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 INDIANA 
 
 vj WAR SERVICE TEXT- BOOK 
 
 or 
 INDIANA HIGH SCHOOLS 
 
 w" 
 
 Planned by the 
 
 State Council of Defense 
 
 Authorized by the Governor 
 
 Edited-^ Published by 
 
 The State Board of Education 
 
WAR SERVICE TEXT-BOOK 
 
 FOR 
 
 INDIANA HIGH SCHOOLS 
 
WAR SERVICE TEXT-BOOK 
 
 FOR 
 
 INDIANA HIGH SCHOOLS 
 
 Suggested by the State Council of Defense 
 
 Will H. Hays, Chairman J. L Keach 
 
 Frank C. Dailey, Secretary H. R. Kurrie 
 
 a °^ E ^ DE A - E - Reynolds 
 
 A. W. Brady N . E . Squibb 
 
 Anna Studebaker Carlisle Rev. Albert B Storms 
 
 Dr. Charles P. Emerson Isaac D. Straus 
 
 Charles Warren Fairbanks Thomas Taggart 
 
 Charles Fox Frank Wampler 
 
 w ILL J - F * EE T MAN E. M. Wilson 
 
 William G. Irwin Evans Woollen 
 
 Approved by the Governor 
 
 Authorized by t/ie State Board of Education 
 
 Horace Ellis, President S. L Scott 
 
 }Y/ W. Parsons, Secretary A. M. Hall 
 
 JX" h' ? RYAN H - G - Brown 
 
 W. E. Stone Frank Duffy 
 
 George R. Grose L. P. Benezet 
 
 E. U. Graff r. W . Himelick 
 CO. Williams 
 
 Edited by 
 
 Horace Ellis, State Superintendent of Public Instruction ' 
 Ellis U. Graff, Superintendent of Indianapolis Public Schools 
 
• 35T0 
 ,\ 
 
 Copyright 1918 
 Indiana State Council of Defense 
 
 FEBI819 ici.A49 2:i 95 
 
TO 
 
 honorable james p. goodrich 
 
 Indiana's devoted governor 
 
 during the cruel years of the world-wide war 
 
 who swiftly and successfully mobilized 
 
 for the prosecution of the war 
 
 all of the staters resources 
 
 and placed them • unreservedly at the disposal 
 
 of the federal government, 
 
 this volume is patriotically dedicated. 
 
 THE EDITORS. 
 
A PRAYER 
 
 Very Reverend Father John Cavanaugh, President of 
 
 Notre Dame University 
 
 as Reported in The Indianapolis Star 
 
 (Offered before the State War Conference — Indianapolis) 
 
 Almighty Creator, we worship Thee. Divine Providence, 
 we adore Thy Heavenly goodness. Heavenly Father, we 
 give Thee our hearts. Purify them. Make them stronger ; 
 make them loving and compassionate. Bless our flag and 
 keep it, as heretofore, of all flags in the world, the most in- 
 nocent of blood. Bless our people in this hour of destiny; 
 make to perish suspicion and discord among us. Make us 
 united in spirit, brave to dare, and strong to endure. Make 
 us worthy of liberty, and if we are not worthy of liberty, 
 then, rather than that we live degenerate, O God ! in Thy 
 just wrath, destroy us ! Jerusalem is not yet delivered. 
 Washington is our sacred city. America is our Holy Land. 
 Bless it. Preserve it holy and free for free men. Bless our 
 president and all others who bear our heavy burdens for us. 
 Bless our governor, elected by the love of his fellow citizens, 
 enthroned in their hearts, welcomed to-day with thanksgiving 
 to Thee, O Father Almighty, after his dread illness. And 
 especially, O Infinite Lover of Brave Men, bless our sol- 
 diers and sailors, who, for the love of liberty, look smilingly 
 and unafraid into the eyes of death. Give them complete 
 and speedy victory over all enemies. Amen. 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 Page 
 Address — April 2, 1917 Woodrow Wilson 9 
 
 Address to Soldiers James P. Goodrich.. 21 
 
 Address S. M. Ralston _ 26 
 
 Our Councils of Defense George Ade 28 
 
 A Patriotic Appeal Horace Ellis 34 
 
 The Schools and the War E. U. Graff • 40 
 
 Our Flag Archibald M. HalU 47 
 
 War-Time Savings '... Evans Woollen 48 
 
 A Reserve of Man-Power Isaac D. Straus 53 
 
 The Service Flag William Herschell 75 
 
 Necessity for Food Conservation..!!. E. Barnard 76 
 
 The Carol of Liberty-Clan W. S. Greenough 99 
 
 Food Production G. I. Christie 100 
 
 Fighting with Dollars F. E. Hering 123 
 
 The Meaning of the War Louis Howland 129 
 
 Address — December 3, 1917 Woodrow Wilson 136 
 
 The Star Spangled Banner Francis Scott Key 151 
 
President W.oodrow Wilson 
 
ADDRESS OF PRESIDENT WOODROW WILSON 
 BEFORE CONGRESS, APRIL 2, 1917 
 
 [The state papers of our presidents summarize and epitomize the 
 leading issues and events of the times in which they were wiitten. 
 This is particularly true of the critical periods of our country's 
 history. Washington's messages crystallize the important move- 
 ments of the Revolution ; Lincoln's, of the Civil War. To-day, in 
 the greatest crisis of all, the nation is fortunate in its leader who 
 speaks with a clear voice and steadfast purpose the national ideals. 
 The following message of President Wilson states with remarkable 
 clarity and true statesmanship the causes of the present war. — The 
 Editors.] 
 
 Gentlemen of the Congress: I have called the Con- 
 gress into extraordinary session because there are serious, 
 very serious, choices of policy to be made, and made immedi- 
 ately, which it was neither right nor constitutionally per- 
 missible that I should assume the responsibility of making. 
 
 On the third of February last I officially laid before you 
 the extraordinary announcement of the Imperial German 
 Government that on and after the first day of February it 
 was its purpose to put aside all restraints of law or of hu- 
 manity and use its submarines to sink every vessel that 
 sought to approach either the ports of Great Britain and 
 Ireland or the western coasts of Europe or any of the ports 
 controlled by the enemies of Germany within the Mediter- 
 ranean. That had seemed to be the object of the German 
 submarine warfare earlier in the war, but since April of 
 last year the Imperial Government had somewhat restrained 
 the commanders of its undersea craft in conformity with 
 its promise then given to us that passenger boats should not 
 
io WAR SERVICE TEXT-BOOK 
 
 be sunk and that due warning would be given to all the 
 other vessels which its submarines might seek to destroy, 
 when no resistance was offered or escape attempted, and 
 care taken that their crews were given at least a fair chance 
 to save their lives in their open boats. The precautions 
 taken were meager and haphazard enough, as was proved in 
 distressing instance after instance in the progress of the 
 cruel and unmanly business, but a certain degree of re- 
 straint was observed. The new policy has swept every re- 
 striction aside. Vessels of every kind, whatever their flag, 
 their character, their cargo, their destination, their errand, 
 have been ruthlessly sent to the bottom without warning and 
 without thought of help or mercy for those on board, the 
 vessels of friendly neutrals along with those of belligerents. 
 Even hospital ships and ships carrying relief to the sorely 
 bereaved and stricken people of Belgium, though the latter 
 were provided with safe conduct through the proscribed 
 areas by the German Government itself and were distin- 
 guished by unmistakable marks of identity, have been sunk 
 with the same reckless lack of compassion or of principle. 
 
 I was for a little while unable to believe that such things 
 would in fact be done by any government that had hitherto 
 subscribed to the humane practises of civilized nations. In- 
 ternational law had its origin in the attempt to set up some 
 law which would be respected and observed upon the seas, 
 where no nation had right of dominion and where lay the 
 free highways of the world. By painful stage after stage 
 has that law been built up, with meager enough results, in- 
 deed, after all was accomplished that could be accomplished, 
 but always with a clear view, at least, of what the heart and 
 conscience of mankind demanded. This minimum of right 
 the German Government has swept aside under the plea of 
 
FOR INDIANA HIGH SCHOOLS n 
 
 retaliation and necessity and because it had no weapons 
 which it could use at sea except those which it is impossible 
 to employ as it is employing them without throwing to the 
 winds all scruples of humanity or of respect for the under- 
 standings that were supposed to underlie the intercourse 
 of the world. I am not now thinking of the loss of property 
 involved, immense and serious as that is, but only of the 
 wanton and wholesale destruction of the lives of non-com- 
 batants, men, women and children, engaged in pursuits 
 which have always, even in the darkest periods of modern 
 history, been deemed innocent and legitimate. Property 
 can be paid for; the lives of peaceful and innocent people 
 can not be. The present German submarine warfare against 
 commerce is a warfare against mankind. 
 
 It is a war against all nations. American ships have been 
 sunk, American lives taken, in ways which it has stirred us 
 very deeply to learn of, but. the ships and people of other 
 neutral and friendly nations have been sunk and over- 
 whelmed in the waters in the same way. There has been 
 no discrimination. The challenge is to all mankind. Each 
 nation must decide for itself how it will meet it. The choice 
 we make for ourselves must be made with a moderation of 
 counsel and a temperateness of judgment befitting our char- 
 acter and our motives as a nation. We must put excited 
 feeling away. Our motive will not be revenge or the vic- 
 torious assertion of the physical might of the nation, but 
 only the vindication of right, human right, of which we are 
 only a single champion. 
 
 When I addressed the Congress on the twenty-sixth of 
 February last I thought that it would suffice to assert our 
 neutral rights with arms, our right to use the seas against 
 unlawful interference, Our right to keep our people safe 
 
12 WAR SERVICE TEXT-BOOK 
 
 against unlawful violence. But armed neutrality, it now ap- 
 pears, is impracticable. Because submarines are in effect 
 outlaws when used as the German submarines have been 
 used against merchant shipping, it is impossible to defend 
 ships against their attacks as the law of nations has assumed 
 that merchantmen would defend themselves against priva- 
 teers or cruisers,' visible craft giving chase upon the open 
 sea. It is common prudence in such circumstances, grim 
 necessity indeed, to endeavor to destroy them before they 
 have shown their own intention. They must be dealt with 
 upon sight, if dealt with at all. The German Government 
 denies the right of neutrals to use arms at all within the areas 
 of the sea which it has proscribed, even in the defense of 
 rights which no modern publicist has ever before questioned 
 their right to defend. The intimation is conveyed that the 
 armed guards which we have placed on our merchant ships 
 will be treated as beyond the pale of law and subject to be 
 dealt with as pirates would be. Armed neutrality is ineffec- 
 tual enough at best; in such circumstances and in the face 
 of such pretensions it is worse than ineffectual : it is likely 
 only to produce what it is meant to prevent ; it is practically 
 certain to draw us into the war without either the rights or 
 the effectiveness of belligerents. There is one choice we 
 can not make, we are incapable of making: we will not 
 choose the path of submission and suffer the most sacred 
 rights of our nation and our people to be ignored or violated. 
 The wrongs against which we now array ourselves are no 
 common wrongs ; they cut to the very roots of human life. 
 
 With a profound sense of the solemn and even tragical 
 character of the step 1 am taking and of the grave responsi- 
 bilities which it involves, but in unhesitating obedience to 
 what I deem my constitutional duty, I advise that the Con- 
 
FOR INDIANA HIGH SCHOOLS 13 
 
 gress declare the recent course of the Imperial German Gov- 
 ernment to be in fact nothing less than war against the gov- 
 ernment and people of the United States; that it formally 
 accept the status of belligerents which has thus been thrust 
 upon it; and that it take immediate steps not only to put 
 the country in a more thorough state of defense but also to 
 exert all its power and employ all its resources to bring 
 the Government of the German Empire to terms and end 
 the war. 
 
 What this will involve is clear. It will involve the utmost 
 practicable cooperation in counsel and action with the gov- 
 ernments now at war with Germany, and, as incident to* that, 
 the extension to those governments of the most liberal finan- 
 cial credits, in order that our resources may so far as pos- 
 sible be added to theirs. It will involve the organization and 
 mobilization of all the material resources of the country to 
 supply the materials of war and serve the incidental needs of 
 the nation in the- most abundant and yet the most economical 
 and efficient way possible. It will involve the immediate 
 full equipment of the navy in all respects, but particularly 
 in supplying it with the best means of dealing with the 
 enemy's submarines. It will involve the immediate addition 
 to the armed forces of the United States already provided 
 for by law in case of war at least five hundred thousand 
 men, who should, in my opinion, be chosen upon the prin- 
 ciple of universal liability to service, and also the authoriza- 
 tion of subsequent additional increments of equal force so 
 soon as they may be needed and can be handled in training. 
 It will involve also, of course, the granting of adequate 
 credits to the Government, sustained, I hope, so far as they 
 can equitably be sustained by the present generation, by well- 
 conceived taxation. 
 
i 4 WAR SERVICE TEXT-BOOK 
 
 I say sustained so far as may be equitable by taxation 
 because it seems to me that it would be most unwise to base 
 the credits which will now *be necessary entirely on money 
 borrowed. It is our duty, I most respectfully urge, to pro- 
 tect our people so far as we may against the very serious 
 hardships and evils which would be likely to, arise out of the 
 inflation which would be produced by vast loans. 
 
 In carrying out the measures by which these things are 
 to be accomplished we should keep constantly in mind the 
 wisdom of interfering as little as possible in our own prep- 
 aration and in the equipment of our own military forces, 
 with the duty, — for it will be a very practical duty, — of 
 supplying the nations already at war with Germany with 
 the materials which they can obtain only from us or by our 
 assistance. They are in the field and we should help them 
 in every way to be effective there. 
 
 I shall take the liberty of suggesting, through the several 
 executive departments of the Government, for the consid- 
 eration of your committees, measures for the accomplish- 
 ment of the several objects I have mentioned. I hope that 
 it will be your pleasure to deal with them as having been 
 framed after very careful thought by the branch of the Gov- 
 ernment upon which the responsibility of conducting the 
 war and safeguarding the nation will most directly fall. 
 
 While we do these things, these deeply momentous things, 
 let us be very clear, and make very clear to all the world 
 what our motives and our objects are. My own thought 
 has not been driven from its habitual and normal course 
 by the unhappy events of the last two months, and I do not 
 believe that the thought of the nation has been altered or 
 clouded by them. I have exactly the same things in mind 
 now that I had in mind when I addressed the Senate on the 
 
FOR INDIANA HIGH SCHOOLS 15 
 
 twenty-second of January last ; the same that I had in mind 
 when I addressed the Congress on the third of February and 
 on the twenty-sixth of February. Our object now, as then, 
 is to vindicate the principles of peace and justice in the life 
 of the world as against selfish and autocratic power and to 
 set up amongst the really free and self-governed peoples of 
 the world such a concert of purpose and of action as will 
 henceforth ensure the observance of those principles. Neu- 
 trality is no longer feasible or desirable where the peace of 
 the world is involved and the freedom of its peoples, and 
 the menace to that peace and freedom lies in the existence 
 of autocratic governments backed by organized force which 
 is controlled wholly by their will, not by the will of their 
 people. We have seen the last of neutrality in such cir- 
 cumstances. We are at the beginning of an age in which it 
 will be insisted that the same standards of conduct and of 
 responsibility for wrong done shall be observed among na- 
 tions and their governments that are observed among the 
 individual citizens of civilized states. 
 
 We have no quarrel with the German people. We have no 
 feeling towards them but one of sympathy and friendship. 
 It was not upon their impulse that their government acted 
 in entering this war. It was not with their previous knowl- 
 edge or approval. It was a war determined as wars used to 
 be determined upon in the old, unhappy days when peoples 
 were nowhere consulted by their rulers and wars were pro- 
 voked and waged in the interest of dynasties or of little 
 groups of ambitious men who were accustomed to use their 
 fellow men as pawns and tools. Self-governed nations do 
 not fill their neighbor states with spies or set the course of 
 intrigue to bring about some critical posture of affairs which 
 will give them an opportunity to strike and make conquest. 
 
16 WAR SERVICE TEXT-BOOK 
 
 Such designs can be successfully worked out only under 
 cover and where no one has the right to ask questions. Cun- 
 ningly contrived plans of deception or aggression, carried, 
 it may be, from generation to generation, can be worked on 
 and kept from the light only within the privacy of courts 
 or behind the carefully guarded confidences of a narrow and 
 privileged class. They are happily impossible where public 
 opinion commands and insists upon full information con- 
 cerning all the nation's affairs. 
 
 A steadfast concert for peace can never be maintained 
 except by a partnership of democratic nations. No auto- 
 cratic government could be trusted to keep faith within it or 
 observe its covenants. It must be a league of honor, a part- 
 nership of opinion. Intrigue would eat its vitals away ; the 
 plottings of inner circles who could plan what they would 
 and render account to no one would be a corruption seated 
 at its very heart. Only free peoples can hold their purpose 
 and their honor steady to a common end and prefer the in- 
 terests of mankind to any narrow interest of their own. 
 
 Does not every American feel that assurance has been 
 added to our hope for the future peace of the world by the 
 wonderful and heartening things that have been happening 
 within the last few weeks in Russia ? Russia was known by 
 those who knew it best to have been always in fact demo- 
 cratic at heart, in all the vital habits of her thought, in all 
 the intimate relationships of her people that spoke their 
 natural instinct, their habitual attitude towards life. The 
 autocracy that crowned the summit of her political struc- 
 ture, long as it had stood and terrible as was the reality of 
 its power, was not in fact Russian in origin, character, or 
 purpose ; and now it has been shaken off and the great, 
 generous Russian people have been added in all their native 
 
FOR INDIANA HIGH SCHOOLS 17 
 
 majesty and might to the forces that are fighting for freedom 
 in the world, for justice, and for peace. Here is a fit partner 
 for a League of Honor. 
 
 One of the things that has served to convince us that the 
 Prussian autocracy was not and could never be our friend 
 is that from the very outset of the present war it has filled 
 our unsuspecting communities and even our offices of gov- 
 ernment with spies and set criminal intrigues everywhere 
 afoot against our national unity of counsel, our peace within 
 and without, our industries and our commerce. Indeed it 
 is now evident that its spies were here even before the war 
 began; and it is unhappily not a matter of conjecture but 
 a fact proved in our courts of justice that the intrigues 
 which have more than once come perilously near to disturb- 
 ing the peace and dislocating the industries of the country 
 have been carried on at the instigation, with the support, 
 and even under the personal direction of official agents of the 
 Imperial Government accredited to the Government of the 
 United States. Even in checking these things and trying 
 to extirpate them we have sought to put the most generous 
 interpretation possible upon them because we knew that 
 their source lay, not in any hostile feeling or purpose of the 
 German people towards us (who were, no doubt as ignorant 
 of them as we ourselves were), but only in the selfish designs 
 of a Government that did what it pleased and told its people 
 nothing. But they have played their part in serving to con- 
 vince us at last that the Government entertains no real friend- 
 ship for us and means to act against our peace and security 
 at its convenience. That it means to stir up enemies against 
 us at our very doors the intercepted note to the German 
 Minister at Mexico City is eloquent evidence. 
 
1 8 WAR SERVICE TEXT-BOOK 
 
 We are accepting this challenge of hostile purpose because 
 we know that in such a government, following such methods, 
 we can never have a friend ; and that in the presence of its 
 organized power, always lying in wait to accomplish we 
 know not what purpose, there can be no assured security 
 for the democratic governments of the world. We are now 
 about to accept gauge of battle with this natural foe to lib- 
 erty and shall, if necessary, spend the whole force of the 
 nation to check and nullify its pretensions and its power. 
 We are glad, now that we see the facts with no veil of false 
 pretense about them, to fight thus for the ultimate peace of 
 the world and for the liberation of its peoples,' the German 
 people included : for the rights of nations great and small 
 and the privilege of men everywhere to choose their way of 
 life and of obedience. The world must be made safe for 
 democracy. Its peace must be planted upon the tested 
 foundations of political liberty. We have- no selfish ends 
 to serve. We desire no conquest, no dominion. We seek 
 no indemnities for ourselves, no material compensation for 
 the sacrifices we shall freely make. We are but one of the 
 champions of the rights of mankind. We shall be satisfied 
 when those rights have been made as secure as the faith 
 and the freedom of nations can make them. 
 
 Just because we fight without rancour' and without selfish 
 object, seeking nothing for ourselves but what we shall wish 
 to share with all free peoples, we shall, I feel confident, con- 
 duct our operations as belligerents without passion and our- 
 selves observe with proud punctilio the principles of right 
 and of fair play we profess to be fighting for. 
 
 I have said nothing of the governments allied with the 
 Imperial Government of Germany because they have not 
 made war upon us of challenged us to defend our right and 
 
FOR INDIANA HIGH SCHOOLS 19 
 
 our honor. The Austro-Hungarian Government has, in- 
 deed, avowed its unqualified endorsement and acceptance of 
 the reckless and lawless submarine warfare adopted now 
 without disguise by the Imperial German Government, and 
 it has therefore not been possible for this Government to 
 receive Count Tarnowski, the Ambassador recently ac- 
 credited to this Government by the Imperial and Royal Gov- 
 ernment of Austria-Hungary ; but that Government has not 
 actually engaged in warfare against citizens of the United 
 States on the seas, and I take the liberty, for the present at 
 least, of postponing a. discussion of our relations with the 
 authorities at Vienna. We enter this war only where we are 
 clearly forced into it because there are no other means of 
 defending our rights. 
 
 It will be all the easier for us to conduct ourselves as bel- 
 ligerents in a high spirit of right and fairness because we 
 act without animus, not in enmity towards a people or with 
 the desire to bring any injury or disadvantage upon them, 
 but only in armed opposition to an irresponsible government 
 which has thrown aside all considerations of humanity and 
 of' right and is running amuck. We are, let me say again, 
 the sincere friends of the German people, and shall desire 
 nothing so much as the early reestablishment of intimate re- 
 lations of mutual advantage between us, — however hard it 
 may be for them, for the time being, to believe that this 
 is spoken from our hearts. We have borne with their pres- 
 ent government through all these bitter months because of 
 that friendship, — exercising a patience and forbearance 
 which would otherwise have been impossible. We shall, 
 happily, still have an opportunity to prove that friendship 
 in our daily attitude and actions towards the millions of 
 men and women of German birth and native sympathy who 
 
2o WAR SERVICE TEXT-BOOK 
 
 live amongst us and share our life, and we shall be proud to 
 prove it towards all who are in fact loyal to their neighbors 
 and to the Government in the hour of test. They are, most 
 of them, as true and loyal Americans as if they had never 
 known any other fealty or allegiance. They will be prompt 
 to stand with us in rebuking and restraining the few who 
 may be of a different mind and purpose. If there should be 
 disloyalty, it will be dealt with with a firm hand of stern 
 repression; but, if it lifts its head at all, it will lift it only 
 here and there and without countenance except from a law- 
 less and malignant few. 
 
 It is a distressing and oppressive duty, Gentlemen of the 
 Congress, which I have performed' in thus addressing you. 
 There are, it may be, many months of fiery trial and sacrifice 
 ahead of us. It is a fearful thing to lead this great peaceful 
 people into war, into the most terrible and disastrous of all 
 wars, civilization itself seeming to be in the balance. But 
 the right is more precious than peace, and we shall fight for 
 the things which we have always carried nearest our hearts, 
 — for democracy, for the right of those who submit to au- 
 thority to have a voice in their own governments, for the 
 rights and liberties of small nations, for a universal domin- 
 ion of right by such a concert of free peoples as shall bring 
 peace and safety to all nations and make the world itself at 
 last free. To such a task we can dedicate our lives and our 
 fortunes, everything that we are and everything that we 
 have, with the pride of those who know that the day has 
 come when America is privileged to spend her blood and 
 her might for the principles that gave her birth and happi- 
 ness and the peace which she has treasured. God helping 
 her, she can do no other. 
 
ADDRESS TO SOLDIERS 
 
 Governor James P. Goodrich at Fort Benjamin 
 Harrison, May 17, 1917 
 
 I do not need to impress upon you the seriousness of the 
 undertaking which you have commenced nor of the neces- 
 sity of bringing unimpaired to the great service that lies 
 before you, every ounce of physical, moral and spiritual 
 force that you possess. It will call for the best that is in 
 you and I know that the call will not be in vain. 
 
 We have already gotten over the idea that this war is to 
 be a summer vacation. The enemy is still strong and re- 
 sourceful and there will be many a weary march and many 
 long days of fighting before the successful end of the war. 
 We must bring to this conflict every available resource. 
 Nothing must be overlooked — men, munitions, food, coop- 
 eration and the spirit of our forefathers shall be needed to 
 their utmost limit if we are to win, and we must and shall 
 win. 
 
 I need not remind you that many long days of patient 
 effort are ahead of you. There is nothing romantic about 
 training for war. The days of chivalry are gone and the 
 spirit of romance has faded from the battle-field. War in 
 the twentieth century is grim scientific business, terrible in 
 its intensity, awful in its consequence, something which re- 
 quires the best efforts in us all — those in the fighting lines 
 and those who are discharging their duty back home. 
 
 21 
 
Governor James P. Goodrich 
 
FOR INDIANA HIGH SCHOOLS 23 
 
 Heroism there is in plenty — as much, if not more, than 
 'in the days when war and romance went hand in hand. 
 There is no greater heroism than that of the man, who, day 
 by day, without blare of trumpets or glare of spotlight, 
 works hard or fights grimly for his country, seeking no 
 further reward than the knowledge he is doing his best, 
 playing full well his part that the country may live and live 
 honestly and well, fulfilling its destiny among the family 
 of nations. 
 
 I need not remind you of the justice of the cause in 
 which you have enlisted, nor the high ideals which it has 
 brought forth. No matter how much diplomats may differ 
 as to the exact cause of the war in Europe, there can be no 
 question now that the right of a free people to follow its 
 peaceful pursuits and work out its destiny without foreign 
 interference has been challenged and that we must meet 
 and defeat the challenge or forfeit our right to march in the 
 forefront of the world progress. In waging this war, we 
 must not lose sight of our American ideals, in calculating 
 the principle, as they do, of a free nation's right to grow and 
 develop and work out its own future in its own way, subject 
 to no foreign interference, nor secret compact. Until this 
 principle has been forcefully and convincingly demonstrated 
 to the world, we will never be safe from the encroachments 
 of some military autocracy strong with power and deter- 
 mined to impress its kultur on the rest of the world. 
 
 If we are to maintain our position successfully, we must 
 prepare thoroughly and carefully and must fight with all 
 our power. All of us hope that the war may be a short one, 
 ended by the triumph of our cause, but the best way to 
 wage a short war is to prepare for a long one and throw 
 every ounce of energy and efficiency into the scale of combat. 
 
24 WAR SERVICE TEXT-BOOK 
 
 No nation ever won a war waged in a half-hearted way and 
 we are going to win this war because we shall fully prepare 
 ourselves to win it. 
 
 It is not necessary for me to dwell on these points which 
 I have briefly touched. I know by your presence here and 
 by the unhesitating way in which you have come, that you 
 realize the gravity of the situation and that you feel Ameri- 
 can rights and American ideals must be maintained at every 
 cost. 
 
 Therefore, I can but bid you welcome and Godspeed in 
 that which you are about to undertake. We are proud of 
 every one of you, whether you come to us from our state, 
 from Ohio, or the two great commonwealths below the river. 
 The hope and the confidence of the nation rest with you 
 and with thousands of other young men who, like you, are 
 to assume positions of leadership and fight the nation's 
 battles. You will not fail us, can not fail us in the light of 
 all the heroic past. 
 
 Many of you are descendants of those of '76 and others 
 of the men of.'6i. If you are not the blood sons, you are 
 the spiritual sons of our revolutionary forefathers and of 
 the veterans of the Civil War. The traditions of all the 
 mighty past affect each one of you and you are what you 
 are because of the days of heroism at Bunker Hill and 
 Valley Forge, of Chickamauga, of Gettysburg and the hun- 
 dred battle-fields of the republic. 
 
 There is an old legend which tells how long ago the City 
 of Is — a dream city of the bold sailors of Brittany — was 
 swallowed up by the sea. When a storm sweeps over the 
 sea, the sailor can see the tall spires of the sunken city in 
 the hollow of the waves, so the story goes, and when a 
 calm broods over the waters, he hears the sound of its bells 
 
FOR INDIANA HIGH SCHOOLS 25 
 
 ringing from the depths of the sea, sounding the music of 
 another age. 
 
 Every man carries in his bosom a humanity that is like 
 unto that of the fabled city and from the depths of his 
 nature, he hears the voices of the past breaking his pro- 
 foundest silence. 
 
 In the hidden recesses of his being, where sleep the souls 
 of his ancestors, there lies a secret power that shapes his 
 life to purposes larger than his own and lifts him, in mo- 
 ments of inspiration, above his conscious and voluntary self. 
 So, to-night, the souls of your ancestors speak to you across 
 the centuries. The heroic sacrifices of your fathers and 
 the splendid traditions of our country in the days gone by, 
 are calling to each one of you to measure up to the highest 
 and best that is in you in this critical hour of the nation's 
 life and I know that you will not prove disobedient to the 
 call, but will so discharge the duties that fall upon you as 
 to justify the confidence placed in you by the government in 
 accepting your services. 
 
EXTRACT FROM AN ADDRESS BEFORE THE 
 STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE 
 
 Ex-Governor Samuel M. Ralston, Reported in The 
 Indiana Daily Times, December 14, 191 7 
 
 Indiana assures all the world beyond its borders that its 
 citizens propose to do their share to make the world safe 
 for democracy. This is not a time for profit making, save 
 that the profits be contributed to aid in winning the war. 
 It is criminal, it is unpatriotic and inhuman that our boys 
 go to the trenches unless we feed and clothe them as their 
 necessities demand. 
 
 The man who is not in complete accord with us must go. 
 Let us then contribute our mite to make public opinion so 
 strong that no man dare to raise a whisper against the flag 
 of our nation. It is your duty and my duty to see that no 
 man is long at large in this country who favors firing upon 
 our boys from the rear. We are not going to take any half- 
 way ground, and the man who is not with us in this fight 
 had better be out of the nation's borders, and the sooner he 
 gets out the better it will be for his health. 
 
 The master mind of the world to-day is the president of 
 these United States. Woodrow Wilson will go down in 
 history side by side with Abraham Lincoln and George 
 Washington. I want to commend my distinguished suc- 
 cessor, Governor Goodrich ; and I am as much concerned 
 that the people of Indiana stand back of him as I am that 
 
FOR INDIANA HIGH SCHOOLS 27 
 
 they stand back of President Wilson. We have no politics > 
 in a narrow sense, in this conflict. Let us save the nation 
 and then. we shall again take up the honest differences of 
 our domestic life. Let us measure patriotism by the willing- 
 ness of a man to make sacrifices to win the war. All we 
 have must be laid on the altar with willing hearts and brave 
 minds. Unless we do this we fall short in our citizenship. 
 
OUR COUNCILS OF DEFENSE 
 George Ade 
 
 When the United States of America, defending the lives 
 and the sacred honor of its own people, accepted the Prus- 
 sian war challenge and began to battle for liberty, this 
 overgrown country of ours was not organized for the busi- 
 ness of making war. 
 
 Our country was like a big, strong and intelligent young 
 man who has in him the making of a champion athlete, but 
 who does not understand the rules or the fine points of any 
 athletic sport and never has had a special training to put him 
 in condition. 
 
 Perhaps it would be nearer the truth to compare the 
 United States to a group of stalwart and willing and bright 
 lads who are suddenly called out to a practise field and told 
 to make up a team and get ready to play a game of football 
 with a lot of seasoned professionals. 
 
 The boys might know that they had the material for a 
 championship team, but they would also know that their 
 only chance of defeating the experienced and specially- 
 coached veterans lay in immediately organizing, perfecting 
 the teamwork, and causing each player to steel his deter- 
 mination and resolve to do or die. 
 
 The war came upon our peaceful country, not because we 
 desired war, but because we either had to defend ourselves 
 against open attacks and hidden intrigues or else lose our 
 standing as a self-respecting nation. 
 
 28 
 
FOR INDIANA HIGH SCHOOLS 29 
 
 Our president knew that in every state of the Union thou- 
 sands of earnest men and women and young people were 
 ready and waiting to help win the war, but they were scat- 
 tered and disorganized and a little bewildered by new de- 
 velopments. 
 
 It would have required much time and a lot of fussing 
 around to pass laws in Congress and every state legislature 
 telling people what they must do in order to back up the 
 army and navy. 
 
 Fortunately we have in our country a clear majority of 
 people who will help their country without being driven by 
 a policeman. 
 
 The president knew that if he could get word to our citizens 
 in every corner of the country and explain to them their new 
 duties, they could be relied upon to respond in a loyal spirit 
 and take up any work assigned to them, not because the 
 government ordered them to do this or that, but simply 
 because the government asked them. 
 
 The president called in some very able men who knew 
 how to organize and direct any huge undertaking and these 
 men, acting in cooperation with certain members of the 
 cabinet, were called a National Council of Defense. 
 
 After that each governor was asked to appoint a State 
 Council of Defense, to be made up of men representing 
 the chief industries and the learned professions of the state 
 and also of leaders of organized activities which were in 
 touch with more intelligent and patriotic men and women. 
 
 As soon as these state councils had been called together 
 and put to work, each county in every state was asked to 
 organize a local Council of Defense. 
 
 We have here in Indiana a State Council of Defense and 
 no less than ninety-two County Councils of Defense, and 
 

 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 - 
 
 
 ■ 
 
■ 
 
 
 
 
 
32 WAR SERVICE TEXT-BOOK 
 
 To encourage an increased production of all kinds of food 
 and to stop the waste or the unnecessary use of any food- 
 stuffs needed to supply our fighting forces or strengthen our 
 Allies. 
 
 To encourage a larger production of fuel and head off 
 waste, and help in the prompt shipment of fuel to points 
 where it can be used in the making of something used by 
 the army and navy. 
 
 To organize and prepare for service companies of men 
 who will be known as a Liberty Guard and be at the call of 
 the governor to repress sedition while the regular soldiers 
 are at the front. 
 
 To encourage our citizens to invest in Liberty Loan Bonds 
 and give to the Red Cross and the Y. M. C. A., and support 
 every other organization which is providing necessities or 
 comforts for our brave soldiers in the training camps or in 
 France. 
 
 To muster into service doctors and nurses who will go 
 with the army sent abroad to care for the men who are ill 
 or wounded. 
 
 To cheer and comfort and protect the families and de- 
 pendents of all soldiers at the front. 
 
 To be ready to receive and care for soldiers who may 
 come back to us wounded or disabled and provide for them 
 in every way, and especially to give employment to those 
 who can no longer take up their former jobs. 
 
 To encourage a spirit of thrift and show people how to 
 save money through the purchase of Savings Stamps, so 
 that the government may have use of money which would 
 otherwise be frittered away. 
 
 These are some of the things that every Council of De- 
 fense is trying to do. 
 
FOR INDIANA HIGH SCHOOLS 33 
 
 Perhaps you can not join the home guard, or dig coal out 
 of the ground, or even make surgical dressings for the Red 
 Cross, but you can help to grow more foodstuffs and you 
 can help to save the food already produced, and you can 
 prove your loyalty in a great many ways. 
 
A PATRIOTIC APPEAL TO INDIANA EDUCATORS 
 
 Horace Ellis, State Superintendent Public 
 Instruction 
 
 In human society, two conceptions of proper relationships 
 of men, from the dawn of history to the present day, have 
 been manifested: the one, democratic, recognizing the com- 
 mon welfare of all men as the highest ideal of conduct; the 
 other, autocratic, which knows no law except the decree of 
 force. Advocates of these fundamental conceptions of social 
 relationship have, through the ages, disputed eloquently in 
 the world's senates and in the open forum. They have 
 marshalled their wit and wisdom in essay and historic nar- 
 rative, each group presenting what, to it, appeared an incon- 
 trovertible proposition of logic. When wit, wisdom and 
 eloquence have failed to convince, these hostile forces of 
 irreconcilable differences in the matter of social relationships 
 have inevitably resorted to the arbitrament of the sword. 
 Bloodstained fields of battle, the world around, silently at- 
 test the matchless heroism of the defenders of democracy 
 against the encroachments of the land pirates of autocracy. 
 The Gracchi in Rome, Cromwell in England, the Commons 
 in Paris, Washington in America, Bolivar in South America, 
 Maceo in Cuba, Joffre, Haig and Pershing of this hour, 
 stand brilliantly forth as types of leaders who have always 
 been willing to lay upon the altar of freedom the sacrifice 
 of their lives "to make the world safe for democracy." 
 
 34 
 
FOR INDIANA HIGH SCHOOLS 35 
 
 Genesis of American Ideals 
 
 A great historian has wisely observed : "In the fullness of 
 time, a Republic rose up in the wilderness of America.' 
 Thousands of years had passed away before this child of 
 the ages could be born. From whatever there was of good in 
 the systems of former centuries she drew her nourishment; 
 the wrecks of the past were her warnings." 
 
 The national wrecks of the past warned Americans 
 against autocracy, and exhorted them to adopt a democratic 
 program which would defend, at any cost, the inalienable 
 rights of the people — the right of life, liberty and the pursuit 
 of happiness. The Monroe Doctrine placed this obligation 
 upon the shoulders of all Americans ;• the present war makes 
 it international. 
 
 Types of True Americans 
 
 Like a giant oak on the mountainside stood George Wash- 
 ington in the heroic days of '76 — a fond lover of peace, but 
 a soldier of universally approved valor in the war for inde- 
 pendence. He typified the ideal of the people of his day. 
 Through seven long years he endured the privations of the 
 march, and jeopardized his life in the whirlwind of the 
 charge. 
 
 On lower Broadway, in the great metropolis, stands a 
 modest statue of uncommon attractiveness. It is the form 
 of a youth whose face and figure at once suggest the heroic. 
 No trace of arrogance marks his lofty brow ; but a serenity 
 inspired by unflinching devotion to high duty adorns his ma- 
 jestic features. Who is it? Just a young collegian when 
 the Father of his Country called for defenders of liberty, 
 
36 WAR SERVICE TEXT-BOOK 
 
 who gladly suspended his studies to contribute his part in 
 the conflict — Nathan Hale of deathless fame. How he 
 loved peace, and how zealously he had prepared himself, in 
 college, to cultivate the arts of peace. But when the trumpet 
 of time sounded the alarms of war, this youthful lover of 
 liberty freely laid his life upon the altar of his country. 
 
 "To drum beat, and heart beat, 
 A soldier marches by. 
 There is color in his cheek; 
 There is courage in his eye; 
 Yet to drum beat, and heart beat, 
 In a moment he must die." 
 
 Then they broke his body, but the dying words of Nathan 
 Hale — "I regret that I have but one life to give to my 
 country" — assure us of his immortality. 
 
 Enter the sacred area of Bunker Hill. Read on the gate- 
 posts of the entrance arch the sublime sentiment of patriot- 
 ism expressed by a stalwart American who loved peace with 
 a fondness indescribable, but who also cheerfully defended 
 liberty. "Blandishments will not allure us, nor threats in- 
 timidate us, for we are determined that whensoever, where- 
 soever, or howsoever we are called upon to make our exit, 
 we shall die free men." 
 
 Can the memory of Bucky O'Neil ever perish? As an 
 old man, with a life full of peaceful triumphs, he heard 
 McKinley's call in behalf of stricken Cuba. When his 
 friends implored him to let younger men march by Wheeler's 
 side, he modestly inquired : "Who would not die for a new 
 star in the flag?" And Bucky O'Neil sleeps to-day in Arling- 
 ton, one of that number who, in 1898, perished for de- 
 mocracy in the West. 
 
FOR INDIANA HIGH SCHOOLS 37 
 
 Our Foe 
 
 We are at war with a ruthless foe that takes no account 
 of agreements reached, in the past, by peoples who have 
 held the common welfare as the highest consideration. This 
 foe tramples upon treaty provisions, disregards all accepted 
 conceptions of the moral law, and with an effrontery like 
 unto his madness, he strikes at the heart of civilization with 
 the hope that his barbaric plans may succeed. Women and 
 children are swept away in the frenzy of his caprice ; temples 
 of art, representing the noblest achievements of man, fall 
 before his ruthless advance ; peaceful valleys and peaceful 
 inhabitants are forced into an unwilling slavery more de- 
 grading than the world at its worst ever practised; neutral 
 nations, with whom this -mad enemy has dealt on terms of 
 comity and neighborliness, are forced into the conflict ; and 
 even the highways of the seas, always and under all circum- 
 stances freely open to non-combatants, have been barricaded 
 and those who dared to go on voyages of peace and harmless 
 adventure have been slaughtered without warning. 
 
 A horrified world stands aghast at the universal sorrow. 
 The cries of distress, like the peal of the fire-bell at night, 
 fall dismally upon the ears of civilization, but make no 
 appeal to the stony heart of this arch enemy of democracy. 
 Atrocities unrivaled for their fiendishness and utter disre- 
 gard for all the holy traditions of the race are committed by 
 this haughty foe upon innocent women, aged men, starving 
 children and unarmed prisoners. No code of honor, estab- 
 lished by thoughtful men in the calm hour of reflection, 
 controls his actions. He is an outlaw, a vandal, a marauder, 
 employing all of the craft and wiles and sinister intrigues 
 of the worst marauders of ancient days. If he shall triumph, 
 
38 WAR SERVICE TEXT-BOOK 
 
 free schools shall cease to exist; reposeful temples of wor- 
 ship shall be razed to the ground; the rights of the people 
 to be safe from interference in following the dictates of 
 their individual consciences shall be destroyed. Not from a 
 locality only, not from a section merely, not even from free 
 America alone comes the cry : Shall this haughty foe 
 triumph ? 
 
 The Response 
 
 Already, because of the fireside traditions ; because of 
 the sane teachings of our schools ; because of the liberality 
 of the pulpit announcements ; because of the loyal utter- 
 ances of the press and platform; a million of our young 
 men — the bravest and best the world has ever known — have 
 donned the uniform to aid their brethren in Europe who 
 believe that this foe must and shall be crushed. A million 
 more are ready to spring to the ranks to succor their broth- 
 ers. Millions of mother-hearts and sister-hearts prayerfully 
 intercede at the throne of the great God of the Universe that 
 His children may succeed and that His enemies may fail. 
 
 Hortatory 
 
 And, after all, Indiana educators, how do you feel about 
 this vital matter yourself? Are you willing to hear uttered 
 sinister words of condemnation of our great president at 
 Washington and stand like a sphinx bewildered and afraid ? 
 Are you willing to hear private or public reproaches cast 
 upon the conduct of the American Congress as it makes 
 appropriations for the defense of democracy and religious 
 freedom and agree with our enemies when they assert that 
 such appropriations are extravagant and unnecessary? Are 
 
FOR INDIANA HIGH SCHOOLS 39 
 
 you willing that foreign-born men and women, who have 
 enjoyed the blessings of our free government, shall come 
 among us as spies to condemn, to intimidate and to report 
 to alien enemies the things they should not know? 
 
 In the name of the Heaven that cares for good people and 
 good homes and good institutions to-day, just as it always 
 has done, shall we not understand our opportunity and ap- 
 preciate our heritage? Shall we not say as was said in the 
 long ago : "Here, Lord, am I" ? Shall we not find, in this 
 extremity of our nation, something of service to engage our 
 hands, our hearts and our heads? Shall we not be willing 
 to make all sacrifices necessary to make life as efficient as 
 possible to the soldiers and the sailors at the front? 
 
 There was an Indiana that flew with alacrity to the task 
 appointed unto it by Morton. There was an Indiana that 
 hesitated not when McKinley made his appeal in behalf of 
 stricken Cuba. There is an Indiana whose response to Presi- 
 dent Wilson's call for defenders shall be no less generous, 
 no less hearty, no less patriotic. 
 
 Solemnly, yet confidently, as State Superintendent of 
 Public Instruction for Indiana, I appeal to you, the superin- 
 tendents, teachers, school officers, and high school pupils, 
 to "lend a hand" in this hour of- our nation's need. Assured, 
 in advance, of your ready willingness to contribute, to the 
 limit of your ability, your services in the common cause, I 
 offer to the citizenship of the Hoosier State and to the people 
 and the officers of the federal government complete assur- 
 ance that Indiana will do her duty. 
 
THE SCHOOLS AND THE WAR 
 
 E. U. Graff, Superintendent of Schools, Indianapolis, 
 
 Indiana 
 
 "When the cannon is aimed by ideas, when men with religious 
 convictions are behind it, when men die for what they live for, and 
 the mainspring that works daily urges them to hazard all, then the 
 cannon articulates its explosions with the voice of a man, then the 
 rifle seconds the cannon and the fowling-piece the rifle, and the 
 women make the cartridges, and all shoot at one mark, then gods 
 join in the combat; then poets are born, and the better code of laws 
 at last records the victory." Emerson — The Fortune of the Re- 
 public. 
 
 Democracy and Education 
 
 It is a fundamental fact that democracy is based upon 
 popular intelligence. The founders of America realized the 
 importance of basing free institutions upon public education. 
 Washington stated this • fact in the following words : 
 "Knowledge is in every country the surest basis of public 
 happiness. In one in which the measures of government 
 receive their impression so immediately as in ours, from the 
 sense of the community, it is proportionally essential." This 
 principle was recognized by other founders of our govern- 
 ment. James Madison said, "A popular government without 
 popular information or the means of acquiring it is but the 
 prologue to a farce, or a tragedy, or perhaps both. The best 
 service that can be rendered to a country next to giving it 
 liberty is in diffusing a mental improvement equally essential 
 to the preservation and enjoyment of that blessing." Thomas 
 
 40 
 
FOR INDIANA HIGH SCHOOLS 41 
 
 Jefferson also had a clear conception of this truth : "It is 
 an axiom in my mind that our liberty can never be safe 
 but in the hands of the people themselves, and that, too, of 
 the people with a certain degree of instruction. This is the 
 business of the state to effect and on a general plan." 
 
 The truth of this principle has been so long recognized 
 in America that we have come to take it for granted. If 
 proof of the truth of this principle be needed, we have it in 
 the case of both Russia and Mexico. Until these countries 
 institute an adequate system of universal education, careful 
 students of public affairs agree that the establishment of a 
 stable popular government will be impossible. 
 
 School Work a Preparation for Citizenship 
 
 Hence, the connection between school work and citizen- 
 ship is a very vital one. Indeed, it may be said to be a re- 
 lation of cause and effect. The schools have always realized 
 this and have formulated their courses of study and their 
 methods of instruction so as to prepare their pupils for the 
 duties of citizenship in a free state. 
 
 With the first shock of America's participation in the 
 world war, the question presented itself to the schools as to 
 their relation to the great problem. Fundamentally, the 
 greatest service which the schools can render in wartime 
 is to perform with scrupulous fidelity the primary purpose 
 for which they were established. 
 
 In one sense it is true that the public schools have already 
 performed their greatest service to their country for this 
 war by helping to train the citizenship which has loyally 
 responded to the call of danger and stands ready with firm 
 courage to protect the life and institutions which all hold 
 
42 WAR SERVICE TEXT-BOOK 
 
 dear. The present spirit of intense loyalty to ideals of justice 
 and mercy and the interests of humanity is the logical out- 
 come of the type of education which has been fostered in 
 America in the past. 
 
 Need of War Work in Schools 
 
 The pressing question of the hour is how can our educa- 
 tion be made even more effective. How can the schools 
 contribute to the immediate war needs of the country as 
 well as attend to the task of training for future citizenship ? 
 President Wilson has given us the key to the solution of this 
 problem. In a recent letter to school officials of the United 
 States he asks for "a realization in public education of the 
 emphasis which the war has given to the ideals of democracy 
 and to a broader conception of national life." This is the 
 real secret of educating for democracy, to give the people 
 the broad national point of view. This nation 'is not merely 
 a group of segregated communities tied together by a fed- 
 erated form of government, but it is a nation with common 
 interests, common purposes and common ideals. 
 
 Instruction as Affected by War 
 
 Many of the subjects of instruction in the schools lend 
 themselves to the development of the national point of view. 
 Subjects like history, civics, geography and reading can 
 hardly be presented without relating the individual to the 
 larger life of the nation. But at this time emphasis should 
 be given to special subject-matter prepared since the war 
 began for the purpose of showing the phases of national 
 life affected by war conditions. One of the best sources of 
 
FOR INDIANA HIGH SCHOOLS 43 
 
 this material is the reading lessons issued by the United 
 States Bureau of Education entitled, Lessons in Community 
 and National Life. In these pamphlets questions pertaining 
 to community interests are simply treated and the pupil is 
 given an introduction to elementary sociology. These leaf- 
 lets have been prepared with great care by some of the most 
 capable educational writers in America, and the lessons are 
 well adapted to the needs of the various grades. 
 
 A third method of inculcating the national point of view 
 is through the discussion of current events. In each grade 
 above the fourth, current events should be a regular feature 
 of the daily program for five or six minutes. Topics with 
 a geographical reference, and the names of men now promi- 
 nent in each of the belligerent countries, should be dis- 
 cussed ; also, the various conservation activities of our gov- 
 ernment. This work can be made very interesting and will 
 be participated in with great spirit by the pupils. 
 
 War-Service Activities in the Schools 
 
 Aside from these methods of instruction, the schools are 
 participating in the characteristic war-service activities 
 which are being carried on in the community at large. Under 
 this head are being done such things as the knitting of 
 various garments requested by the Red Cross, the making 
 of Christmas gifts for French and Belgian children, con- 
 tributions to the Red Cross Society of money earned by 
 pupils in various ways, the adoption of war orphans, buying 
 and selling of Liberty Bonds, starting of war-savings ac- 
 counts, obtaining signatures to food pledge cards, etc. The 
 amount of this sort of work accomplished by pupils is re- 
 markable, and a complete list of these activities would show 
 
FOR INDIANA HIGH SCHOOLS 45 
 
 that the schoojs are not merely doing their bit, they are de- 
 termined to do their best. 
 
 Junior Red Cross 
 
 A plan for organizing these war-service activities has 
 just been announced by the American Red Cross Society. 
 This plan contemplates the organizing of a school as an 
 auxiliary to the Red Cross and an opportunity is given to 
 work under the immediate guidance of this great organiza- 
 tion. A manual of school activities of the Junior Red Cross 
 is being prepared by trained vocational teachers so that the 
 directions will be explicit and the work will be adapted to 
 the abilities of the children. 
 
 Thrift Stamps 
 
 Participation in the war-savings plan of the government 
 by the purchase of thrift stamps and the organization of 
 thrift clubs is especially successful among school children. 
 This work is so organized that every school building has an 
 authorized agent for the selling of thrift stamps and every 
 pupil is encouraged to start an account and to accumulate 
 all the savings possible. 
 
 Effect of War on Schools 
 
 In these various ways, by both instruction and projects 
 of war-service work, the great issues of the war are being 
 brought home to the school children of to-day. In carrying 
 out this work we find a wonderful spirit of enthusiasm and 
 patriotism on the part of both pupils and teachers. The war 
 is vitalizing the work of education and is giving to the 
 
46 WAR SERVICE TEXT-BOOK 
 
 schools a new conception of free institutions and what must 
 be done to preserve them. Our boys and girls are entering 
 anew into their American heritage and they are being pre- 
 pared as never before to make possible for all the world the 
 principles and ideals which America represents. 
 
 The Home 
 
 Not only are the schools feeling the effects of this spirit. 
 From the schools it is reaching thousands of homes and is 
 helping to bring nearer the day when all, both young and 
 old, shall realize the nearness of the war and the necessity 
 of making it our chief business until it is finished — "until 
 the last gun is fired." 
 
OUR FLAG 
 
 Archibald M. Hall 
 Member of the State Board of Education 
 
 I saw it — Proud Old Glory — as it fluttered into view, 
 The emblem of our country, and o'er cheering thousands flew. 
 Electric waves of feeling from its folds came rippling down 
 Which breaking o'er the music with delirium swept the town. 
 
 I saw it — Proud Old Glory — through the glare of battle-field, 
 The swaying columns urging freedom's struggle not to yield, 
 Its streaming tatters flashing patriotic zeal along ; 
 And when the day was ended, lo there rose a victory song. 
 
 I saw it — Proud Old Glory — as it wrapped the honored dead 
 Its folds enshrined their virtue, o'er their valor luster shed; 
 And when in state they rested where a nation's eye could see, 
 It seemed that they were donning robes of immortality. 
 
 I saw it — Proud Old Glory — signal from the harbored mast, 
 The clouds and winds of England bowing homage as they passed. 
 Around her domes imperial I could hear its message ring : 
 The free-born man of honor is as great as any king. 
 
 I saw it — Proud Old Glory — as it caught the balmy breeze 
 And flung it back in blessing o'er the islands of the seas ; 
 Then speeding toward the Orient, over waves that foamed and curled, 
 It bore our love of freedom down the circle of the world. 
 
 I see it — Proud Old Glory — mid the banners of the Race, 
 In onward march of progress it is taking foremost place, 
 As down the glowing ages slow they pass in grand review 
 I think "The Great Commander" has His eye upon it too. 
 
 47 
 
WAR-TIME SAVINGS AND BUSINESS AS USUAL 
 By Evans Woollen, State Fuel Director 
 
 In these troubled times when exceptionally we need clear- 
 ness of thinking and sureness of purpose we are plagued by 
 two conflicting exhortations. 
 
 We are exhorted to help win the war by saving. And then 
 we are exhorted to help win the war by spending so that 
 business may go on as usual. 
 
 How can we help win the war by saving? We can not 
 help by losing our heads and saving howsoever. We can 
 help by saving in three quite distinct ways : 
 
 First, we can help by reducing our consumption of things 
 limited in supply and yet indispensable to the winning of 
 the war. Such a thing is gasoline. The president of the 
 Standard Oil Company has warned the country against the 
 serious consequences of further waste. Another such thing, 
 and the most important, is wheat. We are told by Mr. 
 Hoover that we shall not have wheat for shipment to our 
 Allies, wheat that will be indispensable to the winning of the 
 war, unless we reduce our own consumption by a third. We 
 must have a wheatless meal every day. That is a way, a 
 vitally important way, in which we can help win the war by 
 saving. It is a way, too, in which all can participate. It has 
 nothing to do with money — this saving of wheat. It is for 
 rich and poor alike. 
 
 A second way in which we can help win the war, a way 
 unrelated to money and in which all can participate, is by 
 saving health. Professor Irving Fisher of Yale has pub- 
 
 4 8 
 
FOR INDIANA HIGH SCHOOLS 49 
 
 lished some impressive' figures on this subject. At least four 
 in ten of our deaths are needless. Six hundred thirty thou- 
 sand of our people die needlessly every year. A million and 
 a half to-day and always are ill needlessly. Their illnesses 
 entail economic loss on this country estimated at a billion 
 and a half dollars annually. As the president has said, as 
 we must all come to realize, it is not an army that is at war, 
 it is a nation. And the winning of the war calls for all the 
 vitality the citizens of the nation can conserve. It is a good 
 time to reread the late Professor James' book on The Powers 
 of Men, and to put our wills to the summoning for the 
 country's service of those powers that lie in our unplumbed 
 reservoirs of strength. 
 
 The third way in which we can help win the war by saving 
 is through the reduction of our expenditures for things that 
 do not promote efficiency in mind or body. The result of 
 such reduction will be savings of money which can be made 
 to help win the war in either of two ways : either the money 
 can be put into a bank where it will be used by the banker 
 for financing the country's necessary war-time business or 
 it can be lent to the government for use in financing the war. 
 
 Perhaps a very simple illustration might be helpful, an 
 illustration that is to be taken of course as a condemnation 
 not of moderate pleasure riding, but of immoderation. 
 
 At the end of the week, after buying the things needed to 
 maintain my family and myself in efficiency, I have left, 
 let us say, a ten-dollar gold piece. Suppose I use the money 
 in hiring for a Sunday tour a motor-car and a chauffeur. I 
 thereby do three things that tend to impair the nation's war- 
 making efficiency. I consume gasoline, an article limited in 
 
5 o WAR SERVICE TEXT-BOOK 
 
 supply and yet indispensable to the winning of the war. I 
 contribute to the demand for the manufacture of pleasure 
 vehicles at a time when mechanics are needed for the manu- 
 facture of motor trucks and ships and airplanes and artillery 
 and- all the enginery of war. And, thirdly, by hiring the 
 chauffeur I help divert labor from the productive processes 
 of the country at a time when the productive processes are 
 inadequate to the supreme job in hand. 
 
 Suppose, on the other hand, that I put my ten-dollar gold 
 piece into a bank. There it will serve as a reserve against 
 which the banker will lend, say, fifty dollars — that is, will 
 give credit on his deposit ledger for fifty dollars — to the 
 farmer with which to' buy seed wheat or to the motor truck 
 manufacturer with which to buy steel. 
 
 Suppose, in the third place, that by paying my ten dollars 
 on a Liberty Loan Bond I lend it at three and a half per cent, 
 to the government. Then I shall know that for that week I 
 have done directly my full part toward paying for the war 
 in one way it can be paid for with the minimum economic 
 loss; namely, out of savings from current income, out of 
 current income as distinguished from previously accumu- 
 lated capital. I shall know, having lent to the government 
 my ten dollars that came perhaps from increased frugality, 
 perhaps from longer hours of work, perhaps from better 
 work, I shall know that for that week I have done directly 
 my full part toward putting the government into possession 
 of the billions needed for the war. 
 
 Let it be noted parenthetically that I speak of billions as 
 being needed by the government ; for, as others have pointed 
 out, there is much confusion in popular discussion between 
 the cost of the war to the government and, an entirely dif- 
 ferent thing, the cost of the war to the country. Much will 
 
FOR INDIANA HIGH SCHOOLS 51 
 
 be spent, for example, in feeding and clothing soldiers who 
 in peace would have had to feed and clothe themselves at as 
 great, perhaps greater, cost. 
 
 But, it is objected, and the objection has been loudly re- 
 iterated throughout the country, if everybody puts his ten 
 dollars into the bank or lends it to the government what is 
 to become of the man who rents motor-cars for Sunday 
 tours ? His business will not go on as usual. No, to be sure, 
 his business will not go on as usual. He will be one of those 
 — a very great number — to whom the war will bring hard- 
 ship and sacrifice ; for whom business will not and can not 
 go on as usual. The business of no nation at war can go on 
 as usual. There are a thousand reasons. Take one — the 
 most obvious : A million men, including the nation's best in 
 mind and body, are being withdrawn from the productive 
 and other useful processes of industry and commerce and 
 finance. That one fact has modified fundamentally our 
 economic structure. A correlative fact is that the labor of 
 another million and more is being diverted, with the needed 
 material, from the making of things of peace to the making 
 for the million soldiers of the things of war. All this means 
 readjustment, a readjustment from a nation at peace to a 
 nation at war, and in the readjustment there will be a great 
 many dislocations. The dislocations will mean hardship and 
 sacrifice. The pity, too, is that the burdens of the hardships 
 and sacrifices are not, and can not be, evenly distributed. 
 And before there can be business as usual there must be 
 another readjustment, one from a nation at war to a nation 
 at peace. 
 
 But, if business can not go on as usual there is, as a recent 
 contributor to The Annalist pointed out, a very real sense in 
 
52 WAR SERVICE TEXT-BOOK 
 
 which the patrons of business and people in business must 
 go on as usual. 
 
 The patrons of business, consumers, must go on as usual, 
 with "the unbeaten heart," calmly and confidently, neither 
 wasting nor hysterically hoarding either money or food or 
 other necessities. 
 
 The people in business must go on as usual, unafraid yet 
 cautious in the presence of unknowable forces. They must 
 go on with courage unabated, yet facing problems rendered 
 more difficult by the war and realizing that the consumer's 
 remainder, represented in our illustration by the ten-dollar 
 gold piece, is not a fixed amount, but, as the cost of living 
 rises, a decreasing amount. They must go on as usual, yet 
 more considerately, less on the plan of what the traffic will 
 bear, lest they provoke governmental regulation that will 
 leave us at the end of the war, as Secretary Lane has warned, 
 with a more socialistic state than most of us would like. 
 They must go on wishing no business that is builded on the 
 silliness of spending merely for the sake of business, wishing 
 rather only that business which benefits a nation that has 
 given itself in war for a great cause. The people in business 
 must go on as usual, knowing that out of this war we shall 
 get great compensations, besides the safety we seek for de- 
 mocracy. We shall get more of "national solidarity," greater 
 efficiency, more self-respecting methods of personal expendi- 
 ture, greater respect for economy and greater abhorrence of 
 waste, greater spiritual insight. They must go on as usual, 
 knowing that by reason of these compensations business in 
 the time of peace ahead will go on not only as usual, but 
 better than usual. 
 
A RESERVE OF MAN-POWER FOR INDUSTRIES 
 AND FARMS 
 
 Honorable Isaac D. Straus, State Director Boys' 
 Working Reserve 
 
 The United States Boys' Working Reserve is an enrolled 
 army of patriotic volunteer youths between the ages of six- 
 teen and twenty-one years, organized under the United 
 States Department of Labor, to help the nation on the farm 
 and in the factory to win the war. Every boy who is physi- 
 cally fit, who is of proper age, is eligible for this non-military 
 civilian army. 
 
 Youth a Vital Factor. Never before has the youth of the 
 nation had such opportunity to become a vital factor in na- 
 tional history. Every boy who loves his country should ask 
 himself, "How can I best serve the nation in this war emer- 
 gency ?" He should realize that, having received untold, 
 benefits from the freest, best of governments on the earth, 
 he holds his services in trust for the preservation of de- 
 mocracy upon which that government rests. 
 
 The youth who enrolls into the Reserve and works loyally 
 and steadfastly at some activity which helps to win the war, 
 is performing a service as patriotic as that of the soldier 
 who fights in the trenches. 
 
 Although he may have to endure aching limbs and sore 
 muscles in field and in factory, he will be happy in the con- 
 sciousness that he has had a real part in the final victory. 
 With true pride and satisfaction he will show in after years 
 
 53 
 
54 WAR SERVICE TEXT-BOOK 
 
 his Reserve badge of honor granted by the United States 
 Government for his faithful and loyal service. If he has 
 not enlisted in the army or navy, he can serve his country 
 in no better way than by joining the United States Boys' 
 Working Reserve. 
 
 School Must Not Be Neglected. While every schoolboy 
 desiring to serve his country to the best of his ability, will 
 enroll in the Reserve, still, after enrolling, no boy should 
 leave his studies to work unless he has been so advised by 
 his teacher and by his school superintendent. 
 
 The future of the United States depends upon the citizen of 
 to-morrow being an educated and enlightened man. Plainly 
 the duty of the young man is to prepare himself for citizen- 
 ship. But in his vacation time and in his leisure hours he 
 should devote himself exclusively to the service of the 
 nation. It is unavoidable that certain emergencies will arise 
 which will demand that boys be released from school for 
 short periods of time, to aid in harvesting perishable crops, 
 husking corn and to rush spring planting during favorable 
 weather conditions, but no boys who are patriotically in- 
 clined will use such an emergency as an excuse to idle. Such 
 a boy is guilty of conduct unbecoming an American, and the 
 Boys' Working Reserve will not tolerate conduct of that 
 sort. To safeguard the education of the youth of Indiana, 
 every high school superintendent and principal has been 
 appointed to the office of High School Director in the 
 United States Boys' Working Reserve and authorized to ex- 
 ercise his own judgment in releasing boys from school for 
 emergency work with the following understanding : 
 
 (a) The emergency must be genuine. 
 
 (b) To be eligible for release without prejudice to 
 
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56 WAR SERVICE TEXT-BOOK 
 
 scholarship, the boy must have maintained a certain stan- 
 dard in his studies. 
 
 (c) The High School Director must have absolute 
 proof that the boy is actually engaged in emergency work. 
 
 (d) The boy must return to school as soon as the 
 emergency is over. 
 
 During School, Prepare for Vacation by taking full ad- 
 vantage of each opportunity for special training in some line 
 of productive activity. Boys who are to return to farms to 
 work or who are planning to do agricultural work next sum- 
 mer for the first time should thoroughly master the chapter 
 in tliis book on "Food Production." If his school-teacher or 
 principal suggests how he can train himself in his spare 
 time for some productive activity to aid the nation, he should 
 enter into that training with might and main. He should 
 seek every opportunity, outside of school hours, to fill some 
 place left vacant by a man who has gone to the front, or 
 who has left to engage in productive- labor in some "essen- 
 tial industry." In order best to fit himself to be a helpful 
 worker he should harden his muscles by exercise and should 
 keep himself in the best of physical condition. Unnecessary 
 and preventable physical weakness is not only unmanly, but 
 is a sin. 
 
 Faithful Service Rewarded. In recognition of faithful 
 and honorable service rendered by the Reserve members, 
 the United States Department of Labor has issued a war- 
 service medal known as the "Federal Bronze Badge." The 
 boy's ambition should be to earn this national badge of honor 
 which is of bronze, and bears the Great Seal of the United 
 States and the inscription, "Boys' Working Reserve, U. S. 
 A.," together with an individual number for each boy, which 
 number is recorded in Washington opposite the boy's name. 
 
FOR INDIANA HIGH SCHOOLS 57 
 
 He can earn this Federal Bronze Badge in any one of these 
 three separate units : The Agricultural Unit, the Industrial 
 Unit or the Vocational Unit. 
 
 Agricultural Unit. If he works on a farm during the year 
 1918 and renders satisfactory service, for at least thirty-six 
 days, he will be awarded the bronze badge and will become 
 an active member of the Reserve so long as he proves loyal 
 and steadfast. Half-days or full days devoted to emergency 
 work will count toward the accumulation of the thirty-six 
 days of service for which the badge is awarded. 
 
 Industrial Unit. In the Industrial Unit he must have 
 worked faithfully and earnestly in some industry which is 
 considered to be "essential" or productive by the United 
 States Government in helping the nation in the prosecution 
 of the war for a period equivalent to sixty days of eight 
 hours or more each, subsequent to enrollment. The Federal 
 State Directors will inform High School Directors and 
 teachers and the Enrolling Officers just what industries are 
 considered to be "essential. " 
 
 Vocational Unit. In the Vocational Training Unit it is 
 necessary that a boy shall subject himself to training in 
 spare time, or in school hours, under the direction of his 
 teachers, to fill a position where he will work at something 
 which is of real help to his country in the present crisis. 
 When he has so fitted himself, and when he has entered upon 
 the. actual work for which he has been trained, he is awarded 
 the badge immediately. Until he has received the bronze 
 badge he is known as a member, and afterward as an active 
 member of the Reserve. A boy need not choose, at the time 
 of his enrollment, the particular unit in which he is to serve ; 
 however, all boys enrolling in the Reserve should take as 
 
5 8 WAR SERVICE TEXT-BOOK ' 
 
 many periods in agricultural work as possible without in- 
 terference with academic studies. 
 
 Recommendation for Award. The Federal Bronze Badge 
 will be awarded to any member of the Reserve upon the 
 proper recommendation being made by the County Director 
 or High School Director to the Federal State Director of 
 the United States Boys' Working Reserve. Such recom- 
 mendation should be set forth : 
 
 Name of Reserve member 
 
 Address 
 
 County 
 
 Work performed — give sufficient detail 
 
 Time employed 
 
 Recommended by • 
 
 Address 
 
 Printed recommendation cards will be supplied to Directors 
 upon request, by the Federal State Director at Indianapolis. 
 
 Success Last Summer • 
 
 Agricultural Service. The United States Boys' Working 
 Reserve was organized in May, 191 7, and during the follow- 
 ing summer had thousands of boys working on the farms in 
 every part of the United States. Only a small percentage of 
 these young patriots failed to make good. In many cases 
 boys refused to leave agricultural work for jobs that paid 
 higher wages because they felt that they could best serve the 
 nation where they were. From the hundreds of letters that 
 have been received from the boys by the Federal State Di- 
 rectors it is evident that the boys consider the work on the 
 farm very hard, but every one expresses a desire to return to 
 
FOR INDIANA HIGH SCHOOLS 59 
 
 it next year. The boys say that they have gone back home 
 with weight increased and with health improved. With one 
 accord they express their deep gratification at having been 
 of real service to the nation. In most cases the boys lived 
 with the farmers' families, but in many states they worked 
 from their own camps. The camp, under a competent leader, 
 would be located in the neighborhood of a group of farms. 
 The farmers would take the boys in vehicles to work each 
 morning, and bring them back to camp at night. During the 
 summer of 191 7 there were more than three hundred (300) 
 of these farm camps throughout the United States. A camp 
 is not necessarily housing in tents, for in many instances 
 the boys lived in vacant buildings of County Fair Associa- 
 tions, in barns and in warehouses. In all cases where the 
 boys lived in camps and worked on surrounding farms they 
 were under the most careful supervision. 
 
 Farmers Praise Reserve. At the beginning of the summer 
 of 191 7 many farmers said that an inexperienced city boy 
 was of no use on the farm. At the end of the summer of 
 191 7 hundreds of farmers wrote to officers of the Reserve to 
 say that their judgment of the boys had been mistaken, and 
 that many of the young fellows did better work than the men 
 they were accustomed to employ for the harvest season. The 
 farmers are asking that more boys be furnished to them next 
 year so that the planted acreage may be increased. 
 
 Farmers' Grange Societies are passing resolutions com- 
 mending the work of the Reserve and expressing the hope 
 that it will -be expanded and continued. 
 
 One large fruit grower wrote : "If you can guarantee us 
 a supply of boys every year, we will erect comfortable quar- 
 ters in which to house them. Tell us what you want and we 
 
60 WAR SERVICE TEXT-BOOK 
 
 will supply it. We want the boys. We are tired of hobo 
 labor." 
 
 The Federal State Director for Illinois reports that out 
 of four hundred and five Chicago boys who worked on farms 
 last summer only four were returned home on account of 
 doing unsatisfactory work. 
 
 Industrial Service. While it is true that heretofore the 
 chief function of the Reserve has been to -supply boys for 
 the farms, it is planned to extend its scope into essential in- 
 dustries and vocational training. Hundreds of Reserve boys 
 were employed in "Essential Industries" last summer and 
 many others are permanently employed. 
 
 Thirty boys of the Reserve went from the District of 
 Columbia into New Jersey and labored in a glass factory 
 where they made glass jars in which to preserve food. They 
 took the places of men who were needed to make powder 
 for the army, and the glass plant would have shut down had 
 it not been for the boys who worked faithfully, doing a 
 man's job in a man's way. 
 
 Eighty-six Gary (Indiana) boys have already been award- 
 ed the Federal Bronze Badge for service rendered to the 
 nation by working in the wonderful steel mills and munition 
 factories in that city. Gary is further distinguished by being 
 the home of Henry J. Cecil, the first Indiana boy to be 
 honored with this war-service medal. 
 
 President Wilson Endorses Reserve 
 
 President Wilson, under date of April 15, 191 7, said: 
 "I call upon the able-bodied boys of the land to turn in 
 hordes to the farms and make certain that no pains and 
 no labor is lacking in this great matter." 
 
FOR INDIANA HIGH SCHOOLS 61 
 
 On August twenty-first he referred to the Boys' Working 
 Reserve in the following language : "Let me express the 
 hope that the young men of the country not now permanently 
 employed, may quickly enter the Boys' Working Reserve 
 to fit themselves by training and study for good citizenship 
 and productive service. In this way they can show them- 
 selves worthy of patriotic fathers who have fought for de- 
 mocracy in the past, sustain their patriotic brothers who are 
 fighting for it to-day, and command the affectionate pride 
 of the brave mothers who are silently bearing the burdens 
 at home." 
 
 Ex- President Roosevelt Pledges Hearty Support 
 
 Ex-President Roosevelt says in a letter to the National 
 Director: "I wish to express my hearty and unreserved 
 support of what you are doing. You are now actually en- 
 gaged in meeting the shortage of labor on the farm by the 
 creation of the Working Reserve, to include the boys be- 
 tween the ages of sixteen and twenty-one who ordinarily 
 would not be in productive labor, and who can be turned into 
 workers on the farm. You have shown, and the farmer has 
 been prompt to recognize the fact, that the strong, healthy 
 boy is a tremendous help at this time, and that if his pa- 
 triotism is appealed to, he will stick to the farm where the 
 need is great, in spite of the offer of higher wages in the 
 city. The training of boys to prepare for some essential in- 
 dustry where they can take the place of men called to the 
 front is going to be of great benefit to the country. 
 
 "One of the great benefits you can confer is that of making 
 a boy realize that he is part of Uncle Sam's team; that he 
 is doing his share in this great war, that he holds his serv- 
 ices in trust for the nation, and that although it is proper to 
 
Theodore Roosevelt 
 
FOR INDIANA HIGH SCHOOLS 63 
 
 consider the question of material gain and the question of 
 his ow4i desires, yet that what he must most strongly con- 
 sider at this time is where his services will do the most good 
 to our people as a whole. I earnestly wish you every success 
 in your wise and patriotic effort." 
 
 Governor Goodrich Appeals to Young Manhood 
 
 In a recent proclamation relating to the United States 
 Boys' Working Reserve, Governor James P. Goodrich of 
 Indiana said:. 
 
 "/ appeal to the virile young manhood of Indiana with 
 the thought that every American boy at work opposes a boy 
 in Germany, and in all seriousness remind him that he is 
 facing a man's job, the burdens, hardships and sacrifices 
 of which will increase as the zvar lengthens. 
 
 "To the people of the State of Indiana, I most heartily 
 recommend the work of this Reserve as a permanent con- 
 tribution to our economic forces and express the desire that 
 the service to the state and nation rendered by these boxs 
 should be regarded by the public as just and useful and patri- 
 otic within the limits of the opportunity afforded, as the 
 service rendered by the soldier in the trenches. In that spirit 
 you should lend your cooperation." 
 
 Enrollment — What it Means 
 
 Enrolling in the Reserve obligates a boy only so long as 
 his parents or guardian are willing that he should remain 
 in service. The parent's or guardian's written request is all 
 that is required to secure his release from any duties to 
 which he may have been assigned or his honorable discharge 
 from the Reserve. 
 
64 WAR SERVICE TEXT-BOOK 
 
 Boys Working For Their Parents. It is the policy of the 
 Reserve to insist that boys who are working for thair par- 
 ents or guardians should remain where they are. It is not 
 the intention of the Reserve to disturb. boys already engaged 
 in productive employment, but rather give to them such 
 recognition in the award of the Federal Bronze Badge, as 
 will stimulate them to more persistent effort. This is the 
 sole reason why farmers' sons are urged to become members 
 of the Reserve. 
 
 Enrollment of Boys Permanently Employed 
 
 (a) Boys permanently employed in "Essential Indus- 
 tries" are urged to enroll in order that they may feel 
 that they are a part of the great agricultural or in- 
 dustrial army that will contribute so much toward 
 the winning of the war. They are likewise urged to 
 continue their present employment and when they 
 properly qualify will be awarded the Federal Bronze 
 Badge. 
 
 Definition: "Essential Industries" are defined as those 
 industries which produce things which the nation needs in 
 order to prosecute the war. For example : food, clothing, 
 boots, shoes, coal, guns, ships, ammunition and all kinds 
 of miscellaneous army and navy supplies. 
 
 (b) Boys permanently employed in "Non-Essential In- 
 dustries" are urged to enroll in order that they may 
 be advised and assisted by Reserve Directors in trans- 
 ferring their energy to "Essential Industries." 
 
 Definition: "Non-Essential Industries" are not easy to 
 define without doing great injustice to certain lines of en- 
 deavor, which, while not contributing directly to the winning 
 
FOR INDIANA HIGH SCHOOLS 
 
 65- 
 
 of the war, still are a necessary part of the social order 
 of things. Retail stores, the running of elevators, the 
 routine work in various offices and the conduct of hotels 
 must continue ; however there are thousands of boys en- 
 gaged in such employment who might be replaced very easily 
 by girls, women or older men while they themselves engage 
 in productive employment in "Essential Industries/' 
 
 Enrollment of Schoolboys. Schoolboys who enroll will be 
 
 Federal Bronze Badge Awarded 
 
 by Federal Government for 
 
 Faithful Work 
 
 Enrollment 
 Button 
 
 expected (not compelled) to devote their vacations to such 
 work as the Reserve will provide. Should it become neces- 
 sary to release them from school to perform emergency 
 work, they will be given every opportunity to make up their 
 studies, provided their scholarship at the time of such re- 
 lease justifies. 
 
 As soon as school is dismissed, enrollment in the Reserve 
 will mean that those boys who do not voluntarily seek pro- 
 
66 WAR SERVICE TEXT-BOOK 
 
 ductive employment either at home or elsewhere, will be 
 expected to respond immediately to calls from Reserve Di- 
 rectors for productive employment in "Essential Industries." 
 
 Definition: "Emergency Work" is defined as that work 
 which, because of its peculiar nature or because of the 
 necessity of the moment, must be done immediately. For 
 example : Taking advantage of seasonable weather for the 
 planting of crops in the springtime, or the harvesting of 
 perishable crops in the fall, such as tomatoes, apples, onions, 
 potatoes, corn, etc. 
 
 Enrollment of College Men Under Twenty-one Years of 
 Age. College men under military age are earnestly urged to 
 enroll in the Reserve in order that complete and workable 
 plans for the utilization of their labor may be prepared so 
 that as soon as their school vacations begin, they can at 
 once be intelligently placed in such productive work for 
 which they are best fitted. In many cases leaders for ag- 
 ricultural training camps and farmers' service camps will 
 be chosen from college men. 
 
 Eastern states report hundreds of college men have al- 
 ready been enrolled in the Reserve and their attitude is best, 
 expressed by one fellow, who says: "Why, this is just the 
 thing that every college boy needs. Most of us when we 
 get out of school in June have a vague idea of doing some- 
 thing somewhere, but owing to lack of intelligent leadership 
 and distribution, most of us knock around all summer with- 
 out accomplishing much of anything. Enrollment in the Re- 
 serve means a good job for us as soon as school is out, 
 which enables us to help Uncle Sam win this war." 
 
 N on- Military Service. Enrollment in the Reserve is for 
 the purpose of enlisting the boys between the ages of six- 
 teen and twenty-one for supervised, paid, temporary em- 
 
FOR INDIANA HIGH SCHOOLS 67 
 
 ployment in various lines of agriculture, industrial and com- 
 mercial service of non-military nature. 
 
 How to Enroll 
 
 Take this book to your home and insist that your parents, 
 or your guardian, read it carefully, or you read it to them 
 in order that they may become thoroughly familiar with the 
 plans and purpose of the United States Boys' Working 
 Reserve. 
 
 Apply to your school superintendent, principal or teacher 
 for an enrollment card and carefully answer every question 
 asked thereon. 
 
 Parents' Consent. Have your parent, or guardian, sign 
 this card in the space designated thereon, again calling at- 
 tention to the fact that enrollment in the Reserve is for 
 Non-Military Service, and that inasmuch as any boy must 
 be immediately released upon written request of his parent, 
 or guardian, he is still amenable to his parent's or guardian's 
 control. 
 
 Physical Examination. If inconvenient to make, physical 
 examination may be waived at the time of enrollment. How- 
 ever, before any boy engages in active employment on a 
 farm or in an industry or before he leaves for an agricul- 
 tural training camp, he should be thoroughly examined by 
 a physician or a competent physical director in order to as- 
 certain whether he possesses : 
 
 (a) Any constitutional weakness. 
 
 (b) Evidence of heart lesions that would unfit him for 
 service. 
 
 (c) Evidence of tuberculosis. (Should examination show 
 
68 WAR SERVICE TEXT-BOOK 
 
 lack of development or lung capacity, instruction 
 should be given regarding regular habits, proper diet, 
 fresh air and hygienic living.) 
 
 (d) Unsound teeth. (Advice should be given in regard 
 to proper care of teeth and dental work, if needed.) 
 
 (e) Presence of contagious, infectious or communicable 
 disease. 
 
 (f) Personal habits. (Uncleanliness is a physical as well 
 as a sanitary sin. This should be emphasized in the 
 examination.) 
 
 Oath of Service. After your card has been filled out and 
 your parents or guardian have agreed, in writing, to your 
 enrollment in the Reserve, return it to the enrolling officer 
 in your school, who will administer to you the following 
 oath of service: 
 
 United States Boys' Working Reserve 
 
 I, do solemnly 
 
 (swear or affirm) that I will support the Constitu- 
 tion of the United States, that I will bear true faith 
 and allegiance to the same and that I will well and 
 faithfully discharge the duties which I am about 
 to assume. 
 
 ( Signature of boy) 
 
 Enrollment Button and Certificate. Having thus com- 
 pleted your enrollment it will be the duty of your Reserve 
 Director or Enrolling Officer to fill out a duplicate pink en- 
 rolling card and mail to the Federal State Director, upon 
 receipt of which there will be mailed to you an Enrollment 
 Button and an Enrollment Certificate, bearing the Great 
 Seal of the United States, on which your name is inscribed. 
 
FOR INDIANA HIGH SCHOOLS 69 
 
 This Enrollment Certificate should be framed and hung 
 upon the wall of your room at home to show that you are 
 enrolled in this great patriotic organization of boys who will 
 contribute so much toward winning this war. 
 
 The original yellow enrollment card should be mailed by 
 your High School Director to the County Director of the 
 Reserve in the County in which is located your school. 
 
 Service in the Reserve 
 
 Kinds of Service. The chief function of the Reserve is 
 to supply boys for farms, but it is planned — when necessity 
 so demands — to extend its scope into "Essential Industries" 
 and vocational training. 
 
 Work on Farms. Next spring and summer boys will be- 
 come engaged in agricultural service in various ways. 
 
 (a) Boys who live on farms will return to work for their 
 parents, if needed, otherwise, they will be placed else- 
 where. 
 
 (b) Boys who heretofore have had agricultural experi- 
 ence will be placed in farmers' homes, either singly or 
 in pairs as necessity demands. 
 
 (c) An effort will be made to place boys who have had 
 little or no training in farmers' service camps, from 
 fifteen to twenty-five boys in each camp. Under com- 
 petent leadership and direction, these boys will work 
 on farms adjacent to the camps, taking their noon 
 meal with the farmers and having their breakfast, 
 supper and lodging in the camp itself. They will be 
 given instruction by the camp director, who will also 
 supervise their physical and moral welfare and see 
 
jo WAR SERVICE TEXT-BOOK 
 
 that they receive just treatment at all times from their 
 employers. 
 (d) On large farms donated for the purpose, plans are 
 being made to organize concentration camps where as 
 many as fifty boys or more will be assembled at a time 
 for three weeks' intensive training in the rudiments of 
 agriculture. They will also receive physical training 
 and some setting-up exercises, instructions in disci- 
 pline, conduct, etc., but while in this camp each boy 
 will be expected to produce the equivalent of the food 
 he consumes. 
 
 As soon as one group of boys has finished training, 
 they will be placed in agricultural service, either living 
 with the farmers or in farmers' service camps. An- 
 other group of fifty boys or more will replace them to 
 receive similar training for three weeks and to con- 
 tinue the cultivation of the crops planted by the first 
 group, and so on throughout the season. 
 Employment for boys who work on farms will be secured 
 as near home as possible. However, a surplus supply of boys 
 in one county will, with the consent of parents or guardian, 
 be sent to such other county or counties where a deficiency 
 exists, in order that the supply of agricultural labor all over 
 the state may be equalized. 
 
 Industrial Employment in Essential Industries. A num- 
 ber of high schools are arranging their schedules so as to 
 meet the demands of industries in their respective localities. 
 Vocational Training when so expanded as to meet the 
 demands of the hour will aid materially in fitting such boys 
 for effective service. 
 
 All boys are urged to take advantage of every opportunity 
 for improving their worth and skill by enrolling in day or 
 
(A 
 W 
 
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>]2 WAR SERVICE TEXT-BOOK 
 
 night school classes offering vocational training in produc- 
 tive work in which they are engaged or to which they are 
 naturally adapted. 
 
 To Parents and Guardians 
 
 It is natural that you should wish to know before you 
 consent to the enrollment of your boy in the United States, 
 Boys' Working Reserve, just what the Reserve is,, and 
 whether you should allow your boy to become one of its 
 members. 
 
 The United States Boys' Working Reserve was organized 
 under the United States Department of Labor for the pur- 
 pose of forming a reservoir of boy labor from which the 
 nation might draw in the present crisis. The Reserve is 
 non-militaristic ; it is, in fact, a working reserve of man- 
 power for industries and farms. The service is not compul- 
 sory, and any boy may be withdrawn by his parents or 
 guardian at any time. Its chief function has been to supply 
 boys for the farms, but it is planned, when necessary, to 
 extend its scope into "Essential Industries" and vocational 
 training. 
 
 No Interference with Present Occupation. The Reserve 
 believes that the boy in school should remain there, except 
 when emergency demands that he be released for short 
 periods of time to aid in spring planting or harvesting per- 
 ishable crops in the fall. However, he should plan to devote 
 his spare time and vacations to some useful employment 
 where his country needs him. It is not the policy of the 
 Reserve to take boys away from their present occupations, 
 nor to .disturb boys working for their parents, or interfere 
 with their wage arrangements. However, such boys are 
 
FOR INDIANA HIGH SCHOOLS 7$ 
 
 urged to join the Reserve in order that they may be eligible 
 for the Federal Bronze Badge. 
 
 Boys' J Tel fare. Unless the Boys' Working Reserve can 
 accomplish the purpose for which it is designed without 
 injury to the boy himself, it will be of no benefit. Therefore, 
 the Reserve will at all times endeavor to protect the boys' 
 welfare. There are potential future leaders and statesmen 
 among them, and if they become bad citizens, the nation 
 must suffer irreparably. Therefore, the Reserve, through 
 its various committees and agencies, will at all times be 
 mindful of the physical, spiritual and material, welfare of 
 the boys, and will protect them from exploitation, overwork 
 and bad housing conditions, and endeavor as far as possible 
 to place each boy in an environment at least as good if not 
 better than the one to which he has been accustomed in his 
 own locality. 
 
 To the Farmer 
 
 How to Secure These Boys. Make application to the local 
 Director of your County, to your County Agricultural Agent 
 or to any school superintendent or high school principal, or 
 write direct to the State Council of Defense, 83 State House, 
 Indianapolis, setting forth : 
 
 Name Post-office 
 
 address County 
 
 Township 
 
 Nearest railroad station : Name 
 
 of railroad Telephone 
 
 Nearest town I probably can 
 
 use boy or boys, 16 to 21 years of age, whom 
 
 I shall need (date). I am 
 
 willing to pay dollars per week w r ith board. 
 
 I am willing to pay dollars per week with- 
 out board. 
 
74 WAR SERVICE TEXT-BOOK 
 
 Patriotic Obligation. While it is true that the increase 
 in the production of crops on your farm will contribute to 
 the country's welfare, still in the last analysis such increased 
 production will add to your benefit and profit. Therefore, 
 your federal government is asking you to make a patriotic 
 contribution to your country by becoming the adviser, friend 
 and patient instructor to the boys sent to you. 
 
THE SERVICE FLAG 
 
 William Herschell in The Indianapolis News 
 
 Dear little flag in the window there, 
 Hung with a tear and a woman's prayer; 
 Child of Old Glory, born with a star — 
 Oh,' what a wonderful flag you are ! 
 
 Blue is your star in its field of white, 
 Dipped in the red that was born of fight; 
 Born of the blood that our forebears shed 
 To raise your mother, The Flag, o'erhead. 
 
 And now you've come, in this frenzied day, 
 To speak from a window — to speak and say : 
 "I am the voice of a soldier-son 
 Gone to be gone till the victory's won. 
 
 "I am the flag of The Service, sir; 
 
 The flag of his mother — I speak for her 
 
 Who stands by my window and waits and fears, 
 
 But hides from the others her unwept tears. 
 
 "I am the flag of the wives who wait 
 
 For the safe return of a martial mate, 
 
 A mate gone forth where the war god ^hrives 
 
 To save from sacrifice other men's wives. 
 
 "I am the flag of the sweethearts true ; 
 The often unthought of — the sisters, too. 
 I am the flag of a mother's son 
 And won't come down till the victory's won." 
 
 Dear little flag in the window there 
 Hung with a tear and a woman's prayer; 
 Child of Old Glory, born with a star — 
 Oh, what a wonderf ul flag you are ! 
 
 75 
 
NECESSITY FOR FOOD CONSERVATION 
 H. E. Barnard 
 
 Our Government is only what we, the people, make it and 
 has only what we, the people, give it. A free government 
 can not thrive without an active public spirit, a steadfast 
 love of country, a genuine patriotism. In times like these, 
 of stress and war, it is all important that we give freely of 
 our talents, whatever they be. We can not all go into the 
 trenches and fight for the flag : We can not all be "captains 
 of industry" and direct the manufacture, transportation or 
 distribution of munitions, supplies, foods and equipment — 
 these things are of prime importance — but there is one 
 thing, a vital necessity, which Ave can all do, and, while not 
 spectacular, is of the very highest type of patriotism : that 
 is the Conservation of Foods. 
 
 Allied Armies Dependent on Us for Sustenance. Never 
 in all history h&s the need for saving been so great as now. 
 For several years there has been a practical failure of staple 
 crops throughout the whole world, until no surplus food re- 
 mains. Millions of men in Europe who were formerly pro- 
 ducers are now consumers, while millions of fertile acres 
 in that wretched country can not be cultivated because of 
 the war. The submarine infamy has destroyed immense 
 quantities of food and made shipping hazardous on the seas. 
 Transportation by rail is so paralyzed in many parts of the 
 world that efficiency and dispatch are lost and great waste 
 results. As a result of these, and many other things, our 
 
 7 6 
 
FOR INDIANA HIGH SCHOOLS 77 
 
 Allies, who have always been large importers of foodstuffs, 
 are now dependent on the United States for sustenance. 
 They are our comrades in arms, helping us to win the war 
 of freedom for the world, and it is our bounden duty to do 
 everything possible to feed the Allied Army and the Allied 
 people. It is an obligation we can not escape. Our own 
 people and our own glorious army must be fed— fed first 
 and fed well. 
 
 In some way nature has not been kind to us recently, 
 late springs, droughts, hurricanes, hailstorms, early frosts, 
 scalding heat and killing freezes have turned, in some sec- 
 tions, promising harvests into bitter failures. But despite 
 all, we have enough and to spare. Not enough, however, to 
 supply our desperate Allies unless we save — not unless we 
 exercise the greatest kind of care. And unless we divide with 
 them generously, black dismal starvation is in store for them 
 and defeat and slavery for us. 
 
 Save Food or Suffer Defeat. This saving can not be ef- 
 fected in any haphazard kind of way. It can not be done 
 by legislation, or edict, or rubbing Aladdin's lamp, or waving 
 aloft a witch's wand. It must be done by teamwork. Only 
 by cooperation, generous, whole-souled, active, patriotic co- 
 operation. This cooperation must begin in the home and em- 
 brace every member of the home. It must extend to the 
 production end, to the transportation end, to the selling and 
 serving end of the whole food problem. 
 
 We have become proverbial wasters. We are known the 
 world over because of our extravagance — and we should 
 hang our heads in shame. Prosperity has made us wasteful 
 and extravagant. Will war and distress bring us back to 
 sanity and economy? 
 
;3 WAR SERVICE TEXT-BOOK 
 
 To save is a moral obligation and a virtue. Useless waste 
 is a sin and, in wartime, unpatriotic and unpardonable. 
 
 Some authorities say that seven hundred million dollars 
 are wasted annually in the kitchens of the United States. 
 It is said that only one-fifth of our perishable foods reach 
 the dinner table. With what we thoughtlessly waste and 
 what we can thoughtfully save, we can feed our own people 
 and feed our Allied friends and our Allied armies. 
 
 Remember this: Food will be the deciding factor in this 
 world war. 
 
 What Conservation Is 
 
 Conservation means to preserve, maintain, protect; to 
 save from loss or damage, or decay. It means to make what 
 you have or can produce go as far as possible. These are 
 the things we must do for the food supply of America. 
 
 Conserve and Produce — Not Produce and Consume. In 
 other times, two phases, only, of the food question were 
 generally considered — the production and consumption ends. 
 
 The production of foods will always be a question of in- 
 tense interest. At this time of distress it is of vital moment, 
 because it will tax the best thought and the liveliest energy 
 on the part of all classes of our people, whether of farmers, 
 stock raisers, dairymen, fruit growers, food manufacturers 
 or the city householder in command of a back yard, to pro- 
 duce sufficient food to feed themselves and our Allies. To 
 this end, the greatest care should be exercised in the selec- 
 tion of the seed, the preparation of the soil, the choice of 
 fertilizers, the cultivation and the harvesting of cereals ; the 
 selection of meat-producing and milk-producing animals, 
 their care and the care of the output, all the time working 
 
FOR INDIANA HIGH SCHOOLS 79 
 
 with one object in view — to make the most food and the best 
 foods possible with the least possible waste. 
 
 With the man-power reduced to the lowest reasonable 
 unit, the food manufacturer should strive to the utmost to 
 preserve, in edible form, every particle of wholesome food 
 which comes to his factory, and do it under approved sani- 
 tary conditions. The city dweller and the townsman should 
 endeavor to raise in their back lots as much and as many 
 different vegetables as they can, for every pound, or gallon, 
 or bushel he raises there for the family table means just 
 that many less pounds, gallons and bushels he would other- 
 wise buy on the open market — and thereby reduce the gen- 
 eral supply by just that many pounds, and gallons and 
 bushels. 
 
 Save in Transportation. There is one large item, however, 
 in the food problem which has not been heretofore given 
 the attention which its importance demands. That is the 
 transportation cost. Here a very large saving can and should 
 be made. Perishable fruits, berries and vegetables are 
 shipped long distances, paying heavy express, package and 
 commission charges, many times sustaining damage in ship- 
 ping through careless handling or bad crating, and fre- 
 quently made unsalable from delay and decay. Such stuff 
 should always be sold, when practicable, at the nearest mar- 
 ket to the point of production. This procedure would also 
 tend, in some measure, to relieve the railroad congestion. 
 The home market, in the long run, is the best market. 
 
 Carry Home What You Purchase. Another transporta- 
 tion cost, the delivery service, is an overhead expense, costly 
 for the dealer and extravagant for the consumer. Millions 
 of dollars are annually expended in this country for such 
 service when the housewife could nearly always buy a better 
 
80 WAR SERVICE TEXT-BOOK 
 
 article for less money when she goes in person to the market 
 or corner grocery, makes her own choice and carries home 
 her purchase. When the delivery is made by the grocer, the 
 housewife must necessarily pay her part of the telephone 
 cost, the automobile and wagon delivery cost, the solicitor's 
 cost and numerous other items of cost, which are not incon- 
 siderable. Save all this cost by going in person to the store, 
 making your selections, paying the cash and carrying home 
 the stuff. 
 
 Briefly stated, conservation is only another name for 
 thrift; and thrift, or saving, rather than spending, should 
 be made in this crisis, the social standard. The president 
 wants that we should save, Hoover decrees it and the world 
 needs it. 
 
 Save Wheat. The Allies must have two hundred million 
 bushels of wheat. We have a surplus of less than ninety 
 million bushels with which to supply that demand. We must 
 supply the two hundred million bushels by using less wheat 
 bread and more corn bread, less wheat cakes, and more corn 
 muffins — more wheatless meals, substituting others cereals 
 just as palatable and possibly more wholesome. This is 
 conservation. 
 
 Save Meat. The Allies were always short on meat, but 
 since the war began their meat animals have decreased by 
 thirty-three million head, and at the same time their neces- 
 sities have increased at an alarming rate. We can help to 
 make up that necessity by eating less meat — and be the bet- 
 ter, mentally, physically and financially for it. This is con- 
 servation. 
 
 Save Sugar. In this country each individual uses four 
 ounces of sugar daily, while but one ounce is allowed daily 
 to each individual of our Allies. 
 
FOR INDIANA HIGH SCHOOLS 81 
 
 They don't have enough ; we use too much. It will be 
 true conservation for us to use less sugar in our coffee and 
 tea, eat less candy, drink fewer soft drinks and leave off the 
 icing from our cakes. 
 
 Save Fats. We are frightfully wasteful in our use and 
 abuse of fats while the Old World is starving for fats. Con- 
 serve the animal fats by substituting the vegetable oils, olive 
 oil, cottonseed oil, peanut oil and corn oil. 
 
 Eat Plenty but Without Waste. It is not conservation to 
 starve ourselves in order to save. Eat plenty, but wisely, 
 and without waste. Practise and preach the "gospel of the 
 clean plate." 
 
 Food Will Be the Deciding Factor in the War. 
 
 How to Conserve Foods 
 
 In Buying 
 
 Food Is Wasted 
 
 Pay cash. 
 
 Carry home your purchases. Save delivery costs. 
 
 Buy by weight. The measure is little better than guessing. 
 
 Buy perishables to save staples. 
 
 Buy when prices are lowest. 
 
 Buy when vegetables are freshest. 
 
 Do not overstock — another form of extravagance. 
 
 Buy cheaper cuts of meat. Just as nutritious. 
 
 Buy bulk goods rather than package goods. 
 
 Do not buy more than can be cared for properly. 
 
 Do not be "finicky" or fanciful in buying. 
 
82 WAR SERVICE TEXT-BOOK 
 
 In Preparation 
 
 Food Is Wasted 
 
 When poor judgment is exercised in its selection. 
 
 When it is not well prepared. 
 
 When the menu- lacks the proper balance for nutrition. 
 
 When it is spoiled in cooking. 
 
 When too much is prepared. 
 
 When "left-overs" are not used. 
 
 When anything usable goes into the garbage can. 
 
 When leaves are not saved for garnishments, soups, etc. 
 
 When you overstock. 
 
 When food is not palatable. 
 In Serving 
 
 Food Is Wasted 
 
 When too large a portion is served. 
 
 When the menu is too seldom changed. 
 
 When too many courses are served. 
 
 When the dietary is not varied. 
 
 W 7 hen the ration is not balanced. 
 
 When the meal is not attractive. 
 
 When the meal is improperly served. 
 
 When "good cheer" does not go with the meal. 
 
 What to Conserve 
 
 We should get the habit of saving in every way, but in 
 this crisis it is a vital matter that we save especially our 
 wheat, meat, fats and sugar. 
 
 How to Save Our Wheat 
 
 By eliminating waste in use of all bread and cereal 
 products. 
 
 By eating more vegetables. 
 
FOR INDIANA HIGH SCHOOLS 83 
 
 By using other cereals for making bread. 
 
 By stopping the return of "stale" bread. 
 
 By cutting the slices thinner. 
 
 By slicing no more than is eaten. 
 
 By using crumbs in puddings, etc. 
 
 By observing "wheatless" days. 
 
 If each one of the twenty million homes in the United 
 States would save each day one slice of bread, it would 
 mean a million pound loaves saved, equal to three hundred 
 and sixty-five million loaves annually. More than that is 
 wasted. It is a crime. Stop it. 
 
 How to Save Our Meat 
 
 Eat more poultry and eggs. 
 
 Eat more game in season. 
 
 Eat more fish. 
 
 Use more skim-milk. 
 
 Eat more milk and cottage cheese. 
 
 Eat more legumes (peas, beans, cow-peas, soy-beans, pea- 
 nuts, etc.) 
 
 Eat more cereals (oats, rye, barley). 
 
 Eat more nuts (hickory, walnut, chestnut). 
 
 Eat more left-over meats in soup, with vegetables, 
 cereals, etc. 
 
 Have "meatless" days. 
 
 We are the most lavish meat eaters in the world to-day. 
 Nearly every one eats too much meat. Investigation dis- 
 closes the fact that the present daily consumption of beef 
 is three and six-tenths ounces per capita, and of pork, four 
 and live-tenths ounces per capita, or of the two meats, eight 
 
84 WAR SERVICE TEXT-BOOK 
 
 and one-tenth ounces. The government is asking us to re- 
 duce this total by one ounce, and, if possible, to further re- 
 duce one ounce more by substituting other foods, as indi- 
 cated above. 
 
 If each one of the twenty million homes in the United 
 States would reduce the consumption of meat one ounce 
 daily it would mean a saving of one million two hundred 
 and fifty thousand pounds of meat a day, or four hundred 
 and sixty-five million pounds annually. Save two ounces 
 daily and it will mean nearly a billion pounds for our Allies. 
 
 How to Save Our Sugar 
 
 Use less sugar with cereals. 
 
 Select recipes requiring less sugar. 
 
 Use sirups, as corn sirup, or glucose, in place of sugar. 
 
 Leave the "frosting" off the cake. 
 
 Use evaporated fruits more freely. 
 
 Honey is cheap and takes the place of sugar. 
 
 Sweeten with molasses and other sirups. 
 
 Maple sugar is a good sweetener. 
 
 Use sugar in coffee and tea less freely. 
 
 Leave no sugar in the cup. 
 
 Eat very little candy. 
 
 We use daily in this country, on an average, four ounces 
 of sugar per capita. Our Allies in Europe are using one 
 ounce, or less, daily. Mr. Hoover desires us to save an 
 ounce a day. If we do this (and we can) it means a saving 
 of six million two hundred and fifty thousand pounds every 
 day in the year, or the enormous sum of two billion two 
 hundred and eighty-one million two hundred and fifty thou- 
 sand pounds annually. 
 
FOR INDIANA HIGH SCHOOLS 85 
 
 A Well-Balanced Ration 
 
 A ration is the amount of food necessary to maintain the 
 health of an individual for one day. The soldier requires a 
 larger ration than the citizen because the soldier is doing 
 harder work or leading a more strenuous life. A man doing 
 hard labor requires more food or a larger ration, than the 
 office man, and the average man requires more food than 
 the average woman. 
 
 Foods are ignorantly wasted because the diet is not prop- 
 erly "balanced," as dietitians say. A well-balanced ration 
 must include foods which supply the demands for growth 
 and repair, maintenance of body functions and energy. It 
 is possible for good food to be unsatisfactory in different 
 ways. The combination should be made with reference to 
 the needs of the body, but the selection of proper foods is 
 not always easy. Price, preference for certain foods, and 
 even the fact that hunger is satisfied after a meal, are not 
 safe guides. The appetite should be educated. Tomatoes at 
 ten cents apiece in winter are no more nutritious than they 
 are at thirty cents a bushel in summer. 
 
 Foods, according to their properties, are usually classified 
 as follows : Proteins, carbohydrates, fats, ash and water. 
 Scientists have recently added another called "vitamines." 
 
 Proteins 
 
 Proteins are the most important of all the foods, being 
 the class of substances containing nitrogen. They are valu-' 
 able because they build up the tissues and repair the waste, 
 and, to some degree, furnish energy. The foods having the 
 highest protein content are cheese, legumes, meat, fish, eggs, 
 milk and cereals. 
 
£6 WAR SERVICE TEXT-BOOK 
 
 Carbohydrates: 
 
 The carbohydrates are a class of vegetable foods com- 
 posed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, and commonly re- 
 ferred to as starches and sugars. They are the source of 
 energy. This class is most familiar in potatoes, rice, corn 
 and other vegetables in the form of starch; and in cane, 
 beets, milk and fruits, in the form of sugar. 
 
 Fats: 
 
 Fats are also composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, 
 and like carbohydrates, are "heat producing foods," but in 
 a more concentrated form. Fats and oils are found in ani- 
 mal foods like meat, fish, eggs, milk, butter, cheese, and they 
 also occur in fruits and vegetables. 
 
 Ash: 
 
 Ash usually occurs in foods as acids and salts in com- 
 bination with organic substances. In the body it is found in 
 the teeth and bones and appears, also, in the tissues, and, in 
 solution, in the fluids. This food ingredient is essential in di- 
 gestion, assimilation and all vital processes. 
 
 Water: 
 
 Water is essential to life and is largely taken into the 
 body as a drink, although a considerable amount is taken 
 with the food, most foods being composed of more than 
 fifty per cent, of water. It softens the food, makes it easier 
 to swallow, aids digestion, promotes circulation, distributes 
 heat over the body, and, through perspiration, regulates the 
 temperature of the body. 
 
FOR INDIANA HIGH SCHOOLS 87 
 
 Vitalnines : 
 
 Vitamines are elements of the food about which little is 
 known, but which have recently been found to be essential 
 food factors. They are called by McCollum, an eminent 
 scientist, "Fat-Soluble A" and "Water-Soluble B" and are 
 held by him to be necessary to growth. The most important 
 of these little known substances is found in the fats of milk 
 and egg yolk, and in other foods nature provides for feeding 
 the young. This substance, "Fat-Soluble A," is sometimes 
 called "growing body" because without it there is no growth. 
 Children must have it in abundance. That is w T hy milk, the 
 normal food of the infant, is an absolutely necessary food. 
 And after the milk-drinking age is over, children should 
 have plenty of butter which is rich in "growing bodies." 
 
 Stunted, undersized children have not had enough milk, 
 butter or eggs. Often a generous diet of these important 
 foods will start rapid grow r th. No matter how scarce or 
 high-priced food is, children must have these foods. 
 
 The other necessary food constituent, "Water Soluble B," 
 is found in the leaves of plants. The cereals, like w T heat or 
 oats, are not perfect or complete foods for they lack this 
 necessary substance. That is why the green vegetables like 
 cabbage and spinach are such wholesome foods, and why, 
 after a long winter without green foods, we crave the early 
 greens in spring. 
 
 Calories: 
 
 Just as a foot is a unit of measure of length, a calorie is 
 a standard unit of measure employed to determine the heat 
 or energy generated by burning coal in a stove, or by digest- 
 ing and assimilating food in the body. The amount of worl^ 
 
88 WAR SERVICE TEXT-BOOK 
 
 in the form of heat and energy in a pound of beef, or bread 
 or sugar is expressed in terms of calories. The scientist 
 thinks of calories as the amount of heat necessary to raise 
 one pound of water four degrees Fahrenheit. If we could 
 use hydrogen gas as a food to produce work just as it is used 
 as a fuel to produce heat in the hydrogen blow-pipe, we 
 would find it the most nutritious of all foods for it burns at 
 the rate of sixteen thousand calories to the pound. The 
 richest food is pure fat or oil, either animal or vegetable, 
 and furnishes about four thousand two hundred twenty 
 calories to the pound. Sugar develops one thousand eight 
 hundred sixty calories to the pound, but water has no fuel 
 value whatever. Between the high fuel value of the fats 
 and oils at one end of our dietary and water at the other, 
 all foods easily fall. Anything which is largely water is 
 naturally low in food value. Tea and coffee, unless used with 
 sugar and cream, and beef extracts, are practically without 
 food value. No matter how much straight coffee is drunk, 
 not an ounce of energy is developed. 
 
 I. Foods Rich in Protein 
 
 Calories per pound of 
 Edible Uncooked Material. 
 
 Beef, dried, lean 817 
 
 Beef, fresh, lean 709 
 
 Cheese, cottage 498 
 
 Cod, fresh, steaks 329 
 
 Cod, salt 473 
 
 Egg, whites 231 
 
FOR INDIANA HIGH SCHOOLS 
 
 II. Foods Rich in Fat 
 
 Calories per pound of 
 Edible Uncooked Material. 
 
 Bacon 2,836 
 
 Butter 3,488 
 
 Cream, thick i,7 2 7 
 
 Lard 4,082 
 
 Oleomargarine 3A IQ 
 
 Olive oil, corn or cottonseed 
 
 oil 4,082 
 
 Salt pork 3,555 
 
 Suet 3,425 
 
 Walnuts, English 3J99 
 
 III. Foods Rich in Carbohydrates 
 
 Calories per pound of 
 Edible Uncooked Material. 
 
 Apples 285 
 
 Bananas 447 
 
 Corn starch 1,632 
 
 Dates 1,575 
 
 Honey 1,480 
 
 Molasses 1,301 
 
 Potatoes, white 378 
 
 Rice I ,59 I 
 
 Sugar, granulated 1,814 
 
 Tapioca 1,608 
 
 IV. Foods Rich in Both Protein and Fat 
 
 Calories per pound of 
 Edible Uncooked Material. 
 
 Almonds ". 2,936 
 
 Beef, fat 1,357 
 
 Cheese, American J ,994 
 
 Eggs 672 
 
 Egg yolks 1,643 
 
9 o WAR SERVICE TEXT-BOOK 
 
 Milk, whole 314 
 
 Peanut butter 2,741 
 
 Peanuts 2,487 
 
 Sardines 1,221 
 
 V T . Foods Rich in Protein and Carbohydrates 
 
 Calorics per pound of 
 Edible Uncooked Material. 
 
 Beans, dried 1,564 
 
 Bread 1,174 
 
 Buttermilk 162 
 
 Farina 1,641 
 
 Lentils 1,581 
 
 Macaroni 1,624 
 
 Milk, skim 166 
 
 Oatmeal 1,810 
 
 Oysters . 222 
 
 Peas, dried . . 1,612 
 
 VI. Foods Rich in Cellulose and Water 
 
 Calories per pound of 
 Edible Uncooked Material. 
 
 Cabbage 143 
 
 Celery 84 
 
 Cucumber 79 
 
 Lettuce 87 
 
 Spinach 108 
 
 Squash 103 
 
 Tomatoes . . , 103 
 
 Watermelon 137 
 
 True Test of Food Values 
 
 The early idea was that the heat of the body comes from 
 the burning of the food and that the combustion takes place 
 in the lungs. Then a later theory obtained to the effect that 
 
FOR INDIANA HIGH SCHOOLS 91 
 
 the combustion takes place, not particularly in the lungs, 
 but in all the tissues of the body, and most especially in the 
 muscles. Following that came the theory that not alone the 
 heat of the body, but all the work is done by the combustion 
 of the food. Another equally short, and the last step, brings 
 us to the strictly modern view that the food consumed in 
 the body yields, in general, the same amount of heat and 
 work as if it had been dried and burned under the boiler 
 of a steam engine or exploded in the cylinder of a motor- 
 car ; with this difference, however, the steam engine has no 
 power of renewing, strengthening, or developing itself, 
 whereas the human body has that power. 
 
 The conclusion of the whole matter, then, is this: The 
 true test of food value is its fuel value. 
 
 Daily Food Requirements in Calories 
 
 Below is given a table, by Rubner, showing the number 
 of heat units, or calories, necessary for the daily food supply 
 for persons of different body weights. 
 
 Daily Food Requirements for Persons at Light Work 
 Rubner Standard 
 
 Body Weight Calories of 
 
 in Pounds. Food Per Day. 
 
 20 6S0 
 
 30 890 
 
 40 1,075 
 
 50 1,250 
 
 60 I,4IO 
 
 70 1,565 
 
 80 l,7lO 
 
 90 1,855 
 
92 WAR SERVICE TEXT-BOOK 
 
 too 1,985 
 
 no 2,115 
 
 120 2,240 
 
 130 2,370 
 
 140 2,485 
 
 1 50 2,600 
 
 160 . 2,705 
 
 170 2,835 
 
 180 2,910 
 
 190 3,015 
 
 For farmers or mechanics, at moderately hard work, add 
 five hundred calories. For very heavy work add one thou- 
 sand calories. 
 
 The table on pages 94 and 95 will be of value to all who 
 desire to regulate their diet on a basis of fuel value, and that 
 is the only true or accurate way to vise food. 
 
 It is as important to know the relative food values of 
 different foods as the value of inches, or ounces, or dimes. 
 
 Some Scattering Suggestions and Pointed Paragraphs 
 
 1. Enough is better than a feast. 
 
 2. Milk is the universal food and the cheapest. 
 
 3. The danger of a strictly vegetable diet is the shortage 
 
 of fats. 
 
 4. Don't fatten your garbage can with good food. 
 
 5. Starvation rations are not economy. We must eat 
 
 plenty, but wisely and well. 
 
 6. Do you know that stale bread has more "heat units" 
 
 than fresh bread, if not so palatable? 
 
 7. Oleomargarine is a clean, wholesome product and a 
 
 good substitute for butter. 
 
FOR INDIANA HIGH SCHOOLS 93 
 
 8. A child's food should be easier to digest than an adult's, 
 
 and it should be more nutritious. 
 
 9. Proteins, on a bountiful table, will generally add up two 
 
 or three times as much as is needed. 
 
 10. Milk is about eighty-five per cent, water and with that 
 
 it is the cheapest and best food you can buy for the 
 money it costs. 
 
 11. Cold storage eggs are wholesome — if they were whole- 
 
 some when they went into storage. 
 
 12. Have at least one wheatless meal a day, and several 
 
 meatless meals a week. 
 
 13. The starches and sugars in our food differ only slightly 
 
 from each other. Starch is changed to sugar easily 
 and quickly. 
 
 14. If you cut the bread on the table as it is eaten and do 
 
 not slice up a plate full in the kitchen, you can easily 
 
 save a pound of bread per week in your family. If 
 
 every family would do this we will be able to send 
 
 abroad not less than twenty million bushels more of 
 
 wheat per year. 
 
 The most desirable fats are the uncooked fats with a low 
 
 melting point, like olive oil, cream, butter, the yolk of eggs, 
 
 nuts and cod-liver oil. 
 
 The most nutritious of the foodstuffs are hardest to 
 digest, and the most difficult to manage wisely in the daily 
 food supply. 
 
 All the water we drink in a year does not add a single 
 calorie to our diet, yet we die more promptly for lack of 
 water than from lack of all nutritious foodstuffs combined. 
 So of mineral salts, without which we die of starvation. 
 
 Carry your provisions home — after you have made your 
 own selection — and save money. 
 
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96 WAR SERVICE TEXT-BOOK 
 
 Under "growth-deterants" might be listed overeating, un- 
 dereating, poor foods, unbalanced rations, highly seasoned 
 foods, poorly cooked foods. 
 
 Bulk goods are cheaper than package goods — and can be 
 handled in a sanitary manner. Ask your grocer. 
 
 Potatoes, "with the jackets on," are wholesome — more 
 so than with the jackets off. 
 
 Skim-milk is very nutritious. 
 
 Careless paring of potatoes and fruits often wastes twenty 
 per cent., or more, of their food material. 
 
 Learn how to buy the most foods with your money — and 
 how to make the most of the foods you buy with your 
 money. 
 
 Use cereals freely. 
 
 Can, cure, preserve, pickle, dry, salt down, store — any 
 way to conserve foodstuffs from a time of plenty to a time 
 of scarcity — from a season when they are cheapest to a 
 season when they are dearest. 
 
 The soy-bean is good food, and cheap. Learn to eat the 
 food you "don't like/* It may be better for you. Learn 
 to cook properly all kinds of staple foods and to serve them 
 in a variety of ways. 
 
 Use more cheese. 
 
 It will take "team work" to make conservation count. 
 
 We can feed the armies of all the Allies by saving what 
 we waste. 
 
 Cornmeal griddle cakes or waffles and muffins, Indian 
 pudding, fried hominy and oatmeal muffins are appetizing. 
 And their use will help to conserve the wheat. 
 
 In the olden times, when boys and girls grew up strong 
 and healthy, and ready for any task, ninety per cent, of 
 
FOR INDIANA HIGH SCHOOLS 97 
 
 them were "raised" on mush and milk. It is still a very 
 good diet, and will help to conserve the wheat. 
 
 The cost of an article does not always indicate its value. 
 A fruit or vegetable out of season is much more expensive 
 than one in season, but it is no more nutritious. 
 
 Keep milk continually clean, cool and covered. 
 
 Cottage cheese is richer in proteins than most meats and 
 is very much cheaper. It is a body builder and energy pro- 
 ducer. 
 
 Cornbread makes good "roughage" and is good enough 
 for anybody to eat. 
 
 Learn the different cuts of meats. 
 
 Satisfactory substitutes for lean meat can be found in 
 eggs, cheese, cereals, nuts, beans and peas. There is no 
 ground, either in theory or practise, for eating meat more 
 than once a day. 
 
 Bread and butter come very close to a perfectly balanced 
 meal. 
 
 It sounds queer — but an ocean greyhound and a lap-dog, 
 an automobile and the chauffeur are all machines using 
 about the same kind of fuel. 
 
 A well-fed body has power to resist heat and cold, dis- 
 ease and weariness not possessed by an underfed body. 
 
 Don't be "finicky" about what you eat. 
 
 A poor refrigerator, or a good refrigerator badly kept, 
 spoils much good food. 
 
 Free Bulletins — eor You 
 
 There are many bulletins published by the general gov- 
 ernment which will be of special help in food conservation 
 work. These may be had, free of cost, by addressing the 
 
98 WAR SERVICE TEXT-BOOK 
 
 Secretary of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Here is 
 partial list of Fanners' Bulletins. Order by number : 
 
 34 
 
 121 
 
 139 
 142 
 203 
 232 
 256 
 2/0 
 293 
 295 
 298 
 
 375 
 39i 
 4i3 
 414 
 487 
 526 
 535 
 559 
 565 
 607 
 
 653 
 712 
 
 717 
 771 
 807 
 808 
 817 
 
 837 
 841 
 
 Meats; composition and cooking. 
 
 Beans, peas, etc., as food. 
 
 Emmer; grain for semi-arid regions. 
 
 Principles of nutrition and nutritive value of food. 
 
 Canned fruit, preserves and jellies. 
 
 Okra; its culture and uses. 
 
 Preparation of vegetables for the table. 
 
 Conveniences for the farm home. 
 
 Use of fruit as food. 
 
 Potatoes and other root crops as food. 
 
 Food value of corn and corn products. 
 
 Care of food in the home. 
 
 Economical use of meat in the home. 
 
 Care of milk and its use in the home. 
 
 Corn cultivation. 
 
 Cheese, economical uses in the diet. 
 
 Mutton, and its value in the diet. 
 
 Sugar and its value as food. 
 
 Use of corn, kafir, and cow-peas in the home. 
 
 Cornmeal as a food; ways of using it. 
 
 The farm kitchen as a workshop. 
 
 Honey, and its use in the home. 
 
 School lunches. 
 
 Food for young children. 
 
 Home-made fireless cookers and their use. 
 
 Bread and bread making. 
 
 How to select foods. I. What the body needs. 
 
 How to select food. II. Cereal foods. 
 
 How to select food. III. Protein (in press). 
 
 Drying fruits and vegetables in the home. 
 
THE CAROL OF LIBERTY-CLAN 
 
 Walter S. Greenough, in The Indianapolis News 
 
 Soldier of Somewhere— hail to you, man! 
 Born in the manger of Liberty-clan! 
 Strength to your arm, lad ! bend you the bow, 
 That shall strike terror to heart in the foe ! 
 Strong be your soul, lad — mighty your heart ! 
 You, that shall finish— and you that shall start. 
 Soldier of Somewhere — hail to you, man! 
 Nursed in the bosom of Liberty-clan ! 
 
 Soldier of Somewhere — hail to you, man! 
 Schooled in the temples of Liberty-clan! 
 Stout be your spirit, lad— straight be your aim ! 
 Bear you the burden, lad, into the flame ! 
 Sturdy your fight, lad— you that have known 
 Fruits of the seeds that your fathers have sown. 
 Soldier of Somewhere — hail to you, man ! 
 Nurtured— 'til now— in the Liberty-clan! 
 
 Soldier of Somewhere — hail to you, man ! 
 Fraught with the prayers of the Liberty-clan! 
 Stand to the front, lad — more are behind! 
 Be you the first, lad— such is your kind ! 
 Strike from the brain, lad— you, with a soul ! 
 Play the game fair, lad— clean— to the goal! 
 Soldier of Somewhere — hail to vou, man ! 
 Guard you the Christ-child of Liberty-clan ' 
 
 99 
 
FOOD PRODUCTION 
 
 George I. Christie, Purdue University 
 
 The United States occupies the most important agricul- 
 tural position among the countries of the world to-day. Our 
 country produces three-fourths of the world's corn crop, 
 one-fifth of the wheat, one-eighth of the barley, one-fourth 
 of the oats, one-fifteenth of the rye, one-sixteenth of the 
 potatoes, three-fifths of the cotton, one- fourth of the hop, 
 and one-tenth of the sugar. The United States ranks first 
 in the production of corn, wheat, oats, cotton, tobacco and 
 hops; second for barley and flax, fourth for sugar, and 
 fifth for rye and potatoes. 
 
 Since the beginning of the European war the United 
 States has exported large quantities of foodstuffs,- with the 
 result that the country is now confronted with a food short- 
 age. The United States in 191 5 produced ten bushels of 
 wheat per capita; in 1916 six bushels per capita. Further^ 
 more, in 1916 two and one-half bushels per capita were 
 exported. This means then that the country has drawn 
 heavily on the reserve supply of wheat with the result that 
 the surplus of the world has been reduced to a point lower 
 than that of many years. The Argentine crop was practi- 
 cally a failure. The British government has taken an option 
 on all surplus of the 191 7 crop of Canada. The Australian 
 crop is far too remote to affect the situation. This nation 
 requires about six hundred million bushels of wheat for its 
 own use. The 191 7 wheat crop is estimated at six hundred 
 and fifty million bushels. Therefore, this country will have 
 
 100 
 
FOR INDIANA HIGH SCHOOLS 101 
 
 little food to give to other nations unless something is done 
 in a very effective way. 
 
 Our country made three pledges to the Allies at the decla- 
 ration of war. The first was to supply money. Congress 
 came together immediately and passed an appropriation of 
 seven billion dollars, perhaps the largest single appropriation 
 ever made in any country in the world. The second pledge 
 was to furnish men to help fight the cause, and Congress 
 passed the selective conscription act, providing for one of 
 the largest armies of the world. The pledge for men and 
 money was made good. The other pledge was to supply 
 food. But there is some question on this point. Figuring 
 our exports and imports side by side, we consumed in 19 16, 
 ninety-nine per cent, of all the foodstuffs produced. Ob- 
 viously the food problem is a serious one. 
 
 In 19 1 4 when the war opened Germany had twenty-five 
 million hogs on her farms. Thinking the war of short dura- 
 tion she began slaughtering her live stock and in 191 5 the 
 number was reduced to sixteen million; in 1916 to twelve 
 million. Now they are attempting to turn the tide, and this 
 year they have on the farms close to fifteen million head. 
 
 The German nation after forty years of military training 
 is having her eyes opened to the fact that she stands or falls 
 not through her military machine, but through her agricul- 
 ture. Agriculture stands back of victory. This conflict is 
 not for a couple of months, but there is every reason to be- 
 lieve it is going to last from two to three years. All plans 
 being made in Washington contemplate a five-year conflict. 
 But should the war stop to-morrow the United States and 
 the countries across the water would have to be fed. Con- 
 sequently this country must furnish a large supply of food. 
 
 The food situation, therefore, Should be planned on the 
 
102 WAR SERVICE TEXT-BOOK 
 
 basis of from three to five years. With over four million 
 men prisoners, over fifteen million men incapacitated, com- 
 bined with the number under arms, one can readily under- 
 stand that the producing power of the soils of Germany, 
 England, France and Belgium, because of the removal of 
 these forces aj^d the destruction of the soil, has been depreci- 
 ated. It will be years and years before they can overcome 
 this handicap. In view of this fact the agriculture of 
 America has a wonderful part to play in the world for 
 years to come. 
 
 In order not to decrease the production the United States 
 must profit by the experiences of the Allies and not draw 
 too heavily on the farm labor supply. In Canada they have 
 enlisted four hundred thousand young men. Two out of 
 every three have come off the farms, with the result that a 
 terrific drain has been made on the man power of the farms, 
 which has further resulted in making a material decrease in 
 her agricultural production. 
 
 President Wilson has said: "Upon the farms of this 
 country, therefore, in a large measure, rests the fate' of the 
 war and the fate of the nations. May the nation not count 
 upon them to omit no step that will increase the production 
 of their land or that will bring about the most effectual co- 
 operation in the sale and distribution of their products." 
 
 The present situation can be met only by every man, 
 woman and child doing his or her best. The farmer, of 
 course, will cultivate the larger acreage and will be called 
 upon to supply the surplus. On the other hand, every fam- 
 ily in the city and country can produce in back-yard gardens 
 and vacant lots a large amount of foodstuffs for home use 
 and thus allow a larger share of the farm products to be 
 used for army purposes and the starving nations of Europe. 
 
FOR INDIANA HIGH SCHOOLS 103 
 
 Each man should grow the crops he knows how to grow 
 best and for which his soil is best suited. For instance, it is a 
 mistake to plant potatoes on a heavy, poor soil when beans 
 would give much greater returns. With any crop the soil 
 should be well manured and fertilized, and placed in the best 
 tilth. The crop increase will more than pay for the labor 
 and expense. 
 
 Tile drainage also does much to prepare land for the 
 growing of clover, alfalfa and other legumes. The develop- 
 ment of bacteria on the roots of legumes requires that the 
 soil must be warm and well aerated. The tile drain takes 
 from the land only surplus water — water which we call 
 surplus or free because it is not held by the soil particles. 
 
 Lime. for Sour Soils 
 
 Do clover and alfalfa fail because of poor seed or because 
 of acid soils? This question is prominently before Indiana 
 farmers, because the failure of the crops has become the 
 rule in many communities. Comparatively few men have 
 learned that while it is important to have pure and germi- 
 nable seed, yet clover and alfalfa failures are often due to a 
 lack of lime in the soils. 
 
 The successful growth of clover, alfalfa and other 
 legumes depends upon the presence in large numbers of 
 nodules on the roots of the plants. These nodules which 
 are the results of bacterial growth will not develop in acid 
 soils. It is therefore necessary to have the seed bed sweet, 
 which can be had only through the presence of sufficient 
 lime to neutralize all free acid. 
 
 Better farming associations which county agents have 
 helped to organize are becoming increasingly important as 
 
to4 ^ - S XT-BOOK 
 
 x improvement, since the war 
 i esu< eeess Hiese asso< 
 
 is include all persons interested in agriculture and 
 
 . , nent u . agi g as their 
 
 paid executives addition, there are township organiza- 
 
 - in many counties which ha\ e C g - that 
 
 eres pie of small communities. 
 
 . hundred and fifty farmers in each county are 
 
 g g< in work on one or dtm . "the comm 
 
 of the count associ; s, c cting ects and 
 
 demonstra - — ciations are forwarding-, with 
 
 the purp. s< securing readily applicable information. In 
 
 one count g - : men in different sections who com- 
 
 the committee on lime, have ordered - lime 
 
 and will report the results of thejr applications to the county 
 
 g .ization. Similar committees on live st n, wheat. 
 
 canning, gardening, dairying and other subjects, are at 
 
 work g available to the entire county the result of 
 
 their I - Everywhere quick action has called attention 
 
 to tlu sil . c unty leadership that count .. ts are 
 
 filling 
 
 During the past season some Indiana far ners g ow more 
 
 than fifty bushels of wheat per acre. Large numbers had a 
 
 yield of thirty to forty bushels per acre, yet the average of 
 
 . Stat* - 3ut nineteen bushels. The large yields are the 
 
 resu'.: . 11 drained and fertilized soils: well pre: 
 
 beds and the use of the best variet s heat and the 
 
 treatment of the seed to eliminate smut and diseases. All 
 of this can be done by thousands of farmers in the state and 
 materially increase the yield. 
 
 With the fixing ces c xnes a necessity for knowing 
 
 more definitely £h« - i production. Farmers have g 
 
FOR INDIANA HIGH SCHOOLS 105 
 
 little attention to this item. At this time, however, it is all 
 important. The United States Department of Agriculture 
 states that it costs $1.71 to produce a bushel of wheat. The 
 price fixed at the terminal markets is $2.20. With good 
 yields this profit should be sufficient. With minimum yields 
 the total net profit to the farmer will be small. The prob- 
 lem then is to increase the yield per acre or lower the cost of 
 production. 
 
 The average yield of corn in Indiana is approximately 
 forty bushels per acre. Good land produces sixty to seventy 
 and eighty bushels per acre. The low average is due to 
 poor soil and poor seed. The soil can be remedied by drain- 
 age, rotation of crops, fertilization, and proper cultivation, 
 and the seed improved by field selection, testing and the 
 choice of better varieties. 
 
 In the production of beef some feeders require thirteen to 
 fifteen pounds of corn to produce a pound of beef, while 
 others use only eight to ten. The difference and saving are 
 due to the ration used, the care in feeding and the selection 
 of the cattle. This difference in cost of production means 
 many times the difference between profit and loss. But 
 greater still is the opportunity to get a larger number of 
 pounds of meat from the same amount of corn where the 
 better methods are used. 
 
 Why should Indiana soils be sour especially in districts 
 where there is limestone rock near the surface is a ques- 
 tion asked by many people. Many soils are sour as a re- 
 sult of poor drainage. Free water standing in the soil has 
 favored conditions which hasten fermentation and the de- 
 velopment of acids. Lime has leached out from many soils. 
 The amount of lime removed annually from Indiana soils 
 is enormous. Each cubic mile of water flowing into the sea 
 
106 WAR SERVICE TEXT-BOOK 
 
 contains three hundred thousand tons of limestone. Care- 
 ful investigation shows that the average loss of lime per 
 acre per year in ordinary soils amounts to approximately 
 three hundred pounds. A ton of clover hay contains about 
 sixty-eight pounds of lime while a ton of alfalfa contains 
 about seventy-five pounds. On this basis four tons of 
 alfalfa per acre per year would remove three hundred 
 pounds of lime. In addition to this, three hundred pounds 
 of lime have been lost by leaching. During a period of four 
 years this loss will amount to two thousand four hundred 
 pounds per acre. Four average clover crops of one and one- 
 half tons per acre would remove one thousand five hundred 
 pounds of lime. This shows the enormous drain that is con- 
 stantly being made on the lime content of our Indiana soils 
 and the necessity of maintaining an abundant supply of this 
 element at all times for the successful production of legu- 
 minous crops. 
 
 There are various ways of determining when soils are 
 acid and in need of lime. Clover failures that can not be 
 accounted for by unfavorable weather ; a bad physical con- 
 dition of the soil, or lack of plant food, is usually a sign 
 that the soil is acid and in need of liming. The presence of 
 red sorrel is considered an indication of a sour soil. If a 
 moist ball of the soil turns blue litmus paper pink, the use 
 of lime would give good results. 
 
 Farm Manures 
 
 In European countries it is said that the success of a 
 farmer is measured by the size of the "manure pile." These 
 people know that farm manure is necessary if the best re- 
 sults are to be secured from their soils. While commercial 
 
FOR INDIANA HIGH SCHOOLS 107 
 
 fertilizers are used in large quantities, yet it is poor economy 
 to waste the farm manure and replace the same with ex- 
 pensive commercial plant food. The good farmer saves as 
 carefully as possible all of the stable manure and applies it 
 to the soil in a judicious manner. 
 
 The American farmer can learn much from the older 
 countries on the conservation of farm manure. Too little 
 attention has been given to the subject by our people. It is 
 a common sight to see manure dumped into ravines or 
 abandoned pits, while some people are guilty of burning 
 manure to get rid of it. 
 
 A more common, yet undesirable, practise is that of leav- 
 ing manure in the open yards to leach and heat. Many tons 
 of valuable plant food are carried away through drainage 
 and are lost to the farm forever. In Indiana the annual 
 loss in value of farm manures exceeds fifteen million dol- 
 lars because of improper methods of conservation. 
 
 Indiana farmers spend each year more than three million 
 five hundred thousand dollars for commercial fertilizers. 
 A large part of this expenditure could be saved if care and 
 attention were given to the preservation and utilization of 
 the farm manures. 
 
 Losses from manure can be reduced by feeding cattle 
 under sheds with a small yard adjoining. Concrete floors 
 should be used wherever possible. It is also desirable to 
 use sufficient bedding to absorb all liquid manure. In the 
 case of dairy cows, horses and other stock kept in stalls and 
 stables, the manure should be placed under cover until it 
 can be hauled or when possible placed in the manure spread- 
 er and taken immediately to the field. A manure pit easily 
 constructed with cement is practical and profitable since il 
 aids in saving all the liquid and leachings. 
 
io8 WAR SERVICE TEXT-BOOK 
 
 In all cases it is advisable to get the manure on the land 
 as quickly as possible. It is much better to have the leach- 
 ing take place on the soil than in the barnyard. 
 
 The Corn Crop 
 
 That "Corn is King" in Indiana agriculture there can be 
 no doubt. The 19 17 corn crop is valued at more than two 
 hundred and fifty million dollars. This far exceeds the 
 value of any of our other agricultural products. In 191 7 
 approximately five million acres were planted in corn, yield- 
 ing close to forty bushels per acre, resulting in a total pro- 
 duction of about two hundred and six million bushels. A 
 crop which yields so bountifully necessarily removes from 
 the soil large quantities of plant food. The fertility of the 
 soil must be maintained if successful corn production is to 
 continue. The Experiment Station of Purdue University 
 believes that a marked improvement in both yield and quality 
 of corn is easily possible. 
 
 Large crops of corn are grown on soils which are well 
 drained, in a good physical condition and which hold in 
 available form large supplies of plant food. It is important, 
 therefore, that Indiana farmers give special attention to 
 methods of handling their land so that it may be in the best 
 possible condition for the production of maximum crops. 
 
 Seventy-five bushels of corn remove from the soil seventy- 
 three pounds of nitrogen, twenty-nine pounds of phos- 
 phoric acid and twenty-four pounds of potash. The amount 
 of available plant food in the soil is limited. The supply of 
 nitrogen is reduced very rapidly through the crops and 
 through leaching unless replenished by means of legumes or 
 directly through commercial fertilizers. Many Indiana soils 
 
FOR INDIANA HIGH SCHOOLS 109 
 
 are so low in available phosphorous content that it is neces- 
 sary to apply this element through acid phosphate, bone 
 meal, or some other similar medium. Potash is lacking in 
 the muck soils of northern Indiana, but in most other types 
 is present in good quantities. However, every effort must 
 be made by farmers to return as much as possible of the 
 plant food removed in the crops. 
 
 The present yield of corn in the corn belt is not satisfac- 
 tory. Abundant evidence is at hand to show that the yield 
 can be materially increased without greatly increasing the 
 cost of production. Such an increase in production means a 
 lower cost per bushel, which in turn means a larger net 
 profit to the farmers. 
 
 The cost of producing an acre of corn in Indiana in 191 5 
 according to figures obtained from more than one thousand 
 farmers is as follows: 
 
 Plowing $ 1.39 
 
 Harrowing, etc 63 
 
 Fertilizer 1.50 
 
 Seed 40 
 
 Planting 32 
 
 Cultivation 1.84 
 
 Harvesting 1 .41 
 
 Rent , 6.00 
 
 Total $1349 
 
 The average yield per acre for ten. years is 37.1 bushels, 
 which makes the cost of producing a bushel of corn in In- 
 diana, 36.4 cents. This may be reduced since many farmers 
 produce corn at a cost of 17 to 25 cents per bushel. This 
 was demonstrated in a state-wide corn growing contest con- 
 ducted in Indiana during the season of 191 5, when 408 men 
 
no .WAR SERVICE TEXT-BOOK 
 
 in twenty-three counties kept accurate records on the cost 
 of producing corn. Each two-horse load of manure was 
 valued at $2 per load and commercial fertilizer was valued 
 at cost; however, only one-half of either was charged to the 
 corn crop. Labor of each man was valued at 20 cents per 
 hour and labor of man and team was valued at 35 cents per 
 hour, while 3 cents per bushel was charged for harvesting. 
 Rent was fixed at an arbitrary figure of $6 per acre. On this 
 schedule for expenses the following table shows the rela- 
 tion between yield and cost of production: 
 
 Relation Between Yield and Cost 
 
 Yield per No. in Cost per Cost per 
 
 Acre, Bus. Class. Acre. Bushel. 
 
 30-40 4 $12.75 34.8 cents 
 
 40-50 19 12.48 27.5 
 
 50-60 103 13.53 23.9 
 
 60-70 127 1449 22.2 
 
 70-80 100 14-63 19.5 
 
 80-90 42 14-79 17-6 
 
 Over 90 10 1543 J 6-5 
 
 The cost of producing a thirty to forty bushel crop was 
 $12.75 while the ninety-bushel crop cost was $15.43. It 
 will be noted that the cost of producing an acre of corn is 
 approximately the same whether the grower produces thirty 
 bushels or whether he produces ninety bushels. When the 
 cost per bushel is determined, the table above shows that 
 the more bushels that are grown per acre, the lower is the 
 cost. This is what might readily be expected since the cost 
 of growing a ninety-bushel crop up to the time of harvesting 
 will be practically the same as the cost of growing a thirty- 
 
FOR INDIANA HIGH SCHOOLS in 
 
 bushel crop. The difference comes in harvesting. It will 
 cost $1.80 per acre more to harvest the ninety-bushel crop, 
 but the crop is worth $36 more when corn sells at 60 cents 
 per bushel. The high yields then are not only more profit- 
 able because of a larger total value, but because there is a 
 greater net profit on each bushel produced. 
 
 As the corn acreage of Indiana is above the average and 
 labor is scarce, the harrow and weeder should be used more 
 extensively than usual for early cultivation of corn, unless 
 the surface has been beaten down by rains. Weeds are 
 easily killed while small and a harrow will kill weeds almost 
 as well as a cultivator at this state and at the same time 
 cover from two to three times as much land per man and 
 per horse in a day. Since the killing of weeds is the prin- 
 cipal object of cultivation, and a heavy rain may give them 
 a start that can never be overcome, the importance of get- 
 ting over the entire field when they are just starting, is seen 
 to be very great. The harrow can frequently be used until 
 the corn is six inches high without breaking the stalks, 
 especially if a few of the harrow teeth are removed, the 
 remainder slanted well back and the teams handled care- 
 fully. 
 
 Improvement of Corn Through Selection and Breeding 
 
 Under -average methods of seed selection and field con- 
 ditions there is from year to year more or less deterioration 
 in all varieties of corn. Through the mixing caused by 
 "stray" pollen of other varieties and careless selection of the 
 seed the varieties lose in quality, producing power and other 
 valuable characteristics. This "running out" of corn, as it 
 is termed by many, makes it necessary to secure a new sup- 
 ply of seed every few years — a practise which is respon- 
 
ii2 WAR SERVICE TEXT-BOOK 
 
 sible in a large measure for the unsatisfactory condition of 
 the corn at the present time. 
 
 Investigators who have studied the matter in a practical 
 way advocate that as far as is practicable every farmer 
 should grow seed corn for his own use; also that methods 
 should be employed in selecting, planting, cultivating, har- 
 vesting and storing that will give seed of the highest quality 
 and strongest vitality — methods that will aim, not only to 
 maintain the desirable characteristics of a variety, but those 
 that will improve the variety from year to year. 
 
 The selection of high yielding ears of corn is not alto- 
 gether a simple matter for the corn grower. It is difficult 
 to keep corn strains pure because of the promiscuous cross- 
 pollination. This is hard to prevent except by painstaking 
 efforts and much time and labor spent in detasseling. There 
 are a number of farmers in Indiana, however, who have 
 been selecting their foundation stock for seed by the ear- 
 row method. By this method a number of well typed, 
 carefully selected ears are chosen and one-half of the ears 
 is planted in individual rows. Instead of planting the en- 
 tire ear one-half of it is saved on the cob, labeled and put 
 away for use the next year, if the results prove that it is 
 desirable. The corn is all planted in adjoining rows on 
 uniform soil and each ear-row is harvested separately and 
 yields determined. 
 
 The corn which has been saved of the ten or fifteen high 
 yielding ears is then used the next year as seed for a special 
 breeding plot. From this plot seed is secured for a larger 
 crop and eventually for the entire crop. Work carried on 
 by investigators shows that increases of from five to fifteen 
 bushels per acre may be expected from careful breeding of 
 corn by this method. 
 
ii4 WAR SERVICE TEXT-BOOK 
 
 Freeing Oats from Smut 
 
 Indiana farmers sow annually more than one million 
 seven hundred and fifty thousand acres of oats. In recent 
 years oat smut has attacked the crop, causing an annual loss 
 conservatively estimated at three million bushels. Valuing 
 these oats at forty cents per bushel the loss amounts to one 
 million two hundred thousand dollars. This loss can be 
 largely prevented if proper treatment is given to the seed. 
 
 Alfalfa 
 
 Alfalfa should not displace clover on the farm. Clover 
 is necessary in a well-planned rotation and should be re- 
 tained. The growing of alfalfa to supply hay for the live 
 stock will allow the clover to be used in a larger way for 
 soil improvement purposes. For the reason that alfalfa 
 usually stands from six to ten years it can not be given a 
 place in the regular rotation. It is necessary to have a piece 
 of land apart from the regularly rotated fields, so that it 
 will not interfere in any way. 
 
 The land selected for alfalfa should be well drained. The 
 long tap roots of this crop require that the water level be 
 low. When the water level stands close to the surface of 
 the soil, the development of the plants is interfered with and 
 injuring from heaving during the winter is likely to result. 
 Further, the success of alfalfa is dependent upon the devel- 
 opment of bacteria upon the roots. These organisms will 
 not flourish in a soil that is cold and which does not permit 
 a free circulation of air. The bacteria are called upon to 
 extract large amounts of nitrogen from the air as it circulates 
 through the soil. They develop best in soils which are warm, 
 
FOR INDIANA HIGH SCHOOLS 115 
 
 moist (not wet) and which are supplied with plenty of air 
 and free from acidity. 
 
 Under our conditions in Indiana, therefore, it is felt that 
 some form of artificial inoculation is desired. Fields may 
 be inoculated by sowing two hundred or three hundred 
 pounds of soil per acre, from some field or plot which has 
 grown alfalfa or sweet clover successfully. 
 
 The failure of bacteria to develop in many soils is due 
 to the presence of acidity. In order to supply conditions 
 necessary for the best development of leguminous plants 
 and the desirable forms of bacteria, this acidity must be 
 neutralized. For this purpose, lime can be used to advan- 
 tage. Lime is also necessary for the reason that alfalfa re- 
 moves in each ton of hay 86.2 pounds of lime. 
 
 Alfalfa Supplies Protein. Farmers of the Central West, 
 •where milk, pork, beef and mutton are being produced in an 
 extensive way, are demanding a farm crop that will furnish 
 large quantities of protein at a low cost. Commercial feed- 
 ing stuffs, such as bran, cottonseed meal, linseed meal, gluten 
 feed, etc., that contain large quantities of protein, are very 
 expensive and are not fed by the average farmer at any 
 large profit. Alfalfa meets these demands in a most satis- 
 factory way. 
 
 Alfalfa contains 11 per cent, digestible protein, while red 
 clover hay contains 6.8 per cent., timothy hay 2.8 per cent, 
 and wheat bran 12.3 per cent. 
 
 The Potato Crop 
 
 Unusual interest has been shown by all classes of people 
 in the production of potatoes. The extraordinary demand 
 has caused them to realize more than ever before the impor- 
 
116 WAR SERVICE TEXT-BOOK 
 
 tant place potatoes occupy in the daily menu. High prices 
 have emphasized the dependence placed upon this article of 
 food and the real shortage in production. Since the declara- 
 tion of war a concerted effort has been made to plant back 
 yards, vacant lots, as well as larger acreage on the farms 
 with potatoes. 
 
 The Farm Orchard 
 
 In the campaign for a greater food production in Indiana 
 the farm orchard should receive attention. Apples are no 
 longer considered a luxury but a necessary and important 
 food. The practise of preserving, canning, evaporating and 
 drying apples makes it possible to have this fruit throughout 
 the whole year. The apple trees, too, occupy good land 
 which should show some profitable returns at this time 
 when every acre is called upon to do its share. 
 
 Pasture Crops for Hogs 
 
 Pastures have proved profitable in the production of pork. 
 Demonstrations show that gains on hogs, made with pas- 
 ture crops are made at twenty to thirty per cent. -less cost 
 than gains produced largely with grain alone. The increased 
 exercise, the succulent feed and the supply of protein, the 
 bone and muscle producer, offered by good pastures are all 
 conducive to the good health and rapid growth of young 
 pigs. 
 
 Rape is one of the most satisfactory crops for' early hog 
 pasture when clover is not available. It closely resembles 
 cabbage in appearance and manner of growth, except that it 
 does not produce a head. It has large, coarse, succulent 
 
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n8 WAR SERVICE TEXT-BOOK 
 
 leaves and ordinarily grows from twenty to thirty inches tall. 
 It is a cool weather plant and can be sown early in the 
 spring, — as soon as there is no further danger of severe 
 frost. It will endure a pretty severe frost in the fall with- 
 out injury and may be used for pasture late in the fall, pro- 
 vided the hogs are kept off when it is frozen. It is usually 
 killed by such winters as we have in Indiana. 
 
 The cow-pea is a legume producing much forage and con- 
 siderable grain. It requires about ninety days from the 
 time it is planted until it is developed sufficiently for pas- 
 turing. However, varieties differ in this respect, and late 
 plantings develop more quickly than early plantings. It is 
 ready to pasture when the first pods shows signs of ripening. 
 
 The Silo 
 
 More than thirty thousand silos are in use at this time on 
 Indiana farms. This number is increasing at the rate of 
 more than five thousand each year. Perhaps this is the best 
 proof that the silo has demonstrated its value and that it is a 
 necessity on every live-stock farm. 
 
 No dairy farm equipment is complete without a silo. In 
 fact, there should be at least one silo for winter feeding and 
 one of a smaller diameter for summer feeding. Good corn 
 silage is palatable, succulent, bulky, beneficial to the diges- 
 tive tract and economical. These important characteristics 
 make silage essential to the largest and most economical 
 flow of milk. 
 
 Experiments carried on by experiment stations demon- 
 strate that silage is superior to corn fodder for dairy cows. 
 Cows receiving silage in the ration produced thirteen per 
 cent, more milk than cows receiving corn fodder. 
 

120 WAR SERVICE TEXT-BOOK 
 
 Reasons why every farmer who keeps live stock should 
 have a silo : 
 
 i. The silo preserves the palatability and succulence of 
 the green corn plant for winter feeding. 
 
 2. It helps to make use of the entire corn plant. 
 
 3. The silo increases the live stock capacity of the farm. 
 
 4. Silage is a good summer feed when pastures are short. 
 
 5. Because of the small amount of ground space re- 
 quired by the silo it is an economical means of storing forage. 
 
 6. The silo prevents waste of corn stalks, leaves and 
 husks, which contain about two-fifths of the feeding value 
 of the corn plant. 
 
 7. The silo located near the feed manger is an assurance 
 of having feed near at hand in stormy as well as fair 
 weather. 
 
 8. The silo assists in reducing the cost of gains in fat- 
 tening cattle and sheep. 
 
 9. Silage greatly increases the milk flow during the win- 
 ter season and decreases the cost of production. 
 
 10. There are no stalks to bother in the manure when 
 corn is put into the silo. 
 
 Farm Machinery Needs Care 
 
 Every third farm in Indiana has about seventy-five dol- 
 lars' worth of farm machinery standing in the open, unshel- 
 tered from the snow and sleet of winter. Of course this is 
 an estimate, but is based on observations over the state for a 
 number of years and is felt to be quite conservative. This 
 figure represents an average investment of twenty-five dol- 
 lars per farm in tools that apparently the owners do not 
 consider worth housing. To be sure there are communities 
 where few implements are left outside, yet on a very great 
 number of farms practically every implement from the gar- 
 
FOR INDIANA HIGH SCHOOLS 121 
 
 den hoe to the grain binder remains to rust and to ruin 
 where it was last used. 
 
 A machine shed is the first step in the handling of farm 
 tools. Every man in the country who owns an automobile 
 has a specially built garage or some suitable shelter for this 
 particular machine. He knows that it would be poor busi- 
 ness to leave the auto outside subject to the elements. Is it 
 not as necessary that the grain binder, the mowing machine, 
 the corn plows, the corn planter be placed under cover and 
 protected ? 
 
 Indiana Farm Statistics 
 
 The following data concerning Indiana farms and farm 
 
 products was prepared by the Bureau of Satistics : 
 
 Total number farms (5 acres or over) Jan. I, 1917 216,361 
 
 Acreage 21,957454 
 
 Acres land leased or rented 4,719,650 
 
 Acres of waste land 794,553 
 
 Acres in pasture land 4,297,074 
 
 Acres in timber land 1,859,366 
 
 Acres in orchard 252,995 
 
 Silos 24,616 
 
 Cream separators 41,009 
 
 Acres 
 
 Report entire crop wheat produced 
 in 1916, whether sold, used or 
 
 still on hand 1,522,509 18,649,266 Bu. 
 
 Corn produced in 1916 4,352,414 133,798,790 Bu. 
 
 Oats produced in 1916 1,782,215 48,863,703 Bu. 
 
 Rye produced in 1916 137,560 1,710,025 Bu. 
 
 Barley produced in 1916 12,850 240,602 Bu. 
 
 Buckwheat produced in 1916 13,370 130,311 Bu. 
 
 Potatoes — Irish and sweet pro- 
 duced for market in 1916 33,621 1,247,897 Bu. 
 
 Onions produced for market in 
 
 1916 3,732 481,267 Bu. 
 
 All fruit produced for market in 
 
 1916 21,961 440,473 Bu. 
 
122 WAR SERVICE TEXT-BOOK 
 
 Berries produced for market in 
 
 1916 5J43 208,519 Bu. 
 
 Watermelons and canteloupes 
 
 produced in 1916 7,565 $361,497 
 
 Tobacco produced for market in 
 
 1916 13,689 12,598,100 Lbs. 
 
 Tomatoes produced for market in 
 
 1916 24,160 85,794 Tons 
 
 Timothy hay produced in 1916 1,377,834 1,608,022 Tons 
 
 Alfalfa hay produced in 1916 58,4 J 6 121,446 Tons 
 
 Prairie, wild, millet or marsh hay 
 
 produced in 1916 44,48i 54,958 Tons 
 
 Clover hay produced in 1916 660,082 782,875 Tons 
 
 Clover seed produced in 1916 231,993 229,122 Bu. 
 
 Cow-peas and soy-beans produced 
 
 in 1916 50,772 74,222 Tons 
 
 Ensilage produced in 1916 149,769 1,084,639 Tons 
 
 Horses and colts sold in 1916 89,319 No. $9,691,300 
 
 Horses and colts on hand Jan. 1, 
 
 IQ17 586,663 No. 50,160,360 
 
 Mules sold in 1916 '. 29,428 No. 3,280,438 
 
 Mules on hand Jan. 1, 1917 80,154 No. 7,256,676 
 
 Average number cows milked in 
 
 1916 458,140 No. 21,613,361 
 
 Milk produced in 1916 128,005,167 Gals. 25,791,888 
 
 Cream sold in 1916 30,162,318 Lbs. 6,978,369 
 
 Butter produced in 1916 17,185,317 Gals. 6,403,118 
 
 Cattle on hand Jan. 1, 1917 1,288,176 No. 42,784,010 
 
 Cattle sold in 1916 555,663 No. 26,499,965 
 
 Cattle died of disease in 1916 19,374 No. 677,405 
 
 Hogs on hand Jan. 1, 1917 2,037,859 No. 18,133,878 
 
 Hogs sold in 1916 3,047,609 No. 48,224,703 
 
 Hogs died of disease in 1916 237,691 No. 1,597,508 
 
 Sheep on hand Jan. 1, 191 7 344,504 No. 2,994,896 
 
 Sheep sold in 1916 274,936 No. 2,319,272 
 
 Sheep died of disease in 1916 19,682 No. 146,307 
 
 Wool clip in 1916 1,865,202 Lbs. 709,075 
 
 Total number dozen of all kinds 
 
 of poultry sold in 1916 567,455 Doz. 3,910,849 
 
 Average number dozen of all 
 
 kinds of laying hens in 1916 882,247 Doz. 6,930,251 
 
 Total number dozen hens' eggs 
 
 produced in 1916, whether sold, 
 
 used or still on hand 73,413,739 Doz. 15,589,008 
 
FIGHTING WITH DOLLARS 
 
 Frank E. Hering, Vice-Director War-Saving^ 
 Committee 
 
 My country is at war. 
 
 I realize this when I see the soldiers marching down the 
 street on their way to the trains that are to carry them to 
 camp or to transport ships bound for France. I realize it 
 when I see the service flags that hang in my neighbors' 
 window — one, two, three, four of them are visible from 
 where I am writing. I realize it when I read in the news- 
 papers the reports of the first casualties among our boys 
 "over there." There is a restless undercurrent always in 
 motion beneath the calm surface of every-day affairs that 
 keeps me from forgetting even for an hour that the United 
 States is taking part in the greatest struggle that has ever 
 been fought since the beginning of the world — the greatest 
 not only because of the number of nations and the number 
 of men taking part in it, but because of the principle that 
 is at stake. My country, with its Allies, is fighting for the 
 freedom of the world. 
 
 It is very easy indeed to realize that my country is at war. 
 But it is not so easy to realize that my country's war is my 
 war. I am too far away from the sound of the guns. Even 
 though one of my brothers and many of my neighbors have 
 marched off to join the colors; even though, on account of 
 war prices, I must make last year's shabby shoes do for this 
 
 123 
 
i2 4 WAR SERVICE TEXT-BOOK 
 
 year and must content myself with a shoddy overcoat; even 
 though the war touches me personally in a dozen ways, it 
 is hard for me to realize that I, as an individual, can have 
 any active part in it. And yet I feel (indeed, I know), that 
 unless every citizen- of the United States will make the war 
 his war, and fight to the utmost of his power, we can not 
 be victorious. 
 
 This war is my war. 
 
 How can I fight it? 
 
 I should like more than anything in the world to go to the 
 front, but that I can not do, for I am only a boy in high 
 school, not yet old enough or strong enough to make a 
 soldier. I can not fight with bayonet and bullets any more 
 than my younger sister, who would like to do her share in 
 saving the lives of our men, can go to France as a Red Cross 
 nurse. Yet we must do our "bit." What is it to be? The 
 Secretary of the Treasury has answered that question. 
 
 We can lend money to the government. 
 
 To win a war a nation must have two things : men and 
 money. The United States has men. Thousands are already 
 at the front. More than a million are in the great training 
 camps that have been established here and there throughout 
 the country. Soon those camps will receive many additional 
 hundreds of -thousands. Yet if every able-bodied man in 
 the country should join the colors to-morrow the United 
 States could not win the war without money to back its 
 army and navy. It takes money to feed and clothe the sol- 
 diers and to provide them with shelter. It takes money -to 
 carry our troops to the seaboard and from there to the 
 fighting line in France ; it takes money to furnish our sol- 
 diers and sailors with all the elaborate equipment of war- 
 ships and submarines without which they would be .helpless. 
 
FOR INDIANA HIGH SCHOOLS 125 
 
 Plenty of money means a successful war and a short one. 
 By lending money to the government I can fight for my 
 country, and my sister can save the lives of many of our men. 
 
 We can fight with dollars. 
 
 But how? 
 
 I am just a high school boy. My father gives me a small 
 allowance, and I earn a little additional money by doing odd 
 jobs after school and by helping the groceryman on Satur- 
 days. My sister has even less money than I have. Of what 
 use would our few nickels and dimes and quarters be to a 
 government that must spend millions of dollars every day 
 to carry on- the war ? 
 
 An old copy-book saying gives an answer : "Many a little 
 makes a mickle." If every man, woman and child in the 
 United States would lend the government just twenty-five 
 cents, our country would have twenty-five million dollars 
 at its disposal. It asks for a larger sum than that — two bil- 
 lion dollars during the year 1918, but with my help and the 
 help of my sister and with the help of thousands of other 
 willing boys and girls and men and women, who want to do 
 their "bit" in this war, it should have no difficulty in ob- 
 taining that sum. 
 
 It is a privilege to lend, money to the government. 
 
 The financing of wars is always accomplished in two 
 ways, by taxation and by borrowing. Our government has 
 obtained some money by taxation. Big industries must give 
 a share of their profits toward carrying on the war; my 
 father must contribute a certain percentage of his income; 
 even I must pay a small tax on my "movie" tickets. But 
 the government can not procure by taxation enough money 
 for its needs without placing too heavy a burden on its citi- 
 zens. It must borrow. ' ■ 
 
126 WAR SERVICE TEXT-BOOK 
 
 In most countries the governments borrow chiefly from 
 the wealthy. Many rich men have grown much richer 
 through lending money to their own or other nations in 
 times of war, only to get it all back, with interest, when 
 peace has been declared. War bonds are good investments. 
 They pay a high rate of interest; they are exempt, often- 
 times from taxation ; they are safe beyond all question, for 
 they have all the wealth of the nation back of them. That is 
 why wealthy people are always ready to make loans to the 
 government. They consider it a privilege to be allowed to 
 do so. But our government — the most democratic in the 
 world — is not going to have that privilege restricted to the 
 rich. The Secretary of the Treasury has made it possible 
 for even the poorest of us to lend money for financing the 
 war — in other words to buy war bonds. 
 
 Encouraged by the rapid buying of the fifty-dollar Liberty 
 Bonds by people of small means, the government is offering 
 for sale a five-dollar bond or War-Savings Stamp. If I 
 buy one of those bonds this year, it will cost me a little over 
 four dollars, but in 1923 the government will give me five 
 dollars for it. In other words, if I lend the government 
 four dollars and a few cents over, I will receive my money 
 back, m five years' time, with compound interest at four 
 per cent. 
 
 I ought to be able to save enough money for at least one 
 War-Savings Stamp. It would take only a quarter a week 
 to buy three stamps. I have saved money before— one year 
 I put away enough to buy a bicycle. Surely I can manage 
 to gather together a few dollars to lend to my country, that 
 needs it so badly. 
 
 The government has devised a plan that makes it very 
 easy for boys and girls and men and women who have not 
 
FOR INDIANA HIGH SCHOOLS 127 
 
 very much money, to save. It has provided Thrift Stamps, 
 which cost just twenty-five cents apiece. With the first 
 Thrift Stamp it gives the purchaser a Thrift Card, to which 
 sixteen stamps (four dollars' worth) can be affixed. When 
 the card is full it can be exchanged, with a few cents ad- 
 ditional, for a War-Savings Stamp worth five dollars. With 
 this stamp is issued a War-Savings Certificate, with space 
 for nineteen additional stamps. I do not need to fill this 
 certificate; but in 1923 I shall receive five dollars for each 
 War-Savings Stamp I put on it. 
 
 Yesterday, a neighbor gave me twenty-five cents for shov- 
 eling the snow off the walks. I am going to use that quarter 
 to buy my first Thrift Stamp. If I can not fight with bayonet 
 and bullets, I can fight with dollars — and I am going to ! 
 It is the very least that I can do for my country. 
 
 After all, it is not a great deal for me to do. By buying 
 War-Savings Stamps I am helping myself as well as the 
 government. I am saving and I am earning, I am forming 
 a good habit of thrift and I am investing money at an ex- 
 cellent rate of interest. 
 
 I must do more than buy Thrift Stamps and War-Savings 
 Certificates for myself. I must join in the campaign to per- 
 suade others to buy them. In order to reach every possible 
 purchaser in the United States, the country has been di- 
 vided into six districts, each in charge of a central com- 
 mittee, with subcommittees for the various states, to direct 
 the distribution and sale of the stamps. To my district, the 
 North Central, including the states of Indiana, Illinois, Wis- 
 consin, Michigan, Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota 
 and Montana, has been allotted the largest task of all — the 
 selling of $432,738,140 worth of War-Savings Stamps. The 
 War-Savings committee of my own state, Indiana, must 
 
128 WAR SERVICE TEXT-BOOK 
 
 dispose of about sixty million dollars' worth. I must help 
 in the task. 
 
 I can help, at very little trouble to myself, by persuading 
 others to start Thrift Cards — by encouraging my school 
 friends and my neighbors to enlist in a great Thrift Army. 
 That army will fight with dollars — will help to win the war. 
 If I did not join the Thrift Army I should feel myself to be 
 a slacker. A country worth fighting for is surely worth sav- 
 ing for. Every one who possibly can save — and there are 
 few who can not save at least a little — is in honor bound 
 to do so. 
 
 This is my war, and I am proud to be able to take part 
 in it. The freedom of the whole world is menaced by a 
 cruel, unscrupulous tyrant. That tyrant we are seeking to 
 overthrow. The honor of my country, the safety of my 
 mother and my little sister, as well as my own rights and 
 privileges are at stake. I am fighting for my very life; and 
 I must use whatever weapon is at hand. The Thrift Stamp 
 and the War-Savings Certificates are very powerful weap- 
 ons. I can buy them anywhere — at the post-office, from the 
 principal of my school, in many stores. Each one I buy is 
 a blow at the enemy. Each one I buy means a. shortening of 
 the war, and a consequent saving of lives. I can do my "bit" 
 by lending to the government — and I am more than glad 
 to do so. 
 
THE MEANING OF THE WAR 
 Louis Howland, Litt. d. 
 
 If America and her Allies are to win this war they will 
 have to do a good deal more than defeat Germany. It will 
 be necessary for them to root out of their life all those po- 
 litical and religious principles and ideals that have for many 
 years flourished in Germany, and which, under the name of 
 kultur, have appealed so strongly to certain people in other 
 countries. The thought of the German people has expressed 
 itself in this war, and the world has with horror recoiled 
 from it. There is nothing that has been done by the Germans 
 in Belgium, France and Poland that is not in complete ac- 
 cord with their life philosophy. Perhaps never before in 
 history has a civilization so perfectly embodied itself in 
 action. We have seen kultur at work. It has been praised 
 and defended in its most extreme and cruel manifestations 
 by German preachers, scientists and university professors. 
 Whatever this kultur may be in peace, in war It is scientifi- 
 cally organized and applied cruelty and barbarism. 
 
 It is against this that the free nations of the world are 
 fighting. Whether or not we are successful in eliminating it 
 from German life, we can and must exclude it from our own 
 life, and from the life of the world outside Germany. Hu- 
 manity is at war against it because it fears and dreads it. 
 There is not a nation anywhere outside the circle of the 
 Teutonic allies that does not look on Germans trained in 
 
 129 
 
i 3 o WAR SERVICE TEXT-BOOK 
 
 this system and living by it, as bad and dangerous neighbors. 
 Such men are bound by no moral law in their political action 
 and do not pretend to be. International law simply does 
 not exist. Indeed, it has been said that the Germans would 
 recognize no international law till the time came for them 
 to frame a code of their own, which they would impose on 
 the world. Treaties are "scraps of paper." The weak have 
 no rights as against the strong. If the population of occu- 
 pied territory stands in the way of its Germanization, that 
 population is deported or exterminated. Children of enemy 
 countries are mutilated so that they may never be able to 
 serve in the army. All this is "efficiency" applied to war 
 and conquest. It is justified on the grounds of reasons of 
 state. What is alarming is, not that thousands of people are 
 tortured, maimed and murdered, but that such crimes are 
 looked on by the government and men guilty of them as 
 patriotic. It is all kultur. 
 
 As international law and treaties and Hague and Geneva 
 agreements are swept aside when they conflict with the aims 
 and ambitions of Germany, the law of humanity is abrogated. 
 Herod was no crueller to the children of Judea than the 
 German commanders have been to the children of Belgium 
 and France, indeed, to the American children who were 
 murdered on the Lusitania. The war, on the part of the 
 Allies is, therefore, a war for humanity and civilization. 
 No war ever fought was more so. President Wilson has 
 said, with rare accuracy and felicity, that we are fighting a 
 "Thing," and it is so. That thing is without heart or con- 
 science — it is, in short, kultur. There is no place in a modern 
 social order for such a system. Either it or civilization must 
 disappear. 
 
 The American people are members of a race that has for 
 
FOR INDIANA HIGH SCHOOLS 131 
 
 a thousand years been toiling and struggling for liberty. 
 From Magna Charta down the movement toward liberty 
 has been steady and persistent. In Indiana to-day all the 
 statutes of England enacted prior to the fourth year of 
 James I, with certain specified exceptions, are the law of 
 the state, as much so as they would have been if enacted 
 by our own legislature. All our great institutions safe- 
 guarding liberty we get from England. No race or nation 
 discovered liberty. All men have known something of it, 
 and all have longed for it. But it is the glory of the English 
 race that it wrote it into the law, upheld it against tyrants, 
 built institutions to guard it, and applied it practically to 
 life. No race 'has rendered a greater service to the world. 
 It was for this liberty that our fathers fought in the Revolu- 
 tion. Their contention was that a German king of England 
 denied to Americans the liberties of Englishmen. Such are 
 our traditions, and they must be upheld against German 
 kultur. 
 
 France, too, has rendered great service to the sacred cause 
 of liberty. In the closing years of the eighteenth century 
 her philosophers and soldiers spread the revolutionary gospel 
 throughout Europe. Crowned heads trembled before the 
 republican armies. Our own leaders were greatly influenced 
 by such men as Rousseau, this being notably true of Jeffer- 
 son. The French battle-cry, "liberty, equality and fra- 
 ternity," stirred men to the depth of their souls. Wherever 
 the republican armies went — and for years this was true of 
 the Napoleonic armies — they were welcomed everywhere 
 by the people as friends. In no country is the principle of 
 equality as completely recognized as in France. To her, free 
 men everywhere owe a debt they can never hope to repay. 
 To turn for leadership from her to the kaiser and the crown 
 
132 WAR SERVICE TEXT-BOOK 
 
 prince, and their hirelings in pulpit and university chair, 
 would be an act of madness. America's contributions to the 
 movement of the human spirit toward liberty have been 
 great. We fought two wars with England for our own 
 liberty, and one with Spain for the liberty of another people. 
 Whenever men in any part of the world have turned their 
 faces toward freedom, they have always had our sympathy, 
 and such cooperation as we could give. Distressed though 
 we all were by Russia's collapse, our president was quick to 
 speak a word of encouragement, and our government re- 
 fused to be a party to any plan that even seemed to be in- 
 spired with hostility to the Russian people. We have written 
 the old freedom — amplified considerably — that we brought 
 with us from England into our great charters, the Declara- 
 tion of Independence and our national and state con- 
 stitutions. 
 
 These three nations stand for humanity, law, national 
 good faith, liberty, the dignity of manhood and womanhood, 
 and democracy. In all of them the people are the rulers, 
 with power to make and unmake governments. America, in 
 particular, is the land of opportunity, and is eagerly sought 
 by men from all lands, even by Germans who were unable 
 to bear the yoke their fathers bore. This is the land of hope 
 and aspiration. Many of our defects are simply the price we 
 pay for liberty, individual independence and initiative — 
 great blessings all. It is not denied that slavery is a dis- 
 cipline — but so is freedom, which is also a good in itself. 
 
 The war is not one between two groups of nations, but 
 between one nation and the rest of the world — really between 
 the medieval and the modern worlds. The race has reached 
 a turning point in its history. The crisis is the gravest that 
 it has ever faced. Bulwer says in his novel, The Last of the 
 
FOR INDIANA HIGH SCHOOLS 133 
 
 Barons, that the victory of Edward IV over Warwick was 
 the victory of the modern man. The triumph of America, 
 Great Britain and France, with their Allies, over Germany, 
 will be the triumph of the modern spirit. We may hope that 
 Germany will be "The Last of the Barons." Her system is 
 like her own poisoned gas, deadly to liberty and to all the 
 other great and lifting ideals by which the free nations are 
 inspired. We can not consent to go through life wearing 
 gas masks — we must get rid of the gas. The Germans 
 themselves, if they are wise, and know "the things that be- 
 long unto their peace/' will join in the work of emancipating 
 man's spirit. 
 
 But whatever course they may take, the duty of Ameri- 
 cans is plain. They dare not turn from Runnymede, the 
 Place de la Concorde, Bunker Hill and Independence Hall 
 to the Mark of Brandenburg, which gave birth to the Hohen- 
 zollerns and their systems. The freedom, safety and happi- 
 ness of the world depend on the decision. At the suggestion 
 of a British prime minister we interposed the Monroe Doc- 
 trine between the free peoples of this hemisphere and a 
 system only less vicious than that of Germany. Now it is 
 suggested by Lord Bryce that there ought to be a Monroe 
 Doctrine for the world. Certainly liberty must be made se- 
 cure, and the independence of little peoples respected. There 
 must be some effort to make right, rather than might, the law. 
 States must be the servants of the people, and not their mas- 
 ters. The diplomacy of the bully, the spy, the briber and 
 the dynamiter must be rooted out. There must be the fullest 
 recognition of the truth that the earth belongs to the people 
 who live on it, and not to self -selected shepherds of man- 
 kind claiming to hold their commissions directly from Al- 
 mighty God. 
 
i 3 4 WAR SERVICE TEXT-BOOK 
 
 By far the most important phase of the war is the spiri- 
 tual. For that reason a complete victory can not be won by 
 arms. The educator must supplement and carry forward 
 the work of the soldier. Had St. Paul's words been written 
 yesterday they could not have applied more startlingly to 
 the present situation: "For we wrestle not against flesh 
 and blood, but against principalities, against powers, against 
 the rulers of the darkness of this world, against spiritual 
 wickedness in high places." These are the enemies that must 
 be vanquished. Evil spiritual impulses and influences must 
 be met with spiritual weapons. The apostle continues : 
 "Stand, therefore, having your loins girt about with truth, 
 and having on the breastplate of righteousness; And your 
 feet shod with the preparation of the gospel of peace; Above 
 all, taking the shield of faith, wherewith ye shall be able to 
 quench all the fiery darts of the wicked." Man's task is to 
 exorcise a foul and wicked spirit. That is the work of the 
 preacher and teacher, and not of the soldier. But it is not 
 enough to drive out the evil spirit, and leave the house empty. 
 We must put a good spirit in its place. America is dedicated 
 in the most solemn way to individualism and liberty, to the 
 freedom of the Anglican race — and to its culture. Both are 
 our inheritance. The safety and happiness of the race de- 
 pend on the triumph of Anglican liberty. The war is one 
 between kultur and culture, between "sweet reasonableness'" 
 and the goose-step. We must unlearn much. Teachers must 
 make it clear that English and American history are con- 
 tinuous, and that the ideals of the two peoples are the same. 
 There can be no peace that does not bring with it the triumph 
 of this ancient and ordered liberty over Teutonism. We 
 must be true to the old tradition, which runs back to the day 
 of the landing of the Germanic tribes in Britain. The possi- 
 
FOR INDIANA HIGH SCHOOLS 135 
 
 bility of infection with Teutonism will not end with the 
 war. We must guard against it. But if we are to win the 
 victory we must realize with St. Paul that "the weapons of 
 our warfare are not carnal, but mighty through God to the 
 pulling down of strongholds. " Truth, boldly proclaimed and 
 bravely lived, is the only antidote for falsehood. 
 
TEXT OF PRESIDENT WILSON'S ADDRESS TO 
 
 THE UNITED STATES CONGRESS, 
 
 DECEMBER 3, 1917 
 
 Gentlemen of the Congress — Eight months have elapsed 
 since I last had the honor of addressing - you. They have 
 been months crowded with events of immense and grave 
 significance for us. I shall not undertake to detail or even 
 to summarize those events. 
 
 The practical particulars of the part we have played in 
 them will be laid before you in the reports of the executive 
 departments. I shall discuss only our present outlook 
 upon these vast affairs, our present duties and the immedi- 
 ate means of accomplishing the objects we shall hold 
 always in view. 
 
 Scrutiny of Objectives 
 
 I shall not go back to debate the causes of the war. 
 The intolerable wrongs done and planned against us by 
 the sinister masters of Germany have long since become 
 too grossly obvious and odious to every true American to 
 need to be rehearsed. But I shall ask you to consider again 
 and with a very grave scrutiny our objectives and the 
 measures by which we mean to attain them ; for the pur- 
 pose of discussion here in this place is action and our 
 action must move straight towards definite ends. 
 
 Our object is, of course, to zvin the war and we shall not 
 slacken or suffer ourselves to be diverted until it is won. 
 
 136 
 
FOR INDIANA HIGH SCHOOLS 137 
 
 But it is worth while asking and answering the question, 
 when shall we consider the war won? 
 
 From one point of view it is not necessary to broach this 
 fundamental matter. I do not doubt that the American 
 people know what the war is about and what sort of an 
 outcome they will regard as a realization of their purpose 
 in it. As a nation we are united in spirit and intention. I 
 pay little heed to those who tell me otherwise. I hear the 
 voices of dissent — who does not? I hear the criticism and 
 the clamor of the noisily thoughtless and troublesome. 
 
 Sees Impotent Disloyalty 
 
 I also see men here and there fling themselves in impo- 
 tent disloyalty against the calm, indomitable power of the 
 nation. I hear men debate peace who understand neither 
 its nature nor the way in which we may attain it with up- 
 lifted eyes and unbroken spirits. But I know that none of 
 these speaks for the nation. They do not touch the heart 
 of anything. They may safely be left to strut their uneasy 
 hour and be forgotten. 
 
 But from another point of view I believe that it is neces- 
 sary to say plainly what we here at the seat of action con- 
 sider the war to be for and what part we mean to play in 
 the settlement of its searching issues. We are the spokesmen 
 of the American people and they have a right to know 
 whether their purpose is ours. They desire peace by the 
 overcoming of evil, by the defeat once for all of the sinister 
 forces that interrupt peace and render it impossible and they 
 zvish to know how closely our thought runs with theirs and 
 what action we propose. 
 
i 3 8 WAR SERVICE TEXT-BOOK 
 
 Clear Purpose Demanded 
 
 They are impatient with those who desire peace by any 
 sort of compromise — deeply and indignantly impatient — but 
 they will be equally impatient with us if we do not make 
 it plain to them what our objectives are and what we are 
 planning for in seeking to make conquest of peace by arms. 
 
 / believe that I speak for them when I say two things: 
 First, that this intolerable Thing of which the masters of 
 Germany have shown its the ugly face, this menace of com- 
 bined intrigue and force which we now see so clearly as the 
 German power, a Tiling without conscience or honor or 
 capacity for covenanted peace, must be crushed and, if it 
 be not utterly brought to an end, at least shut out from the 
 friendly intercourse of the nations; and, second, that when 
 this Thing and its power are indeed defeated and the time 
 comes that we can discuss peace — when the German people 
 have spokesmen whose word we can believe and when those 
 spokesmen are ready in the name of their people to accept 
 the common judgment of the nations as to what shall hence- 
 forth be the basis of law and of covenant for the life of the 
 world — we shall be willing and glad to pay the full price for 
 peace and pay it ungrudgingly. We know what that price 
 will be. It will be full, impartial justice — justice done at 
 every point and to every nation that the final settlement 
 must affect, our enemies as well as our friends. 
 
 Voices of Humanity 
 
 You catch, with me, the voices of humanity that are in 
 the air. They grow daily more audible, more articulate, more 
 persuasive, and they come from the hearts of men every- 
 
FOR INDIANA HIGH SCHOOLS 139 
 
 where. They insist that the war shall not end in vindictive 
 action of any kind ; that no nation or people shall be robbed 
 or punished because the irresponsible rulers of a single 
 country have themselves done deep and abominable wrong. 
 
 Autocracy's .Intrigue 
 
 It is this thought that has been expressed in the formula 
 "No annexations, no contributions, no punitive indemni- 
 ties." Just because this crude formula expresses the in- 
 stinctive judgment as to right of plain men everywhere it 
 has been made diligent use of by the masters of German 
 intrigue to lead the people of Russia astray and the people 
 of every other country their agents could reach, in order 
 that a premature peace might be brought about before au- 
 tocracy has been taught its final and convincing lesson and 
 the people of the world put in control of their own destinies. 
 
 But the fact that a wrong use has been made of a just 
 idea is no reason why a right use should not be made of it. 
 It ought to be brought under the patronage of its real 
 friends. 
 
 Let it be said again that autocracy must first be shown 
 the utter futility of its claims to power or leadership in the 
 modern world. It is impossible to apply any standard of 
 justice so long as such forces are unchecked and undefeated 
 as the present masters of Germany command. Not until 
 that has been done can right be set up as arbiter and peace- 
 maker among the nations. 
 
 But when that has been done — as, God willing, it as- 
 suredly will be — we shall at last be free to do an unpre- 
 cedented thing and this is the time to avow our purpose 
 to do it. 
 
140 WAR SERVICE TEXT-BOOK 
 
 We shall be free to base peace on generosity and justice, 
 to the exclusion of all selfish claims to advantage even on 
 the part of the victors. 
 
 Let there be no misunderstanding. Our present and im- 
 mediate task is to win the war and nothing shall turn us 
 aside from it until it is accomplished. Every power and re- 
 source we possess, whether of men, of money or of mate- 
 rials is being devoted and will continue to be devoted to that 
 purpose until it is achieved. Those who desire to bring 
 peace about before that purpose is achieved, I counsel to 
 carry their advice elsewhere. We will not entertain it. We 
 shall regard the war as won only when the German people 
 say to us, through properly accredited representatives, that 
 they are ready to agree to a settlement based upon justice 
 and the reparation of the wrongs their rulers have done. 
 
 They have done a wrong to Belgium which must be 
 repaired. 
 
 Power Must Be Broken 
 
 They have established a power over other lands and peo- 
 ples than their own — over the great empire of Austria- 
 Hungary, .over hitherto free Balkan states, over Turkey and 
 within Asia, which must be relinquished. 
 
 Germany's success by skill, by industry, by knowledge, 
 by enterprise we did not grudge or oppose, but admired 
 rather. She had built up for herself a real empire of trade 
 and influence, secured by the peace of the world. We were 
 content to abide the rivalries of manufacture, science and 
 commerce that were involved for us in her success and 
 stand or fall as we had or did not have the brains and the 
 initiative to surpass her. 
 
FOR INDIANA HIGH SCHOOLS 141 
 
 But at the moment when she had conspicuously won her 
 triumphs of peace she threw them away, to establish in their 
 stead what the world will no longer permit to be established, 
 military and political dominion by arms, by which to oust 
 where she could not excel the rivals she most feared and 
 hated. 
 
 The peace we make must remedy that wrong. It must de- 
 liver the once fair lands and happy peoples of Belgium and 
 northern France from the Prussian conquest and the Prus- 
 sian menace, but it must also deliver the peoples of Austria- 
 Hungary, the peoples of the Balkans and the peoples of 
 Turkey alike in Europe and in Asia, from the impudent 
 and alien domination of the Prussian military and com- 
 mercial autocracy. 
 
 We owe it, however, to ourselves to say that we do not 
 wish in any way to impair or to rearrange the Austro- 
 Hungarian empire. It is no affair of ours what they dc 
 with their own life, either industrially or politically. 
 
 No Desire to Dictate 
 
 We did not purpose or desire to dictate to them in any 
 way. We only desire to see that their affairs are left in their 
 own hands, in all matters, great or small. We shall hope to 
 secure for the peoples of the Balkan peninsula and for the 
 people of the Turkish empire the right and opportunity to 
 make their own lives safe, their own fortunes secure against 
 oppression or injustice and from the dictation of foreign 
 courts or parties. 
 
 And our attitude and purpose with regard to Germany 
 herself are of a like kind. We intend no wrong against the 
 German empire, no interference with her internal affairs. 
 
142 WAR SERVICE TEXT-BOOK 
 
 We should deem either the one or the other absolutely un- 
 justifiable, absolutely contrary to the principles we have pro- 
 fessed to live by and to hold most sacred throughout our 
 life as a nation. 
 
 United States Fights for Germans 
 
 The people of Germany are being told by the men whom 
 they now permit to deceive them and to act as their masters 
 that they are fighting for the very life and existence of 
 their empire, a war of desperate self-defense against delib- 
 erate aggression. Nothing could be more grossly or wan- 
 tonly false, and we must seek by the utmost openness and 
 candor as to our real aims to convince them of its falseness. 
 We are in fact fighting for their emancipation from fear, 
 along with our own, from the fear as well as from the fact 
 of unjust attack by neighbors or rivals or schemers after 
 world empire. No one is threatening the existence or the 
 independence or the peaceful enterprise of the German 
 empire. 
 
 The worst that can happen to the detriment of the German 
 people is this, that if they should still, after the war is over, 
 continue to be obliged to live under ambitious and intriguing 
 masters interested to disturb the peace of the world, man or 
 classes of men whom the other peoples of the world could 
 not trust, it might be impossible to admit them to the part- 
 nership of nations which must henceforth guarantee the 
 world's peace. That partnership must be a partnership of 
 peoples, not a mere partnership of governments. It might 
 be impossible, also, in such untoward circumstances, to 
 admit Germany to the free economic intercourse which 
 must inevitably spring out of the other partnerships of a 
 
FOR INDIANA HIGH SCHOOLS 143 
 
 real peace. But there would be no aggression in that; and 
 such a situation, inevitable because of distrust, would in the 
 very nature of things sooner or later cure itself by processes 
 which would assuredly set in. 
 
 Wrongs Must Be Righted 
 
 The wrongs, the very deep wrongs committed in this war, 
 will have to be righted. But they can not and must not be 
 righted by the commission of similar wrongs against Ger- 
 many and her allies. The world will not permit the commis- 
 sion of similar wrongs as a means of reparation and settle- 
 ment. Statesmen must by this time have learned that the 
 opinion of the world is everywhere wideawake and fully 
 comprehends the issues involved. No representative of any 
 self -governed nation will dare disregard it by attempting 
 any such covenants of selfishness and compromise as were 
 entered into at the congress of Vienna. The thought of the 
 plain people here and everywhere throughout the world, the 
 people who enjoy no privilege and have very simple and un- 
 sophisticated standards of right and wrong, is the air all 
 governments must henceforth breathe if they would live. 
 It is in the full disclosing light of that thought that all poli- 
 cies must be conceived and executed in this midday hour of 
 the world's life. 
 
 Germans Upset Peace 
 
 German rulers have been able to upset the peace of the 
 world only because the German people were not suffered 
 under their tutelage to share the comradeship of the other 
 peoples of the world either in thought or in purpose. They 
 
144 WAR SERVICE TEXT-BOOK 
 
 were allowed to have no opinion of their own which might 
 be set up as a rule for conduct for those who exercised au- 
 thority over them. But the congress that concludes this 
 war will feel the full strength of the tides that run now in 
 the hearts and consciences of free men everywhere. Its 
 conclusions will run with those tides. 
 
 All these things have been true from the very beginning 
 of this stupendous war, and I can not help thinking that if 
 they had been made plain at the very outset the sympathy 
 and enthusiasm of the Russian people might have been once 
 for all enlisted on the side of the Allies, suspicion and dis- 
 trust swept away, and a real and lasting union of purposes 
 effected. Had they believed these things at the very moment 
 of their revolution and had they been confirmed in that be- 
 lief since, the sad reverses which have recently marked the 
 progress of their affairs toward an ordered and stable gov- 
 ernment of free men might have been avoided. 
 
 The Russian people have been poisoned by the very same 
 falsehoods that have kept the German people in the dark, 
 and the poison has been administered by the very same 
 hands. The only possible antidote is the truth. It can not be 
 uttered too plainly or too often. 
 
 His Duty to Speak 
 
 From every point of view, therefore, it has seemed to be 
 my duty to speak these declarations of purposes, to add 
 these specific interpretations to what I took the liberty of 
 saying to the senate in January. Our entrance into the war 
 has not altered our attitude toward the settlement that must 
 come when it is over. When I said, in January, that the 
 nations of the world were entitled not only to free pathways 
 
FOR INDIANA HIGH SCHOOLS 145 
 
 upon the sea, but also to assured and unmolested access to 
 those pathways I was thinking, and I am thinking now, not 
 of the smaller and weaker nations alone, which need our 
 countenance and support, but also of the great and powerful 
 nations, and of our present enemies, as well as our present 
 associates in the war. I was thinking, and am thinking 
 now, of Austria herself, among the rest, as well as of Serbia 
 and of Poland. Justice and equality of rights can be had 
 only at a great price. 
 
 We are seeking permanent, not temporary, foundations 
 for the peace of the world, and must seek them candidly and 
 fearlessly. As always, the right will prove to be the ex- 
 pedient. 
 
 All Obstacles Must Go 
 
 What shall we do, then, to push this great war of freedom 
 and justice to its righteous conclusion? We must clear 
 away with a thorough hand all impediments to success and 
 we must make every adjustment of law that will facilitate 
 the full and free use of our whole capacity and force as a 
 fighting unit. 
 
 One very embarrassing obstacle that stands in our way 
 is that we are at war with Germany but not with her allies. 
 I, therefore, very earnestly recommend that the congress im- 
 mediately declare a state of war with Austria-Hungary. 
 
 Does it seem strange to you that this should be the con- 
 clusion of argument I have just addressed to you. It is not. 
 It is, in fact, the inevitable logic of what I have said. Austria- 
 Hungary is, for the time being, not her own mistress, but 
 simply the vassal of the German government. We must face 
 
i 4 6 WAR SERVICE TEXT-BOOK 
 
 the facts as they are and act upon them without sentiment 
 in this stern business. 
 
 The government of Austria-Hungary is not acting upon 
 its own initiative or in response to the wishes and feelings 
 of its own peoples, but as the instrument of another nation. 
 
 Other Nations Are Tools 
 
 We must meet its force with our own and regard the 
 central powers as but one. The war can be successfully con- 
 ducted in no other way. The same logic would lead also to 
 a declaration of war against Turkey and Bulgaria. They 
 also are the tools of Germany. But they are mere tools, and 
 do not yet stand in the direct path of our necessary action. 
 
 We shall go wherever the necessities of this war carry us, 
 but it seems to me that we should go only where immediate 
 and practical considerations lead us and not heed any 
 others. 
 
 The financial and military measures which must be 
 adopted will suggest themselves as the war and its under- 
 takings develop, but I will take the liberty of proposing to 
 you certain other acts of legislation which seem to me to 
 be needed for the support of the war and for the -release 
 of our whole force and energy. 
 
 Regarding Alien Enemies 
 
 It will be necessary to extend in certain particulars the 
 legislation of the last session with regard to alien enemies; 
 and also necessary, I believe, to create a very definite and 
 particular control over the entrance and departure of all 
 persons into and from the United States. 
 
FOR INDIANA HIGH SCHOOLS 147 
 
 Legislation should be enacted denning as a criminal of- 
 fense every wilful violation of the presidential proclama- 
 tions relating to alien enemies, promulgated under Section 
 4067 of the revised statutes, and providing appropriate 
 punishment; and women as well as men should be in- 
 cluded under the terms of the acts placing restraints upon 
 alien enemies. It is likely that as time goes on "many alien 
 enemies will be willing to be fed and housed at the expense 
 of the government in the detention camps and it would be 
 the purpose of the legislation I have suggested to confine 
 offenders among them in penitentiaries and other similar 
 institutions where they could be made to work as other crim- 
 inals do. 
 
 Recent experience has convinced me that the congress 
 must go further in authorizing the government to set limits 
 to prices. The law of supply and demand, I am sorry to 
 say, has been replaced by the law of unrestrained selfishness. 
 While we have eliminated profiteering in several branches 
 of industry, it still runs impudently rampant in others. 
 
 Farmers Complain Justly 
 
 The farmers, for example, complain with a great deal of 
 justice that, while the regulation of food prices restricts 
 their incomes, no restraints are placed upon the prices of 
 most of the things they must themselves purchase; and 
 similar inequities obtain on all sides. 
 
 It is imperatively necessary that the consideration of full 
 use of the water power of the country and also the 
 consideration of the systematic and yet economical de- 
 velopment of such of the natural resources of the country 
 as are still under the control of the federal government 
 
i 4 8 WAR SERVICE TEXT-BOOK 
 
 should be immediately resumed and affirmatively and con- 
 structively dealt with at the earliest possible moment. The 
 pressing need of such legislation is daily becoming more 
 obvious. 
 
 The legislation proposed at the last session with regard to 
 regulated combinations among our exporters, in order to 
 provide for our foreign trade a more effective organization 
 and method of cooperation, ought by all means to be com- 
 pleted at this session. 
 
 And I beg that the members of the house of representa- 
 tives' will permit me to express the opinion that it will be 
 impossible to deal in any way but a very wasteful and ex- 
 travagant fashion with the enormous appropriations for the 
 public moneys which must continue to be made, if the war 
 is to be properly sustained, unless the house will consent to 
 return to its former practise of initiating and preparing all 
 appropriation bills through a single committee, in order that 
 responsibility may be centered, expenditures standardised 
 and made uniform and waste and duplication as much as 
 possible avoided. 
 
 Additional legislation may also become necessary before 
 the present congress again adjourns in order to effect the 
 most efficient coordination and operation of the railway 
 and other transportation systems of the country,. but to that 
 I shall, if circumstances should demand, call the attention 
 of congress upon another occasion. 
 
 If I have overlooked anything that ought to.be done for 
 the more effective conduct of the war, your own counsels 
 will supply the omission. 
 
 Whai I am perfectly clear about is that in the present 
 session of the congress our whole attention and energy 
 
FOR INDIANA HIGH SCHOOLS 149 
 
 should be concentrated on the vigorous and rapid and suc- 
 cessfid prosecution of the great task of winning the war. 
 
 Ideals Permit of Zeal 
 
 We can do this with all the greater zeal and enthusiasm 
 because we know that for us this is a war of high principle, 
 debased by no selfish ambition of conquest or spoliation; 
 because we know, and all the world knows, that we have 
 been forced into it to save the very institutions we live under 
 from corruption and destruction. 
 
 The purposes of the central powers strike straight at the 
 very heart of everything we believe in; their methods of 
 warfare outrage every principle of humanity and of knightly 
 honor; their intrigue has corrupted the very thought and 
 spirit of many of our people ; their sinister and secret di- 
 plomacy has sought to take our very territory away from us 
 and disrupt the Union of the states. Our safety would be 
 at an end, our honor forever sullied and brought into con- 
 tempt were we to permit their triumph. They are striking 
 at the very existence of democracy and liberty. 
 
 War of High Purpose 
 
 It is because it is for us a war of high, disinterested pur- 
 pose, in which all the free peoples of the world are banded 
 together for. the vindication of right, a war for the preserva- 
 tion of our nation and of all that it has held dear of prin- 
 ciple and of purpose, that we feel ourselves doubly con- 
 strained to propose for its outcome only that which is 
 righteous and of irreproachable intention, for our foes as 
 well as for our friends. The cause being just and holy, the 
 
ISO WAR SERVICE TEXT-BOOK 
 
 settlement must be of like nature and quality. For this we 
 can fight, but for nothing less noble or less worthy of our 
 traditions. 
 
 For this cause we entered the war and for this cause will 
 we battle until the last gun is fired. 
 
 / have spoken plainly, because this seems to me the time 
 when it is most necessary to speak plainly, in order that all 
 the world may know that even in the heat and ardor of the 
 struggle, and when our whole thought is of carrying the war 
 through to its end, we have not forgotten any ideal or prin- 
 ciple for which the name of America has been held in honor 
 among the nations, and for which it has been our glory to 
 contend in the great generations that went before us. 
 
 A supreme moment of history has come. The eyes of the 
 people have been opened and they see. The hand of God 
 is laid upon the nations. He will show them favor, I de- 
 voutly believe, only if they rise to the clear heights of His 
 own justice and mercy. 
 
THE STAR-SPANGLED BANNER 
 
 Francis Scott Key 
 
 Oh ! say, can you see, by the dawn's early light, 
 
 What so proudly we hailed at the twilight's last gleaming ; 
 Whose broad stripes and bright stars through the perilous fight, 
 
 O'er the ramparts we watched, were so gallantly streaming. 
 And the rocket's red glare, the bombs bursting in air, 
 
 Gave proof through the night that our flag was still there. 
 Oh, say, does the Star Spangled Banner yet wave 
 
 O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave? 
 
 On that shore dimly seen through the mists of the deep, 
 
 Where the foe's haughty host in dread silence reposes, 
 What is that which the breeze, o'er the towering steep, 
 
 As it fitfully blows, half conceals, half discloses? 
 Now it catches the gleam of the morning's first beam, 
 
 In full glory reflected now shines on the stream ; 
 'Tis the Star Spangled Banner, oh, long may it wave 
 
 O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave ! 
 
 And where is that band who so vauntingly swore, 
 
 That the havoc of war and the battle's confusion, 
 A home and a country should leave us no more? 
 
 Their blood has washed out their foul footsteps pollution. 
 No refuge could save the hireling and slave 
 
 From the terror of flight or the gloom of the grave; 
 And the Star Spangled Banner in triumph shall wave 
 
 O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave. 
 
 Oh ! thus be it ever, when free men shall stand 
 
 Between their loved homes and the war's desolation, 
 Blessed with victory and peace, may the heav'n-rescued land, 
 
 Praise the Power that has made and preserved us a nation ! 
 Then conquer we must, when our cause it is just, 
 
 And this be our motto, "In God is our trust." 
 And the Star Spangled Banner in triumph shall wave 
 
 O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave! 
 
 151 
 
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