultes, Syst. Veg., VI., 725 ; Botanical 
 Magazine, 1,157; Lamarck, Fncyclop., illus. gen. plate, 235, fig. 2 ; Jacquin. 
 Icon., rar. 11., plate 37S. The latter gives a detailed description, and then 
 follows the observation of the range of this species. (! This species ranges 
 from the southern parts of Pennsylvania to Florida." 
 
 Our indigenous Yuccas have extended into the northern States, as orna- 
 mental plants, and have endured the winters of many years without injury 
 to their leaves. In the garden of David Thomas, Cayuga county, N. Y., the 
 Yucca filamentosa exists through the coldest seasons with the leaves green 
 and undamaged. The Yucca flaccida also grows well there, is perfectly 
 hardy, and increases readily by offsets. y\t Princeton, N. J., in January, 
 1838, green leaves of the Yucca filamentosa were dressed in a common flax- 
 
[ 300 ] 18 
 
 mill, and the resulting foliaceous fibres are now in the room of the Com- 
 mittee on Agriculture~of the House of Representatives, 22d Feb., 183S. 
 
 H. P. 
 
 Travels in the equatorial regions of South America in 1832, by Adrian 
 R. Terry, M. D.; published in Hartford, 1834. 
 
 Travelling from Guayaquil towards Quito, upon the highlands or moun- 
 tains, at page 137, he says : " Mocha is the most miserable Indian village 
 (notwithstanding its inn) which I have seen in South America." The 
 climate is rendered excessively disagreeable by the cold snowy winds which 
 blow from the adjacent mountains. At 9 a. m., (of the 12th of July,) with 
 a bright sun and very little wind, the thermometer stood at 48° Fahrenheit. 
 At 1 p. m., started for Hambato, distant about six leagues. The country is 
 little else bnt a succession of sandy plains, separated by ravines, or water 
 courses, made during the rainy season. These were generally dry, or at 
 most, bnt a scanty stream wound along their bottom. In some of the less 
 barren spots, fields of wheat were to be seen. These fields are surrounded 
 by hedge rows of the Agave Americana,* p. 138. 
 
 Fibrous-leaved 'plants and foliaceous fibres. 
 
 The plates of fibrous-leaved plants are intended to illustrate the divisions 
 and subdivisions under which the genera and species are placed, according 
 to the arrangement adopted by the subscriber, in his abridged communica- 
 tions to the Committee on Agriculture of the House of Representatives. 
 They also exhibit our indigenous species of Yucca and Agave, or fibrous- 
 leaved plants of the United States, which prefer the most barren soils, from 
 the Potomac to the Mississippi, and of which some species have extended 
 mto even our northern States. The first two plates were intended to 
 represent specimens of fibrous-leaved plants, of the instruments for dressing 
 the leaves, and of the foliaceous fibres, which have all been examined by 
 the members of both committees on agriculture. As the originals still 
 remain in the room of the Committee on Agriculture, these two plates may 
 induce other members of both Houses of Congress to examine the speci- 
 mens themselves ; and, at all events, these plates will enable our distant 
 agriculturists throughout the Union, to form a more adequate conception 
 of the nature and importance of propagating fibrous-leaved plants, and of 
 preparing their foliaceous fibres. The subscriber has travelled thousands 
 of miles, and spent thousands of dollars, to exhibit his specimens of superior 
 substitutes for flax and hemp ; and he has the consoling recollection of the 
 fact, that every intelligent agriculturist and statesman, who has devoted the 
 time and attention necessary to understand the subject, has coincided with 
 his opinions of the immense importance of producing these new staples on 
 
 * In the 2d No. of the 25th volume of the American Journal of the Sciences and Arts, Jan- 
 uary, 1834, is a paper by H. Perrine, Esq., on the Agave Americana, in -which he seems fully 
 lo have established that the plant producing the hkneqtk.w or coarse hemp-like fibres, which 
 are so universally used in the interior of Colombia, as well as in Mexico, and that producing 
 the juice from which the fermented liquor, called jmlqiic, is made, are distinct. 1 did not turn 
 mv attention to the subject when m Colombia, taking it for granted that Humboldt was correct 
 on the subject ; but I now recollect seeing but one species of Agave, and neverseeing \hepulque, 
 or hearing it spoken of as an article of manufacture; while the henequeu, which is made from 
 is almost the only cordag'.*' to l^e met with in the interior. 
 
19 [300] 
 
 the worst soils of the United States. Every agricultural society: every 
 .scientific association ; every agricultural or scientifical periodical, that has 
 become acquainted with his services and suggestions in behalf of the imme- 
 diate domestication of tropical plants in southern Florida, and of their 
 gradual acclimation throughout our southern States, have borne their united 
 testimony to the practicability and importance of his great enterprise. 
 Admitting, for sake of argument, that solely the fibrous-leaved plants will 
 he domesticated in southern Florida, and acclimated in the southern States, 
 he is willing to rest the merits of his humble petition to Congress on the 
 production of foliaceous fibres alone. The individual members of both 
 committees will do him the justice to admit the fact, that he has merely 
 solicited their attention to the isolated merits of the enterprise itself; that he 
 lias not used any extraneous influence to operate on the minds of themselves, 
 or of other members of either House; and that his principal ambition has 
 been to obtain their unanimous report, founded on their unanimous convic- 
 tions of the national importance of his plans, to introduce and propagate the 
 most profitable plants on the poorest soils. 
 
 On the style and character of their reports, will greatly depend his hopes 
 of speedy success to attract patriotic and philanthropic associates, who will 
 persevere in the prosecution of the undertaking, to which he has already 
 devoted the best years of his life. Under the simplifying division of the 
 fibrous-leaved indigenous plants into two groups, the one is characterized 
 by liliaceous flowers ; and the other by spadiceous flowers. Under the 
 first group, he has made three tribes, viz : the lily tribe, the amaryllis 
 tribe, and the pineapple tribe. Under the second group, he has placed 
 three tribes, viz : the screw-pine tribe, the banana tribe, and the palm tribe. 
 Under the lily tribe, he has placed the genera of Yucca and of Phormium, 
 and Aloes may be conjoined. Under the pineapple tribe, the genus of Bro- 
 melia, of Agave, and of Fourcroya. Under the amaryllis tribe, Lindley has 
 placed the Agave and Fourcroya ; but they are still retained in the pineapple 
 tribe by other botanists. Under the screw pine tribe there is but one genus, 
 the Paudanus, of which there are many species. Under the banana tribe, 
 are placed species of the genera Mttsa and Hdicoida : and under the palm 
 tribe species of the genera called Bactris, Mauritia,&c. And hence, by a refer- 
 ence to the plates containing species of either of the genera named, a general 
 idea may be obtained of the common resemblances, and peculiar differences, 
 in the leaves of each and of all. 
 
 H. PERKINE. 
 
 Washington, D. C, February 24, 1838. 
 
 Indian Key, Tropical Florida, 
 
 February 1. 1838. 
 
 Dear Sir: Referring you to my letter of yesterday, I hasten to make 
 some further remarks by this mail. 
 
 1st. .Whoever emigrates to tropical Florida with an idea that they can 
 derive a subsistence from our actual staples of agriculture or horticulture. 
 on the plan and at the seasons to which they have been accustomed, will 
 be most sadly disappointed. I have experienced enough, since my residence 
 in Florida, to convince me of this fact; and have seen others around me 
 suffer materially from the same erroneous idea. Lcok at the attempt to 
 
[ 300 ] 20 
 
 make a settlement at Sinabel Island : several wealthy, intelligent, and enter 
 prising men, from New York city and State, emigrated there during the 
 years 1830 and 1831, with a lull determination not to be discouraged by 
 any disappointments of a trifling nature, which the settlement of all new 
 countries are subject, but to persevere until they should reap the fruit of 
 their labor, depending for their supplies on the market of New York, until 
 such times as they could raise their own produce. They continued for 
 about two years, when they were completely disgusted with the country, 
 and left it, carrying with them the very worst reputation of Florida: some 
 returned to their former residence, others proceeded elsewhere. 
 
 The fact is that the principles, practice, and seasons of tropical cultiva- 
 tion are as opposite to those of entratropical culture as the climates them- 
 selves. Associated enterprise must first form a model of successful vegecul- 
 ture, and a nursery of supply for tropical cultivation, before any emigrant 
 from the intemperate zone can have the least hope of success. 
 
 1 could say much more upon the subject, but time will not permit. 
 
 Respectfully, 
 
 Your obedient servant, 
 
 CHARLES HOWE. 
 
 Dr. Henry Perrine, 
 
 Washington, D. C. 
 
 DOCUMENT No. 2. 
 
 Extract of a letter to the Secretary of State of the United States of Amer- 
 ica. 
 
 Consulate United States of America, 
 
 Campeachy, October 23, 1834. 
 
 M Finally, and with the fewest possible words, the subscriber most re- 
 spectfully solicits the attention of the department towards the immediate 
 introduction of tropical plants in southern Florida, and their gradual ac- 
 climation throughout our southern States. He is, apparently, the only 
 American consul who, in obedience to the Treasury circular of the 6th of 
 September. 1827, has zealously devoted himself to promote the domestica- 
 tion of tropical plants in the United States, by patient collections and per- 
 severing transmissions of very valuable vegetables, and of highly important 
 facts. He has thus shown that the most favorable climate of the tropics, 
 for human health and vegetable growth, does actually extend up to twenty- 
 eight degrees north latitude ; that the most tender plants of the tropics are 
 actually flourishing in south Florida ; that hence the most hardy plants of 
 the tropics, which profitably propagate themselves in the worst soils and 
 situations, for our actual staples or customary cultivation, will doubtless 
 thrive in similar sites, on the natural surface of tropical Florida ; that this 
 unimproved territory will thus sustain the most productive plants for food, 
 medicine, domestic economy, and the social arts, which grow in air or 
 water, on rocks or trees, in miry marshes or moving sands, in the brightest 
 sun or darkest shades, and yield the greatest amount of the comforts and 
 luxuries of physical life, with the least possible labor, and at the least pos- 
 sible price; that, moreover, this tropical district is easily susceptible of great 
 improvement for all forms of vegeculture, and all classes of population, 
 
21 [ 300 ] 
 
 inasmuch as the same canals which may drain the inundated swamps of 
 their elevated interior, will irrigate the arid sands of its lower seacoast, and 
 furnish water carriage and water power to the cultivators of hoth ; that its 
 geographical position and political government, are superadded motive to 
 divert the emigration of our tropical agriculturists from Texas and Cuha, 
 and the voyages of our consumptive invalids from France and Italy, to 
 tropical Florida; and, finally, that all valuable tropical plants may thence 
 and thus be extended and acclimated throughout our States, at least as far 
 as our improved tropical staples of tobacco, cotton, rice, and sugar. Both 
 the Government and people of the United States have, heretofore, consid- 
 ered tropical Florida to be a sickly and sterile territory, on account of the 
 swamps of its interior, and the sands of its coasts, and hence unworthy of 
 the expense and trouble of surveying and sale; but the subscriber has 
 shown that it enjoys an extraordinary climate, by which it becomes at once 
 both healthy and productive in even its rudest natural state ; that it pos- 
 sesses a peculiar formation, by which it may speedily acquire all the addi- 
 tional advantages of a highly improved condition ; and that, it is hence, 
 alone, extremely worthy of immediate surveying and sale, and planting 
 and population. That population may be speedily composed of those citi- 
 Z3iis whose persons and property are annually lost to their country, through 
 false representations of the value of the earth in Texas, and of the air in 
 Italy; by showing them the great superiorities for wealth and health com- 
 bined in the climate, the formation, the position, and the Government of 
 southern Florida. As the humblest sectarians of New York have greatly 
 promoted the public health and their private wealth, by the laborious prop- 
 agation of the ordinary extra-tropical medicines alone, so the feeblest set- 
 tlers of southern Florida may combine much more extensive public hu- 
 manity, with much more profitable private utility, by the easier reproduc- 
 tion of the extraordinary inter-tropical medicine alone. As the genuine 
 species of medicinal plants are now nearly exterminated in tropical coun- 
 tries,* and as the valuable lives of numerous citizens are hence anmially 
 destroyed by noxious substitutes imported under similar names, public 
 philanthropy also should aid private enterprise in the immediate introduc- 
 tion of the salutary medicines to tropical Florida. But. as the enjoyment 
 of corporeal and mental health are still more important than the remedies 
 of material and moral disease, derived in general from physical and intel- 
 lectual adversity, the preservative prosperity of mind and body, by banish- 
 ing poverty and ignorance from society, is the principal aim of modern 
 philanthropy. Yet, among all human suggestions to improve the social 
 condition, by promoting individual wealth and intelligence, the subscriber 
 has not seen any which approximate in value to the simple, indications of 
 Divine Providence itself, in creating many productive perennial plants, 
 which profitably propagate, themselves in the worst natural soils; and 
 which are much more productive when aided by the least care, capital, 
 skill, or labor of man. Hence the tropical plants, by him recommended 
 for immediate domestication in tropical Florida, and gradual acclimation in 
 the extra-tropical States, combine the merits of yielding the greatest possi- 
 ble products, with the least possible labor, in the poorest possible soils; and 
 hence their introduction will be an equivalent to the direct addition of 
 
 * The natives collect the plants while flowering, and hence ;h.Te is no spontaneous repro- 
 duction by seeds. 
 
[ 300 ] B2 
 
 absolute fertility to the most sandy, stony, and swampy surface, or hitherto 
 most sterile districts, and of positive wealth to the youngest, oldest, nnd 
 feeblest, or hitherto poorest population. Although the deportment may 
 have agreed with the books, that 'he palms compose the most interesting 
 and most valuable family of plants in the world, yet, without personal 
 opportunity of corroborating their testimony, it will be difficult to form an 
 appropriate conception of the great and varied utility of the different parts 
 of a single species, from germination, through maturity, to death. Even 
 after seeing all that may have been written on the cocoa,* jaggery, t pal- 
 myra, ■ morrichi,e and goinutyli palms, the distant reader can scarcely credit 
 the certain result, that a single month, employed in planting any one of 
 these species, will ensure more certain wealth to the laborer, and more 
 tasting prosperity to his posterity, than a whole life of toil in regions where 
 these trees have not yet arrived. 
 
 But as the colored natives of the tropics have neither machinery nor 
 management, nor desire to abridge the stupid labor now wasted in the 
 mere collection and preparation of the spontaneous and abundant products 
 of these hardy plants, how much more profitably will they be cultivated 
 by the hands and heads of our white citizens in tropical Florida? Under 
 the governing principle of our popular Government, "the greatest good of 
 the greatest number," the subscriber has also especially recommended the 
 most valuable species of the very hardy families of plants, botanically called 
 Euphorbeee and Cacti; and of the natural order cf liliaceous plants, 
 called coronaria 1 , fey Lirmceus, which includes the suborder Bromeliacca?. or 
 pine-apple tribe of modern botanists. Although in the first (EuphorbiacEe) 
 the farinaceous roots of the cassave (Jatropha manihot) have been greatly 
 eulogized by all reflecting observers, the subscriber believes that Ins pen has 
 been usefully employed in calling public attention towards its cultivation in 
 civilized countries, by a le'.ter to" the Secretary of the Treasury, intended 
 to show, that with much less labor and capital, they will produce much 
 more farinaceous nourishment than any other roots or grains in the world ! 
 
 Among various other profitable plants of the same hardy family, espe- 
 cially recommended by him. those which yield Indian rubber or caontchoc, 
 (Siphonia elaslica, Castillea elastica, &c.,) are daily becoming more and 
 more important to mankind ; and the artificial propagation of them lias even 
 been begun by the worst variety of the white speries of mankind for vege- 
 cnltural improvement, the Spaniards in the island of Cuba. Among the 
 Cacti, or hardy family of the prickly pear, he has long called public at- 
 tention towards the cultivation of the cochineal nourishing species, which, 
 with the breeding of the insects, is now becoming a lucrative business to 
 old Spain itself, in spite of its civil, religious, and military misgovernmcut. 
 Many species ought to be transferred to Florida on account of their very 
 delicious fruit alone; especially the "tuna de alfayajuca," so celebrated 
 in the city of Mexico, and the pitabaya or strawberry pine apple of Yuca- 
 tan, which, bearing abundantly from the middle of June to the present dale, 
 has probably prolonged the life of the subscriber. Other species insure 
 food to man in periods of the greatest scarcity, and fodder to domestic ani- 
 mals at all times, on the. most barren surfaces. Various species also afford 
 impenetrable hedges for fields; formidable outworks around forts; and even 
 boundary walls between nations. As we have various species of prickly 
 
 * Coeos micifera. t Canyota urens. SBorassus fh belli formis. § Maurilia flexuopa. I! Go- 
 mutus sacchariiera— Arenga sacekarifera, vel Saguerus Rumphii, vel Borasj-us gomutus. 
 
23 [ 300 ] 
 
 pears in Florida, the sites of the useless indigenous kinds can be profitably 
 occupied by the useful exotic species of Spanish America: many of which 
 have run wild in the eastern hemisphere, and have become important ar- 
 ticles of economical vegeculture in southern Europe. In referring to the 
 hardy order of liliaceous plants in general, and to the suborder of pine ap- 
 plelike plants in particular, the subscriber passes over the luscious fruits of 
 species which ascend among the prickly foliage of otherwise sterile sands, 
 to recall the attention of the department to the foliaceous fibres of many 
 others, which do not even need any other enclosure than they themselves 
 afford on naked rocks or arid sands. His numerous communications con- 
 tain indisputable testimony of the immense value of the peculiar species of 
 fibrous Agaves, cultivated in Yucatan, whose fresh leaves yield the folia- 
 ceous fibres called "Sisal hemp;'" and of the great. importance of their im- 
 mediate domestication in Florida; were it for no other purpose than the ab- 
 solute necessities of our navy alone. He nevertheless recommends the 
 speedy introduction of afew individuals of every other species of endoge- 
 nous plants which are valuable on account of the quantity or quality of 
 their foliaceous fibres, in order to have the relative properties of all deter- 
 mined in a civilized country. He therefore respectfully directs the atten- 
 tion of the department to "the various genera of .Agave, Aloes. Bromelia, 
 Yucca, and Phormuim : of Pandarius?, Mu-n. and Helicornia; and of the 
 Gomutus. Mauritia, Bactris, and of the other genera of palms ; and to the 
 places and habits of growth of the species of each genus in every family 
 which are most productive of the most valuable foliaceous fibres ; as it con- 
 tinues to be his unshaken opinion that the production of foliaceous fibres 
 by civilised people should bo directly encouraged by the statesmen of our 
 nation and the philanthropists of the world. Lighter, stronger, more clastic, 
 and more durable, than the cortical fibres of hemp and fhx ; and produced 
 by perennial self-propagating plants in stony, sandy, or swampy surfaces. 
 with the easiest and cheapest cultivation, and the simplest and speediest 
 preparation, the relative and positive price? ana properties ol' foliaceous fi- 
 bres, insures their substitution for cortical fibres in the general consumption 
 of mankind. 
 
 I have the honor to be, 
 
 Sir, very respectfully, 
 
 Your obedient servant, 
 HENRY PERR1NE." 
 
 Consulate united Statics of America, 
 
 Ca f/t peachy. November 23. 1834. 
 
 Sir.: In resuming ihe topic of tropical plants nnconclnded in the last 
 communication of the 23d ultimo, the subscriber has the satisfaction to add 
 to the section on foliaceous fibres, a reference to pages 165 — 6, of the re- 
 cent "Memoriasde la Institucion agronomadela Havana, par Don Ramesde 
 la Sagra. 1S34." This gift, with a letter from the author, dated the 3d of Oc- 
 tober," arrived the 3d instant, and extracts from both should have accompa- 
 nied the second communication to the Secretary of the Navy,* intended to 
 be a supplement to ihe first on foliaceous fibres, direct, d to that department 
 
 * They will still be sent, and it is respectfully desired that they may be read also by the Sec- 
 retary of State. 
 
[ 300 ] 24 
 
 on the 10th ultimo. From the spirit with which the professor has adopted 
 the opinions of the subscriber ; from the favorable circumstances in which 
 he is placed to prosecute the enterprise with Governmental aid ; and from 
 the enlightened policy recently adopted by Spain, it is not improbable that, as 
 she was the first nation to avail herself of the services of one foreigner to 
 open a new world of mineral wealth to Europe, she may also be the first to 
 avail herself of the suggestions of another foreigner to open a now world 
 of vegetable wealth to both hemispheres. In the royal botanical garden 
 at Havana, she is introducing and propagating all useful vegetables of all 
 tropical regions of the globe. In the royal pattern plantation lately estab- 
 lished near it, she is giving gratuitous instructions in practical agriculture 
 by the improved cultivation of all valuable species, both indigenous aid 
 exotic, which may be profitable to the island of Cuba. The bestTkinds thus 
 domesticated, she is transporting to acclimating nurseries in the Canary 
 islands, whence after intermediate acclimation, they are conveyed to accli- 
 mating nurseries, in southern Spain, for gradual acclimation throughout 
 the peninsula. One of the important results is already seen in the profita- 
 ble propagation and preparation of the cochineal plant and insect of Mexico, 
 in the ancient mother country; and the indigo plant of Guatemala, is also 
 travelling gradually to be cultivated and manufactured by the poorest la- 
 borers of old Spain, with the improved process of extracting the dye by sim- 
 ple infusion of the dry leaves. For the single service of thus extracting 
 the coloring material and manifesting the superiority of the process, and the 
 product, Professor Sagra was honored and rewarded by a special decree of 
 the King, and was appointed sole projector and director of the acclimating 
 garden and pattern plantation, with all the funds and laborers requisite to 
 render them of the most extensive practical utility. If, for the infinitely 
 superior services of the subscriber, in solely the discovery and extraction of 
 foliaceous fibres, he should be honored and rewarded by a special decree 
 of Congress, establishing under his direction, a national acclimating nurse- 
 ry, near Cape Florida, he would consider himself amply indemnified for all 
 his sufferings during the last seven years, and his utmost, his only ambition 
 would be completely gratified, as he is firmly persuaded that a few thou- 
 sand dollars thus employed, would be more productive of permanent pros- 
 perity to his country, than many millions bestowed in any other way. In 
 reference to Sisal hemp alone, until the present Secretary of State shall 
 have attentively weighed all the facts and arguments alleged by the subscri- 
 ber in favor of its production in the United States, he earnestly begs that his 
 opinions may not he deemed extravagant or absurd, when he repeats his un- 
 shaken conviction, that its introduction will make an era of as great im- 
 portance to the agricultural prosperity of our confederation as the invention 
 of the cotton gin ; that, as the narcotic leaves of one native plant of Yu- 
 catan (which did take its name from the dependent province of Tohasco) 
 do actually afford an annual exportation of nearly six millions of dol- 
 lars, so the fibrous leaves of another native plant of this peninsula, 
 (which may take its name from the exporting port of Sisal) will more pro- 
 bably afford an annual exportation of six times six millions of dollars, witli 
 a greater proportionate profit to the cultivators, than even the fibrous pods 
 of another native plant of the tropics, which needs no etymological allusion 
 to its name, since it affords more than one-half of the whole exportations of 
 our country. In returning again, as briefly as possible, to the profitable pro- 
 pagation of productive plants in tropical Florida, on its poorest soils, the 
 
25 [ SOO ] 
 
 subscriber respectfully reminds the department, that the successful experi- 
 ments at Rio Janeiro have demonstrated that the tea plant of southern Chi- 
 na will rapidly arrive at maturity in the arid sands of any tropical climate; 
 and that their plucked leaves are speedily prepared for exportation by the 
 most simple apparatus and the most ignorant laborers. The absurd stories 
 heretofore told about the different and difficult processes of drying the 
 leaves, and the extremely troublesome and tedious manipulation of rolling 
 them, adapted only to the starving, cheap labor of a Chinese crowded popu- 
 lation, have been all positively contradicted by the personal observation of 
 respectable Americans, in Brazil; and for the intelligent testimony of, proba- 
 bly Ur. Dekay, the department is respectfully referred to the New York Far- 
 mer, for 1S28, pages 105-7. We thus arrive at the important gen- 
 eral result, that the only tedious operation from the planting of the slips to 
 the selling of the tea, is the light labor of the feeble in sex, age, or health, to 
 pick and assort the successive crops of the green leaves ; that one man may 
 cure and prepare for market the entire produce of sixteen acres ; that the 
 plants of two feet high, four feet apart, will yield an annual average of three 
 pounds of leaves, or upwards of eight thousand per acre: and that hence, 
 attaching the highest value to American labor of all ages and sexes, and 
 abilities, the production of tea, at even one-half of the price of solely the 
 average duties yet added in our ports, or fifteen cents a pound, will afford 
 much more profitable employment to American capital than any actual 
 branch of American agriculture.. 
 
 But there is another plant and product of the East Indies which can be 
 so much more profitably propagated in our tropical territory, than even in 
 our warmest extra-tropical districts, that our coldest States are actually sin- 
 ning against the now established policy of the nation, and against the fu- 
 ture prosperity of their own citizens, in continuing their war against nature 
 to force the domestications of the many-stemmed mulberry tree of Manilla, 
 and the tender silkworm of southern China, although not more than one 
 crop of cocoons will be the average annual reward of their mistaken labors. 
 In Guadaloupe, the French Government sustains an establishment of 40,000 
 plants of moms multicaulis, and from experiments made in that island dur- 
 ing three successive years by Dr. Meunier, of the royal navy, and repeated 
 in Cuba, by Professor Sagra. of the royal botanical garden and pattern plan- 
 tation, near Havana, it. is demonstrated that ten successive crops of cocoons 
 every year, may be obtained from the perpetually unfolding leaves of this 
 valuable exotic in tropical climates, and consequently in tropical Florida. 
 Let, then, New England send to this productive climate only one-tenth of her 
 surpluspopulation now unprofitably employed in the production of cocoons, 
 and she will thus insure to the other nine-tenths in their wintry home, a 
 much more profitable employment in the manufacture of silk alone. It re- 
 mains to be decided by our civilized citizens whether it will be stilt more 
 profitable to propagate the social silkworm of the evergreen oaks of the 
 forests by Vera Cruz, which spin cocoons of two to eight feet long! ! 
 
 One species of the indigo plant grows wild in the barren soils of Florida, 
 and in the southern divisions will yield four crops a year; by adding differ- 
 ent species which mature at successive periods, the annual quantity collect- 
 ed may be increased to an indefinite amount ; the many leaved species of 
 Senegal which flourishes on the dryest sites in the dryest times, seems des- 
 tined to form as important an auxiliary to the production of indigo, as the 
 many-stemmed mulberry c f Manilla has proved to the production of silk. 
 
[ 300 ] 26 
 
 The substitution of infusion for fermentation of the plant, has rendered the 
 extraction of the dye, a light, simple, brief, cheap, and healthy process. 
 What more could be said to prove that indigo may now be profitably pro- 
 duced there, by our poorest families, for home consumption and the foreign 
 market. 
 
 As many years, much labor, and more money have been spent in 
 voluminous writings and fruitless experiments to acclimate the wine grape 
 of Europe in the United States, and Government has even repeatedly 
 condescended to grant to foreigners certain tracts of our richest soils to 
 encourage the introduction and promote the culture of the vine, which bears 
 but one uncertain crop of fruit each year; how much more worthy of the labor 
 of individuals and the bounty of Government, the enterprise ofdomesticating 
 on the poorest calcarous surface of tropical Florida, the " uva de todo 
 tietnpo," or everbearing grapevine of Campeachy, whose clusters of fruit 
 ripen every month in every year. The natural coffee trees of the poorest 
 soils of Arabia yield the finest flavored grains from fallen berries of complete 
 maturity; and the pulpy portion of these coffee cherries is there converted 
 into a commercial drink, which may be profitably distilled into spirits. The 
 artificial coffee bushes, of the richest soils of the West Indies, yield larger 
 grains of inferior flavor, extracted from picked berries rarely entirely ripened ; 
 and the pulp is thrown away, or used as manure. But, as even the Spanish 
 planters of Cuba have lately begun to discover that it is more profitable to 
 shake four or five pounds of fine flavored coffee from unmutilated trees 
 on arid sands, than to pick four or five ounces of bad flavored coffee from 
 mutilated bushes in vegetable loam, it is hoped that our poorest people, 
 who, in preserving the pits of peaches ior sale are not guilty of using the pulp 
 for manure alone, will also soon discover that the coffee tree may be a profitable 
 companion of the tea plant in every yard or garden of southern Florida. 
 In the recent history of the island of Cuba, Professor Sagra proudly boasts 
 that the fine flavored tobacco of Havana is an exclusive product of that 
 island ; yet, as by his own showing, the flavor depends solely on natural 
 peculiarities of small and distant portions of its surface, all that is necessary 
 for its successful growth in south Florida is the selections of the same kind 
 of soils. As the subscriber limits himself to brief notices of such plants as 
 may be profitably produced by our poorest people on the poorest and 
 unimproved soils of tropical Florida; and as the profitable productions of 
 sugar require large capitals and rich vegetable loam,* he will merely remark, 
 that on the drained marshy interior of that Territory it can be produced 
 at so low a price as to become a profitable article of exportation to the torrid 
 zone itself. In addition to our tropical rice, tropical tobacco, and tropical 
 cotton, which continue to be consumed in tropical poxts in spite of enormous 
 duties and prohibiting laws, although raised in our extra tropical Territory, 
 he incidentally adds, that, from statistical data, it may be demonstrated, 
 that the surface of our peninsula alone is sufficiently extensive to yield a 
 greater quantity of all tropical staples than is at present exported from 
 all inter-tropical regions of the world. The black pepper plants of the East 
 Indies, introduced at Cayenne, were propagated with such extraordinary 
 
 * February 22, 1833. The subscriber dees not fcelieve that it is either practicable or 
 desirable to have great plantations of great staples in southern Florida. Every family of 
 small cultivators, on small farms, may, however, raise tea, coffee, chocolate, and sugar, &c., 
 for family consumption; and the small surplus for sale Will make a great aggregate for the 
 home market of the other States; in the same way that apples, cherries, currants, &c, are 
 applied by the farmers of the north. H. P. 
 
27 [ 300 ] 
 
 perseverance by General Bernard, that nine years ago, his estate alone 
 contained more than thirty thousand maturing vines, estimated to yield four 
 or live killogrames each, of pepper, for exportation. In Florida, one species 
 is indigenous, and therefore oilers more hopes for acclimating its brethren. 
 
 The black pepper vines may be economically trained on fruit trees, as 
 are the grape uues in Italian orchards; and thus the fruit (whose goodness 
 depends entirely on the natural properties of the soil) may he obtained much 
 cheaper than in the native or naturalized countries of this vine, where it is 
 sustained by withered poles or worthless trees. The betel pepper vine may 
 also be propagated in tropical Florida, because '-'such is the consumption 
 of the betel in the east, that it occasions a branch of commerce nearly as 
 extensive as that of tobacco in the west;*' and because our superior people, 
 under our superior institutions, can cultivate, at the highest rate of labor, any 
 product much cheaper than the inferior races under the misgovern merit 
 of the tropics, at the lowest rate of labor, even should it not exceed three 
 cents a clay. The same remarks will apply to the production of the kindred roots 
 of the common species of ginger, turmeric, and arrow root; and with still 
 more ibrce to the superior species not generally, known, by contrasting the 
 results of their improving cultivation by civilized agriculture with the 
 quantity and quality obtained by the deteriorating culture of uncivilized 
 hands. The medicinal aloes will thrive in the most dry and barren soils, 
 '■ may be planted at any season of the year, even in the driest, as (hey will 
 live on the surface of the earth for many weeks without a drop of rain ;'' 
 are set out like young cabbages in rows of one foot apart, at five or six 
 inches from each other; require no other trouble than weeding only until 
 their own leaves become large enough to shade the ground ; may be cut the 
 first year, and will continue productive from ten to fifteen years in succession. 
 The same observations are applicable to the propagation of the hardy 
 kindred plants, the hene'qiten Agaves Of Yucatan ; the pulque Agaves of 
 Mexico, and the pine-apple bromelia, of Peru ; with the exception that the 
 last are placed about three feet apart, and do not. generally yield their 
 luscious fruits before the third year. The second are planted about five 
 feet apart, and do not yield the celebrated juices of their developing stems 
 under five years ; and the first, when transplanted at a yard high about two 
 yards apart, will yield the abundant fibres of their fully developed leaves at 
 the end of the second year. 
 
 Omitting further references to plants cultivated in the sun, the subscriber 
 invites the attention of the department to some brief notices of valuable 
 vegetables which arc propagated in the shade The sudorific roots, called 
 sarsaparilla, of a prickly climber, which is a brother of our sweet briar ; the 
 purgative roots, called jalap, of a creeping vine, which is a half-brother of our 
 swiet potatoe ; the emetic root, called ipecacuanha., of a small shrub which 
 is a relation of common coffee ; and the tonic bark, called Peruvian or 
 cinchona, of a large tree, which belongs to the same family, all flourish in 
 the thickest forests, and would continue to propagate themselves by their 
 ripe seeds, did not the improvident natives collect them when the plants 
 are in flower ; and hence it is respectfully suggested, that it is a moral 
 obligation of our Government to transfer a few individuals of every valuable 
 species of all tropical medicines, to propagate themselves with safety in 
 tropical Florida. The propagation of the parasitical vine, which yields the 
 odorous pods called the vanilla bean, in the forests of Vera Cruz, is not 
 entitled to the name of agriculture, as it is effected simply by tying slips to 
 
[ 300 ] 28 
 
 the trunks, or dropping them at the roots of any tree in the woods. The 
 istle of Goazacoalcos, or the brother of the pine apple, whose thin, narrow, 
 long leaves, yield the foliaceous fibres called pita, a superior substitute for 
 flax, needs no other preparation for their self-propagation than clearing 
 away the undergrowth of the forests. 
 
 The celebrated gomutus palm, which grows wild in the swampy woods of 
 Sumatra, and yields 4 to pounds annually of the black horsehair-like fibres, 
 called ejoo, besides sago, wine, sugar, thatch, &c, and was considered by 
 the British Government to be the most valuable substitute for hemp, discov- 
 ered by the distinguished and favored Dr. Roxburgh, and was. therefore, 
 propagated extensively in the dominions of the East India Company. 
 The Mauritia flexuosa, or the marriche palm, of the islands of the delta of 
 the Orinoco, which are overflowed by the inundations of the river half the 
 year, and by the tides of the sea twice a day during the remaining six 
 months, nevertheless yields all the vegetable materials for building, for 
 furniture, for domestic utensils, for clothing, for food, and for drink, which 
 are necessary for the comfortable existence of man. The trees, which 
 yield abundant substitutes for bread, for butter, and for milk, will all propa- 
 gate themselves in shady groups or on arid soils. Even the cultivated 
 chocolate-tree will perish, unless protected by the shade of other trees, and 
 can hence be propagated in the marshy woods of tropical Florida. The 
 tien palm, growing wild in marshy spots, furnishes to the indolent Brazil- 
 ians an equivalent to the grape in the pulp ; and a miniature cocoanut in 
 the stone and kernel of its clustering fruit ; and in its very fibrous leaves a 
 superior substitute for flax and hemp. (Without multiplying the list, enough 
 has been said to show that even the uncleared, unimproved lands and 
 swamps of southern Florida, may be profitably employed in the propaga- 
 tion of tropical plants.) The Sagus farinifera, or sago palm, " is an inhab- 
 itant of only low, marshy spots. A good sago plantation or forest, is a bog 
 knee deep." Five or six hundred pounds is no unusual quantity of nutri- 
 tive matter afforded by a single tree : but taking the least average at 300 
 pounds, and allowing even 15 years for complete maturity, a single crop 
 will be equivalent to 8,700 lbs. per acre of annual supply of farinaceous 
 matter. As the pimento tree of tropical America, and the cinnamon tree 
 of tropical Asia, are disseminated in the most extensive forests, and in the 
 most impassable jungles, by birds and beasts alone, it may be safely pre- 
 dicted, that if a single plant of each should come to maturity in tropical 
 Florida, they will both be ultimately so spread over the whole peninsula, 
 that our childien will hunt for wild alspice as anxiously as they now 
 seek other wild berries ; and that our cattle will eat the aromatic leaves of 
 the laurus cinnamomum as greedily as they now devour the "sweet leaves 
 of the Hopea tinctoria." Cloves grow luxuriantly in a sterile soil, com- 
 posed of yellowish or reddish clay ; and although, in the West Indies, the 
 sun is admitted to them after the first year, yet it is probable that they 
 would flourish still better in shades analagous to those of their native 
 forests ; and as nutmegs are disseminated by the wood pigeon, the same 
 remark may be extended to them, although they are cultivated success- 
 fully in the sun of Trinidad. The more delicious fruits of the tropics 
 also run wild throuL r h the forests of every tropical territory into which 
 seeds and plants are introduced by accident or design. The honest Bernal 
 Diaz tells us, that while detached in Goazacoalcos. he found nine orange 
 seeds in his trunk, which he planted by the side of the temple in which he 
 
29 [ 300 j 
 
 lodged ; and that the native priests, perceiving that the plants were new, 
 carefully attended their growth, (a strong evidence of the great civiliza- 
 tion of the Mexican Indians of that period.) The progeny of these oranges 
 are now found wild in the woods of almost every State of Mexico. Thirty- 
 seven years ago the first mango stones were brought from Jamaica to Cam- 
 peachy, and the first tree is still flourishing at a great height in the suburbs 
 of Saint Roman. At present, many fine varieties of this delicious fruit 
 are spread all over Yucatan and Tobasco. the greatest number by acci- 
 dental propagation. At a still later period, a few grains of Guinea-grass 
 were brought to this peninsula, and has now so overrun the lots and yards 
 of the suburbs, as to be considered an objection by recent purchasers. 
 Spondias are so " easily increased by cutting, that if a branch, ladened 
 with young fruit, be set in the ground, it will grow, and the fruit will 
 soon come to maturity. In St. Domingo, they make hedges of the boughs, 
 which flower and bear fruit in a few months. The inhabitants of extra 
 tropical climates, generally believe that oranges and pine-apples are the 
 most delicious fruit of the tropics ; but travellers, and natives generally, 
 concur in placing far above either, the best varieties of the mango, the du- 
 rion, the cherimoyer, and, above all, the mangosteen. While some con- 
 sider the durion to be one of the most delicious productions of nature, 
 others give the cherimoyer the reputation of being the finest fruit in the 
 world, next 10 the mangosteen ; and all suppose that the equal of the latter 
 does not exist. The sapotes mameys, &c, compose a genus (Achras) of 
 fruit-bearing timber-trees of the forests of tropical America, which merit 
 propagation for the value of their wood alone. So the forest trees, valua- 
 ble in the mechanical and chemical arts, after being cut, combine the ad- 
 ditional merits of beauty and utility, or both, while growing. The cedar 
 of Barbadoes, so noted for the size of its trunk ; the habi of Campeachy, 
 (piscidia erythina,) which is prized in Yucatan for ship-building, more 
 highly than the live-oak of the United States, or the teak of the East In- 
 dies, are both rapid growing and highly ornamental trees, (as well as maho- 
 gany,) in the most stony and sandy soils. Brazil letto and logwood form beauti- 
 ful and excellent hedges ; and the arnotta shrub is a handsome decoration for 
 gardens. Without multiplying the list of valuable plants which will prop- ' 
 agate themselves, or be spread by winds, beasts, and birds, over extensive 
 forests, in every tropical territory to which they may be carried, by acci- 
 dent or design, enough has been said to show, that even the natural, un- 
 cleared sands and swamps of southern Florida, may be profitably popu- 
 lated with tropical plants. As, however, the species of musa, which yields 
 the plantain and banana, are self-propagating natives of shady and humid 
 situations, it is in order to add that if, indeed, other species of the same 
 genus, or of the family genera of heliconia, urania, or strelitzia, should also 
 yield the fine fibres* of which the most delicate muslins of India are pre- 
 pared, and the coarse fibres called Manilla hemp, of which our strongest 
 cordage is made, they will combine the merits of yielding much more food 
 and fibres, with much less labor than any other plants in the world ; and 
 that the introduction of the useful species of this most productive family 
 
 * I am now satisfied that fine fibres can be profitably obtained from the lamina of the stalks 
 of certain species of banana; but am still doubtful relative to the precise species called abaca, 
 which yields the Manilla hemp. H. P. 16th Nov., 1837. 
 
[ 300 ] 30 
 
 in south Florida, is much more worthy of a special voyage of one of our 
 largest vessels, than was the introduction of the celebrated breadfruit tree 
 in the West Indies. In proportion to the gradual propagation of valuable 
 tropical plants throughout the forests of tropical Florida, the useless na- 
 tive undergrowth and. trees, may be as gradually extirpated from the ground, 
 and the cleared and improved surfaces as gradually occupied by the re- 
 maining valuable tropical plants which flourish best in the rays of the sun. 
 It will be the work of years, it is true ; but with us, it need not be a work 
 of many years. With our industrious people, under our free institutions, 
 much more formidable enterprises have been promptly executed, whenever 
 they became objects of national policy or of popular desire. 
 
 The course of the Gulf stream and the origin of St. John's river indicate 
 that the southern division of Florida is more elevated than the northern, 
 and the swampy interior of southern Florida is more elevated than its 
 sandy shore. Hence, cheap canals may easily be cut from the longitudi- 
 nal centre to the parallel coast to drain the inundated swamps of the in- 
 terior, whose consequent value for the production of sugar alone would 
 amply reward the capital thus expended. These same canals would con- 
 stitute lateral channels of communication and transportation between the 
 great natural canal of the peninsula, the St. John's river, and the great 
 natural canal of the ocean ; the Gulf stream and these very same canals 
 would, at the same time, furthermore convey a sufficient surplus of water 
 with sufficient descent to propel powerful machinery, and to irrigate arid 
 sands on their route. The cultivators of the drained swamps, as well as 
 of the irrigated sands, could always command the most appropriate quan- 
 tity of moisture for every variety of their respective soils, and for every 
 species of their peculiar staples ; and hence their vegeculture would be 
 much more certain, prolonged, and productive, than can be the agriculture 
 of any territory which is dependant on the clouds alone.* Looking for- 
 ward to the period when tropical Florida shall be thoroughly improved 
 and highly cultivated — when its forests shall be filled by the most valuable 
 vegetables which delight in the shade, and its fields shall be covered by 
 the most profitable plants which rejoice in the sun — when it shall combine 
 all the material and mental enjoyments of which it is susceptible, from the 
 benignity of its climate, the peculiarity of its formation, the proximity of 
 its position, the character of its people, and the form of its government, we 
 may safely predict that, in population, wealth, and happiness, it will greatly 
 exceed every other equal portion of the world. These views may be con- 
 sidered visionary by the department, and will be ridiculed by almost every 
 citizen of the United States who may not have resided long enough in the 
 tropical regions to appreciate the immense natural advantages of their 
 climate, and the equally immense political disadvantages of their govern- 
 ment. The subscriber, nevertheless, does not desire any greater honor 
 than the power of passing the brief term of his painful existence amid the 
 privations and exposures incident to a chief pioneer in the planting and 
 population of tropical Florida. If the swamps and sands of this unex- 
 plored district be as sickly and sterile as they are generally supposed to be. 
 the grant of a portion of this worthless Territory cannot be of any loss to 
 our Government : and if the grantee can show or cause them to be both 
 
 * In tropical climates, moisture is the substitute for manure: and hence cultivation consists 
 in irrigation. H. P. 
 
31 [300] 
 
 healthy and fertile, and therefore valuable to himself, his associates, and his 
 countrymen in general, he should be entitled to them for the discovery or 
 the labor. While Government continues to recommend the gratuitous 
 distribution of more inviting lands to actual settlers, and while Texas con- 
 tinues to bestow a league of 4,280 acres of fertile soil to every family, it 
 will be difficult, it is true, to attract emigrants to southern Florida by even 
 the unconditional gift of a section of 640 acres of swamp or sands to every 
 occupant ; yet the'subscriber continues firmly persuaded that the facts and 
 arguments relative to the climate, which he can offer with the legal di- 
 visions of the conditional grant solicited by his memorial of the Cth of 
 February, 1S32, will induce an adequate number of individuals to engage 
 with him in the propagation of tropical vegetables ; and he attaches still 
 greater importance to the law itself than to the land it may insure, as, by 
 by indicating a favorable opinion of his services and suggestions, it may 
 have a recommendatory value to attract also a sufficient amount of capital 
 to accelerate ajid extend the enterprise. As southern Florida is not yet 
 surveyed, nor offered for sale, and as many portions of its surface are 
 covered with conflicting claims, a special act of Congress is absolutely es- 
 sential to insure the right and safety of locations in any part of the Terri- 
 tory ; and the subscriber cannot, in any other way, acquire the power of 
 combining unity of design with strength of co-operation and perseverance 
 in the pursuit, with the Yight of selecting the land, electing his associates, 
 and directing their cultivation of the most productive plants. As Congress 
 lias repeatedly granted to various foreigners, and their associates, certain 
 tracts of productive soils in populous parts of sovereign States, to encourage 
 objects of partial utility, although the grantees had not rendered any 
 previous services whatever, and as the subscriber is desirous to avoid any 
 further obstacles or delay from Congressional scruples, corporate insensi- 
 bility, or political hostility, in the modification and passage of the bill H. K. 
 No. 555, of the 25th of April, 1832, he now merely solicits, on similar 
 terms, an act of sale or conveyance to a native American and his associates 
 of an equivalent portion of unproductive lands in the desert extremity of a 
 subject Territory, to encourage an enterprise of the most extensive utility 
 ever proposed by a humble citizen of the United States ; although he has 
 continued to render highly important services during the last seven years, 
 by the careful collection and transmission of very valuable vegetables, and 
 of still more valuable facts, at a great sacrifice of wealth, labor, and health, 
 which would not be compensated by the price in money of a township of 
 our most fertile soils. 
 
 In connexion with the domestication of tropical plants, the subscriber 
 has discovered, or developed, in the unappreciated climate of the southern 
 section of the land of flowers, a fountain of human health, and a mine of 
 vegetable wealth ;' and in the sterile districts of the southern sections of the 
 Atlantic States, a natural preventive of State nullification, and a superior 
 substitute for a national bank, which will save the lives of our sickly voy- 
 agers to southern Europe : prevent the emigration of our healthy agricul- 
 turists to southern America : extract riches from the ruined fields and refuse 
 lands of our southern States ; afford employment to the surplus capital 
 and laborers of our northern States, and thus preserve and promote the 
 peace, population, prosperity, and permanence of the Union. In the letter 
 of the subscriber of the 1st of February last, he briefly adverted to a few 
 tropical plants which may be propagated in the most sterile districts of 
 
f 300 J 32 
 
 the southern States much more profitably than the common staples can be cul- 
 tivated even in the most fertile districts of the southwestern States. Mental 
 and corporeal exhaustion prevent his noticing various other valuable vege- 
 tables, with appropriate details, in the present communication ; and he will, 
 therefore, merely refer to the three Mexican plants and the one East India 
 palm then mentioned. By recent papers from the United States, he per- 
 ceives that John Cowper, Esq., of St. Simons, has on his plantation about 
 fifty mature date trees ; a fact which strengthens his opinion, that all the 
 valuable species of palm, by gradual acclimation through Florida, may 
 finally reach, at least, the northern limits of our palmetto. Limiting, how- 
 ever, our attention to the jaggery tree, (Caryc-ta urens,) or the sugar palm, 
 from which the greatest quantity of sugar is obtained, in the poorest soils, 
 by the poorest hands, at half the price of cane sugar extracted from the 
 richest loams, by the wealthiest planters, with the greatest skill and the best 
 machinery, it appears that the sugar palm may be propagated much more 
 profitably in Georgia than the sugar cane in Louisiana. By the Jamaica 
 papers, published during the progress of the emancipation act of the British 
 Parliament, it appears that even the abolitionists themselves relied much 
 more on the production of the palm sugar than on the cane sugar, by the 
 free labor of the poor, indolent, and ignorant natives of the East Indies, to 
 supply the amount heretofore furnished by the forced labor of the black 
 race, with the skill and capital of the white race, in the West India islands. 
 The final passage of this destructive law, affords tacit evidence that the 
 British Government itself was greatly influenced by the considerations in 
 favor of substituting the sugar palm. Every person tolerably acquainted 
 with the character and condition of the colored natives of the torrid zone, 
 is aware of the fact, that their voluntary labor, however cheap and abundant 
 it may be, will never produce, cheaply and abundantly for exportation, any 
 staple which needs the combination of industry and intelligence, and 
 capital and machinery. Even the production of cold-pressed castor oil in 
 Yucatan, where the seeds are merely collected from wild perennial trees, is 
 so trifling and so dear, that the principal consumption of Campeachy is 
 supplied by the oil of Illinois, obtained from the seeds of cultivated annual 
 plants, and augmented at least a hundred per cent, in price by the expenses 
 and duties on its route. But the excessive indolence and improvidence of 
 all the colored species of the human genus, between the tropics, is most 
 strikingly shown by the fact, that famine occurs more frequently in this 
 productive zone than in the most unproductive regions where the white 
 species reside. 
 
 During the nearly eight years that the subscriber has held his office, 
 the tropical State of Yucatan has at least four times suspended its pro- 
 hibitory laws, and permitted the entrance of tropical rice and tropical 
 maize from our extra-tropical southern and southwestern States, to save its 
 indolent inhabitants from absolute starvation. Hence, whenever any 
 colored native of the tropics takes any pains to aid the propagation of 
 any plant around his dwelling, it may be safely inferred that it yields a 
 greater product, with less labor and skill, than any other vegetable with 
 which he is acquainted ; and hence the preference given in the East Indies 
 to the jaggery palm over the sugar-cane, (which have both been equally 
 known from time immemorial,) is the strongest possible argument with the 
 subscriber in favor of the cultivation of the former, and the manufacture 
 of its juice by a free white civilized people. Hence, also, whei\a tropical 
 
33 [ 300 ] 
 
 tribe have merely transferred a single species of any vegetable to the vicinity 
 of their lints, it may be safely pronounced that, of all plants known to 
 them, it affords the most certain and easy resource against famine, when 
 unsuccessful in fishing or hunting, the first and favorite pursuits of all idle 
 gentlemen, whether civilized or savage, in every part of the world. Thus 
 may be conjectured the value of the Jatropha manihot, whose roots have 
 furnished the only vegetable material for gluttony and drunkenness to 
 various tribes of the woods and plains of South America ; and from the 
 data acquired by the subscriber, he is induced to believe that farinaceous 
 matter may be extracted from the roots, in the most sterile districts of our 
 southern States, much more profitably than from the grains of the most 
 fertile districts of the western States. In the same way may be deduced the 
 superiority of the production of the coarse foliaceous fibres of the culti- 
 vated Henequen Agaves of the fields of Yucatan, and of thejine foliaceous 
 fibres of the propagated Istle Bromelias of the forests of Goazacoalcos. 
 Although fibrous-barked plants abound in all parts of tropical America, and 
 their cortical fibres can be more easily extracted than flax or hemp, the 
 subscriber believes that no place can be cited in which fibrous-leaved plants 
 can also exist, where the natives do not give the preference to foliaceous 
 fibres. In the statistics of Vera Cruz, published in 1S34, it is stated that, 
 although the soil and climate of Goazacoalcos is not surpassed by any in 
 the world for the growth of cotton, the production of these capsular fibres 
 has nearly ceased since the natives have had liberty to select their labor; 
 while, on the contrary, the production of the fine foliaceous fibres, called 
 Pita, of the forest plants, called Islle, are augmenting every year. In the 
 year 1S30, there were found in the vicinity of seven small Indian villages 
 in that district, 1,221 istales. i.e., istle patches; and there was reported, 
 solely by the pass of St. Juan, for the port of Vera Cruz, an exportation of 
 943 bales of pita, of 200 lbs. each, 1S8,600 lbs. 
 
 As the natives never receive any article in return but silver, and as 
 they never spend any money they receive, (their cloths being made by their 
 women, and their intoxication being effected by the ' ; chicha," fermented 
 from their own maize,) it is calculated that, since the first notice of the ex- 
 portation of their fibres, their predecessors must have buried, of their value 
 alone, a total amount of 2,825,000 dollars, which have never been of any 
 value to their ancestors nor themselves, and may never be of any utility to 
 their posterity or the world. From the abundant data already communi- 
 cated by the subscriber, it may be calculated that foliaceous fibres of the 
 Henequen and Istle alone, may be produced in the barren sands and in the 
 idle woods of the south, much more profitably than the cortical fibres of 
 the hemp and flax can be cultivated in the fertile fields of the west ; than 
 even the capsular fibres of cotton in the rich alluvions of the southwest. If 
 South Carolina will even cultivate her indigenous Yuca filamentosa, he 
 will promise to her, with the rotary scrapers of Perrine, to separate foliace- 
 ous fibres from its green fresh leaves, a gift as favorable for her agricultu- 
 ral prosperity, as were the rotary pickers of Whitney to separate capsular 
 fibres from their ripe dry seeds ; and as the profitable production of folia- 
 ceous fibres will constitute a legitimate remedy for her agricultural distress, 
 so will it prove a natural preventative of her State nullification. Indeed, 
 the principal cause of the agricultural distress of the sterile districts of the 
 old southern and northern States, is the extended cultivation of common 
 staples in the fertile districts of the new southwestern and western States ; 
 3 
 
r 300 ] 34 
 
 and as the completion of canals and railroads between the loamy banks of 
 the western rivers and the sandy shores of the Atlantic Ocean, will still 
 further reduce the price of the present products of the planter of the south, 
 and of the farmer of the north, their most effectual legitimate remedy will 
 be found in the cultivation of such new staples as may be most profitably 
 cultivated in each natural variety of their respective climates and exhaust- 
 ed soils, and hitherto uncultivated lands. The useless species of the prickly 
 pear, which overrun our barren sands, may be profitably supplanted by their 
 useful brethren of the tropics : especially by the prickless nopal, or cochi- 
 neal cactus, which nourishes the precious insect, whose growth and propa- 
 gation affords a pleasant and profitable occupation to the feeble in health, 
 sex, and age ; and yields, in its scarlet fruit, an agreeable food for man : 
 iii its fleshy masses, a fattening fodder for animals ; and in the full-grown 
 plants, a beautiful and effective fence for other objects of cultivation. 
 Foreign commerce no longer affords profitable occupation to the ships and 
 mariners, nor factory facturers to the machinery and operatives of the 
 north. Of railroads and canals to the west and southwest, more will be 
 completed than will find remuneiating freight to and from the Atlantic 
 shores ; yet all will open additional channels for the natural current of our 
 wealth and populations, to the fertile valleys of the Ohio and Mississippi. 
 The additional surplus of laborers, and of funds which may shortly 
 be let loose from the great canals, and from the national bank, will swell 
 the great stream of emigration, and, however the new States, as masses, 
 may be benefitted by the influx of money and inhabitants, their actual 
 farmers and planters, as classes, must be injured by over-production of 
 their common staples ; and the cultivators of the same staples in the old 
 States will be absolutely ruined. To avoid the evils of over-production of the 
 actual staples of agriculture in the only fertile districts of the confederation, 
 where they can still be grown with a moderate gain ; to ensure a natural 
 equilibrium between the four great divisions of the nation, with a profita- 
 ble dependence on each other under a revenue tariff ; to afford a gainful 
 occupation of the ruined fields and refuse lands of the south, which will 
 constitute a natural preventative of the motives of State nullification; to fur- 
 nish profitable employment to the surplus capitals and extra laborers of the 
 north, which will form superior substitutes for the operation ofnational banks,* 
 the subscriber has long proposed the immediate introduction of new 
 branches of agriculture — the extensive cultivation of such tropical plants 
 as combine the merits of yielding the greatest possible products with the 
 least possible labor, in the poorest possible soils ! He repeats, that the do- 
 mestications of such plants in the southern States, will be an equivalent 
 to the direct addition of absolute fertility to the most stony, sandy, swampy 
 surfaces, or hitherto most sterile districts ; and to the actual gift of positive 
 wealth to the youngest, oldest, and feeblest inhabitants, or hitherto most 
 needy population. Referring especially to such productive perennial plants 
 as profitably propagate themselves in the worst natural soils, and which be- 
 come much more profitable when aided by a very little care, capital, skill, 
 or labor of man, he reiterates that these simple creations of Divine Provi- 
 dence afford much more effective means to promote the wealth, intelli- 
 
 * The subscriber's ten years' absence from the United States, and his consequent igno- 
 rance of the facts and arguments for and against State nullification and ra'ional banks, render 
 him unable to express any decided opinion of the merits or demerits of either. 22d February. 
 1838.-H. P. 
 
35 [ 300 ] 
 
 gence, and morality of mankind, than all the associations and suggestions 
 of modern philanthropy, to improve the condition of the poorest members of 
 human society. But, selecting only such species as are most valuable for 
 the production of foliaeeous fibres alone, he continues linn ill the belief, 
 that the cultivation of these fibrous-leaved perennial plants, will create still 
 greater prosperity in the agriculture of our southern States, and pro- 
 duce still greater revolutions in the manufactures and commerce of the 
 world, than have ever yet been effected by the culture of our fibrous-pod- 
 ded annual cotton. 
 
 December 9. Were there, however, no other motives for an acclimating 
 nursery at tropical Florida, than the domestication of such species and va- 
 rieties of rice, tobacco, and cotton as are peculiarly valuable in peculiar 
 soils, and of such as will flourish in sites and seasons where and when 
 the actual species and varieties would perish, such an establishment should 
 be encouraged on that account alone. Understanding that the actual 
 Secretary of State has a variety of the nankeen-colored cotton in cultiva- 
 tion on his plantation, the subscriber now forwards a sample of another 
 spontaneous variety, which is cultivated in Tobasco, with the hope that its 
 relative value may be fairly tried, in all natural varieties of our climates and 
 soils. By ascertaining the precise natural variety of native soil in which 
 any natural variety of exotic plants will become, not merely acclimated, 
 but absolutely naturalized, we ascertain the sections of our surface where 
 it may be most profitably produced, and where, therefore, it should be 
 alone cultivated by the unforced industry of our happy country. He also 
 transmits a sample of the " Algodon de vejuco,'' or the reported vine cot- 
 ton of the stony eminences of Yucatan, which may be propagated like 
 hops or beans, and may therefore become valuable for family use, where 
 lands are scarce or poor. He is credibly informed that, on the eastern de- 
 clivity of the Mexican cordillers, in a department of the State of Vera 
 Cruz, there are some plants of one species of gosspium, whose capsular 
 fibres are permanently red ; but the subscriber has not yet been able to 
 obtain a single seed. It may be thought, in other countries, that the reten- 
 tion of this rose-colored cotton by the natives, for domestic use, to avoid 
 the trouble and expense of dying, would account for his inability to ob- 
 tain the seeds ; but the fact is, that a foreigner can very seldom obtain any 
 peculiar plant of Mexico, without a personal voyage to the place of its growth, 
 and a clandestine conveyance to the vessel in which it may be exported. 
 Indeed, the mere fact that any vegetable is desired by a foreigner, induces 
 the barbarous Mexicans to believe that he has discovered in it properties of 
 immense pecuniary value; and to act as if they supposed that his posses- 
 sion of a single variety would give him the power of Aladdin's ring or 
 lamp, to convey off the same genus in the twinkling of an eye. Even in 
 cases where elevated personages have affected to favor the views of for- 
 eigners, in the collection of seeds, it has generally been too late discovered 
 that their power of germination was destroyed by boiling, of which a notable 
 example occurred in the seeds of the logwood tree, carried from Yucatan 
 to Cuba. If, seven years ago, the subscriber could have believed the then 
 incredible relation of the extreme barbarity and duplicity of Mexicans 
 concurred in by all foreigners who had an experience of seven previous 
 years, he should not have sacrificed one-seventh of the health, wealth, and 
 labor to obtain, through Mexican gratitude, that aid in the collection of 
 plants and facts, which could have been much more profitably obtained by 
 
f 300 ] 36 
 
 his own hands and eyes alone. If on r Government should ever imitate- 
 that of France, in sending botanists and agricultural collectors to these 
 countries, the digressions of the subscriber may be usefully recollected in 
 framing their instructions. It should also be recollected that the arbitrary 
 definitions of technical botany retard valuable additions to practical agri- 
 culture. To the mere botanist, even the kinds of plants which he absurdly 
 terms " permanent varieties," are too insignificant for special description : 
 but to the actual agriculturist, their nominal varieties are practical species, 
 frequently much more important, for cultivation, than the different species 
 of the books. Relying on botanists alone, we should be forced to admit 
 that the sweet orange tree is merely a permanent variety of the bitter orange 
 tree ; and that the innocuous and poisonous species of the cassave plants 
 are mere varieties of each other! Hence, collections should be made of 
 every kind of tropical plants, in every kind of soil, however great may be 
 the resemblance of their external forms, if there be the least difference 
 in their internal organization manifested by the site, situation, or season in 
 which they flourish better than other kinds, with the same vulgar or botani- 
 cal names. We shall thus find that, under the natural order euphorbiacse, 
 there are many sorts of very valuable roots, known by the common names of 
 Cassave, Yuca. Manioca, &c, usually reputed mere synonymes of each 
 other ; and by the botanical synonymes of Jatropha manihot, Janipha mani- 
 hot Manihot cannabinis, &c. It will also thus be ascertained, that botanists 
 frequently engage in very silly disputes, where, although eacl\may be right, 
 all mav be wrono- ; that in relation to the genera of the cassave, the ques- 
 tions have been as idle as would be the argument presented by a long- 
 turnip and a fiat radish, between persons believing them to be identical 
 roots • and that agriculturists would be infinitely more edified by a state- 
 ment of the facts, that the manioc of Cayenne requires fifteen months to 
 reach maturity, and that the Yuca of Yucatan ripens in half of the time I 
 The botanical errors of the notorious Humboldt, under the head of Agave 
 Americana alone, have occasioned incalculable damages to the world in gen- 
 eral, and to the United States in particular. Having seen the species with 
 that name, which has run wild in southern Europe, and furnishes hedges for 
 the inhabitants as far as Switzerland, it appears that he could not find any 
 other species of Agave in all tropical America ; and he has, therefore, propa- 
 gated the o-eneral opinion that it is the very same species as the Maguey, 
 which is cultivated on the cool mountains of Mexico, for the inebriating 
 juice of its undeveloped stalk, called Pulque, or Mexican wine; and as the 
 Henequen, which is cultivated in the hot plains of Yucatan, for the coarse 
 fibres of its developed leaves, called Sosquil, or Sisal hemp ; and as the Istle, 
 which is propagated in the shady forests of Goazacoalcos, for the fine fibres 
 of its long leaves, called Pita, or tropical flax ! 
 
 The subscriber has long furnished sufficient facts and arguments to satisfy 
 practical men, that the Isde does not belong even to the same genus ; and 
 that the Maguey de pulque, and the Henequen de sosquil are, at least, very 
 different species from the Agave Americana j but as botanical parrots still 
 repeat that the Agave sisalana of the subscriber is a mere variety of the 
 Ao-ave Americana of the books, he has great satisfaction in announcing to 
 the department that, by the flowering of a plant of the Yashqui, a kind of 
 Henequen, in its fifteenth year, he has acquired the power of demonstrating, 
 botanically, not merely that it is an entirely different species, but that its 
 fructification affords characters which may be sufficient to form an entirely 
 
37 [ 300 1 
 
 new genus. Either as a. new genus, as a new species, or as both, it will 
 perpetuate the name of any personage who may effectually promote its 
 domestication in the United States, with much more meritorious associations 
 than those which accompany the name of Bonapartea juncea, applied to a 
 useless plant of the same noble nalural family of Bromeliacese. As the 
 species called Agave Americana, is characterized by the spiny toothed edge 
 of its leaves, the absence of thorns on the edge of the leaves of the Yashqui, 
 is a specific difference, sufficient to distinguish one plant from the other 
 in all periods of their existence. But as botanists have also aggregated 
 specific characters, taken from the parts of fructification, although, by their 
 own rules, these should furnish generic characters alone, the subscriber is 
 obliged to follow them, to show that neither the generic nor specific char- 
 acters of the flowers and fruits of this Agave are found in those of the 
 Yashqui henequen. Suffice it to say, that, of this species of henequen, the 
 corrolla is bell-form ; its segments converging, and longer than the tube ; 
 the very long filaments are awl-shape, and inserted into the base of the seg- 
 ments, or near the top of the tube. The style is not half as long as the 
 stamens, and is even very little elevated above the segments of the corrolla, 
 when its three-lobed stigma receives the pollen from the bursting anthers ; 
 the corrolla, stamen, and style, continue all permanent on the germ, and the 
 germ itself becomes a cylindrical capsula, which, opening at the top in three 
 divisions, even splits the dried tube of the corrolla, still obstinately adhering 
 with its withered segment filaments and style. Details of the mode of 
 flowering, of the relative position of the abundant flowers, of the peduncles 
 and pedicels, of the subdivided branches and branchlets, and of the stately 
 stalk which sustains all, are not necessary for the objects of the present 
 communication. Even the bombastic baron has admitted, in his essay on 
 New Spain, that " in the Spanish colonies there are several species of 
 Maguey which deserve a careful examination ; of which several, on account 
 of the divisions of their corrolla, the length of their stamina, and the form 
 of their stigma, appear to belong to a different genus;" and he has, more- 
 over, confessed that " the plant cultivated for distillation, differs essentially 
 from the common Maguey de pulque," being smaller, and the leaves not so 
 glaucous, C1 but not having seen it in flower, I cannot pretend to judge of 
 the difference of the two species." Yet the same dogmatic German, in the 
 same pages, has unhesitatingly asserted that "the Magueys or metl, culti- 
 vated in Mexico, are numerous varieties of the Agave Americana, which has 
 become so common in our gardens, with yellow fasciculated and straight 
 leaves, and stamina twice as long as the pinking of the corrolla." Having 
 thus made the own pen of Humboldt convict him of gross misrepresentations 
 concerning the Agaves, and having established the important specific differ- 
 ences, if not the entire generic independence, of the very fibrous-leaved 
 Henequen, the subscriber begs the department to reflect attentively on the 
 single fact, that the very strong, light, elastic, durable, foliaceous fibres of 
 the Yashqui, extracted from the fresh leaves by simple scraping only, are 
 immediately converted into cheap cloth for bagging, &c, without spinning, 
 twisting, or any intermediate preparation, or any fabrication whatever! By 
 the quadruple properties united in the single, untwisted, foliaceous fibres 
 of Henequen, they become a superior substitute for the compound, twisted, 
 cortical fibres of hemp, in the manufacture of many coarse articles of 
 extensive consumption, hitherto woven of spun thread ; and will furnish 
 cheaper equivalents for baling, and envelopes in general, than any other 
 
[ 300 ] 38 
 
 kind of extracted fibres, or any other material which can be woven, netted ? 
 matted, or plaited ; excepting dried, undressed fibrous leaves ! Indeed, they 
 are here used instead of hair, for the construction of sieves ; instead of withes 
 for baskets; instead of leather and wood, for valises and trunks; and even 
 as curious substitutes for glass and clay, in the shape of bottles, and bowls, 
 and cups and saucers ; and hence it may be confidently anticipated that, 
 in the United States they will, ere long, be converted into innumerable 
 forms of ornament and utility, which, combining the advantages of cheap- 
 ness, strength, lightness, elasticity, and durability, will become superior 
 substitutes for similar articles of manufacture at present made from many 
 different materials. The subscriber respectfully reminds the department, 
 that, although the Yashqui species of Henequen yields the best quality of 
 foliaceous fibres, the Sacqui yields the greatest quantity ; and that, although 
 these are the most celebrated species in cultivation, there are several other 
 species, wild in the woods and plains of Yucatan, which merit to be trans- 
 ported also to Cape Florida. He, therefore, further suggests that great pains 
 should be taken in selecting the very best individuals of the very best 
 varieties of each species, on account of either the quality or quantity of 
 their fibres, or the soils or situations which they especially prefer, although 
 they grow well in all. 
 
 Ten thousand of superior individuals of the superior varieties of the 
 cultivated species of Sacqui and of Yashqui, and one hundred each of the 
 peculiar varieties of the wild species of Chelem, Cahum, Chulul-qui, &c, 
 would form a more valuable cargo than has ever yet been transported to 
 the United States, even admitting that the fibres should never be devoted 
 to any other use than to the manufacture of paper alone. By a letter of 
 the 5th instant, from the Senr. Don Jose M. Peon, a legitimate representa- 
 tive to Congress from this State, remaining in Mexico, the subscriber is 
 reassured that a manufactory of the paper of Maguey exists in the village 
 of San Angel, three leagues from the capital ; and that in consequence of 
 it, another paper mill is about to be established in the city of Puebla. The 
 collector of this port, who brought with him a ream of Maguey paper from 
 the city of Mexico, states that by special decree of Congress, this paper, 
 made of foliaceous fibres, is ordered to be used for the record of laws, and 
 all official transactions of the members of Government. As, however, the 
 best species of Maguey are very inferior to the worst species of Henequen, 
 both in the quality and quantity of their foliaceous fibres, how much 
 cheaper and better will be the paper ol Henequen ! And as the manufacture 
 of Maguey paper is especially encouraged by the Government of a country 
 in which ninety-nine out of every hundred adults cannot even spell their 
 names, how much more greatly should the manufacture of Henequen paper 
 be promoted by the Government of a country where ninety-nine out of 
 every hundred children can both read and write. As the unextracted foli- 
 aceous fibres of Henequen may be profitably produced, at half a cent per 
 pound, and as the succulent parenchyma which envelopes them, will even 
 aid their conversion into paper, it may be manufactured from the fresh, 
 fleshy fibrous leaves, at so small a price, that Henequen paper may become 
 as important an auxiliary to the progress of popular education as the 
 printing press itself! Contemplating, then, the importance of the unex- 
 tracted fibres of the Henequen for cheap paper; of the untwisted fibres for 
 cheap peculiar manufactures, and of the twisted fibres for cheap cordage 
 and canvass, the subscriber repeats, in the language of one section of his 
 
39 [ 300 ] 
 
 rrfambrial to Congress, on the 6th of February, 1832, " That in the opinion 
 of your memorialist, the domestication of the species of a single genus of 
 tropical plants, will cause a great revolution in the agriculture of the 
 southern States, which will not only effectually relieve their present embar- 
 rassments, but will also give a productive value to their ruined fields and 
 most sterile districts ; and that the extensive cultivation of a single species, 
 the Agave sisalana alone, will furnish a profitable staple to the planters of 
 the south, and a cheap material to the manufacturers of the north, which 
 will supply many wants of our merchants' vessels, our navy, and our citi- 
 zens in general ; augment our coasting trade, and our foreign commerce, 
 and thus contribute greatly to the prosperity and perpetuity of the Union." 
 As the precited Hon. J. M. Peon has forwarded to the subscriber a selected 
 specimen of the best fibres of the Maguey of upland Mexico, the subscriber 
 now transmits it, with an unselected sample of the ordinary fibres of the 
 Henequen of lowland Yucatan, for the attentive comparison of the depart- 
 ment; adverting that the Maguey fibres are extracted from leaves previously 
 roasted under ground by tedious and troublesome operations ; while the 
 Henequen fibres are obtained from fresh leaves by simple scraping only ; 
 and to demonstrate the facility of the latter process, with the abundance of 
 the foliaceous fibres, he will also send some fresh leaves of Yashqui and 
 Sacqui, each having two-thirds of their length thus freed from the pulpy 
 parenchyma, although the unscraped succulent extremities will doubtless 
 mould on their way to Washington. The subscriber now entertains the 
 respectful hope that the arguments and facts presented by his numerous 
 communications in favor of the propagation of the fibrous- leaved henequens 
 in particular, and of fibrous-leaved plants in general, throughout the poorest 
 districts of Florida and our southern States, will be considered sufficiently 
 important to merit that both the Executive and Legislative Departments of 
 Government should immediately extend effective encouragement to the 
 production of foliaceous fibres in the United States. As the last compromis- 
 ing tariff has even cut off the incidental encouragement which a revenue 
 duty would afford to the cultivation of exotic plants, the subscriber cannot 
 doubt that the Executive Department alone will now effectually promote 
 the objects of the unrevoked Treasury circular of the 6th September, 1827, 
 so far, at least, as to instruct our naval vessels to carry hereafter, direct to 
 tropical Florida, all such tropical plants as have heretofore perished in the 
 extra tropical ports to which they were conveyed. As the services and sug- 
 gestions of the subscriber, in behalf of the domestication of tropical plants, 
 should entitle him to small favor, though great distinction, of a special act 
 of sale of thirty-six sections of land in tropical Florida, to ensure merely 
 the right and safety of location for himself and associates, in the propaga- 
 tion of productive plants, he is respectfully disposed to believe that even 
 the Department of State itself may promote the modification and passage 
 of bill 555, of 26th of April, 1832, during the actual short session of Con- 
 gress. As Dr. Ramon de la Sagra, professor of the botanical garden, and 
 director of the pattern plantation, near Havana, continues to promise all 
 the useful plants under his care, to promote the " utilisimo proyecto" of the 
 subscriber, an acclimating nursery in tropical Florida may be immediately 
 established, with all the fruits of many years, much money, and more trouble 
 destined by royal bounty to fill the acclimating nurseries of Spain alone. 
 As E. Rosseau, Esq., secretary of the Agricultural Society of New Orleans, 
 has written to the subscriber that his various " lengthy and most interest- 
 
[ 300 ] 40 
 
 ing communications," with the printed documents annexed, have received 
 an "attentive perusal," and were referred to a special committee, to repeat 
 the subject at the next meeting ; and that " the board appears very favorably 
 inclined towards meeting his views," it may be inferred that this patriotic 
 association will also aid the establishment of an acclimating nursery, in 
 which tropical plants may profitably rest on their route to Louisiana. 
 
 As the extraction, transportation, and transplantation of living plants are 
 most easily and successfully effected during the months immediately pre- 
 ceding the wet season ; as the immense geometrical progression of vegeta- 
 ble reproduction in tropical climates, renders a single year of incalculable 
 importance in the growth of a distributing nursery ; and as the health of 
 the subscriber is gradually improving with the progress of the dry season, 
 and of reviving hope, he is disposed to devote all his remaining funds to- 
 wards the extraction of all the valuable vegetables, both native and exotic, 
 of tropical Mexico and Cuba, &c, to their transplantation in tropical Flor- 
 ida ; and, therefore, if, by the 4th of March next, Congress shall merely 
 determine to grant him a safe title to a single section of land, and the Navy 
 Department shall decide to loan him a safe conveyance of a single cargo 
 of plants, the ensuing summer will witness the growing foundation of the 
 most important establishment ever projected by a humble citizen of the 
 United States, to promote the agricultural prosperity of his country. The 
 successful progress of an individual collection of tropical plants, will pro- 
 bably excite the speedy formation of a great national acclimating nursery, 
 through which maybe domesticated in the United States of America, not 
 only the united vegetables of America, but, also, all the productive plants 
 of the world ; and, having always afforded a generous asylum to the op- 
 pressed natives of all nations, we shall then furnish to the individuals of 
 each, the heartfelt gratification experienced by the Otaheitean at the sight 
 of a banana plant in the gardens of Paris, who rushed forward to embrace 
 it, with tears in his eyes, exclaiming:, " tree of my country !" 
 
 HENRY PERRINE. 
 
 To the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of 
 America in Congress assembled : 
 
 The memorial of Henry Perrine, Doctor of Medicine, &c, and late Ameri- 
 can Consul at Campeachy, in Yucatan, 
 
 Respectfully showeth : 
 
 1. That, on the 6th day of February, 1S32, your memorialist, respect- 
 fully directed, from the city of New York, to your honorable assembly, a 
 memorial in favor of the immediate domestication of tropical plants in 
 southern Florida, which resulted in the printed pamphlets of the 1st ses- 
 sion of the 22d Congress, headed Doc. 198, Rep. No. 454, and H. R. 555, 
 a bill to encourage the introduction and promote the cultivation of tropical 
 plants in the United Slates. 
 
 2. The said bill, conveying to your memorialist and his associates a 
 township of land, on the condition that every section should be forfeited if 
 at least one-fourth thereof should not be occupied and successfully cult 
 
41 [300] 
 
 valed in tropical and other exotic plants, within Jive years, was reported 
 on the 26th day of April, 1832, " read twice, and committed to a Commit- 
 tee of the Whole House to-morrow ;" that, as that period had not arrived 
 on the 29th Decemher, 1S34, your memorialist respectfully directed from 
 the city of Campeachy a supplementary memorial, to solicit that said bill 
 might become a law, with such modifications as the wisdom and justice of 
 that Congress should suggest ; and that, as said supplementary memorial 
 was not, apparently, ever presented, your memorialist has come to this city 
 of Washington, with the hope of attracting the attention of Congress to 
 the most important enterprise ever proposed by a humble citizen of the 
 United States to promote the prosperity of his country. 
 
 3. That, to avoid all unnecessary occupation of the time or attention of 
 either House during the present short session of Congress, your memori- 
 alist most respectfully solicits that his petition may be referred to the Com- 
 mittee on Agriculture, before whom he can appear with specimens of tro- 
 pical plants, accompanied with documents and details to prove the merits 
 of his claims, and the importance of his enterprise to the peace, population, 
 prosperity, and permanency of the Union. 
 
 And your memorialist, &c. 
 
 HENRY PERRINE. 
 
 Washington, D. C, Septembers, 1837. 
 
 Extract of a letter to General Jesup from the Secretary of War, dated 
 
 July 25, 1837. 
 
 " It is true that the Seminoles dwell in an inhospitable and deadly cli- 
 mate, and occupy inaccessible swamps and morasses, which are not sus- 
 ceptible of cultivation or improvement by the whites." — Globe, March 
 16,1838. 
 
 Extract of a letter from General Jesup to the Secretary of War, dated 
 Fort Jupiter, February 11, 1838. 
 
 " My decided opinion is that, unless immediate emigration be abandoned, 
 the war will continue for years to come, and at constantly accumulating 
 expense. Is it not, then, well worthy the serious consideration of an en- 
 lightened Government, whether, even if the wilderness we are traversing 
 could be inhabited by the white man, (which is not the fact,) the object we 
 are contending for would be worth the cost 1 I certainly do not think it 
 would ; indeed, I do not consider the country south of Chickasa-hatch 
 worth the medicines we shall expend in driving the Indians from it." — 
 Globe, March 16, 1838. 
 
DOCUMENT No. 3. 
 
 METEOROLOGICAL TABLES 
 
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 fall of rain. 
 
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 [ 300] 
 
 TEMPERATURE IN SANTA CRUZ. 
 
 
 
 er5 
 
 <5 
 
 
 3 
 
 S 
 
 % 
 
 > a 
 c 
 
 
 Date. 
 
 <t< 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 P"»\j3 
 
 
 
 
 < 
 
 
 oj 
 
 eu 
 
 Ph" 
 
 CB -r- 
 
 
 
 to 
 
 OS 
 
 i-H 
 
 80 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 OS 
 
 P M 
 
 1S36, 
 
 December 7 
 
 78 
 
 79 
 
 79 
 
 77 
 
 77 
 
 3 
 
 
 8 
 
 76 
 
 79 
 
 80 
 
 80 
 
 77i 
 
 78 
 
 4 
 
 
 9 
 
 m 
 
 7~oh 
 761 
 
 n\ 
 
 76 
 
 75" 
 
 75 
 
 1 
 
 
 10 
 
 73f 
 
 7% 
 
 79 
 
 77^ 
 
 761 
 
 fil 
 
 °4 
 
 
 11 
 
 74 
 
 78 
 
 78 
 
 76f 
 
 76| 
 
 76} 
 
 4 
 
 
 12 
 
 75 
 
 75 
 
 79 
 
 79 
 
 77 
 
 76 
 
 4 
 
 
 13 
 
 721 
 
 76 
 
 771- 
 
 76 
 
 76 
 
 75^ 
 
 5 
 
 
 14 
 
 74 
 
 76 
 
 76 
 
 761 
 
 74 
 
 75" 
 
 a* 
 
 
 15 
 
 73 
 
 76 
 
 781 
 
 78|- 
 
 761 
 
 75 
 
 5* 
 
 
 16 
 
 73 
 
 78 
 
 801 
 
 80 
 
 77" 
 
 76J 
 
 7i 
 
 
 17 
 
 75 
 
 78 
 
 801 
 
 80 
 
 78 
 
 77 
 
 
 
 18 
 
 78 
 
 79 
 
 81} 
 
 80 
 
 771 
 
 76| 
 
 3j 
 
 
 19 
 
 76 
 
 771 
 
 79 
 
 791 
 
 771 
 
 78 
 
 3| 
 
 
 20 
 
 75 
 
 76i 
 
 79 
 
 79| 
 
 77 - 
 
 761 
 
 4* 
 
 
 21 
 
 75 
 
 77 ~ 
 
 80 
 
 79h 
 
 77 
 
 76 
 
 5 
 
 
 22 
 
 75£ 
 
 77 
 
 78i 
 
 78} 
 
 76 
 
 74^ 
 
 4 
 
 
 23 
 
 72 
 
 76 
 
 78 
 
 76i 
 
 74 
 
 741 
 
 6 
 
 
 24 
 
 731 
 
 76* 
 
 78 
 
 773 
 
 1 4 
 
 76 
 
 n\ 
 
 *k 
 
 
 25 
 
 73 
 
 7(31 
 
 761 
 
 76 
 
 731 
 
 73 
 
 3i 
 
 
 26 
 
 73 
 
 7B§ 
 
 77\ 
 
 76 
 
 74 
 
 73 
 
 41 
 
 
 27 
 
 73 
 
 74 
 
 7U 
 
 76 
 
 75 
 
 74 
 
 3 
 
 
 28 
 
 73 
 
 76 
 
 78 
 
 77 
 
 751 
 
 74 
 
 5 
 
 
 29 
 
 72 
 
 741 
 
 76 
 
 77\ 
 
 761 
 
 74 
 
 5* 
 
 
 30 
 
 70 
 
 73" 
 
 75 
 
 761 
 
 74" 
 
 73 
 
 6* 
 
 
 31 
 
 731 
 
 75 
 
 761 
 
 76| 
 
 75 
 
 74 
 
 3i 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 Extremes of temperature in twenty-six days, 70 and 8H. 
 
 Greatest variation on any day, 7J degrees. The least variation on any day, 1 degree. 
 
 The mean temperature of this month, 75f degrees. 
 
 Frequent small showers fell during this month, but no one which continued longer than 
 from five to ten minutes. These showers came with short premonition of their approach; 
 and great care was required, while taking a ride or drive, not to be wet by them. 
 
 NOTE BY H. P. 
 
 For the temperature of Indian Key in December, 1836, and January, 1837, see the meteor- 
 ological register annexed to the report of the Committee on Agriculture of the House of 
 Representatives, No. 564, February 17, 1838. By comparing the weather at Indian Key and 
 Santa Cruz, during the same five months, from 7th of December, 1836, to 7th of May, 1837, 
 the superiority of Indian Key will be clearly seen, especially in the absence of frequent 
 shower$ during the winter months. 
 
r 300 ] 58 
 
 TEMPERATURE IN SANTA CRUZ. 
 
 
 Date. 
 
 2 
 
 ■< 
 
 g 
 
 
 s 
 
 § 
 
 4 
 
 > a 
 
 
 
 
 < 
 
 
 Cm 
 
 PU 
 
 P4 
 
 ■?.s 
 
 
 
 •hIc* 
 
 
 oi 
 
 
 
 
 Q C 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 Oi 
 
 i— 1 
 
 CO 
 
 761 
 
 o 
 
 OS 
 
 1837, 
 
 January |l 
 
 "i 
 
 741 
 
 77 
 
 74 
 
 73 
 
 6* 
 
 
 2 
 
 72 
 
 74£ 
 
 78 
 
 78 
 
 76 
 
 75 
 
 6 
 
 
 3 
 
 76 
 
 76| 
 
 80 
 
 80^ 
 
 78 
 
 78 
 
 H 
 
 
 4 
 
 74 
 
 75 
 
 75i- 
 
 76* 
 
 76 
 
 76 
 
 2 i 
 
 
 5 
 
 761 
 
 771 
 
 80" 
 
 80 
 
 78f 
 
 77h 
 
 si 
 
 
 6 
 
 76" 
 
 78£ 
 
 80i 
 
 SI 
 
 79 
 
 78 
 
 5 
 
 
 7 
 
 76 
 
 79 
 
 80 
 
 81 
 
 79 
 
 77 
 
 , 5 
 
 
 8 
 
 76 
 
 75 
 
 761 
 
 78 
 
 78 
 
 77 
 
 3 
 
 
 9 
 
 74 
 
 77 
 
 80" 
 
 78 
 
 78 
 
 75i 
 
 6 
 
 
 10 
 
 74 
 
 77 
 
 801 
 
 79 
 
 771 
 
 76" 
 
 5 
 
 
 11 
 
 74 
 
 78h 
 
 80 
 
 781 
 
 76 
 
 751 
 
 • •-'4 
 
 6 
 
 
 12 
 
 75 
 
 77" 
 
 781 
 
 78* 
 
 76| 
 
 76 
 
 3* 
 
 
 13 
 
 74 
 
 TT\ 
 
 78£ 
 
 78£ 
 
 76 
 
 75 
 
 4A 
 
 
 14 
 
 74 
 
 77 
 
 78 
 
 781 
 
 75 
 
 741 
 
 4i 
 
 
 15 
 
 74 
 
 78 
 
 78^ 
 
 781 
 
 781 
 
 77" 
 
 H 
 
 
 16 
 
 73* 
 
 771 
 
 771 
 
 771 
 
 76" 
 
 75 
 
 4 
 
 
 17 
 
 73 
 
 77£ 
 
 79 
 
 79 
 
 76 
 
 75 
 
 6 
 
 
 18 
 
 74 
 
 78" 
 
 78 
 
 78 
 
 77 
 
 76^ 
 
 4 
 
 
 19 
 
 74 
 
 80 
 
 80^ 
 
 79i 
 
 79 
 
 78 
 
 6i 
 
 
 20 
 
 75 
 
 79 
 
 SO 
 
 80 
 
 78 
 
 76 
 
 5 
 
 
 21 
 
 74| 
 
 79 
 
 80 
 
 79 
 
 78 
 
 76 
 
 RJ 
 
 
 22 
 
 73 
 
 78 
 
 801 
 
 80i 
 
 80 
 
 76 
 
 7i 
 
 
 23 
 
 73 
 
 76 
 
 77 
 
 80" 
 
 78 
 
 76 
 
 7 
 
 
 24 
 
 76 
 
 79 
 
 801 
 
 80 
 
 78 
 
 76 
 
 4£ 
 
 
 25 
 
 76 
 
 77 
 
 m 
 
 78 
 
 761 
 
 76 
 
 21 
 
 
 26 
 
 75£ 
 
 77 
 
 801 
 
 79f 
 
 77 
 
 76 
 
 5 
 
 
 27 
 
 76 
 
 78 
 
 801 
 
 80 
 
 76 
 
 761 
 
 4^ 
 
 
 28 
 
 751 
 
 77 
 
 77i 
 
 77 
 
 76 
 
 751 
 
 2 
 
 
 29 
 
 741 
 
 77 
 
 80} 
 
 79< 
 
 78 
 
 78" 
 
 61 
 
 
 30 
 
 76 
 
 781 
 
 Blf 
 
 80 
 
 77 
 
 78 
 
 5J 
 
 
 31 
 
 76 
 
 78 
 
 81 
 
 801 
 
 77 
 
 76 
 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 The extremes of temperature this month were 7H and 81|. 
 
 The greatest variation of temperature on any day was 7J degrees. The smallest variation 
 on any day was 2£ degrees. 
 
 The mean temperature of the month was 76. 
 
 Frequent small showers occurred in this, as in the preceding month, but with less frequency 
 at its close. 
 
 1 passed the months of December and January at Frederickstced, or West End. During 
 that time, I lived in No. 10 Strand street, and my thermometer was suspended in the coolest 
 part of the hall of that house. The house fronts west, and is open also to the east; and has a 
 constant draught through its hall whenever the wind is favorable to a passage through it. 
 
59 
 
 [300] 
 
 TEMPERATURE IN SANTA CRUZ. 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 S 
 
 
 a 
 
 £ 
 
 S 
 
 > c 
 
 . o 
 
 
 Date. 
 
 < 
 
 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 i»ve 
 
 
 
 < 
 
 
 p^ 
 
 pu 
 
 Ph 
 
 "S-c 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 OS 
 
 79^ 
 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 os 
 
 Q * 
 
 1837, 
 
 February 1 
 
 77 
 
 82 
 
 m 
 
 764 
 
 76 
 
 6 
 
 
 2 
 
 741 
 
 78 
 
 81 
 
 79 
 
 76£ 
 
 76 
 
 6 4 
 
 
 3 
 
 75 
 
 78 
 
 81 
 
 791 
 
 76 
 
 76 
 
 6 
 
 
 4 
 
 751 
 
 77 
 
 77\ 
 
 79 
 
 76 
 
 76 
 
 3i 
 
 
 5 
 
 74 w 
 
 771 
 
 78" 
 
 79 
 
 76 
 
 76 
 
 5 
 
 
 6 
 
 741 
 
 78 
 
 81 
 
 80^ 
 
 78 
 
 76 
 
 6 
 
 
 7 
 
 74 - 
 
 77 
 
 80 
 
 79 
 
 78 
 
 76 
 
 6 
 
 
 8 
 
 74£ 
 
 77\ 
 
 80 
 
 77\ 
 
 77\ 
 
 74 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 741 
 
 78 
 
 81 
 
 80 
 
 78 
 
 76£ 
 
 6| 
 
 
 10 
 
 751 
 
 781 
 
 81* 
 
 81 
 
 78 
 
 76 
 
 6 
 
 
 11 
 
 75 
 
 77 
 
 80 
 
 78 
 
 76 
 
 75 
 
 5 
 
 
 12 
 
 74 
 
 78 
 
 81} 
 
 79 
 
 77$ 
 
 76 
 
 04 
 
 
 13 
 
 75 
 
 78A 
 
 81 
 
 81 
 
 78 
 
 75^ 
 
 6 
 
 
 14 
 
 75^ 
 
 76 S 
 
 79 
 
 7-41 
 
 74 
 
 73 
 
 3| 
 
 
 15 
 
 74 
 
 76 
 
 79 
 
 76 
 
 751 
 
 76 
 
 5 
 
 
 16 
 
 741 
 
 78 
 
 79 
 
 781 
 
 75 
 
 75 
 
 1* 
 
 
 17 
 
 76~ 
 
 78 
 
 80 
 
 80 
 
 77 
 
 76 
 
 4 
 
 
 18 
 
 751 
 
 78 
 
 801 
 
 79 
 
 77 
 
 75 
 
 4| 
 
 
 19 
 
 74 
 
 79 
 
 79 
 
 781 
 
 74 
 
 731 
 
 5 
 
 
 20 
 
 74 
 
 77\ 
 
 79 
 
 79 
 
 77 
 
 74' 
 
 5 
 
 
 21 
 
 74 
 
 731 
 
 761 
 
 76 
 
 77 
 
 75 
 
 3 
 
 
 22 
 
 73 
 
 75 
 
 79 
 
 791 
 
 76 
 
 74 
 
 6} 
 
 
 23 
 
 73 
 
 79 
 
 8()i 
 
 80 
 
 76 
 
 76 
 
 71 
 
 
 24 
 
 73J- 
 
 76 
 
 80 
 
 81 
 
 761 
 
 75 
 
 7i 
 
 
 25 
 
 73£ 
 
 791 
 
 811 
 
 78 
 
 76 
 
 751 
 
 8" 
 
 
 26 
 
 74 
 
 79 
 
 $H 
 
 82 
 
 761 
 
 75 
 
 8 
 
 
 27 
 
 74 
 
 78 
 
 80 
 
 781 
 
 76" 
 
 75 
 
 6 
 
 
 28 
 
 74 
 
 771 
 
 80 
 
 77^ 
 
 76 
 
 74 
 
 6 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 On the first day of this month I removed to Bassin, the eastern town of this island; and, 
 till the 22d of the month, lived in a house there upon elevated ground. I thought the air ol 
 Bassin drier, and more grateful to the feelings, than that of West End. On the 33d I re- 
 moved to the Pearl estate, a bleak and almost altogether comfortless situation. There I re- 
 mained three weeks, and in that time lost more strength than 1 had gained in the preceding 
 six or eight weeks. 
 
 The extremes of temperature this month were 73 and 82. 
 
 The greatest variation of temperature on any day was 8 degrees. The smallest was 3 de- 
 grees. 
 
 The mean temperature of the month was 77£ degrees. 
 
 There were two short but heavy showers in this month; one on the 8th, and the other on 
 the 1 l.h. Otherwise the weather was clear and very beautiful. 
 
[ 300 ] 60 
 
 TEMPERATURE IN SANTA CRUZ. 
 
 Di 
 
 Ue. 
 
 
 < 
 
 i— i 
 
 5 
 
 cu 
 
 CO 
 
 3 
 Pu 
 
 OS 
 
 «3 . 
 
 1837, March 1 
 
 74 
 
 80 
 
 801 
 
 80 
 
 77 
 
 75 
 
 6|- 
 
 
 2 
 
 74 
 
 76| 
 
 79" 
 
 78 
 
 754 
 
 74 
 
 5 
 
 
 3 
 
 72 
 
 77^ 
 
 80 
 
 79! 
 
 75" 
 
 74 
 
 8 
 
 
 4 
 
 73 
 
 78| 
 
 80 
 
 79} 
 
 76 
 
 74 
 
 7 
 
 
 5 
 
 72| 
 
 78! 
 
 80 
 
 80 
 
 76 
 
 75 
 
 ^i 
 
 
 6 
 
 73 
 
 75 
 
 79 
 
 79 
 
 76 
 
 74 
 
 6 
 
 
 7 
 S 
 
 71 
 
 70 
 
 75 
 
 74 
 
 77 1 
 
 77 
 
 76^ 
 76 
 
 73! 
 
 73! 
 
 724 
 72 
 
 7 
 
 
 9 
 
 681 
 
 74 
 
 78 
 
 77 
 
 75 
 
 72 
 
 9£ 
 
 
 10 
 
 71 
 
 74 
 
 77 
 
 76 
 
 74 
 
 74 
 
 6 
 
 
 11 
 
 72 
 
 77 
 
 771- 
 
 SO 
 
 76 
 
 74 
 
 8 
 
 
 12 
 
 72 
 
 75 
 
 77" 
 
 77! 
 
 75 
 
 74 
 
 5| 
 
 
 13 
 
 7H 
 
 75 
 
 79 
 
 78 
 
 74 
 
 73 
 
 4 
 
 
 14 
 
 71| 
 
 74 
 
 741 
 
 75 
 
 74 
 
 74 
 
 3| 
 
 
 15 
 
 74 
 
 76 
 
 77" 
 
 78 
 
 76 
 
 75 
 
 4 
 
 
 16 
 
 74 
 
 75 
 
 76 
 
 77 
 
 76 
 
 744 
 
 3 
 
 
 17 
 
 74 
 
 78 
 
 801 
 
 80 
 
 78 
 
 76" 
 
 64 
 
 
 IS 
 
 76 
 
 79 
 
 79" 
 
 78! 
 
 77 
 
 76 
 
 3 
 
 
 19 
 
 74 
 
 76 
 
 76^ 
 
 76} 
 
 75 
 
 75 
 
 21 
 
 
 20 
 
 75 
 
 75! 
 
 76 
 
 77" 
 
 76 
 
 75 
 
 2 
 
 
 21 
 
 74 
 
 76 
 
 m 
 
 791 
 
 75 
 
 74 
 
 D 5 
 
 
 22 
 
 74 
 
 76 
 
 79 
 
 7S 
 
 75 
 
 73 
 
 6 
 
 
 23 
 
 70| 
 
 77 
 
 77 
 
 76 
 
 744 
 
 74 
 
 6! 
 
 
 24 
 
 m 
 
 78 
 
 82 
 
 7S1 
 
 76 
 
 74 
 
 144 
 
 
 25 
 
 72 
 
 77 
 
 80 
 
 78" 
 
 76 
 
 7*k 
 
 8 
 
 
 26 
 
 74 
 
 78 
 
 78 
 
 78 
 
 75! 
 
 74 
 
 4 
 
 
 27 
 
 734 
 
 79i 
 
 79 
 
 784 
 
 764 
 
 76 
 
 51 
 
 
 28 
 
 76" 
 
 8o" 
 
 82 
 
 SlJ 
 
 77" 
 
 77 
 
 6" 
 
 
 29 
 
 77 
 
 82 
 
 844 
 
 S34 
 
 80 
 
 79 
 
 7 1 
 
 
 30 
 
 79 
 
 80 
 
 84" 
 
 78" 
 
 76! 
 
 75 
 
 9 
 
 
 31 
 
 75! 
 
 76 
 
 77 
 
 77 
 
 75 
 
 74 
 
 o 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 A cold northerlv wind prevailed from about the 7th to the 21st of this month. On the 30th 
 there was a heavy rain, which continued to fad for three hours. Perhaps not a sixth part so 
 much had fallen in the preceding four months. 
 
 On the 14th of this month I returned to the house, in Bassin, which I had left three weeks 
 before. 
 
 The extremes of temperature this month were C>~$ and 84£. 
 
 The greatest variation of temperature on any day was 14* degrees. The smallest variation 
 was 2 degrees. 
 
 The mean temperature of the month was 7!. 
 
61 
 
 [ 300 
 
 TEMPERATURE IN SANTA CRUZ. 
 
 Date. 
 
 1837, April 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 18 
 
 19 
 
 20 
 
 21 
 
 22 
 
 23 
 
 24 
 
 25 
 
 26 
 
 27 
 
 28 
 
 29 
 
 30 
 
 to 
 
 74 
 76 
 75* 
 7p 
 
 78 
 
 77 
 
 761 
 
 77 
 
 791 
 
 78 
 
 77* 
 
 78 
 
 76 
 
 77 
 
 78 
 
 79* 
 
 78 
 
 78* 
 
 78 
 
 77 
 
 77 
 
 78* 
 
 77 
 
 784 
 
 79} 
 
 76 
 
 78 
 
 78 
 
 77 
 
 76* 
 
 C?5 
 
 77* 
 
 79 
 
 79* 
 
 781 
 
 83 
 
 78 
 
 79 
 
 79 
 
 80 
 
 81* 
 
 80 
 79 
 
 82 
 
 83 
 
 81* 
 
 80 
 
 81* 
 
 80 
 
 82 
 
 79* 
 
 81 
 
 80 
 
 81 
 
 83i 
 
 82 
 
 83 
 
 81 
 
 79i 
 
 80" 
 
 <N 
 
 78 
 
 78 
 
 81 
 
 80 
 
 85 
 
 78 
 
 80 
 
 81 
 
 84 
 
 83 
 
 81 
 
 80 
 
 78 
 
 82 
 
 84 
 
 84 
 
 83* 
 
 83* 
 
 82 
 
 83 
 
 80 
 
 80 
 
 80 
 
 81 
 
 83 
 
 83* 
 
 84 
 
 84 
 
 80 
 
 S4 
 
 CO 
 
 77 
 
 78 
 
 79 
 
 80 
 
 85 
 
 81 
 
 79 
 
 83 
 
 85 
 
 83 
 
 80 
 
 80 
 
 79 
 
 82* 
 
 83 
 
 84 
 
 81* 
 
 82 
 
 82 
 
 81 
 
 79 
 
 80 
 
 80 
 
 80 
 
 83 
 
 82 
 
 83 
 
 82 
 
 80 
 
 82 
 
 SO 
 
 74 
 
 76* 
 
 76* 
 
 77 
 
 80 
 
 78h 
 
 78^ 
 
 79 
 
 80 
 
 81 
 
 78 
 
 78* 
 
 78 
 
 80* 
 
 81 
 
 81 
 
 80 
 
 80 
 
 80 
 
 80 
 
 79* 
 
 79 
 
 79 
 
 80h 
 
 80" 
 
 80 
 
 81 
 
 78 
 
 79 
 
 80 
 
 P- 
 
 73 
 
 7AI 
 
 75" 
 76 
 
 76* 
 
 77 
 
 78 
 
 78 
 
 79 
 
 78 
 
 78* 
 
 77 
 
 78* 
 
 79* 
 
 79 
 
 79 
 
 79 
 
 78 
 
 78 
 
 80 
 
 78 
 
 78 
 
 78* 
 
 77 
 
 78 
 
 78* 
 
 79* 
 
 78* 
 
 77 
 
 
 4* 
 6 
 
 4* 
 
 7 
 
 4* 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 5 
 
 3* 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 5 
 
 6 
 3 
 3 
 3 
 
 21 
 6 
 
 n 
 
 6 
 6 
 3 
 
 71 
 
 NOTES, 
 
 On the 25th of this month I left Eassin, and returned to West End. At the time of leaving 
 Bassin, the country around it had the appearance of almost uttter sterility. The canes were 
 yellow from exhaustion of their moisture, the grass was nearly burnt up, and a number of 
 cattle had died from want of water. At West End we found a beautiful verdure, for frequent 
 small showers had fallen there. But (he air had become unelastic, and we all withered under 
 its influence. 
 
 The extremes of temperature this month were 73 and 85. 
 
 The greatest variation of temperature on any day was 74. The least variation, 2, 
 
 The mean temperature of this month was 76; 
 
300 ] 62 
 
 TEMPERATURE IN SANTA CRU2, 
 
 Date. 
 
 
 <5 
 
 M 
 
 
 m 
 
 S 
 
 m 
 
 ■ 
 
 > s 
 
 
 
 
 <3 
 
 
 & 
 
 o* 
 
 P* 
 
 IS .2 
 
 
 
 Hn 
 
 
 (M 
 
 
 
 
 Q M 
 
 
 
 «£> 
 
 O 
 
 r-l 
 
 CO 
 
 «o 
 
 O 
 
 1837, May 
 
 1 
 
 78 
 
 82 
 
 84 
 
 82 
 
 79 
 
 78 
 
 6 
 
 
 2 
 
 77 
 
 82 
 
 84 
 
 8U 
 
 79 
 
 m 
 
 7 
 
 
 3 
 
 78 
 
 81 
 
 82 
 
 Sl£ 
 
 80 
 
 77 
 
 5 
 
 
 4 
 
 78 
 
 81 
 
 82 
 
 81 
 
 79 
 
 77 
 
 5 
 
 
 5 
 
 76 
 
 84 
 
 85 
 
 83i 
 
 80 
 
 78 
 
 9 
 
 
 6 
 
 76 
 
 82 
 
 82 
 
 82 
 
 80 
 
 77 
 
 6 
 
 
 7 
 
 76 
 
 82 
 
 83 
 
 82 
 
 79 
 
 77 
 
 7 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 The extremes of temperature in the first week in May were 76 and 85. 
 
 The greatest variation of temperature on any day was 9, and the least variation 5 degrees 
 
 The mean temperature of this week was 80J. 
 
 Mean temperature of Havana, during every month for five years, from 
 1825 to 1829, inclusive ; and mean temperature of Key West, during 
 every month of six years, from 1830 to 1836, inclusive. 
 
 The tables from which the first column is taken, were kept by Doctor 
 Ramon de la Sagra, professor in the Royal Botanical garden and director 
 of the pattern plantation near Havana. 
 
 The tables from which the second column is taken, were kept by Wm. 
 A. Whitehead, esquire, collector of the customs at Key West, and are pub- 
 lished in the American Almanac, for 1838. 
 
 Months. 
 
 Mean at 
 Havana. 
 
 Mean at 
 Key West. 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 January - 
 
 February - 
 
 March 
 
 April 
 
 May 
 
 June 
 
 July 
 
 August 
 
 September 
 
 October 
 
 November 
 
 December - 
 
 71.94 
 75.32 
 77.88 
 77.19 
 78.13 
 81.75 
 81.62 
 80.72 
 80.67 
 79.30 
 75.21 
 72.37 
 
 69.725 
 70.502 
 73.245 
 75.880 
 79.436 
 81.578 
 82.642 
 82.760 
 81.304 
 77.057 
 74.680 
 70.650 
 
 At Key West the means of 1830-'l-'2, were 
 made from three daily observations of a 
 common thermometer ; but those of 1834- 
 '5-'6, were from maximum and minimum 
 observations by a self registering thermom- 
 eter. Hence the mean temperature, thus 
 deduced, although the fairest method, is not 
 calculated to make as favorable a show in 
 comparison with that of Havana, made out 
 in the usual way. Nevertheless, it is seen 
 that the climate of Key West is, at the least, 
 equally uniform in its temperature. The 
 greatest heat and cold, at Key West, were 
 in 1836 as follows: 
 
 August 15, maximum 89i°, minimum' 80°. 
 January 29, maximum 63i°, minimum 44°. 
 
 Mean of years 
 
 77.67 
 
 76.622 
 
63 
 
 [ 300 J 
 
 N The night of the 28th and 29th January, 1836, was the coldest ever 
 known, the mercury, in a thermometer under cover, falling to 44°, one de- 
 gree lower than on the 8th February, 1835. The highest temperature in 
 any one year has been 90°, making the greatest range ever known only 46°." 
 Again, it will be seen by the preceding columns that the mean temperature 
 of the six cool months, from the 1st of October to the end of March, inclu- 
 sive, and of the six warm months, from the 1st of April to the end of Sep- 
 tember, are as follows : 
 
 Six cool months at Havana, 75.32° ; at Key West, 72.64°. 
 
 Six warm months at Havana, 80.01° ; at Key West, 80.76°. 
 
 It is here expressly repeated, that observations by a self registering ther- 
 mometer in Havana, in the same years, are requisite for a fair comparison 
 with the results of tables formed on the Florida reef. After all, however, 
 the only positive method of obtaining accurate conceptions of any climate 
 is by a full table of daily observation, such as that kept at Indian Key, by 
 Charles Howe, esquire, during 1836-7, a copy of which is annexed. The 
 register kept by Joseph Tuckerman, from the 7th December, 1836, to the 
 7th of May, 1837, in the island of Santa Cruz, is also appended for compa- 
 rison with the climate of Indian Key, because, although it is not as fairly 
 kept as that of Mr. Howe, it is the only one accessible to indicate the weather 
 of that too celebrated resort for invalids from the United States. To contrast 
 the uniformity of temperature below 28° north latitude, with the variability 
 of temperature above that parallel, we will take the monthly abstract from 
 Dr. Barton's Meteorological Journal, for 1836, in New Orleans, and also his 
 table of temperature by seasons. 
 
 Months. 
 
 Maximum. 
 
 Minimum, 
 
 Mean. 
 
 Range. 
 
 January --'*•.'* 
 
 70 
 
 34 
 
 55.00 
 
 36 
 
 February - 
 
 69 
 
 33 
 
 55.50 
 
 36 
 
 March 
 
 75 
 
 38 
 
 56.75 
 
 37 
 
 April ... 
 
 79 
 
 58 
 
 69.25 
 
 21 
 
 May - 
 
 83 
 
 64 
 
 73.00 
 
 19 
 
 June - 
 
 88 
 
 68 
 
 78.53 
 
 20 
 
 July - 
 
 89 
 
 71 
 
 80.08 
 
 18 
 
 August ... 
 
 87 
 
 72 
 
 79.72 
 
 15 
 
 September - 
 
 86 
 
 65 
 
 77.12 
 
 21 
 
 October ... 
 
 81 
 
 43 
 
 65.11 
 
 38 
 
 November ? » 
 
 73 
 
 34 
 
 53.81 
 
 39 
 
 December ... 
 
 74 
 
 25 
 
 50.19 
 
 49 
 
 Average - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 66.00 
 
 29 
 
 Average of lS33-'4-'5 and '6. 
 
 Seasons. 
 
 Sunrise. 
 
 Midday. 
 
 Sunset. 
 
 10 P.M. 
 
 Maximum. 
 
 Minimum. 
 
 Average. 
 
 Range. 
 
 Winter - 
 Spring - 
 Summer - 
 Autumn - 
 
 47.57 
 62.10 
 76.72 
 64.29 
 
 58.46 
 70.52 
 
 83.27 
 72.89 
 
 54.98 
 68.23 
 80.76 
 70.63 
 
 1.69 
 63.41 
 
 78.29 
 67.13 
 
 72 
 86 
 89 
 83 
 
 28 
 46 
 72 
 34 
 
 53 
 66 
 79 
 
 68 
 
 41 
 
 27 
 16 
 32 
 
[ 300 ] 
 
 64 
 
 The decimal fractions are omitted in the last four columns. In the Stofli- 
 mer's sun the average heat was 104.96°. It will be observed, that the tem- 
 perature was not ever noted at the hottest hour of the day, or at the coldest 
 hour of the night. It is, hence, evident that a self registering thermometer 
 would have given greater extremes of heat and cold. The most important 
 facts for invalids, on the degree and suddenness of the changes on any 
 single day or hour, cannot be ascertained by these tables. 
 
 To invalids the relative quantity of rain that falls, in given seasons, is 
 an important consideration in the selection of climate and country. To 
 exhibit the difference in this respect, between the climate of Louisiana and 
 of South Florida, the following condensed statements of the monthly fall 
 of rains at New Orleans and Key West, are selected. The first is obtained 
 from the reports of Doctor Barton, of the monthly amount, in inches, on an 
 average, of four years, including 1836. The second is taken from the re- 
 ports of W. A. Whitehead, esquire, commencing with October, 1832. and 
 extending through 1 833-4-5 and '6. 
 
 Months. 
 
 New Orleans. 
 
 Key West. 
 
 Excess at New 
 Orleans. 
 
 Excess at Key 
 West. 
 
 January ... 
 
 4.69 
 
 1.819 
 
 2.871 
 
 
 February ... 
 
 a. 08 
 
 1.337 
 
 .743 
 
 
 March 
 
 2.64 
 
 1.983 
 
 .657 
 
 
 April ... 
 
 5.31 
 
 1.087 
 
 4.223 
 
 
 May - 
 
 2.44 
 
 6.341 
 
 _ 
 
 3.901 
 
 June - 
 
 6.17 
 
 2.388 
 
 3.782 
 
 
 July - 
 
 5.03 
 
 2.839 
 
 2.191 
 
 
 August 
 
 5.24 
 
 3.297 
 
 1.943 
 
 
 September - 
 
 5.79 
 
 4.350 
 
 1.440 
 
 
 October ... 
 
 1.29 
 
 3.330 
 
 
 2.040 
 
 November ... 
 
 3.10 
 
 1.491 
 
 1.609 
 
 
 December - 
 
 2.97 
 
 1.127 
 
 1.843 
 
 
 Total inches - 
 
 47.35 
 
 31.389 
 
 21.302 
 
 5.941 
 
 It, hence, appears that on the average, for a whole year, upwards of fifty 
 per cent, more rain falls at New Orleans than at Key West. But during 
 the six months, from the 1st of November to the 1st of May, the period 
 generally spent abroad by invalids from the northern States, the proportion 
 of rain in New Orleans to that in Key West is 20.99 inches to 8.84, or up- 
 wards of 234 per cent. ! It should, also, be remembered that in tropical 
 climates the same quantity of rain falls in a much less time than in the in- 
 temperate climates of the variable zone; that the rains consist of short but 
 copious showers, and that the sky is clear immediately before and after the 
 showers ; and that, hence, the proportion of clear skies and fair days are 
 infinitely greater in those regions. The detailed Meteorological Register of 
 Indian Key will illustrate all the advantages of its peculiarly favorable 
 climate. 
 
 To form some conception of the relative temperature of Albany, New 
 York, of New Orleans, Louisiana, and of Key West, Territory of Florida, 
 the mean monthly and annual temperature are appended in parallel lines, 
 omitting fractions. 
 
65 
 
 [300 j 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 •— 
 
 
 0J 
 
 ._; 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 -Q 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 s 
 a 
 o 
 
 0) 
 
 fa 
 
 J5 
 S 
 
 3 
 
 13 
 
 
 8 
 
 a3 
 
 s 
 *-> 
 
 To 
 
 <v 
 
 HI 
 02 
 
 01 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 s 
 
 > 
 
 s 
 
 aj 
 o 
 
 P 
 
 C3 
 
 D 
 
 C 
 < 
 
 Albany 
 
 23 
 
 16 
 
 27 
 
 42 
 
 59 
 
 65 
 
 72 
 
 64 
 
 60 
 
 42 
 
 36 
 
 26 
 
 41 
 
 New Orleans - 
 
 55 
 
 55 
 
 50 
 
 69 
 
 73 
 
 78 
 
 80 
 
 79 
 
 77 
 
 65 
 
 53 
 
 50 
 
 60 
 
 Key West 
 
 69 
 
 70 
 
 73 
 
 75 
 
 79 
 
 81 
 
 82 
 
 82 
 
 81 
 
 77 
 
 74 
 
 70 
 
 76 
 
 The average annual rains amount in inches, at Albany, to 40.33, at New- 
 Orleans, to 47.35, and at Key West, to 31.38. 
 
 Extremes of temperature, fyc, in 1836. 
 
 Months. 
 
 Albany 
 
 New Orleans - 
 
 Key West 
 
 February 5 
 December _ 
 January 29 
 
 16 
 25 
 41 
 
 Months. 
 
 July 8 
 
 July 
 August 15 
 
 93 
 
 89 
 891 
 
 Annual range. 
 
 109 
 64 
 454 
 
 Greatest 
 monthly. 
 
 60 
 49 
 19* 
 
 It must here be repeated that, from the tables kept at New Orleans, it 
 does not appear that the extremes of heat, at the hottest moment of the day, 
 or of cold, at the coldest moment of the night, were accurately noted by- 
 means of a self-registering- thermometer. 
 
 HENRY PERR1NE. 
 Washington. D. C, 
 
 February 26, 1838. 
 
[ 300 ] 66 
 
 DOCUMENT NO. 4. 
 
 GEOGRAPHY OF PLANTS. 
 
 List of officinal and economical plants. — List of agricultural plants of 
 Cuba ; all of great importance to the agricultural community of the 
 United States in general, and of Florida and the southern States in 
 particular. 
 
 Under this head is to be considered the manner in which plants are 
 affected by climate or station, and the conditions under which particular 
 forms of vegetation are confined to certain zones of temperature ; as the 
 palms to the tropics, the true pines to extra-tropical regions. 
 
 This is one of the most curious and difficult subjects with which we can 
 occupy ourselves. It embraces a consideration of the constitution of the 
 atmosphere, and geological structure of all parts of the globe ; and of the 
 specific effects of particular conditions of climate and soil upon vegeta- 
 tion : all points of extreme importance, concerning which existing data are 
 rarely sufficient to enable us to arrive at satisfactory conclusions. It in- 
 volves the discussion of the plan upon which the world was originally 
 clothed with verdure ; and, as Humboldt most truly observes, it is closely 
 connected with "the physical condition of the world in general. Upon the 
 predominance of certain families of plants in particular districts depend the 
 character of the country, and the whole face of nature. Abundance of 
 grasses, forming vast savannahs, or of palms, or coniferas, have produced 
 most important effects upon the social state of the people, the nature of 
 their manners, and the degree of development of the arts of industry."* 
 
 If we examine the surface of the globe, we shall find its vegetation vary- 
 ing according to its inequalities and its differences of soil ; we shall see 
 that the plants of the valleys are not those of the mountain, nor those of 
 the marsh like the vegetables of the river or of dry grounds ; it will also 
 be seen that the vegetation of all valleys, all mountains, marshes, or rivers, 
 has a similar character in the same latitudes. The flora of the granitic 
 mountains of Spain and Portugal is very different from that of the calcare- 
 ous mountains of the same kingdoms; in Switzerland, Teucrium monta- 
 num always indicates a calcareous soil ; and the same may be said of cer- 
 tain orchises, ustulata, and hircma, for instance, in our own country. Hence 
 it is inferred, that the differences in the character of vegetation depend up- 
 on circumstances connected with the soil or atmosphere in which they 
 ^row. A. great deal of ingenious discussion upon this matter will be found 
 in De Candolle's article on botanical geography, published in the 18th 
 volume of the Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles. 
 
 But as I do not observe much that can be called positive deductions from 
 such facts as have been ascertained, I shall, without entering into specula- 
 tions as to the causes why one description of plants grows in one situation, 
 and others in another, confine myself to an exposition of the mere facts 
 which appear to have been hitherto distinctly ascertained. 
 
 * So the character of the vegetation in tropical Florida will ultimately creale a very dense 
 population of small cultivators, and of family manufacturers of numerous diversified products, 
 which will thus prevent excessive over-production, or ruinous rivalry, in any single branch of 
 culture or of manufactures. H. P. 
 
G7 [300] 
 
 It has been found convenient to divide ihe surface of (he earth into dif- 
 ferent stations, when treating of botanical geography. In this part of the 
 subject I shall adopt the arrangement and distinctions of De Candolfe ; 
 agreeing with him that they at least indicate the most remarkable differ- 
 ences of station, if they are not susceptible of any rigorous definitions. 
 
 He admits the following classes : 
 
 1. *Matitime, or saline plants; that is to say. those w lich, without be- 
 ing plunged in salt water, and floating on its surface, are nevertheless con- 
 strained to live in the vicinity of salt water, for the sake of absorbing what 
 may be required for their nourishment. Among these it is requisite to dis- 
 tinguish those which, like the sal icoraia, grow in salt marshes, where they 
 absorb saline principles, both by their leaves and roots, from those which, 
 like roccella fuciformis, exist upon rocks exposed to the sea air, and appear 
 to absorb by their leaves alone; and finally, a third class, such as 
 eryngiuin campestre, which do not require salt water, but which live on 
 the sea-coast, as well as elsewhere, because their constitution is so robust 
 that they are not affected by the action of salt. 
 
 2. Mar hie plants, also bailed Thalassiophytes by M. Lnmouroux. which 
 live either plunged in salt water or floating on its surface. These plants 
 are distributed over the bottom of the sea, or of salt water, in proportion to 
 the degree of saltness of the water, the usual degree of its agitation, the con- 
 tinuity or iutermittence of their immersion, the tenacity of the soil, and 
 perhaps, also, the intensity ot the light. 
 
 3. Aquatic plants, living plunged in fresh water, either entirely iinmerged, 
 as confervas ; or floating on its surface, asstratiotes ; or fixed in the soil by 
 their roots, with the foliage in the water, as several kinds of potamogeton ; 
 or rooted in the soil, and either floating on the surface, as nymphtca; or 
 rising above it. as Aiisma plautago. This last division is very near the fol- 
 lowing class. 
 
 .v: 4. t Plants of fresh water marshes, and of very wet places, among which 
 it is chiefly necessary to distinguish those of bogs, of marshy meadows, and 
 of the banks of running streams; and, finally, those of places inundated 
 in winter, but more or less dried up during the summer. 
 
 5. Plants of meadows and pastures, in the study of whir 1 it is requisite 
 to distingush those that, by their natural or artificial association, form the 
 turf of the meadow, and those others which grow mixed together with the 
 greatest facility. 
 
 6. Plants of cultivated soil. This class has been entirely produced by 
 th'e agency of man. The plants which grow in cultivated land are those 
 which, in a wild state, preferred light substantial soils. Many have been 
 tiansported from one country to another with the seeds of other cultivated 
 plants. Those individuals of the same species which are found in fields, 
 vineyards, and gardens, are often different in some respects, according to 
 the peculiar manner in which they have been cultivated. 
 
 ' * On the low coral islands of ihe Pacific, the cocoannt palm flemishes. As mosi < if these 
 coraf-rock islets have neither streams nor springs of fresh water, the inhabitants would parish. 
 of thirst were it not for the water of the cocoamit. This wonderful tree is now thriving on 
 even Indian Key, a coral-rock of only twelve acres, or, the Florida Reef. H. P. 
 
 t Embracing many valuable species of the lamiliesof palms and of bananas. The best Sago 
 palm inhabits only low, marshy spots ; and a good Sago plantation or forest, is a bog knet-deep. 
 The fibrous-leaved Ticupalmof Brazil prefers marshy grounds ; and the Muniche palm ol the 
 Oronoco flourishes on islands," inundated by the freshets et' the river, one half the year, and 
 by the tides of the sea , twice a day, during the other six month?;. The Gommy palm which 
 famishes "black cordage," is a native of the swampy forests of Sumatra. Ii. P. 
 
[ 300 ] 68 
 
 7. *The plants of rocks ; these pass by insensible gradations Jo these of 
 walls, rocky and stony p'aces, and even of gravel ; and the latter soil, as its 
 fragments diminish in size, conduct ns by degrees to the following class. 
 Rock plants offer some remarkable singularities, depending upon the na- 
 ture of the rock. 
 
 8. The plants of sands, or of very barren soils : in the classification of 
 which much difficulty is experienced : thus, plants of the sand of the sea 
 shore are confounded with saline plants; those, of barren soil, with the 
 species of cultivated land ; and those of coarse sand are not different from 
 those of gravel. 
 
 9. Plants of sterile places, that are very compact, as stiff clayey soil, or 
 such as have their surface hardened by drought or heat, or those which 
 are trodden hard by man or animals. This is an heterogeneous class, and 
 contains plants of very uncertain characters. 
 
 10. Plants which follow man. These are few in number, and more 
 fixed in their station, either in consequence of nitrous salts being necessarv 
 to their existence ; or because, perhaps, azotized matter is required for their 
 nutriment. 
 
 1 1. Forest plants, among which are to be distinguished, lstly, the trees 
 that form the forest; and, 2dly. the herbs which grow beneath their shade. 
 The latter are to be separated into two kinds; those, 1st, which can support 
 a considerable degree of shade during all the year, which are found in ever- 
 green woods ;t or such, 2d, as require light in the winter, like those which 
 are found among deciduous trees. 
 
 12. Bushes and hedge plants. The shrubs which compose this division 
 differ from the plants of the forest in their smaller size, and by the thin- 
 ness of their leaves ; the herbaceous kinds that grow among them are ordi- 
 narily climbing plants. 
 
 13. Subterranean plants, which live either in dark caverns, as the bys- 
 slis, or within the bosom of the earth, as the truffle. These can dispense 
 altogether with light, and several cannot even endure it. Plants that grow 
 in the hollows of old trees have great analogy with those of caverns. 
 
 14. Mountain plants, as subdivisions of which all the other stations may 
 be taken. We generally class among mountain plants such as, in Europe, 
 are not found lower than 500 yards; but this is quite an arbitrary limit. 
 The most important division is between those which grow on mountains, 
 the summit of which is covered with eternal snow, and those of moun- 
 tains which lose their crest of snow in the summer. In the former, the 
 supply of water is not only continual, but more abundant and colder as the 
 heats 'of summer advance; in the latter, on the contrary, the supply of 
 water ceases when it becomes most requisite. The former are evidently 
 much more robust than the latter. 
 
 15. Parasitical plants ; that is to say, such as are either destitute of 
 the power of pumping up their nourishment from the soil, or of elaborating 
 
 * The pitahaya, or strawberry pear of Yucatan, a most delicious fruit, better named straw- 
 ierry pineapple, is produced by a creeping triangular species of cactus or prickly pear, which 
 climbs to the tops of stone walls, and appears to be nourished by the air alone. The Sisal hemp 
 agaves, of Yucatan, flourish both on the very stony surfaces of the interior, and the very 
 sandy shores of the coast. The medicinal aloes will thrive in the most dry and barren soils. 
 
 •t These ever-shaded plants of ever-green woods, embrace a very great number of very valu- 
 able vegetables of the tropics; e.g. the celebiated chocolate shrub; lhc flax pineapple leaves; 
 the climbing fragrant var ilia pods; ond many important plants for food, clothing, medicine, 
 and the'afls. R. P 
 
 
(>9 [ 300 ] 
 
 it completely ; or as cannot exist without absorbing the juices of other 
 vegetables. 'These are found in all the preceding- stations. They may be 
 divided into, first, those which grow on the surface of others, as the Ous- 
 ciita and the Misletoe : and, secondly, intestinal parasites, which are de- 
 veloped in the interior of living 1 plains, and pierce the epidermis, to make 
 their appearance outwardly, such as the Uredo and iEcidium. 
 
 16. Epiphytes, or false parasites, which grow upon either dead or 
 living vegetable^, without deriving any nourishment from them. This 
 class, which has often been confounded with the preceding, has two dis- 
 tinctly characterised divisions. The first, which approaches true parasites, 
 comprehends cryptogamous plants, the germs of which, probably carried to 
 their stations by the very act of vegetation, develop themselves at the pe- 
 riod when the plant, or that part where they lie, begins to die. then feed 
 upon the substance of the plant during its mortal throes, and fatten upon 
 it after its decease; such are Nemasporas and many Sphserias: these are 
 .spurious itestinal parasites. The second comprehends those vegetables, 
 whether cryptogamic, such as lichens and Musci, or phanerogamous, as 
 Epidendrums, which live upon living plants, without deriving any nutri- 
 ment from them, but absorbing moisture from the surrounding atmosphere j 
 these are superficial false parasites. Many of them will grow upon rocks, 
 dead trees, or earth. 
 
 Thus we see that De Candolle has found it necessary to divide vegeta- 
 tion into sixteen stations. I do not attach much importance to several of 
 them, because they are vague and uncertain of application, and frequently 
 common to many plants ; but it is, nevettheless, useful to bear in mind, 
 that such distinctions do exist, and to point them out whenever they take 
 any very decided peculiarity of character. This is, indeed, indispensable, 
 in order to enable us hereafter to form any definite appreciation of the na- 
 ture of the influence of the combined agency of soil, temperature, and at- 
 mosphere. 
 
 The next, and by fur the most important head under which the geogra- 
 phical distribution of plants is to be considered, is with reference to tem- 
 perature and light. These depend, firstly, upon latitude ; and, secondly, 
 upon elevation above the sea. 
 
 As we proceed from the pole towards the equator, we find the tempera- 
 ture gradually increasing ; and as we ascend from the surface of the ocean 
 up into the atmosphere, we find the temperature gradually decreasing, un- 
 til we reach a point at which perpetual frost holds his throne, and where 
 vegetation ceases. 
 
 In like manner we find, as we recede from the equator to the pole, we 
 quit the country of palms and other arborescent monocotyledonous plants, 
 for the habitations of deciduous dicotyledonous trees. Coniferse, and cryp- 
 togamic plants ; and that, as we rise into the atmosphere, as considerable a 
 change takes place. Thus, in Tenerifle, the foot of the mountain is occu- 
 pied by Crithmum latifolium, succulent Euphorbias, Plocama Pendula, 
 and Prenanthes spinosa: to these succeed vines, corn, Canarina campanula, 
 and Messerschmidia fruticosa : a third class, consisting of laurels, Ilex, 
 Ardisias, heaths, and Viburnum?, occupy the succeeding tract. These are 
 surmounted by pines, Cytisus, and Spartium microphyllum ; and, finally, 
 i.he scenery is closed by Spartium nubigenum, Juniperus oxycedrus, Scro- 
 phularia, Viola, and Festuca. (See Humboldt's Travels.) 
 
 Therefore, in considering the matter of the vegetation of a given climate, 
 
[ 300 ] 70 
 
 it is necessary to take into account the temperature peculiar to the latitude 
 itself, and the reduction caused by elevation. 
 
 The decrement of caloric, as we ascend into the air. will be understood 
 by the following table, calculated by Daniell, from observations made by 
 Mr. Green, the aeronaut, in an aerial voyage performed in 1821. These 
 are particularly instructive ; because they were all made within the space 
 of half an hour, under circumstances which varied as little as possible. 
 
 The temperature at the surface of the earth was ... 74° 
 
 at an elevation of 2,952 feet, was - - 70 c 
 
 7,288 - - - - 72° 
 
 9,993 - - - - 69° 
 
 11,059 - 45° 
 
 11,293 - - - - 38° 
 
 The difference between the temperature of the highest elevation and the 
 eartlfs surface amounting to 36° in the space of twenty-seven minutes. 
 
 The amount of the decrement of heat, as compared with that of latitude, 
 lias been calculated to be, in France, equal to one degree of retrogressive 
 latitude for every 540 feet of vertical elevation ; that is to say, the temper- 
 ature of a district of 3,240 feet of elevation, in 45° north latitude, would be 
 equal to the temperature of 51° north latitude on a level with the sea. But, 
 from Humboldt's computations, it appears that, nearer the equator, this propor- 
 tion varies. He found, from careful and repeated observations, between and 
 3,000 feet of elevation, that, in the middle of the temperate zone, the mean tem- 
 perature of the year decreased in a degree equivalent to 2° of north latitude 
 for every GOO feet of elevation ; the mean summer heat, 1° 30' ; the mean 
 autumnal heat, 1° 24' ; or, on an average, the decrement of temperature 
 was about 1° of latitude for every 396 feet of elevation. Temperature de- 
 creasing in this rapid ratio, it is evident that, if vegetation is affected by 
 temperature, it will offer great differences in the ascent of a mountain. 
 And, accordingly, it is found, as will be seen by the following tables, that 
 the nature of the vegetation, towards the upper limits at which plants grow, 
 gradually changes from that of the base of the mountain, until plants en- 
 tirely disappear at the limits of perpetual snow. 
 
 Note. — The people of the United States annually bestow several hundred thousand dollars 
 for the support of missionaries and their families in foreign countries, who could render an 
 equivalent to their fatherland hy the transmission of useful plants. Owing to the niggardly 
 mode of managing our consulates, the consuls, in general, are obliged to depend on mercantile 
 pursuits for a subsistence; and, hence, neither their interests nor their habits will enable them 
 io aid in the introduction of valuable vegetables. H. P. 
 
 Note. — In the green-houses and hot-houses of the Northern United States, and of Northern 
 Europe, there arc hundreds of very valuable vegetables of the tropics, which serve as merely 
 objects of costly cariosity to their owners; but which', tiansferred to tropical Florida, will be- 
 come important articles ofpractieal utility to our confederation, and to all the civilized world. 
 
 H. P. 
 
 Nots. — All the coffee of America proceeds from a single plant brought from the garden of 
 plants in Paris; and the subscriber is now expecting, weeicly, from the same garden, the firs; 
 suckers of the Musa Abaca or Manilla hemp banana. H. P. 
 
71 
 
 [ 30 ° ] 
 
 CHIMBORAZO, (ANDES.) 
 Lat. 2° 30' S.— Height, 21,450 feet. 
 
 Elevation 
 
 Mean 
 
 temperature. 
 
 
 Vegetation. 
 
 
 in feet. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Of the year 
 
 
 80° 
 
 Palms. 
 
 
 3,250 
 
 Of the year 
 
 . 
 
 71° 
 
 Palms cease to grow. 
 
 
 5,200 
 
 Of the year 
 
 . 
 
 66° 
 
 Tree ferns cease. 
 
 
 9,750 
 
 Of the year 
 
 - 
 
 60° 
 
 Cinchonas cease. 
 
 
 11,375 
 
 Of the year 
 
 . 
 
 46° 
 
 Alstonias and Befarias cease. 
 
 
 13,325 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 
 Grasses cease. 
 
 
 14,300 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 
 Culcitium rufescens ceases. 
 
 
 15,600 
 
 Of the year 
 
 - 
 
 29° 
 
 Limits of perpetual snow. 
 
 
 POPOCAYAN, (MEXICO.) 
 Lat. 19° 20' N.— Height, 17,550 feet. 
 
 Elevation 
 in feet. 
 
 10,400 
 11,375 
 13,000 
 15,275 
 
 Mean temperature. 
 
 Of the year 
 Of the year 
 
 53° 
 44° 
 
 Vegetation. 
 
 Oaks cease to grow. 
 Alnus Mexicana ceases. 
 Pinus occidental is ceases. 
 Limits of perpetual snow. 
 
 ETNA, (SICILY.) 
 Lat. 38° 6' N.— Height, 11,360 feet. 
 
 Elevation 
 in feet. 
 
 to 100 | 
 
 1,100 
 2,175 
 4,350 
 
 6,500 
 
 8,125 
 
 9,750 
 
 10,000 
 
 Mean temperature. 
 
 Of the year 
 
 Of July and August 
 
 64° I 
 76° S 
 
 Vegetation . 
 
 Palma?, Musacese, Saceharum. 
 
 Oranges, olive, and rice, cease to grow. 
 
 Vine, wheat, and maize, cease. 
 
 Oaks and chestnuts cease. 
 
 Rye and pinus sylvestris cease. 
 
 Fagus sylvestris and Betula become shrubs. 
 
 Juniperus and Berberis cease. 
 
 Phamogamus plants disappear. 
 
 Lichens cease. 
 
[ 300 ] 
 
 72 
 
 MONT BLANC, (ALPS.) 
 Lat. 44° N.— Height, I5,G00 feet. 
 
 Elevation 
 in feet. 
 
 
 
 1,950 
 2,925 
 3,900 
 4,680 
 5,850 
 (5,695 
 7,800 
 8,190 
 8,780 
 
 Mean temperature. 
 
 Of August 
 Of the year 
 
 > Of the year 
 
 C9° 
 53° 
 
 - 32° 
 
 Vegetation. 
 
 The vine ceases. 
 Castanea vesca ceases. 
 Oaks cease. 
 Betula alba ceases. 
 Pinus abies ceases. 
 
 Rhododendrons cease. 
 
 Salix herbacea ceases. 
 Limits of perpetual snow. 
 
 MONT PERDU, (PYRENEES.) 
 Lat. 44° N.— Height, 11,375 feet. 
 
 Elevation 
 in feeL 
 
 3,250 
 5,280 
 6,175 
 7,800 
 
 8,780 
 
 Mean temperature. 
 
 Of the year 
 
 Of August 
 Of the year 
 
 - 42° 
 
 42° 
 25° 
 
 Vegetation. 
 
 Oaks cease to grow. 
 
 Pinus picea ceases. 
 
 Pinus rubra and uncinata cease. 
 
 > Limits of perpetual snow. 
 
 SULITELMA, (LAPLAND.) 
 Lat. 68° N.-Height, 6,175 feet. 
 
 Elevation 
 in feet. 
 
 957 
 1,950 j 
 2,925 
 3,640$ 
 
 Of the year 
 Of August 
 Of the year 
 Of the year 
 Of August 
 
 Of the year 
 Of August 
 
 31° 
 
 60° 
 31° 
 
 27° 
 54° 
 
 21° 
 
 49° 
 
 Vegetation. 
 
 Pinus sylvestris ceases. 
 
 > Betula alba ceases. 
 
 Salix herbacea and lanceoiata cease. 
 
 > Limits of perpetual snow 
 
 The effect of elevation is not, in Europe, the same with all plants; there 
 are many that grow indifferently upon the plains and upon mountains as 
 high as perpetual snow. De Candolle speaks of 700 instances, with which 
 he is acquainted, of the prevalence of this law. But, on the other hand, 
 
73 
 
 [ 300 ] 
 
 there are many plants, the limits of which are strictly circumscribed by 
 elevation or equivalent temperature ; as, for example, the chestnut does not 
 rise higher in the Swiss Alps, in the parallel of 45°, than 2,400 feet: on 
 Etna, in latitude 38°, it reaches no higher than 4,000 feet. Many of the 
 plants found on plains in the north of Europe occupy the mountains of the 
 south. The olive, in 44° of latitude, its most northern range, will not grow 
 at a greater elevation than 1,200 feet. In general, it is found that, as we 
 approach the equator, vegetation becomes more and more affected by ele- 
 vation ; and that, as we recede from it, the effects of elevation gradually 
 
 cease. 
 
 The cause of the influence of elevatiou upon plants is ascribed, in the 
 first place, to reduced temperature ; secondly, to a greater intensity of solar 
 light ; and, thirdly, to a decrease in humidity. The rate at which tempe- 
 rature decreases as we ascend from the surface of the earth, varies accord- 
 ing to latitude : Humboldt has shown that, in the temperate and torrid 
 zones, the decrement of heat is essentially different. In the equatorial zone, 
 the temperature of the region lying at the height of between 3,000 and 6,000 
 feet, on which the clouds repose that are visible to the natives of the plains, 
 decreases much more slowly than either above or below that elevation ; 
 but, in the temperate zone, the decrease is more gradual. In proof of this, 
 the following table has been formed by Humboldt: 
 
 Elevation above 
 
 Equatorial zone. 
 Lat. 0°— 21°. 
 
 Temperate zone. 
 Lat. 45°— 47°. 
 
 the sea iD feet. 
 
 • 
 
 Mean temperature of 
 the year. 
 
 Difference. 
 
 Mean 
 
 temperature of 
 the year. 
 
 Difference. 
 
 
 
 80° 
 
 12° 
 
 4° 
 
 9° 
 
 11° 
 
 10° 
 
 53° 
 
 12° 
 
 3,000 
 
 68° 
 
 41° 
 
 9° 
 
 6,000 
 
 64° 
 
 32° 
 
 9° 
 
 9,000 
 
 55° 
 
 23° 
 
 
 12,000 
 
 44° 
 
 
 
 15,000 
 
 34° 
 
 
 
 The diminution of the density of the air, as we ascend, produces a cor- 
 responding increase in the intensity of the light ; a circumstance in which 
 high elevation has been said to correspond with high latitudes; but this is 
 doubtful. 
 
 It is said that the humidity of the atmosphere decreases as we ascend, 
 and that to this may be ascribed much of the effect produced upon vegeta- 
 tion by great heights. That the humidity of the atmosphere does much 
 affect vegetation is not to be doubted ; and, if it were certain that the air 
 became gradually drier as we ascend, a second cause, as powerful as that 
 of temperature, would be found for the effects of elevation upon vegetation. 
 But it is certain that the humidity of the air does not change gradually, as 
 we ascend, w 7 ith the character of vegetation ; on the contrary, it has been 
 
[ 300 ] 74 
 
 found that atmospheric humidity is either uniform or increased to heights 
 far beyond uniformity of vegetation, and then suddenly diminishes to a 
 large amount, vegetation not suddenly altering with it ; so that it would 
 seem as if the atmosphere were composed of deep beds of air, suddenly 
 differing from each other in the elasticity of their aqueous vapor. 
 
 From observations made by Captain Sabine, with a Daniell's hygrometer, 
 at Ascension, it appears that on that island, at 17 feet above the sea, the 
 amount of dryness was 5° ; and, at 2,237 feet higher, was 3 C 5' ; so that, 
 in this case, the air became more humid as he ascended. At Trinidad, 
 the amount of dryness on a level with the sea was 5° ; at 1,060 feet higher, 
 the air was saturated with moisture ; in this instance, also, humidity in- 
 creased with elevation. At Jamaica it was found that, on a level with the 
 sea, the degree of dryness was 7° ; at 4,080 feet higher, the air was satu- 
 rated with moisture ; but at 4,580 feet the dryness was 16°. Hence it is to 
 be inferred that, in these observations, the lower bed of the atmosphere was 
 not passed through, either at Ascension or in Trinidad; but that, in Jamaica, 
 it had been left below at the time the third observation was taken ; and 
 that, in that island, the lower stratum of air is something more than 
 4,000 feet deep. In Mr. Green's voyage, the degree of dryness of the air. 
 at an elevation of 9,893 feet, was 5°, nearly the same as it was observed to 
 be on the surface of the earth below at the same time; but at 11,059 feet it 
 was 13°; and at 11,293 feet, the highest point at which an observation 
 was made, it was still 13° ; so that it would seem that the humidity of the 
 atmosphere, at that time, did not vary through a bed of air rising, perhaps, 
 2,000 feet beyond the highest limits of vegetation in Europe. 
 
 It must be confessed that these observations are by no means sufficiently 
 numerous to become the foundation of anything connected with the effect 
 of elevation upon the characters of plants ; but they, at least, answer the 
 purpose of showing that, in the present state of our information, the effects 
 of humidity are not appreciable in investigating the subject. 
 
 Whether the increased rarity of the air, as we ascend, has any effect upon 
 vegetation, is not determined. It is not easy to say in what way it can act, 
 according to any yet known physiological laws, unless, as De Candolle 
 remarks, in supplying an insufficient quantity of oxygen for absorption. 
 But, as we find plants of the plains grow indifferently on the highest moun- 
 tains, it does not seem that there is any such diminution of oxygen as 
 interferes with the operations of vegetation. The diminution of atmos- 
 pheric pressure, which, of course, takes place at high elevations, may 
 facilitate evaporation ; but we have yet to learn in what precise way that 
 phenomenon influences vegetation. 
 
 From what has now been said, all that is apparent is that, as we ascend 
 in the atmosphere, temperature diminishes, and light increases, in a propor- 
 tion corresponding, to a certain degree, with the climate of higher latitudes; 
 but even to this there are exceptions, depending upon particular circum- 
 stances, and especially upon the amount of summer heat, of which more 
 will be said presently. Thus, at Enontekissi, in Lapland, in 68° 30' north 
 latitude, at an elevation of 1,356 feet above the sea, a climate which, from 
 it situation, should be scarcely clothed with herbage, Von Buch found corn, 
 orchards, and a rich vegetation. 
 
 Having now seen what great differences are produced in the characters 
 of vegetation by elevation above the sea, let us next take a view of the influ- 
 ence caused by latitude. In the countries lying near the equator, the vege- 
 
75 [ 300 ] 
 
 tation consists of dense forests of leafy evergreen trees, palms, and arborescent 
 ferns, among which are intermingled epiphytal herbs and rigid grasses : 
 there are no rich verdant meadows, such as form the chief beauty of our 
 northern climate; and the lower orders of vegetation, such as mosses, fungi, 
 and conferva), are very rare : myrtacese, melastomacese, musaceae, piperacea?, 
 scitamineae, and frutescent composite, abound. As we recede from the 
 equator, these gradually give way to trees with deciduous leaves, to conifera, 
 rosacea?, and amentacese ; rich meadows appear, abounding with tender 
 herbs ; the epiphytal orehidese disappear, and are replaced by terrestrial 
 fleshy-rooted species ; mosses clothe the trunks of aged trees; decayed vege- 
 tables are covered with parasitical fungi ; and the waters abound with con- 
 fervas. Approaching the poles, trees wholly disappear; dicotyledonous 
 plants of all kinds become comparatively rare ; and grasses and crypto- 
 gamic plants constitute the chief features of vegetation. To what cause, 
 except that of temperature, and perhaps light, these effects are to be ascribed, 
 is unknown. They are found to exist equally towards either pole ; and 
 it is evident, from the uniform manner in which the influence of the con- 
 trolling cause, whatever it may be, is exercised, that the laws under which 
 the geographical distribution of plants is determined, are as certain and 
 immutable as any of those with the nature of which we are acquainted. It 
 is probable that temperature is the principal cause, from the well known fact 
 that the vegetable productions of hot climates can be successfully cultivated 
 in cold ones by the aid of heat ; and that the plants of cold climates may- 
 be cultivated in hotter climates by an artificial reduction of temperature. 
 But that other causes also operate is apparent from the impossibility of cul- 
 tivating- the plants of any high latitudes in those considerably to the south. 
 Thus, when living plants were brought to England from Melville island, 
 no means, whatever, could be discovered of keeping them alive, although 
 the temperature at which they were maintained did not materially vary from 
 that to which they must have been often exposed in the summer season, in 
 their own climate. Assuming, however, for the present, that temperature 
 is the most efficient cause of variety in the distribution of plants, the first 
 point to consider is. how far temperature and latitude are uniformly the 
 same in either hemisphere. This has been discussed, with his habitual 
 skill, by Humboldt, of whose observations I must avail myself in nearly 
 all that I can say upon the subject. According to this observer, the geo- 
 graphical parallels of latitude do not indicate corresponding temperature, 
 either in the old and new world, or in the northern and southern hemi- 
 spheres. In the new world, the temperature decreases more rapidly as we 
 recede from the equator than in the old world ; and in the southern hemi- 
 sphere, beyond the parallel of 34°, the summers are colder than in corre- 
 sponding latitudes of the northern hemisphere, but the winters milder. On 
 this account, Humboldt concludes that "the lines of equal mean annual 
 heat, which may be called isothermal, are not parallel with the equator, but 
 intersect the geographical parallels at a variable angle." 
 
 The following table shows the difference in the mean annual heat of the 
 same latitudes in the old and new worlds: 
 
[ 300 J 
 
 76 
 
 
 Mean heat of the vear in the 
 
 
 Latitude. 
 
 
 Difference. 
 
 
 Old World. 
 
 New World. 
 
 0° 
 
 80° 
 
 80° 
 
 0° 
 
 20 
 
 77 
 
 77 
 
 
 
 30 
 
 70 
 
 67 
 
 3 
 
 40 
 
 63 
 
 54 
 
 9 
 
 50 
 
 50 
 
 38 
 
 12 
 
 60 
 
 .40 
 
 24 
 
 16 
 
 Hence it appears that the old world is much warmer than the new, and 
 that the temperature of America does not decrease, from Florida to the 
 Gulf of St. Lawrence, in the same ratio as in Europe, from Egypt to 
 Scandinavia. But although, in the temperate parts of North America, the 
 mean annual heat of a given place is the same as that of Europe some 
 degrees more to the northward, yet the temperature of particular seasons 
 does not accord in the same degree ; but the colder the winters the hotter 
 the summers are found. Thus : 
 
 The summer of Philadelphia, lat. 39° 56' K. is the same as 
 
 that of Rome - - - - - lat. 41° 53' N. 
 
 The winter of Philadelphia, lat. 39° 56' N. is the same as 
 
 that of Vienna -.-..- lat. 48° 13' N. 
 The summer of Quebec, lat. 46° 47' N. is hotter that that 
 
 of Paris ...... ] a t. 48° 50' N. 
 
 The winter of Quebec, lat. 46° 47' N. is colder than that 
 
 of St. Petersburg^ ' - - lat. 59° 56' N. 
 
 — 4 
 
 In general, the summers of the temperate parts of North America, as far 
 as 40° north latitude, are about 4° warmer than in Europe under the same 
 isothermal parallel ; whence it can be understood why magnolias and other 
 equinoctial-looking trees extend so far to the north, since, in the parallel of 
 36°, the summer heat to which these trees are exposed scarcely differs from 
 the mean annual heat of the equator. It is, therefore, extremely important 
 in the study of botanical geography, to take into account, not only the 
 mean temperature of the year, but also the mean summer heat.* 
 
 * I do not attach much faith to the inferences drawn from the mean heat of any season or 
 year. The extremes of heat and cold, and the suddenness of the vicissitudes, afford much 
 better data. The plants which are destroyed by our sudden vicissitudes of temperature in the 
 United States, are not directly killed by cold, but are kdled by the speedy subsequent heat. 
 Hence, they are not destroyed in the coldest days or nights of winter, but are d stroyed after 
 the frosts of spring and.of autumn. The sudden application of heat to frozen plants, as well 
 as to frozen animals, induces gangrene. Hence, also, shade is a preventive of damage; and 
 henre, also, the great success of John Michel, Esq., in his small but crowded garden in 
 Charleston, South Carolina, where, under the principle of the mutual protection of plants, he 
 exhibits the fruits of our northern States flourishing in company with fruits of the torrid 
 zone. Hence, also, in Baltimore, the tender plants in the yards on the south sides of houses 
 have been destroyed, while those in the shade of the north side have escaped damage through, 
 out the winter. Hence, also, the acclimation of tropical plants in the southern States should 
 be commenced in the evergreen forests of pines and magnolias, which afford protection, not 
 only by mechanically breaking the force of the bleak northern blasts, but also prevent radia- 
 tion from reducing the temperature of the tenderer undergrowth ; and, furthermore, by their 
 ceaseless vegetation, keep up a notable degree of warmth in the surrounding atmosphere. 
 
 H. P. 
 
77 [ 300 ] 
 
 According to Barton, the climate to the west of the Alleghany mountains 
 is much warmer than that on the east, or Atlantic side, where the same 
 plants exist 3° or 4° higher up on the west than on the east side of the 
 range. It is probable, however, that this difference does not extend higher 
 up than Lake Erie, in 42° north latitude ; for, both beyond Lake Superior 
 and Hudson's Bay, the earth is said to be constantly frozen at three feet from 
 the surface ; a phenomenon which also occurs in Siberia, about the river 
 Lena, in about 62° north latitude, near the town of Jakutsk ; while, in Lap- 
 land, in 70° near Vadsoe, the temperature of the earth is found to be as much 
 as 3° or 4° above the freezing point ; whence it appears that the climate ot 
 the north of Europe is warmer than that of the same latitudes in Asia and 
 America. We therefore shall not be far away, if we conclude that the 
 isothermal lines bend towards the tropics in Europe, and towards the poles 
 in Tartary and America. 
 
 As we approach the equator there appears to be little difference in the 
 mean temperature of the year, either in the new or old world. 
 
 Of the old world. 
 
 The mean temperature of Senegal is 79.7° in lat. 24° 30' N. 
 of Madras is 80.4° in lat. 13° 5' N. 
 of Batavia is 77.4° in lat. 0° 10' S. 
 of Manilla is 78.0° in lat. 15° N. 
 
 Of the iieio world 
 
 The mean temperature of Cumana is 81.6° in lat. 10° 27' N. 
 of the Antilles is 81.6° in lat. 15° N. 
 of Vera Cruz is 78.0° in lat. 19° 12' N. 
 of Havana is 78.0° in lat. 23° 12' N. 
 
 It is probable, however, that the summers of Asia are more fervid that? 
 those of America ; for, according to Roxburgh, the mean temperature of 
 Madras, in latitude 13° 5' north, in the month of July, is 89.4° ; while 
 that of Cumana, in latitude 10° 27', does not exceed 84.4°. 
 
 To the south of the equator, the temperature of the east seems to be 
 higher than that of corresponding latitudes in the west ; thus, the mean tem- 
 perature of the Mauritius, in 20° 9' south latitude, has been ascertained to be 
 80.4° ; while that of Rio Janeiro, in latitude 20° 59' south, is as low as 74.3° ■ 
 and at the Havana, in nearly the same parallel in the northern hemisphere 
 it ranges between 77° and 77.9°. The whole of the western coast of South 
 America, as far as the sands of Peru, in latitude 10° and 14° south, are affect- 
 ed so much by the continual prevalence of clouds and the low temperature 
 (59.9°) of the currents setting round Cape Horn, that the mean temperature 
 of the year in those parts does not exceed 68° or 69°. Hence, the plants 
 of Lower Peru* live in a temperature not exceeding, by day, 68° or 72° and 
 by night 59° or 62°. Near' the coast Humboldt observed the thermometer 
 
 Fk 
 
 mean 
 
 October to 31st oi' March, is *72.G1° ; and for the six warm months, from 1st of April to 30iii 
 
 of September, it is 80.7G°. jj p 
 
[ 300 ] TS 
 
 as low as even 55 4° in 12° 2' south latitude, With this exception, there 
 is little difference in the temperature of the southern hemisphere as low ns 
 34° south latitude, either in New Holland. Africa, or America. The mean 
 temperature of Port Jackson, in 33° 51' south latitude, has been ascertained 
 to be 66.6° ; of the Cape of Good Hope, in 33° 55' south latitude, to be 
 66.8° ; and of Buenos Ayres. in 34° 36' south latitude, to be 67.6°. In the 
 northern hemisphere the mean temperature, in latitude 34°, is 67.8°. It is 
 extremely probable that, as far as the parallel of 57° south latitude, the 
 differences in the temperature of the two hemispheres are greater in the 
 summer than the winter. The cold of the Falkland islands, in latitude 
 51^° south, is less than that of London in the same latitude to the north. 
 The arborescent ferns and epiphytal Orchideae are often injured by the cold 
 in Van Dieman's island, latitude 42° south ; and in the southern part of 
 New Zealand, latitude 46° south, Cook observed, in latitude 43°-44° south, 
 in July in the middle of winter, that the thermometer at noon was usually 
 between 46° and 51°.* At Rome, latitude 41° 53' north, the thermome- 
 ter at noon in January rarely reaches 51°-53° ; in Paris the mean noon- 
 day temperature of January is, according to Arago, 38.7°. For this reason 
 it is supposed that the climate of the southern hemisphere does not differ 
 from that of the north so much in the greater coldness of the winters 
 as of the summers. According to Humboldt, the greatest heat in the 
 parallels of 48° and 58° of south latitude - does not exceed 43.7°-46.8° ; 
 while at St. Petersburgh and Umea, in 59° 66' and 63° 50' north lati- 
 tude, it is 65.2° and 62.6°. In the Straits of Magellan, between 53° and 
 54° south latitude, snow falls almost daily in the middle of summer ; and, in 
 the same place, in the middle of December, the sun not setting for 
 eighteen hours together, Krusenstern observed that the thermometer never 
 rose hio-her than 52° ; while, on the contrary, Von Buch remarked it as high 
 as 79.4° in Lapland under the parallel of 70°. In 60° south latitude, which 
 nearly answers to the position of St. Petersburgh in the northern hem- 
 isphere, Cook and Forster found the temperature at midsummer not 
 hio-her than 36° ; and icicles were continually forming on their ship. 
 Even in the extreme points of Lapland, in 70° north latitude, the pines attain 
 the height of sixty feet ; while at the Straits of Magellan and in Station 
 island near New Year's harbor, in latitude 55° south, nothing like a tree 
 is found, except scrubby birches and Wintereas. 
 
 Viewino- the distribution of plants with respect to longitude, we find 
 that while the great forms of vegetation are wholly controlled by cir- 
 cumstances attendant upon the parallels of latitude, there are wide dif- 
 ferences of a secondary nature, which conespond in some with the par- 
 allels of longitude : and that particular genera and species do not extend 
 beyond the limits of particular districts, to which they give peculiar 
 features. Thus, in North America, on the east of the Rocky Mountains, 
 azaleas, rhododendrons, magnolias, vacciniums, actaeas. and oaks, form 
 the principal features of the landscape ; while, on the western side of 
 the dividino- ridge, these genera almost entirely disappear, and no longer 
 constitute a striking characteristic of the vegetation. The genera of Pro- 
 teacese and the Ericeas, at the Cape of Good Hope, are replaced in New 
 Holland by different genera of Proteaceae, and by Epacrideae ; while 
 neither the one nor the other exist on the continent of South America, 
 with the exception of some Rhopalas. The natural order of Bromeliaceae 
 
 * Another confirmation of my opinion that the Phormium tenax, or fiax lily of New Zeal- 
 and, will best succeed in tropical Florida 
 
70 f 800 ] 
 
 is exclusively confined to America : Oalathea, a genus of Marantacete, is 
 only found on the same continent : cinnamon, cloves, and nutmegs are 
 confined to the Indian Archipelago ; and hundreds of other instances are 
 to he named of similar exclusive stations. Whether these differences 
 depend upon geological causes, or arise from some other circumstances, is 
 entirely unknown. 
 
 Such are the most striking facts connected with the distribution of tem- 
 perature with respect to vegetation. It will have been seen that little is 
 known of the proportion of humidity in the atmosphere of different cli- 
 mates, and that the amount of light in various latitudes has scarcely been 
 noticed. That the effect of both these agents upon vegetation is most 
 important, cannot he doubted ; especially of the latter, upon which the 
 most material vital functions of vegetation mainly depend : but, unfortu- 
 nately, there are no data from which the precise amount or action of light 
 in different latitudes can be appreciated. 
 
 I shall now proceed to state what is known or conjectured of the distri- 
 bution of the different orders or divisions of vegetables over the surface of 
 the globe. In doing this, I shall merely translate a portion of the very 
 valuable essay of Humboldt upon the subject, as published in the Diction- 
 naire des Sciences Naturelles, vol. xviii. p. 422. in which is comprehended 
 the sum of all that is known of the laws that are observed in the distri- 
 bution of the various forms of vegetation. " The numerical relations of 
 the forms of vegetation are capable of being investigated in two very differ- 
 ent modes. Supposing that the natural families of plants are studied with- 
 out reference to their geographical distribution, the question will arise as 
 to which type of organization it is after which the greatest number of species 
 have been created. Are there most GlumaceEe, (Cyperacese, Gramineae, and 
 Junceae, are so called by Humboldt,) or Compositse in the world? Do 
 these two tribes together constitute a fourth part of phasnogamous vegeta- 
 tion ? What proportion is borne by Monocotyledones to Dicotyledones ? 
 Questions of this kind refer rather to the science of vegetable organization 
 and of mutual affinities. But if, instead of studying natural groups of 
 species in this abstract manner, we view them with reference to the rela- 
 tions they bear to climate or to the distribution over the surface of the 
 globe, other questions of a much more varied nature will arise. Which 
 families, for instance, are more predominant in the torrid zone than in the 
 polar circle? Are Compositse more numerous in the same parallel of 
 latitude or in the same isothermal line in the old world or the new? Do 
 those forms which are found to diminish in retreating from the equator to 
 the pole follow a similar law of decrement in rising from the plains into 
 the mountains of the equator? Do the proportions borne by one family to 
 another vary on the same isothermal line ; and are such proportions the 
 same on either side of the equator? These are, properly speaking, ques- 
 tions of geographical botany : they are connected with the most important 
 problems of meteorology, and of the physics of the globe in general. 
 
 " In studying the geographical distribution of particular forms, we can 
 pause either at a consideration of particular species, genera, or natural 
 families. It often happens that a particular species, especially of those 
 kinds which I have called social, covers a vast extent of country: such, for 
 instance, are, in the north, the heaths and forests of pines ; such are, in 
 equinoctial America, the assemblages of multitudes of Cactus, Croton, 
 Bambusa, and Brathys, of the same species. It is curious to examine such 
 
f 300 ] 80 
 
 instances of multiplication and organic development. We may inquire 
 what species, in a given zone, produces the greatest number of individuals ; 
 and we may mark the families to which the predominant species belong in 
 different climates. 
 
 " In a northern climate, where Compositae and ferns are to phaenogamous 
 plants in the relation of one to thirteen, and of one to twenty-five, (that is 
 to say, when these proportions are found by dividing the total number of 
 phaenogamous plants by the number of Compositae and ferns,) one single 
 species of fern may occupy ten times as much land as all the Compositae 
 put together. In such a case, ferns would exceed Compositae by their mass, 
 by the number of individuals belonging to particular species of Pteris or 
 Polypodium ; but they would not exceed them if a comparison were insti- 
 tuted between the different forms exhibited by the two groups of Compositae 
 and ferns, and the sum total of phaenogamous species. As the multiplica- 
 tion of all species does not follow a single law, and as they do not all pro- 
 duce an equal number of individuals, the quotients obtained by dividing 
 the total number of phaenogamous plants by the number of species of 
 different families do not by themselves determine the aspect, or, it might 
 almost be said, the nature, of the monotony of vegetation in different 
 quarters of the world. A traveller is often surprised at the continual repe- 
 tition of individuals of one species, and of the masses of such individuals 
 which are continually occurring ; but he has equal reason to wonder at the 
 rarity of other species which are useful to mankind. Thus, in countries 
 where whole forests are formed by Rubiaceae, (Cinchonaceae,) Leguminosae, 
 and Terebinthaceae, the Cinchonas, logwood, and basalm trees are compar- 
 atively very rare. 
 
 " In the consideration of species, the subject may also be viewed in an 
 absolute manner with reference to the number of species which prevail in 
 particular zones. This interesting kind of comparison has been made in 
 M. De Candolle's grand work, and Mr. Kunth has carried it into effect with 
 more than 3,500 Compositae now known. It does not, indeed, indicate what 
 families predominate, in a given degree, over other phaenogamous plants, 
 either with regard to the number of species, or the mass of individuals ; 
 but it determines the numerical relations of species of the same family in 
 different latitudes. The most varied forms of ferns, for instance, are found 
 in the tropics ; it is in the mountainous, temperate, humid, and shady re- 
 gions of those parts of the world, that the family of ferns produces the 
 o-reatest number of species. In the temperate zone there are fewer than in 
 the tropics, and the total number continues to decrease as we approach the 
 pole • but as a cold country, Lapland, for instance, produces species that 
 have a greater power of resisting low temperature than the great mass of 
 phaenogamus plants, it happens that, in Lapland, the relative proportion 
 borne by ferns to the rest of the flora is greater than in France or Germany. 
 The numerical relations, which appear in the tables that are now about 
 to be produced, are entirely unlike the relations indicated by an absolute 
 comparison of the species that vegetate under different parallels of latitude. 
 The variation which is observable in proceeding from the equator to the 
 poles, is consequently different in those two methods. In that of fractions, 
 which is adopted by Mr. Brown and myself, there are two causes of varia- 
 tion ; that is to say, the total numbers of phaenogamous plants do not vary- 
 in passing from one parallel of latitude, or rather from one isothermal zone 
 
81 [ 300 ] 
 
 to another, in the same proportions as the number of species of a given 
 family. 
 
 " If from species or individuals of the same form, which re-prod tice 
 themselves in conformity to certain fixed laws, we pass to those divisions 
 of the natural system, which are abstractions of different degrees of impor- 
 tance, we may either confine ourselves to genera, or orders, or sections of a 
 still higher degree. There are certain genera and families which belong 
 exclusively to "certain zones, and a particular combination of the conditions 
 of climate; but there is also a great number of genera and families, of 
 which we find representatives under all zones and at all elevations. The 
 earliest researches upon the geographical distribution of forms were those 
 of M. Treviranus, published in his ingenious work on Biology, (vol. ii. pp. 
 47, 63, 83, 129,) and the object of these was the stations of genera upon the 
 globe. But it is more difficult to obtain general results from such a method 
 than from that which compares the number of species of each family, or 
 the great groups of a particular family, to the whole mass of phasnogamous 
 plants. In the frozen zone, the variety of genuine forms does not diminish 
 in anything like the degree of decrement of species ; a greater number of 
 genera, in a given number of species, is always to be found in such coun- 
 tries : and so it also is with the summits of high mountains, which are 
 colonised by a great number of genera supplied by the more abundant veg- 
 etation of the plains. 
 
 " It is very instructive to study the vegetation of the tropics and of the 
 temperate zone, between the parallels of 4U° and 50°, in two different ways : 
 firstly, in determining the numerical properties of the flora of a large extent 
 of country, including both mountains and plains; and, secondly, in ascer- 
 taining those proportions for the plains only of the temperate and torrid 
 zones. As in our herbaria we have indicated, by barometrical measure- 
 ment, the elevation of each plant in more than 4,000 cases above the level of 
 the sea in equinoctial America, it will be easy, when the account of the 
 species is completed, (it is now completed.) to separate those which grow at 
 or above an elevation of 6,000 feet from such as are inhabitants of a lower 
 region. This operation will affect most sensibly those families that abound 
 in alpine species ; as, for instance, Graminea? and Compositas. At 6,000 
 feet of elevation, the mean temperature of the air, on the back of the equa- 
 torial Andes, is 62° 6', which is equal to that of July at Paris. Although, 
 upon the table-land of the Cordilleras, we find the same annual tempera- 
 ture as in high latitudes, yet it is not right to generalise too much such 
 analogies between the temperate climates of equatorial mountains and low 
 stations in the circumpolar zone. These analogies are not so great as is 
 supposed ; they are much influenced by the partial distribution of heat in 
 different seasons of the year. The quotient does not regularly change in 
 rising from the plains into the mountains, in the same manner as it does in 
 approaching the pole ; as happens with Monocotyledones in general, ferns, 
 and Compositaa. 
 
 " We may, moreover, remark, that the development of the vegetation of 
 different families depends neither upon geographical or isothermal latitude 
 alone ; but that, on the contrary, the quotients are not in accordance on the- 
 same isothermal line of the temperate zone in the plains of America, and of 
 the old world. Under the tropics, there is a remarkable difference between 
 America, India, and the western side of Africa. The distribution of organ- 
 ized beings over the surface of the globe depends not only upon veiy com- 
 
 6 
 
 t 
 
[300] 8 2 
 
 plicated conditions of climate, but also upon geological causes, the nature 
 of which is wholly unknown, but which are connected with the original 
 state of our planet. In the equinoctial zone of Africa palms are not very 
 numerous, if compared with the much greater number in South America. 
 Differences such as these, far from turning us from a search after the laws 
 of nature, should, on the contrary, excite us to contemplate those laws in 
 their most complicated forms. Lines of equal heat do not follow the paral- 
 lel of the equator ; they have convex and concave summits, which are dis- 
 tributed very regularly over the globe, and form different systems along the 
 eastern and western sides of the two worlds, in the centre of continents, and in 
 the vicinity of oceans. It is probable that, when theglobe shall have been more 
 correctly examined, it will be found that the lines of maxima of grouping 
 (that is, lines drawn through those points were the fractions are reduced to 
 the smallest denominator) will be isothermal lines. If we divide the globe 
 into lines of longitude, and compare the numerical proportions of those 
 lines under similar isothermal latitudes, the existence of different systems 
 of grouping will at once be evident. From such systems can be distin- 
 guished, even in the present imperfect state of our knowledge, those of the 
 new world, of Western Africa, of India, and of New Holland. As we find 
 that, notwithstanding the regular increase of heat from the equator to the 
 poles, the maximum of heat is not always identical in different countries, 
 in different degrees of longitude ; so there exists places where certain fam- 
 ilies attain a greater degree of development than elsewhere ; as is the case 
 with Compositse in the temperate region of North America, and especially 
 at the southern extremity of Africa." 
 
 Now follow tables of the different numerical proportions of certain exten- 
 sive families and divisions of plants, as far as they have been ascertained. 
 I give them in Humboldt's words, with a fev/ interpolations, which are dis- 
 tinguished by being included within crotchets [ ]. 
 
 " ACOTYLEDONES. 
 
 " Cryptogamic plants, (fungi, lichens, mosses, and ferns,) and cellular 
 and vascular Agamae of De Candolle. Taking the plants of the plains 
 along with those of the mountains, we have found, under the tropics,-^; 
 but their number ought to be much greater. Brown has shown that it is 
 probable that, in the torrid zone, the proportion is — for the plains, and 
 \ for the mountains. In the temperate zone cryptogamous plants are gen- 
 erally to phsenogamousas 1 to 2 ; in the frozen zone they maintain as large 
 a proportion, and often much surpass it. [In Melville island the numbers 
 are 58 crypt, to 07 phajnog., or nearly equal : in Sweden, according to the 
 computation of Wahlenberg, they are something less than 4 to 1 ; and it 
 is probable that this is a near approximation to the true proportions of 
 Sweden, the cryptogamic flora of that country having been more accurate- 
 ly investigated than that of any other part of the world. 
 
 M In separating cryptogamous plants into three groups, we observe that 
 ferns are more numerous, the denominator of the fraction being smaller in 
 the frozen than in the temperate zone. Lichens and mosses also increase 
 towards the frozen zone. The geographical distribution of ferns depends 
 upon the combination of local circumstances of shade, humidity, and mod- 
 erate warmth. The maximum (that is to say, the place where, the denom- 
 inator of the fraction of the group becomes the smallest possible) is found 
 
83 [ 300 ] 
 
 to be in the mountainous parts of the tropics, especially in small islands, in 
 which the proportion rises to ^, and even higher. Not distinguishing the 
 plains from the mountains, Brown finds the proportion of ferns in the tor- 
 rid zone to be -^ : in Arabia, India, New Holland, and Western Africa 
 (within the tropics) it is i.^ : our American herbaria only indicate g{ : but 
 ferns are rare in the wide valleys and arid table-land of the Andes, where 
 we were constrained to reside a long time. In the temperate zone ferns 
 are ? u, in France ^ in Germany, according to recent observations, T 1 T . The 
 group of ferns is extremely rare on Atlas, and is almost entirely absent from 
 Egypt. [In Sicily, Presl finds them $$] in Sweden, according to Wahlen- 
 berg, they are about T } v .] In the frozen zone ferns appear to increase 
 to 2V [There are none in Melville island.] 
 
 " MONOCOT YLEDONES. 
 
 " The denominator becomes progressively smaller in going from the 
 equator to 62° north latitude ; it again increases in still more northern regions, 
 on the coast of Greenland, where Gramineas are very rare. [Brown remarks 
 that, in the list of Greenland plants, Dicotyledones are to Monocotyledones 
 as 4 to 1, or in nearly the equinoctial ratio ; and in Spitzbergen, as well as 
 can be judged, the proportion of Dicotyledones appears to be still further 
 increased. This inversion was found to depend as much on the reduction 
 of the proportion of Gramineas as on the increase of certain dicotyledonous 
 families, especially Saxifrageas and Cruciferas. The flora of Melville isl- 
 and is, however, very different, Dicotyledones being to Monocotyledones 
 as 5 to 2, or in as low a ratio as has any where been observed ; while the 
 proportion of grasses is nearly double that of any part of the world. — Parry 1 s 
 Appendix.] The proportion varies from }to| in different parts of the 
 tropics. Among 3,880 phanerogamous plants found in equinoctial Ameri- 
 ca by Bonpland and myself, there are 654 Monocotyledones and 3,226 Di- 
 cotyledones; here, therefore, the great division of Monocotyledones forms -i 
 of phaenogamous plants. According to Brown, this proportion is in the 
 old world (India, equinoctial Africa, and New Holland) }. Under the tem- 
 perate zone it is found to be \ ; France 1 : 4f ; Germany 1:4^; North 
 America, according to Pursh, 1:4^; kingdom of Naples 1 : 4j ; Switzer- 
 land 1 : 4i ; Great Britain 1 : 3f ; [Sweden 1 : 3 T 6 ^ ; but in Sicily, according 
 to Presl, it is 1 : 5 T 3 -, which is much too high.] In the frozen zone 1. 
 
 "Glumace^e (that is to say, the three families of Junceas, Cyperaceas, 
 and Gramineas united.) — Trap. ^; Temp. \\ Frozen \. This increase 
 towards the north is due to the greater prevalence of Junceas and Cypera- 
 ceas, which are much more rare, as compared with other phasnogamous 
 plants, in the temperate and torrid zones. Comparing the species of these 
 three families, we find that Gramineas, Cyperaceas, and Junceas, are in the 
 tropics as 25, 7, 1 ; in the temperate parts of the old world as 7, 5, 1 ; with- 
 in the polar circle as 2f , 2|, and 1. In Lapland there are as many Gra- 
 mineas as Cyperaceas; thence, towards the equator, Cyperacese and Junceas 
 diminish much more than Gramineas. The form of Junceas almost disap- 
 pears in the tropics. 
 
 "JuNCEiE alone. — Trop. ^i^ : Temp. 7 ?„, (Germany ^ 4 -, France -^\ t ) 
 [Sicily 7 ^;] Frozen J Ti [Melville island w \ m ] 
 
 " Cyperacese alone. — Trop. America scarcely z \, Western Africa r \, 
 India J I5 New Holland r \ ; Temp, perhaps ~. (Germany T ' T , France, ac- 
 
[ 300 ] 84 
 
 cording to De Candolle, ft, Denmark ft,) [Sweden rather more than ft, 
 Sicily^;] Frozen a, in Lapland and Kamschatka; [Meiville island r \.j 
 " Gramine-^e alone.— Trop. I have always supposed x \ ; but Brown finds 
 for Western Africa ft, for India ft; and Horneman makes the proportion 
 of Guinea T „ ; Temp. Germany ft, France ft, [Sweden not quite ft, Si- 
 cily ft 5] Frozen ft, Melville island nearly \.\ 
 
 " DICOTYLEDONES. 
 
 "Composite. — Not distinguishing plants of the plains from those of the 
 mountains, we found them in equinoctial America \ and 4 ; but of 534 
 compositse of our herbaria, only 94 were found between the plains and 
 3,000 feet of elevation, a height at which the mean temperature is 71° 3', 
 equalling that of Cairo, Algiers, and Maderia. From the plains to 6,000 
 feet, where mean temperature is that of Naples, we found 265 compositse. 
 Therefore the proportion of compositse in the regions of equinoctial America, 
 below 6,000 feet, is from £ to T V This result is very remarkable, inasmuch 
 as it proves that, within the tropics in the low and hot region of the new 
 continent, there are fewer compositse ; and in the subalpine and temperate 
 regions, more than under the same conditions in the old world. Brown 
 finds for the Congo river and Sierra Leone ft, for India and New Holland 
 ft. In the temperate zone compositse are, in America, 4 ; and this is pro- 
 bably the proportion borne by compositse on the very high stations of equi- 
 noctial America, to the whole mass of phsenogamous plants in the same 
 places ; at the Cape of Good Hope \, in France 4. or more properly, ft, in 
 Germany % [in Sweden, between ft and T ' r , in Sicily, rather less than g.j 
 In the frozen zone compositse are, in Lapland ft, in Kamtschatka ft, [in 
 Melville island ft.] tt ; __■ 
 
 "Leguminos^s.— Trop. America ft, India i, New Holland 1, Western 
 Africa | ; Temp. France ft, Germany ft, North America T V, Siberia ft, 
 Sweden ft, Sicily 4 ;] Frozen ft, [Melville island ft.] 
 
 "Labi atje.— Trop. ft; Temp. North America ft, Germany, ft, 
 France ft< [Sicily ft, Sweden ft ;] Frozen ft, [Melville island 0.] The 
 scarcity of Labi atae and Cruciferse, in the temperate zone of the new con- 
 tinent, is a very remarkable phenomenon. 
 
 " Malvac.e.— Trop. America ^ 7 , India and Western Africa ft, the coast 
 of Guinea alone ft ; Temp. T } T ; Frozen 0. 
 
 " Cruciferse.— Trop. Scarcely any, except in mountainous regions be- 
 yond from 7,000 to 10,000 feet 'of elevation; France ft, Germany ft, 
 [Sweden ft, Sicily ft, Balearic islands, according to Cambessedes ft, Mel- 
 ville island 4,1 North America ft. 
 
 RubiacetE.— Without dividing the family into several sections, we find 
 for the tropics in America ft, in Western Africa ft ; for the temperate 
 zone in German v ft, in France ft ; for the frozen zone in Lapland ft. 
 Brown separates the great family of Rubiacese into two groups, distinguished 
 by peculiar relations to climate. That of Stellatse without stipulse, princi- 
 pally belongs to the temperate zone ; it is almost wholly absent under the 
 tropics, except on the summit of mountains. The group, with opposite 
 stipulate leaves, [Cinchonacem, Lindl.) belongs exclusively to equitonal 
 
 regions. 
 
 " Euphorbiace*:.— Trop. America ft, India and New Holland ft. 
 
85 [ 300 J 
 
 Western Africa ^V 5 Temp. France 7 V, Germany T i^, [Sicily ,'g, Sweden 
 gig, Balearic islands x \ :] Frozen. Lapland ^ i ff . 
 
 " Ericeae. — Trop. America T i„ ; Temp. France Ti many $\ 
 
 North America ^\ ; Frozen. Lapland ^\. 
 
 " Amentace^:. — Trop. America T ^ ; Temp. France j 1 ^. Germany t \ } 
 North America J^ ; Frozen. Lapland ^. 
 
 '''• UMBELLiFERiE. — Scarcely any in the tropics below 7,000 feet, but 
 taking together, in equinoctial America, both the plains and the high moun- 
 tains, T i ff ; in the Temp, zone, much more in the old than in the new 
 world; France £ T1 North America J T ; Frozen. Lapland r \. 
 
 " In comparing the two worlds, we find in general in the new continent, 
 under the equator, fewer Cyperaceae and Cinchonaceae, and more Composi- 
 te ; in the temperate zone, fewer Labiatae and Cruciferae, and more Com- 
 positae, Ericeae, and Amentaceae, than in the corresponding zones of the 
 old world. The families that increase from the equator towards the poles, 
 (according to the method of fractions,) are Glumaceae, Ericeae, and Amen- 
 taceae ; those which diminish from the equator to the pole, are Legumi- 
 nosae, Rubiaceae, Euphorbiaceae, and Malvaceae ; the families that appear 
 to attain their maximum in the temperate zone, are Compositae, Labiatae, 
 Umbelli ferae, and Cruciferae." 
 
 To these most instructive and interesting remarks, Humboldt has added 
 the following table : 
 
[ 300 ] 
 
 S6 
 
 P4 
 
 a© 
 
 fli" 
 
 kj 
 
 in omltjooo — 
 
 C o 
 
 o o» 
 
 s 1 
 
 S 3 
 
 H 
 
 «h O ffi 
 
 3 O* 
 
 tt<~> 
 
 
 
 C3 1 
 
 
 £o 
 
 
 
 B ni 
 
 ovl 
 
 W 
 
 o 
 
 (S 
 
 ♦J* 
 
 
 o> 
 
 
 e 
 
 
 rH 
 
 FH 
 
 a 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 G 
 
 
 
 e 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 -a 
 
 
 
 
 o£ 
 
 — < CJ C» — CO -^ CJ "* -< to 
 
 
 3 H 3 = 
 
 
 1-i * 
 
 
 S§ 
 
 5 «B 
 
 vj «) .3 -^ 
 
 d a> •— 3 
 
 •r -r c o 
 
 i is o o 
 
 a 2 u te 
 
 o o2 <u 
 
 a -j fl-»3 
 
 2 a) 
 
 CD Co, 
 
 C o 
 
 o , 
 
 si 
 
 o 
 
 "O <u a ~ 
 
 ^ 
 
 bo 
 < 
 
 •7- flj « 
 
 F 3 S 
 
 «1§2 
 
 U g J; 
 
 s -a 
 
 .3 43 .2 > 
 
 o 3a °- °s 3 be -g g- ,o 
 
 S 5 
 
 hOOOJPiWJ^W 
 
 s 
 
 o 
 
 St 
 
 s 
 
 0J 
 
 
 5.S Si 
 
 <u 
 
 
 
 
 ti 
 
 
 
 ? 
 
 w|5 
 
 < 
 
 P 
 
 U 
 
 o © 
 
 o 2 
 
 c .3 
 
 ■a s 
 
 S 2 
 a-« 
 
 ■a e 
 
 * g 
 O P 
 
 32 
 
 a ©- 
 
 JS v- 
 
 3 f. 
 
 •a .5 
 
 2 S- 
 
 05 E^3 
 
87 [ 300 ] 
 
 From what has now been said, it would seem that the forms assumed 
 by vegetation, ill different latitudes, are dependant upon 'particular con- 
 ditions of climate and soil, and that it is to variations of these conditions 
 that we are to ascribe the difference between the flora of the equator and 
 of the polar regions. And this is no doubt true : but there are, neverthe- 
 less, some plants which have a remarkable power of adapting themselves 
 to all climates and circumstances ; and there are others which readily 
 naturalize themselves in climates similar to their own. Of the latter, 
 examples present themselves at every step ; all the hardy plants of our 
 gardens may, in some sort, be considered of this nature ; for, although 
 they do not grow spontaneously in the fields, they flourish almost without 
 care in our gardens. The pine apple has gradually extended itself east- 
 ward from America, through Africa, into the Indian Archipelago ; where 
 it is now as common as if it were a plant indigenous to the soil ; and, 
 in like manner, the spices of the Indies have become naturalized on the 
 the coast of Africa, and in the West Indian islands* Of the former de- 
 scription, the instances are not numerous, but they are very remarkable. 
 In the woods of Georgia, in North America, grows the Rosa laevigata, 
 which, while all the other species of rose of that country are entirely dif- 
 ferent from those of other regions, is identical with the R. sinica of China ; 
 to the flora of which country, that of North America has no resemblance. 
 Samolus valeraudi is found all over the world, from the frozen north to the 
 burning south ; associated here with Amentacese and similar northern 
 forms, and there mixed with palms and the genuine denizens of the tropics. 
 Above 350 species are said to be common to Europe and North America, 
 and even among the peculiar features of the flora of New Holland, Brown 
 recognised 16(3 European species. Royle has added numerous instances 
 of Siberian, European, African, and American plants occurring in India. 
 The presence of many of such strangers may, undoubtedly, be referred to 
 the agency of man, by whom they have been transported from climate to 
 climate, along with corn, and by other means ; as, for example, at Pont 
 Juvenal, near Montpellier, the vicinity of which abounds with Barbary 
 plants ; the seeds of which are known to have been brought across the 
 Mediterranean along with the Barbary wool which is disembarked at that 
 station. In like manner, the various kinds of corn have been carried about 
 from country to country, for the service of mankind, until their real home 
 has become doubtful. Medicago sativa is common in Chili, whither it 
 has been transported by the Spaniards; and instances, in abundance, of 
 similar cases could be produced. But it must not thence be inferred that 
 all cases of species, growing in places far away from their kindred forms, are 
 to be referred to migration : for this, the agency of man, of animals, cAseas, of 
 wind, and of torrents, will, doubtless, have done a great deal ; but none of 
 
 * In the hot-houses and green-houses of Europe there are thousands of valuable plants of the 
 tropics which have hitherto been merely cosily objects of princely curiosity ; but of which 
 very many may be profiiab'y transported to tropical Florida. It is well known that all the 
 coffee of tropical America has proceeded from a single plant in the garden at Paris, trans- 
 planted in the island of Guadaloupe ; and there is, or ought to be, now on the way from the 
 same garden, by the orders of the subscriber, a plant which will be of infinitely m;>re import- 
 ance to the United States, when domesticated in the mnrshes of Florida, viz: the Musa Abaca. 
 In the European colonies, in the United States islands, and on the continent of tropical America, 
 there are botanical gardens and nurseries which contain many of the most valuable vegetables 
 of the whole torrid zone. Hence the G.jvernmem ol the United Stales, at a small expense, 
 can procure them from Cuba and Jamaica, and Guadaloupe, and from the English, French, 
 and Dutch settlements at Cayenne, Demarara, and also from Brazil. H. P. 
 
[ 30 ° ] 
 
 88 
 
 these causes, nor any other with which I am acquainted, will explain the 
 identity of the Calypso borealis. Orchis viridis, and Betula nana, of North 
 America, and of Europe ; of the Potamogetons, common to Europe and 
 New Holland ; of the Rose, already adverted to, as common to North 
 America and China ; of the Osmorhiza of the Himalayas, with that of the 
 United States ; of the wide diffusion of Samolus valerandi ; and, most es- 
 pecially, of the identity of the cryptogamic plants of various countries, 
 plants incapable of cultivation — unconnected with the purposes of man — 
 and, of all others, the most difficult of transport under any form. To us it 
 appears that such plants must have been originally created in ihe places 
 where they now exist ; the contingent circumstances under which they 
 were found having been favorable to the particular mode of vegetable de- 
 velopment which was necessary for their formation. 
 
 One rather important element in all calculations concerning the geo- 
 graphical distribution of plants, is the actual number of species upon the 
 surface of the earth. In the existing state of herbaria, and with so many 
 large districts, either altogether, or very imperfectly examined, there is no 
 possibility of arriving at anything more than an approximation to the true 
 number ; and even this may prove so very wide of the truth as to be really 
 exceedingly fallacious. Nevertheless, some idea of it may be formed from 
 the following data and conjectures : 
 
 The number of described plants in 1827, was, according to 
 Sprengel, about ------ 
 
 To this may be added for errors, and erroneous suppressions 
 of species, say ...... 
 
 Add also for India and the rest of Asia - 
 
 America ...... 
 
 " Africa ------ 
 
 Phaenosramous. 
 
 31,000 
 
 0,000 
 10,000 ) 
 20,000 > 
 10,000 ) 
 
 77,000 
 
 Cryptogamous. 
 
 (5,000 
 1,000 
 2,000 
 
 9,000 
 
 That this is not an exaggerated statement in regard America, will be ob- 
 vious from the following comparison of the numhers, in a few cases, of 
 American species, admitted by Sprengel, and what have since been pub- 
 lished by other botanists : 
 
 Number of American species of 
 
 Salvia 
 
 Hyptis 
 
 Hydrophylleas 
 
 Calilbrnian Polemoniaceae 
 
 Habenaria /?. Br. 
 
 Melastomaeea? 
 
 99 according to Sprengel, 1G0 according to Bentham. 
 
 2!) 
 
 12 
 
 4 
 
 31 
 
 235 
 
 410 
 
 208 
 40 
 33 " " 
 
 00 according to Lindley. 
 633 according to De Candolle. 
 
 1,146 
 
 So that the number appears already to have been ascertained to be in 
 these seven cases, nearly three times as great as Sprengel supposed. 
 
 The best attempt that has yet heen made to group these species geo- 
 graphically, is by Schouw, from whom we take (Linn. vol. viii. p. 623) the 
 
 following : 
 
89 [ 300 ] 
 
 A'otes for a lecture on the geographical distribution of plants. 
 
 I. KINGDOM OF THE MOSSES AND SAXIFRAGES. 
 
 (Arctic Alpine Kingdom. — W aide nb erg's Kingdom.) 
 
 a. The Polar countries from the ice limits to the tree limits (Scandinavia, 
 70° N. L. Asia, 68°, Kamtschatka, 58°, middle of North America, 68°, 
 Labrador, 58°, the polar islands, Greenland, Iceland, G0°. 
 
 b. The higher regions of the mountains of Ei:rope, North Asia, and 
 probably also of North America. Likewise from the snow-line to the tree- 
 limit, namely: in Northern Scandinavia, 1,500 — 3,000 French feet; in 
 Southern Scandinavia, 3,500— 5,200; in the Carpathian Alps, 4,500— 8.000; 
 in the Alps on their north side, 5,500— 8,200, on the south side, 6,500 — 8,600; 
 the Pyrenees on the north side, 6,500— 7,800, on thesouth side, 6,900— 8,600; 
 the Appenines, 6,000— 9.000; Caucasus, 5.500—10,000; the Altai Mountains, 
 6,000—7.000. The Greek Mountains, the Balkan, Sierra Nevada. 
 
 Mean Temperature : Polar lands, 1.75° to +41° Fahr. ; Mount, reg. 
 +20.75° to -1-36.5°. 
 
 Characteristic and predominating forms. — Ranunculus, Arabis, Draba, 
 Arenaria, Uryas, Potentilla, Saxifraga, Rhododendron, Azalea, Gentiana, 
 Pedicularis, Salix, Musci, Lichenes. For the polar lands particularly: 
 Cpptis, Eutrema, Parrya, Diapensia, Andromeda, Ledum. For the moun- 
 tain regions ; Cherleria, Campanula, Phyteuma. Primula, Aretia, Solda- 
 nella. 
 
 Dwarf herbaceous plants with proportionate large flowers of a pure color. 
 Trees absent. Dominating shrubs and half-shrubs in the polar lands : 
 Betulanana: Salix lanata, fusca, lapponum, reticulata, arctica, herbacea ; 
 Rubus, Chamaemorus, Empetrum nigrum ; Andromeda hypnoides, tetra- 
 gona; Arbutus alpina, Uva ursi ; Azalea procumbens, Rhododendron 
 lapponicum, Menziesia ceerulea. In the mountain region : Juniperus nana. 
 Alnus viridis ; Salix reticulata, herbacea; Rhododendron ferrugineum, 
 hirsutum, caucasicum; Vaccinium Myrtillus, uliginosum ; Azalea procum- 
 bens ; Arbutus alpina, Uva ursi ; Empetrum nigrum. 
 
 Plants which approach the snow line: Ranunculus glacialis, Saxifraga 
 oppositifolia, Silene acaulis. In the polar lands particularly : Agrostis 
 algida; Ranunculus hyperboreus, nivalis; Papaver nudicaule, Draba alpi- 
 na, Lychnis apetala, Diapensia lapponica. In the mountain regions: Sax- 
 ifraga muscoides, bryoides ; Cherleria sedoides ; Aretia helvetica, alpina; 
 Draba nivalis, Petrocallis pyrenaica, Arabis bellidifolia, Myosotis nana, 
 Gentiana nivalis, Achillea nana, Linaria alpina. 
 
 No cultivation. 
 
 II. KINGDOM OF THE UMBELLIFER^E AND CRUCIFERS. 
 
 (North European and North Asiatic Kingdom. — Linne's Kingdom.) 
 
 Europe and North Asia from the southern limits of the last kingdom to 
 the Pyrenees, the Alps, the Balkan, Caucasus, Altai, Dahuria, and the 
 middle regions of the mountains of Southern Europe. Mean Temperature. 
 +27.5° to 56.75°. 
 
 Character. — Umbelliferae, Cruciferse, Coniferae, Amentaceae, Gramineee, 
 
[ 300 j 90 
 
 Cariceae, Fungi, Cichoraceae, Cynarocephalae: particularly in Asia ; Halo- 
 phytae (<\ g. Salsola, Salicornia,) Astragaleae. 
 
 Luxuriant growth of grass. Trees with deciduous leaves. Some 
 heaths. 
 
 Predominating trees and shrubs: Pinus sylvestris, Cembra, sibirica, 
 Pinaster; Abies excelsa, pectinata ; Larix europaea, Juniperus communis.' 
 Betula alba, Alnus glutinosa and incana ; Fagussylvatica, Quercus pedun- 
 culata and sessiliflora, Carpinus Betulus, Castanea vesca, Salices, Populus 
 tremula, Corylus Avellana, Ulmus campestris, Erica vulgaris, Primus spin- 
 osa, Sorbus aucuparia : Acer Pseudo-platanus, platanoides, campestre ; 
 Tilia platyphilla, microphylla. 
 
 Cultivated plants : Secale sereale ; Hordeum vulgare, hexastichon, dis- 
 tichon ; Avena Sativa; Triticum vulgare, Spelta ; Zea Mays, Panicum 
 miliaceum, Solanom tuberosum, Polygonum Fagopyrum. 
 
 Pyrus Mains, communis ; Cydonia vulgaris, Cerasus vulgaris and avium. 
 Primus domestica, Armeniaca vulgaris," Persica vulgaris, Moms nigra, 
 Juglans regia, Vitis vinifera; Ribes rubrum, Grossularia, nigrum; Fra- 
 garia vesca, Cucumis Melo. 
 
 Brassica oleracea, Rapa; Raphanus sativus, Sinapis nigra and alba, Pisuin 
 sativum, Phaseolus vulgaris. Faba vulgaris, Ervum Lens,Spinacia oleracea, 
 Beta vulgaris, Cucumis sativus, Cucurbits Pepo, Carum Carvi, Daucus 
 Carota, Humulus Lupulus, Linum usitatissimum, Cannabis sativa Brassica 
 Napus. 
 
 Trifolium pratense and repens, Vicia sativa, Medicago sativa, Lolium 
 perenne. 
 
 III. KINGDOM OF LABIAT/E AND CAR YOPHYLLE7E. 
 
 (Mediterranean Kingdom. — De CaudolWs Kingdom.) 
 
 The region which border the Mediterranean Sea, limited on the north 
 by the Pyrenees, the Alps, the Balkan, and Caucasus ; on the south, by 
 Atlas and the deserts of North Africa ; on the east by Taurus. Mean 
 Temperature, -j-54 5° to 72.5°. 
 
 Character. — Labiatae, Caryophylleae, Boragincas, Cistineae, Liliaceae. 
 The orders mentioned under II.; but the most of them less predominating, 
 particularly Caricese. Representations of tropical orders : Palmse, Tere- 
 binthaceae, Laurineae. Orders which increase towards the equator are 
 more numerous than in II., as Leguminosas. Malvaceae, Solaneae, Euphor- 
 biacea), Urticeae. 
 
 Adonis, Nigella, Trifolium, Medicago, Genista, Cytisus, Scabiosa, Anthe- 
 mis, Achillea, Verbascum, Narcissus. Many evergreen trees and shrubs. 
 A greater number of ligneous plants than in II. The growth of grass less 
 luxuriant. 
 
 Predominating trees and shrubs: Pinus Pinea, Pinaster, h ilepensis.Laricio: 
 Cupressus sempervirens; Juniperus phcenicea, macrocarpa ; Q,uercus Cerris, 
 pedunculata, sessiliflora, Ilex, Suber, iEgilops. coccifera, infectoria ; Castanea 
 vesca, Platanus orientalis, Alnus cordifolia, Corylus Colurna, Ostraya 
 vulgarns ; Acer monspessulauum, neapolitanum ; Pistacia, Terebinthus. 
 Lentiscus; Ceratonia Siliqua,CercisSiliqnastrum, Genista scoparia,Mespilus 
 Pyracantha, Primus Laurocerasus ; Tamarix gallica, africana; Myrtus 
 communis, Punica,Granatum,Opuutia vulgarns. (Cactus.) Viburnum Tinus, 
 
91 [30)] 
 
 Arbutus Unedo, Erica arborea, and scoparia; Rhododendron ponticum, 
 maximum; Cistus sp. ; Phillyrea latifolia, angustifolia; Ornus europaea, 
 and rotundifolia, Nerium Oleander, Rosmarinus officinalis, Ephedra 
 distachya. Chamaerops humilis, Ruscus aculeatus, Smilax aspera, Tamil s 
 communis, Agave americana. 
 
 Cultivated plants, the same as under II. ; but the following are either 
 scarce, or only to be found on mountains: Secale cereale : Ribes rubrum r 
 Grossularia,nigrum; Polygouum Fagopyrum, Humulus Lupulus; Salanum 
 tuboronum ; Pynismalis ammunis. 
 
 The following are to be added : Oryza sativa, Sorghum vulgare, Panicum 
 italicum,FicusCarica,Amygdalus communis, Pistacia vera; Citrus Limonum r 
 Medica, vulgarus, Aurantium : Opuntia vulgaris, Cucurbita Citrullus, 
 Olea europaea ; Solanum Melongena, Lycopersicum ; Pimpinella Anisum, 
 Coriandrum sativum, Gossypium herbaceum, Morus alba, Crocus sativus, 
 Rhus Coriaria, Lupinus albus, Onobrychis sativa. 
 
 Note 1. Madeira, the Azores, and the Canary islands belong to this 
 kingdom; but their Flora approaches to that of tropical Africa. Characteristic 
 forms are: Sempervivumarboreum,Canariense, tortuosum,ect. ; Ilex Perado ; 
 Plocama pendula, Cacalia Klein ia, Sonchus fruticosus, Arbutus callicarpa, 
 Ardisia excelsa, ceropegia aphylla, Echium giganteum, etc., Laurus foetens ; 
 Euphorbia balsamifera, canadensis ; Myrica Faya, Pinus canadensis. 
 
 Note 2. The highest regions of this kingdom belong to I., and the middle 
 toll. 
 
 IV. KINGDOM OP ASTEREjE AND SOLIDAGINEjE. 
 
 (North Northern-American Kingdom. Michaux's Kingdom.) 
 
 North America, from the southern limits of the first kingdom to 36° N, 
 L. Mean Temperature, 9.5° to 59°. 
 
 Character. — More sorts of Coniferae and Amentaceae than in II. ; but few 
 Umbelliferae, Cruciferee, Cichoraceas, Cynarocephalas. 
 
 Hydrastis, Sanguinaria. Hudsonia, Ptelea, Robinia, Gymnocladus,Purshia, 
 Gillinia, Decodon, CEnothera, Clarkia, Ludwigia, Bartonia, Claytonia, 
 Heuchera, Ilex. Hamamelis, Mitchella, Aster, Solidago, Liatris, Rudbeckia, 
 Galardia, Vaccinium, Andromeda, Kalmia, Sabbatia, Houstonia, Hydrophyl- 
 lum, Phlox, Monarda, Dodecatheon, Dirca, Hamiltonia, Lewisia, Trilium, 
 Medeola. 
 
 Predominant trees and shrubs : Pinus Strobus, inops. resinosa, Banksiana, 
 variabilis, rigida, serotina, pungens ; Abies balsamea, taxifolia, canadensis, 
 nigra, rubra, alba ; Larix pendula, microcarpa ; Thuja occidentalis, 
 sphaeroidea ; Juniperus virginiana, Sabina ; Taxus canadensis, Q,uercus 
 25 sp. ; Fagussylvatica, ferrugiuea ; Castanea americana, pumila; Ostrya 
 virginica, Carpinus americana ; Corylus americana, rostrata ; Alnusglutinosa, 
 crispa, serrulata ; Betula nigra, papyracea, etc.; Salix 27 sp. ; Populus 
 balsamifera, monilifera, etc. ; Myrica cerifera, etc. ; Platanus occidentalis, 
 Liquidambar styraciflua ; Juglans nigra, cinerea, etc. ; Ulmus americana. 
 ect. ; Nyssa aquatica, Fraxinus alba, nigra, etc. ; Ornus americana, Ribes 
 floridum, aureum, etc.; Vaccinium 20, Andromeda 10; Kalmia latifolia, 
 angustifolia, glauca; Azalea viscosa, nitida, glauca, nudiflora, etc.; 
 Rhodendron maximum ; Cornus florida, alba, canadensis, etc. ; Hamamelis 
 
[ 300 ] 92 
 
 virginica; Spiraea salicifolia, chamaedrifolia, opulifolia, hypericifolia, etc. ; 
 Gillenia trifoliate, Crataegus sp. ; Cerasas pamila, nigra, etc. ; Purshia 
 tridentata,Rubus20, Pyrussp. ; Robinia Pseudacacia, hispida; Gymnocladus 
 canadensis ; Rhus typhi na, glabra, venenata, Toxicodendron, etc. ; Ptelea 
 trifoliata, Ceanothus americanus, etc. ; Rhamnus alnifolius, etc. ; Ilex opaca, 
 etc.; Enonyraus americanus, atropurpureus ; Staph ylea trifolia, Ampelopsis 
 hederacea ; Acer rubrum, dasycarpum, saccharinum, straitum ; Negundo 
 fraxini folium; Xanthoxylumfraxineum, tricarpum; Tilia glabra, pubescens; 
 Liriodendron Tulipifera. 
 
 In the northern parts (to 50°, to 55° N. L.) there is no cultivation. More 
 to the soulh, the same cultivated plants as in II. Maize culture is more 
 frequent. 
 
 3 
 
 V. KINGDOM OF MAGNOLIAS. 
 
 (Southern North- American Kingdom. PursWs Kingdom.) 
 
 North America, between 36°, 30° N. L. Mean Temperature 59° to 
 72.5°. 
 
 Character. — Some approximation to tropical vegetation.* Cannese (Can- 
 na, Thalia,) Palmee (Chamaerops,) Yucca, Cycadtas (Zamia,) Laurus, Ipo- 
 maea, Bignonia, Asclepias, Cacteas (Mammillaria, Opuntia,) Rhexia, Passi- 
 flora, Cassia, Sapindus. 
 
 A few Labiates, Caryophylleae, Umbelliferae, Cruciferas, Cichoraceae, 
 Geraniaceas ; few sorts of Aster and Solidago. 
 
 Trees with broad shining leaves and large flowers. 
 
 Magnolia, Liriodendron, Illicium. Asimina, Dionasa, Pavia, Amorpha, 
 Gleditshia, Baptisia, Petalostemnm, Calycanv.hus, CEnothera, Claytonia, 
 Rudbeckia, Liatris, Silphinm, Kalmia, Houstonia. Frasera, Halesia, Dode- 
 catheon. 
 
 Predominating trees and shrubs : Magnolia grandiflora, glauca, etc. ; 
 Illicium floridanum and parviflorunj, Liriodendron Tulipifera, Asimina sp.; 
 Pavia flava, macrostachya, etc. ; Amorpha fruticosa, Gleditschia triacan- 
 thos, etc. ; Robinia viscosa ; Cassia Tora, marilandica etc. : Acacia glandu- 
 losa, Calycanthus floridus, etc. ; Kalmia hirsulo, cuneata ; Opuntia vulgaris, 
 fragilis, missouriensis ; Halesia tetraptera, diptera ; Laurus Catesbyana, 
 carolinensis, Benzoin, Sassafras, etc. ; Jiiglans fraxinifolia ; Carya aquatica, 
 myristicasformis ; Liquidambar styraciflua, Carpinus americana ; Castanea 
 americana, pumila ; Platanus occidentalis, Quercus 25, Schubertia disticha; 
 Pinus Tasda. palustris ; Zamia integrifolia; Yuccu gloriosa, aloifolia, etc.; 
 Chamaerops Hystrix, Palmetto, serrulata. 
 
 Culture. — Nearly the same things as in III., with the exception of the 
 olive ; the culture of rice is more extended. In the southern parts some 
 tropical plants, particularly Saccharum officinarum.t 
 
 * Hence the great encouragement for the gradual accumulation of all tropical plants in the 
 southern and southwestern Stales. H. P. 
 
 t Tropical cotton, the greatest staple; tropical tobncco, the next; then tropical rice; and 
 finally, tropical sugar. H. P. 
 
93 [ 300 ] 
 
 VI. KINGDOM OP CAMMELLIAS AND CELASTRINEiE. 
 
 (Chino-Japanese Kingdom. — Kcempfcfs Kingdom.) 
 
 Japan and Northern China 30°— 40°. N. L. Mean Temperature, 54-5° 
 to 68°.* 
 
 Character. — Magnolia, Nandina, Eurya, Camellia, Thea, Celastrus, Ilex, 
 Euonymus, Bumalda, Hovenia, Kerria, Spiraea, Gonocarpus, Lagerstroemia,t 
 Aucuba, Bladhia, Dorsena, Eleagnns, Poiygoum, Pollia. 
 
 Predominating trees and shrubs : Rhapis flabelliformis, Finns sp. ; Taxus 
 nncifera, verticillata ; Cnpressns japonicn, pendula ; Juniperus virginiana ; 
 Thuja orientalis, dolabrata ; Quercus glabra, glauca ; Alnus japonica, Ju- 
 lians nigra, Broussonetio papyrifera, Daphne odora ; Laurus glauca, lucida, 
 umbellata, pedunculata ; Olea fragrans, Diospyros Kaki, Mespilus japonica, 
 Sophora japonica ; Acer japonicum, septemlobatum, palmatum, etc. ; Ca- 
 mellia japonica and Sasanqua. 
 
 Cultivated plants : Oryza sativa, Triticum vulgare, Hordeum vulgare, 
 Avena sativa, Sorghum vulgare, Eleusine coracana, Polygonum Faoopy- 
 rum, Cycas revoluta, (Sago,) Caladium esculentum, Convolvulus edulis. 
 
 Pyrus Malus, communis, baccata, spectabilis ; Cydonia vulgaris, Prunus 
 domestica, Cerasus vulgaris ; Armeniaca vulgaris, Persica vulgaris, Mespi- 
 lus japonica ; Citrus japonica, decumana, Aurantium, nobilis, marginata, 
 etc.; Cucumis Melo, Thea chinensis ; Brassica Rapa, orientalis ; Rapnanus 
 sativus, Cucumis sativus Conomon ; Cucurbita Pepo, Citrullus ; Pimpinella 
 Anisum, Illicium anisatum, Soya hispida ; Phaseolus vulgaris, radiatus ; 
 Pisum sativum, Faba vulgaris, Solanum aethiopicum, Sesamum orientale, 
 Cannabis, sativa, Broussonetia papyrifera, Gossypium herbaceum. 
 
 : 
 
 VII. KINGDOM OP SCITAMINE^E. 
 
 (Indian Kingdom. — Roxburgh's Kingdom.) 
 
 Both the Indian peninsulas to a height of 4 — 5,000 feet in Ceylon. 
 Mean Temperature, 65.75° to 8l.5°.t 
 
 Character. — Tropical orders appear, or become more numerous. Palmas, 
 Cycadeae, Scitamineae, Aroideae, Artocarpeae, Urticeae, Uuphorbiaceae, Lau- 
 rineae, Convolvulaceae, Bignoniaceae, Apocyneae, Rubiaceae, Leguminosas, 
 Terebinthaceae, Meliaceae, Guttiferae, Sapindaceae, Buttneriaceas, Malvaceae. 
 
 The following disappear or appear, but sparingly, as Cariceae, Coniferae, 
 'Amentaceae, Labiates. Boragineae, Synanthereae, Rosaceas, Caryophylleae, 
 Cistineae, Cruciferae, Ranunculaceae. 
 
 Uvaria, Grewia, Eriolsena, Garcinia, Buchanania, Crotalaria, Flemingia, 
 Butea, Carpopogon, Jambosa, Gratiola, Teclona, Holmskioldia, Ficus, 
 Phytocrene, Calamus. 
 
 Trees do not lose their leaves. The number of tree like shrubs is more 
 considerable than beyond the tropic. Large magnificent flowers. Many 
 climbing and parasitical plants.§ 
 
 * Compare this with the mean temperature of Charleston, S. C, and other portions of the 
 southern States, where every useful plant of China and Japan may be successfully propagated. 
 
 t At Charleston the tea plant ripens its seeds, and the beautiful lagerstrcemia is thoroughly 
 domesticated. 
 
 t Annual mean 76.62° in tropical Florida. Lowest extreme, 44° ; highest do. 90°. 
 
 § Equally the facts in tropical Florida. H. P. 
 
[ 300 ] 94 
 
 Predominating Iree-like plants: Dillenia ornata, scabrella ; (Jvaria sp., 
 Michelia Oampaca etc.. Bombax insignis etc., Stercnlia sp., Astrapasa Wal- 
 lichii, Elscocarpns sp., Calophyllum sp., Garcinia sp., Sapindus sp., Swiete- 
 nia febrifuga, Cissus sp., Aquilaria mallaccensis, Semecarpns Anacardiura, 
 Melanorrhoea usitata, Mimosa sp.. Acacia sp., Amberstia nobilis, Pterocar- 
 pus santalinum, Cassia fistula, Jambosa sp., Gardenia sp., Nanclea sp., 
 Uncaria Gambir, Diospyros Ebenum etc., Urceola elastica, Bignonia. sp., 
 Avicennia tomentosa; Tectona grandis, Hainiltoniana ; Laurus Cassia, 
 Cinnamomum, Malabatrum ; Tetranthera sp., Myristica sp., Hernandia 
 sonora ; Ficus religiosa, indica, elastica, benjamina, and many others ; 
 Cycas revoluta, Borassns fiabelliformis, Cocos nucifera, Elate sylvestris, 
 Metroxylon Sagus ; Calamus Rotang, rudentum, Mnsa regia; rosacea; coc- 
 cinea; Abaca uepalensis, troglodytarum, superba,glauca, ornata. Draco, etc.; 
 Areca Catechu, Taliera bengalensis, Dracaena Draco, Pandanus odoratissi- 
 mus, Flagellaria indica, Bambusa arundinacea. 
 
 Cultivated plants : Oryza sativa, Panicum frumentaceum, Eleusine cor- 
 acana ; Sorghum sp. ; Cycas circinalis ; Dioscorea alata, Arachis hypogae, 
 Cocos, nucifera, Tamarindus indica, Mangifera indica, Garcinia Mangosta- 
 na ; Musa paradisiaca, sapientum ; Jambosa vulgaris, malaccensis ; Psidi- 
 um pomiferum ; Citrus Aurantium, decumana, etc. ; Cucurbita Citrullus, 
 Saccharum officinarum, Coffea arabica, Caroyphyllus aromaticus ; Piper 
 longum, nigrum, Betle, Cubeba; Zingiber officinale ; Alpinia Cardamom- 
 um, Curcuma longa., Soja hispida, Phaseolus sp., Dolichos sp., Gossypium 
 herbaceum ; Indigofera tinctoria, Anil. 
 
 VIIT. HIMALAYAN KINGDOM. 
 
 ( WallicKs Kingdom.) 
 
 The highlands of India, or the mountain terraces, lying on the south of 
 the Himalayan range, Kamoon, Nepal, Boutan, 4,000 — 10,000 feet. Mean 
 Temperature, 36.5° to 65.75°* 
 
 Character — Tropical forms disappear or decrease. Palmae, Cycadeae, 
 Scitamineae, Euphorbiaceae, Solaneae, Convolvulacesc, Apocyneae, Terebin- 
 thaceae, Leguminosae, Malvaceae, Annonaceas. 
 
 Extra-tropical, particularly European, forms appear, or become more 
 frequent than in VII., as Cariceae, Amentaceae, Coniferese, Polygonese, 
 (Rumex, Polygonum, Rheum,) Primulaceae, (Primula, Lysimachia,) La- 
 biates, Ericese, (Rhododendron, Andromeda,) Cichoraceae, Umbelliferac, 
 Rosaceas, (Potentilla, Rubus, Rosa, Mespilus, Pyrus, Primus,) Acerineae, 
 Caroyphylleae, (Stellaria, Cerastium, Arenaria,) Cruciferae, Ranunculaceae, 
 (Aconitum, Ranunculus, Thalictrum.) 
 
 Orchideas and Fillices, very numerous. To the characteristic forms also 
 belong Allium, Paris, Plantago, Veronica, Rhinathus, Pedicularis, Didy- 
 mocarpeaB, Gentiana, Swertia, Campanula, Valeriana, Galium, Cornus, Vi- 
 burnum. 
 
 The most important trees and shrubs : Pinus excelsa ; Abies Smithiana, 
 Brunoniana ; Cupressus torulosa, Podocarpus latifolia ; Juniperus squamata, 
 recurva; Quercus spicataetc, Corylus ferox; Betula utilis, nitida, alnoides ; 
 Alnus nepalensis ; Salix disperma, cuspidata, japonica; Daphne cannabina, 
 Gardeneri, sericea, Bholua ; Eleagnus arborea, conferta, umbellata ; Hippo- 
 phea salicifolia, Fraxinus floribunda ; Ligustrum nepalense, bracteolactum ; 
 
 *Mean temperature at New Orleans,|451C° to 82.83°, or 66.93°. 
 
95 [ 300 ] 
 
 Xylosteumligustrinum; Caprifoliura jnponicum, macranthum ; Cornns ob- 
 longa, capitata ; Viburnum fcetidum, etc.; Andromeda formosa, ovalifolia, 
 etc. ; Rhododendrum arboreum, etc., Hedera Helix, etc. ; lllex dipyrena, 
 odorata, etc. ; Ribes Takare. Rosa macrophylla, etc. ; Rubus rugosus, 
 betulluus, etc. ; Spiriaea canescens, etc. ; Nellia thyrisflora, rubiflora ; Pyrus, 
 Pashia; MespiUis affinis, cuila, etc.; Prunus undulata, cerasoides; Rhus- 
 jnglandifolium, fraxinifohum, etc.; Rhamnus sp., Celastrus sp., Euony, 
 mus sp. ; Acer acuminatum, oblongum; Dobinse vulgaris ; Berberis asiatica 
 Wallichiana, miccia. 
 
 Cultivated plants : the corn and fruit of Europe ; in the lower parts 
 some tropical kinds, as mountain rice . 
 
 1. The highest regions of the Himalaya form perhaps a kingdom by 
 itself, or bat a province of the Arctic Alpine kingdom ; Alpine forms are 
 'prevalent. 
 
 2 The remaining high mountains and elevated plains of Central Asia are 
 in regard to their vegetation unknown to us. 
 
 3. Cochin China and the south of China are not sufficiently examined. 
 The forms of this district show the passage of the Japanese Flora to the 
 Indian. These countries form either provinces of the two latter kingdoms, 
 or make one by themselves. 
 
 IX. POLYNESIAN KINGDOM. 
 
 (Reinicardi's Kingdom.) 
 
 The islands between Hindostan and New Holland to a height of 5,000 
 feet above the level of the sea. Mean Temperature, +65.75° to 83.75°. 
 
 Character.— Similar to the Indian kingdom. The principal distinction 
 consists in a greater number of Orchidese, (particularly epiphytal, which ap- 
 pear under many peculiar forms,) Fillices, and many sorts of figs. A slight 
 approximation to the New Holland forms in Melaleuca, Metrosideros. Pro- 
 teaceae, (Heliophyllum.) Further characteristic forms are : Licuala, Lodoi- 
 cea, Rafflesia, Briigmansia. Stemanurus, Antiaris, Myristica, Nomaphila, 
 Hydrophytum, Philagonia, Esenbeckia, Echinocarpus, Aromadendron. 
 
 Predominating trees and shrubs : Primitive woods particularly of Ficus, 
 Laurmeae, Calameae, Bignoniaceae, Licuala speciosa, Lodoice, Sechellarum, 
 Broussonetia papyrifera, Artocarpus incisa, Antiaris toxicaria, (Bohn Upas,) 
 Myristica sp., Ardisa sp., Tectona grandis, Strychnos, Tieute, Diospyros 
 Ip.j Barrmgtonia speciosa, excelsa : Philagonia procera, Cissus sp., Calo- 
 Nbyllum Inophyllum Elaeocarpus sp., Esenbeckia altissima, Echinocarpus 
 Sigun. 
 
 Cultivated plants: The same as in the Indian kingdom, along with 
 irtocarpus incisa, Janipha Manihot, Inocarpus edulis, Myristica moschata, 
 Lauras Camphora, Carica Papaya; Gossypium arboreum, vitifolium; 
 Broussonetia papyrifera, Cannabis sativa. 
 
 X. HIGHLAND JAVANESE KINGDOM. 
 
 (Bltwie's Kingdom.) 
 
 The higher regions (above 5,000 feet) of Java, probably also of the nei^h- 
 )ormg islands. Mean Temperature, 
 
[ 300 ] 96 
 
 Character. — This kingdom is very much like the Himalayan, and pro- 
 bably forms with it but one. Extra-tropical forms are in lieu of tropical. 
 Oak-woods in lieu of fig-woods. Plantago, Lysimachia, Veronica, Genti- 
 ana, Swertia, Vaccinium, Gaultheria, Vireya, "Thibaudia, Bellis, Galium, 
 Saprosma. 
 
 Characteristic trees: Podocarpus amarn, imbricata, latifolia, bracteata ; 
 Agathis loranthifolia, Quercus sp. 16, Myrica javanica; Castaneajavanica, 
 argentea, etc. ; Lithocarpus javensis; Engelhardtia spicata, rigida ; Vibur- 
 num sp., Sambucus javanica, Haemospermum arboreum, Mespilus sp. 
 
 XI. OCEANIC KINGDOM. 
 
 ( Ch a missel's Kingdom . ) 
 
 All the islands of the South Sea within the tropic. Mean Temperature. 
 72.5° to 81.5° Tropical Florida 69.72° to 82.76°. 
 
 Character. — A poor flora, with few peculiarities. More approximation 
 to the flora of Asia than to that of Africa ; some relation with that of New 
 Holland. (Casuarina, Proteaeeae, Myoporum, Epacrideae, Melaleuca, Aca- 
 cias aphyllas.) Schiedea, Antholoma, Aporetica, Crossostylis, Codia, Timo- 
 nius, Kadua, Cyathostegia, Argophyllum, Melodinus, Ascarina. 
 
 Predominating trees and shrubs: Dracaena terminalis, Tacca pinnatifida, 
 Pandanus odoratissimus, Cocos nucifera,* Corypha umbraculifera, Cupres- 
 sus columnaris; Casuarina equisetifolia, nodiflora ; Ficus sp., Artocarpus 
 incisa, Aleurites triloba, Embothrium strombilinum, Scaevola Kccnigii, 
 Vaccinium cereum, Lobelia arborea, etc. ; Coffea Kaduana, Mariniana ; 
 Kadua Cookiana, etc. ; Rhizophora Mangle, gymnorhiza; Terminalia Ca- 
 tappa,* Barringtonia speciosa, Melaleuca virgata, etc., Osteomeles anthyllid- 
 ifolia, Cassia Sophora, Mimosa Mangium, Adenanthera scandens, Black- 
 burnia pinnata, Calophyllum Inophyllum, Clusia sessilis and pedieellata, 
 Sapindus Saponaria ; Dodonaea spathulata, viscosa; Aporetica pinnata, 
 ternata; Grewia Mallococca; Sterculia Balanghas, faetida; Commersonia 
 echinata, Tetracera euryandra. 
 
 Cultivated plants : Artocarpus incisa, Caladium esculentum, (Taro,) sag- 
 ittifolium ; Arum macrorhizon, Tacca pinnatifida, Convolvulus chrysor- 
 hizus, Dioscorea alata, Cocos nucifera, Musa paradisiaca, Inocarpus edulis, 
 Sterculia Balanghas; Ficus aspera, Granatum ; Citrus decumana, Spondias 
 dulcis, Mimusops dissecta. Terminalia glabra, Crataeva religiosa, Eugenia 
 malaccensis. Dracaena terminalis, Piper methysticum, Areca oleracea, 
 Broussonetia papyrifera. 
 
 XII. BALSAM-TREE KINGDOM. 
 
 (Arabian Kingdom. — ForshaVs Kingdom.) 
 
 The southwesterly mountainous part of the Arabian peninsula, Mean 
 Temperature 
 
 Character. — Tropical, generally Indian forms. 
 
 Characteristic genera: Stroemia, Mania, Senna, Oncoba, Caucanthus 
 Geruma, Balsamodendron, Cadia, Orygia, Simbuleta. Some approxima 
 tion to the South African flora, (Stapelia, Haemanthus.) 
 
 * Both are growing at Key West, and Indian Key, South Florida. 
 
97 [ 300 ] 
 
 Predominating trees and shrubs : Pandanus odoratissimus ; Ficus Syco- 
 morus, salicifolia, populifolia, Forskalii , pain .lata, serrata, Sur, Toka; Avi- 
 cennia tomentosa, Cyanchum arboreum, Goffea arabica ; Balsamodendron 
 gileadense, opobalsamum, Kataf, Kafal ; Celastrus edulis, parviflora ; Ster- 
 culia platanifolia, Grewia populifolia ; Mcerua uniflora, racemosa. 
 
 Cultivated plants : Sorghum sp., Hordeumi hexastiehon, Zea Mais, Arum 
 Colocasia, Phoenix dactylifera, Musa parad.isiaca, Cocos nucifera, Tamarin- 
 dus indica, Ficus Carica, Carica Papaya, F'ersica vulgaris, Armeniaca vulga- 
 ris, Prunus domestica, Pyrus Malus, Cydonia vulgaris, Vitis vinifera, Coffea 
 arabica, Saccharum officinarum, Zingiber • officinale, Raphanus sativus, Spi- 
 nacia oleracea, Cucurbita Pepo, Dolichos sp., Gossypium arboreum, Indigo- 
 fera tinctoria.* 
 
 Note. — The Persian flora is not suffic iently known. 
 
 XIII. THE DESEJAT KINGDOM. 
 
 (Delile's Kingdom.) 
 
 North Africa, south of Atlas, and the I Mediterranean sea, between the 15° — 
 30° north latitude ; the northern pa rt of Arabia. Mean Temperature, 
 7.25° to 86°. 
 
 Character. — A very poor flora. r There are no characteristic orders or 
 genera, but the following: Pennisetvam dichotomum, Phoenix dactylifera, 
 Cucifera thebaica, Euphorbia maurit anica, JEma, tomentosa ; Acacia nilo- 
 tica, arabica, gummifera, Senegal, Cassia obovata, Singueana ; Alhaiga 
 Maurorum, Mimosa Habbas, Zizyphi is Pala Christi, Zygophyllum simplex, 
 album ; Fagonia arabica, Oudneji. 
 
 Culture only in the oases ; princi pally Phoenix dactylifera, (t) Sorghum 
 vulgare, Triticum vulgare, Hordeur n vulgare ; several sorts of fruit proper 
 to the south of Europe and India. 
 
 XIV. TROPICAL AFRICAN KINGDOM. 
 
 (Ada?is ot ti's Kingdom.) 
 
 Africa, from the 15° north latirur le to the tropic of Capricorn, but with the 
 exception of Abyssinia and the cer ltral highlands, (the interior of Africa and 
 the east coast are very incomple tely known.) Mean temperature, 72.5 C 
 to 86°. 
 
 Character. — This flora is nei ther rich in sorts nor in peculiar forms. 
 Leguminosae, Rubaceee, Cypera ceae, are prevalent ; few Palmae, Filices, 
 Scitamineae, Piperaceas, Passiflor eae. 
 
 Characteristic genera: Adans :onia, Melhania, Christiania, Pentadesma, 
 Napoleona, Parkia, Hoflandia, T 'honningia. 
 
 Predominating trees and sh: cubs : Annona senegalensis, ect. ; Cadaba 
 farinosa, Crataeva Adansonii, Gapparis edulis, Pentadesma butyracea ; Bom- 
 bax pentandrum, guineense • Adansonia digitata, Sterculia acuminata, 
 
 * The intermixture of numerous t ropical plants with many vegetables of the temperate or 
 variable zone, is an additional encot iragement to the gradual acclimation of tropical plan s 
 in all our Southern States. H. p. 
 
 t Introduced by H. P., into tropical I Florida. For other very valuable plants sent by him, and 
 now growing there, see the report of the Committee on Agriculture of the House of Represen- 
 tatives, made on the 17th February, 1 1838, and the accompanying documents. 
 7 
 
[ 300 ] \ 98 
 
 Grewia caipinifolia, Acacia sp., Cassia occidentalis,Pterccarpus esculenttts? 
 Parkia africana, Chrysobalanus Icaco,* Conocarpus pubescens. Rhizophora 
 sp., Psychotria sp., Bignonia Tulipifera, Avicennia africana, Euphorbia 
 frutescent species, Ficus sp., Elais guineensis, Rpahia vinifera, Phcenix 
 spinosa, Pandanus candelabrum. 
 
 Cultivated plants : Zea Mais, Oryza sativa ; Sorghum vulgare, sacchar- 
 atum ; Panicum sp., (Gussub.;) Dioscoria alata, sativa ; latropha Manihot, 
 Caladium esculentum. 
 
 Musa sapientum, Mangifera indica, Carica Papaya,* Bromelia Ananas, 
 Elais guineensis, Anacardium occidentale, Ficus sp., Tamarindus indica, 
 Citrus sp., Coffea arabica ; Saccharum officinarum, punctatum ; Zingiber 
 officinale ; Amomum Cardamomum, Granum Paradisi. 
 
 Phaseolus vulgaris, etc., Dolichos oleraceus, Arachis hypogaea, Solanum 
 edule, etc. 
 
 Gossypium sp., Nicotiana sp. 
 
 Note. — The flora of Abyssinia is unknown. 
 
 XV. KINGDOM OF THE CACTUS AND PIPERACEjE, 
 
 (Jacquin's Kingdom.) 
 
 Mexico and South America to the Amazon river, and to a height of 
 5,000 feet above the level of the sea, — 30° north latitude. Mean temper- 
 ature, 68° to 83.75°. 
 
 Characteristic orders : Bromeliaceae, Piperaeeae, Passifloreae, Cacteas. Nu- 
 merous tropical orders : Euphorbiaceas, Convolvulaceas, Apocynese, Rubi- 
 aceae. Tropical orders which are here less frequent than in other coun- 
 tries within the tropics : Filices, Scitamineas, Orchideae, MyrtaceEe, Legu- 
 minosae, Terebinthaceas, Aurantiaceae, Tiliceae, Malvaceae. Extra-tropical 
 orders appear or become more numerous : Labiatae. Ericineao, Campanula- 
 ceae, Compositae, Umbelliferae, Crassulaceae, Rosaceae, Caryophylleae, Cru- 
 ciferae, Ranunculaceae. 
 
 Characteristic genera : Phytelephas, Kunthia, Galactodendrum. Podop- 
 terus, Salpianthus, Russellia, Lagascea, Gronovia, Inga, Thouinia, Lace- 
 pedia, Theobroma, Guazuma. 
 
 Predominating tree-like plants : Cyatbea speciosa, villosa ; Menisciuro 
 arborescens, Agave americana, Yucca acaulis ; Cocos nucifera, butyracea ; 
 Mauritia flexuosa. Martinezia caryotifolia, Oreodoxa montana, Kunthia 
 montana, Chamaerops Mocini ; Corypha Miraguana, Pumos, tectorum, etc.; 
 Liquidambar styraciflua, Cecropia peltata, Galactodendron utile,t Rhopala 
 obovata, Avicennia tomentosa, Ehretia ternifolia, Cordia dentata, Cereus 
 sp., Melocactus sp., Opuntia sp., Pereskia and Mammillaria sp., Lecythis 
 elliptica, etc.; B^rtholletia excelsa, Melastomas arboreseentes ; Bauhinia 
 splendens, suaveolens, etc.; HaBmatoxylum campechianum, Caesalpinia 
 cassioides, etc.; Acacia cornigera, foetida, etc.; Hymenaea Courbaril, etc.; 
 Inga insignis, Humboldtiana, etc.; Mimosa sp., Swietenia Mahagoni, Bon- 
 plandia trifoliata. 
 
 Cultivated plants : Zea Mais, Sorghum vulgare, Ianipha Manihot, Dio- 
 *corea alata, Convolvulus Batatas. 
 
 * Wild in South Florida. H .P. 
 tMilk ree. H. P. 
 
99 , [ 300 ] 
 
 Mosa paradisiaca, Mangifera indica ; Annona muricata, squamosa ; 
 ^sidium pomiferum and pyriferum, Cocos nucifera, Carica Papaya, Persea 
 gratissima, Bromelia Ananas, Anacardium occidentale, Tamarindus indica, 
 'Citrus sp., Passiflora quadrangularis, Yitis vinifera, Opuntia vulgaris, Iam- 
 bosa vulgaris, Theobroma Cacao, Vanilla aromatica, Coffea arabica ; Sac- 
 charum officinarum, violaceum; Lycopersicum Humboldtii, Capsicum 
 frutescens, annuum ; Cajanus flavus, Arachis hypogaea, Opuntia coccinel- 
 lifera, Nicotiana sp., Gossypium barbadense, etc. 
 
 XVI. KINGDOM OF THE MEXICAN HIGHLANDS. 
 
 (Bonpland's Kingdom.) 
 
 Mexico, elevated more than 5,000 feet. Mean temperature, 65.75° to 
 79.25°. 
 
 Character. — Tropical forms disappear or decrease: Filices arboreae, 
 Palmae, Piperaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Melastomaceae, Passifloreas. Extra- 
 tropical forms appear or become more numerous. Amentaceae, (Salix, 
 Quercus,) Coniferae, (Pinus, Cupressus,) Labiatae, (Salvia, Stachys, Mar- 
 rubium,) Pedicularis, Anchusa, Myosotis, Polemonium, Ericeae (Vaccini- 
 um, Arbutus, Arctostaphylos.) Synanthereae (increasing very much,) Va- 
 leriana, Galium, Cornus, Caprifolium, Umbelliferae, Rosaceae, (Amygdalus, 
 Mespilus, Rosa, Potentilla,) Caryophylleae, (Arenaria,) Cruciferae, (Draba,) 
 Ranunculaceae, (Anemone, Ranunculus.) 
 
 Characteristic genera : Mirabilis, Maurandia, Leucophyllum, Hoitzia 
 Georgina, Zinnia, Sckhuria, Ximenesia, Lopezia, Vauquelinia, Choisya, 
 Gheirostemon. 
 
 Predominating trees and shrubs: Pinus occidentalis. Abies hertella; 
 Cupressus thurifera, sabinoides ; Taxodium distichum, Q,uercus sp. 16 ; 
 Salix Bonplandiana, paradoxa, etc. ; Arbutus mollis, petiolaris, etc. ; Arc- 
 tostaphylos polifolia, puugens, etc. ; Vaccinium, geminifiorum. stamineum, 
 confertum ; Rosa Montezumae, Mespilus pubescens, Amygdalus microphylla, 
 Cheirostemon platanoides. 
 
 Cultivated plants : Maize, the European cerealia, and fruits. 
 
 Note. — In the highest mountain-regions the flora lias an alpiue aspect : 
 here appear Cyperus toluccensis, Chelone gentianoides, Cnicus nivalis, 
 Ageratum arbutifolium, Senecio procumbens, etc., Potentilla ranunculoides ; 
 Lupin us elegans, montanus ; Arenaria bryoides. 
 
 XVII. KINGDOM OF THE CINCHONA. 
 
 (Humboldt's Kingdom.) 
 
 The Andes, between 20° south latitude and 5° north latitude, from 5,000 
 to 9,000 feet in elevation. Mean Ttrnperatnre., 59° to 68° 
 
 Character. — Extra-tropical forms appear or become more frequeut: 
 Gramineae, Amentaceae, (Q^uercus, Salix,) Labiateae, (Salvia, Stachys, Scutel- 
 laria,) Anchusa, Myosotis, Swertia, Ericeae, Synanthereae, (very numerous,) 
 Caprifoliaceae, (Viburnum, Sambucus,) Umbelliferae, (Ferula, Ligusticum,) 
 Roscaeae, Cruciferae Ranunculaceae. On the contrary, some tropical forms 
 disappear, or become scarce ; but yet several sorts of Palmae, Piperaceae, 
 Cacteae, Passifloreae, Melastomaceae, go to a considerable height. 
 
 Characteristic genera: Lilaea, Cervantesia, Oreocallis, Lachnostoma, 
 
[ 300 ] % 100 
 
 Gaylussaccia, Stevia, Flaveria, Tagetes, Espeletia, Cinchona, Guilfeminie r 
 Loasa, Kageneckia, Negritia, Amicia, Perrottetia, Dulongia, Laplacea, Fre~ 
 Freziera, Abatia, Monnina. 
 
 Predominating tree-like plants : Oredoxa frigida, Cereoxylon andicola, 
 Podocarpus taxifolia, Salix Humboldtiana ; Q,uercus Humboldtiana, alma- 
 guerensis, tomilensis ; Ficus velutina, Rhopala cordifolia, Oreocallis grand- 
 iflora ; Persea laevigata, Mutisii, sericea ; Octea mollis, sericea ; Vaccinium 
 caracasanum, Andromeda bracamorensis ; Befaria glauca, ledifolia ; Cin- 
 chona Condaminea, cordifolia, oblongifolia, etc. | Weinmannia elliptica, Bal- 
 bisiana, etc. ; Osteomeles glabrata, Rubus floribundus ; Ilex bumelioides, 
 myricoides ; Clusia elliptica. 
 
 Cultivated plants : The tropical cultivated plants mentioned under xv. 
 disappear nearly totally. But yet in this kingdom maize and coffee are 
 grown : they are joined with the European cerealia and fruits, potatoes^ 
 and Chenopodium duinoa. 
 
 XVIII. KINGDOM OF ESCALLONIAS AND CALCEOLARIAS. 
 
 (Ruiz and Pavon's Kingdom.) 
 
 The Andes, between 20° south latitude and 5° north latitude, and more 
 than 9,000 feet above the level of the sea. Paramo and Paxonai. Mean 
 Temperature, 34.25° to 59°. 
 
 Character.— Tropical forms almost entirely disappear ; but still the fol- 
 lowing genera are found : Tillandsia, Oncidium, Peperomia, Rhexia, and 
 Passiflora. On the contrary, the forms which characterise the colder and 
 polar zone become frequent : Lichenosse, Musci, Carex, Luzula, Alnus, Ru- 
 mex. Plantago. Gentiana, Swertia, Vaccinium, Campanula, Cacalia, Senecio 
 Umbclliferse, Valeriana, Saxifraga, Ribes, Rubus, Alchemilla, Caryophyl- 
 lese, (Sagina, Arenaria, Cerastium, Stellaria,) Cruciferae, Draba, Arabis.) 
 Prevalent orders : Synanthereac, Gramineae, Ericeae. 
 
 No large trees. Characteristic genera : Deyeuxia, Tigndia, Gardoquia, 
 Calceolaria, Thibaudia, Lysipoma, Barnadesia, Hsemanthus, Chuquiraga, 
 Culcitium, Wernera, Dumerilia, Escallonia, Pectophytum, Klaprothia, Pol- 
 
 ylepis. . 
 
 Predominating shrubs: Alnus ferruginea, acuminata; Vaccinium acu- 
 minatum, empetrifblium, floribundum, etc. ; Thibaudia rupestris, flonbun- 
 da, longifolia, strobilifera ; Befaria grandiflora, and coarctata ; Ribes frigi- 
 dum ; Escallonia myrtilloides, tortuosa, Tubar, berbendifoha ; Ilex scopu- 
 lorum, Drymis granatensis. 
 
 XIX. WEST INDIAN KINGDOM. 
 
 (Swart z's Kingdom.) 
 
 The West-Indian Islands. Mean Temperature, 59° to 79.25°. 
 
 Character.— The flora of this group of islands approaches that of the 
 continent, but is chiefly distinguished (as the flora of Polynesia is from the 
 Indian) by the great quantity of Filices and Orchidese.* Besides these or- 
 ders, the following genera belong to the characteristic forms : Thrynax, 
 Epistylium, Alchornea, Tanaecium, Tetranthus, Catesbaea, Belonia, Port- 
 landia, Picramnia, Legnotis, Lithophila, Valentinia, Hypelate. 
 
 * Abound on the Florida Islets, H. P 
 
101 [300] 
 
 Among the predominating woody plants, merit to be mentioned, Cocos 
 nucifera, Pinus occidentals, Laurus sp., Melastoma sp., Myrtus sp. Uva- 
 da sp. 
 
 The cultivated plants are the same as in XV. 
 
 XX. KINGDOM OF PALMS AND MELASTOM.E. 
 
 (Martius's Kingdo?n.) 
 
 Brazil, or South America on the east of the Andes, between the equator 
 and the tropic of Capricorn. Mean Temperature, 59° to 83.7°. 
 
 Character. — It is probably this part of the surface of the earth in which 
 the vegetable kingdom shows itself in the greatest abundance and variety. 
 Especially remarkable for richness in genera and species, size of individuals, 
 impenetrable woods, numerous climbing and parasitical plants. As charac- 
 teristic though not peculiar orders, may be mentioned Palmse, Heemodora- 
 ceae, Gesnerieae, Melastomaceae, Sapindaceae ; the order Vochyaceae is pe- 
 culiar. Of peculiar genera there are too many to enumerate; among the 
 most remarkable are Vellosia, Barbacenia, Manihot, Franciscea, Ditassa, 
 Lychnophora, Diplusodon, Kielmeyera, Sauvagesia, Lavradia. 
 
 Characteristic genera and species, according to their different localities : 
 In the primitive woods, Palmarum, genera varia: Thoa, Ficus, Cecropia, 
 Anda, Rhopala, Myristica, Bignonia, Theophrasta, Stiftia, Oxyanthus, Cou- 
 tarea, Psycotria, Bertiera, Feuillea, Cariea, Myrtus, Gustavia, Lecythis, 
 Bertholletia, Melastoma, Hymenaea, Dimorpha, Trattininkia, Pilocarpus, 
 Triehilia, Cedrela, Cupania, Bannisteria, Hippocratea, Caryocar, Marcgra- 
 via, Clusia, Colophyllum, Sloanea, Gothea. Lebretonia, Abroma, Carolinea, 
 Bixa, Uvaria. 
 
 In the Catingas, (deciduous woods:) Iathropa sp., Acacia sp., Mimosa sp., 
 Cassalpinia pubesccns etc., Spondias tuberosa, Thryallis brasiliensis, Cho- 
 risia ventricosa, Bombax sp., Eriodendron sp., Pourretia ventricosa, Cappa- 
 ris lineata, etc., Anona obtusifolia, etc. 
 
 In the open bushy plains, (campos,) Pauiceae, Amaryllis, Alstroemeria, 
 Vellosia, Barbacenia, Burmannia, Stelis, Cnemidostachys, Rhopala, Laurus, 
 Ocotea, Gomphrena, Lantana, Echites, Hancornia speciosa, Gesneria, 
 Lychnophora, Bacharris, Vernonia, Mikania, Stevia, Melastoma, Rhexia, 
 Terminalia fagifolia, Gaudichaudia, Sauvasfesia, Davradia, Plectranthera. 
 
 On the sea coast : Cocos schizophylla, Diplothemium maritimum, Erio- 
 cauion sp., Xyris sp., Avicennia tomentosa, Rizophora Mangle, Conocarpus 
 erectus. Laguncularia racemosa, Bucida Buceras. 
 
 The cultivated plants are nearly the same as in fifteen. Thea chinensis. 
 
 XXI. KINGDOM OP WOODY COMPOSITE. 
 
 (St. Hilairds Kingdom.) 
 
 South America on the east of the Andes from the tropic of Capricorn to 
 40° south latitude. Mean Temperature, 59° to 74.75°. 
 
 Character. — Tropical forms decrease or disappear, extra-tropical, particu- 
 larly European, take their places : llanuuculaceas, Cruciferas, Helianthe- 
 mum, Caryophylleae, Lathyrus, Galium, Teucrium, Plantago, Carex ; some 
 South African : Polygala, Oxalis, Gnaphalium. More than half of the 
 genera are common to this kingdom and Europe. Many compositas, 
 
[ 300 ] 102 
 
 among them many woody ones. Larrea, Hostia, Diposis, Boopis, Acicar- 
 pha, Cortesia, Petunia, Iaborosa, Tricyla, Caperonia, Bipinnula. 
 
 Generally naked plains, (pampas,) where grasses and thistles are predom- 
 inating. 
 
 Cultivated plants: the most European are wheat and vine. The peach 
 tree is very much dispersed. 
 
 Note. — The Chilian flora is not sufficiently known, and the indications of 
 heights are wanting. Probably several kingdoms are to be distinguished 
 here. Perhaps the highest regions belong to kingdom XVIII. 
 
 XXII. ANTARCTIC KINGDOM. 
 
 ( Ur villa's Kingdom.) 
 
 The south-westerly part of Patagonia ; Tierro del Fuego, and the Falk- 
 land Islands, between 50° and 55° south latitude. Mean Temper 'o.ture,Al° to 
 47.75°. 
 
 Character. — Great resemblance with the North European flora. (Kingdom 
 II.) Tropical forms entirely disappear. Prevalent orders : Synanthereae, 
 Gramineae, Cariceae, Musci, Lichenosse. Frequent also are Ranuneulaceae,. 
 Cruciferae. Caryophylleae, Rosaceae, Umbelliferae : two-thirds of the genera 
 are found in Europe. A slight approximation to South Africa: Gladiolus, 
 Witsenia, Galaxia, Crassula ; and to New Holland : Embothrium, Ourisia, 
 Stylideas, Mniarum. Characteristic genera : Gaimardia, Astelia, Callixene, 
 Philesia, Drapetes, Bcea, Calceolaria, Pernettia, Oligosporus, Nassavia, Bo- 
 lax, Azorella, Donatia, Acaena, Hamadryas. 
 
 Predominating tree-like plants: Fagus antarctica, Salix magellanica r 
 Embothrium coccineum ; Pernettia empetrifolia, mucronata; Andromeda 
 Myrsinites, Baccharis tridentata, Chiliotrichum amelloides, Ribes magellani- 
 cum, Escallonia serrata, Fuchsia coccinea, Myrtus nummularia; Berberis 
 ilicifolia, inermis, microphylla, empetrifolia ; Drymis Winteri. 
 
 No culture. 
 
 XXIII. KINGDOM OF STAPEMAS AND MESEMBRYANTHEMUMS. 
 
 ( TJtunberg's Kingdom.) 
 
 South Africa, from the tropic to 35° south latitude. Mean Tempera- 
 ture, 35.5° to 72.5°. 
 
 Character. — The flora is very rich in forms, but by no means luxuriant ; 
 there are no large thick woods, nor any climbers ; but many succulent plants. 
 Characteristic orders : Restiaceas, Irideae, Proteaceae, Ericaceae, Ficoideae, 
 Bruniaceae, Diosmeae Geranieae, Oxalideas, Polygaleae. Genera: Reslio, Ixia,. 
 Gladiolus, Moraea, Watsonia. Haemanthus, Strumaria, Agapanthus, Eucomis, 
 Massonia, Strelitzia, Aphyteia, Passerina, Gnidia, Protea, Leucadendron. 
 Leucospermum, Serruria, et Proteacearum pi. genera, Stilbe, Selago, Sta- 
 pelia. Erica. Gnaphalium, Elichrysum, Stobaea, Pteronia, Osteospermum. 
 Tarchonanthus, Relhania, Gorteria, Arctotis, Othonna, Stosbe. (Edera, 
 Anthospermum, Mesembryanthemum, Vahlia, Liparia, Borbonia, Lebeckia, 
 Raffnia, Aspalathus, Staavia, Brunia,PhyIica, Diosma, Pelargonium, Oxalis, 
 Sparmannia, Muraltia, Polygala, Penaea. 
 
 Prevailing forms. On the sandy coasts : Stapelia, Irideae, Mesembryan- 
 
103 [ 300 ] 
 
 themum, Restio, Diosma. On the mountains : Proteaceae, Erica, Crassula. 
 In the dry high -plains (karro): Acacia capensis, GirafTa, detinens, viridi- 
 ramis; Euphrobia mauritanica, tenax; Poa spinosa, Mesembryanthemum 
 sp., Aloe, Irideae, but not any Proteaceae, Erica. Diosmese, Restio. 
 
 Some other remarkable species : Hgemanthus coccineus, Amaryllis toxi- 
 caria, Testudinaria montana and Elephantopus, Podocarpus elongatus, 
 Salix Gariepina ; Protea mellifera grandiflora ; Leucadendron argenteum. 
 Laurus bullata, Lycium tetrandrum, Olea similis, Rhigozum trichotomum, 
 Tarchonanthus camphoratus, Stcebe Rhinocerotis, Crassula coccinea, Portu- 
 lacaria afra; Mesembryanthemum edule, turbiniforme; Metrosideros an- 
 gustifolia, Acacia elephantina, Zizyphus bubalina, Calodendron capense. 
 
 Cultivated plants : the European cerealia, fruits and vegetables ; also, 
 Sorghum caffrorum, Convolvulus Batatas, Musa paradisiaca, Tamrindus 
 indica, Psidium pomiferum, Citrus decumana, 
 
 XXIV. KINGDOM OF EUCALYPTI AND EPACRIDE^E. 
 
 (R. Brow?i , s Kingdom?) 
 
 Extra-tropical New Holland, and Van Diemen's Land. Mean Temper- 
 ature, + 52.25° to + 72.5°. 
 
 Character. — One of the richest and most peculiar floras ; although with- 
 out any considerable abundance of vegetation. The characteristic orders 
 and genera are : Xerotes, XanthorrhoBa,Pterostylis,Casuarinea3,Leptomeria, 
 Pimelea, Proteaceae (Banksia, Hakea, Persoonia, Grevillea, Petraphila, lsopo- 
 gon, Dryandra), Myoporineae, Westringia, Logania, Mitrasacme, Epacrideee, 
 (Epacris, Leucopogon, Styphelia,) Stackhouseae, Scaevoleae, Goodenovieae, 
 Stylideae, Eucalyptus, Melaleuca, Leptospermum, Acacias aphyllae, Platy- 
 lobium, Bossiaea Dinsmeae, (Boronia, Zieria,) Pittosporeae, Tremandreae, 
 Pleurandra, Hibbertia. 
 
 Predominating trees and shrubs: Three fourths of the woods are formed 
 of species of Eucalyptus, whose number exceeds a hundred. Next to them, 
 the Proteaceae, Epacrideee, Diosmeas, Casuarineae, Acacias aphyllae, form 
 woods and bushes. Of Coniferae, Araucaria excelsa, Podocarpus spinulosus, 
 are found. 
 
 Cultivated plants: The European cerealia and fruits. 
 
 Note. — Tropical New Holland is not sufficiently examined ; its flora is 
 less peculiar, and perhaps but a province of the Polynesian kingdom (ix.) 
 
 XXV. NEW ZEALAND KINGDOM. 
 
 (For sterns Kingdom.) 
 
 The two New Zealand islands. Mean temperature, temperate. 
 
 Character.— Tropical forms disappear, or appear very sparingly. 1 ' One- 
 half of the genera are European. Approximation to New Holland ; Pimelea, 
 Myoporum, Epacris, Styphelia, Cassinia, Melaleuca : to South Africa ; Res- 
 tio, Gnaphalium, Xeranthemum, Tetragonia, Mesembryanthemum, Oxalis: 
 
 * Tropical plains are sufficiently abundant to warrant the human certainty, that the Flax 
 lily can be propagated in Florida and the Southern States. In Charleston, S. C., it flourishes 
 in the open air ; and why not, as well as its countryman the Paper Mulberry'? 
 
[ 300 ] 104 
 
 to the Arctic kingdom; Mniarum, Fuchsia, Acsena, Drymis, a great many 
 Filices; Phormium, Penuantie, Knightia, Forstera, Shavia, Griselina, Meli- 
 cope, Dicera, Plagianthus, Melictus. 
 
 Characteristic species:, Cyathea medullaris, Gleichenia furcata, Dracsena 
 indivisa, australis ; Phormium tenax, Areca, sapida, Knightia excelsa, 
 Avicennia resinifera, Andromeda rupestris, Epacris juniperina etc., Wein- 
 mannia racemosa, Tetragonia expansa, Fuchsia excorticata, Melaleuca sp.; 
 Dicera dentata, serrata. 
 
 Cultivated plants: Caladium esculentum, Convolvulus chrysorhizus, 
 Phormium tenax, Broussonetia papyrifera. (Acclimated in the United 
 States.) 
 
 This is obviously an imperfect sketch, and has many faults; but it is upon the whole the best 
 general view that has been taken of the subject, and has the advantage of showing the student 
 in what way to turn his attention to the inquiry. 
 
 In concluding this important and very interesting subject, I must refer the reader who is de- 
 sirous of further information to the writings of Brown in the appendix to Captain Pluuder's 
 voyages, and Tuekey's expedition to the Congo, to Decandolle's Essay upoa the Geography of 
 Plants, published in the 18th vol. of the Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles; to the numerous 
 writings of Humboldt ; to the observations upon the subject by Schouw, as translated in Brews- 
 ter's Edinburgh Journal, and to Boyle's most instructive work on the flora of the noith of In- 
 dia and Cashmere. 
 
105 
 
 [ 300 ] 
 
 INDEX 
 
 OF OFFICINAL AND (ECONOMICAL PLANTS, MENTIONED IN THE NATURAL 
 
 SYSTEM OF BOTANY OF J. LINDLEY, 2d EDITION, 1835, WITH SOME 
 
 ADDITIONS INSERTED RY DOCTOR H. PERRINE. 
 
 * The asterisk prefixed to names indicates indigenous plants of tropical Florida. 
 
 t The cross prefixed to names indicates that those plants are growing in tropical Florida ; 
 but does not decide whether they be acclimated or indigenous. 
 
 P The P affixed to names indicates the seeds or plants sent by H. Perrine to tropical Flori- 
 da, but of a very small number compared with the whole. When the P is affixed to any 
 name with a * or + prefixed, it shows that H. P. also sent or carried the same kind of seeds 
 and plants to tropical Florida with the hope that they might be superior varieties. 
 
 Abaca 
 
 Abelmoschus moschatus, 96 
 Abies pectinata, 316 
 balsamea, 316 
 canadensis, 316 
 
 Douglasii, 315 
 
 nigra, 316 
 Abricot sauvage, 47 
 Abroma augustum. 94 
 Abronia, 214 
 
 * Abrus precatorius, 152, 153, P 
 Abuta amara, 215 
 
 candicans, 215 
 Abutilon esculentum, 96 
 Acacia arabica, 154, 155 
 
 nilotica, 154, 155 
 
 Catechu, 155 
 
 scandens, 155 
 
 senegalensis, 155 
 
 decurrens, 154 
 
 farnesiana, 154 
 
 Verek, 154 
 
 Seyal, 154 
 
 speciosa, 154, 155 
 
 Kalkera, 155 
 
 elata, 155 
 
 xylocarpa, 155 
 
 Sundra, 155 
 
 odoratissima, 155 
 
 stipulacea, 155 
 
 cinerea, 155 
 
 concinna, 155 
 
 iuliflora, 155 
 
 ferrnginea, 1 55 
 
 leucophcea, 155 
 
 Acalypha Cupameni, 114 
 Acanthus mollis, 285 
 Acer saccharinum, 81 
 Achillea, 253 
 Achillea nana, 254 
 Achras Sapota, 226, P 
 t Achras Sapodilla, P 
 Achras mammosa, 226, P 
 Acid, benzoic, 254 
 
 kinic, 244 
 Acoita cavallos, 99 
 Aconitum Cammarum. 6 
 Napellus, 6 
 ferox, 6 
 Acorus Calamus, 309, 364, 365 
 Acrostichum Huaczaro, 400 
 Actasa racemosa, 6 
 Adansonia, 94 
 Adenanthera pavonina, 154 
 Adiantum melanocaulon, 400 
 pedatum, 400 
 Capillus Veneris, 400 
 Adonis, 6 
 iEcidium, 423 
 JEchynomene paludosa 
 Mg\e Marmelos, 106 
 iEthusa Cynapium. 23 
 Agaric of the olive, 422 
 Agaricus campestris, 422 
 bulbosus, 422 
 cordatum 
 Agave — many species 
 
 iSisalana, P 
 
 Pulque, P 
 
 Mezcal 
 
[300] 
 
 106 
 
 Agila wood, 197 
 Agrimonia Eupatoria, 144 
 Airi, 346 
 Akund, 305 
 
 Alangium decapetalum, 39 
 hexapetalum, 39 
 Alaria esculenta, 434 
 Alcamphora, 114 
 Alchemilla vulgaris, 148 
 Alectoria jubata, 429 
 
 usneodes, 429 
 Aleurites ambinux, 114 
 
 triloba 
 Aletris farinosa, 353 
 AlgEe, 434 
 Algaroba, 154 
 
 bean, 154 
 Alhagi Maurorum, 152 
 Alisma Plantago, 356 
 Alkanet, 274 
 
 Allamanda cathartica, 300 
 Allecrim brabo, 78 
 Almond, 147 
 Aloe, 353 
 
 Barbadensis 
 ISocotarina 
 spicata, 353 
 perfoliata, 353 
 Aloes wood, 197 
 Aloexylum Agallochum, 154 
 Alpinia nutans, 323 
 
 racemosa, 323 
 Galanga, 323 
 Alstonia theiformis, 22S 
 Alstromeria salsilla, 329 
 pallida, 329 
 Alstromeria peregrina 
 edulis 
 revoluta 
 Ugtu 
 latifolia 
 Althaea rosea, 96 
 
 officinalis, 96 
 Althein, 96 
 Alum root, 138, 163 
 Amadou, 424 
 Amanita muscaria, 422 
 Amaranthus obtusifolius, 208 
 Amaryllis ornata, 329 
 American Gummi Gutta, 78 
 Amomum aromaticum, 323 
 
 Gran a Paradisi, 324 
 
 Amomum maximum, 324 
 Amygdalus persica, 147 
 Amyris Commiphora, 165 
 hexandra, 165 
 toxifera, 165 
 ambrosiaca, 165 
 Anagallis arvensis, 223, 224 
 
 coerulea, 224 
 Anacardium occidentale, 167 
 Anagyris, foetida, 153 
 Ananas, 334 
 Anchietea salutaris, 64 
 Anchusa virginica, 274 
 tinctoria, 274 
 Anda, 113, 114 
 Andromeda ovalifolia, 221 
 
 arborea 
 Andropogon Schoenanthus, 377 
 citratum, 377 
 Nardus, 377 
 Angiopteris evecta, 400 
 Angostura bark, 132 
 Anise, 22 
 Anisochilus, 276 
 
 * Anona palustris, 19 
 
 laurifolia, 22 
 
 sylvatica, 19 
 
 squamosa, 18 
 Anona squamosa, • P 
 
 muricata. P 
 
 cherimoyer , P 
 Anthemis Pyrethrum, 253 
 
 Cotula, 253 
 Anthericum bicolor, 353 
 Anthoxanthum odoratum, 377 
 Anthyllis cretica, 153 
 Antirhea, 244 
 
 * Apios, 152 
 
 tuberosa 
 Apple, 146 
 Apteria setacea, 331 
 Aquilaria Agallochum, 197 
 
 ovata, 197 
 Aquilegia, 6 
 Arabis chinensis, 59 
 
 * Arachis hypogosa 
 Aralia nudicaulis, 25 
 Arar tree, 316 
 Araticu do Mato, 19 
 Araucaria Dombeyi, 316 
 Arayana, 282 
 Arbutus Uneclo, 221 
 
107 
 
 [ 300 ] 
 
 Arbre a perm que, 167 
 
 Archill, 429 
 
 Arctostaphylos Uva Ursi, 220 
 
 alpina, 220 
 Arctium Bardana, 254 
 Areca Catechu, 345, (ohrciea, 170 
 feet !) 
 Nut, 345 
 Argemone mexicana, 8 
 Aristolochia rotunda, 206 
 longa, 206 
 Clematitis, 206 
 bracteata, 206 
 indica, 206 
 odoratissima, 206 
 fragrantissima, 206 
 anguicida 
 
 serpentaria, 184, 206 
 trilobata, 206 
 grandiflora, 206 
 Arnica, 253 
 Arnotto Tribe, 73 
 Shrub, P 
 Arracacha, 22, 140 
 Arraciesculaenta 
 t Arrow-root, 332, P 
 Artabotrys odoratissima, 18 
 Artemisia chinensis, 253 
 
 maderaspatana, 253 
 indica, 253 
 Dracunculus, 254 
 Artichoke, 254 
 
 Jerusalem, 254 
 Arum ovatum, 364 
 
 esculentum, 364, P 
 triphyllum, 364 
 Colocasia, 364 
 mucronatum, 364 
 violaceum, 364 
 maculatum, 364 
 sagittifolium, 364, P 
 cordifolium, 364 
 italicum, 364 
 Arundo arenaria, 377 
 nitida 
 donax 
 phragmiiis 
 Arvore de Paina, 94 
 Asarabacca, 206 
 Asarum canadense, 206 
 europaeum, 206 
 Asclepias decumbens, 304 
 
 Asclepias lactifera, 304 
 
 aphylla, 304 
 
 stipitacea, 304 
 
 volubilis, 304 
 
 tuberosa, 304 
 
 curassavica, 305 
 Ash, 308 
 
 Asimina triloba, 19 
 Asparagin, 96 
 Asparagus, 210, 353 
 Asperula cynanchica, 250 
 
 odorata, 250 
 Aspidium fragrans, 400 
 
 Filix mas, 400 
 Assafceiida, 23 
 Astragalus verus, 153 
 Astranthus, 79 
 Ativisha, 6 
 
 Atriplex hortensis, 208, 209 
 Atropa Belladonna, 294 
 Attar of Roses, 144 
 Attedia squamata ] 
 
 Augia, 167 
 Avellana, 200 
 Averrhoa, 140 
 
 Bilimbi, 140 
 
 Carambola 
 
 * Avicennia tomentosa 
 Azalea procumbens, 220 
 
 pontica, 221 
 
 Bactris acanthocarpos 
 Balanites iEgyptiaca, 33 
 Balm of Gilead, 111, 316 
 Balsam, Canadian, 316 
 
 Hungarian, 316 
 
 Carpathian, 316 
 
 of Copaiva, 104, 111,165 
 
 of Acouchi. Ill 
 
 of Mecca, 111 
 
 of Peru, 104, 165 
 
 of Gilead, 276 
 
 of Tolu, 165 
 
 of Umiri, 104 
 Balsamodendrum gileadense, 111 
 Myrrha, 111 
 Opobalsamum,lll 
 
 * Bamboo, 377 
 Banana, 327 
 Banyan tree, 94, 177 
 Baobab, 94 
 Bophia, 153 
 
[ 300 ] 
 
 108 
 
 Baptisia tinctoria, 153 
 
 Barbadoes aloes, 353 
 
 Barilla, 177 
 
 Barley, 376 
 
 Basella, 298 
 
 rabra alba 
 
 Basil, 276 
 
 Bassia butyracea, 226 
 butter 
 longifolia, 226 
 
 Bassorin, 339 
 
 Batis, L77 
 
 Bauhinia tomentosa, 154 
 variegata, 154 
 racemosa, 154 
 retusa, 154 
 emarginata, 154 
 parviflora, 154 
 
 Bdellium, 165 
 
 Beam tree, 146 
 
 Bean, 152 
 
 Beans, 153 
 
 Beech, 170 
 
 Beer, 429 
 
 Beet, 208 
 
 Bejuca de la Estrella, 206 
 
 Belleric Myrobalan, 38 
 
 Bencao de Deos, 96 
 
 Benincasa cerifera, 52 
 
 Ben-nuts, 66 
 
 Benthamia, 49 
 
 Benzoin, 39, 228 
 
 Benaorellana. P 
 
 Berberis vulgaris, 30 
 
 Berberry, 30 
 
 Berchemia volubilis, 108 
 
 Bergera Konigii, 106 
 
 Berrya ammonilla, 99 
 
 Betel, 186, 278 
 
 Betel nut, 345 
 
 Bidens tripartita, 253 
 
 Bignonia Chica, 282 
 Cherere, 282 
 
 Bikh. or Bish, 6 
 
 Bilberry, 222 
 
 Billardiera, 32 
 
 Biophvtum, 140 
 
 Birch,"black, 171 
 
 Birdlime, 300 
 
 Bishma, or Bikhma, 6 
 
 Bistortiamontana 
 
 Blackberry, 144 
 
 Black tea, 147 
 Bladder green, 108 
 Blakea triplinervia, 42 
 Bletia verecundia, 339 
 Blighia sapida, 82 
 Bobas, 133 
 Boisde Joli coeur, 32 
 puant, 46 
 d'huile, 123 
 Boldu, 189 
 Boletus igniarius, 424 
 Bombax, 94 
 
 Ceiba, P 
 
 pentandrum, 94, P 
 Boneset, 253 
 
 Bonplandia trifoliata, 132 
 Borago officinalis, 274 
 Borassus Gomutus 
 Borrera furfuracea, 429 
 Boswellia serrata, 111 
 glabra, 111 
 Box, 113 
 
 Brayera anthelmintica, 144 
 Brazilian tea, 278 
 Brazil nuts, 47 
 Brazil wood, 154 
 Braziletto wood, 152 
 Bread Fruit 
 Brejeuba, 346 
 Bridelia spinosa, 114 
 Bromelia, 334 
 
 Pita, P 
 variegata 
 sagenaria 
 Grawatha 
 Broom, 152 
 
 Brosimum alicastrum, 177 
 BrosscRa coccinea, 220 
 Broussonetia papyrifera, 177 
 Brucea, 136 
 
 ferruginea, 133 
 
 sumatrana, 136 
 
 antidysenterica, 136 
 Brucia, 136 
 Bryonia rostrata, 52 
 
 co rdi folia, 52 
 
 epigsea, 52 
 
 scabra, 52 
 Bucida Buceras, 38 
 Buckwheat, 211 
 Bucku plants, 132 
 Bukkum wood, 154 
 
109 
 
 [ 300 ] 
 
 Buena hexandra, 244 
 Bun iu m Bulbocastanum, 22 
 Burabara, 295 
 Burnet, 148 
 
 * Bur sera gummifora 
 Bursera paniculata, ill 
 
 acuminata, 111 
 
 Butea frondosa, 152, 153 
 superba, 152, 153 
 
 Butter tree, 226, 76 
 of Africa 
 of India 
 
 Butterfly weed, 304 
 
 Butua do curvo, 80 
 
 Caapim de Angola, 378 
 
 Cabbage, 59 
 
 Cabuya 
 
 Cacalia sonchifolia, 253 
 alpina, 253 
 sarracenica. 253 
 
 Cachen, 297 
 
 Cactus coccenilifer, P 
 
 C. Pitahaya 
 
 * Cactus, 5 species 
 Caesalpinia braziliensis, 154 
 
 Bonduccella, 154 
 sappan, 154 
 oleosperma, 154 
 
 Caffein, 245 
 
 Cajanus, 152 
 
 Cajeputi Oil, 45 
 
 Caladiurn Seguinum, 364 
 
 Calamus Draco, 346 
 
 Calathea, 326 
 
 Calceolaria, 291 
 
 Calendula, 253 
 
 Callicarpa lanata, 278 
 
 Calaba, 75 
 
 Calophyllum angustifolium, 75 
 inophyllum, 75 
 
 Calotropis gigantea, 305 
 
 Calumbo root, 52, 215, 297 
 
 Calyptranthusaromatica, 45 
 
 Cambaibinha, 20 
 
 Camellia oleifera, 80 
 japonica, 80 
 
 Camomile, 253 
 
 Campanula Rapunculus, 238 
 
 Camphor, 201, 276 
 
 Camphor oil, 98 
 
 Camphor Tree, 98 
 Carta brava 
 
 Canarina campanula, 238 
 
 Canarium commune, 111 
 
 Cannabis sativa, 176 
 
 Canna, 326 
 
 Caoutchouc, 113, 116, 176, 177, 
 
 300, 305 
 Caper, 61 
 Capillaire, 400 
 Capitao do Matto, 27S 
 Capparis pulcherrima, 61 
 Capsicum var, species P 
 Capsicum, 294 
 Carapa obovata, 102 
 Caraway, 22 
 Carbazotic acid, 153 
 Cardamom of Malabar, 323 
 Cardamoms, 323 
 Cardiospermum halicacabum, 82 
 Cardo santo, 8 
 Cardoon, 254 
 Carduus benedictus, 254 
 
 Marian us, 254 
 Carex arenaria, 385 
 disticha, 385 
 hirta, 385 
 * Carica papaya, P 
 Carissa carandas, 301 
 
 edulis, 301 
 Carlina acanthifblia, 254 
 Carob Tree, 154 
 Carrot, 22 
 
 Carthamus linctorius, 254 
 Caruata 
 Carya alba, 180 
 Caryophyllus aromaticus, 45 
 Casca d'Anta, 17 
 
 de larangeira da terra, 133 
 Cascarilla, 114 
 Casearia lingua, 65 
 
 ulmifolia, 65 
 Cashew Nut, 167, P 
 Cassava, 115, 294, P 
 Cassia, 201 
 
 obovata elongata 
 marilandica, 154 
 acutifolia, 153 
 Senna, 153 
 lanceolata, 153 
 Sabak, 155 
 auriculata, 154 
 Cassuvium occidentale, 167 
 Castilloa elastica, 177 
 Catasetum, 339 
 Cataya, 211 
 
[ 300 J 
 
 110 
 
 Catechu. 155, 346 
 Cathartine, 153 
 Cathartocarpus Fistula, 154, P 
 Caturus spiciflorus, 113, 114 
 Ceanothus amcricanus, 108 
 Cecropia peltata, 176 
 Cedar, 315 
 Cedar Virginian, 315 
 Cedrela, 102, 103, 
 odorata, P 
 angustifolia, 104 
 febrifuga, 103 
 Toona, 103 
 Celastrus edulis, 119 
 nutans, 119 
 Celery, 22 
 
 Cenomyce pyxidata, 429 
 coccifera, 429 
 rangiferina, 429 
 Centaurea calcitrapa, 254 
 Cephaelis Ipecacuanha, 244 
 Cerasus occidentalis, 147 
 virginiana, 147 
 Capollim, 147 
 capricida, 147 
 avium, 147 
 Ceratonia Siliqua, 154 
 Cerbera Manghas, 300 
 Tanghin, 300 
 Circis, 152 
 
 Ceroxylon andicola, 346, (180 ft.) 
 Cetraria islandica, 429 
 
 nivalis, 429 
 Cha de frade, 65 
 
 pedestre, 278 
 Chagas da Miuda, 140 
 Chailletia toxicaria, 109 
 Champ, 16 
 
 Chapara Manteca, 122 
 Chard Beet, 208 
 Chenopodium Botrys, 209 
 vulvaria, 209 
 ambrosiodes, 209 
 Quinoa, 209 
 Chenopodium anthelminticum, qui- 
 
 noa, 209 
 Cherimoyer, 19, P 
 Cheris, 176 
 Cherry, 147 
 Chica, 282 
 Chicha, 94 
 Chicoriuniintybub 
 
 Chicot, 66 
 
 Chimaphila umbellata, 219 
 maculata, 219 
 
 China, 244 
 
 Chinese Varnish, 115 
 
 Chinese Tea, 278 
 
 Chiococca anguifuga, 244 
 densifolia, 244 
 
 Chin-chon, 435 
 
 Chinioidia, 244 
 
 Chive, 353 
 
 Chlora perfoliata, 297 
 
 Chloranthus officinalis, 184 
 
 Chloroxylon Swietenia, 104 
 Dupada, 316 
 
 Choco, 52 
 
 Chocolate, 94, 342 
 
 Chondrus crispus, 435 
 
 Choopa, 82 
 
 Chorda filum, 435 
 
 Chorisia speciosa, 94 
 
 *Chrysobalanus Icaco, 159, P 
 luteus, 159 
 
 Chrysophyllum caimito, P 
 
 ovaliforrne, P 
 
 Chumbeiee, 309 
 
 Chymocarpus, 140 
 
 Cicca disticha, 113, 114 
 tracemosa, 114 
 
 Cicer arietinum, 19 
 
 Cicuta virosa, 23 
 
 Cinchona, 46, 144, 244 
 
 Cinchona Forest, 244 
 
 Cinchonia, 244 
 
 Cinnamon, 201 
 
 Cissampelos obtecta, 216 
 ovalifolia, 215 
 ebracteata, 215 
 Pareira, 215 
 
 Cissus cordata, 31 
 setosa, 31 
 
 Cistus creticus, 91 
 
 Citron, 105 
 
 Claytonia perfoliata, 124 
 
 Clematis recta, 6 
 
 Flammula, 6 
 
 Cleome dodecandra, 91 
 icosandra, 61 
 
 Clitoria, 152 
 
 ternatea, 153 
 
 Clover, 152 
 
 Cloves, 45 
 
Ill 
 
 [ 300 } 
 
 Cloves cobaldscandens 
 Clusia insignis, 75 
 Cluytia collina, 144 
 Coca leaf. 123 
 Cocallera, 114 
 *Coccoloba uvifera, 211 
 Cocculus cinerascens, 215 
 suberosus, 215 
 indicus, 216, 245 
 platyphyllus, 215 
 peltatus, 215 
 Cochineal cactus, P 
 Cocculus crispus, 215 
 
 Fibraurea, 215 
 Bakis, 215 
 Cebatha, 216 
 Cochlospermum insigne, 80 
 
 Gossypium. 80 
 tinctorium, 80 
 Codarium entifolium 
 Cocoa, 94 
 •Cocoa Nut, 345 
 *Cocoa plum, 159 
 Cocoa root, 364, P 
 Cocos maldivica, 301 
 Codiseum variegatum, 114 
 Coentrilho, 136 
 Coffea, 245, 333 
 Coffee arabica, 245, P 
 Coir-rope, 345 
 Colchicum, 348 
 Colocynth gourd, 52 
 Colycynthin, 52 
 Colu tea arborescens, 152 
 Combretum alternifolium, 39 
 Comocladia, 157 
 Commia, 113 
 
 cochinchinensis, 114 
 Comptonia asplenifolia, 180 
 Conessi bark, 300 
 Conium maculatum, 23, moschatwn 
 Conocarpus racemosa, 38 
 Conohoria Lobolobo. 63 
 Convolvulus Jalapa, 231 
 
 Scammonia, 231 
 Turpethum, 231 
 mechoacanus, 231 
 septum, 231 
 arvensis, 231 
 Soldanella, 231 
 macrorhizus, 231 
 maritimus, 231 
 
 Convolvulus rnacrocarpus, 231 
 ponduratus, 231 
 rosewood 
 nor id i bus, 231 
 scoparius, 231 
 dissectus, 231 
 Batatus, 231 
 edulis, 231 
 Conyza, 253 
 Cookia punctata, 105 
 *Coontie chatta 
 *Coontie adka 
 Copaifera, 165 
 
 multijuga, 165 
 Copaiva, 104 
 Copal, 98,154 . 
 Coptis trifolia, 6 
 Corchorus olitorius, 99 
 capsularis, 99 
 siliqiiosus, P 
 Cordia Myxa, 273 
 
 tSebestena, 273, P 
 Coreopsis Bidens, 253 
 Coriander, 22 
 Coriaria myrtifolia, 141 
 napalensis, 141 
 Cork, 170 
 Cork barks 
 Cork woods 
 Cork roots 
 Corn, 376 
 Cornus mascula, 49 
 florida, 49 
 sericea, 49 
 Coronilla picta, 153 
 varia, 153 
 Emerus, 152 
 Coronilla seeds, 153 
 Corsican moss, 435 
 Corydalin, 10 
 Corydalis tuberosa, 10 
 Corypha tectorum 
 inermus 
 Cotton, 96 
 Cotton Tree, 94 
 Cotton vine, P 
 Cotton Thedpey seed, V 
 Cotton nankin, P 
 Coumarouma odorata, 153 
 Coumarin, 153 
 Couroupita guianensis, 47 
 Coutarea speciosa, 244 
 
[ 300 ] 
 
 112 
 
 Coutoubea alba, 297 
 
 purpurea, 297 
 Cowhage, 152 
 Cow-plant of Ceylon, 301 
 Cowslip, 223 
 Cow Tree, 177, 226 
 Cow tree of Brazil 
 Cranberry, 222 
 Cranberry Australian, 222 
 Cratseva gynandra, 61 
 Cream fruit, 301 
 Crescentia cujete, P 
 
 cucurbita, P 
 pepino, P 
 Cress, 59 
 Creyat, 285 
 Crocus sativus, 333 
 Crotalaria juncea, 152 
 Croton Cascarilla, 113 
 Tiglium, 113 
 Eluteria, 114 
 perdicipes, 114 
 campestris, 114 
 tinctorium, 114 
 gratissimum, 114 
 Crozophora tinctoria, 114 
 Cruciferge, 59 
 Cubebs, 186 
 Cucumber, 52 
 Cucumber, spirting, 52 
 Cucumis Colocynthis, 52 
 Cudbear, 429 
 Cunila mariana, 276 
 Curatella Cambaiba, 20 
 Curcuma angustifolia, 324 
 longa, 324 
 Zedoaria, 323 
 Zerumbet, 323 
 Roscoeana, 323 
 Currant, 26 
 Cusparia febrifuga, 133 
 t Custard Apple, 19 
 Cyathea medullaris, 400 
 Cycas circinalis, 313 
 Cyclamen, 223 
 
 Cynanchum Argel, 153, 300, 305 
 tomentosum, 304 
 ovalifolium, 305 
 Cynara Scolymus, 254 
 Cynodon Dactylon, 377 
 Cynomorium, 394 
 Cynopia, 23 
 
 Cynosurus cristatus, 37S 
 Cyperus longus, 385 
 
 rotundus, 385 
 
 perennis, 385 
 
 odoratus, 385 
 
 Hydra, 385 
 
 Papyrus, 385 
 Cyrtopodium, 339 
 Cytinus, 393 
 Cytisine, 152 
 Cytissus, 152, 153 
 
 cajan 
 
 Dacha, 176 
 
 Dacrydium taxifolium, 317 
 
 Dalbergia, 153 
 
 monetaria, 152 
 Dammar, 316 
 
 Pine, 316 
 Dammara australis, 315 
 Daoun Setan, 176 
 Daphne Laureola, 195 
 D. cannabinis 
 Gnidium, 195 
 . Bholua, 195 
 Date, 345, P 
 Datisca, 180 
 
 Datura Stramonium, 294 
 Davilla rugosa, 20 
 elliptica, 20 
 Deal, 315 
 Dioscorea sativa 
 alata 
 bulbifera 
 aculeata 
 pentaphylla 
 brasilientis 
 Delphine, 6 
 Delphinium consolida, 6 
 
 Staphysagria, 6 
 Dendrobium pieradii ? 
 Desmodium diffusum, 152 
 Devil's leaf, 176 
 Dhaee, 100 
 Dhamnoo, 99 
 Dhoona, 98 
 
 Dhoona or dammer pitch, 98 
 Dhoonatil, 98 
 Dictamnus, 133 
 Digitalis, 291 
 Dilatris tinctoria, 330 
 
113 
 
 [ 300 J 
 
 Dill, 22 
 Uillisk, 434 
 Dillenia scabrella, 20 
 speciosa, 20 
 Diosma, 132 
 
 Diospyrus virginiana, 227 
 Ebenus, 227 
 E ben aster, 227 
 melonoxylon, 227 
 Mabolo, 227 
 tomentosa, 227 
 Roylei, 227 
 Embryopteris, 227 
 Diplaziam esculentum, 400 
 Diplolepis vomitoria, 304 
 Dipsacus Fullonum, 265 
 Dipterix odorata, 153 
 Dolichos tuberosus, 152, P 
 bulbosus, 152, P 
 lablad 
 
 sixquipedalis 
 caljang 
 soja 
 bi floras 
 sinensis 
 Dorema ammoniacum, 23 
 Dorstenia contrayerva, 177 
 Dracaena Draco, 353 
 
 terminalis, 353 
 Dracontium polyphyllum, 364 
 
 pertusum, 364 
 Dragoon's Blood, 152, 346 
 Drimys granatensis, 17 
 Drimys Winteri, 17 
 Drogue amere, 285 
 Drosera communis, 66 
 muscipula, 66 
 Dryobalanops Camphora, 98 
 Dulse, 434 
 Dumb Cane, 364 
 Durian,94 
 Durvillea, u til is, 434 
 Durreoaye Narriol. 301 
 Duvaua latifolia. 167 
 Dysoxylum, 102 
 
 Eagle wood, 197 
 Ebony, 227 
 
 Echinops strigosus, 254 
 Echites antidysenterica, 300 
 Echium plantagineum,274 
 rubrum, 274 
 
 Eddoes, 364, P 
 Egg plant, 295 
 Egyptian bean, 14 
 Ehretia buxifolio, 273 
 Elseagnus orientalis, 194 
 
 arborea, 194 
 
 conferta, 194 
 Elaeococca, 114 
 Elais guineensis, 345 
 Elatine, 52, Elaterium, 3 sp. 
 Elcaija, 102 
 Elder, 248 
 Elecampane, 253 
 Elephantopus scaber, 253 
 Elettaria Cardamomum, 324 
 Eleusine coracana, 377 
 Elm, 179 
 Elyrmis maritimus 
 
 arenaria 
 Embelia robusta, 225 
 
 Ribes, 225 
 Emetin, 245 
 Endive, 254 
 Ensiao, 164 
 Entada Purssetha, 155 
 Entelea arborescens 
 Enteromorpha compressa. 434 
 Epicharis, 102 
 Equisetnm hyemale, 318 
 Equisetum majns 
 
 hyemale 
 Ergot, 377 
 Erigeron philadelphicum, 253 
 
 heterophyllum, 253 
 Eriodendron, 94 
 Erithrina corallodendron, P 
 Ervade Rata, 245 
 Eryngium campestre. 23 
 Erythrina monosperma, 152 
 Erythronium indicum, 353 
 Erythroxylon Coca, 123 
 
 hypericifolium, 123 
 suberosum, 123 
 Eucalyptus resinifera, 45 
 Eugenia CaryophiUata 
 Euhalus, 335 
 Eulophia, 339 
 Eupatorium Ayapana, 254 
 
 perfoliatum, 253 
 Euphorbia, 113 
 
 antiquorum, 1 15 
 
 qfficinarum 
 
300 ] 
 
 114 
 
 Euphorbia canadensis, 115 
 Gerardiana, 115 
 Ipecacuanha, 115 
 papillosa, 115 
 neriifolia, 115 
 thymifolia, 115 
 pilulifera, 115 
 heptagona, 115 
 Tirucalli, 115 
 
 Euphorbium, 114 
 
 Euphrasia officinalis, 291 
 
 Evernia prunastri, 429 
 vulpina, 429 
 
 Evodia j'ebrifuga, 133 
 
 Evonyinus tingens, 119 
 
 Hxcaecaria, 1 16 
 
 Agallocha, 115 
 
 Exostema, 244 
 
 Fagara, 136 
 Faghureh, 136 
 Feronia elephantum. 106 
 Ferula, 23, assofcetida 
 Festuca pratensis, 378 
 Festuca elatior 
 Feuillea cordifolia, 52 
 Fever bark of Carolina, 244 
 Ficus rcligiosa, 177 
 
 toxicaria, 176 
 
 septica, 177 
 
 raceraosa, 177 
 
 indica, 177 
 
 australis. 177 
 
 floridana 
 Fig, 176 
 Fir, 315 
 
 Silver, 316 
 Flagellaria, 357 
 Flax, grass, P 
 Flax, tropical, P 
 Flax of leaves, P 
 Flax, pineapple, P 
 Flindersia, 104 
 Fools' Parsley, 22 
 Fragaria, 144" 
 Frambsesia, 133 
 Frank incense, 111 
 Fraxinus rotundifolia,308 
 Frazera Walter i, 297 
 French berries, 108 
 Fruta de Burro, 19, 61 
 Fruta de Purao, 82 
 
 Fucus vesiculosus, 434 
 
 nodosus, 435 
 
 serratus, 435 
 Fumaria cava, 10 
 Fumariese, 10 
 Fungus melitensis, 394 
 Furze, 152 
 Fustick, 177 
 
 Galangale, 323 
 Galactodendrou utile 
 Galbanum, 23 
 
 officinale, 23 
 Galega purpurea, 153 
 Galium verum, 250 
 Gallinha Chocha, 123 
 Gambeer. 244 
 Gamboge. 74 
 
 Garcinia cochinchiuensis, 75 
 cornea, 75 
 paniculata, 75 
 Mangostana, 75 
 pictoria, 75 
 Garden Orach, 20S 
 Gardenia, 245 
 Garlic, 353 
 Gauca, 206 
 Gaultheria procumbens, 220 
 
 Shallon,220 
 Gela, 155 
 Gelidium, 434 
 Genipa, 245 
 Genista, 152, 153 
 Gentian, 297 
 Gentian a, lutea, 297 
 rubra, 297 
 purpurea, 297 
 Amarella. 297 
 campestris, 297 
 cruciata, 297 
 peruviana, 297 
 Chirita, 297 
 Geoffraea, 154 
 Geranium spinosum, 137 
 maculatum, 137 
 Robertianum, 138 
 Geum urbanum, 144 
 
 nvale, 144 
 Gheer, 111 
 Gillenia trifoliata, 144 
 
 stipulacea, 144 
 Gigartina helminthocorton, 435 
 
115 
 
 [300] 
 
 Ginger, 323, P 
 Ginseng, 25 
 Glaphyria nitida, 45 
 Glechoma Tiederacea, 276 
 Gleichenia dichotoma, 400 
 Gliadine, 377 
 Globba nviformis, 324 
 Gloriosa snperba, 353 
 Glycosmis citrifolia, 106 
 Glycyrrhiza glabra, 152 
 Gnetum nrens, 311 
 
 Gnemon, 311 
 Gobbo, 96 
 Golden Rod, 253 
 Gold thread, 6 
 Gombo. 96 
 Gomphrena officinalis, 20S 
 
 macrocephala, 20S 
 Gomuty Palm 
 Gooseberry, 26 
 Gracilaria lichenoides, 434 
 
 compressa, 434 
 
 tenax, 435 
 Gonrd, 52, economical, sp., P 
 Graines d' Avignon, 108 
 Gram, 119 
 Grana molucca, 114 
 Grass oil of Nernaur, 377 
 Grass flax, P 
 Grass silk, P 
 Grass rope, P 
 Grass cordage, P 
 Gratiola officinalis, 291 
 peruviana. 291 
 Grawatha, 334 
 Gray Plum, 159 
 Grewia asiatica, 99 
 elastica, 99 
 sapida, 99 
 Grislea tomentosa, 100 
 Guaco 
 Guaiacum sanctum, 134 
 
 officinale, 134 
 Guaiacine, 134 
 * Guaiacum tree 
 Guatteria virgata, 18 
 Guarea Aubletia, 102 
 
 trichilioides, 1.02 
 Guava, 45 
 
 Guazuma ulmifolia, 94 
 Guettarda coccinea, 244 
 Guevina, 200 
 
 * Guilandina Bonduceeila, 154 
 
 Nuga, 154 
 Guinea corn, 376 
 Gulanclia, 215 
 Gum Ammoniac, 23 
 
 Animi, 9S, 154 
 
 Arabic, 152, 154 
 
 Elemi, 111, 165 
 
 Kino, 45, 211, 244 
 
 Dragon, 15^, 353 
 
 Lac, 152, 177 
 
 Senegal, 94, 152, 154 
 
 Tragacanth of S. Leone, 94. 
 
 Tragacanth, 147 
 Gunny, 99 
 
 Gustavia urceolata, 46 
 Gymnema lactiferum, 304 
 
 tingens, 305 
 Gynerium saccharoides 
 Gyrophora deusta, 429 
 
 pustulata, 429 
 Gypsophila Ostruthium, 125 
 
 Habzelia aromatica, 18 
 
 Hsematoxylon campeachianum,154 
 
 Haematin, 154 
 
 Haemanthus toxicarius, 329 
 
 Haitsai, 435 
 
 Hanchinol, 100 
 
 Hartighseu, 102 
 
 Hashish, 176 
 
 Hazelnut, 170 
 
 Hedeoina pulegioides, 276 
 
 Hederine, 25 
 
 Hedychium coronariuni, 323 
 
 Hedycarpus malayanus, 82 
 
 Hedysarum sennoides, 152 
 
 Heistena coccinea, 33 
 
 Helianthus tuberosus, 254 
 
 Hehconia Psittacorum, 327 
 
 Heliconinia, several species 
 
 Helicteres Sacarolha. 94 
 
 Helleborus, 6. 
 
 Helonias dioica, 348 
 
 Helvella, 422 
 
 Hemidesmus indica, 305 
 
 Hemlock, 22 
 
 Hemlock Spruce, 316 
 
 Hemp, 176 
 
 Hemp of Sisal, P 
 
 Hemp of Manilla 
 
[300 J 
 
 116 
 
 Hemp of Leaves 
 Hemp of Petioles 
 Henbane, 294 
 Henequen, P 
 Henne, 100 
 Hepatica 6 
 Hepatic Aloes, 353 
 Herbe du Diable, 270 
 Hernandia sonora, 198 
 
 guianensis, 196 
 Heuchera amerieana, 163 
 Hibiscus arboreus, 96 
 
 Rosa sinensis, 96 
 Sabdariffa, 96, P 
 suratensis, 96 
 esculentus, 96 
 f Abelmoschus, 34 
 
 longifolius, 96 
 iiliacevs^ 
 Himanthalia lorea, 435 
 Hippocratea comosa, 120 
 Hippomane, 116 
 Hippomane Mancinella, 115 
 Hippophae rhamnoides, 194 
 Hog plnm, 107 
 Holcus saccharatus, 377 
 
 odoratus, 96 
 
 Sorghum 
 
 Spicatus 
 
 Bicolor 
 Holigarna longifolia, 167 
 Honeysuckle, 248 
 Hop, 176 
 
 Horse-chestnut, 84 
 Horseradish, 59 
 Hortia braziliana, 133 
 Hovenia dulcis, 108 
 Huile des Marmottes, 147 
 Humirium floribundum, 104 
 Humulus Lupulus, 176 
 Hungary water, 276 
 Hura, 113 
 
 crepitans, 115 
 Hursinghar, 309 
 Hya-hya, 300 
 Hyaenanche globosa, 115 
 Hydnocarpus venenta, 70 
 Hydrastis canadensis, 6 
 Hydrilla, 335 
 Hydrocyanic acid, 147 
 Hydrophylax maritima, 245 
 Hymenaea Courbaril, 154 
 
 Hyoscyamus, 295 
 Hypericum Androsaemum, 78 
 
 hircinum, 78 
 
 connatum, 78 
 
 laxiusculum, 78 
 
 perforatum, 78 
 
 Iceland moss, 429 
 Icica Acuchini, 111 
 
 Carana, 111 
 
 heptaphylla, 
 
 Icicariba, 111 
 Igasuric acid, 301 
 Ilex paraguensis, 229 
 lllicium anisatum, 17 
 India Rubber tree 6 
 
 Indigo, 152. 153 
 Indigofera enneaphylla, 152 
 Anil, 153 
 tinctoria, 153 
 Inga, 89 
 
 faeculifera, 155 
 Inocarpus, 196 
 Inula Helenium, 253, 254 
 Inulin, 254 
 
 Ionidium parviflorum, 63 
 Poaya, 63 
 Itubu, 63 
 Ipecacuanha, 8, 63, 114, 116, 144, 
 
 244, 305 
 Ipe-tabacco, 282 
 Ipeuna, 282 
 Ipomoea Quamoclit, 231 
 
 sensitiva, 231 
 Iridaea edulis, 434 
 Iris florentina, 333 
 tuberosa, 333 
 versicolor, 333 
 verna, 333 
 Pseudacorus, 333 
 Ironwood, 227 
 Isidium Westringii, 429 
 Ivarancusa, 387 
 Ivy, 25 
 
 Jaboticabeiras, 45 
 Jacaranda wood, 155 
 Jack, 176 
 
 Jacquinia obovata, 226 
 Jagghery water, 155 
 Jalap, 214, 231 
 
117 
 
 [ 300 ] 
 
 Jarnrosade, 45 
 
 Janji, 335 
 
 Japan lacquer, 1 67 
 
 Jasamine, 309 
 
 Jasminum officinale, 309 
 
 grandiflorura, 309 
 Sambac, 309 
 undu latum, 309 
 angustifolium, 309 
 Jatropha Cassava, 113, P 
 
 Manihot, 113, 113, P 
 glauca, 115 
 Curcas, 115, P 
 Jeffersonia, 7 
 Jenequen, P 
 Jew Bush, 116 
 Jits, 102 
 
 Joliffia africana, 52 
 Juglans cathartica, 180 
 cinerea, 180 
 regia, 180 
 Jujube, 108 
 Julpai, 97 
 
 .1 uncus effusus, 357 
 Juniper, 316 
 
 communis, 316 
 Sabina, 316 
 Jussisea peruviana, 36 
 Justicia biflora, 285 
 
 Ecbolium, 285 
 Adhatoda, 285 
 pectoralis, 285 
 Gendarussa, 285 
 paniculata, 285 
 
 Kakaierro, 317 
 
 Kalnnchoe brasiliensis, 16-1 
 
 Kalmia latifolia, 221 
 
 Kat, 119 
 
 Kassou Khaye, 103 
 
 Kava 
 
 Kawrie Tree, 315 
 
 Kayo Umur Panjang, 45 
 
 Khair Tree, 155 
 
 Khaya, 103 
 
 Kheu, 167 
 
 Khumur-ool-mujnoon, 216 
 
 Kielmeyera speciosa, 80 
 
 King wood, 153 
 
 Kino, 152 
 
 Kiriagbuna Plant, 304 
 
 Kirschenwasser, 147 
 
 Knowltonia vesicatoria, 6 
 Kodoya Bikh, 6 
 Kokra, 172 
 Kola, 94 
 Krameria, 86 
 Kunkirzeed, 254 
 Kuteera, 80 
 Kydia calycina, 94 
 
 Labaria Plant, 364 
 
 Labdanum, 91 
 
 Laburnum, 152, 153 
 
 Lac, black, 167 
 
 Lace Bark, 195 
 
 Lacis, 191 
 
 Lacker, 167 
 
 Lactuca virosa, 254 
 
 sylvestris, 254 
 
 f Lagunculara racemosa 
 
 Lalo, 94 
 
 Lamb's Lettuce, 266 
 
 Laminaria digitata. 434 
 
 potatorum, 434 
 buccinalis, 435 
 bulbosa, 435 
 
 Langsat, 102 
 
 Lanseh, 102 
 
 Lansium, 102 
 
 Lantana Pseudo Thea. 278 
 
 Larch, 315, 316 
 
 Lata 
 
 Lathy rus Aphaca, 153 
 tuberosus, 152 
 
 Laurel oil, 30 
 
 Laurentiapiunatifida, 434 
 
 Laurus Cassia, 201 
 
 Culilaban, 201 
 Malabathrum, 201 
 cupularis, 201 
 Quixos, 201 
 Cinnamomoides, 201 
 Pucheri, 201 
 Camphora, 201 
 Parthenoxylon, 201 
 Benzoin, 201 
 parvifolia, 201 
 globosa, 201 
 ibetens, 201 
 caustica, 201 
 
 Lavandula carnosa, 276 
 
 Laver, 434 
 
 green, 434 
 
[300] 
 
 118 
 
 Lavender, 276 
 
 Lawsonia inermis, 100 
 
 Lecanora perella, 429 
 tartarea, 429 
 haematomma, 429 
 atra, 429 
 
 Lecythis ollararia, 47 
 
 Ledum palustre, 220, 221 
 
 Lemon, 105, 106 
 
 Lentil, 152 
 
 Lepraria chlorina, 429 
 
 Lepidostachys Roxburghi, 17i 
 
 Le Petit Coco, 225 
 
 Lettuce, 254 
 
 Liane amere, 215 
 
 Liatris, 253 
 
 Libanus thurifera. Ill 
 
 Lignum Vit£e. 134 
 
 Ligusticum Ajawain, 23 
 
 Lilium pomponium, 352 
 
 Lime, 105, 106 
 
 Limnanthes, 143 
 
 Lingua de Fin, 65 
 
 Linumcatharticum, 89 
 selaginoides, 89 
 
 Liquidambar, 188 
 
 Liquorice, 152 
 
 Liriodendron tulipifera, 16 
 
 Lisiauthus pendulus, 297 
 
 Lissanthe sapida. 222 
 
 Litchi, 82 
 
 Lithocarpus javensis, 170 
 
 Lithospermum tinctorium, 274 
 
 Litsea sebifera, 201 
 
 Lobelia cardinalis, 236 
 Tupa, 236 
 inflata, 236 
 Caoutchouc, 236 
 syphilitica, 236 
 iongiflora, 236 
 
 Locust Tree, 153 
 
 Logwood, 152, 154, P 
 
 Lolium perenne, 378 
 
 temulentum, 377 
 
 Longan, S2 
 
 Lonicera corymbosa, 24S 
 cserulea, 248 
 
 Lote, 108 
 
 Lotophagi, 108 
 
 Luhea divarieata, 99 
 paniculata. 99 
 
 Ludia, 73 
 
 Lucerne, 152 
 
 Lychnis dioica. 125 
 
 chalcedonica, 125 
 
 Lupulin, 176 
 
 L,ycopodium, 366 
 
 Selago, 404 
 clavatum, 404 
 Phlegmaria, 404 
 
 Lygeum spartium 
 
 Lythrum Salicaria, 100 
 
 Lythrum? Hunteri, 100 
 
 Macassar poison, 196 
 
 Mace, 15 
 
 Mache. 266 
 
 Macrocnenum cormybosum, 244 
 
 Madder, 249 
 
 Madia sativa, 254 
 
 Madhuca Tree, 226 
 
 Mcesua ferrea, 75 
 
 Magnolia tripetala, 16 
 
 excelsa, 16 
 
 glauca, 16 
 
 acuminata, 16 
 
 Yulan, 16 
 Magonia pubescens, 82 
 
 glabrata, 82 
 Magnei/ de Pulque, P 
 Maguey de Mezcal 
 Maguey de Cocuy 
 
 * Mahogany wood, 103 
 Mahva Tree, 226 
 Mais Peladero, 378 
 Maize, 376 
 
 Malach, 176 
 Malic acid, 26 
 Mallow, 96 
 Malpighia Moureila, 122 
 
 crassi folia, 122 
 Malva crispa, 96 
 Alcea, 96 
 Mammea, 75, P 
 Mammillaria, 54 
 Manchineel, 113 
 
 * Manchineel tree, 115 
 Mandiocca, 115 
 Manettia cordilblia, 244 
 Mangel Wurzel, 208 
 Mango, 167, P 
 
 * Mangrove, white, 279 
 
 * black and red 
 
 * Mangroves, 38 
 
119 
 
 [300] 
 
 Manilla mulberry, P 
 
 Manna, 152 308 
 
 Manna of Mount Sinai, 127 
 
 Mannite, 127, 308 
 
 Maprounea brasiliensis, 116 
 
 Maranta arundinacea, 326 
 Allonyia, 326 
 nobilis, 326 
 ramosissima, 326 
 
 Marantha indica, P 
 alloui. P 
 
 Margosa oil, 114, 115 
 
 Margosa Tree, 102 
 
 Marjoram, 276 
 
 Marking-nut tree, 167 
 
 Marlea, 52 
 
 Marmalade, 226 
 
 Marmaleiro do Mato, 65 
 
 Marmeleiro do Campo, 116 
 
 Marsdenia tenacissima, 305 
 tinctoria, 305 
 
 Marsh Mallows, 96 
 
 Martin's Gancer Powder, 288 
 
 Mate, 229 
 
 Matricaria Parthenium, 253 
 
 Mauri tin flexuosa 
 
 Maximiliania regia, 80 
 
 May Apple, 7 
 
 May ten us, 119 
 
 Meconie acid, S 
 
 Meconopsis napalensis, 8 
 
 Medlar, 146 
 
 Medlar of Surinam, 226 
 
 Medeola virgincia, 348 
 
 Medick, 152 
 
 Medullin, 225 
 
 Melaleuca leucadendron, 45 
 
 Melambo Bark, 13 
 
 Melampryum pratense, 292 
 
 Mehmorhsea usitatissima, 167 
 
 Melia Azedarach, 102 
 Azedarachta, 102 
 
 Melia sempevirens, P 
 
 Melilotus officinalis, 153 
 
 Melodinns monogynus, 301 
 
 Melon, 52 
 
 Memecylon edule, 41 
 
 Menispermic acid, 216 
 
 Menispermum palmatum, 215 
 cordifolinm, 215 
 Coccnlns, 216 
 edule, 216 
 
 Menyanthes trifoliata, 297 
 Mercurialis annua, 113 
 
 perennis, 113, 115 
 Mercurio do Campo, 123 
 Mertensia dichotoma, 400 
 Merulius lacrymans, 423 
 
 vastator, 423 
 Mesembryanthemum edule, 56 
 
 nodiflorum, 56 
 Michelia Doltsopa, 16 
 Microlasna spectabilis, 94 
 Mignonete 62 
 Mikania Guaco, 254 
 Mildew, 423 
 Milk Plant. 116 
 
 'tree, 177,226,300 
 Milk tree of Colombia 
 Millet, 377 
 Milneaedulis, 102 
 Mimosa fagifolia, 155 
 saponaria, 154 
 Spongia, 155 
 Mimulus guttatus, 291 
 Mimusops Elenofi, 226 
 
 Kaki': 226 
 Mint. 276 
 Mint Tribe 
 Mirabilis, 214 
 Mistleto, 50 
 
 of the Oak, 50 
 Mohoe, or Mohaut, 96 
 Momordica Elaterium, 52 
 Monnina polystachya, 86 
 Mootha, 385 
 Morel, 422 
 Morinda, 245 
 
 Royoc, 244 
 t Moringa, 154 
 
 t pterygosperma, 66, P 
 Morphia, 8 
 Morrichc Palm 
 Moms alba, 177 
 
 tinctoria, 177 
 Mountain Ash, 146 
 Mouron, 224 
 Moutabea, 109 
 Moxa, 253 
 Mucedo, 423 
 Mu cor, 423 
 
 Mucuna pruriens, 152 
 Mudar, 305 
 
[300] 
 
 120 
 
 Mulberry, 176 
 Munjeeth, 250 
 Muso, 327 
 
 Abaca, 
 
 many species 
 textilis, 327 
 Musanga, 177 
 Mushroom, 422 
 Mustard, 59 
 
 Myginda Gongonha, 229 
 Myrica cerifera, 180 
 sapida, 180 
 Myristica moschata, 15 
 officinalis, 15 
 Otoba, 15 
 tomentosa, 15 
 Myrospermum peruiferum, 165 
 toluiferum, 165 
 Myrsine bifaria, 225 
 
 Nagkesar. 75 
 Nagur-mootha, 385 
 Narcissus poeticus, 329 
 
 Tazetta, 329 
 
 odorus, 329 
 
 Pseudo-Narcissus, 329 
 Narcotine, S 
 Nard, 266 
 
 Nardostachys Jatamansi, 266 
 Natchenny, 377 
 Nauclea Gambeer, 244 
 Nectarine, 147 
 Neem Tree, 102 
 Nehai, 400 
 
 Nelumbium speciosum, 14 
 Nepeta hederacea. 276 
 Nephelium, 82 
 
 Nephrodium esculentuin, 400 
 Nerium Oleander, 300 
 
 odorum, 300 
 Nesaea staticifolia, 100 
 Nigella, 6 
 Nightshade, 294 
 Niouttout, 165 
 Nirbishi, or Nir bikhi ; 6 
 Nirmulee, 301 
 Noyau, 147, 231 
 Nut-grass, 385 
 Nutmeg, 1 5 
 
 Tribe, 15 
 of Santa Fe, 15 
 Nyctanthes Arbor Tristis, 309 
 
 Nymphaea alba, 13 
 
 Oak, 170 
 
 Oats, 376 
 
 Ochna hexasperma, 129 
 
 Ochro, 96 
 
 Ocymum album, 276 
 
 febrifugum, 276 
 (Enanlhe pimpinelloides, 22 
 
 crocata, 23 
 CEnothera biennis, 36 
 Oil of Almonds, 147 
 
 Ben, 66 
 
 Olive, 281, 308 
 
 Tiglium, 114 
 Oldenlandia umbellata, 245 
 Olea fragrans, 308 
 
 europasa, 308 
 Olibanum, 111 
 Olivile, 308 
 Omphalea, 116 
 Ononis, 153 
 Onion, 353 
 
 Onosma echioides, 274 
 Opium, 254 
 Opoponax, 23 
 Oporanthus luteus, 329 
 Opuntia vulgaris, 54 
 Orange, 105 
 Orchall, 429 
 Orchis mascula, 339 
 Orelha de Onca, 215 
 Gato, 78 
 Origanum Dictamnus, 276 
 Oniithopus, 152 
 
 scorpioides, 153 
 Orobanche virginiana, 288 
 
 major, 288 
 Orontium aquaticum, 364 
 Orris root, 333 
 Orseille de Terre, 429 
 
 des Canaries, 429 
 Orthantheraviminea, 305 
 Osmunda regalis, 400 
 Oxalis acetosella, 140 
 
 crenata, 140 
 Oxleya xanthoxyla, 104 
 
 Pachana, 215 
 
 Pseonia, 6 
 
 Palapetta, 300 
 
 Palicourea Marcgraavii, 245 
 
121 
 
 [ 300 J 
 
 Palm oil, 345 
 
 Palraa Christi, 114 
 Ail m- Vine, 345 
 
 Palo, 215 
 
 Palo de Vacca, 177 
 
 Panax Col on i, 276 
 
 quinquefolium, 25 
 
 Pancratium maritimum, 329 
 
 Pandanus, 362 
 
 Pandanus, many species, 
 
 Pandanus odoratissimus, 362 
 
 Panicum spectabile, 378 
 italicum 
 pilosum 
 frumentaceum 
 glaucum 
 colonum 
 grosarium 
 miliaceum 
 jumentorum 
 polygamum 
 maximum 
 arborescens, 50 ft. 
 altissimum 
 arundinaceum 
 
 Pao d'Arco, 282 
 
 Papaver somniferrum, 8 
 
 Pa paw, 69 
 
 Papeeta, 301 
 
 Papyrus, 385 
 
 antiquerum 
 
 Para todo, 208 
 
 Paraiba, 130 
 
 Pareira brava, 215 
 
 Parinarium excelsum, 159 
 campestre, 159 
 montanum, 159 
 
 Parkia africana, 154 
 
 Parmelia saxatilis, 429 
 
 omphalodes, 429 
 encausta 429 
 conspersa, 429 
 parietina, 429 
 
 Parsley, 22 
 
 Parsnep, 22 
 
 Partridge w6od, 33 
 
 Passan-Batu, 170 
 
 Passerina tinctoria, 195 
 
 Pastinaca Opoponax, 23 
 
 Paullinia australis, 82 
 polyphilla 
 eupania, 82 
 
 Paullinia subrotunda, 82 
 
 Paspalum frumentaceum 
 
 Pavonia diuretica, 96 
 
 Pede Perdis, 114 
 
 Pea, 152 
 
 Peach, 147 
 
 Pear, 140 
 
 Pedalium murex, 281 
 
 Pediculares, 292 
 
 Pedilanthus tithymaloydes, 116 
 
 padifolius, 116 
 Peltidea aphthosa, 429 
 Penaea mucronata, 204 
 Pennyroyal, 276 
 Pentadesma butyracea, 75 
 
 Butter tree 
 Pentaptera, 39 
 Peon, 75 
 Pepper, 168 
 Pepper, black, 186 
 Peppers, 135 
 Pepper-dulse, 434 
 Perelle d'Auvergne, 429 
 Pergularia edulis, 304 
 Periploca emetica, 304 
 
 esculenta, 304 
 
 indica, 304 
 
 scammonium 
 
 groeca 
 
 indica 
 Perpetua, 208 
 Persea gratissima, 201 
 Petiveria alliacea, 212 
 Phalaris arundinacea 
 Pharus latifolius 
 
 arundinacea 
 Phaseolus trilobus, 153 
 radiatus, 1.53 
 Phaseolus mungo 
 
 tunkinensis 
 aureus 
 max 
 radiatus 
 aconitifolius 
 Phellandrium, 23 
 Phleum, 378 
 Phlomis esculenta, 276 
 Phoenix fariniferra, 345 
 Photinia dubia, 146 
 Phryinium capitatum 
 Phrynium dichotomum, 326 
 Phyllanthus, 113 
 
[ 300 ] 
 
 m 
 
 Phyllanthus, Niruri, 1 16 
 urinaria, 116 
 Emblica, 116 
 Con ami, 116 
 Physalis Alkekengi, 294 
 
 flexuosa, 295 
 Phytelephas, 362 
 Phyteuma spicatum, 238 
 Phytolacca decandra, 210 
 Picrotoxia, 215, 216 
 Pierardia dulcis, 82 
 sativa, 82 
 Pinckneya pubens, 244 
 Pindaiba, 19 
 Pigeon-pea, 152 
 Piney varnish, 98 
 Pine-apple, 334 
 Pine, 315 
 
 Norfolk Island, 319 
 
 Weymouth, 315 
 Pinguicula vulgaris, 286 
 Pinus Cembra,"316 
 
 Gerardiana, 316 
 
 Lambertiana, 315, 316 
 
 sylvestris, 316 
 
 Pumilio, 316 
 
 Pinaster, 316 
 
 Pinea, 316 
 
 Picea, 316 
 Piper sethiopicum, 18 
 
 Cubeba, 186, nigrum 
 
 inebrians, 186 
 
 anisatum, 186 
 
 Betel, 186 
 
 Siriboa, 186 
 Pisonia, 214 
 Pistacia atlantica, 167 
 Lentiscns, 167 
 Terebinthus, 167 
 Nut, 167 
 Pistia Stratiotes, 36S 
 * Piscidia erythrina, P 
 Pita de Cocuyza 
 Pita de Tolu 
 Pita, de Guataca 
 Pitafloja, P 
 Pitahaya, P 
 Pitch, 111 
 
 Burgundy, 316 
 Pittomba, 82 
 Pittosporum Tobira, 32 
 Plantago arenaria, 268 
 
 Plantago Ispaghula, 268 
 
 Psyllium, 268 
 Plataneae, 187 
 
 Plukenetia corniculata, 116 
 Plum, 147 
 
 common, 147 
 Plumbago zeylanica, 270 
 curopeea, 270 
 scandens, 270. 
 Plumeria obtusa, 300 
 Poa tenax 
 Jiuitans 
 aquatica 
 svditica 
 Abyssinica 
 Poaya da praia, 63 
 Poaya branca, 63 
 Podocarpus neriifolia, 317 
 Podophyllum peltatum, 7 
 t Poinciana ptdcherrima, P 
 Pois queniques, 66 
 Polanisia, 61 
 Polyan(,thes tuberosa, 353 
 Polygala crotalarioides, 86 
 poaya, 86 
 Senega, 86 
 sanguinea, 86 
 Polygaline, 86 
 
 Polygonum Hydropiper, 211 
 barbatum, 211 
 chinensis 
 Fagopyrum, 211 
 hispidum, 211 
 t atari cum. 211 
 aviculare, 211 
 Poly podium phymatodes, 400 
 Calaguala, 400 
 crassifolium, 400 
 Polyporus destructor, 423 
 Pomegranate, 45 
 Poplar, 187 
 Poppy, 8 
 
 Populus tremuloides, 187 
 Porliera hvgrometrica, 134 
 Porphyra laciniata. 434 
 vulgaris, 434 
 Portlandia hexandra, 244 
 Potalia resinifera, 307 
 
 amara, 307 
 Potamogeton natans. 367 
 Potash, 295 
 
123 
 
 [ 300] 
 
 Potato. 294 
 
 Potcntilla anserina, 144 
 reptans, 144 
 Prangos pabularia, 22 
 Premna integrifolia, 278 
 Prinos verticillatus, 229 
 
 glaber, 229 
 Prinsepia utilis, 159 
 Prosopis, 154 
 Prunes, 147 
 Primus spinosa, 147 
 
 domestica, 147 
 brigantiaca, 147 
 Cocomilia, 147 
 Prussic acid, 147 
 Psoralea corylifolia, 152 
 Psychotria emetica, 245 
 herbacea, 245 
 noxa, 245 
 Ptarmica, 253 
 Ptelea, 136 
 Pteris aquilina, 400 
 esculenta, 400 
 Pterocarpus, 346 
 
 santalinus, 152 
 dalbergioides, 153 
 erinacea, 152 
 Draco, 152 
 Pucciniagraminis, 423 
 Puccoon, 8 
 Puchinaugo 
 Pueraria, 152 
 Pulque, 329, P. 
 Purslane, 124 
 Pyrus Aria, 146 
 
 Aucuparia, 146 
 
 Quassia, 130 
 
 Simarouba, 136, 
 
 Quercus falcata, 170 
 S uber, 170 
 iEgilops, 170 
 
 Quina, 244 
 
 Q,u ina de la Angostura, 132 
 blanca, 114 
 de la Guayna. 132 
 
 Quince, 145 
 
 Quinquina, 244, 308 
 
 of Peru, 165 
 
 Piton, 244 
 
 des Antilles, 244 
 
 Qurjun, 98 
 
 Radish, 59 
 RafHesia, 392 
 Raiz d-> Mato, 206 
 
 Padre Salerma, 208 
 Raiz Preta, 245 
 Ral, 98 
 
 Ramalina scorpulorum, 429 
 Rambeh, 82 
 Rambutan, 82 
 Rampion, 23S 
 Ramturai, 96 
 Randia duraetorum, 245 
 Ranunculus Flammula, 6 
 sceleratus, 6 
 glacialis, 6 
 Thora, 6 
 Rape, 59 
 Raspberry, 144 
 Ratanhia, 86. 
 
 Reaumur ia vermiculata, 92 
 Rebenta cavallos, 236 
 Red sandal-wood, 154 
 Redwood tree, 103 
 Remija ferrugiuea, 244 
 
 vellozi, 244 
 Reseda luteola, 62 
 Resin of Coumia, 154 
 Restio tectorum } 
 
 virgatus U feet 
 dichotomus j J 
 vaginatus J 
 paniculatvs, 2 feet 
 Restio tectorum, 387 
 Rex amaroris, 86 
 Rhamnus catharticus, 108 
 infectorius, 108 
 saxatills, 108 
 amygdalmus, 108 
 Rheum, 211 
 Rhizophora mangle 
 Rhizomorpha, 423 
 Rhizophora gymnorhiza, 40 
 Rhododendron ferrugineum, 220^ 
 % chrysanthemum, 220 
 ponticum, 221 
 maximum, 221 
 arboreum, 221 
 campanulatum, 221 
 Rhodomeniapalmata, 434 
 Rhubarb, 211 
 Rhubarbarin, 211 
 Rhus Coriaria, 167 
 
[300] 
 
 124 
 
 Rhus, toxicodendron, 167 
 radicans, 167 
 
 Cotinus, 167 
 
 vernix, 164 
 
 succedaneum, 168 
 
 verniciferum, 168 
 
 glabrum, 168 
 Rice, 359, 376 
 Rice paper of China 
 Richardsonia rosea, 245 
 scabra, 245 
 Ricinus, 116 
 Rieinnus communis, 113 
 Kitta Kaddapoo, 111 
 Roccella fusiforrnis, 429 
 
 tinctoria, 429 
 Robinia, 152 
 
 Pseudacacia, 153 
 Rocambole, 353 
 Rocou, 73, P 
 Rohuna, 103 
 Rondeletia febrifuga, 244 
 Rosa rubiginosa, 144 
 
 canina, 144 
 
 damascena, 144 
 
 gallica, 145 
 Rose Apple, 45 
 Rosemary, 276 
 Rosewood, 152, 155 
 Rough-skinned Plum, 159 
 Rowan Tree, 146 
 Roxburgh ia, 360 
 Rubia tinctoria, 249 
 
 cordifolia, 250 
 
 angustissima, 250 
 
 Munjista,250 
 
 noxa, 250 
 Rubus arcticus, 144 
 villosus, 144 
 Rue, common, 132 
 Ruellia strepens, 285 
 Ruizia, 189 
 Ruktachundun, 154 
 Rumex acetosa, 211 
 Rush, 357 
 Russia Mats, 99 
 
 Sabbatia angnlaris, 297 
 Saccharum officinalis 
 sinense 
 exaltatum 
 polystachien 
 Munja 
 
 'Saccharum procerum 
 viola ceum 
 caudatum 
 contr actum 
 Saffron, 333 
 Sagapenum, 23 
 Sage, 276 
 
 Sageretia theezans, 108 
 Sagittaria, 356 
 Sago, 313, 345 
 
 Portland, 364 
 Sagus farinifera, 345 
 Saint Foin, 152 
 Saint Ignatius's Bean, 301 
 Sal, 98 
 Salep, 339 
 Salacia, 120 
 Salicine, 187 
 Salicornia, 209 
 Saiin viminalis 
 
 stipularis 
 
 Forbiana 
 
 triandria 
 
 mollisima 
 
 alba 
 
 Russeliana 
 
 rubra 
 Salisburia, 317 
 Salix herbacea, 187 
 
 helix, 227 
 Sallow, 187 
 Salsafy, 254 
 Satsola, 209 
 Samanbaya, 400 
 Samphire, 22 
 Sandarach, 316 
 Sanders's wood, 193 
 Sandoricum indicum, 102 
 Sanguinaria canadensis, 8 
 Sanguisorba officinalis, 14S 
 Santalum album, 193 
 Santolina, 253 
 Sapindus esculentus, 82 
 
 saponaria, 82 
 Sapium, 116 
 
 aucuparium, 116 
 Saponaria officinalis, 125 
 Saponine, 82 
 Sappodilla Plum, 226 
 Sappan wood, 154 
 Snpucaya, 47 
 Sarcocolla, 204 
 Sarcocollin, 204 
 
125 
 
 [ 300 ] 
 
 Sarsaparilla, 25, 359 
 
 German, 385 
 of India, 305 
 
 Satin wood, 104 
 
 Saunders's wood, 152 
 
 Saurauja, 80 
 
 Sauvagesia erecta, 64 
 
 Savin, 316' 
 
 Savory, 276 
 
 Scabiosa succisa, 265 
 
 Scabious, 253 
 
 Scammony, 231 
 
 Scan din oderatu 
 
 Schinus Molle, 167 
 Arroeira, 167 
 
 Schmidelia edulis, 82 
 
 Scilla maritima, 353 
 
 Lilo-Haycinthus, 353 
 
 Scillitin, 353 
 
 Scio Turpentine, 167 
 
 Scirpus, 385 
 
 lacustris 
 
 Scleria lithosperma, 385 
 
 Scoparia dulcis, 291 
 
 Scorzonera, 254 
 
 hispanica 
 latifolia 
 
 Scotch Fir, 315 
 
 Scrophularia aquatica, 291 
 nodosa, 291 
 
 Sea Kale, 59 
 
 Sea-wrack, 367 
 
 t Sebesten Plum, 273, P 
 
 Sechium edule 
 
 palmatum 
 
 Sedges, 384 
 
 Sem, 153 
 
 Semecarpus Anacardium, 167 
 
 Sem-ke-gond, 154 
 
 Sempervivum tectorum, 164 
 
 glutinosum, 164 
 
 Senacia Undulata, 32 
 
 Senegine, 85 
 
 Senna, 153, 300, 305 
 
 Alexandrian, 154 
 
 Serradilla, 152 
 
 Service, 146 
 
 Serjania triternata, 82 
 
 Sesamum, 281 
 
 Sesbaina gloriosa, P 
 
 Sesbania picta 
 
 Sesbania grandiflora. 152, P 
 
 Setaria italica 
 
 germanica 
 viridis 
 glauca 
 teuacissima 
 Shallot, 353 
 Shorea robusta, 98. 
 Sicyos angulata 
 dulcis 
 edidis 
 Sida abutila, 96 
 cordifolia, 96 
 mauritiana, 96 
 micrantha, 96 
 carpinifolio, 96 
 lanceolota, 96 
 Siegesbeckia orientalis, 253 
 Silene virginica, 153 
 Silk cotton-tree, P 
 Silphium, 22 
 Simaruba versicolor, i 30 
 Simbi, 153 
 Sinapis chinensis 59 
 Singhara nuts, 37 
 Siphonia elastica, 116 
 Sissoo, 153 
 Skirret, 22 
 Skunk Cabbage, 364 
 Smilax Sarsaparilla, 359 
 China, 359 
 aspera, 359 
 * Smilax Pscudo China 
 Smut, 423 
 Snake poison, 244 
 Soccotrine Aloes, 353 
 Solanum Pseudoquina, 294 
 nigrum, 294 
 esculentum, 295 
 Jacquini, 295 
 bahamense, 295 
 mammosurn, 295 
 Dulcamara, 295 
 Solidago odora 
 Solorina crocea, 429 
 Sorghum saccharatum 
 
 vulgare 
 Sorrel, 211 
 Sosquil, P 
 Souari Nuts, 76 
 Soulamea, 86 
 Sour sop, P 
 Sow Bread, 223 
 
[ 300 J 
 
 12G 
 
 Soymida febrifuga, 103 
 Spanish Chestnut, 170 
 Spartinia polystacha 
 Spermacoce ferruginea, 245 
 
 Poaya, 245 
 Sphseralcea cisplatina, 96 
 Spigelia marylandica, 299 
 Spikenard, 226 
 Spilanthus, 253 
 Spinach, 63, 280 
 Spiraea ulmaria, 144 
 *Spondias, 107 
 
 tnombici 
 mirabolanos 
 Spruce, 315 
 Squill, 329 
 Stachys palustris, 276 
 Stachytarpheta jamaicensis, 278 
 Stagmaria vernicifiua, 167 
 Stalagmitis Gambogiodes, 75 
 Star-apple, 226 
 Star-anise, 17 
 Star-reed, 206 
 Statice caroiiniana, 270 
 Sterculia acuminata, 94 
 Chicha, 94 
 Tragacantha, 94 
 guttata, 94 
 fcetida, 94 
 urens, 94 
 Stevia febrifuga, 253 
 Sticta pulmonacea, 429 
 Stillingia sebiferce 
 iSlipa tenacissima 
 Stone-oak, 170 
 Stone-pine, 316 
 Storax, 188, 228 
 
 liquid, 316 
 Stramonium, 294 
 Stravadium, 65 
 
 racemosum, 46 
 Strawberry, 144 
 Strawberry prickly pear, P 
 Strelitzia, several species 
 Strychnia, 136, 301 
 Strychnos colubrina, 301 
 Tieute, 301 
 potatorum, 301 
 innocua, 301 
 S. Ignatii, 301 
 Nux vomica, 301 
 Pseudo-quina, 301 
 
 Styrax, 228 
 Suberin, 170 
 Succory, 254 
 Sugar-cane, 377 
 Sulphur, 153 
 Sumach, Venetian, 167 
 Sunflower, 254 
 Suple Jack 
 Suwarrow nuts, 76 
 Swallows' nests, 434 
 Sweet sop, P 
 Symphium asperrimum 
 Swietenia Mahagoni, 103 
 Symplocarpus fcetida, 364 
 Symplocos, 228 
 
 Tabasheer, 377 
 
 Tabernsemontana utilis, 300 
 
 Tacamahaca, 75, 165 
 
 Tachia guianensis, 297 
 
 Tagua, 362 
 
 Tallow trees 
 
 Talinum patens, 124 
 
 t Tamarind, 154, P 
 
 Tamarix gallica, 127 
 indica, 127 
 dioica, 127 
 orientalis, 127 
 Furas, 127 
 africana, 1 27 
 Tampui, 82 
 
 Tanghin tree, 300 
 
 Tangle, 434 
 
 Tansy, 253 
 
 Tapioca, 115 
 
 Taquarussa, 377 
 
 Taro 
 
 Tarragon, 254 
 
 Tat, 99 
 
 Tea, 80, 400 
 
 Tea Tree, 278 
 Green, 331 
 
 Teak, African, 116 
 
 Teasel, 265 
 
 Tetragonia expansa 
 
 Tectona grandis, 278 
 
 Tej-bul, 136 
 
 Tephrosia, 153 
 
 Appollinea, 153 
 
 Terminalia alata, 38 
 
 Bellerica, 38 
 Benzoin, 39 
 
127 
 
 [300] 
 
 t Terminalia Catappa, 39 
 Chebula, 3S 
 latifolia, 39 
 Terra japonica, 155 
 Theet-see, 167 
 Thesium, 193 
 Theobroma Cacao. 94 
 Theophrasta .lussieei, 225 
 Thoa urens 
 Thuja articulata, 316 
 
 quadrivalvis, 316 
 Thunbergia odor ante 
 
 fragrante 
 Thyme, 276 
 Ti 
 Ticorea febrifuga, 133 
 
 jasminifiora, 133 
 Ticu Palm 
 Tika, 119 
 Tilia, 99 
 
 Tingi da Praya, 226 
 Tinguy, 82 
 Tobacco, 212, 294 
 
 Mexican varieties, P 
 Toddalia aculeata, 136 
 Toddy, 102, 345 
 Tomatoes, 80 
 Tomato, 294 
 Tonka Bean, 153 
 Tonsella pyriformis, 120 
 Torenia asiatica, 291 
 Tormentilla, 144 
 Tragia involucrata, 116 
 Tragacanth, 80, 153 
 Tragopogon, 254 
 Trapa, 37 
 
 bispinosa, 37 
 Tree of long life, 45 
 Trefoil, 152 
 Trichilia emetica, 102 
 
 trifoliata, 102 
 
 speciosa, 102 
 Trichosanthes palmata, 52 
 Trichosanthes colubrina 
 tuberosa 
 Trifolium alpinnm, 152 
 Triglochin, 367 
 Trincomalee wood, 99 
 Triosteum perfoliatum, 248 
 Tripe de Roche, 429 
 Triphasia, 106 
 Tripterella coerulea ; 331 
 
 Tripsaciim dactyloidcs 
 
 Tropseolum majus, ]40 
 
 tuberosum, 140 
 
 Trophis Ramon, P 
 
 Truffle, 422 
 
 Tein-y, 16 
 
 Tuber, 422 
 
 Tuberose, 353 
 
 Tumbugaia, 98 
 
 Turmeric, 324, P 
 
 Turnip, 59 
 
 Turnsol, 113 
 
 Turpentine, oil of, 316 
 
 Bourdeaux, 316 
 Strasburgh, 316 
 Venetian, 316 
 
 Tussilogo Farfara. 253 
 
 Typha, 366 
 
 latifolia 
 
 Ule, 177 
 
 TJltx europaias 
 
 Ulfmossa, 429 
 
 Ulmin, 179 
 
 Ulva latissima, 434 
 
 Unona JEthiopica 
 
 Upas, 176, 301 
 
 Urania-var-spec 
 
 Urania speciosa, 327 
 
 Urceola elastica, 300 
 
 Urceolaria scruposa, 429 
 cinerea, 429 
 
 Urena lobata, 96 
 
 Urtica dioica, 176 
 urens, 176 
 pilulifera, 176 
 crenulata, 176 
 stimulans, 176 
 tenacissima, 305 
 
 Usnea plicata, 429 
 
 Uvaria tripetaloidea, 18 
 febrifuga, 19 
 aromaiica 
 
 Vaccinium Vitis Idea, 220 
 
 Vahea, 300 
 
 Valerian, red, 266 
 
 Valeriana Phu, 266 
 
 officinalis, 266 
 celtica, 266 
 Jatamansi, 266 
 
 Valerianella, 266 
 
[300] 
 
 128 
 
 Vallisneria alternifolia, 335 
 
 Vangueria, 246 
 
 Vanilla, 342 
 
 Varnish of Sylhet, 167 
 
 Martaban, 167 
 
 Variolaria, 429 
 
 lactea, 429 
 
 Vateria indica, 98 
 
 Velame do Campo, 114 
 
 Velonia, 171 
 
 Veratrin, 348 
 
 Veratrum, 348 
 
 Sabad'dla 
 viride, 348 
 
 Verbesina sativa, 254 
 
 Vernonia anthelmintica, 253 
 
 Vervain, 278 
 
 Vetch, 152 
 
 Viburnum, 248 
 
 Vicia var. spec 
 
 Vijuco del Guaco, 254 
 
 Villarsia nymphoides, 297 
 ovata, 297 
 
 Vin d'Aulnee, 253 
 
 Vine, 31 
 
 Vino Mercal, 329 
 
 Viola canina, 63 
 
 V. ipecacuanha 
 
 Virola sebifera, 15 
 
 Vish, or Visha, 6 
 
 Vismia guianensis, 78 
 
 Voacanga, 300 
 
 Voa Vanga, 245 
 
 Wachendorfia, 330 
 Walkera serrata, 129 
 Waltheria Douradinha, 94 
 Walnut, 180 
 Wampee, 105 
 Water-cress, 59 
 Webera Ipecacuanha, 244 
 Weinman nia, 161 
 Wheat, 376 
 Whortleberry, 222 
 Wild Cherry, 147 
 Wild Ginger, 206 
 Willdenowia teres, 387 
 Willow, 187 
 Willow bark, 187 
 Willughbeia edulis, 300, 301 
 
 Winter's bark, 187 
 
 Wittelsbachia insignis, 80 
 
 Wood oil, 98 
 
 Woodruff, 250 
 
 W T ormseed Oil, 209 
 
 Wormwood, 253 
 
 Wrightia antidysenterica, 300 
 tinctoria, 300 
 coccinea, 300 
 mollisima, 300 
 
 Xanthochymus pictorius, 75 
 Xanthophyllum, 86 
 Xanthorhiza apiifolia, 6 
 Xanthoxylum Clava, 136 
 
 piperitum, 136 
 fraxineum, 136 
 hastile, 136 
 caribaeum, 136 
 Avicennse, 136 
 hiemale, 136 
 Ximenia americana, 33 
 Xylocarpus granatum. 102 
 Xylopia sericea, 19 
 Xyris indica, 388 
 
 Yallhoy, 86 
 Yams, 359, 364 
 Yellow root, 6 
 Yellow wood, 104 
 Yercum, 305 
 Yew, 317 
 Young fustick, 167 
 Yucca filamentosa 
 
 gloriosa 
 
 aloifolia 
 
 angustifolia 
 
 recurvifolia 
 
 acaulis 
 
 Boscii 
 
 * Zamia integrifolia 
 Zedoary, 323' 
 Zimone, 377 
 
 Zingiber officinalis, 323, P 
 Zinzeyd, 194 
 Zizyphus Jujuba, 108 
 Zostera, 367 
 Zygophyllum Fabago, 134 
 
129 
 
 [300 ] 
 
 A comparison of the number of Cubean plants mentioned in this list, with the indigenous 
 and exotic plants already in tropical Florida, will exhibit the importance and facility of 
 introducing the remainder. H. P. 
 
 I. PLANTAS QUE SIRVEN DE BASE A LA AGRICULTURA CUBANA. 
 
 Plants which serve as a basis to the agriculture of Cuba. 
 
 * Dudoso, Dolichos bulbosus. 
 
 t Manihot cannabina, Mc. 10a. 
 
 1 1 have ioandjive males only in all the flowers of a and b. 
 
 Cereales. — Grains. 
 
 Maiz 
 Arroz 
 Trisro 
 
 Mc. 3 a. Zea raais, 
 G. 2. Oryza sativa, 
 3. 2. Triticum cstivum, 
 
 Graminecc. 
 
 Raices harinosas. — Farinaceous roots. 
 
 Boniato - 
 Jicama - 
 Yuca 
 
 Llereues 
 
 Malanga 
 
 Name 
 
 Papas - 
 >Sagu 
 
 5. 1. 
 
 - Dd. 10a. 
 
 - Mc.md. 
 
 1. 1. 
 
 - Mc. pa. 
 
 Convolvulus batatas, Convolvidacea, 
 *Phaseolus tuberosus, Leguminosce 
 t Jatropha manihot, t Euphorbia- 
 
 ceo:, P 
 Marantha, allotii, Cannce, P 
 Arum sagitifolium, Aroidem, P 
 Discorea alata. D. sativa. D. bulbi- 
 
 fera. Dioscorodai 
 Solatium tuberosum, Solance 
 Marantha indica, Cannce, P 
 Alstroemeria edulus, A. latifolia, 
 
 Amarylladai 
 
 Fruios harinosos. — Farinaceous fruits. 
 
 - M. la. 
 
 . 6. 1. 
 
 Pg. Mc. 
 
 Arbol del pan 
 Cdstano del Malabar 
 Pldtano hembra - 
 
 hembrita 
 
 guineo 
 
 rosado 
 
 rojo chico 
 * Dwarf Banana of Mantanzas 
 
 Artocarpus incissa domestica 
 
 Artocarpus incissa, Urticm 
 
 a Musa paradisiaca X 
 
 Musa regia, Rump, exMontvde 
 
 b Musa sapientium + 
 
 Musa rosacea 
 
 Musa coccinea 
 
 t 
 
 o 
 
 *Mons John Michel, of Charleston, South Carolina, says that, atfMatanzas, there are very 
 fine species of dwarf bananas to be obtained by addressing Mons. Chapeau, or M. Chartrand. 
 
[300 ] 
 
 130 
 
 Semillas comestibles. — Edible seeds. 
 
 Ajonjoli - - - Dn. as. 
 
 Chicharos - 
 
 Frijoles - - Dd. 10a. 
 
 Id. del j)ais 6/rijol caballero 
 
 Idem grandes - 
 
 Garbadzos ... 
 
 Gondii - - - - 
 
 Sesamum orientale 
 Pisum sativum 
 Phaseolus vulgaris 
 Dolichos lablad 
 Dolichos sexquipedalis 
 Cicer arietinum 
 Citisus pseudo, cajan 
 
 , Sesamece 
 
 } s 
 
 Lenteja - 
 
 Manx 
 
 Quimbombo 
 
 Acelga 
 Brocoli 
 
 Col 
 
 Coliflor 
 
 Chayo 
 
 Escorzonera 
 
 Espdrragos 
 
 Nabos 
 
 Palmito - 
 
 Rdbanos - 
 
 Remolacha 
 
 Verengena 
 
 Zanahoria 
 
 - Ervum lens ? 
 Dd. 10a. Arachis hipogea, Leguminosa 
 Md. pa. Hibiscus esculentus, Malvaceae 
 
 Legumbres. — Vegetables. 
 
 5. 2. 
 
 Tn. sq. 
 
 Mc. md. 
 
 - Sg. ce. 
 
 - 6. 1. 
 
 - Tn. sq. 
 
 - 6. 3. 
 
 Tn. 
 
 - 5. 2. 
 
 - 6. 1. 
 
 - 5. 2. 
 
 Beta v. albida, Chenopodece 
 Brassica oleracea laciniata vi 
 
 ridis 
 Brassica oleracea 
 Brassica capitata 
 B. O. botrytis 
 Jatropha urens, Euphorbiaceai 
 Scorzonera lati folia, Composite. 
 Asparragus sativus, Asphodelm 
 Brassica napus, Cruciferce 
 Oreodoxa regia, Palmce 
 Raphanus sativus, Cruciferm 
 Beta vulgaris, Chenopodce 
 Solanum melongena, Solance 
 Daucus carrota, UmbelliffercB 
 
 1-9 
 
 Ensaladas y salzas. — Salads and sauces. 
 
 Acederas - 
 
 Ajo 
 
 Aji 
 
 Aji ddtil 
 
 Aji caballero j 
 
 Ajiguaguao 
 
 Aleluya (red sorrel) 
 
 Albahaca 
 
 Anis 
 
 Apio 
 
 Berros 
 
 Bledos 
 
 Borraja - 
 Calabaza 
 Cebolla - 
 Chayote - 
 Chicorea - 
 
 - 10. 5. Oxalis acetosa, Geranacem 
 
 6. 1. Allium sativum, Asphodelai 
 
 5. 1 . Capsicum. Varias especies. Solano. 
 
 - Capsicum microcarpum 
 
 Md. pa. Hibiscus sabdarifa, Malvaceae, P 
 
 Dn. Ocymun basihcum, Labiata, 
 
 - Anethum foeniculum ) Umbelli- 
 5. 2. Apium graveolens \ /era, 
 
 Tn. Sysimbrium nasturnium, Cmciferm 
 
 Mc. md. Amarantus oleraceus. A. sanguin- 
 eus, &c. 
 
 5. 1. Borrago officinalis, Boragince 
 
 Mc. md. Cucurbita pepo, Cucurbitacea. 
 
 5. 1. Allium cepa, Asphodelm 
 
 Mc. md. Sycios edulus, Cucnrbitacem, P 
 
 Sg. Cicorium endivia, Composite 
 
131 
 
 [ 300 ] 
 
 Culantro - 
 Espinacas 
 Lechuga - 
 Mejorana - 
 Mostaza - 
 Oregano - 
 Oregano francos 
 Pimiento - 
 Pepino 
 Peregil 
 To mates - 
 Tomillo - 
 Verdolaga 
 Vinagrera 
 Volatines - 
 Yerba buena 
 Yedra 
 
 5. 2. Cicoriandrum sativum, Umbellifera 
 
 Do. 5a. Spinacea oleracea, Polygonal 
 
 S. Lactuca sativa, Composite, 
 
 Dn. Origanum majorana, Labiatai 
 
 Tn. Sinapis juncea, Cruciferaj 
 
 Dn. Origanum majoranoides, Labiatcc 
 
 2. 1. Monarda punctata, Labiatai 
 
 5. 1. Capsicum annum, Solanrn 
 
 Mc. md. Cucumis sativus, Cucurbitaceai 
 
 5. 2. Apium petroselinum, Umbellifera 
 
 5. 1. Solan u m lycopersicum, Solance 
 
 Dn. Thymus vulgaris, Labialm 
 
 Do. Portulaca oleracea, Portulaceai 
 
 - 10. 5. Oxalis cornuta, Gerancacem 
 
 - Gynandropsis pentaphilla 
 
 Dn. Mentha sativa, Labiatai 
 
 5. 3. Basella, Chenopodea 
 
 Frutas. — Fruits. 
 
 Aguacate - 
 
 Almendra - - - 
 
 Almendro - - - - 
 
 Anon - 
 
 Avellano - - - 
 
 Cacao - 
 
 Caimito - - - - 
 
 Caimitillo 
 
 Caniste - 
 
 Cerezas - - - - 
 
 Chrimoya 
 
 Cidra - 
 
 Ciruelas coloradas, blancas y am- 
 arillas - 
 
 Coco - 
 
 Corojo - 
 
 Fresas • 
 
 Granado - 
 
 Grossella - 
 
 Guanabana 
 
 Guanabana clmarrona - 
 
 Guayabas del Peru 
 
 Guayabas cotorreras 
 
 Hicaco - 
 
 Higo chumbo 
 
 Higo 
 
 Lima - - 
 
 Limon - - - - 
 
 Limoncito ... 
 
 Maniey Colorado - - 5. 1. 
 
 Mamey de Sto. Domingo - Pa. 1. 
 
 Mamon 
 
 Mamoncillo Guaya 
 
 Persea gratissima, P 
 Amigdalus communis 
 t Terminalia catappa 
 Annona squamosa, P 
 Amphalea triandra 
 Theobroma cacao 
 Chrysophillum cainito, P 
 Chrysophillum oliviforme, P 
 Sapota elongata, P 
 t Malpighia punicifolia 
 Annona Humboldtiana, P 
 Citrus Medica, P 
 
 Palm a? 
 
 * Spondias 
 t Cocos nucifera 
 Cocos crispa 
 Fragaria vesca 
 Punica granatum 
 
 tCicca racemosa, Euphorbiacea, 
 Annona muricata 
 Annona (palustris ?) 
 Psidium pyriferum 
 Psidium pomiferum 
 
 * Chrisobalanus icaco 
 Opuntia, varias especies 
 Ficus carica 
 
 t Citrus limeta 
 
 Citrus limonum, P 
 
 Limonia trifoliatia 
 
 Lucuma Bomplandi, Sapolce y P 
 
 Mammea american, Gut t if era?, P 
 
 Annona glabra 
 
 Melicocca bijuga, P 
 
[ 300 ] 
 
 132 
 
 Mango 
 
 Mar anon - 
 
 Mora 
 
 Melon 
 
 JSaranja de China 
 agria 
 cajel 
 moreira 
 
 Nuez del pais 
 
 de la India - 
 
 Passionaria 6 granadilla 
 
 Papaya - 
 
 Pina 
 
 Poma rosa 
 
 Sandia 
 
 tSapote 
 
 Sapote de culebra • 
 
 Sapote negro 
 
 Sapole bianco 
 Tamarindo 
 Uvas de la caleta ■■ 
 Ubas de Europa - 
 
 Mangifera domestica, P 
 
 Anacardium occidental, P 
 
 Moms celtidifolia 
 
 Cucumis melo 
 
 Citrus aurantium 
 
 Citrus vulgaris ? ex Mtvde 
 
 Id. — var. 
 
 Citrus nobilis. — ex Mtvde 
 
 Juglans (cinerea ?) 
 
 Aleurites triloba 
 
 Passiflora quadrangularis 
 
 * Carica papaya 
 Bromelia ananas 
 Jambosa vulgaris, P 
 Cucurbita citrullus 
 Sapota mammosa, P 
 Lecuma serpentaria 
 Dyospiros, obtusifolia, Tauch ? P 
 ? 
 
 t Tamarindus occidentalis, P 
 
 * Coccoloba uvifera 
 Vitis vinifera 
 
 Plantas que se cultivan engrande para la esportacion.— Great staples for 
 
 exportation. 
 
 Algodon - 
 
 Cafe 
 
 Cana de azucar criolla 
 listida 
 tnorada - 
 de Hotahiti 
 
 Tabaco 
 
 Gosypium hirsutum 
 Coffea arabica, P 
 Sacharum oficinale 
 Var — fasciolatum 
 S. violaceum 
 S. O. var. tahitense 
 Nicotian a tabacum 
 
 Aplicables d los tintes— Plants for dyes. 
 
 Anil evmarron 
 
 de Goatcmala 
 del Senegal - 
 
 Azafran - 
 
 Bija 
 
 Brasilybrasilete - 
 
 Bledo carbonero - 
 
 Campeche 
 
 Curcuma - 
 
 Manaju, la resina 
 
 M. 
 
 Indigofera citisoydes 
 
 Indigofera disperma 
 
 I. argentea 
 
 Carthamus tintoria 
 
 Bixa orellana, P 
 
 Coesalpinia 
 
 Phytolaca decandra 
 
 Hoematoxylum campechanum, P 
 
 Curcuma americana, P 
 
 Calpighia? 
 
 Aplicables por sus aceites. — Yielding oils. 
 
 Ajonjoli 
 Ben 
 
 - Dn. as. Sesamum orientale 
 
 - 10. 1. t Moringa pterigosperma, Scsam. P 
 
133 
 
 [ 309 ] 
 
 t Cocos nucifera ) D 7 
 
 bilais uuineensis ) 
 
 Arachis hypogea, Leguminosce 
 
 Hellanthus animus, Compositcc 
 
 Aleurites triloba ) 
 
 RiciiUus communis > Euphorbiaca, 
 
 Jatrophac ureas ) 
 
 Aplicables para la cordeleria y tejidos. — Suitable for cordage and cloth. 
 
 Coco 
 
 -Mc.Ga. 
 
 Corojo de Guinea - 
 
 - Dc. 6ft. 
 
 Caui 
 
 Dd. 10. 
 
 Mirasol 
 
 - S.fr. 
 
 Nuez de la India - 
 
 
 Pal ma cristi 
 
 Mc. md. 
 
 Pinou 
 
 - 
 
 Algodon - 
 
 Cdnumo del Senegal 
 
 Ceiba, 
 
 Ceibou 
 
 Chichicastre 
 
 Daguilla - 
 
 Flor de la calentura 
 
 Guamd - 
 
 Guizazo - 
 
 Jaguey - 
 
 Majdgua - 
 
 Mulvate • 
 
 Pan de mono 
 
 Pina 
 
 Pinuela - 
 
 Pita 
 
 Pita de corojo 
 
 Pldiano - 
 
 Quimbombo 
 
 Md. pa. 
 
 - Md. do. 
 Md. pa. 
 
 - Mc. 4a. 
 
 - 8. 1. 
 
 - 5. 2. 
 Md. 10a. 
 
 - 6. 1. 
 
 - Mc. 6a. 
 5 ? 6. 1. 
 
 Md. p&. 
 
 Gossypium. — Varias ) 
 
 especeies, \ Malvaceae 
 
 Hibiscus cannabiftas, ) 
 Eriodendrom aufractuosum 
 Bombax pentaudrum, Botnbacea, P 
 Urtica baccifera, Urticea 
 Lagetta lintearia, Thymelm 
 Ascleplias curasaviea, Asclepiad 
 Lonehocarpos tenax, Leguminosa, 
 Triumpheta semitriloba et 
 Havanense, Tiliacea 
 * Ficus indica, Urticea. 
 Hibiscus tiliaceus, Malvaceae, P 
 Corchorus siliquosus, Tilacem P 
 Andansouia digitata, Stcrculiacecc 
 Bromelia annanas, ) 
 B. Karatas, \ Bromeliaccm 
 
 Furcraea foetida, ) 
 Cocos (crispa?) Pal ma 
 Todas las especies, Musacem 
 Hibiscus esculentus, Malvaceae 
 
 Aplicables por sus gomas y resinas. — Good for their gums and resins. 
 
 Almdcigo 
 
 Ayuda 
 
 Bdlsamo del Peru 
 
 Cedro 
 
 Circuela - 
 
 Copal 
 
 Goma eldstica 
 
 Guaguaci 
 
 Jabo 
 
 Manaju - 
 
 Ocuje 
 
 Resina animada - 
 
 * Bursera gumifera 
 Zanthoxylum carribeum, &c. 
 Myroxyllum peruiferum 
 Cedrela odorata 
 
 * Spondias 
 
 Hedwigia balsamifera ? 
 Castillea elastica^g 
 
 Laetia apelata. — L. Thamnia, &c. 
 Spondias (lutea?) 
 Malpighia 'I 
 Calophyllum calaba 
 Hymenea courbarril 
 
 Aplicables como curtientes. — Good for tanning. 
 
 Guayabo siloestre y del Peru 
 Mangle bianco 
 
 Psidium pomiferun et pyriferum 
 Avicennia nitida 
 
[ 300 ] 
 
 134 
 
 Mar anon 
 
 Moruro 
 
 Peralejo 
 
 Anacardium occidentale. 
 Acacia (?) 
 Malpighia mureilla 
 
 II. PLANTAS QUE SIRVEN PARA EL AHMENTO DE LOS ANIMALES. 
 
 Yerbas de ])asto. — Herbs for pasture. 
 
 Abrojo - 
 Almiron - 
 Anil cimarron - 
 Bejuco de Cvba 
 Bejuco dc campanilla 
 
 Bejuco de conchitas 
 
 Bejuco marrullero 
 
 Bejuco moniato - 
 
 Berdolaga - " - 
 
 Borraja - 
 
 Caguazo - 
 
 Cambute - 
 
 Canutillo - - - - 
 
 Cana brava 
 
 Carrizillo de monte 
 
 Canamazo - 
 
 Canuela - - - - 
 
 Cerraja - - - - 
 
 Culantrilla - 
 
 Chicorea - 
 
 Escoba amarga - 
 
 Grama deCastilla. — G. de cabal- 
 
 los 
 Gnizazillo 
 
 Guizazo de cab alio 
 
 Junco de cieuaga - 
 
 Malva comun 
 
 Malva blanca 
 
 Malva te - 
 
 Malva rosa 
 
 Mano - - - " 
 
 Peregrina 
 
 Palomilla 
 
 Pata de gallina - 
 
 Romerillo bianco - 
 
 Romerlllo 
 
 Rabo de zorra 
 
 Sanguinarla 
 
 Sagu 
 
 Tomates silvestrefi cimarrones 
 
 Vinagrea - 
 
 Yerba de D. Carlos 
 
 Tribulus cistoides 
 Sonchns % 
 Indigofera citisoides 
 
 Convolvulus 
 
 Clitoria tornata. — C. virginiana 
 
 var. 
 Phaseolus vexilatus 
 Convolvulus batatas 
 Portulaca oleracea 
 Borrago oficinalis 
 
 Commelina communis 
 Bambusa arundinacea. 
 
 Graminea 
 
 Idem 
 
 Compuesta 
 
 Compuesta 
 
 Argyrocheta bipinnatifida 
 
 Gramineas 
 Cenchrus muricatus 
 Triumpheta semitriloba 
 T. havanense 
 
 Melochia piramidata 
 Walteiia indica 
 Corchorus siliquosus, P 
 Hibiscus mutabilis 
 
 Hibiscus pheniceus 
 
 Graminea 
 Coreopsis leucantha 
 Balbisia elongata 
 Sacharum ravenae 
 Ilecebrum lanatum 
 Marantha indica. P 
 Solanum 
 Oxalis cornuta 
 Andropogon avenaceus 
 
135 
 
 [300 ] 
 
 Yerba Jina 
 Yerba de g 
 
 Yerba lecher a 
 
 Yerba de guinea 
 
 Agrostis 
 
 Panicum altissimum 
 Euphorbia trichotoma 
 E. centunculoides 
 
 Entre los pastos naturales deben incluirse una porcion de gramineas de 
 los generos Panicum, Setaria, Paspalum, Oplismenus, &c., que se confun- 
 den bajo las denominaciones comunes de gramas. He visto comer a los 
 animales vacunos, muchas es pecies de Convolvulus, de Desmodium, la 
 Rhynchosia minima, la Lagasca mollis, &c. ; pero ignoro ami que nombre 
 llevan estas plantas en la lsla. 
 
 Hojas de drboles que comen los animales. — Leaves of trees eaten by animals. 
 
 Abey macho 
 
 Abey hembra 
 
 Anon 
 
 Bucare 
 
 Ceiba 
 
 Gudcima - 
 
 Guando de monte - 
 
 Hueso 
 
 Mamei Colorado - 
 
 Mango 
 
 Moniatos, todos 
 
 ISaranjodgrio 
 
 Pinon 
 
 Pinon botija 
 
 Ramon 
 
 Raspalengua 
 
 Roble bianco 
 
 Roble guayo 
 
 Sabicu 
 
 Sahuco 
 
 Tamarindo 
 
 Tengue - 
 
 Vibona 
 
 Yagruma macho - 
 
 Yagruma hembra 
 
 Yamao 
 
 Yanilla - 
 
 Iacaranda (?) 
 
 Leguminosa 
 
 An no n a squamosa, P 
 
 Erythryna umbrosa 
 
 Eriodemdrom anfractuosum 
 
 Guazuma palybotrya 
 
 Coripha 
 
 Lucuma Bomplandi 
 Mangifera domestica, P 
 Laurus 
 
 Citrus vulgaris 
 Erythryna coralodrendron 
 Jatropha curcas 
 Trophis americana, P 
 Cassearia hirsuta 
 Tecoma pentaphila 
 Ehretia bourreria 
 Mimosa odorantissima 
 Sumbucus nigra 
 tTamarindus occidentalis 
 Leguminosa 
 Hedera arborea 
 Panax longipetalum 
 Cecropia peltata 
 Guarea trichilioides 
 Schmidelia cominia? 
 
 Frutos que comen Ion animales, especialmente los cerdos. — Fruits eaten by 
 animals, especially by hogs. 
 
 Acana 
 
 Ateje 
 
 Bejuco Colorado - 
 
 Caimitillo 
 
 Casmagua 
 
 Castana del Malabar 
 
 Ciruela amarilla - 
 
 Achras disecta 
 Cordia colococca 
 Serjania cubensis 
 Chrisophillum oliviforme, F 
 
 Artocarpos incisa, Exotica 
 *Spondias 
 
[ 300 ] 
 
 136 
 
 En ci?ia - 
 
 Frijolillo - 
 
 Gudcima ... 
 
 Guairage - 
 
 Guayabas 
 
 Guano prieto. Guano de monte 
 
 Guara color ada - 
 
 Jagua - 
 
 Jocuma - 
 
 Macdgua - 
 
 Macurige - - - 
 
 Mamei Colorado - 
 
 Maradon - 
 
 Mojiiatos, todos 
 
 Naranja dgria 
 
 Nogal - 
 
 Ocuje - 
 
 Palma real 
 
 Palma yagruma - 
 
 Papaya - 
 
 Peralejo - - 
 
 Pino ... 
 
 Quajani - 
 
 Quiebra hacha 
 
 Raspalengua 
 
 Sapote -■-■■'•'■-. 
 
 Sapote de culebra - 
 
 Yamao - 
 
 Yagruma macho - 
 
 Yaicage - 
 
 Yiati - 
 
 Qiiercns (?) 
 
 Lonchocarpos (?) 
 
 Guazumu polybotrya 
 
 Eugenia 
 
 Psidium. 2 espec. 
 
 Pal mas 
 
 Cupania 
 
 Genipa americana 
 
 Bumelia sal ici folia 
 
 Cupania (?) 
 Lucuma Bomplandi 
 Anacardium occidental, P 
 Laurus 
 
 Citrus vulgaris 
 Juglans (cinerea?) 
 Calophyllum calaba 
 t Oreodoxa regia 
 
 * Carica papaya 
 Malpighia mureilla 
 Pinus (?) 
 Bumelia 
 Himenea ? 
 Casseaiia hirsuta 
 Sapota mammosa, P 
 Lucuma serpentaria 
 Guarea trichilioides 
 Panax longipetalum 
 
 Excecaria lucida 
 
 III. MADERAS EMPLEADAS EN DIVERSOS US0S. 
 
 Woods employed in various uses. 
 
 Abei macho 
 
 Abei hembra 
 
 Acana - 
 
 Agracejo - 
 
 Agracejo carbonero 
 
 Almendro 
 
 Almendrillo 
 
 Arabo - - - 
 
 Arard - 
 
 Arbol del cuerno - 
 
 Ateje - 
 
 Ayabacand 
 
 Ayuda macho — Aynda hembra- 
 
 Ayuda badia - 
 Bagd - 
 
 lacaranda. Sp. nov. 
 
 Leguminosa 
 
 Achras disecta. Aub. ex Osa. 
 
 Brunelia inermis. Fl. Per ex Osa. 
 
 Excecaria 
 
 Bucida? 
 
 Acacia cornigera 
 Cordia collococca. Sin. 
 
 Zanthoxylum 
 
 * Annona palustris. Lin. 
 
137 
 
 [300] 
 
 Baria 
 
 Baullua - 
 
 Bijaguara * 
 
 Bijagua - 
 
 Botija 
 
 Brasil. Br as He te 
 
 Bucare 
 
 Cabo de hacha 
 
 Caimlto - 
 
 Caimitillo 
 
 Caja [polo de) 
 
 Camaron - 
 
 Caoba 
 
 Caobilla de cost a - 
 
 Came de doncella - 
 
 Cedro 
 
 Ceiba 
 
 Ccibon 
 
 Chicarron 
 
 Cercero 
 
 Cerillo - ■ 
 
 Cigua 
 
 Ciguaraya 
 
 Copal 
 Copci 
 Cordoban - 
 Cuaba blanca 
 Caaba amarilla - 
 Cuajaiu - 
 Cucuyo 6 Jiqui - 
 Curbana - 
 Dagame - 
 
 Daguilla - 
 
 Ebano 
 
 Encina 
 
 Frijolillo - 
 
 Fustete 
 
 Gia 
 
 Goao 
 
 Granadillo 
 Guaguaci 
 GuacimuL baria 
 Guairage 
 Gaacamilla 
 Guama - 
 Idem de costa 
 Guana 
 Guar a 
 
 Cordia gerascantoides. Knnt. 
 
 Ceanotus colubrinus. J acq. 
 
 Bombax gosypifolia. Cav. Mvde. 
 
 CsBsalpinia 
 
 Erythrina umbrosa. H. et. B. 
 
 Trichilia spondioides. Swart 
 
 Chrysophillun cainito. Lin., P 
 
 Chrysophillum oliviforme. Lam., P 
 
 SchmideJia viticifolia. H. et. B. 
 
 *Swietenia mahagoni. Wild 
 Croton hicidum. Sw. 
 Achras 1 
 
 Cedrela odorata. Lin., P 
 Eriodendron anfractuosum. D. C 
 Bombax pentandrum, P 
 Combretum. Sp. nov. 
 Malpighia punicifolia. Lam. 
 
 Laurus martinicensis 
 
 Trichilia glabra. Lin. T. haran- 
 
 ense. Jacq. 
 Hedwigia balsamifera 
 Clnsia alba 
 
 Miconia ceanothrina. D. C. 
 * Amyris floridana. A. diatripa. S. 
 Croton 
 
 Oumelia. ex Qsa 
 Bumelia nigra. Sw. ex Osa 
 Canella alba. Sw. 
 Calycophillum candidissimum. D. 
 
 C. 
 Lagetta lintearia. Lam. 
 Dyospyros 
 
 Quercus (?) an. sp. nov ? 
 Lonchocarpos (?) 
 
 Broussonetia tintoria. ex Montvde. 
 Cassearia ramirlora. C. Spinosa. C. 
 
 silvestris. C. serrnlata. 
 Commocladia dentata. Jaq. C. 
 
 iliciofolia. Vild. 
 Brya ebenus. Brow 
 Laetia apetala. L. Thamnia &. 
 Luhea rufescens 
 Eugenia baruensis. Wild 
 Prockia crucis. Wild 
 Lonchocarpos tenax 
 Amorpha (?) 
 Hibiscus (?) ex Montvde. 
 Cnpania glabra. C. tomentosa &- 
 
[ 300 ] 
 
 138 
 
 Guaybo agrio 
 Guayacan 
 Guayacancillo 
 Guira criolla 
 Guira cimarrona - 
 Hicaco - 
 Hueso 
 Jaboncillo - 
 Jdgua 
 
 Jaguey hembra 
 Jaguey macho 
 Jibd 
 
 Jiqui (6 cocityo) - 
 Jobo - 
 
 Jocunia - 
 
 Jucaro - - - 
 
 Laurel 
 Lebiza - 
 
 Lechoso - - - 
 
 Lengua de vaca - 
 Lloron 
 Maboa - 
 Macdgua - 
 Macurige 
 Maco 
 
 Majagua - 
 Majaguilla 
 Malaguetta 
 Malambo 
 Manaju - 
 Mangle bianco 
 Mangle negro 
 Moniato macho y hembra. 
 laurel - - - 
 
 Moruro - 
 Mora - 
 Nogal 
 Ocuje - 
 Palo de caja 6 caja 
 Palo de Campeche 
 
 Palo bronco 
 Palo carbonero 
 Palo santo 
 Peralejo - 
 Pimienta - 
 Pino - 
 
 Pinon de Cuba 
 Pinon espinoso 
 Pinon FYances 
 Pitajoni - 
 
 Id. 
 
 Psidium pyriferum 
 *Guaiacum sanctum. Lin. 
 Guaiacum verticale. Ortega. 
 Crescentia cucurbitina. Sw., P 
 Crescentia cujete. Wild, P 
 
 * Crysobalanus icaco 
 Svvartia 
 
 Sapindus saponaria. Ait. 
 Genipa americana. Lin. 
 Ficus radula. H. ex Montvde. 
 
 * Ficus indica. Celastms ex Osa. 
 Erythroxylon havanense. E. fer- 
 
 rugineum. Cav. 
 Bumelia nigra, ex Osa. 
 
 * Spondias lutea ? D. O. 
 Bumelia salicifolia. Sw. 
 Bucida. sp. nov. 
 Laurus(?) 
 
 Laurus (?) 
 
 Faramae sertulifera. D. C. 
 ./Egiphilla martinicensis. Sw. 
 Guettarda lucida. ex Osa. 
 Cameraria latifolia. Wild. 
 
 Cupania (nitida ?) D. C. 
 Ardisia michrantha? D. C. 
 Hibiscus tiliaceus. Lin., P 
 Pavonia racemosa. Sw. 
 Eugenia (?) 
 
 Malpighia ? 
 *Avicennia nitida 
 *Avicennia tomentosa 
 
 Laurus 
 
 Acacia 
 
 Morus celtidifolia 
 
 Juglans (cinerea ?) 
 
 Calophyllum calaba. J acq. 
 
 Schmidelia viticifolia. H. et. B. 
 
 Hoematoxylum campeachanum. 
 
 Lin., P 
 Malpighia. ex Montvde. 
 Excoecaria tinifolia 
 Catartocarpus. ex Montvde. 
 Malpigh ia mureilla. ex Montvde. 
 Eugenia 
 Pinus (?) 
 
 Erythrina(mitis?) D. C. exMtvde. 
 Erythrina corallodendrom. Aix. 
 Erythrina cristagalli. Lin. 
 Gardenia ? 
 
139 
 
 [300 ] 
 
 Ponacx 
 
 Quiebra hacha 
 Ram 071 - 
 Roble real de olor 
 Roble amarillo 
 Roble bianco 
 Roble guayo 
 Sabicu 
 
 Sapote culebra 
 Sassafras 
 Tengue - 
 Uvero - 
 
 Vibona - 
 
 Vigueta - - - 
 
 Viriji 
 
 Yaba 
 
 Yagruma macho 
 
 Yaimiqui 6 came de doncella 
 
 Yaiti - 
 
 Yaicuage 
 
 Yamao 
 
 Yana - 
 
 Yanilla - 
 
 Yaya ... 
 
 Yaya macho 
 
 Yayajabico 
 
 Duhamelia patens. Lin. 
 
 Hymenea 
 
 Trophis americana, P 
 
 Chelone? 
 
 Cytharexylum 
 
 Tecoma pentaphilla 
 
 Erhetia bourreria. Lin. 
 
 Mimosa odorantissima. ex Osa. 
 
 Lucuma serpentaria. H. et B. 
 
 lcica? 
 
 Legnminosa 
 
 * Coccoloba uvifera. Lin. 
 
 Erythalis pentagona. D. C. 
 
 Hedera arborea. Sw. 
 
 1 
 
 Eugenia buxifolia 
 
 Andira inermis 
 
 Panax longipetalum. D. C 
 
 Acliras 
 
 Excoecaria lucida 
 
 Gnarea trichiloides. Lin. 
 
 Procris 
 
 Schmidelia cominia. Sw. 
 
 Guatteria virgata. D. C. 
 
 Mouriria myrtiloides. D. C. 
 i Ceanotns reclinatus. L'H. 
 ) Erythalis fruticosa. Lin. 
 
 ♦ Indigenous plants of tropical Florida. 
 
 + Plants growing in tropical Florida. 
 
 P Plants sent or carried to tropical Florida by Perrine. 
 
 Note. — The preceding list was published four yearsago, at Havana, and hence does not 
 contain the names of any valuable plants subsequently introduced into the Royal Botanical 
 Garden, or pattern plantation, near that city. The subscriber retains the original letters of 
 Professor Don Ramon de la Sagra, of the 11th March and 28th April, 1833, and 3d October, 
 1834, in which he promises to aid the enterprise of domesticating tropical plants in South 
 Florida with all the resources under his control, in return for the services of the subscriber in 
 sending him valuable plants and intelligence from Yucatan. 
 
 HENRY PERRINE. 
 
 Washington, D. C, February 27, 1837. 
 
[300] 140 
 
 EXPLANATORY APPENDIX. 
 
 The twenty-four engravings appended to this report are intended to il- 
 lustrate the brief notices of fibrous leaved plants contained in the last twen- 
 ty-two pages of the documents annexed to the report of the Committee on 
 Agriculture, of the House of Representatives, made on the 17th February, 
 1838, numbered 564, and consisting of 99 pages. 
 
 Plate No. 1. Fig. A, represents the shape and dimensions of a single 
 green leaf of the Agave Sisalana, or Sisal Hemp Plant of Yucatan. Fig. 
 B. do. do. do: of the Bromelia Pita, or forest pine-apple, Flax Plant of 
 Goazacoalcos. Fig. C, exhibits the footstalk of a leaf of the Masa sapien- 
 tium, or edible Banana of the tropics, intended to illustrate the structure of 
 the Musa Abaca, or wild Banana of the Philipines, from whose petioles the 
 Manilla Hemp is obtained. The original specimens of the leaves and peti- 
 oles, and of the course and fine foliaceous fibres yielded by them, remain in 
 the room of the Committee on Agriculture of the House of Representatives, 
 and will be deposited in the agricultural department of the Patent Office. 
 
 Plate No. 2, Fig. A 1, represents an entire green leaf of Agave Sisalana, 
 or Sisal Hemp Agave of Yucatan, of the variety called Yashqui. Fig. A 
 2. The fibres exposed from AA to the point of the leaf, by means of the 
 triangular wooden scraper T : The unscraped butt end of the leaf is sus- 
 tained by a board against the breast of the laborer, who then uses the scra- 
 ping stick as curriers do their shaving knives. Fig. A 3. The foliaceous 
 fibres exposed by the notched wooden scraper N : The laborer takes the 
 butt end of the leaf in one hand, and extends the remainder obliquely across 
 a pole, which is supported at an angle of 45 degrees by a post or wall ; 
 with the notched scraper in the other hand, one point of the notch is inser- 
 ted through the leaf which is then drawn backwards, and the operation is 
 repeated until the leaf is slit into five or.six strips ; each strip is then laid 
 across the pole, and the notched end of the fixed scraper is pressed upon it, 
 when the butt end of the leaf is drawn backwards, and the fibres of that 
 strip are thus exposed : and so on successively till the cuticle, and cellular 
 substances of the other strips are separated from the foliaceous fibres. By 
 both figures it will be seen that these fibres are longtitudinal and parallel, 
 and are not connected by transverse fibres. The butt end of A 3 exhibits 
 the injurious effects of rotting by its own juices ; and any process of macera- 
 tion applicable to the dead dried barks of common flax and hemp, prepara- 
 tory to extracting their cortical fibres, is equally injurious to the color and 
 strength of the foliaceous fibres in living green leaves. 
 
 Plates 3 to 9, inclusive, exhibit plants embraced under the title of the 
 Pine-apple Tribe. Plates 3 to 7 includes A, the thick fieshy leaved species ; 
 and plates 8 and 9, B, the thin dry leaved species. 
 
 A. Plate 3. Agave Mexicana, or Pulque Agave, which yields from its de- 
 veloping stalk the celebrated Mexican substitute for beer, wine, and cider. 
 
 Plate 4. Agave Sisalana, or Sisal Hemp Agave of Yucatan, whose 
 
 . mature green leaves yield the foliaceous fibres called Sisal Hemp, and Grass 
 
 Hemp, in the United States, and Sosquil in Mexico. It is represented with 
 
 the lower layers of leaves cut off, as it appears, after the first crop has been 
 
 taken, to be scraped for market. 
 
141 [300] 
 
 Plate 5. Furcraea giganlea : a species of a kindred genus of the Agave. 
 The F. foetida is said to yield valuable foliaceous fibres in Cuba. 
 
 Plate G. Agave Americana ; naturalized in the south of Europe ; con- 
 founded by Humboldt, and his copyists, with the Agave Sislana, and the 
 Agave Mexicana, or the Henequen Agave of hot lowland Yucatan, and the 
 Pulque Agave of cool highland Mexico. 
 
 Plate 7. Agave Virginica : indigenous to the worst soils of the United 
 States between the Potomac and the Mississippi. 
 
 B. Plate 8. Bromelia Ananas, or Edible Pine-apple plant; some writers as- 
 sert that the leaves of some variety of this cultivated species yield fine fo- 
 liaceous fibres of practical utility. 
 
 Plate 9. Bromelia Sylvestris, or wild Pine-apple plant : copied to illus- 
 trate the mode or growth of the Bromelia Pita, or forest Pine-apple, flax 
 plant of Goazacoalcos. 
 
 Plates 10 and 11 exhibit two species of plants embraced under the section 
 of the Screw ■pine tribe of plants. 
 
 Plates 12 to 18, inclusive, exhibit plants embraced under the ordinal 
 term of the Lily Tribe. 
 
 Plates 12 to 17, inclusive, exhibit species of Yucca indigenous to the 
 most sterile soils of the United States, from the Potomac to the Mississippi. 
 of which some extend to the Rocky mountains, and others are acclimated in 
 our northern States. 
 
 Plate 12. Yucca gloriosa, or Petre, now growing in the garden of Mr. 
 Buist, Washington city. Plate 17. Same species in flower. 
 
 Plate 13. Yucca angustifolia, before flowering. Plate 14. Do. do., in 
 flower. 
 
 Plate 15. Yucca aloifolia ; this and the Y. gloriosa are both frequently 
 called Adam's needle, Spanish bayonet, Petre, and sometimes Palmetto, &.c. 
 
 Plate 16. Yucca filamentosa ; common names are Bear's grass, Silk 
 grass, Eve's thread, Everlasting, &c. The three last named species may be 
 profitably propagated in the poorest soils of the United States. 
 
 Plate 18. Phormium tenax, Flax Lily of New Zealand ; acclimated in 
 the south of France, and now an important staple of agriculture and man- 
 ufactures in that kingdom. 
 
 Plates 19, 20, and 21. Three species of plants of different genera, em- 
 braced under the Banana Tribe. 
 
 Ptate 19. Heliconia Psittacorum. The celebrated Dr. Samuel L. Mit- 
 chell supposed that the Manilla Hemp was obtained from one species of 
 this genus. 
 
 Plate 20. Strelitzia regina ; now in flower at the green- house of Mr. 
 Buist, Washington city. 
 
 Plate 21. Musa rosacea, Red Banana; the stalk, composed of the foot- 
 stalks of the leaves, illustrates the mode of growth of the Musa Abaca, or 
 Manilla Hemp Banana. By Fig. C, Plate 1, it will be seen that these lono- 
 broad Lamina may be employed in the manufacture of mats, &c, in their 
 original state, by simple pressure and drying only ; and that, by simply 
 scraping only in their green state, they will yield very long and abundant 
 fibres for spinning and weaving. 
 
 Plates 22, 23, 24, exhibit different plants of the Palm tribe. 
 
 Plate 22. Borassus flabelliformis, Palmyra Palm. The Gomuty Palm, 
 or black-cordage tree of the East Indies is said by some botanists to be a 
 brother species of the same genus. 
 
[300] Us 
 
 Plate 23. Mauvitia flexuosa, Morriche Palm, or celebrated tree of Life of 
 the Guarumo Indians, on the inundated islands of the Orinoco, very valuable 
 for its fibrous leaves and foliaceous fibres. 
 
 Plate 24. Bactris minor, Cane palm ; said to be a brother species of the 
 Ticu palm of Brazil, whose leaves yield superior substitutes for flax and 
 hemp to an ignorant and indolent population. The botanical name given 
 by Walsh is the Bactris Acanthocarpos. H. P. 
 
 Washington, D. C, March, 1S38. 
 
k; 
 
 ^ 
 
 k; 
 
 c 8c b fibres exposed 
 
& 
 
 
 N 
 
 Wooden flat notched Scraper fixed by one hand 
 
 T sfi 
 
 Wooden truvupdar Scraper Moved by both hands 
 
Agave Mexicana 
 (hdque plant) 
 
Agave Sisalana 
 variety Yashqia 
 
 ( Sisal Hemp) 
 
Furcrcea giganiea 
 
Agave americana 
 
Agave vugtnica 
 
Bromelia Ananas 
 
Bromdia Sylvcstris 
 
10 
 
 Fandamis odoraMssimus 
 
11 
 
 Pandamis Candelabrum 
 
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Yucca filaincntosa 
 
Yucca Qloriosa 
 
18 
 
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22 
 
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miuritia flexaosa 
 
fiacrris nun or 
 
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