Class. Book-JXuiL Ccpi^M?- COBaaGHT DEPOSIT. ^rA^^^^^C -^^ ^^'' HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE BY JOHN N. MCCLINTOCK BOSTON B. B. RUSSELL, Cornhill Copyright, i88», By John N. McClintock- JHOonqtjm press, "^Soston. To H/S EXCELLENCY CHARLES H. SAWYER, Governor of New Hampshire, This work is respectfttlly dedicated by the AUTHOR. ERRATA. Page 21. For • Mohesran" read " Moiihesran." ' 39 * 40 ' 58 ' 69. ' 71 ' 76 ■ 91 ' 108 For " Cape Anne " read " Cape Ann." For " Rev. William Burdet " read " Rev. George Burilet." Title of illustration should read " Mouse of the Seven- teenth Century." For " George" read " Governor." For " Rev. James Langdon" read " R<.\ . S.muiel Langdoii." Illustration, " First Fort at the mouth of the Piscata- qua," was omitted. Illustration, " The Bell House, New Castle." was omittetl. Illustration, "Our Alley," was omitted. PREFACE. The Author and Compiler of this work desired to produce a book of reference for the home, for the ofifice, and for the public library, which would be available for the student and of interest to the general reader. For his facts he has drawn liberally upon Rev. Dr. Jeremy Belknap's History of New Hampshire, George Barstow's History, John M. Whiton's His- tory, Prof. E. D. Sanborn's History; the ten volumes of the Provincial and State Papers, edited by Rev. Dr. Nathaniel Bou- ton ; the six volumes edited by Lsaac W. Hammond, A. M. ; the eight volumes issued by the New Hampshire Historical Society; the three volumes, published by p-armer and Moore; the five volumes of the Adjutant-General's Reports, 1865, 1866, and 1868; Major Otis F. R. Waite's New Hampshire in the Rebellion ; the Life of William Plumer ; the Life of Jeremiah Mason ; the works of John Scribner Jenness ; the many town histories, county histories, and registers ; Manuscript Records in the Office of the Secretary of State ; Official Succession, by Hosea B. Carter; the Author's unpublished History of Pem- broke ; and the eleven volumes of the Granite Monthly. From the last he has taken bodily many sentences, paragraphs, and whole articles, which he considered especially worthy of repro. duction, from the pen of ex-Governor Charles H. Bell, LL. D. ; Samuel C. Bartlett, LL. D., President of Dartmouth College ; ex-Chief Justice J. Everett Sargent, LL. D. ; ex-Judge George W. Nesmith, LL. D. ; Hon. Joseph B. Walker ; Hon. Charles Levi Woodbury ; Mr. George Wadleigh ; General George Stark ; Rev. Dr. Alonzo H. Quint ; Mr. John Albee ; L. A. Morrison, A. M. ; Mr. Fred Myron Colby ; Mr. C. S. Spaulding ; Rev. Dr. F. D. Ayer ; Jolm M. Shirley, Esq. ; Rev. Dr. C. W. Wallace; Mr. Asa McFarland ; Mr. C. C. Lord; Dr. William G. Carter ; Rev. Daniel Rollins ; Mr. W. F. Whitcher ; Mr. L. W. Dodge ; and many others, — proper credit to whom is given in footnotes. By an oversight, several corrections were not made as marked in the proof, and errors have been printed in the whole edition but are noted among the Errata. Necessarily many facts and events of interest in New Hamp- shire history have been omitted ; many have simply been alluded to which would require many pages for their proper recital. There is enough history connected with every town in the State to require a large volume to contain it. A history of every regimental organization during the Rebellion should be, and is to be, printed. Hon. Charles H. Bell is preparing a History of the Bench and Bar of New Hampshire ; and Dr. Irving A. Watson is to issue an account of the doctors and the medical profession of the State. This work, such as it is, is submitted to the Public with the hope, on the Author's part, that it will be kindly received, and awaken an interest in historical research and in the preservation of the history of New Hampshire. J. N. M. CONTENTS, CHAPTER I. Discovery and Settleiments. 1623-1641. Pago Introduction — Description — Early Voyagers — Martin Pring — Cap- tain Jolin Smitli — Winter Fislieries — Aborigines — Virginia- — Coun- cil of Plynioutli — Sir Ferdinando Gorges — Captain Jolin Mason- — Mariana — Maine — David Ttiomson — Tlie Hiltons — First Settle- ment — Little Harbor — Dover Neck — Landing — Character — Pro- gress — Thomas Morton — Massachusetts Charter — New Hampshire Grant — Laconia — Hilton's Patent — Isles of Shoals — Piscataqua Grant — Walter Neal — White Mountains — Dixy Bull — Division of Patent — Death of Mason — Thomas Wiggin — Dover — Captain John Underbill — Rev. John Wheelwright — Exeter — Rev. Stephen Batchelor — Hampton — Union with Massachusetts .... 17 CHAPTER II. Union with Mass.\chvsetts, 1641-1679. Laws — Courts — Judges — Masonian Claim — Deputies — Magistrates — Dover — Norfolk County — Town Lines — Roads — Portsmouth — Survey of Northern Boundary — Endicott Rock — Market — Dun- stable — Witchcraft — Quakers — King's Commissioners — Corbet — Masts — Sabbath Laws — Harvard College — Oyster River — Indian War — Effect of Union — Church History: Hampton — Exeter — Dover — -Portsmouth — Massachusetts Governors — Magistrates and Deputies 49 CHAPTER III. Kii G Philip's War, 1675-1678. Long Peace — Character of Indians — Edward Randolph — French — Dutch — New York — Mohawks — Causes of War — Indian Vices — - Sachem Philip — Mount Hope — Rum — Indian Shortcomings — Lic- ensing the Sale of Arms — Loss to the Colonies — Loss to the Indians — Philip's Straits — Terms of Peace — French Estimate of Indian 8 CONTENTS. I'JBS! Character — Kindness to Qiiakers — Injustice to Indians — Indian Youth anxious for War — Squando — Insult to Squaw — Attitude of" I'enacooks and Cochecos — Praying Indians — Their Loss — Murder of their Old People — Indian Depredations in New Hampshire — Peace — Death of Philip — Simon, Andrew, and Peter — War in Maine — Treachery at Major Waldron's Garrison — Expedition to Ossipee — Mohawks warring on Friendly Indians — Defeat at Black Point — Major Andros and Peace — Independence of the Colonists — St. Castine 77 CHAPTER IV. Royal Province, 16S0-1692. Condition of affairs — John Cutt — Council — Assembly — Laws — Cafital Offences — Penal Offences — Grants Confirmed — Randolph — Barefoote — Mason — Richard Waldron — ■ Tax-Payers in New Hampshire — Cranfield — Edward Gove's Rebellion — Lawsuits — Appeal to King — Riots — Joshua Moodey — Dudley — ^Andros — Re- volution — Union with Massachusetts — King William's War . . 91 CHAPTER V. KiNc; William's and Queen Anne's Wars, 16S9-1713. Causes — St. Castine — Grievances — • Richard Waldron's Death — Dover — Oyster River — Salmon Falls — Newington — Lamprey River — Wheelwright's Pond — Sandy Beach — Portsmouth — Ran- gers — Durham Massacre — Widow Cutt — Breakfast Hill — Return of Captives — Treatment of Captives — Queen Anne's War — Peace at Pemaquid — Eastern Settlements ravaged — Hampton — Kingston — Removal of Indians to Canada — Dunstable — Death of Colonel Winthrop Hilton — Peace — Condition of Parties .... 109 CHAPTER VI. Royal Province, 169.2-1715. Samuel Allen — John Usher — New Council — Small Pox — Post Office — New Castle incorporated — Kingston incorporated — William Part- ridge ^ — Piscataqua Rebellion — Earl of Bellomont — Governor Allen -—John Usher — Mutilation of Records — New Trial of Claim — Appeal to King — Joseph Dudley — Decision of English Courts — Nashua — Offers of Compromise^ Death of Allen — Renewal of Suit — New Trial — Death of Thomas Allen — Hampton Falls — Newington 121 CONTENTS. CHAPTER VII. RovAL Province, 1715-1722. I^.ige Introduction — George Vaiiglian — SanuieJ Shute — John Wentworth — Commerce — Two-Mile Slip — Scotch-Irish — Londonderry — Earl v Settlers — Chester 136 CHAPTER Vlir. Royal Province. 17J2-1740. Lieutenant-Governor John Wentworth — Governor Samuel Shute — Fourth Indian, or Lovewell's War — Indian Grievances — Depreda- tions in New Hampshire — Attack on Nashua — John Lovewell's Three Expeditions — Suncook — Peace — Penacook — Rye — Rumford — Timothy Walker — First Church of Concord — Hollis — Bow — Sun- cook Settled — Other Settlements — Newmarket — William Burnet — Jonathan Belcher — Death of Wentworth — Character — David Dun- bar — Durham — Amherst — Boscawen — Charlestown — Riot at Exe- ter — Commerce — Episcopal Chapel — Throat Distemper — .Suncook — -Boundary Line adjusted — Massachusetts Documents — Windham — -Retirement of Belcher ......... jji CHAPTER IX. Royal Province, 1741-1760. Governor Benning Wentworth — Wentworth Hall — Martha Hilton — A Cold Winter — Epping — Windham — Brentwood — French and Indian War — Louisburg — SirWilliam Pepperrell — Pepperrell House — William Vaughan — Number Four — Incorporation of various Towns — Rumford (Concord) — Wrestling Matches — Old Style and New Style — The Bow Case — Coos County — The "Seven Years' War" — -Rogers' Rangers — Rev. John Houston — An Audacious Re- connaissance — A Fierce Fight in the Woods — John Stark — Con- quest of Canada — Saint Francis Indians — Quebec and Montreal — Pontlac and Major Rogers — Rogers House 189 CHAPTER X. Royal Province, 1760-1775. Hampshire Grants — Taxation by Parliament — Stamp Act — Its Re- peal — Resignation of Governor Benning Wentworth — Governor John Wentworth — His Popularity — Early Settlers — Their Customs — Gilmanton — Marlboro — Canaan — Enfield — Lyme — Orford — Bath — Lebanon — Hanover — GolTstown — Newport — Plainfield Pa^e Danville — Peterborough — Bow Controversy — Suncook — Candia — Wilton — New Ipswich — Lisbon — Gilsum — Lancaster — Clare- mont — Wentworth — Salisbury — Milan — Berlin — Hillsborough — Fitzwilliam — Annals of Portsmouth — Paul Revere- — Capture of Fort William and Mary — Holderness and the Livermores — White- field — White Mountain Notch — Colonial Laws CHAPTER XI. The Revoi-ution, 1775-1783. Lexington — Portsmouth Fortified — Bunker Hill- — General Stark — General Reed — Nottingham — Meshech Weare — House of Repre- sentatives — Gov. John Wentworth • — Gen. John Sullivan — Siege of Boston — ExettT in 1776 — Committee of Safety — Bennington — Stillwater — Saratoga — First Schoolm.asters — Keene Raid — Free- will Baptists — Samuel Livermore and Family — .Slavery — North- field — Shakers — Canterbury — General Stark CHAPTER XII. State under First Con.stitution, 1784-1792. Constitution of 1784 — First Legislature — First President — Council — Senate — House of Representatives — Lawlessness — Trouble at Keene — Mock Convention at Concord — John Langdon — John Sullivan — Mob at Exeter — Federal Constitution — Littleton — United States Constitutional Convention — Election under Constitu- tion — Members of the Continental Congress — -Officials at Ports- mouth — Josiah Bartlett — Town of Bartlett — Orange — Revision of Statutes — Constitutional Convention — .\ncient Singing . . 401 CHAPTER XIH. State Government. 1792-1S12. John Taylor Gilman — Walpole — Mr. West — Milford — Turnpikes — Portsmouth — Methodists — Centre Harbor — Tithing Men — Death of Washington — Second New Hampshire Turnpike — ISanks — Laws — ^Judge Smith — Middlesex Canal — Judge Pickering — • Fed- eral Judges — Fourth New Hampshire Turnpike — Republicans — Post-Offices — Daniel Webster — Burnham — Navigation on the Merrimack — Embargo — Patriots — Governor Jeremiah Smith — Crow Bill —William Plumer 444 CONTENTS. II CHAPTKR XIV. War of 1S12 — 1812-181?. Page Causes of the War — Right of Search — Orders in Council — Declara- tion of War — Governor William Plumer — State Militia — Daniel Webster — Governor John Taylor Gilman — Federalists restored to Power — Change of the Judiciary — Jereiniah Mason — Defence of Portsmouth — False Alarms — Hartford Convention — Peace . . 487 CHAPTER XV. Struggle for Toleration, 1S15-1S19. The Federalists disband as a Party — Dartmouth College — September Storm — Middlesex Canal — Dartmouth University — State House — ■ Chief Justice Richardson — Daniel Webster — Baptist Denomina- tion — President Monroe's Visit — Governor Samuel Bell — Bristol — The Town House — The Toleration Act — Colonial Laws for the Support of the Ministry and Public Schools ..... 507 CHAPTER XVI. Era of Good Will, 1819-1S2S. Power-Loom at Amoskeag — .Shelburne — New Hampton Hurricane — Levi Woodbury — David L. Morril — Great Freshet — Militia — General Lafayette's Visit — The Farmer — Governor Benjamin Pierce and Family — John Bell — Franklin. ..... ^30 CH.VPTER XVII. Turnpikes, Canals, Railroads, 1S28-1S40. Journey from New Hampshire to Philadelphia — War against Turn- pikes — Matthew Harvey — Concord — Canal and River Navigation — Samuel Dinsmoor — Visit of Andrew Jackson — Murder in Pem- broke — New Hampshire Asylum for the Insane — William Badger — Nathaniel P. Rogers — Parker Pillsbury — Railroads — Isaac Hill — Surplus Revenue — Judge Boswell Stevens — End of Turnpikes — John Page — ■ Edmund Burke — James Wilson — Eastern Railroad 556 CHAPTER XVIII. Anti-slavery Agit.vtion, 1841-1860. Stephen S. Foster — Harry Hubbard — ■ Pittsburg — • Indian Stream War — John H. Steele — John P. Hale — Anthony Colby — Man- chester — Jared W. Williams — Samuel Dinsmoor, Jr. — Dr. Noah Martin — Franklin Pierce — Kansas — Countess Rumford — Nathan- iel B. Baker — Ralph Metcalf— Daniel Clark — William W. Haile — Ichabod Goodwin . — Reminiscences ....... .sSz CONTENTS. CHAPTER XIX. W.\R OF THE Rebellion, iS(')i-i865. Page Election of Abraham Lincoln — Seceding States — Firing on Sumter — First Regiment — Mason W. Tappan — Old Militia — ■ Governor's Horse Guards — Thomas L. Tullock-= Second Regiment — Gilman Marston — J. N. Patterson — ■ Nathaniel S. Berry — Third Regiment — Enoch Q. Fellows — John H. Jackson — J(i|in Bedel — Fourth Regiment — Thomas J. Whipple — Louts- Bell — Fifth Regiment — Ird E. Cross — Charles E. Hapgood — ESward E. Sturtevant — Sixth Regiment — Simon G. Griffin — Henry H. Pearson — Seventh, Eighth, Ninth, Tenth, Eleventh, Twelfth, Thirteenth, Fourteenth, Fifteenth, Sixteenth, and Seventeenth Regiments — Colonel Henry O. Kent — Joseph A. Gilmore — Eighteenth Regiment — Cavalry, Artillery, and Sharpshooters — Summary of Number of Volunteers — E. H. Durell — George Hamilton Perkins . . . . .611 CHAPTER XX. Irish in New Hampshire. Early Irish Settlers — Soldiers in Indian Wars — At Louisburg — Con- quest of Canada — Revolution — Emigration of J840-60 — Ship Fever — Terrors of the Plague — Hawthorne's Description — Mob in Manchester — Rebellion — Growth of Catholic Church — Bishop Bradley 631 CHAPTER XXI. Since the Rebellion. 1S65-1SSS. Frederick Smyth — Sylvester Marsh — Provincial Papers — Rev. Dr. Bouton — Walter Harriman — Public Instruction — Academies and High Schools — -Joiin B. Clark — J. C. Moore — People — News- papers — Onslow Stearns — -James A. Weston — Bishop Baker — E. A. Straw — Asa Fowler — J. E. Sargent — Charles H. Burns — -P. C. Cheney — Phillips Exeter Academy — Constitutional Convention ^ B. F. Prescott — J. F. Briggs — White Mountains — Natt Head — Charles H. Bell — Frank Jones — Ossian Ray — S. W. Hale — C. H. Bartlett — J. H.Gallinger —Moody Currier — C. H. Sawyer — Jonathan Sawyer — Joseph Wentworth — Jonathan Kittredge — W. E. Chandler — Harry Bingham — Railroads —J. W. White —Dr. Edward Spalding — Summer Resorts — Manufacturing — George H. Emery 646 ILLUSTRATIONS. Seal of Province ....... Title Page SealofState ....... .- n Old Langdon Farmstead ....... i6 White Mountain Range, from Milan ..... 19 Great Bay .........' 32 Scene in White Hills ....... 35 Summit of the Ravine, White Mountains .... 36 Farmhouse of Seventeenth Century ..... 5S Governor John Winthrop ...... 75 The First Fort at the Mouth of the Piscataqua . ... 76 An Indian visiting the Settlers ...... 78 Garrison House, built about 1645 ..... 85 Treaty of Peace between the Indians and the Settlers ... 86 Death of King Philip ....... 87 The Conflict ........ 90 The Bell House, Newcastle ...... 91 Our Alley ........ loS Garrison House in King William's War .... 112 Hannah Dustin at the Massacre ...... 116 The Well ......... 120 Rev. John Emerson ....... 122 Portion of Old Province House ...... 123 Old Church, New Castle ....... 124 Autograph and Seal of Theodore Atkinson .... 126 Seal of Richard Jose ....... 126 Map of New Castle ....... 127 Cape Road, New Castle ....... 135 New Castle Fishermen ....... 150 First Congregational Church at Concord .... 166 Plan of Eastern Part of Suncook, or Lovewell's Township . . 170 Rural Scene ........ 172 Piscataqua Gundalow ....... 1S8 Old Wentwortli House, Rye ...... 190 Mantel, Old Wentworth House ..... 193 Frontier Block House, 1746 ...... 206 White Mountain Scene ...... 226 Scene in Coos County ....... 227 New Hampshire Farm Scene ...... 276 14 ILLUSTRATIONS. Lancaster Warren .... Plymouth .... View from Bridge in Berlin Governor John Wentworth's House Paul Revere's First Ride Notch of White Mountains Battle of Lexington Post Rider of the Revolution Jaffrey Cottage, New Castle Governor John Taylor Oilman's House, Exeter Town House, Exeter Residence of Mr. Joseph B. Walker, Concord Littleton View of Portsmouth Harbor Giant Stairs, Bartlett Old Blodgett Mansion, Amoskeag Canal, With Wind and Current . Boat entering Locks Tow-path of the Canal Mending Lobster Nets Fort McClary On the Beach Whaleback Light . Walbach Tower Daniel Webster Gateway of Fort Constitution Shot of Lumber coming out of a Lock Pushing against the Current State House, Concord Squam Lake and Mount Chocorua New Hampton Institute Residence of Prof. A. B. Meservey Mount Carter, from Gorham New Hampshire Asylum for the Insane Railroad Cut View near Meredith Village Mount Washington Railroad Phillips Exeter Academy Echo Lake, Franconia Notch Castellated Ridge of Mount Jefferson Governor Charles H. Bell Hooksett Concord Depot Laconia George H. Emery Pembroke Academy LIST OF STEKL ENGRAVINGS. Governor Charles H. Sawyer Chief Justice Jeremiah Smith Hon. John P. Hale Hon. Abraham P. Olzendam General Gilnian Marston . Hon. Thomas L. TuUock Colonel Henry O. Kent Judge Edward H. Durell . Right Rev. Dennis M. Bradley, Bishop Governor Frederick Smyth Colonel John B. Clarke Hon. Joseph C. Moore Governor Onslow Stearns Governor James A. Weston Chief Justice J. Everett Sargent Hon. Charles H. Burns Governor Person C. Cheney Hon. Daniel M. Christie . Hon. James F. Briggs Hon. Aretas Blood Hon. Frank Jones Hon. Virgil C. Oilman Hon. Ossian Ray . Governor Samuel W. Hale Hon. Charles H. Bartlett Hon. Jacob H. Gallinger . Governor Moody Currier Mr. Jonathan Sawjer Colonel Joseph Wentworth Hon. William E. Chandler Hon. Harry Bingham Mr. Jeremiah W. White . Hon. Edward Spaldins; f Manchester Page Frontispiece. 481 .')94 597 611 614 628 630 631 646 6.« 656 657 660 661 662 667 668 674 676 677 678 678 679 680 68 1 6S2 68s 686 689 692 693 m^^ ff'j& ' a .b-e.^ '-&*^, -.i%;;^ M' .;;S^i!:«i5"f "J^!^ '/Kv/. *:--.k£^-^ . :-^ ■ --^^--^^f^ i^ Old LanijAuqTnrtniilea^- HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. CHAPTER I. DISCOVERY AND SETTLEMENTS, 1623-1641. Introduction — Description — Early Vovagers — Martin Pring — Cap- tain John Smith — Winter Fisheries — Aborigines — Virginia — • Council of Plymouth — Sir Ferdinando Gorges — Captain John Mason — Mariana — Maine — David Thomson — The Hiltons — First Settlement — Little Harbor — Dover Neck — Landing — Character — Progress — Thomas Morton — Massachusetts Charter — New Hampshire Grant — Laconia — Hilton's Patent — Isles of Shoals — PiscATAC(uA Grant — Walter Neal — White Mountains — Dixy Bull — Division of Patent — Death of Mason — Thomas Wiggin — Dover — Captain John Underhill — Rev. John Wheelwright — Exeter — Rev. Stephen Batchelor — Hampton — Union with Mass.\- chusetts. 'T*HE history of New Hampshire involves an account of the first settlements at the mouth of the Piscataqua and on the shores of Great Bay, their growth into towns and their union under the jurisdiction of the Massachusetts Colony ; the forma- tion of the Royal Province of New Hampshire ; the woful conflict with the Indians and with the French ; the inroad into the province of the Scotch-Irish and the spread of Massachusetts settlers up the valleys of the Merrimack and Connecticut rivers ; the contest of the inhabitants with the Masonian proprietors ; the part taken by the people of the province in achieving national independence ; the formation of an independent State govern- ment ; the compact settlement of the State and the growth of l8 HISTORY OF NEW 1IA5IPSHIKE. [l523 manufactures, railroads, and cities ; the share taken in the Great Rebellion ; the changes in the laws, habits and customs of the people ; together with some account of those men who, in the different generations, have guided and directed the destinies of the people in church, state and municipal affairs. It is the story of the evolution of a settlement of poor, unedu- cated, bigoted and brave people, fresh from the tyranny of the laws of the old world, and imbued with the prejudices of their time, into a sovereign state, a liberal and enlightened common- wealth, one of the partners in the great Republic, the United States of America. New Hampshire, one of the New England States and one of the original thirteen colonies which formed the American Union, lies between 70° ij' and 72° 37' west longitude, and between 42° 40' and 45° 18' 33" north latitude, and has an area of 9,336 square miles. It is bounded on the north by ine Province of Quebec, the line following Hall's stream to its source and the watershed between the valley of the St. Law- rence and the Atlantic coast ; it is bounded on the east by the state of Maine and the ocean, the Salmon Falls and Piscataqua rivers forming a part of the boundary ; it is bounded on the south by the State of Massachusetts, the line running north of, parallel with, and generally three miles from, the Merrimack river, from its mouth to where the course of the river is south, thence due west by compass to the Connecticut river; and it is bounded on the west by the State of Vermont, the west bank of the Connecticut river being the boundary line. The general shape of the State is that of a triangle, with a base of one hundred miles and a length of one hundred and eighty-five miles. It is drained on the west by the Connecticut river, on the east by the Androscoggin, the Saco and the Piscataqua rivers, while the central and southern part of the State is drained by the Merrimack river and its tributaries. Between the Merrimack and Connecticut rivers there is a high ridge, frequently rising to lofty elevations, extending from the Massa- chusetts line to the Franconia and White Mountain ranges, the loftiest summits on the Atlantic seaboard. The northern 20 HISTOKV OF NEW II AMI'SHIKK. [ I 542 section of the State is very mountainous. In the central part there are many large ponds and lakes, the grandest of which is Lake Winnipiseogee, with an area of seventy square miles, elevated five hundred feet above the ocean. The height of Mount Washington is 6,293 feet, and the mountainous tract of which it is the highest elevation occupies a territory of fourteen hundred square miles, sometimes called the Switzerland of America. The average elevation of the State above the sea is estimated to be twelve hundred feet.i Soon after the discovery of land beyond the Western Ocean by Christopher Columbus, in 1492, adventurous sailors from Spain, Portugal, France, Holland and England hastened to imitate the great discoverer and crossed the Atlantic in search of fame and fortune. As early as 1523, Verazzano, an Italian captain in the employ of the French government, sailed from Europe and struck America south of Cape Hatteras ; thence he followed the shore northward. From his accurate descrip- tion of the prominent landmarks, he probably landed, the fol- lowing summer, at or near the mouth of the Piscataqua river, and traded with the natives. He stated that the Portuguese had been before him in these parts. It was admitted by contem- porary writers that for half a century, from as early as 1504, the Basques were whaling and fishing on the American coast. The patent authorizing a settlement in Newfoundland, in 1610, says that the coast had been used for more than fifty years for the fishery by the English. In 1527, John Rut, sent by Henry VIII to explore, reported that he saw in the harbor of St. Johns "eleven sail of Normands, one Breton and two Portu- guese barks, all a fishing." A French fisherman rescued his party from starvEvtion. Jacques Cartier, in 1534 and 1535, explored the gulf and river of St. Lawrence, and reported that he met many ships of France and Brittany. Robeval, in 1542, found " seventeen ships of fishers " at St. Johns. The official explorers found on their voyages fleets of fisher- men already practical pilots of the coasts and harbors.^ Martin Pring, with two small ships, sailed into the Piscataqua ' i'rof. C. H. Hitchcock. * = Charles Levi Woodbury. 1614] niSCOVERY AND SETTLEMENTS. 21 ill June, 1603. The French discoverer, De Champlain, visitetl the river in July, 1605, and claimed the discovery of the Isles of Shoals.' Of the voyagers who visited the northern coast of America, for the sake of its furs and fish, one of the most remarkable was Captain John Smith, who ranged the shore from Penobscot to Cape Cod, in 1614, and, in his route, discovered the river Piscataqua, which he fountl to be a safe harbor with a rocky shore. ^ He states that, prior to this voyage, he had procured seven or eight charts from the fishermen and traders, who had been in the habit of frequenting the coast of New England, and that he did not enter the Merrimack river because two French ships were lying there. The French had traded with the natives in the vicinity for several years. '^ The map which Captain Smitli made was presented to ''I'ince Chai'les, who gave to the whole country the name of New England. Early in the seventeenth centurj' it was discovered that fish- .ng along the New England coast was more profitable in winter •■.han in summer, a fact which soon led to permanent settle- ments, not only at the Isles of Shoals and at Little Harbor, but at Dover Point, York, Portland, Pemaquid and Mohegan, and at other points to the eastward. In fact, voyagers coming west attempted to make their landfalls at Mohegan and the Isles of Shoals, and took their departure from them, when returning to Eurojae.^ Before the advent of the first white settlers, there were living •within the present limits of New Hampshire a powerful tribe of Indians. F'or how many generations they had occupied the country and who were their predecessors, are unsettled ques- tions. There are few or no traces of a more civilized race having lived here before the Penacook Indians, a tribe of the Algonquin family. Their chief rendezvous was in the neighbor- hood of Concord, where they rudely cultivated the Indian corn. They subsisted chiefly on fish and game, and made annual migrations from the interior to the seaboard. In prehistoric ' Jchn K. Lord. - John Farmer', Belknap, p. 2. 3 Charles Levi Woodbury. 22 HI.S1\)KV OF XF.W II AM I'sH 1 KK [162O times there is a tradition that a fierce battle tiecurred Ijetween them and their enemies, the Mohawks of the west, on the east bank of the Merrimack, near the village of East Concord. In the early part of the seventeenth century their number is said to have been greatly reduced by a plague. One of their favorite haunts was about the shores of Lake Winnipiseogee, where many traces of them may yet be found. The names they gave to the lakes and streams and mountains have been adopted by those who came after them. They continued to live within the limits of the State for a hundred years after tlie first settlement by Europeans, and their history is closely linked with that of the settlers, until the remnant, left after many disastrous wars, withdrew and joined their people on the banks of the St. Law- rence. In the main Ihev were friendly to the colonists, but seem to have been drawn into hostilities b_\- neighboring tribes, under the influence of the French. The importance of effecting permanent settlements on the coast having become apparent, King James, in 1606,^ granted a patent limiting the dominion of Virginia from the thirty-fourth to the forty-fourth degree of northern latitude. This territory was subdivided into North and South Vi^rginia ; South Virginia was assigned to certain noblemen, knights and gentlemen of London ; North Virginia was granted to others of Bristol, Exeter, and Plymouth." In-1620,^ the King, by his sole authority, constituted a council of forty, by the name of " The council established at«Plymouth, in the county of Devon, for the planting, ruling and go\-erning of New England, in America."* They were a corporation with perpetual succession, by election of the majority, and their territories extended from the fortieth to the forty-eighth degree of northern latitude. This patent, or charter, is the foundation of all the grants that were made of the country of New England. For some unexplained reason, their affairs were transacted in a confused manner from the beginning, and the grants which thev made were so inaccurately ■ April i.j. = Farmer's F.dknan. J November?. 4 H.ir.ird's Collection. loj-riS. l62l] DISCOVEKV AND SETTLEMENTS. 23 described and interfered so much with each other as to occasion difficulties and controversies of a serious character.' Two of the most active members of this council were Sir Ferdinando Gorges and Captain John Mason. The former had been an officer in the navy of Queen Elizabeth, intimately connected with Sir Walter Raleigh, and had been appointed by King James governor of the fort and island of Plymouth. While he resided there, Captain Weymouth brought from Pemaquid into the harbor of Plymouth five American Indians, whom he had treacherously kidnapped.^ Three of these Gorges retained in his service several years, treated them kindly, won their affection, and learned from them the character of New England. He became very enthusiastic about the new world, fitted out several expeditions to visit this coast, and upon the formation of the Plymouth Council was elected its president. Captain John Mason was a merchant of London, who became a sailor and was appointed governor of Newfoundland. While there he befriended two Indians, who had been forcibly abducted from New England and sold into slavery by Thomas Hunt, a lieuten- ant of Captain John Smith, and won their good will by sending them to their homes. While in Newfoundland he acquired a knowledge of America, it being asserted by late writers that, in company with his friend Gorges, he personally explored the coast of his future province, and upon his return to England, receiving the appointment of governor of Portsmouth in Hampshire, he became interested in the Plymouth Council. A vacancy occurring he was elected a member and became the secretary. He procured a grant from the council, in 1621,^ of all the land from the river Naumkeag, now Salem, round Cape Ann to the river Merrimack, and all land embraced by these two rivers to their heads, and all out- lying islands within three miles of the shore. The district was called Mariana, and was granted on the supposition that the two rivers forming its bounds flowed directly east from their source to their outlet. The following year* Gorges and Mason received ■ Farmer's Ilelknap. 2 J. C. A. Abbott. ■3 March 9. i6.'2. Palfrey, 204. 4 August 10, 1622. 24 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [162I jointly the grant of territory, which included all the land between the Merrimack and the Sagadahock rivers, from the ocean to the great lakes and rivers of Canada.^ The grant of that date in the New Hampshire Provincial Pa- pers^ gives the name The Provinxe of Maine to the territory, which is thus described : "All that part of the main land in New England lying upon the sea-coast betwixt ye rivers of Merrimack and Sagadahock, and to the furthest heads of the said rivers, and soe forwards up into the land westward until three-score miles be finished from ye first entrance of the aforesaid rivers, and half way over: that is to say, to the midst of the said two rivers." Under the authority of this grant, Gorges and Mason, who united with them several merchants of London, Bristol, Exeter, Plymouth, Shrewsbury and Dorchester, attempted the establish- ment of a colony and fishery at the river Piscataqua. ' The time when, the manner in which, and the individuals by whom the first settlements were made by Europeans at Little Harbor and Dover Point, where, it is generally acknowledged, the original " planting" of New Hamp- shire was comj^ienced, are so obscure, and have been so frequently a matter of controversy, that historians gladly welcome all attempts which are made to elucidate them. For more than two hundred years, on the authority of Hubbard, Prince, and other early historians, followed by Belknap, the facts in relation to these settlements, briefly stated and generally accepted, were, that Sir Ferdinando Gorges and Capt. John Mason, having obtained from the Council constituted by the King of Kngland, •' for the planting, ruling and governing of New England," a grant of all the land between the rivers Merrimack and Sagadahock, extending back to the great lakes and river of Canada, formed a company with several merchants of London and other cities, and styling themselves " The Company of Laconia," attempted the establishment of a colony and fishery at the mouth of the Piscataqua river. For this purpose, in the spring of 1623, they sent out David Thomson and Edward and William Hilton, who had been fishmongers in London, with a number of other people, in two divisions, furnished with all the necessaries for carrving out the design. Thomson landed at the river's mouth, at a place which he called Little Harbor, where he built a house, afterwards known as "Mason Hall," erected saltworks, and made other preparations for carrying on his business, but the Hiltons set up their fishing stages eight n'.iles further up the river, on a neck of land which the Indians called Winni- chahannet, but they named it Northam and afterwards Dover. Thomson, > Palfrey and Belknap. - Provincial Papers, vol. i, p. 10. 3 Cenrge Wadleigh. iGjiJ discovery and settlements. 25 not lieing pleased witli his conipanv or siluation, removed the next spring, or a short time after, to an island in Massachusetts Bay, where he lived and soon alter died, while the Hiltons and their associates remained and made a permanent settlement at Dover. All etVorts to ascertain the precise date of their arrival, or the ship in which they came, had proved unavailing. The day of the month and the month were unknown. In 1S23, at the celebration of the 200th anniversary of the settlement of the State, at Portsmouth, when it was considered desir- able to fix upon the d.av of their arrival, if possible, for the purpose of suit- ably observing it, all efforts to do so were found to be in vain. It was then declared that " Prince, the most laborious of all antiquaries in New England, in 1736, could give no precise date, and no discovery of documents since has made it more definite" than that the3' arrived in the spring of the year. From the fact that no vessel was known to have arrived from England in that year until about June i, it was conjectured that the colonists might liave been landed at the Piscataqua late in May, and May 23 Avas accord- ingly selected for the celebration. These statements remained unquestioned and were incorporated in all our histories and school books, imlil a document found among the ancient papers of Gov. Winthrop' gave a different reading to our early history. This document is an indenture, dated Dec. 14, I622, between David Thomson on the one part, and three merchants. Abraham Colmer. Nicholas Sherwill and Leonard Pomroy, all of Plymouth, England, on the other , irt. 'Ihe indenture recites that the Council for New England had granted to Thomson (Oct. 16, 1622) six thousand acres of land and one island in New England, and that Thomson had conveyed one quarter part of the island to the three merchants named and agreed also to convey to them one quarter part of the six thousand acres, on these conditions : — 1. That the three merchants, at their own charge, should provide and send that present 3'ear two men with Thomson, in the ship Jonathan of Plymouth, to Mew England, with such victuals, provisions, &c., as shall suffice them till they are landed. 2. The three merchants, at their own charge, were also to provide and send the same year three additional men in the ship Providence of Plymouth, if they could so soon be gotten, or in some other ship, to New England: the charges of these three men to be borne equally by all the parties. 3. Two other men were also to be sent the same year in the Jonathan ; the charges to be borne by all the parties equally. 4. Thomson, with the seven men, as soon as landed, was to find a fit place and make choice of six thousand acres of land and a fit place to settle and erect buildings. Further provision was made for dividing the property at the end of five years agreeably to the indentures, three fourths to Thomson and one fourth ^ Now in the possession of his descendant, Hon. Robert C Winthrop. \ copy of it has beeiT oublished in tile proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society, with notes by Charles Deane, Esq. 26 HISTOKV OK XliW IIAJIPSHIKE. [162I to the other three. Three fourths of the charge for phmting, building, the comiss"'^ find to be Seconnet Brook on the southwest and Merrimack River on the northeast, and two right lines drawn from each of those two places till they come within twenty miles of Hudson's River. " The comodities of the countrey are fish, which is sent into France, Spaine and the Streights, pipe-staves, masts, firr-boards, some pitch and tarr, pork, beif, horses and corn ; which they send to Virginia, Barbadoes, &c., and take tobacco and sugar for payment, which they (after) send for England. There is good store of iron made in this Province. Theire way of govern- ment is Common-wealth-like ; their way of worship is rude and called Congregational] ; they are zealous in it, for thev persecute all other forms." The action of the Massachusetts authorities was prompt in arresting Corbet, who was an innkeeper at Portsmouth and had been active in circulating the petition to the King, but revealed that he was not alone in his wish to escape from the tyranny of the elders. The next year he was arraigned before the General Court and fined £,2.0, and costs ^£5, and put under bonds of ;i£^iOO for his peaceable demeanor, " prohibiting his irregular practices by retailing Beer, Cider, Wine or Licquors," and disabling him 1669] UNION WITH MASSACHUSETTS. 65 from "bearing any office in the town where he lives." During the year 1665, the General Court so far complied with the wishes of the King, as expressed by the King's commissioners, as to vote a fortification at the mouth of the Piscataqua, and the people of Dover voted a "Terrett" upon the meetinghouse " for to hang a bell." In 1666 the Massachusetts colony received a summons from King Charles II to send as delegates four or five persons to represent their cause before him, and explain their course towards the King's commissioners, and were forbidden to punish any one for petitioning or appealing to the King. In 1667 the General Court granted a township, six miles square, above Dover, to be within the jurisdiction of Dover, to pay for fortifying the mouth of Piscataqua, and ordered that all dis- affected persons seeking to change the form of government of the townships on the Piscataqua should be sent to Boston for trial. In 1667 the fur trade with the Indians had become so import- ant that the Provincial Court of Massachusetts passed an act regulating it ; and the exclusive right of this trade upon the Merrimack river was sold to Major Simon Willard for the sum of jC2^. The trade on Nashua river was sold at the same time for £8 ; that of Penichuck brook and its tributaries was sold to Joseph Burroughs for £4. Almost all the first land grants were selected by eager adventurers, with a view of having within their borders the greatest facilities for trapping. In 1668 the bounds of Exeter were determined, and trees fit for masts were reserved as public property, and a proper observance of the Sabbath was commanded. No servile work was allowed that day, save works of piety, of charity, or of necessity. The penalty was more severe in case of " prophan- €rs or high handed presumption." Who ever should " travel! upon the Lord's day, either on horse backe or on foote, or by boats from or out of their owne towne to any unlawful assembly or meeting not allowed by law," were " declared to be pro- phaners of the Sabbath," as were those who did "servile work." In 1669, Portsmouth appropriated ^60 per annum for seven 66 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [l6/6 years for aid to Harvard College. The inhabitants of that part of Dover, called Oyster River, petitioned the General Court for parish privileges, and that they might have a minister set- tled over them. They mustered seventy soldiers. In 1670 there were sixty soldiers in Exeter, and John Gilman was commissioned lieutenant. A causeway was built across the marsh at Hampton Dover and Portsmouth seem to have been raised to the dignity of a county. In 1 67 1 the custom dues on imported goods and powder, raised at Portsmouth, were declared due to the colonial treasury, except such as were imported by the inhabitants of the river settlements. The next year, 1672, the duties collected at Portsmouth, as well as rates derived from the selling of beer and wine, were voted to be used in fortifying the harbor. Dunstable, including Nashua and a part of Hudson, Londonderry, Litchfield, Merrimack, Amherst, Milford and Hollis, was incorporated by Massachusetts authority, Oct. 15, 1673; and a tract of land for a village was laid out above Dover township to the inhabitants of Portsmouth. The soldiers of Great Island, with the soldiers of Kittery, from Spruce Creek eastward, were detailed to garrison the fort on Great Island, and Richard Cutt was appointed commander-in- chief of the fort and garrison. In 1674 Mr. Stoughton was appointed to hold court in Nor- folk county, and Major Thomas Clark in Dover and Portsmouth, as well as in Yorkshire, in Maine. In 1675 the inhabitants of Oyster River were granted libeity to choose their selectmen. A company of forty men was placed under command of Major Waldron, twenty -two of whom were from Esse.\' County. Hampton was assessed ;£28 and Exeter ;£S, to defray the expenses of the war, which will be treated of in another chapter. In 1676 a force of seventy men from Essex, and sixty from Mid- dlesex, were sent as a reinforcement to the Piscataqua. Exeter and Haverhill were declared frontier towns. Scouting parties were maintained, and a bounty was offered for scalps of Indians. The county of Dover and Portsmouth were authorized to make 1679] UNION WITH MASSACHUSETTS. dj a special rate of taxation to meet the expenses of tlie war. The refugees from the eastward were enrolled ; and seventy soldiers from Suffolk were sent to reinforce Piscataqua. Major- General Denison was appointed commander-in-chief. During the war a contest was being carried on in England of much im- portance to New Hampshire, as Robert Tufton Mason, grand- son of Captain John Mason, had presented his petition to the King, claiming the Province of New Hampshire as his patrimony, while his claim was being combatted by William Stoughton and Peter Bulkley, the agents of the Massachusetts colony. The hearing was had in April, 1677. Gorges, the claimant of Maine, who brought his suit jointly with Mason, won his case, when his claim was promptly bought up by the Massachusetts agents. Mason's claim was not for the government but for the land, and was left open for further adjudication. Edward Randolph, Mason's kinsman and agent, visited New England in the summer of 1676, and rather caustically reported on the state of affairs in the colonies to the Council of Trade : " No advantages, but many disadvantages, have risen to the English by this warr, for about six hundred men have been slain and twelve captains, most of them stout and brave persons and of loyal principles, whilst the Church members had liberty to stay at home and not hazard their persons in the wilderness." So it is not surprising that the next year, 1677, a more stringent observance of the Sabbath was ordered. " Offenders that shall any way transgress against the Laws, title Saboath, either in meeting house by abusive carriage or misbehavior, by making any noyse or otherwise, or during the day * * shall * * be * * put into a cage in Boston, set up in the market place," * * and in other towns where county courts shall appoint, and there remain till tried. The Indians about the Piscataqua who had submitted were held on a resei-vation at Cocheco, and were forbidden to carry arms unless licensed by Major Waldron. The commission constituting a President and Council for the Province of New Hampshire passed the Great Seal of England, Sept. 18, 1679. The erection of New Hampshire into a royal province was 68 HISTOKV OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [1679 undoubtedly due to the claims of Mason, who could get no redress from the Massachusetts courts. As events proved, he found the people of the new Province, who had enjoyed possession of their lands for over half a century, as bitterly opposed to his claims and demands for rent as ever. They threw every obsta- cle in his way, and he got very little satisfaction from the arrangement. He died a disappointed man. During the union with Massachusetts the Congregational, or republitan form of church government, had become firmly seated in the four townships, and the people had become accus- tomed to self-government, in open town meeting. From feudal dependents they had become independent freemen, jealous of their rights and impatient of an irresponsible authority. Many of the more severe laws of the Bay Colony, on account of public sentiment, were a dead letter in their courts. Their descend- ants have only to blush at the whipping of some Quaker women. On the other hand, they had submitted to strict laws, established an impartial judiciary, built churches and settled learned orthodox ministers, called in the schoolmaster and contributed to the enlargement of Harvard College, and had been greatly prospered in their agriculture and in their commerce. Already the foundation of large fortunes had been gathered in Ports- mouth and on Great Island. They had become not only a law-abiding, but a religious com- munity, and as Church and State were closely identified in those early days, before considering the Indian wars, it may be of interest to glance at the CuiRcii History. To appreciate fully the importance of the Church in early colonial history, it must be remembered that it was not until nearly half a century after the Revolution that Church and State were finally separated in New England. Over the most of the civilized world, at that period, the Pope claimed and exercised supreme authority. Northern Germany and northern Europe gen- erally had followed the lead of Luther, Calvin and other reformers, and had separated from the Church of Rome. In England, commencing with Henry VIII, the crown had assumed to be at the head of spiritual as well as temporal affairs, and arbitrarily dictated the creed and the forms of wor- ship. To escape this tyranny, the Pilgrims and Puritans, front among 179- UN'KI.N WITH MASSACHUSETTS. 69 whom came the early settlers of Hampton, Exeter and Dover, had obtained their charter for New England. The form of government which they estab- lished was a theocracy as well as a democracy, under which the Church was all important. The Puritans, however, while claiming toleration for them- selves, were not willing to grant toleration to others. Respect for the Church and for the ministers and for the ordinances of religion was rigidly entorced, severe punishment being inflicted for the slightest departure from uniformity of belief. The ministers, in one sense, were the rulers of the community, and as such deserve a place in the civil history of the Common- wealth. Descent from one of these early magnates, to a New Englander, is equivalent to a patent of nobility. When the township of Hampton was granted for a plantation, in Septem- ber, 163S, some of tlie grantees were already "united together by Church government." The original members of the Church and the first settlers of the town, generally, were Puritans. They brought a pastor with them, and soon after their arrival they selected a site and built a meeting-house. Rev. Stephen Batchelor, the first pastor, may be regarded as the father and founder of the town. At that time he was not far from seventy-seven years old. On landing in Boston, in 1632, he joined his son-in-law, Christopher Ilussey, at Lynn, and later made the settlement at Hampton. In 1639, Rev. Timothy Dalton was associated with Mr. Batchelor, but dissensions arose and Mr. Batchelor accepted a call to Exeter. In 1656, or 1657, he returned to England, where he died at the age of one hundred years. His associate, Mr. Dalton, was six'y 3'ears of age when he settled in Hampton. In 1647 he had asso- ciated with him Rev. John Wheelwright, formerly pastor of the church at Exeter, and later from Wells, who remained ten years. In 1658, Mr. Wheel- wright was in England, where he met his old collegefriend, Oliver Cromwell, but on the restoration of Charles II he returned to America and was settled over the church in Salisbury, where he died,' the oldest pastor in New England. Rev. Seaborn Cotton,- eldest son of Rev. John Cotton, of Bo^-ton, was associated with Mr. Dalton, in 165S, and on Mr. Dalton's death, in 1660, was ordained pastor. He died suddenly in April, 1686, "a thorough scholar and an able preacher." The town gave Mr. Cotton a fiirm of two hundred acres. His wife was Dorothy, daughter of George Simon Bradstreet. After his father's death. Rev. John Cotton, 2d,-' preached occasionally, as did Rev. John Pike, who had been driven from Dover by Indian depredations. ?Ir. Cotton was ordained minister at Hamp- ton in 1696. He was "beloved and respected, and died, very much lamented," in 1710, very suddenly, and was succeeded by Rev. Nathaniel Gookin, who continued as pastor until 1734- Mr. Gookin's successor was Rev. Ward Cotton, who continued to preach until 1765, when he was dismissed and was succeeded by Rev. Ebenezer Thayer,'' whose labors terminated with his life, in 1792. After his death, there came a rupture between town and church, the ' November, 1679. - Born in 1633 (Harvard College, if.51 ), while bis parents were crossing the .\tlantic. 3 Born in ilSsS, Harvard College, ih-jX. 4 |>.orn 1734, Harvard College, 1753. O HISTOKV OF NEW H AMJ'3HI 111-:. ['656 former calling and settling, in 1796, Rev. William Pidgin.' and voting them- selves Presbyterians; the latter ordaining Rev. Jesse Appleton," the same year. Mr. Appleton remained at Hampton until elected second president of Bowdoiii College in 1S07. He married, in iSoo, Elizabeth, daughter of Hon. Robert Means of Amherst, and their daughter was the wife of President Franklin Pierce.' Mr. Pidgin was also dismissed in 1S07, receiving a call to Minot, Maine, and afterwards dying at Portland.'' After this the tv.-o factions became united, and settled, in 180S, the Congregational minister, Rev- Josiah Webster, who continued with the church until his death in 1S37. He was followed, in 1838, by Rev. Erasmus D. Eldredge; in 1S49, ^y ^^v- Solomon Payson Fiiy; in 1855, by Rev. John Colby. From this account it will be seen that the Congregational church of Hampton is the oldest in the State. At Exeter, after Mr. Wheelwright removed to Wells, in 1641, there was no settled minister, on account of divisions in the church, until Rev. Samuel Dudley, a son of Governor Thomas Dudley of Massachusetts, was settled in 1650. There is no record of a cliurch during his ministry, which lasted until his death, in 16S3. A church wa.-s organized and Rev. John Clark ^ was settled in 169S. Rev. John Odlin" was settled in 1706; married the widow of his predecessor, and ministered to the town until his son, Rev. Woodbridge Odlin, was ordained as his father's colleague and successor in 1743. The son's ministry continued thirty-two years. Rev. Isaac Mansfield' was ordained in 1776 and dismissed in 17S7. He moved to his native town and became a magistrate. Rev. William F. Rowland" was settled in 1790 and dismissed in iSjS. He was succeeded in 1S29 by Rev. John Smith : in 1S3S. by Rev. William Williams; in 1S43, by Rev. Joy H. Fairchild; in 1845, by Rev. Roswell D. Hitchcock. There was a rupture, in 1744, of the church of Exeter, when the second church was formed, and Rev. Daniel Rogers" was first pastor. He was a descendant of John Rogers, the martyr of Smithfield. a friend of Whitefield, a pall-bearer at his funeral, and closed his ministry and life in 17S5. He was succeeded in 1792 by Rev. Joseph Brown, a native of Chester, England, who remained five \-ears. In 1S17, Rev. Isaac Hurd was settled and continued three years in the ministry. Rev. Asa D. Mann was settled, in 1851, as a colleague pastor. Rev. William Leveridge, the first minister of Dover, received the degree oi: A. B. from Cambridge College, England, in 1625: that of A. M. in 163c. He was an able and worthy Puritan minister, — ardent, industrious, enter- prising, and possessed a good deal of independence of character. He left Dover in 1635, from want of support, and died on Long Island in 1692. He was succeeded, in 1637, by George Burdet, 3 minister from Yarmouth, England, — restless, intriguing and ambitious, — whose course has been " Dartmouth College, 1794. = Bom 1772, Dartmouth College, 1792. 3 Mr. Appleton died at Brunswick in iSi<). 4 In 1848, aged seventy-five. 5 Bom in Newbury, Mass., in 1670; he died in 1705. ' Born in Boston, i68j ; Harvard College, 1702 ; died in 1754. 7 Born at Marblehead, 1750: Harvard College, 1767 ; died in 1S26. 8 Burn in Plainfield, Conn., in 1761 ; Dartmouth College, 17S4 ; died in 1S4J. <) Harvard College. 1725. 1641J UNION WITH MASSACHUSETTS. ■Jl noted. Then came Hanserd Knollys,' who landed at Boston in 163S and the same year settled and organized the first church in Dover. In the trouble with Larkham, the more ardent Puritans sustained Knolljs, who, however, in 1641, became weary of contention and left the tield, returning to his aged father in England, where he joined the Baptists, and was persecuted till he died fifty years after. Thomas Larkham ^ was an able and learned man, but as turbulent as Burdet. He favored the Episcopacy, using its liturgy in burial services. He returned to England in 1643, became a devotedly pious man, and died in 1669. The Puritans liaving gained the ascendancy in Dover, the people applied to the authorities in Boston, for a minister, and Daniel Maud, a graduate of Emanuel College, Cambridge, a, schoolmaster in Boston, was settled and continued to minister to the parish^ from 1642 till his death in 1655. He was succeeded by Rev. John Rayner, Rev. John Rayner, Jr., and Rev. John Pike, before the separation from Massa- chusetts. Under the former came the trouble with the Qiiakers, the exchange of a drum for a bell for calling the worshippers together, and the building of a meeting-house at Oyster River; under the latter came the Indian troubles. Among the assets of Captain Jolin Mason, there were articles which indi- cated that some attention had been paid to religion — of the Established form. As early as 1640, a glebe of fifty acres was deeded to the church- wardens and a chapel and parsonage seem to have been built. The first orthodox minister was Joshua Moody, who was settled in 1658. To encour- age him, those who slept or took tobacco on the Lord's day during service were doomed to a cage. A church of eight members was organized in 1671. Al'terthe separation from Massachusetts, he got into trouble, in 16S4, with Gov- ernoi- Cranfield, for refusing to administer the sacrament of the Lord's Supper indiscriminatingly, was imprisoned and released only on his promising to leave the colony. He returned in 1693 and died in 1697. He was succeeded by Rev. Nathaniel Rogers, who was succeeded, in 1723, by Rev. John Fitch ; in 1746, by-Rev. James Langdon, whowns called to be presidentof Harvard Col- lege in 1774; in 1779, by Rev. Joseph Buckminster ; in iSiJ.byRev. Israel W. Putnam. There is one feature of the union of New Hamp.shire and Massachusetts, the distorted construction of the Hilton Patent, which Mr. Jenness has carefully investigated, and from his valuable pamphlet the following extracts are taken : Having obtained jurisdiction over the territory about the Piscataqua river, the Massachusetts General Court, in j'une, 1641, enacted a law defining the Hilton Patent as e.xtending from the mouth of the river at Strawberry Bank, thence around the * Born in 1598, at Cawkwell, England ; a graduate at Cambridge, England, ordained in the Estab- lisl-ed Church in 1629. - Born in 1601 ; a graduate of Jesus College, Cambridge. 72 }nSTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [1665 shores of the Great Bay up the Exeter river to Squamscott Falls, and three miles back into the country. The additional terri- tory thus embraced was known as the Squamscott Patent. This construction was never fully carried out, but served to furnish the Bay Colony with a pretext for jurisdiction. In the act of annexation, the voluntary submission of the planters and patentees was not mentioned, although their course alone made annexation possible ; but the Massachusetts authorities sagaciously resolved that the whole territory was " within the Massachusetts bounds." Having securely extended their jurisdiction, they had little or no further interest in the river patents ; but difficulties and injustices of many sorts soon sprang up all over the annexed territory, which long disturbed the quiet of the new govern- ment. When Dover was laid out, in 1642, Bloody Point was excluded from the new township. The following year, how- ever, the marsh and meadow and four hundred acres of upland on Bloody Point were annexed to Dover ; and in 1644 the entire neck of land was joined to that township. The inhabitants of Strawberry Bank and of Dover were hostile to the construc- tion placed upon the Hilton or Squamscott Patent. The lower plantation on the Piscataqua, after 1641, had undergone a com- plete transformation, civil and religious. A party of strict Puritans had, by the aid of Massachusetts, gotten possession of that plantation, and under the system of the Bay Colony were enabled to perpetuate their power at their own pleasure, and to allot among themselves, some eight or ten in number, nearly all the valuable common lands within their limits. According to a petition to the King, made in 1665 by some of the non-free- men of Portsmouth, " five or six of the richest men of the parish ruled, swayed, and ordered all offices, both civil and military, at their pleasure," and " have kept us under hard servi- tude, and denied us our public meeting, the common prayer sacraments, and decent burial of the dead ;" and "have also denied us the benefit of freemen * * and have engrossed the greatest part of the lands within the limits of the plantation into their own hantls," 1665] UNION WITH IIASSACIILISETTS. 73 In 1655 the General Court attempted a compromise, and appointed a committee to settle the bounds of the Squamscott Patent, and excluded all the settlements below Boiling Rock. John and Richard Cutts, Captain Brian Peiidleton, Richard Mar- tyn and Joshua Moodey, and a few others who then ruled the lower plantation and were owners of the Piscataqua or Great House Patent, accepted this line, but soon acquired by pur- chat-e, for a nominal sum, nearly all the lands embraced by their own claim. The only substantial advantage derived from the Massachusetts construction of the Hilton Patent was taken by the Massachusetts themselves. Jurisdic- tion over the Piscataqua had been obtained by the skilful use of that instrument, and once got it was firmly kept, after that instrument had dis- appeared. But this usurpation, of which it was said by Judge Potter, "a more unjust and tyrannical act never was perpetrated on this continent," was not destined to endure for many years. The people of the lower Piscataqua were in spirit deadly hostile to the Massachusetts Bay. Shortly after the annexation, a few of the Puritan sort and faith had crept into the country, and by the aid of the B.iy had seized on the offices and places of power and appropriated to themselves nearly all the common lands; but the original planters grew daily more and more incensed. In 1651 the inhabitants of Strawberry Bank openly rebelled and attempted to withdraw their subjec- tion to the Boston government. But this outbreak was suppressed. Another elTort was made to the same purpose on the arrival of the Royal Commis- sioners, in 1664, though without permanent success. But in 1679, the Massachusetts usurpation over the Piscataqua was terminated by the erection of New Hampshire into a Royal Province. Thus did the last fruits of the Hilton Patent decay and perish; thus were the angry broils of forty years composed. The proprietors of the Patent had, after all, profited little or nothingAv the attempted appropriation of Piscataqua lands. The Massachusetts were in the end coni'ielled to disgorge the purloined jurisdiction they had so uneasily obtained and kept, and thus retributive justice was at last meted out to all actors in the transaction. It was the desire of Massachusetts Bay to include the Piscataqua region within her limits and to secure there a good neighborhood of" honest men." which led her magistrates to effect, through their friend, Captain Thomas Wiggin, in 1633, a purchase and transfer of the Hilton Point Patent to the Puritan Lords and Gentlemen of Shrewsbury, whose successors in 1641, in accordance, we suppose, with the original understanding, made a full sub- mission of the Patent to Massachusetts jurisdiction. At tlie same time, in furtherance of the same general design, a statutory construction was pu* upon the Patent, by which it was split into two distinct portions, and the lower or .Squamscott portion was violently stretched, so as to cover the whol"T southern bank of the river from Squamscott Falls to its mouth. 74 HISTORV OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. ['665 The Hilton Patent having thus served its political and religious purpose, ivas never fully enforced. Large portions of its territory were granted to Dover, and a still larger part was letained by Strawberry Bank, and in the conclusion o£ the whole matter, the Squamscott patentees took but trifling advantages from the distorted misconstruction of their grant. The long controversy was no doubt of trifling importance, but whoever will study it attentively will see displayed such a stubborn conflict between patentee and planter, such a hot contention between Royalist and Round- head, such a fierce hatred between Puritan and Churchman, and at all times such political sagacity and vigor of thought, as make the story of the Hilton Point Patent the most instructive, if not entertaining, in the early annals of New Hampshire. Until a very recent date, the only original materials for a real history of New Hampshire during the first half century of its existence, available to students, were the scanty relics of town and county records, and a few documents preserved among the archives of Massachusetts, or in private hands, together with some casual hints and prejudiced notices of the Piscataqua to be found among the historians of Plymouth and the Bay. Governors of M.\ssachvsetts during the Union. At the time of the union, Richard Bellingham was governor of Massachu- setts. He was re-elected in 1654 and again in 1665, serving eight years for his last term. He died Dec. 7, 1672, aged eighty years. John Winthrop, a former governor, was re-elected in 164J, 1^43. 1646 1647 and 164S. He died Match 26, 1649, aged sixty-one years. John Endicott was elected governor in 1644, 1649, 1651, 1652, 1653 and every 3'ear for ten years from 1655. He died March 15, 1665, aged seventy- six years. Thomas Dudley was elected governor in 1645, and was re-elected in iCi^o. He died July 13, 1653, aged seventy-seven years. John Leverett was elected governor in 1673 and served six years. He died March 16, 1679. Simon Bradstreet, elected governor in 1679, served until 1685. He was again elected in 16S9 and served three years. He died March 27, 1697, aged 94 years. During the union with Massachusetts, Hampton was represented at the General Court at Boston by Lieutenant William Hayward,* William English, William Estow,* JeofTrey Mingay, Roger Shaw, Mr. Anthony Stanyon,* Henry Dow, Mr. Robert Page, Lieutenant Christopher Hussey, Mr. William Fuller, Mr. Samuel Dalton,* Captain William Gerrish, Mr. Thomas Mai'ston, Mr. Joshua Gilman. The magistrates of the town, aside from the representatives, were William Wakefield, John Cross, and James Davis. * Magistrates. GOVERNOR WINTHROP. 76 IlISTOKV OI' NEW IIA.MPSHIHE. [1679 Strawberry Bank, or Portsmouth, was represented at tlie General Court by Mr. James Parker, Mr. Stephen Winthrop, Mr. Brian Pendleton,* Mr. Henry Sherburne,* Mr. Nathaniel Fryer.* Mr. Elias Stileman.* Captain Richard Cutt,* Mr. Rich. Martyn,* John Cutt. of whom Brian Pendleton and Richard Cutt were longest in service. The magistrates of the town, during the union aside from the representa- tives, were Francis Williams, Thomas Warnerton, Ambrose Gibbons, Renald Fernald and Thomas Daniell. Dovci- was represented at the General Court by Edward Starbuck. Mr. William Hilton,* Caplain Thomas Wiggin,* William Heath. William Wal- dron.* William Furbur, Lieutenant John Baker, Mr. Valentine Hill,* Major Richard Waldron,* Lieutenant Richard Cooke, Lieutenant Peter Coffin, Anthony Nutter. Aside from these, the magistrates were Edward Hilton, William Waldron, George Smith, William Pomfret, John Hale, Thomas Clarke and Edward Colcord. Richard Waldron, first elected in 1654, was re-elected twenty-three consecutive times, twenty-five times in all, being in command of a force during the King Philip war in I676. In 1679 he was elected from Kittery. Durini; eight sessions he was chosen speaker. Exeter sent no representative. Robert Smith and John Legatt were magistrates. * Magistrates. CHAPTER III. KING PHILIP'S WAR, 1675-1678. Long Peace — Character of Indians ^ Edward Randolph — French — Dutch — New York — Mohawks — Causes of War — Indian Vices — Sachem Philip — Mount Hope — Rum — Indian Shortcomings — Lic- ensing the Sale op Arms — Loss to the Colonies — ■ Loss to the Indians — ■ Philip's Straits — Terms of Peace — French Estimate of Indian Character — Kindness to Qi^iakers — Injustice to Indians — Indian Youth anxious for War — Sc^jando — Insultto SquAW — Attitude of Penacooks and Cochecos — Praying Indians — Their Loss — Murder of their Old People — Indian Depredations in New Hampshire — Peace — Death of Philip — Simon, Andrew, and Peter — War in Maine — Treachery at Major Waldron's Garrison — Expedition to Ossipee — Mohawks warring on Friendly Indians Defeat at Black Point — Major Andros and Peace — Independence OF THE Colonists — St. Castine. OOON after the juristliction of Massachusetts was cxtcncled over New Hampshire and the coast of western Maine, a combination had been effected between the New England c's WAK. S3 all the eastern Imlians. His squaw, passing along the river in a canoe, with her infant child, was met by some rude sailors, who, having heard that the Indian children could swim as natu- rally as the young of the brute kind, in a thoughtless and un- guarded humor overset the canoe. The child sunk and the mother instantly diving fetched it up alive, but the child dying soon after, its death was imputed to the treatment it had received from the seaman ; and Squando was so provoked that he con- ceived a bitter antipathy to the English and employed his great art and influence to excite the Indians against them.^ The first alarm of the war in the Plymouth colony spread great consternation among the distant Indians and held them a while in suspense what part to act. Quarrels and misunder- standings soon drew the Eastern Indians into the contest.^ In this first war it is uncertain just what part the native New Hampshire Indians took. In 1660, Passaconaway, the chief of the Penacooks, to whom all the New Hampshire Indians were in subjection, had relinquished all authority over his tribe to his son Wannalancet. Numphow, who was married to one of Pas- saconaway's daughters, was the chief for some years of the vil- lage at Pawtucket Falls. In 1669, Wannalancet, in dread of the Mohawks, went down the river with his whole tribe, and located at Waaiasit, and built a fortification on Fort Hill, in Belvidere, which was surrounded with palisades. The white settlers in the vicinity, catching the alarm, took refuge in garrison houses. In 1674 there ware at Wamesit fifteen families, or seventy-five souls, enumerated as Christian Indians, aside from about two hundred who adhered to their primitive faith in the Great Spirit. 'Nump- how was their magistrate as well as chief. The log meeting house presided over by the Indian preacher, Samuel, stood near the Eliot church in Lowell. In May of each year came Eliot and Gookin : the former to give spiritual advice, the latter to act as umpire or judge, having jurisdiction of higher offences and directing all matters affecting the interests of the village. Wannalancet held his court as sachem in a log cabin near Pawtucket Falls. At the breaking out of King Philip's War, 84 IIISTOKV OF NEW IIAMPSHIKE. [l^/S he, with the local Indians, are said to have remained faithful to the counsels of Passaconaway to be friends with the English, and either took sides with the colonists or remained neutral. Be- tween the two parties they suffered severely. Some were put to death by Philip, for exposing his designs; some wer^put to death by the colonists, as Philip's accomplices ; some fell in battle, fighting for the whites ; some were slain by the settlers, who mistrusted alike praying and hostile Indians. During the following year, 1676, the able-bodied Indians of Wamesit and Pawtucket withdrew to Canada, to be out of the contest, leaving a few of their helpless and infirm old people at the mercy of their neighbors. When the Indians returned, after peace had been declared, their old people and dependents were no more, having been wantonly murdered, and their lands confiscated. After a while, having been located on an island in the river, they had parted with their last acre, and in after years took refuge with the St. Francis tribe on the St. Lawrence. Squando, possibly, was the chief who directed the attack on tlie New Hampshire settlements. The war raged mainly to the eastward and to the westward, the trouble in New Hampshire being caused by one or more small companies of mischievous Indians. In September they burned two houses at Oyster River, killed two men in a canoe and carried away two captives, both of whom soon after made their escape. About the same time a party of four laid in ambush near the road between Exeter and Hampton, and killed Goodman Robinson. His son, who was with him, escaped into the swamp, and reached Hamp- ton about midnight. They took another captive, who escaped by the help of an Indian. A few days later they made an assault on a house in Newichawannock and captured two children. The two following days they made several appearances on both sides of the river, using much insolence, and burning two houses and three barns, with a large quantity of grain. Five or six houses were burned at Oyster River and two more men were killed. A scouting party from Dover, of twenty young men^ came upon a party of five Indians near a deserted house, two of whom the)' captured, tne others escaping. All the plantations 16/5] UIN"G PIIII.IP S WAK. 85 :it Piscutaqua were now filled with fear and confusion. Business was suspended, and every man was obliged to provide for his own and his family's safety. They took up their quarters in the garrison houses and were on guard night and day, siil^ject to continual alarms.^ GARRISON HOUSE, BUILT ABOUT 1645. In October, a day of fasting and prayer was observed. Soon after, an old man named Beard was killed at Oyster River. A party of Indians threatened Portsmouth from the Maine side, but a pursuing" party compelled them to abandon their jwcks and plunder. They soon after did more mischief at Dover and Lamprey River, and killed one or two men at Kxeter. The Massachusetts government planned an attack, late in the fall, upon the Indian settlement at Ossipee or Pigwacket, but it was not carried out on account of the deep snow and the severity of the weather. These Indians, during the winter, were pinched with famine, and having lost about ninety of their number, bv war and want of food, sued for peace. They came to Major Waldron, expres.sed 86 HISTUKV OF NEW HAMPSHIKE. ;i676 great sorrow for what had been done and promised to be quiet and submissive. By his mediation, a peace was concluded with the whole body of eastern Indians, which continued until August, 1676. The restoration of the captives made the peace more pleasant. TREATY OF PEACE BETWEEN THE INDIANS AND THE SETTLERS. The affairs of Phili]i, who renewed hostilities in the spring, became more and more desperate. Many of liis allies and dependents forsook him, and he was slain in August. The western Indians who had been engaged in the war, now fearing total extirpation, endeavored to conceal themselves among their brethren 01 Penacook who had not jomcd in the war, and with those of Ossipee and Pigwacket who had made peace. Several of them were taken at different times and delivered up to public execution. Three of them, Simon, Andrew and Peter, who had been concerned in killing Thomas Kimball of Bradford,' and ^ Delknap. 1676] KING PHILU^ ^7 taking his famil)' captive, restored the woman and the children. It being doubted whether this act of submission was sufficient atonement, they were committed to Dover prison for trial. Fearing the result of the trial, they escaped and joined the Indians of the Kennebec and Androscoggin, who renewed hos- tilities in August, and later they were active in distressing the people on the Piscataqua. DEATH OF KING PHIUP. This renewal of hostilities in 1676 occasioned the sending of two companies to the eastward, under Captains Joseph Syll and William Hathorne. In the course of their march they came to Cocheco early in September, " where four hundred mixed Indians were met at the house of Major Waldron, with whom they had made peace and whom they considered as their friend and father. The two captains would have fallen upon them at once, having it in their orders to seize all Indians who had been concerned in the war. The major dissuaded them from that purpose, and contrived the following stratagem" ^ — or treach- ■ Belknap. 88 HISIUKV OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [ 1676 ery, which led to untold horrors in years to come. " He pro- posed to the Indian.s to have a training the ne.\t day, and a sham fight, after the English mode ; and summoning his own men, with those under Captain Frost of Kittery, they, in conjunction with the two companies, formed one party, and the Indians another. Having diverted them for a while in this manner, and caused the Indians to fire the first volley, by a peculiar dexterity the whole body of them (except two or three) were surrounded before they could form a suspicion of what was intended. They were immediately seized and disarmed, without the loss of a man on either side. A separation was then made. Wannalancet, with the Penacook Indians and others who had joined in making peace the winter before, were peaceably dis- missed ; but the strange Indians (as they were called), wht) had fled from the southward and taken refuge among them, were made prisoners, to the number of two hundred, and being sent to Boston, seven or eight of them, who were known to have killed any Englishmen, were condemned and hanged. The rest were sold into slavery in foreign parts." " This action was highly applauded by the voice of the colony." ' "The remaining Indians, however, looked upon the conduct of Major Waldron as a breach of faith, inasmuch as they had taken those fugitive Indians under their protection and had made peace with him." "A breach of hospitality and friendship, as the)- deemed this to be, merited, according to their principles, a se\'ere revenge, and was never forgotten or forgiven. The major's situation on this occasion was, indeed, e.\tremely critical, and he could not have acted either way without blame. It is said that his own judgment was against any forcible measure, as he knew that many of those Indians were true friends of the colon)-." Late in the fall an expedition was undertaken to Ossipee to destroy the Indian fort at that point, but they returned without meeting a hostile Indian. A peace was brought about in Nov- ember, through Mogg, a Penobscot Indian, with the Penobscot and Eastern tribes, and several captives were returned. A fear ■ Belknap. 1677] K]NG Philip's wak. 89 that the Indians diil not make the peace in good faith led to an expedition under ]\Iajor W'akiron in February, 1676-7, as far east as Pemaquid. The company started, "a day of prayer having been previously appointed for the success of the enter, prise," and again Major Waldron was charged with treachery, inasmuch as the company returned after having killed thirteen Indians in time of peace. Hostilities again commenced in 1677. Two envoys from Massachusetts visited the warlike Mohawks an I secured their alliance to punish the eastern Indians. About thj middle of March the Mohawks made their appearance at Amoskeag" Falls, when they fired upon a son of Wannalancet. '• Presently after this they were discovered in the woods near Cocheco. Major Waldron sent out eight of his Indians, whereof Blind Will was one, for further information. They were all surprised together by a company of Mohawks, — two or three escaped, the others were either killed or taken." Blind Will, who was a chief of much influence, was killed. Two who were taken with him, and escaped, reported that the mission of the Mohawks was to kill all the Indians in these parts without ilistinction. As the attacks of the Mohawks happened to be always on the friendly and unarmed Indians, they became estranged from the English and took refuge with the French in Canada. From friends many of the Cocheco tribe became cruel enemies. Nor did the Mohawks inspire the hostile Indians of Maine with terror; they commenced hostilities early in the spring. The three Indians, Simon, Andrew, and Peter, before mentioned, killed John Keniston in Greenland. In May si.v friendly Indians were surprised near Portsmouth by a party led by Simon. In June, four men of Hampton were killed. An e.vpeditioii of two hundred Natick Indians and forty soldiers, under Captain Benjamin Swett of Hampton, started on an expe- dition to the Kennebec, but at Black Point, at the mouth of the Scarborough river, were decoyed into a general engagement with the Indians, and lost sixty of their number, including the captain, before they could retreat into the fort. The victorious savages then surprised about twenty fishing vessels, at anchor along the coast, their crews falling an easy prey. All through 90 HISTOKV OK NEW HAMPSHIRE. 1678 the summer, the Indians continued their depredations and kept the settlers along the eastern coast in constant alarm, while the war greatly reduced their number. THE CONFLICT. In August, Major Andros, governor of- New York, took pos- session of the district of Maine, which had been granted to the Duke of York, fortified Pemaquid, and concluded a treaty of peace with the Indians, who returned their prisoners and the captured fishing vessels. In the spring of 1678, commissioners were appointed to settle a formal treaty of peace with Squando, which was made at Casco, when the remaining captives were returned to their friends. Thus ended a war of three ye.irs duration. The Massachu- setts government carried it on without appealing to the King for assistance, and took upon themselves all the expense. Through it all they conducted themselves as an independent State. Contemporary authority states that the Indians were \6~S\ Kim; i'liii.ir's vvak. ql su|i[)lied with arms ami amnninition by the Baron de St. Castine, who occupied a plantation on the east side of Penobscot Bay, where the town of Castine is situated, but this was never cor- roborated. The settlers themselves hatl furnished the Indians enough ammunition for the campaign. CHAPTER IV. R O YAL PRO] INCE, 1 680 - 1 692. Condition of Affairs — John Cutt — Council — Assembly — Laws — Capital Offences — Penal Offences — Grants Confirmeu — Ran- dolph — Barefoote — Mason — 'Richard Waluron — Tax-Payers in New Hampshire — Cranfield — Edward Gove's Rebellion — Law- siiTs — Appeal TO King — Riots — Joshua Moodey — Dudley — An- DRos — Revolution — Union with Massachusetts — King William's War. ' I 'HE people of the four towns of New Hampshire were incorporated as a Royal Province without being consulted as to their wishes. They had become accustomed to the laws enacted by the Bay Colony, and their deputies had assisted in framing them. They enjoyed many privileges under the republican government which had been over them, which they could foresee were to be abridged ; and they knew that the new government was imposed upon them to help Mason perfect bis claim to the Province. During the union, the Massachusetts settlements had spread out over the State across the Connec- ticut river ; while the four New Hampshire towns, save for the natural increase within their borders, remained iti statu quo, from the fact that there was no competent authority to grant townships or lands. They had become attached to their homes and farms, their hills and valleys, with a patriotism natural to the Saxon race, had defended their possessions from savage Indians, and were united and determined to hold them against any claimants. They made no claim to the wild lands, but demanded peaceful possession of what they had reclaimed from the wilderness, had occupied over half a century, and had defended with their best blood. l68o] KOVAI, PROVINCE. 93 When the loui- towns of I'ortsniouth, Dover, Exeter and Hampton were taken from the jurisdiction of Massachusetts, and elevated to the ambitions condition of a Royal Province, they included within their bounds two hundred and nine qualified voters — less than are now registered in many of the smaller towns of the State — and they would be now entitled to only two representatives in our present Legislature. Their export trade consisted of masts, planks, boards, staves and other lumber, of great bulk and little value. The fishing business had sought other ports. There was not enough grain raised for home con- sumption, and the people were slowly recovering from their losses incurred by the disastrous Indian conflict, in which houses and barns had been burned, stock killed, fields laid waste, and many of the most promising of the rising generation had fallen victims to the fatal tomahawk and scalping knife. Taxes, under the circumstances, were very burdensome. There was a fort, for the protection of the harbor, erected on Great Island during the Dutch war of 1665, which mounted eleven six pounders. There was also a battery of five guns at Portsmouth for the defence of the town against Indians. The records of the port for the year 1680 show that twenty- two ships, twenty barks and brigs, and five smaller vessels entered the harbor, mostly unladen, and seeking a load of lumber. For a number of years the inhabitants had been accustomed to the confinement and inconvenience of garrison life, and at the first indication of danger would hasten to the protection of a neighboring block-house. Arms were kept in readiness at all times for instant use, and were generally carried on all occa- sions, — in the field, at church, at town meeting and at all social gatherings. The commission constituting a president and council for the Province of New Hampshire was issued by Charles II, and passed the Great Seal, Sept. 18, 1679, and went into effect Jan. 21, 1680. The jurisdiction of Massachusetts was declared illegal, and John Cutt of Portsmouth was named the first presi- dent. With liini, as a council, were associated Richard Martin, 94 HISTOKV OF XKW HAMPSHIRE. [ 1 680 William Vaughan and Thomas Daniel of Portsmouth, John Gilman of Exeter, Christopher Hussey of Hampton and Rich- ard Waldron of Dover. In accordance with the commission from the King, they chose to join them in the council Elias Stileman of Great Island, who had been a clerk of the county court, and whom they appointed secretary ; Samuel Dalton of Hampton, and Job Clements of Dover. The president nomi- nated Waldron as deputy or vice-president, Richard Martin was appointed treasurer, and John Roberts marshal. The administration included the leading men in the four townships. The president was one of three brothers, John, Robert, and Richard Cutt, from Wales, who settled on the Piscataqua before 1646. Richard at first carried on the fish- eries at the Isles of Shoals, and was afterward in command of the fort on Great Island. He died in Portsmouth in 1670. Robert Cutt located at Great Island, and afterwards at Kittery, where he carried on ship building. President John Cutt settled at Strawberry Bank, where he acquired much wealth from mer- cantile pursuits, but was aged and infirm when appointed to office. He was of acknowledged probity, and held in high esteem in Portsmouth. His daughter, Hannah, married Colonel Richard Waldron, son of Major Richard Waldron of Dover. His widow, Ursula Cutt, was killed by the Indians, in the summer of 1694, at "The Pulpit," a few miles up the Piscata- qua. President Cutt died in March, 168 1. The Cutt brothers were the largest landowners in Portsmouth in their generation. Of the council, Richard Martin was a man of good character and great influence, and had been very active in procuring the settlement of a minister in the town. He died thirteen years later. William Vaughan was a wealthy merchant, generous and public spirited, and of undaunted resolution. He was of Welsh e.\traction, but had been bred in London. He died in 17 19. Thomas Daniel was a person of much note and importance He died three years after he was appointed to office. John Gilman was a leading and influential man in Exeter, and the ancestor of many men of note in Province and State He died in July, 1708, at the age of eighty-four years. l68o] ROYAL PRONIN'CE. 95 Christoiiher Hussey was a principal man in Hampton. He died four years later, at the age of seventy-five years. Major Richard Waldron of Dover, was a native of Somerset- shire, and one of the early settlers on the river. He had been especially prominent in military affairs, a justice in the Court of Associates, and many years a member of the Massachusetts General Court. According to Brewster, the "Rambler" of Portsmouth, his son was elected to the council tlie following year, and succeeded Cutt as president. Belknap and Farmer state that it was the father who succeeded Cutt. The commission was brought to Portsmouth by Edward Ran- dolph, whose caustic report of the causes and results of King Philip's war were noted in the preceding chapter, but three weeks elapsed before it was published. Dr. Belknap is of the opinion that the council accepted their offices with reluctance, and onlv to prevent others from being appointed whose aims might not be to the best interests of the commonwealth. "This change of government gratified the discontented few, but was greatly disrelished by the people in general, as they saw themselves deprived of the privilege of choosing their own rulers, which was still enjoyed by the other colonies of New England, and as they expected an invasion of their property soon to follow." When writs were issued for calling a General Assembly, the persons in each town who were judged qualified to vote were named in the writs, and the oath of allegiance was administered to each voter. A public fast was observed, to ask divine blessing on the approaching Assembly, which met at Portsmouth about the middle of March, and was opened with prayer and a sermon by Rev. Joshua Moodey. Portsmouth, with seventy-one cjualined voters, sent as depu- ties Robert Elliot, Philip Lewis and John Pickering ; Dover, with sixty-one voters, sent Peter Coffin, Anthony Nutter and Richard Waldron, Jr. ; Hampton, with fifty-seven voters, sent Anthony Stanyan, Thomas Marston and Edward Gove ; and Exeter, with twent)' voters, sent Bartholomew Tippen and Ralph Hall. Their first act was to acknowledge the royal favor of the g6 msTnuv oi" new hami'shike. [i6So commission creating a distinct government ; their next, to address the authorities of Massachusetts, excusing their acts of independence ; and then they proceeded to frame a series of laws for their future governnient. They discovered sixteen crimes worthv of capital punishment, and twenty-one penal offences. Among the former were idolatry, blasphemy, treason, rebellion, murder, witchcraft, perjury, man-stealing, cursing parents, and rebellion against parents ; among the latter were -swearing, profaning the Lord's day, contempt of God's Word or ministers, forgery, bribery, defacing records or landmarks, lying, burning or breaking" down fences, gaming, lottery, drunkenness, and firing woods. The first act in the new code provided " tl-.at no Act, Imposi- tit)n. Law or Ordinance be made or im])ose(.l " without the approval of the Assembly, council and president. All charters and grants of land were confirmed ; the General Court were a supreme court of judicature ; law cases were to be tried by juries, and inferior courts were constituted at Dover, Hampton and Portsmoutl;. The military establishment of the Province consisted of one company of foot soldiers in each town, one company of artillery at the fort, and one troop of horse, all under the command of Major Waldron. The authorities were especially jealous of their rights and resolutely withstood any encroachment of their privileges by Randolph, who liad been commissioned collector, surveyor and searcher of the customs for all New England. Captain Walter Barefoote was the deputy collector at I'ortsmouth. In the exe- cution of his commission, Randolph seized a vessel belonging to Mark Hunking of Portsmouth, bound from Maryland to Ireland, which put into the harbor for a few days. F"or this he was sued at a special court and had to pay damages and costs. The dep- uty collector was also indicted and fined "for disturbing and obstructing his Majesty's subjects in passing from harbor to harbor " in requiring that all vessels should be entered and cleared with him. In December, Ma.son, the claimant, came from England with i6So] KOVAL. PROVINCE. 97 a royal command requiring the council to admit him to a seat on the board. Having become a member he commenced to make demands, persuading some of the people to take leases of him, threatening others, forbidding them to cut firewood and timber, asserting his right to the Province, and assuming the title of lord-protector. The people became very uneasy, and petitions came into the Assembly from every town. At length Mason was indicted for an offence which was deemed "an usurpation over his Majesty's authority" as established in the Province, but escaped arrest by flight to England, in March, 1681, about the time of President Cutt's death. Another vacancy was caused in the council by the death of Samuel Dalton of Hampton, and Richard Waldron, Jr., of Portsmoytn and Anthony Nutter of Dover were elected to the office. Richard Waldron was presi- dent of the council from the death of Cutt to the arrival of Lieut. -Governor Edward Cranfield early in October, 1682. Wal- dron died in June, 1689, aged eighty. Tax P.vyers in Hampton, in May, 16S0. Nathaniel Bachilder. Jacob, Tho., Ben., Jon., Biowne. Nath'I Boulter. Sen. & Jr. John Blake. Mark Baker. * Moses Cocks (Cox). Edw. and Sam'l Colcord. Joseph and Sam'l Cass. Abraham Drake, Sen. and Alexander Denham. Gershom Elkins. * Will, and John Fuller. Sam'l Fogg. Ben. and Will.* Fifield. Sen. Henry and Abra. Greene. Jon. and Isaac Godfree. Edw. Gove. Jon. and Jacob Garland. James Samuel, Philbrick.* Caleb and Jacob Perkins. Joseph Palmer. ' * Henry Roby. *Jon. Redman. Sen. and ;■•■ Tho. Row. Jon. and Will. Sanborne, Sen. Richard and Jon. San- born. Jr. * Ant. and Jon. Taylor. Samuel and Daniel Tilton. Phillips Towle. John Tuck. Tho. Thurtten. Mr. Andrew Wiggin. Mr. Tho. Wiggin. Nath'I Weare. Tho. Warde. Tho. Webster. * Between 70 and 90 years. Godfre, Thomas, Hen. and John Dear- born. John Hussv. Jon., Nehemiah and Morris * Hobs, Sen. and Jr. Tim. Hilyard. James Johnson. P^rancis Jennis. John Knowles. Aretus, * Tho. and Hizrom Lovitt. Daniel Lainprey. Samuel Sherborn. Benj. and Jos. Swett. * Anthony and Jno. Stanyen. * Robard Smith. Jon. Smith, tayler. Jon. Smith, cooper. 98 IIISTUKV OF Nl:\V IIAMI'SHIKE. [1680 Isaac, Jon. and Epli. ♦Thomas, Will, "and James Marston. Henry, Jon., Joseph and lienj. Moulton. *Jon. Marion. Jon. Masson. Joseph Mead. Tho. Nud. ' *Abra. and Isaac Perkins. Francis and Tho. Page. TJio. Philbrook, Jonathan Christopher Palmer and Jonathan and David Wedgwood. Ralph Welch. Nath'l Wright. Tho. Rachel and James Chase. Abra'm Isaac, Cole. Benj. and Tho. Cram. Israel. *John Clifford, Sen and Jr. Elias Crichitt. Henry, Jos. and Daniel Dow. * Tho. Sleeper. Jos. and Ben. Shaw. Will Swaine. Joseph Smith. Will Sanborne, Jr. Jon. Sleeper. George Swete. I Samuel Dalton, I John Sanborne, I Henry Moulten, I Nathaniel Weare, [ John Smith, Selec/men. Tax Payers at Exeter, in April, 16S0. Imp. Gov. Robt. Wadlee. Mr. Moses Gillman. Mr. John Thomas. Mr. Barthol'w Pipping. Mr. Edward Hilton. Mr. Sam'l Hilton. Mr. Richard Scamon. Mr. Wiggin's mill. Major Sharpleigh, for Hil- ton's mill. Major Clark, for his mill. Nic. Norris. Peter Follsham. Christian Dolhoff. .Sam'l Leavitt. Moses Leavitt. David Lawrence. John Follsham, Jun. Sam. Follsham. Ephraim Follsham. Nat. Follsham. Edward Gillman. John Gilman, Jun. Cornelius Larey. George Jones. |ona'n Robinson. Jeremy Canaugh. Eleazer Elkins. Alexander Gorden. Robt. Smart. Sen. John Young. David Robinson. Will'm Hilton. Sam'l Hall. Ralph Hall. Kinsley Hall. John Sinckler. ^ William Moore. Phillip Cartey. John Wedgewood. Henry Magoon. Jonathan Thing. Joseph Taylor. Anthony Goff. Charles Gledon. Edw'd Sowell. Jonathan Smith. Samuel Dudley, Jr. Robert Stewart. *^Huniphrey Wilson. Robert Powell. Andrew Constable. Nic. Listen. John Bean. Tege Drisco. Joell Judkins. Ephraim Marston. Theop. Dudley. Thos. Mekins. Biley Dudley. Robt. Smart, Jun'r. Rich'd Morgan. Thos. Tidman. John Clark. James Kid. Nad. Lad. Jam?s Perkins, f John Gillman, Sen. -j Ralph Hall, '[ Edw'd Smith, Trustees of Exeter* CociiECO Tax Payers. Major Richard Waldron. Left. Peter Coffin. Isaac Hanson Widow Hanson. Rich. Nasson. Jno. Ellis. ROYAL PROVINCE. 99 Jno. Ham. Will Horn. Zacherie Field. Jinkin Jones. Tho. liownes, Jr. Benjamin Herd. Ezekill Winfoid. Sam'l Wentworth. Elder Wentworth, George Ricker. Tho. Paine. Gorshem Wentworth. Jno. Heard. Sen. John Heard, Jr. Will Harford. Stephen Ottis. Tho. Hanson. Peter Masson. Robert Evens. Tobias Hanson. Jno. Dam, Sen. Jno. Cox. Jno. Roberts, Sen. Tho. Roberts, Jr. Widow Tibets. Jeremy Tibets. Wildrum Dam. Abraham Nutt. Phillips Cromwell. Tho. Whitehouse. William Fiirber, .Sen. William Furber. Jr. Richard Roe, Left. Nutter. John Dam, Jr. John Bickford, Jr. Samuel Rawlens. James Rawlens. Capt. Jno. Gerrish. Jonathan Watson. Ralph Twomley. Tho. Austjn. Humphrey Barney. Mr. Will. Partridge. Tho. Douns, Sen. Nathan'l Stephens. Jno. Church. Mark Goyles. Tho. North. Mr. John Evens. Timothy Hanson. Mr. Goft. Jno. Frost. William Kim. James StagpoU. Harvey Hobbs. Rich. Ottis, Sen. Rich. Ottis, Jun. Dover Neck Tax Payers John Pinkham. Will. Willey. John Hall, Jr. John Hall, Sen. John Tiittle. Rich. Rich. Job. Clements, Esq. Joseph Beard. Joseph Canie. Nathan Hall. Bloody Point Tax Payers. Iccobad Rawlins. Jno. Hudson. Widd. Cattor. Jno. Bickford, Sen. Michael Brown. Henr}' Longstof. Widd. Trickle. Joseph Trickle. Rich Seamon. Wm. Yerington. Jno. Knight. Joseph Sanders. Maturin Ricker. Jno. Windicot. Will. GilTord. Will. Tasket. Jno. Derry. James Derry. Phillips Chesley. Tho. Chesley. Jno. Roberts, Jr. Nath'l Kene. Abraham Clarke. Edward Tayler. Jno. Michill. Edward Eayers. Will. Tomson. James Hawkins. James Nutt, Sen. James Nutt, Jr. Edward Allin. Tho. Perkins. Isaac Stokes. Tho. Young. Thos. Roberts, Sen. Mr. Will. Henderson. Jno. Cooke. John Meader. Jr. Isaac Trickie. William Shackford. Nicholas Harris. Joseph Hall. Luke Mallune. William Gray. Benjamin Rawlins. \ Eframe Trickie. Portsmouth Tax List, Sept., i6Si. Jno. Cutt. Jno. Dennet. Geo. Hunt. Jno. Partridge. Jno. Fabins. George Fabins. Robt. Rousley. Antho' Elms' Estate. Edward Cate. lOO IlISTOKV OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 1682 Mr. Rich. Walden. Mr. Otsella Cutt. Rich. Watts, and negro. Mr. Jno. Huckins. Mrs. Elenor Cutts. Wm. Ham. Rich. Jackson .md sons. Wni. Earle. Jno. Cotton. Ruben Hull. Rich. Martyn, Esq. Jno. Seward and man. Francis Mercer. Jno. Hardj. Sam'l Case. Jno. Frenchman, smith. Phil. Several. Obad Moss. Edward Melcher. George Levels & Son. Jno. Fletcher. Jno. Cutt, mariner and man. Jno. Tucker and three heads. Tho. Harvev and man. George Snell. Sam. Clark. Mat. Nelson. Tim. i:)avis. Jean Jose and Richard. Rich. Door. Peter Ball. Mark Hunckins. Rich. Shortridge, Lewis Williams. Jno. Brown. Rob't Pudington. Rob't Lang. Rich. Waterhouse. Jno. Pickering-. Wni. Sheller. Jno. Jackson, seaman. Jno. Bartlet. Walter Ell. Wm. Pitman. Alexander Denet, Jr. Wm. Brookin. Nat. White. Tho. Stevens. Rich. Monson. Francis Jones. Jno. Bandfield Phil Tucker. Dan. Duggin. Ja. Jones. Wm. Cotton. Neh. Partridge and 2. Rich. Webber. Tho. Ladbrooke. Tho. Jackson. Geo. Bramhall. Jno. Light. Hen. Kerch. .Sam'l Whidden. Jno. Whidden. Tho. Gubbtail. Jno. Presson. Leo. Drown. Wm. Richards. Hugh Leer. Hen. Savage. Wm. Walker. Wm. Cate. David Griffith. Francis Huckins. Jno. Jones. Joseph Jewell. Roland, at Hunt's. Anthony Furbur. Jno. Shipway. Wm. Vaughan, Esq. Ja. Treworgie. Wm. Williams. " Crafts. Tho. Gill. Tho. Wakan. Lodwick Fouler. Edward Holland. Jno. Seavie. Robt. Williams. Wm. Mason. Mr. Moody, for Mary Cutts' land. Dan'l Westcot. Ephriam Linn. Jno. Wakan. Jno Baker. , Jno. Chevalier & man. Wm. Rocklief. Nico. Walden. Rich, atjno. Tucker's. Hubertus Matton. x Ditto Journaman. Phil Founds. Ja. Levet. Wm. Roberts. Jno. Muchmore. Robt. Almonie. Tho. Daniel. Jno. Jackson, Sen. Jno. Jackson, Jr. Tho. Pickering. Peter Harvey. [Signed by ] Elias Stileman William Vaughan. Thom. Daniel. Robert Elliot. • Cranfield had been commissioned by the King, and instructed by the English authorities to sustain the claims of Mason. He arrived in New Hampshire in October, 1682, and published his p. p., vol. i, 424-2I l682] ROYAL PROVINCE. lOI commission. His council consisted of Mason, styled proprietor, Waldron, Daniel, Vaughan, Martin, Oilman, Stileman and Clem- ents, of the old board, and Walter Barefoote and Richard Chamberlain. Mason had mortgaged his whole interest in the Province to Cranfield, who made no secret of his intention to reap a rich harvest. Within a week after his arrival, Waldron and Martin were suspended from the council, Cranfield having the supreme authority. When the Assembly, which had been summoned, met about the middle of November, Waldron and Martin were restored to their seats in the council, and conciliation was attempted by both parties. The Assembly voted the governor ^250 and adjourned. At the next session, in January, 1683, there was an open rupture. He vetoed the bills of the Assembly and they wcfuld not accede to his wishes, so he dissolved them, after he had suspended Stileman from the council and from the command of the fort. Stileman's offence was in allowing a vessel under seizure to go out of the harbor. Barefoote was made cap- tain of the fort in his place. The dissolution by the governor of the Assembly, a thing before unknown, aggravated the popular discontent and secured him the ill-will of the men of New Hampshire ; and soon the feeling of resentment rose so high as to result in a rebellion. In a report made to the Board of Trade by Randolph, there is an account of this rebellion : A short time after [the dissolution], one Edward Gove, who served [in the Assembly] for the town of Hampton, a leading man and a great stickler for the late proceedings of the Assembly, made it his business to stir the people up to rebellion by giving out that the governor, as vice-admiral, acted by the commission of his royal highness, who was a Papist, and would bring Popery in amongst them; that the governor was a pretended governor, and his commission was signed in Scotland. He endeavored, with a great deal of pains, to make a party, and solicited many of the considerable persons in each town to join with him to recover their liberties infringed by his Majest_\''s placing a governor over them; furtlier adding that his sword was drawn, and he v.ould not lay it down till he knew who should hold the gov- ernment. He discoursed at Portsmouth to Mr. Martyn, treasurer, and soon after to Captain Hall of Dover, which they discovered to the governoi'. who immediately dispatched messengers with warrants to the constable of Exeter and Hampton to arrest Gove; and fearing he might get a party too strong for the civil power (as indeed it proved, for Justice Weare and a marshal were repulsed), the governor forthwith ordered the militia of the whole I02 HISTORV OF NEW HAMPSHIKI;. [1683 Province to be in arms : and understanding by the marshal that Gove could not be apprehended at Hampton b_v himself and a constable, but had gone to his party at Exeter (from whence he suddenly returned with twelve men mounted and armed with swords, pistols, and guns, a trumpet sounding, and Gove with his sword drawn riding at the head of them), was taking horse, and with a part of the troop intended to take Gove and his companv: but the Governor was prevented by a messenger from Hampton, who brought word that they were met withal, and taken by the militia of the town, and were secured with a guard; the trumpeter forcing his way escaped, after whom a hue and cry was sent to all parts, but as yet he is not taken. This rising was, unexpectedly to the party, made on the 21st day of January, 16S3. It is generally believed that many considerable persons, at whose houses Gove either sent or called to come out and stand for their liberties, would have joined with him had he not discovered his designs, or appeared in arms at that day. For upon the 30th of January being appointed by the governor a day of public humiliation, they designed to cut off the governor, Mr. Mason, and some others whom they affected not. The governor sent a strong party of horse to guard the prisoners, then in irons, from Hampton to Portsmouth. Thev were brought before the governor and council and examined, when Gove behaved very insolently. When arrested, Gove and his companions were put under the charge of Captain Walter Barefoote at New Castle, so the record quaintly says, " In regarde that ye prison was out of repaire." While in custody there, Gove wrQte a letter to the justices who were about to try him, and in it he describes his condition. He says: "My tears are in my eyes, I can hardly see. * * If ever New England had need of a Solomon or David it is now. * * We have a hard prison, a good keeper, a hard Captain, irons an inch over, five foot seven inches long, two men locked together, yet I had, I thank God for it, a very good night's rest." On the 1 5th of February, 1683, a special court was called to try Gove and his comrades, and " after long consideration the jury found Gove guilty of high treason, * * and all the rest in arms. * * The governor ordered the court to suspend its judgement (on the latter ) till His Majesty's pleasure should be known therein ; most of them being young men and unacquainted with the law." The judge, Richard Waldron, who, it is said, shed tears while sentencing Gove, pronounced the dreadful sentence that he should be hung, drawn atid quartered, — that being the punish- ment for the offence. 1683] ROYAL PROVINCE. t03 Most of Gove's companions were pardoned ; and Gove himself, after being sent over to England and confined in the Tower for some years, was pardoned and sent back to Hampton. There is on file in the State Paper Office in England a petition of his wife to pardon her husband. She gives as his excuse that he was into.xicated at the time, and hints at a streak of insanity which ran in his family. After his return to America he lived but a short time, and always contended that a slow poison had been administered to him in prison. His house, a part of it, still stands in Seabrook, and there is growing on the premises a pear-tree which it is said he brought from England with him. His descendants became Quakers, and some of them still wor- ship in the old Quaker meeting-house in Seabrook, which was formerly a part of Hampton ; and it is near this old church that Gove's remains lie buried. Thus ended the first rebellion in New England. It hastened Cranfield's removal, but was of little permanent consequence compared with that which occasioned the downfall of Sir Edmund Andros six years afterward, when Cranfield, Randolph and many other supporters of tyranny went down with Sir Edmund. Ran- dolph, who had been active in punishing Gove, was himself imprisoned in Boston, and wrote many piteous letters to King William, asking to be set free.^ The governor and the people of the Province could not arrive at an amicable adjustment of their conflicting interests. The former, as well as Mason, was rash and impetuous, and in deal- ing with such sagacious men as Major Waldron, John Wingate and Thomas Roberts, three of the principal landowners in Dover, they were easily led into the wrong. The governor made extravagant threats, but the people were not intimidated. They had offered to refer the matter to the King, and their offer being refused, they felt that they had justice on their side. On some fresh pretence, Waldron, Martin and Gilman were sus- pended from the council, and the deaths of Daniel and Clem- ents left two other vacancies. Vaughan held his seat the longest, but was at last tiirust out. Their places were filled by ' J. C. Sanborn. 104 iiiSToKA oi- m;w ha.mfshikk. ['683 Nathaniel Frye, Robert Elliot, John Hinckes, James Sherlock, Francis Champernoon and Edward Randolph, a council made up to the governor's satisfaction. The courts were overturned. Walter Barefoote, the deputy governor, was judge, Mason was chancellor, Chamberlain was clerk, Randolph was attorney- general, and Sherlock was provost-marshal and sheriff. Some, "awed by threats or flattered by promises," took leases from Mason, and served for deputy sheriffs, jurors and witnesses. Then followed a multitude of lawsuits, which were not contested by the landowners ; and Mason came into possession of most of the cultivated land of the Province. No attention was paid to legal forms; and as the only redress laid in a direct appeal to the King, Nathaniel Weare of Hampton was privately fur- nished with petitions and statements, and sailed from Boston for England, as the agent for the towns. William Vaughan accompanied Weare as far as Boston, and on his return was thrown into prison and confined for nine months. In the mean- while Cranfield had assumed the whole legislative power, pro- hibited vessels from Massachusetts to enter the port, altered the value of silver money, changed the bounds of townships, sued the former treasurer of the province, and was altogether arbitrary and tyrannical. Finding that he could not raise money for his wants, he summoned the Assembly in January, 1684, and demanded that they should pass an act which had been approved by the council. They took time to deliberate, going from Great Island during the night to Portsmouth to consult with Mr. Moodey, and on their return refused to do as the governor desired. They were dissolved, and many of them were immediately appointed constables, liable to fines for not collecting the rates. Moodey became an object of hatred ; and an early opportunity was taken to visit the governor's dis- pleasure upon him. He was prosecuted as a Non-conformist, according to a law in force in England, sentenced to imprison- ment, and confined with Major Vaughan at the house of Captain Stileman on Great Island for thirteen weeks. Rev. Seaborn Cotton of Hampton fled to Boston to escape persecution. Mr. Moodey was released from confinement on his promising to leave the Province. 1685] ROYAL PKOViNCE. IO5 All through the year 1684, disorder ruled in New Hampshire. The people united to resist the oppression of Cranfield. His marshals and sheriffs were treated to a great variety of abuse. They were welcomed with hot water and clubs. One was tied to his horse and carried to Salisbury. The militia was called out to suppress the riot, but not a trooper appeared. At length Cranfield, finding his authority all gone, was forced to desist. In the meanwhile Weare had received a hearing in England, and the governor was called upon to defend his course. Upon receiving the letter from the Board of Trade, he suspended Mason's suits till the question concerning the legality of the courts should be decided. At a hearing in March, 1685, it was decided by the English court that Cranfield had exceeded his authority and had not pursued his instructions. Having received a leave of absence with the report, he gave over the contest, and quietly embarked for Jamaica. He was afterwards collector at Barbadoes, and died about the year 1 jcx). After Cranfield's departure in May, 1685, his authority de- volved on Walter Barefoote, deputy governor ; and he and his friend Mason, the claimant, had a very uneasy time of it. One Thomas Wiggin, in company with Anthony Nutter, a large and powerful man, called at Barefoote's house on Great Island, where Mason was sojourning. Wiggin took the law into his own hands and gave Mason a thrashing. Barefoote interfering, received his share of the assault, in which he lost a tooth and had two ribs broken. Nutter left his friend to do the whipping, while he stood by laughing, and prevented outside interference. The authority of the deputy governor was held in as much con- tempt as had been that of the gov-ernor. Charles II died in February, 1685, and was succeeded by his even more arbitrary and tyrannical brother, James II, who immediately put in force a new scheme for the government of New England. A commission was issued to a president, Joseph Dudley, a son of the former governor, Thomas Dudley of Massa- chusetts, and to a council, only one member of which, John Hinckes, was a resident of New Hampshire, for the governing I06 HISTOKV OK NEW HAMPSHIRE. [1688 of all New England. The territory was divided into the four counties of Suffolk, Middlesex, Essex and Hampshire, and the three provinces of Maine, New Hampshire and Narragansett. New courts were established. The new form of government went into effect in May, 1686; and from the tolerable decency with which it commenced operations, the way was paved for the appointment of a governor general. At the end of the year Sir Edmund Andros, who had been governor of New York, arrived at Boston, with a commission appointing him captain-general and governor-in-chief of the territory and dominion of New England, which was made to include Plymouth colony, with the counties and provinces before mentioned. In the council of fifteen, besides Hinckes, were Robert Mason and Edward Ran- dolph. No Assembly was provided for. Members of the council were judges. The governor and any five of the council consti- tuted a quorum ; seven were a full board, and were authorized to make laws, execute them, and preside as justices. Andros commenced his administration with the fairest professions, but soon became a tyrant. Those of his council who did not sustain him in all his designs were not summoned. Randolph and Mason were his confidants. The press was restrained, liberty of conscience infringed, and exorbitant fees and taxes de- manded. The people had no privilege of representation. Titles to land were annulled. Indian deeds were declared " no better than the scratch of a bear's paw." New patents were issued, covering old grants, as the charter was vacated. The only town meeting allowed was for the election of town officers. No per- son was permitted to go out of the country without express leave from the governor. An appeal to the King was of no effect. All through the year 1687 and 1688 the people submitted to the encroachments of the government. In England, at the same time, the people were subjected to like obnoxious laws, and were preparing for a change. On the annexation of New York to New England, Andros found ready tools for his service, and neglected Mason and his clamis. Having received a favor- able verdict before the English court of appeal. Mason returned i6go] KOVAi. ^R()Vl^•c■I•:. 107 to New England to take possession of his province, when he was met by a new difficulty. The new authorities seemed jealous of his increased importance, and would not grant execu- tion, or allow that he had the power to i;rant land by leases. In the midst of his troubles he dioil, in Jul\-. 1688, leaving his claims and lawsuits to his two sons, John and Robert Mason. On the news of the landing in England of William Prince of Orange reaching Boston, Andros imprisoned the messenger; but the people of Massachusetts rose in April, 1689, and seized the governor and his accomplice.^, whom they imprisoned, and afterward sent as prisoners of State to the old country. The magistrates under the old charter, with Bradstreet, the late governor, at their head, assumed the name of a Council of Safety, and maintained a form of government until orders were received from PIngland. New Hampshire was left without a government. The people of the Province were persuaded by some of the leading men to meet in convention and take measures for their future government. The following deputies were chosen : From Portsmouth, Major William Vaughan, Richard Waldron, Nathaniel Fryer, Robert Elliot, Thomas Cobbet and Capt. John Pickering ; from Dover, Capt. John Woodman, Capt. John Gerrish, John Tuttle, John Roberts, Thomas Edgerly and Nicholas P^ollet ; from E.xeter, Robert Wadley, William Moore and Samuel Leavitt. Hampton was in sympathy with the move- ment, but dissensions arising in town meeting no deputies were sent. At an adjourned meeting of the convention in January, 1690, it was decided to renew their union with Massachusetts until the King's pleasure should be known. A petition signed t>y 372 " inhabitants and trained soldiers of the Province of New Hampshire" was presented to the Massachusetts authori- ties, and favorably received. This union was the more desired on account of the breaking out of what was known as King William's War, and lasted until the a])pointment, in 1692, of Governor Samuel Allen and Lieu- tenant-Governor John Usher. I08 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. ['^Q- Diiring the union, Portsmouth was represented at the Massachusetts Gen- eral Court in i6go, 1691 and 1692, by one or two of their delegates, Elias Stileman, John Foster, Richard Waldron and Jolin Pickering. The military and civil officers of the Province during the union approved by the governor and council were: Samuel Penhallow, treasurer; John Pickering, recorder; William Vaughan, Richard Martin and Nathaniel Fryer, justices of the peace, at Portsmouth : John Gerrish, at Dover : Robert Wadleigh, at Exeter; Major William Vaughan, commander of the militarv forces. Of the military company, at Dover, John Gerrish was commissioned captain: John Tuttle, lieutenant: William Furber, ensign : at Oyster River (Durham), John Woodman, captain ; James Davis, lieutenant ; Stephen Jones, ensign : at Portsmouth, Walter Neale, captain; John Pickering, lieutenant; Tobias Langdon, ensign: at Exeter, William Moore, captain; Samuel Leavitt, lieutenant; Jonathan Thing, ensign: at Great Island (New Castle \ Nathaniel Fryer, captain; Thomas Cobbet, lieutenant; Shadrach Walton, ensign : at Hampton, Sam- uel Sherburne, captain; Edward Gove, lieutenant; John Moulton, ensign. CHAPTER V. KING WILLIAM'S AND QUEEN ANNE'S WARS, 1689-1713. Causes — St. Castine — Grievances — Richard Waldron's Death — Dover — Oyster River — Salmon Falls — Newington — Lamprey River — Wheelwright's Pond — Sandy Beach — -Portsmouth — Rangers— Durham Massacre — Widow Cutt — Breakfast Hill- Return OF Captives — Treatment of Captives — Queen Anne's War — Peace at PEMAqiiiD — Eastern Settlements Ravaged — -Hampton — Kingston — Removal of Indians to Canada — Dunstable — Death of Colonel Winthrop Hilton — Peace — Condition of Par- ties. •T^HE first Indian war resulted to the advantage of the set- tlers. A large proportion of the New England Indians had been exterminated. The most stalvirart and the fiercest, who survived, nursed their wrath, magnified their grievances, and plotted future vengeance. Their anger was increased by artful enemies of the English settlers, until the basest treachery and demoniac cruelty became a part of their character in their deal- ings with the New England colonies. The war became one of extermination on both sides. The French made it a little less fearful by offering a much larger bounty for captives than for scalps. A bounty on scalps was offered also by the colonial authorities. In 1689 commenced a contest of races, which, with but a brief suspension of hostilities, was destined to be pro- longed for a quarter of a century, a generation, and to result in the practical dispersion of the aborigines from the whole ter- ritory of New England, their former home and hunting ground. King William's War was the most disastrous as it was the most prolonged of the many contests in which the New Engl- I lO HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [l689 and colonists were engaged. It lasted with but an occasional truce for ten years, and was the more fierce because to race hatred was added religious fanaticism. Besides, the Indians had a base of supplies in Canada, and counted on the French as allies and confederates. Before the French monarch, Louis XIV, had made war on William and Mary, the sovereigns of England, in the interest of James II, the dethroned king, An- dros, by his overbearing and arbitrary course in New England, had prepared the way, before he was driven from ofifice, for a general Indian war, the horrors of which were greatly increased when war was declared between the home governments of France and England. France held all land to the eastward of Penobscot river by treaty, and Baron de St. Castine had for many years resided on the peninsular of Castine and carried on a large trade with the Indians. A new line was run which left Castine within English territory, and soon afterward, in 1688, Andros went with an armed force and plundered De Castine's house and fort. Thereupon the Frenchman, who had the sym- pathy and confidence of the Indians to the fullest extent, incited them to open hostility. This was the more easily done as they had grievances of their own for which they could obtain no redress. Their tribute of corn was withheld, seines obstructed their fishery, cattle destroyed their crops, and their land was granted to settlers without their consent. To this was added the fact that they had become Catholics, and considered the English as heretics and their natural enemies. War com- menced in Maine. Andros led an army of seven hundred men into their territory ; but the only loss was sustained by his own force, for not an Indian was seen on the march. The treachery of Major Waldron, a dozen years before, still rankled in the memory of the Cocheco, the Pigwacket, and the Penacook tribes. The strage Indians, who had been sold into slavery in foreign countries, and had escaped and returned, were thirsting for revenge, and formed a confederacy for sur- prising the Cocheco settlement and taking vengeance. Their plans were carefully matured. Wannalancet, as chief of the Penacooks, was succeeded by Hagkins, who had been treated 16.S9] KING William's wak. i i [ with neglect by Cranfiekl and was ready to listen to Castine's emissaries. Ostensibly they were at peace with the Province, when near the last of June, 1689, they assembled in the neighborhood of Dover. The veteran magistrate, Richard Waldron, feared no treachery. Some of the inhabitants were uneasy on account of meeting so many Indians and warned Waldron without effect. An official warning was on its way from Boston, but arrived too late. There were at the time five garrisoned houses near the first falls of the Cocheco river, Waldron's, Otis's and Heard's on the north side of the river; Peter Coffin's and his son's on the south side. The Indians sent two squaws to each of the garrisoned houses in the evening, to ask shelter for the night, and they were welcomed at all, except the younger Coffin's, and allowed to sleep by the open fire when the family had retired. One of the chiefs, Mesandowit, was hospitably entertained by Major Waldron the day before, and the squaws told him to expect a trading visit from the Indians the following day. When all was. quiet, the squaws opened. the gates and admitted their confederates. Waldron, on being aroused, sprang from his bed and bravely defended himself until he was overpowered and cruelly put to death, amid the jibes of his captors. His .son-in-law, Abraham Lee, was also killed. The Otis garrison, next to Waldron's, shared the same fate. Heard's and Elder Wentworth's were accidentally saved. The elder Coffin's was surprised, and his son surrendered to save his father; but both families escaped while the Indians were plundering the houses. Twenty-three people were killed and twenty-nine were carried away captives. Five or six houses and the mills were burned, and the Indians had departed with their prisoners and booty before assistance arrived from other parts of the town. The prisoners were carried to Canada and sold to the French ; and they were said to have been the first ever carried there. A pursuing party, under command of Captain Noyes, destroyed the corn of the Indians at Penacook ; and another party, under Captain Wincol, killed several Indians at Lake Winnipiseogee, and despoiled their fields. mSTOKV OI- NKW JIAMl-SlliKE. [1690 In August, the Indians surprised Huckin's garrison at Oyster River and killed them all, to the number of eighteen, while at work in a field, and took the children, after killing three or four of their number, and the women into captivity. In 1690, Count de Frontenac, the French governor of Canada, iCgs] KING William's war. 113 entered resolutely into the war and furnished the hostile Indians with arms and supplies. He offered a bounty for scalps and prisoners. Salmon Falls was attacked in March by a combined French and Indian force, and twenty-seven of its brave defenders were slain, and fifty-two, mostly women and children, were car- ried into captivity. After plundering the place, the houses, mills, and barns, together with the stock within them, were burned. The assailants were followed on their retreat and an engagement ensued, in which four or five of the pursuing party were killed and the rest retired. The enemy lost two of their number. In May, the Indians made an assault on Fox Point, in New- ington, burned several houses, killed fourteen people, and retreated with six captives. They were pursued by Captains Floyd and Greenleaf, and some of the captives escaped, but the Indians made good their retreat. In July, the enemy were very active. Within three days they killed eight at Lamprey river, eight at Exeter, and sixteen at Wheelwright's pond, in Lee, taking only one captive. The loss in Exeter was in defending the Hilton garrison house. The loss at Wheelwright's pond was in a bloody engagement in which Captain Wiswall, Lieutenant Flagg and Sergeant Walker were killed. Both parties retreated. Within a week following the Indians killed forty people between Lamprey river and Ames- bury. Captives, if not healthy and vigorous, were cruelly tortured and put out of the way. There were very few instances of mercy during the war. In the fall there was a cessation of hostilities, which lasted until June, 1691, when two men were killed at Exeter. In September, the Indians came from the eastward in canoes, landed at Sandy Beach, or Rye, and killed or carried away twenty-one persons. Captain Sherburne of Portsmouth was killed during the year. In 1692, the frontiers were guarded by ranging parties in the woods, after the destruction of York ; and the Indians found it difificult to surprise a garrison. A party of them near Cocheco were themselves surprised and only one of their number escaped. Tobias Hanson of Dover was the only victim during the year 1693, except a poor family captured at Oyster River. A truce 114 HISTORY OF -NEW HAMPSHIRE. I 1 696 was agreed upon at Pemaquid in August, and the settlers had a respite for the rest of the year. They had become so disheart- ened that they were ahnost persuaded to leave the Province. To add to their troubles, there was a misunderstanding with the Massachusetts authorities, who had been rather occupied with witchcraft trials than the prosecution of the war, and assistance was sparingly afforded to their neighbors. At length all the Massachusetts soldiers were withdrawn. After the middle of July, 1694, alongmeditated attack was made by two hundred and fifty Indians, led by Sieur de Villieu, upon the settlement at Oyster River (Durham). There were block- houses for the defence of the inhabitants ; but, not suspecting danger, many families were at their own unfortified homes, and the garrisons were unprepared for an attack. Of the twelve fortified houses five were destroyed. Fourteen people were surprised and killed in one. The deserted houses were set on fire. Over ninety people were killed or carried into captivity. There were many narrow escapes and many scenes of frightful cruelty. A French priest accompanied the expedition, which was composed of Maine and New Brunswick Indians, from the Kennebec, Penobscot and St. John rivers, and French troops. Seven of the garrison houses were bravely and successfully de- fended. The enemy, having done what mischief they could, retired ; and the scalps taken were afterward presented to Count Frontenac, in Canada. Within a few days a wandering party of Indians killed Madam Ursula Cutt, widow of the first president, and three of her laborers, while haymaking at a place called the Pulpit. In July, 1695, two men were killed at Exeter. In May, 1696, John Church was killed at Cocheco. Near the end of June the Indians came from the Nubble, at York, in canoes, and landed at Sandy Beach, or Rye, and made an attack on five houses at once. At Sagamore's Creek, in Portsmouth, fourteen people were in- stantly killed and four carried into captivity. The whole number slain, according to John Farmer, was twenty-four. A pursuing party recovered the prisoners at Breakfast Hill, but the Indians escaped and eluded a fleet of boats sent to cut off their retreat 1697] KING William's war. 115 to the eastward. In July, a party in Dover were waylaid while returning from church. Three were killed, three wounded, and three carried away captives. In August, one settler was killed in Rye and another at Lubberland, on Great Bay. In June, 1697, an attack was planned on the town of Exeter, which was averted by an accident. One person was killed, another wounded, and a third carried into captivity. During the year a grand in- vasion of the country of New England was planned by the French, but was happily postponed until the towns were fortified, when peace was declared. A final treaty was made with the Indians at Casco early in January, 1699, and many captives were restored to their friends. Many of them, however, had become members of Indian tribes and did not return to civili- zation. During the war of ten years the four towns in the province of New Hampshire and the adjoining settlements at York, Kittery, and Berwick, lost, in killed, wounded and captives, about four hundred of their number. The stories narrated by the returning captives were full of woe. They had been forced to look upon the torture and death of many of their companions, who had incurred the ill-will of the savages. They had been forced to hasten through a wilderness, without proper food or raiment, and had beeen subjected to so many hardships that only the most robust and healthy survived. The Indians, from friendly neighbors, had become relentless foes. The treachery of Major Waldron, from which they had lost faith in the English settlers, and the attack of the Mohawks on the peaceably inclined Indians, had converted them into fiends incarnate. Nothing seemed too horrible for them to imagine and perpetrate. From superstition or some other cause they respected the chastity of their female captives, but would as ruthlessly murder them as their male prisoners. During an incursion made upon Haverhill, in 1697. the Indians attacked the house of Hannah Dustin. Her husbauil effected the rescue of his children, but the mother fell into the hands of the attacking party, who murdered her babe and com- pelled her to rise from a bed of sickness, and, with her nurse, to follow them towards Canada. During their journey, the party, ii6 HISTOKV OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [1697 captors and captives, stopped for the night at the small island at the mouth of the Contoocook river at Penacook. Here the two captive women with the assistance of a boy, planned and HANNAH DUSTIN AT THE MASSACRE. Upon this spot (the island of Contoocook, N. H.) stands a monument erected to the memory of Hannah Dustin, through the efforts of Colonel Robert B. Caverly, poet and historian. executed an escape, which was done by killing ten of the twelve Indians of the party, and following the river back to the settle- ments. As a matter of course, they were forced to take their 1708] QUEEN ANNe's WAR. II7 captors at a disadvantage, killing them while they were asleep, and possibly drunk. The peace of Ryswick, which closed King William's War, was of short duration. Louis XIV proclaimed the Pretender king of England, and his governor, Villebon, had orders to extend the Province of Acadia to the Kennebec river. The English claimed to the St. Croi.x river. Governor Dudley had particular orders to rebuild the port at Pemaquid, but the Massachusetts Assembly would not consent to the expense. He met at Casco delegates from the tribes of the Norridgewock, Penobscot, Pigwacket, Penacook and Androscoggin Indians, and concluded a firm peace with them in June, 1703. This did not prevent the Indians, however, after the declaration of the Queen Anne War, from join- ing the French and invading New England. They killed and took captive one hundred and thirty people betvi'een Casco and Wells in a few weeks, burning and destroying all before them. About the middle of August a force of thirty killed five people at Hampton, a Quakeress among the number, and plundered two houses; but fled before a pursuing party. Instantly the whole frontier was in arms. A visit of a company to Pigwacket in the fall led to the death of six and the capture of six Indians. During the winter the settlers were very active in carrying the war into the enemy's country, under the command of Major Winthrop Hilton and Captains John Gilman of Exeter, and Chesley and Davis of Oyster Rixer. During the year 1704 the aggressive policy of New England was continued, yet the Indians succeeded in killing and captur- ing several people in the Province, one at Oyster River in April, and several at Lamprey River the next day. In August they killed several at Oyster River. In January, 1708, Colonel Hilton led a force against Norridgewock, which was only successful in destroying the village. During the year another attempt was made to settle the township of Kingston, which did not succeed. Amongst the settlers were Ebenezer Webster, an ancestor of Daniel Webster, Moses Elkins, Jonathan Sanborn, Ichaboti Robie, Aaron Sleeper, Thomas Webster, Thomas Philbrick and Il8 HISTOKV (IF XEW HAMPSHIRE. [l/OQ Jabez Colman. The first birth in the town was that of Benjamin Webster, in 1701. In 1725 the town contained eighty-one fami- lies. In 1732, it liad one hundred and sixty-four ratable inhabi- tants and one hundred and fifteen dwelling houses, of which sixty-four were two stories high. An attempt was made to settle Rev. William Thompson in 1720. Rev, Ward Clark was ordained and settled in 1725 ; Rev. Peter Coffin, in 1737; Rev. Amos Tappan, in 1762; Rev. Elihu Thayer, D. U., in 1776 ; Rev. John Turner, the last minister settled by the town, in 18 18. The Indians of New England had been encouraged to remove to Canada by the French governor, and accordingly had been incorporated with the St. Francis tribe on the St. Lawrence and were thus more readily wielded against the English. At the re- opening of hostilities, in 1706, after a short truce, a small party of Indians attacked the house of John Drew, at Oyster River, in April, and killed eight and wounded two ; but the women suc- cessfully defended the place. On the retreat of the Indians they killed John Wheeler, his wife and two children, who fell into their hands. In June two men were killed in Dover. In July two men were killed at Dunstable. In August an attack was made on Dover, in which ten men lost their lives or were carried into captivity. The Indians also killed several others during the summer at Dunstable, Hampton, and along the fron- tier. During the winter of 1707, Colonel Hilton was successful in cutting off a party of twenty-two, near Black Point, in Maine. During the following summer, while a force of a thousand men were attacking Port Royal, a harassing warfare was kept up by the enemy along the frontier and several men were killed at Oyster River, at Kingston, and at Exeter. The Indians were accustomed at this time to wander in small parties and the settlers were always armed and generally within the protection of their block- houses. In September, a lumbering party was surprised at Oyster River by a party of French Mohawks and eight of their number were instantly killed. New Hampshire escaped any loss during the year 1708, l^ut in the spring of 1709 several men were captured in E.\cter, and one iyi^\ QUEEN ANNE's WAR. 1 19 was killed at Oyster River. One of the Exeter captives was in- humanly tortured. During the year an expedition was planned against Canada, but was not carried into effect. In July, 1710, the Indians, who had before made several at- tempts, succeeded in killing Colonel Winthrop Hilton. Two of his companions were killed at the same time, and two others were captured. Colonel Hilton was the son of Edward Hilton and Ann (Dudley) Hilton. Edward Hilton was the son of Edward Hilton, the first settler of Dover. Ann Dudley, Colonel Hilton's mother, was the daughter of Rev. Samuel and Mary' (Winthrop) Dudley, and was the granddaughter of Governor Thomas Dudley and Governor John Winthrop. His loss was severely felt in the Province, and he was buried with military honors. Soon after the attack on Hilton's party, the Indians killed or took captive several persons at Exeter, four at Kingston and one at Cocheco. During the summer Colonel Shadrack Walton led the New Hampshire quota of one hundred men to help capture Port Royal. Late in the fail he led a force to the eastward, and slew several hostile Indians. In the spring of 171 1 five men were killed at Dover, and a party returning from church fell into an ambush. During the summer a formidable expedition of some six thousand troops were sent to reduce Canada, but lost a thousand of their number in the St. Lawrence river during a stormy night, and the balance of the fleet returned to Boston. The Indians, encouraged by the failure of this attack, com- menced their aggressions in the spring of 17 12, killing a settler in Exeter, another at Dover, and another at Oyster River. A marauding party of eight Indians were surprised and killed on the Merrimack. During June and July the enemy attacked the settlers at Exeter, Kingston and Dover, and caused some loss of life. In the autumn the news of the peace of Utrecht was received and a suspension of arms was proclaimed at Ports- mouth. In July, 171 3, a formal treaty of peace was made with the Indians, and an exchange of prisoners was brought about the next summer. During the whole war, Usher was a faithful officer. He frequently came into the province by Dudley's I20 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. ['7 '3 direction, and sometimes resided in it several months, inquiring into the state of the frontiers and garrisons, visiting them in person, and consulting with the officers of the militia as to the proper methods of defence. The drain of the war had been fearful on the little province of New Hampshire, still it was more than offset by the large families and the natural increase within the colony. It had bred a race of men skilled as the Indian in the arts of wood- craft and the peculiar stratagems of Indian warfare. Children had been reared amidst the alarms of the dread war-whoop and the whistle of the hostile bullet. Boys were trained as soldiers at an early age, and even the women, on occasion, successfully defended their homes from the prowling savages. Hannah Dustin is a typical heroine of that era. After such a school those boys could never wear the yoke of servitude. Henceforth they were freemen. The Indians, on the other hand, suffered from war and famine. Sleuth hounds, for the sake of the reward or to revenge the massacre of a family, in the shape of desperate man-hunters, rangers and scouts, were continually on their trail and diminish- ing their numbers. In endurance the white man was their superior and was bound to be the victor in the end. -s<; CHAPTER VI. ROYAL PROVINCE, 1692-1715. Samuel Allen — John Usher — New Council — Small Pox — Post Office • — New Castle Incorporated — Kingston Incorporated — William Partridge — PiscATAquA Rebellion — ,Earl of Bellomont — Governor Allen — John Usher — Mutilation of Records — New Trial of Claim — Appeal to King — Joseph Dudley — Decision OF English Courts — Nashua — Offers of Compromise — Death of Allen — Renewal of Suit — New Trial — Death of Thomas Allen — Hampton Falls — Newington. T' *HE administration of John Usher, as lieutenant-governor, representing his father-in-law, Samuel Allen, and Gover- nor Joseph Dudley, was at a time the most mournful in the his- tory of the Province or the State, and the most illy suited for the establishment of claims to lands which were occupied by people defending them from a savage foe, and exciting sympa- thy in the minds of home and foreign judges by their bravery and sacrifices. According to the common law of England, Allen was undoubtedly right. The discovery and occupation of a vast continent, however, brought different elements into the legal questions involved. The right of even a prince to grant land to the exclusion of actual settlers in long and undisturbed possession is seriously questioned. When to the difficulties of the case is added the purchase of the territory from its un- doubted owners, the Indians, and thereafter the maintaining the possession by right of conquest, one's sympathy must lean towards the settlers. In a foreign war, it is the patriotic duty of a citi- zen to sustain his government, right or wrong ; but even in that cise, when it becomes a matter of history, he may question the justice and equity of the course pursued by the public or the State. HISTORY Of NEW lIAMPSillRE. [1692 In the midst of the Indian war, the Province of New Hamp- shire was placed under a new government. The people desired for the most part to continue their union with Massachusetts, but Samuel Allen of London, who had purchased the interest of the heirs of Mason to New Hampshire, claimed recognition of his title from the crown, and a commission for the govern- ment of the province. A petition from the people for a union with Massachusetts was neglected, and the power of govern- ^^_ ^(. 3e\vL n\exsc^ ment was conferred upon Allen. His son-in-law, John Usher, was appointed lieutenant-governor in his absence. The coun- cillors named in the commission were John Usher, John Hinckes, Nathaniel Fryer, Thomas Graffort, Peter Coffin, Henry Greene, Robert Elliot, John Gerrish, John Walford and John Love. To these were afterwards added Major Vaughan, Nathaniel Weare and Richard Waldron. The lately appointed lieutenant-governor arrived and pub- lished his commission in August, 1692. His council were gen- erally men who had the confidence and good will of the people, but Usher himself was unpopular on account of his connection 1692] KOVAL PRO\lNXE. with the government under Andros and his interest in Allen's claim to the lands. He was a native of Boston, a tradesman of considerable wealth, and had successfully conducted the \/^^^m^.Ff^^^i^' ' ^ ^m.4^m. negotiations on the part of Massachusetts for the purchase from Gorges of the Province of Maine. He had been treasurer in the government of Sir Edmund Andros, and was largely 124 mSTOKV OF NEW HAMI'SHIKE. :i692 interested in land speculation. He was good-natured, open, and generous ; but no statesman or courtier. He was not affa- fj«.w-(ast!e. i ble, but rather stern and severe. He prided himself on his authority, was consequential and dictatorial, but fairly gov- erned durinsr the Indian ti"oublcs. 1692] KOVAI. I'KOVINCE. 1 25 During the year 1692, besides the terror of the Indian war, a very fatal epidemic of small pox raged at Portsmouth and Greenland. In 1793 the first post-office in the Province was established at Portsmouth. During the same year Great Island, Sandy Beach (Rye), and Little Harbor were incorporated as the town of New Castle. Great Island had been a place of considerable importance. During Cranfield's administration it was the seat of government. It was afterwards reduced in size by the incor- poration of Rye, until to-day, with an area of only 458 acres, it is the smallest township in the State. It was the home in later years of Theodore Atkinson, chief justice of the Province. Rev. Samuel Moody preached at New Castle before 1700 ; Rev. John Emerson was ordained in 1704; Rev. William Shurtleff, in 1712; Rev. John Blunt, in 1732 ; Rev. David Robinson, in 1748; Rev. Stephen Chase, in 1750; Rev. Oliver Noble, in 1784. 1 What was the population of New Castle at the date of its charter, it is quite impossible to determine accurately. On one occasion forty men signed a petition, which list included none of the government officials. It is probable that, in 1693, there were within the whole territory of this town not far from five hundred inhabitants. The records of the town from 1693 to 1726 were lost for many years, and were not recovered until 1873, when they were found in the hands of a private gentleman of England, who pre- sented them to the town authorities. The following description of a New Hampshire town meeting- is taken from Mr. Albee's readable History of New Castle : In general, it may be said that it is an occasion when some public busi- ness is transacted, of the necessary sort, and the year's accumulation of criticism, grievances, and personal grudges be discharged. In New Castle we deliberate with our hats on, after the manner of the British. Parliament. We always think there is time enough to take them off when we go to bed. No sooner is a new town government elected than it begins to be watched and found fault with. Then appears that almost natural impulse of our race, or. perhaps, inherited in its long contests for freedom, which impels it to ■ John .\;bcc. 126 HISTOKV OK NEW HAMPSHIRE. [1693 consider its civil rulers natural enemies. In town governments this watch- fulness and criticism are not always an unmi.\ed good ; the j often become frivolous, and turn on personal or partv sympathies and antipathies. " How can I find my family history .'" said a gentleman to a genealogist- "Simply by running for an office," was the answer. The selectmen are seated behind a long table, on which are the records, the account books and papers, and a law book or two — the town officer, perhaps, and the statutes of the State. They look nervous, but defiant. Indeed, it does put a man on his mettle to face a body of citizens to whom he is directly accountable. Before the selectmen stand their fellow citizens — perhaps fifty, perhaps two hundred — ready to listen to the report of the year's transactions; read v. also, to put the most provoking questions. The town methods of conducting business are clumsy, absurd, informal ; the manners of the meeting rough ^ now violent, now indifferent; matters proceed confusedly; but the ends attained are the pride of our civilization, — equitable taxation, safe roads and bridges, care of the poor, public order, and equal and sufficient education for all. There was a period in the history of all New England towns when thev had the care of religion. That the ancient town meetings were much like the modern, is evident from careful reading of the records. It is clear enough when matters are in contention ; it is clear what is of public interest from year to year. The first town clerk of New Castle, by election, was Theodore Atkinson. Below is the seal of Richard Jose, sheriff of the Province and town, in the seventeenth century. There was a regular night watch for all parts of the town ; and every night the constable, with four men of the watch, visited all public houses to enforce the regulations concerning them. No strangers were allowed in New Castle above fourteen davs, without notice to the selectmen. Whoever 1 693] ROVAL PROVINCE. 127 sold liquor to a common drunkard was liable to fine; and the selectmen gave to the innkeeper the names of persons to whom they were forbidden to sell. The selectmen, in early times, met monthly to attend to any business brought before the board. They also sat as judges, deciding trivial matters appertaining to the community. Sampson Sheafe, a graduate of Harvard College, was the first schoolmaster Among the inhabitants of New Castle for two centuries, appear the names 128 HISTOKV OF M-.W HAMFSHIKE. [1694 of Amazeen, Bell, Frost, Lear. Meloon, Tarlton, Vennard, White and Yeaton. Here have lived those of the name of Atkinson. Elliot, Estwick, Frver, Hinckes, Jackson, JaftVev, Jones, Jordan, Langmaid, Leach, Odiorne, Parker, Rand, Randall, -Seavv, Slileman, Trefethen, Tucker, Waldron, Wal- ford, Wallis, Walton, Sargent, and Prescott. The following year, 1694, an attempt was made to extend the settlements, and the township of Kmgston was granted to a party of twent}' men from Hampton and the town was incorpo- rated ; but within two years the settlers deserted the place and did not return until peace was declared in 1799. Grantees of Kingston. James Prescott. Sen. Benjamin Sanborn. John Mason. Thomas Philbrook. Jr. Daniel Moiilton. Nathaniel Sanborn. Samuel Colcord. Isaac Godfrev. John Moulton. Samuel Dearborn. Gershom Elkins. Francis Towle. Jacob Garland. Thomas Webster. Ebenezer Webster. William Godfrey. During the two or three first years of Usher's administration the public charges were provided for by an excise on wines and liquors and a tax on merchandize, the Assembly voting them year by year. During the year i6-)5 the deputies became unmanage- able and refused to grant money, except for the defence of the Province. Nor could Usher obtain money from Allen, the pro- prietor of the Province, for his drafts were dishonored. He de- sired Governor Allen to take the government into his own hands or find a successor to himself. The people, however, had antici- pated him, for having removed Hinckes, Waldron and Vaughan from the council, on account of their opposition of the proprie- tary claim, he so irritated the leading men of the Province that they conspired for his removal, and privately recommended Wil- liam Partridge as his successor as lieutenant-governor. " Part- ridge was a native of Portsmouth, a shipwright, of extraordinary mechanical genius, of a politic turn of mind, and a popular man." ^ He was treasurer of the Province, largely concerned in trade, well known in England as a dealer in masts and timber for the navy, and he received his commission as lieutenant-governor 1696] ROYAL I'KOVINXE. I29 in June, i6g6. He returned to New ICnglaiid and assumed the duties of office in January, 1697, and the suspended councillors resumed their seats. John Pickering, "a man of rough and ad- venturous spirit, and a lawyer," was made King's attorney, and the records which Usher had compelled him to deliver up were deposited in the hands of Major Vaughan, who was appointed recorder. Usher, who resided in Boston, claimed these acts to be illegal, and sent his secretary, Charles Story, to England, with an account of what he styled the " Piscataqua rebellion ;" and re- ceived directions from the English authorities to keep his office of lieutenant-governor until Partridge was legally "qualified." He was frustrated in his designs, for Partridge went through the required forms and duly " qualified " himself the day after Usher arrived in Portsmouth with his commission, in December, 1697. The Assembly met early in January, 1698, and approved what had been done, and sent Ichabod Plaisted to meet the Earl of Bellomont, the newly-appointed governor of New England, upon his arrival in New York. During the year. Governor Allen, a man " of a pacific and condescending disposition," came from England, and, as his commission was still in force, took the oaths and assumed the command. Usher was reinstated in the coun- cil. Partridge was suspended, and an altercation ensued between the governor on the one part and the council and the Assembly on the other. Elliot withdrew, and was soon followed by Coffin and Waldron ; the Assembly refused to appropriate money ; and the governor dissolved them. Fryer, of the old board, alone re- mained in the council. Joseph Smith of Hampton and Kingsley Hall of Exeter were appointed to the council, and Sampson Sheafe, the secretary, and Peter Weare, made up a quorum. In the summer of 1699, the new governor-general, the Earl of Bellomont, "a nobleman of distinguished figure and polite man- ner, a firm friend to the revolution, a favorite of King William, and one who had no interest in oppressing them," published his commission in New Hampshire, to the great joy of the people. Upon the change in rulers. Partridge took his seat as lieutenant- 130 inSTOKV OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. ['701 governor, and the displaced councillors were again called to the board. Richard Jose was made sheriff in place of William Ardell, and Charles Story secretary in the room of Sheafe. Peace within and without the Province having been tempora- rily restored, and the government modelled in favor of the peo- ple, both parties in the land suits agreed to leave the decision to properly constituted courts. The Assembly having voted Bello- mont ;^500, he left the Province within three weeks to the gov- ernment of his lieutenant-governor, Partridge. Partridge ap- pointed Hinckes chief justice and Peter Coffin, John Gerrish, and John Plaisted assistants ; and Waldron chief justice of the inferior court, with Henry Dow, Theodore Atkinson, and John Woodman, for assistants. During the summer of 1700, Colonel Romer, a Dutch engineer under Bellomont's direction, planned a fortification for the harbor to cost ;^6,ooo, but the Assembly pleaded their poverty as an excuse for not building it. In the mean while, Allen saw very little chance for him to recover his rights under the new courts as then constituted. The records of the superior court having been mutilated, all evidence of judgments recovered by Mason were lost and suits had to be commenced from the beginning. Waldron, one of the principal land-holders, and a strenuous opposer of the proprietary claim, was singled out to stand foremost in the controversy with Allen, as his father had with Mason. The decisions were invariably given in favor of the defendant with costs. "Allen's only refuge was in an appeal to the King, which the courts, following the example of their brethren in Massachusetts, refused to admit." He then petiti- oned the King, who granted an appeal, and censured the court for not permitting it. During the year 1701, Bellomont died in New York; and the Assembly confirmed the grants of land within their townships and ordered their township lines to be determined. But Allen prevented the laws being enacted and sent Usher to England to attend to his appeal before the English courts. King William having died. Queen Anne, his successor, ap- pointed Joseph Dudley, a former president of New England, to 1702] KOVAL PROVINCE. I3I be governor of Massachusetts and New Hampshire, and his commission was published in Portsmouth in July, 1702. The Assembly, by a well-timed present, interested him in their favor; but Usher was successful before the Queen, and not only won Allen's case, but secured tor himself the appointment of lieu- tenant-governor of the Province, against the protest of Waklron, who represented the people of New Hampshire. In 1703 the attorney-general of the English court reported that Allen's claim to the waste land of the Province of New Hampshire was valid, and late in the year Usher published his commission in Portsmouth. " 'During the year of 1702 the colonial court of Massa- chusetts built a trading-house for the Indians, and established a fortified garrison at Watanic — the Indian name for Nashua — which was afterwards called Queen's garrison, and situated about sixty rods easterly of Main street, in Nashua, and about as far north of Salmon brook. This was the head-quarters of trade with the Indians for many years. If we consider the appearance and extent of the primitive forests, in the midst of natural scenes like these, it is not sur- prising that these bold pioneers should select a place like this in which to rear their log huts ; for, as Governor Wentworth said, the royal or mast pines of Dunstable plains were the best in New Hampshire ; and they presented a majestic appearance. These trees often grew to the height of two hundred feet, and as straight as an arrow, many of them forty inches in diameter. These pines were, by royal enactment, reserved for the king's navy, and were designated by the surveyors of the woods by a mark made to represent an Indian arrow, and the owners of the land were forbidden to cut them. The town of Greenland was set off from Portsmouth in 1705, and incorporated as a parish in 1706. There were at the time about 320 inhabitants. Settlements had commenced within the terri- tory many years before ; and men, women and children had been accustomed to walk si.x and eight miles to attend services and meetings at Portsmouth. Rev. William Allen was ordained and 132 HISTOKV OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. .1704 settled as their minister in 1707 ; Rev. Samuel McClintock, D.D., in 1756; Rev. James Neal, in 1805; Rev. Ephraim Abbott, in 1813; Rev. Samuel W. Clark, in 1829; Rev. Edwin Holt, in 1848; Rev. Edward Robie, in 1852. John Allen. Daniel Allen. Joseph Berry- Nathaniel Berry. James Berry- Robert Bryant, Ji John Bryant. John Cate. Samuel Davis. Daniel Davis. John Docom. Robert Goss. Inh.\hitants of Greenl.\nd William Haines. Matthew Haines. William Hodge. Nathaniel Hugen. Ebenezer Johnson. John Johnson. Nathan Johnson. James Johnson. Sarah Jackson. ■] Jatncs March. Israel March. Samuel Neal. IN' 1714- John Neal. Thomas Perkins. Thomas Packer. Joshua Peirce. John Philbrook. John Philbrook. Benjamin Skilan. Nathaniel Watson. Joshua Weeks. Jonathan Weeks. Joseph Weeks. Samuel Weeks. The year 1704 was remarkable for the renewal of the Indian ■war and dissensions between the lieutenant-governor and his council and the Assembly. The recorder refused to deliver the records to Penhallow, the secretary, without a vote of the Assem- bly. The latter appropriated thirty-eight shillings towards Usher's support, and voted him the use of two rooms at New Castle, — a rather meagre allowance, considering the wealth and state of the lieutenant governor. The decision of the English courts having been communicated to the Assembly by Gover- nor Dudley, they signified their consent to the proprietor's claim to the waste lands of the Province, but asserted that he had gone beyond his rights in taking possession of the commons within the incorporated township. In fact, Allen had served legal papers upon Waldron, and urged the governor's presence to enforce the Queen's decree ; but Dudley was attacked by a seasonable fit of sickness at Newbury, which prevented his attendance at court. At length, fairly worn out by the contro- versy with such determined adversaries, Allen made advan- tageous offers of compromise, in 1705, accepting for himself a tract forty miles long and twenty miles wide, at the head of the old township, and reasonably large farms in each of the settled 1715] ROYAL PROVINCE. 1 33 towns ami ^2,000 in cash, while he released all title to the bal- ance of the territory of the province. Death again prevented this happy arrangement, for Samuel Allen died in May, 1705, the day after the necessary papers were to have been signed. He was " a gentleman of no remarkable abilities, and of a soli- tary rather than a social disposition ; but mild, obliging, and charitable. His character as a merchant was fair and upright, and his domestic deportment amiable and exemplary. He was a member of the Church of England, but attended the Congre- gational services at New Castle." He died in his seventieth year, leaving one son and four daughters. The year after his death, his son, Thomas Allen of London, renewed the suit in the inferior court of the Province, in 1706, and was defeated. On an appeal to the superior court, in 1707, he was again defeated. This was the most celebrated trial of the case. James Menzies and John Valentine appeared for the proprietor and John Pickering and Charles Story for the de- fence. The jury paid no attention to the Queen's directions, and the case was again appealed to the English courts. Then, on the account of the loyalty of the people, and their sufferings during the war, no decision was arrived at until the case was abruptly closed by the death of Allen, in 1715. Hampton Falls, originally a part of Hampton, set off in 1709, was incorporated in 171 2, when Rev. Theophilus Cotton was settled as the minister. He was succeeded in 1727 by Rev. Joseph Whipple; in 1757, by Rev. Josiah Bayley ; in 1763, by Rev. Paine Wingate; in 1781, by Rev. Samuel Langdon, D. D., for several years president of Harvard College ; in 1798, by Rev. Jacob Abbott, the last Congregational minister, who was dismissed in 1827. Petitioners for Incorpor.\tiox of Hampton FAfeLs. John Brown. Jonathan Fifield. Robert Reed. William Brown. Jonathan Filbrook John Swavn. Israel Black. John French. Caleb Swavn. Nath. Bacheler. John Gove. Joseph Sweet, Jr. Benj. Bacheler. Ebenezer Gove. Jacob Stanyan. 1 Moses Blake. Isaac Green. John Sanborn. Philemon Blake. Nathan Green. Wm. Sanb.orn. 134 IIISTOKV OF Xi:\V HAMPSHIRE LI7I6 Tiinolliy Blake. John Cass. Joseph Cass. John Cram. John Cram. Thomas Cram. Benjamin Cram. Zachariah Clifford. Israel Clifford, Jr. Jacob Clifford. John Drown. John Eaton. Jo.seph Emons. Benjamin Fifield. Ephraini Hoit. Timothy Hutchins. Benj. rnilyard. Saml. Ilealy, Nehemiah Heath. John Morginn. Saml. Melcher. Bonos Norton. Benj. Perkins. Caleb Perkins. Jonathan Prescott. Nath. Prescott. James Prescott. Sen. Thos. Philbrook. Joseph Swett. Samuel Shaw. Caleb Shaw, Joseph Sanborn. Enoch Sanborn. William Shipperd. Joseph Tilton. Daniel Tilton. Jethro Tilton. David Tilton. Peter Weare. Nathl. Weare. Nathl. Weare, Jr. Edward Wilkins. During' all these years of war, John Usher continued in his office of lieutenant-governor. " His austere and ungracious manners, and the interest he had in Allen's claim, prevented him from acquiring that popularity which he seems to have deserved." What was most remarkable, he had to serve for the honor of the office without any of the emoluments. His prede- cessor had been liberally paid, but even the great popularity of Dudley could not induce the Assembly to give Usher a salary. Their first allowance to him was less than £^2 for travelling expenses from Boston, which amount they increased to ^5, and in a fit of generosity, at Dudley's suggestion, they again in- creased it to ^10. They also provided him with quarters on Great Island, which he complained of as not fit for his servants. Upon his retiring from office, in 17 15, he returned to Medford, where he lived in state for nearly a dozen years, dying at the age of seventy-eight years. He was succeeded in office by George Vaughan, in October, 171 5. Governor Dudley had become very popular. His salar\' was freely appropriated, and petitions were sent to the Queen to keep him in office; but he was superseded in October, 1716, by Samuel Shute. With the departure of Usher and the death of .-Mien, the Masonian claim was taken from the courts for the last time, but in ano'.her generation it was destined to aiise and trouble people in another way for many years to come. I7I4] ROYAL PROVINCE. I3S Newington was named, in 17 14, by Governor Dudley, and had already been incorporated as a parish. It included the disputed territory called Bloody Point, which, in 1644, had contained twelve families. The settlers at that time were : James John- son, Thomas Canning, Henry Longstaff, Thomas Fursen, John Fayes, William Frayser, Oliver Trimings, William Jones, Philip Lewis, Thomas Trickey, John Goddard and one other. It had town privileges as early as 1737. Rev. Joseph Adams was ordained and settled in the town in 1715, and was followed, in. 1795, by Rev. James Langdon, the last settled Congregational' minister. CHAPTER VII. ROYAL PROVINCE, 17 15 -1722. TxTRODUCTioN — George Vaughan — Samuel Shute — John Wcntworth — Commerce — Tuo-Mile Slip — Scotch- Irish — Londonderry — Early Settlers — Chester. "pEACE having been assured, by a treaty with the French and Indians, from 1715 to 1722 the Province took rapid strides in the line of progress. Commerce was fostered, and settlements were rapidly advanced upon hitherto ungranted lands. The power of the Indians had been broken by repeated contests, and only a few of them remained, scattered over the Province, to impede the advance of settlers. The rights of the proprietors, under the Masonian grant, had fallen into the hands of minors, or non-resident claimants, and were not very definite. From repeated suits the representatives of the claim had come to realize that the people of" the Province would never submit to hold their lands as tenants under a landlord. The claimants watched the progress of events, but could not control them. Up to this time the settlements had been confined to a narrow territory bordering upon the ocean and Great Bay. On account of the uncertainty of title, the inland valleys and meadows had not been occupied. Within ten yeajrs, the frontiers were advanced nearly fifty miles into the interior. George Vaughan, the lieutenant-governor, who superseded John Usher, arrived in the Province and opened his commission in October, 1715. After his arrival, Governor Dudley, daily ex- pecting his successor, did not come into New Hampshire, but left the government to Vaughan. George Vaughan was the son of Major William Vaughan and received the office as a recognition 171 7] KOVAL PROVINCE. I37 of the services of his father, who had suffered financially and physically in defending the colonists from the rapacity of the pro- prietors. Lieutenant-Governor Vaiighan held the office of chief magistrate one year before the arrival, in October, 171 7, of Governor Samuel Shute. He summoned the Assembh-, who re- fused to make appropriations for a longer time than one year, whereupon he dissolved them. Samuel Shute, governor of Massachusetts and New Hampshire, made several changes in the council upon his arrival in Ports- mouth, confining his new appointments to residents of that town. This was not satisfactory to the rural portion of the Province, who remonstrated with the governor, and complained that the traders of Portsmouth were favored in imposing taxes to the injurv of the farmers. The governor judiciously left the matter to be settled by his council. la 1717, the authorities, at the recommendation of the gover- nor, issued bills of credit or bonds, to the amount of ^15,000, bearing 10 per cent, interest. A difficulty soon arose between Governor Shute and Lieutenant-Governor Vaughan. The latter claimed to be chief magistrate in the absence of the former and suspended councillors and dissolved the Assembly on his own authority. To this Governor Shute objected, and the council sustained him ; whereupon he suspended Vaughan, reinstated Penhallow, a deposed councillor, and recalled the dissolved Assem- bly. John Wentworth, sometime later in the year, received the appointment of lieutenant-governor, his commission arriv- ing early in December. Wentworth had accumulated considerable property. He was prudent, obliging, and popular with the people ; and, having served five years in the council before he was appointed lieuten- ant-governor, he was familiar with the forms and duties of the office. As a merchant, he could develop the resources of the Province to the best advantage, and, as it was a time of peace, find for the lumber and naval stores a ready and profitable market. Under Wentworth's wise admniistration various industries were fostered. An old Massachusetts trrant was revived, and a 13S msTOKV OF NKW HAMPSHIRE. [1722 strip of land bordering on Dover, called the two-mile slip, was given to encourage the mining of iron ore. Besides masts, there was considerable commerce in tar, pitch, and turpentine ; and a start was made in raising hemp. All the available land in the Province already granted was not sufficient for the wants of the people. At this juncture, a large party of emigrants from the north of Ireland arrived in New England and requested of Governor Shute the grant of a township on which to settle. He sent a party of them along the eastern coast, but they returned to Boston with- out finding land that suited them. Hearing of a desirable place ungranted above Haverhill, they chose to locate their grant of n township there. This was in 17 19. A new difficulty now arose. Who could grant the territory ? The King could not do so without interfering with private property, for his predeces- sors had already granted it. Some three years before, the authorities of Massachusetts and New Hampshire had attempted to decide their boundary line, but could not agree. There were many claimants under the Masonian grant ; and there was an Indian title. The new settlers at first bought the latter title and applied to Usher, representative of the Masonian claim, for a deed from him for his interests, but could not obtain one. So they laid out their township, and, as they could do so, perfected their titles. They brought with them the cultivation of the Irish potatoes, and the necessary materials for the manufacture of linen. They came with their ministers and their school-masters ; and were pious, brave and frugal. They at once organized a church, and receiving an act of protection from the New Hamp- shire authorities, were permitted to have a justice of the peace, James McKeen, and a deputy sheriff, Robert Weir, among them. Their number was rapidly increased by later arrivals, so that, in 1722, the town was incorporated by the name of Londonderry. The Scotch-Irish, so called in New England history, were of Saxon lineage, with their blood unmi.xed, in the seventeenth century, with the half barbaric Scotch highlanders, or their rude cousins, the Irish Celts. They were rigid Presbyterians, fol- 1722] ROVAL PROVINCE. I39 lowers and admirers of Oliver Cromwell, enemies of Popery and the Established Church of England, brave, zealous, lovers of learning and liberty, and withal bigoted in their advanced notions. Cromwell had peopled the waste districts of northern Ireland with these, his most trusted and reliable troops, to pacify that land most effectually. A change in the government brought careless King Charles II to the throne, a Catholic at heart, an Episcopalian by profession, a voluptuary in practice, who withdrew his support from, and deprived of arms for defence, the Scotch colony planted in Iicland, leaving them to the mercy of a revengeful peasantr)-. Who so ready to welcome a revolu- tion as these brave Scots, oppressed by the government, cruelly persecuted by their neighbors, and powerless to oppose ? William of Orange became their champion, ami, like the Ironsides of Cromwell, their fathers, they drove the Irish from their borders, antl withstood the most determined siege in historv within the walls of Londontlerry, resisting the power of the Irish and French troops seeking to reduce them. They could present a brave front to an open attack, but they were not equal to withstanding the petty encroachments of the Established Church insidiously undermining their beloved Kirk. The Pilgrims had found religious freedom in a new and undeve- loped country, and thither the Scotch-Irish sent agents to spy out and report the condition of the land and its fitness for occupation. The Irish hati not intimidated them ; they scorned the untutored Indian. Like an invading host they flocked to the sea-board and poured into New England, Pennsylvania, and the southern provinces, pushing the frontiers rapidly into the untrodden wilderness, and settling the fertile valleys and hill- sides far in advance of their predecessors. One stream striking- Boston was diverted to Londonderry. The Scotch-Irish colony located there in 17 19 came to stay. Hundreds followed in their footsteps, tarried awhile with their friends so happily settled, and pressed on into the wilderness, over the hills to the P"alls of Amoskeag, up the Merrimack, by Hooksett Falls, to the fertile valley of the Suncook. still further to the blooming intervales of Penacook and the wide meadows of the Contoocook. They I40 HISTOKV U.- NEW IIAMPSHIKE. IW-^ were cultivating fields in Epsom before the township was laid out to the grantees. The Massachusetts surveying party laying out Concord reported that they were in possession of the inter- vales, and were protected by a fort from disturbance of friend or foe. The law dislodged them from that favored spot, now the site of the village of East Concord, and was invoked to keep them out by the first settlers : for among the first regulations adopted by the proprietors of " Penacook " was one forbidding the alienation of any lot without the consent of the community under penalty of forfeiting the right to the lot to the proprietors — a rule evidently intended to exclude a "parcel of Irish people " known to be seeking homes in the neighborhood. The proprietors of Suncook no doubt found the land occupied by these same strangers and aliens, but the same prejudice did not prevail, for early in the records of the township the Scotch- Irish were holding " original rights," were admitted as pro- jDrietors and freeholders, and even as early as 1737 were claiming a majority. No doubt they held the title to their lands first by possession and occupation, next by legal conveyance from the Suncook proprietors. Being in a majority they claimed a voice in the settlement of a minister to preach the gospel, but were " counted out," and paid their rates towards the support of a minister not to their liking with evident disrelish. ^ What wealth of associations is connected with the name of Londonderry ! The Scotch Covenanters, stern, brave men, who made a garden of the north of Ireland, who so stubbornly and successfully defended their devoted city, who helped so manfully to maintain the monarch and the cause that later would oppress them as aliens, surrounded by enemies at home, burdened by obnoxious laws enforced by their allies of the Established Church, sought in the wilderness of America liberty and that religious freedom which the Puritans, a century earlier, had suc- cessfully gained. A young man. Holmes by name, son of a Presbyterian minister, brought a good account of the promised land. Four congregations, led by their respective clergymen, commenced the exodus, which, in a few years, rendered possible I Hon. L. \ Morrison, A. M. IJig] KOVAI. I'KO'/IXCE. 141 the American Revolution. Governor Shute, of Massachusetts, was above the narrow prejudices of his contemporaries in the colony, and welcomed this band of hardy settlers, resolute warriors, scholars and skilled artisans, and generously granted tliem a large section of land. 'April 11, 1719, the congregation, under the spiritual guidance of Rev. James MacGregore, arrived at Horse Hill and commenced the settlement of the township of Londonderry, a tract, as originally granted, twelve miles square. It cornered on the present Massachusetts State line, and was bounded on the south by Pelham, on the west by Litchfield, on the north by Chester, and on the east by Hampstead. It in- cluded the present towns of Londonderry, Derry, and Windham, and tracts now embraced within the towns of Salem, Hudson, and the city of Manchester. These settlers, whose descendants have removed the odium at- tached to the name of Scotch-Irish, and have written their names on the imperishable pages of history, receiving their original grant from Massachusetts, had it confirmed to them by the authorities of New Hampshire, purchased the right claimed under the Wheelwright deed and evidently entered into a compact with the Indians, for they were never disturbed in their possess- ions, although a frontier town. During the first summer they united in cultivating a field in common, amicably dividing the produce in the autumn. Although not rich, they brought with them considerable property from the old country, and very soon were surrounded with many of the comforts and even luxuries of civilization. A two-story house was built for their minister, and a commodious church for public worship. Schools were estab- lished in different parts of the town and much attention given to the education of the young. It is a characteristic fact that ninety-five out of one hundred of the original proprietors left their autographs in a fairly legible hand on various petitions. The progress made by the town of Londonderry was remark- able. Its wealth and population increased rapidly. In 1775 it contained 2,590 inhabitants, ranking next to Portsmouth in im- portance. By 1820 Gilmanton and Sanbornton had outstripped it, and it held the fourth position among the New Hampshire towns. 143 IIISTOKV OF .Ni;w HAMPSHIRE. .1719 The vanguard of the Scotch-Irish invasion which settled Londonderrv, ac- cording to Jolin Farmer, were : Randel Alexander. Samuel Allison. Allen Anderson. James Anderson. John Barnet. Archibald Clendenin. James Clark. James Gregg. John Mitchell. John Morrison. James McKean John Xesmith. Thomas Steele. Sterrett. John Steward. Robert Weir. Within a few vears thev were followed by James Adams. John Adams. James Aiken. Nathaniel Aiken. James Alexander. John Andersen, Robert Arbiickel. John Archbald. John Barnett. Moses Barnett. John Barr. Samuel Barr. John Bell. James Blair. John Blair. James Caldwell. James Campbell. David Cargill. Benjamin Chamberlain. Matthew Clark. Andrew Clendenin. Ninin Cochran. Peter Cochran. Robert Cochran. William Cochran. Thomas Cochran. John Conaghie. Hugh Craige. John Craig. Jesse Cristi. John Cromay. John Dinsmore. Patrick Douglass. William Eayrs. JanieN (iillnior. Robert Gillmor. John Goffe. John Goffe, Jr. Samuel Graves. John Gregg. William Harper. James Harvey. John Harvey. William Hogg. Abraham Holmes, lonathan Hollnie. John Hopkins. Solomon Hopkins. Thomas Horner. Samuel Houston. William Humphrey. David Hunter. Alexander Kelsey. Robert Kennedy. Benjamin Kidder, James Leslie. James Lindsay. Edward Linkfield. Daniel McDuffie. Robert McFarlin. Nathan McFarlin. James MacGregore. David MacGregore. Robert McKean. Samuel McKean. Archibald Mackmurphy, John McMurphy. Alexander MacNeal. John McNeill. William Michell. Hugh Montgomery. John Moore. William Moore. James Morrison Robert Morrison. Samuel Morrison. David Morrison. James Nesmith. .Alexander Nickels. Hugh Ramsey. James Reid. Matthew Reid. Alexander Renkine. Samuel Renkin. James Rodgers. Hugh Rogers. John Shields. Archibald Stark. Charles Stewart. Thomas Stewart. James Taggart. John Taggart. James Thomson. William Thomson. Robert Thompson. Andrew Todd. Samuel Todd. Alexander Walker. James Walles. Archibald Wear. Robert Weir. Benjamin Willson. Ja:nes Willson. Hugh Wilson. Thonias Wilson. I720J KOYAL PROVINCE. I43 And later by those cf the name of Taylor. Pierce. McAlester. Gibson. Spaulding. Livermore. Burns. Prentice. McClintock. Parker. ^ Wallace. Knox. Proctor. Choate. Mann. Thornton. Patterson. Cunningham. Thom. Fisher. Daniels. Simonds. Pinkerton. Martin. The granting and incorporation of Londonderry to new com- ers was distasteful to men who for a generation had suffered to maintain a foothold along the coast against the attacks of a cruel and treacherous enemy, cramped for land as they and their large families had become ; and immediately all kinds of reasons were advanced why townships should be granted, both in New Hampshire and in what was then claimed as Massachusetts, bounded by a line parallel with the Merrimack river, extending to Governor's Island in Lake Winnipiseogee, and thence running due west across the present State of Vermont to the east line of the Province of New York. Some of these petitions were favorably received and acted upon. In 1722, Governor Shute, as his last official act, granted and incorporated, in the name of the King, the four townships of Chester, Nottingham, Barrington, and Rochester. ^ The records of Chester commence with the proceedings of a meeting of the " Society for settling the Chestnut Country, held at said country, the fifteenth of October, 17 19." The society had probably existed some time, and was composed principally of men of Hampton and Portsmouth. Afterward duplicate records were kept at Hampton. The number of the society was restricted to ninety. They had preferred a petition to the governor and council, and in March, 1720, it was with- drawn, and another presented. They also voted to keep three men on the ground, and a possession fence was built. They also laid out lots before obtaining any grant. This meeting was probably at Walnut Hill, near the south east corner of the town- ship. There was also another company of Massachusetts men, 144 IIISTUKV OF NEW llAMI'SUIKE. [1/22 headed by John C.ilf, who were endeavoriat; to [jrocure a grant. John Calf was a clothier at the Falls, in Newbury, and was a grantee under the charter of Chester, and moved and carried on the trade there. They also tried to have possession. There is a deed on the records to Samuel Ingalls of "Cheshire," blacksmith, dated Oct. 23, 1717. H'e appears afterward, indeed, to be of Haverhill, but he had a constructive residence in Chester, and a constructive possession of the territory. There seems, by the House and council records, to have been other parties endeavoring to obtain a grant. There is a deed on Rockingham records, dated May, 1722, wherein Stephen Dud- ley, of Freetown (Raymond), in consideration of affection, con- veys to Francis James of Gloucester, his right to 400 acres in Freetown, to be taken out of that tract bought of Peter Penult, and Abigail his squaw, by deed, dated on Jan. 17, 1718. This was probably a move for color of title and possession for some of the parties. There was a compromise made by admitting certain persons of the Massachusetts party, and also of E.xeter, and a grant was obtained Jan. 4, 1720; but the char- ter of the town was dated May 8, 1722. The governor and lieutenant-governor had each a farm of 500 acres, and a home lot, by a vote of the society ; and the charter provided that the first settled minister should have a right, also one for a parson- age, and one for a school. The boundaries commenced at the south-east corner, at the supposed intersection of Haverhill and Kingston lines. In 1674, Haverhill lines were run from Holt's Rocks (a little east of the Rock bridge), north-west ; and from Merrimack river due north, until it cut the first line. At this spot was " erected a great pillar of stones," which two old men, more than si.xty years ago, told Benjamin Chase they had seen in Chester South Woods. When the Province line was settled in 1741, Daniel McDuffee and Hugh McDuffee, who lived near Kimball's corner in Derry, were cut off from Haverhill. When the town was laid out into lots, there were 1 17 grantees ; and each member of the council had a right. The home lots of 20 acres, from the corner by Kingston, and the old Haver- 1722] KOVAI. I'KOVINCE. 145 liill line, to the head of Chester street, and a ten rod way cross- ing at right angles where the Centre now is, on which the first meeting-house was built, were laid out in 17 19, before any grant was made. In 1724, an additional lot of fifty acres was laid out to each grantee. The beavers had built dams on the stream, which killed the growth, and when the beavers were killed and the dams went down, the grass came in, and in 1728 a meadow lot was laid out to each right. There is a stream, which heads near the Congregational church in Auburn, extending into Londonderry, with meadows, which was called the '-Long Meadows"; and what is now Auburn was the "Long Meadows." In 1728, the first part of the second division of lOO acres, called the " Old Hundreds," which is the present town of Raymond ; in 1736 the second part of the second division of 100 acres ; in 1739 the third division of 80 acres, all in Candia ; in 1745 the fourth division of 60 acres; and in 1752 the fifth division of 40 acres, all in Hooksett, were laid out. Maps of these divisions were made at the time, and have been preserved by copying, and all deeds gave the number and division of the lot, so that one can locate every settler whose deed is on record. The first settler was Samuel Ingalls, born in Andover, 1683, and moved to Haverhill, and had six children before coming to Chester ; and his daughter Meheta- ble, born 1723, was the first child born in Chester. She married Samuel Moore, who afterwards lived at Candia corner. She died in 18 18. There is a tradition that he came to Chester in 1720. In March, 1722, Samuel Ingalls of Winfield, otherwise Cheshire, sold a right, reserving the home lot, number 64, " on which I live." He built the first farmhouse about 1732; held the ofifice of raoderator, selectman and town clerk. In 1731, Samuel Ingalls is styled captain on the record and Ebenezer Dearborn, lieutenant, and Jacob Sargent, ensign, which was the first military organization. January, 1720, he and three others had land and a privilege granted to build a saw-mill, and in 1730 John Aiken had a grant of land to build a grist-mill. Londonderry was granted to settlers, already on the ground, but there were but six of the oriirinal cfrantees of Chester who 146 HISTOKV OF NKW HAMPSHIRE. ['7-2 ever lived here, except the Rev. Moses Hale, the first minister who settled on the minister's lot. The first settlement was at Walnut Hill, near the south-east corner, but settlers soon came in from different parts and settled in different places. The charter provided that every proprietor should build a house and settle a family in three years, and break up and plant three acres in four years, and a meeting-house should be built in four years, provided that there should be no Indian war in that time. The settlers, who were grantees, were Samuel Ingalls, William Healey of Hampton Falls, Dea. Ebenezer Dearborn of Hampton, who had five sons ; Nathan Webster of Bradford, who had three sons ; John Calf, who lived in Chester, and Thomas Smith of Hampton. The sons of grantees were John and Samuel Robinson, sons of Ichabod of Hampton Falls ; Ephraim, Thomas, and John Haselton, sons of Richard of Bradford ; Anthony and Francis Towle, sons of Caleb of Hampton, and Elisha, a grandson, settled in Raymond ; and John Shackford, son of Samuel of Portsmouth ; and Samuel Emerson, son of Jonathan of Haver- hill. His name first appears on the records in 173 1, when he was elected town clerk, and was re-elected every year until 1787, when he died. His son John succeeded him until 1S17. He was a land surveyor, and laid out the second part of the second division in 1736, and all subsequent divisions. He did all the surveying and wrote most of the deeds. He was a man of such judgment and integrity, and the people had such confi- dence in him, that nearly all the minor controversies were referred to him without any legal formalities, and his decision was beyond appeal or review. His son, Nathaniel, was a promi- nent man in Candia. Among the early settlers were Enoch and Benaiah Colby, and Paul and Sylvanus Smith of Hampton ; Ensign Jacob Sargent from Amesbury, Sampson Underbill from Salisbury, Cornet John Lane from Rye; Henry, Jonathan, and Nathaniel Hall from Bradford ; Thomas, Moses, Daniel, and Caleb Richardson ; also, Benjamin Hill, who was the first representative elected, but not received ; and Abel Morse, who was the first representative received, from Newbury : who were 1722] ROVAI, PROVINCE. I47 Congregationalists. Then of the Scotch-Irish, who were Pres- byterians ; the grandfather, James Wilson, who died 1739, aged 100; the son, James, and his four sons, William, James, Robert, and Hugh. They came from Ireland to Stratham, thence to Chester in 172S; Alexander Craige, William White, William Crawford, John Talford, William and Robert Graham, John Aiken, and James Shirley. In 1728, the meeting-house was located at "Centre where four principal roads met," near the minister's lot. The dimensions were fifty by thirty-five feet, and each proprietor was to pay forty shillings. The house was not fin- ished until several years afterwards, and in 1737 land was granted to Peter and Thomas Cochran, the builders. This house stood until 1773, when a new and noble house was erected, and since has been modernized. In 1729, Mr. John Tuck of Hampton was called to be the minister, with a salary of ^120, which he declined. January 15, 1729, Rev. Moses Hale was called to be the minister with a salary of ^120. He was ordained October 20, 173 1. He was born at Newbury, 1702; graduated. Harvard, 1722. He built a house on the minister's lot, and purchased Governor Wentworth's home lot, which was sold to his successor, Rev. Ebenezer Flagg. Mr. Hale soon became deranged, and was dismissed in 1735, and moved to Haverhill. June, 1735, Rev. Timothy White was called, but declined. June 23, 1736, Rev. Ebenezer Flagg was called, with a salary of ^^120, silver at twenty shillings per ounce. He was ordained September, 1736. He was born at Woburn, October 18, 1704; graduated Harvard, 1725 ; died November 14, 1796, and was succeeded by Re v. Nathan Bradstreet, 1792. The Presbyterians joined in building the meeting-house and paying Mr. Hale; but before he left they had hired the Rev. John Wilson, and afterwards built a meeting-house about a mile south of the other, and they protested against hiring or settling any other minister. They appealed to the governor and coun- cil by a document, in an excellent handwriting and language and noble sentiments ; and the result was an act was passed, 1740, incorporating two parishes. There is in existence one of 148 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [1722 Mr. Wilson's manuscript sermons, dated 1734. There was a small meeting-house built at the Long Meadows, and about one third of the preaching was there. In 1793, the two were talvcn down and a new one built at the Long Meadows. Mr. Wilson died February i, 1778, succeeded in stated supplies by a Mr. Clark, Mr. Amran and others, and Mr. Colby, installed 1863. The first grant for a saw-mill was made to Samuel Ingalls and others, and a grist-mill to John Aiken. About 1734, John Calf moved to Chester, and in 1735, had a grant of land and privilege to build a fulling mill on the stream running into the pond, above the present mill-pond. There probably was none to the north of it for a long time, and an extensive business was done. His son Robert succeeded him, and built a saw- mill there. Samuel Shirley had built a corn-mill on the present site, and Calf's dam being cut away, he and his son-in-law, Joseph Blanchard, purchased Shirley's' in 1777, and the privi- lege has been used for a grist-mill, saw-mill, clothing-mill and for other manufactures. In 1739, land and privilege was granted to John McMurphy to build a grist-mill on Massabesic river, below the pond, re- serving the right to build iron works, should ore be found. The first inventory on record was, in 1741, returned to the secretary's office to make a proportion of Province rates, on which are 150 names, 124 houses, 97 horses, 78 oxen. In 1776, there were 916 inhabitants. In 1744, a writ for the election of a representative was sent to Chester by the governor, and Benjamin Hill was elected, but was sent back because the writ was not issued by the Assembly. In 1748, Captain Abel Morse was received. The committee of the society voted that when the next pro- prietor forfeited his lot, it should be appropriated to a school ; January, 1721. In 1737, jCso were raised for a school ; the master to be removed to different parts of the town. In 1740, it was voted that a school should be maintained through the year, partly by masters and partly by dames. In 1744, the town was divided, and school-houses built probably then. It was voted in 1750, that Charming Fare (Candia) and Freetown (Ray- 17-2] ROVAI. PROVINCE. 1 J9 iiiond) should have their share of tlie school money. The town was required by law, having loo families, to have a grammar school. The selectmen were once indicted for not having such a school. It will be seen that Chester was a very large town, and now constitutes several towns. At the annual meeting, March, 175 i, it was voted that "a tract at the south-west corner of the town, four miles long and five miles and three quarters wide, may bo adjoined to a part of Londonderry, and the lands about Amos- keag may be set off as a separate parish." The land between Chester and the river called Harrytown had never been incorpo- rated into any town. Chester old line was about a mile from the city hall of Man- chester. This was incorporated into a township, called Derry- field, September 3, 175 1. The name was altered to Manchester, in 1810. At the annual meeting, March, 1762, "voted that a tract about four miles and a half long, and four miles wide, may be incorporated into a parish;" incorporated December 17, 1793; named Candia. At a meeting, January 22, 1763, it was voted "that tlie north parish or Freetown shall be set off as a town or parish ; " incorporated by the name of Raymond, May 9, 1764. The inhabitants of that part of Chester, commonly called "Chester Woods," extending to AUenstown, suffering inconven- iencies, the farthest having to travel seventeen miles to town meeting, preferred a petition to be set off, and at the annual meeting, March, 1822, the town passed a vote in favor, and July 2, this, with a part of Dunbarton, was incorporated by the name of Hooksett. In 1845 the town was divided, and the west part, which had been called the Long Meadows, containing about two-fifths of the territory and inhabitants, was incorporated by the name of Auburn. Settlements were not commenced at Nottingham and Roches- ter until after the Lovewell war. Harrington was settled about 1732. ISO HISTOKV OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 1722 in Februarv , 1717, occurred tlie greatest fall of snow recorded in the an- nals of New England — almost burving under the frozen mass the small log- houses of the new plantations. In Boston the snow was six feet deep. Dur- ing the year the laws of die Province were printed for the first time, at Boston, in a folio volume of sixtv pages.' >Jt.wCAsrl-"^ ysi(£H'»ieN CHAPTER VIII. ROYAL PROVINCE, 1722-1740. Lieutenant-Governor John Wentworth — Governor Samuel Shute — FouRTrt Indian, or Lovewell's War — -Indian Grievances — Depre- dations IN New Hampshire — Attack on Nashua — John Lovewell's Three Expeditions — Suncook — Peace — Penacook — Rye — Rum- ford — Timothy Walker — -First Church of Concord — - IIollis — Bow — Suncook Settled — Other Settlements — Newmarket — William Burnet — Jonathan Belcher — Death of Wentworth — Character — • David Dunbar — Durham — Amherst — Boscawen — • Charlestown — Riot at Exeter — Commerce — Episcopal Chapel — Throat Distemper — Suncook — Boundary Line Adjusted — Massa- chusetts Documents — Windham — -Retirement of Belcher. npHEREwere within New Hampshire at this period not far from ten thousand inhabitants. E.xcept for the Lovewell War, in which the Indians were by far the heaviest losers, it was a time of foreign and domestic peace ; and the Province advanced rapidly in numbers and in wealth. From the unfortunate •quarrel between the royal governor and many of the leading men of the Province, the way was prepared for an independent and a separate government. The older towns continued to be nurseries for hardy and stalwart pioneers, who steadily pushed the settlements further and further into the wilderness. The gun had done its share in conquering the land, and now the axe and the plough became the instruments of civilization. The log huts of the settlers were rapidly replaced by the old- fashioned frame houses, and the adjoining fields became more and more extended. Husbandry, the chief occupation of the people, produced a race of men hardy, healthy and happy. Large families were the rule ; and sons, when they had chosen 152 msroKV OF new iiAMrsHiKE. [1723 their mates, were sure of obtaining a home in the woods, where their industry would soon provide them with a farm. Lieutenant-Governor John Wentworth was chief magistrate of New Hampshire from the date when Governor Samuel Shute left the colonies for England, in June, 1723, to the arrival in America of his successor, Governor William Burnet, in 1728. A violent party in Massachusetts had made such strenuous opposition to him, and caused him so much vexation, that Governor Shute found it desirable to ask leave to return to England. He is said to have been a man of humane, obliging and friendly disposition ; but having been used to military com- mand, for he was a colonel in the English army before his ap- pointment, he could not bear with patience the collision of parties, nor could he keep his temper when provoked. Fond of ease, and now in the decline of life, he would gladly have spent his days in America, if he could have avoided controversy. The people of New Hampshire were satisfied with his administra- tion, as far as it respected them ; and were more liberal to him in voting him a salary than Massachusetts, in proportion to their means. He died April 15, 1742, at the age of eighty years.^ Governor Shute left New England suddenly, while the people were in the distress and perplexities of Lovevvell's Indian war. Upon his departure Lieutenant-Governor Wentworth conducted the affairs of the Province with prudence and energy. A system of garrisons and scouts being adopted, he saw that the garrisons were supplied with stores, and frequently visited the frontier posts personally, to see that duty was performed. He joined with Lieutenant-Governor William Dunimer of Mass- achusetts in remonstrating with the governor of Canada for assisting the Indians. The fourth Indian war, commonly called Lovewell's War, broke out in the summer of 1722. France and England were at peace at the time. The Indians were thought to have been instigated to assume the offensive by the French of Canada and by Jesuit priests resident among them. Fr. Ralle, at ! Faimer's Helknap. 1724] ROYAL PROVINCE. I53 Norrido'evvock, escaped from a force sent to arrest nim ; but liis papers, which fell into the hands of the English, confirmed their belief in French intervention. The chief grievance of the Indians was the rapid growth of the settlement along the coast of Maine, interfering with their fishing and hunting privileges. At first disputes arose between the settlers and the Indians,, quickly followed by active hostilities, until the authorities of Massachusetts were at length forced to declare war. New Hamp- shire, situated between the two divisions of Massachusetts, was drawn into the controversy. Colonel Shadrach Walton, Col- onel Thomas Westbrooke of the council, and Captain John Penhallow, were New Hampshire men, who were active in carry- ing on the war to the eastward. The military of the Province was organized, garrison houses fortified, and scouting parties were kept in the field. A bounty of one hundred pounds was offered for every Indian scalp ; a sum equal at that time to about two hundred Spanish dollars. The first appearance of the enemy in New Hampshire was at Dover, in 1723, where they surprised and killed Joseph Ham, and took three of his children captives. The rest of his family escaped into the garrison. Soon afterwards they killed Tristram Heard. At Lamprey River, in August, they killed Aaron Rawlins and one of his children, taking his wife and three other children into captivity In the spring of 1724, the Indians killed James Nock, at Oyster River, and in May, captured Peter Colcord and Ephraim Stephens and two children. Colcord soon afterwards escaped. A week later they killed George Chesley and Elizabeth Burn- ham at Oyster River ; and took Thomas Smith and John Carr at Chester, who both escaped. In June, Moses Davis and his son were killed at Oyster River ; and one Indian was killed and two were wounded. In Dover, Ebenezer Downes, a Quaker, was taken ; and a part of the family of John Hawson, another Quaker, were killed and the rest taken into captivitv. On account of these atrocities an expedition was planned to Norridgewock, which resulted in the death of Fv. Ralle and eighty Indians, the release of several captives, and the recovery 154 HISTOKV UK NEW IIAMPSHIKE. [^7-4 of considerable plunder. Tlie Indians who wei'c out on tlie war path continued their depredations, killing Jabez Colman and son at Kingston, but avoided their own villages, to escape a similar fate to what befell Norridgewock. On the morning of September 4, 1724, Thomas Blanchard and Nathan Cross started from the harbor with a basket of lunch, a jug, and the indispensable gun, for the pine forest on the north side of Nashua river, to " box " trees for the manufac- ture of turpentine. Tradition in the Cross family locates their ■operations on Lock street, immediately back of the cemetery. The day proving wet and drizzly, they put the gun and dinner basket into a hollow log, for the purpose of keeping the powder and food from getting wet. How long they pursued their work is unknown, but some time before night a party of seventy French Mohawks from Canada fell upon them and made them ])risoner.s. The people at the Harbor, or Salmon Brook, finding they did not return at night-fall, started out a party of ten to look for them. Arriving at the place where they had been at work, they found several barrels of turpentine had been spilled on the ground, and judged, from several marks made upon the trees with wa.-c and grease, that the men had been carried away alive. The party, under the lead of Lieutenant French, decided to follow them and rescue their friends, if possible; but on arriving near the brook which flows from Horse Shoe pond, in Merrimack, to the Merrimack river, they were ambushed by the savages, and all killed except Josiah Farwell. ^ This, of course, ended pursuit, and Blanchard and Cross were taken to Canada as prisoners. After nearly a year's confinement they succeeded in effecting their own ransom, and returned home, finding their basket, jug and gun '^ in the hollow log as they had left them. Aroused by these depredations, John Lovewell, Josiah Far- well, and Jonathan Robbins petitioned the Provincial Govern- ment of Massachusetts for authority to raise and equip a com- pany of scouts to " kill and destroy " their enemy, the Indians. Receiving proper encouragement, Capt. Lovewell, with a com- JosUh Farwell was o ne of the grantee s of Suncook. At the January meet lig of the Nashu 1 Historical Society society by Levi S. Cr OSS. 1725] ROVAL PKOVINCE. 155 paiiy of men zealous to revenge their injuries, caried the war into the country of the enemy, rangeil up the Merrimack valle)' and to the northward of Lake Winnipiseogee, and succeeded in obtaining one captive and slaying one Indian. On the second expedition of Captain John Lovewell's com- pany, the following January, 1725, they surprised and killed ten Indians in the neighborhood of Taniworth, The third expedi- tion, of forty-six men, left Dunstable April 16, 1725. The following detailed account of the battle is taken from the ■work of Rev. Thomas Symmes, edited by Rev. Dr. Nathaniel Bouton, and published in May, 1861: They had travelled but a short distance before Toby, an Indian, falling sick, was obliged to return, which he did with great re luctancc. When they had marched as far as Contoocook, Mr. William Cummings of Dunstable became so disabled by a wound that he had received from the enemy some time before that the cap- tain dismissed him, together with a kinsman of his to accompany him back. They proceeded on to Ossipee, and at this place Mr. Benjamin Kidder of Nutfield, falling sick, the captain made a halt, and tarried while they built a small fortification for a place of refuge to resort to if there should be occasion. Here he left his doctor, a sergeant and seven other men, to take care of Kidder. And they left at this place, also, a con- siderable quantity of their provisions, to lighten the loads of the men and facilitate their march, and which they intended should serve as a recruit on their return. With his company now reduced to only thirty-four men, with himself, Captain Lovewell, not at all disheartened by his mis- fortunes, proceeded on his march from his fortification at Ossipee for Pigwacket, about forty miles distant from said fort, through a rough wilderness. The names of those who proceeded on from Ossipee, and who engaged Paugus, with his gang of about eighty Indians, are as follows (except one who, like a coward, ran from them at the be- ginning of the engagement, and sneaked back to the fort, and 1S6 inSTOKV OI- MAV IlAMrsHIKE. [1725 whose name is unworthy of being transmitted to posterity), — being those brave fellows who boldly and successfully contended with more than twice their number, namely, Capt, John Lovewell, Lieut. Joseph Farwell, Sergeant Noah Johnson, >• Lieut. Jonathan Robbins, Robert Usher, Ensign John Harwood, Samuel Whiting, all of Dunstable. Ensign Seth Wyman, Ichabod Johnson, Corp. Thomas Richardson, Josiah Johnson, Timothy Richardson, all of Woburn. Eleazer Melvin, Jacob Farrar, Joseph Farrar, Eleazer Davis, Josiah Davis, Josiah Jones, David Melvin, all of Concord, Mass. Chaplain Jonathan Frye, of Andover. Sergeant Jacob Fullam, of 'Weston. Corp. Edward Lingfield, of Nutfield. Jonathan Kittridge, and Solomon Keyes, of Billerica. Eli:;s Barron, Isaac Lakin, Joseph Gilson, John Jefts, Daniel Woods, I'homas Woods, John Chamberlain, Ebenezer Ayer, and all of Groton. Abiel Asten, of Haverhill. From the Thursday before the battle the company were ap- piehensive they were discovered and dogged by the enemy ; and on F^riday night the watch heard the Indians about the camp and alarmed the company, but it being very dark, they could make no further discovery. On Saturday, the 8th of May, while they were at prayers, ' No.-ih Johnson was the last survivor of this company. He was one of the first settlers of Pem- broke, where he was a deacon of the church. He received a pension from the .Massachusetts govern- ment of /15 per year. He removed to Plymouth, N. H., in his old age, and died there August 13, 179S, in the one hundredtli vear of his age. iy2$] ROVAL I'KOVINXE. I 5/ very early in the morning, tlie}' heard a gun ; and some little time after they espied an Indian on a point that ran into Saco jiond. They now concluded that the design of the gun and the Indian's discovering himself was to draw them that way. They expected now without fail to be attacked, and it was proposed and consulted whether it would be prudent to venture an en- gagement with the enemy (who they perceived were now sufficiently alarmed), or endeavor a speedy retreat. The men generally and boldly answered : " We came to see the enemy ; we have all along prayed God we might find them ; and we had rather trust Providence with our lives, yea, die for our country, than try to return without seeing them, if we might, and be called cowards for our pains." The captain readily complied to lead them on, though not without manifesting some apprehensions ; and, supposing the enemy were ahead of them (when, as it proved, they were in the rear), ordered the men to lay down their packs, and march witli the greatest caution, and in the utmost readiness. When they had marched about a mile and a half, or two miles. Ensign Wyman espied an Indian coming toward them, where- upon he gave a signal, and they all squatted, and let the Imiian come on. In a short time several guns were fired at him ; upon which the Indian fired upon Captain Lovewell with beaver-shot, and wounded him mortally (as is supposed), though he made but little complaint, and was still able to travel, and at the same time wounded Mr. Samuel Whiting. Ensign Wyman immediately fired at and killed the Indian, and Mv. Fry and another scalped hin. 1 ^ Gov, Hutchinson, in his history of Massachusetts, has ranked this Indian with the Roman Curtius, who devoted himself to death to save his country. Dr. Belknap, who visited the s:iot in 17S4, thinks there is no foundation for the idea that he was placed there as a decoy ; and that he had no claim to the character of a hero. The point on which he stood was a noted fishing place ; the gun which alarmed Lovewell's company was fired at a flock of ducks ; and when they met him he was returning home with his game, and two fowling pieces. The village was situated at the edge of the meadow, on Saco river, which here forms a large bend. The remains of the stockade w ere found by the first settlers of Fr\-eburg forty years afterward. Walter Bryant, of Bow, who was employed as surveyor in a company engaged in the intended expedition against Canada, in 1747, passed over the ground where the sanguinary conflict took place. He there " discovered Indian camps large enough to hold thirty men —saw the spot where Lovewell was killed, and the trees full of bullet-holes, hav- l^H IIISTOKV OF NEW IlAMPSllIKE. ['725 They then marched back toward their packs (which the enemy had found in the mean time and seized), and about ten of the clock, when they came pretty near to where they had laid them, at the north-east end of Saco pond, on a plain place, where there were few trees and but little brush, the Indians rose up in front and rear in two parties, and ran toward the English, three or four deep, with their guns presented. The English also in- stantly presented their guns, and rushed on to meet them. When they had advanced to within a few yards of each other they fired on both sides, and the Indians fell in considerable numbers ; but the English, most, if not all of them, escaped the first shot, and drove the Indians several rods. Three or four rounds were fired on both sides ; but the Indians being more than double in number to our men, and having already killed Captain Lovewell, Mr. Fullam (only son of Major Fullam of Weston), Ensign Harwood,John Jefts, Jonathan Kittredge, Dan- iel Woods, Ichabod Johnson, Thomas Woods, and Josiah Davis, and wounded Lieutenants Farvvell and Robbins and Robert Usher, in the place where the fight began, and striving to surround the rest, the word was given to retreat to the pond, which was done with a great deal of good conduct, and proved a great service to the English (the pond covering their rear), though the Indians got the ground where the dead of our party lay. The fight continued very furious and obstinate, till towards night — the Indians roaring and yelling and howling like wolves, barking like dogs, and making all sorts of hideous noises — the English frequently shouting and huzzaing, as they did after the first round. At one time Capt. Wyman is confident the Indians, were diverting themselves in povv^owing, by their striking upon the ground, and other odd motions ; but Wyman, creeping up and shooting their chief actor, broke up their meeting. Some of the Indians, holding up ropes, asked the English if they would take quarter ; but were briskly answered, that they would have no quarter but at the muzzles of their guns. ing, also, imilalions of men's faces cut out upon them." When Dr. Belknap «as there the nan the dead, on tlie trees, and the holes where balls had entered and been cut out, were plainly vi The trees h-;l tlie appearance of being very old, and one of them was fallen.— /fist. Coll., vol. i9, 30. 1725] KOVAI. I'KOVIN'CE. 1 59 About the middle of the afternoon the ingenious Mr. Jon- athan Frye (only son of Captain James Frye of Andover), a young gentleman of liberal education, who took his degree at Harvard College, 1723, and was chaplain to the company and greatly beloved by them for his excellent performances and good behavior, and who fought with undaunted courage till that time of day, was mortally wounded. But when he could fight no longer he prayed audibly several times for the preservation and success of the residue of the company. Sometime after sunset the enemy drew off and left the field to our men. It was supposed and believed that not more than twenty of the enemy went off well. About midnight the Eng- lish assembled themselves, and upon examination into their situation they found Jacob Farrar just expiring by the pond, and Lieutenant Robbins and Robert Usher unable to travel. Lieutenant Robbins desired his companions to charge his gun, and leave it with him, which they did; he declaring that "As the Indians will come in the morning to scalp me, I will kill one more of them if I can." There were eleven more of the English who were badly wounded, namely, Lieut. Farwell, Mr. Frye, Sergeant Johnson, Samuel Whiting, Elias Barron, John Chamberlain, Isaac Lakin, Eleazer Davis and Josiah Jones ; but they, however, marched off the ground with the nine others who received no consider- able wounds, namely. Ensign Wyman, Edward Lingfield, Thomas Richardson, the two Melvins, Ebenezer Ayer, Abiel Asten, Joseph Farrar and Joseph Gilson. These all proceeded on their return for the fort, and did not perceive that they were waylaid or pursued by the enemy, though they knew our men had no provision, and must therefore be very faint. Four of the wounded men, namely, Farwell, Frye, Davis and Jones, after they had travelled about a mile and a half, found themselves unable to go any further, and with their free consent the rest kept on their march, hoping to find a recruit at the fort, and to return with fresh hands to relieve them As they proceeded on they divided into three companies one morning, as they were passing a thick wood, for fear of making l6o III.STOKV OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [l7-5 a track liy vvhicli the cncm)' might follow them. One of the companies came iii)on three Indians, who pursued them some time. Meanwhile Elias Barron, one of this party, strayed from the others, and got over Ossipee river, by the side of which his gun case was found, and he was not heard of afterward. PZleven, in another party, reached the fort at Ossipee ; but to their great surprise found it deserted. The coward who fled in the beginning of the battle ran directly to the fort, and gave the men posted there such a frightful account of what had hap- pened that they all fled from the fort and made the best of their way home. Solomon Keyes also came to the fort. When he had fought in the battle till he had received three wounds, and had become so weak by the loss of blood that he could not stand, he crawled up to Ensign Wvman, in the heat of the battle, and told him he was a dead man ; but (said he) if it be possible I will get out of the way of the Indians that they may not get my scalp. Keyes then crept off by the sitle of the pond to where he provident- ially found a canoe, when he rolled himself into it, and was driven by the wind several miles toward the fort ; he gained strength fast, and reached the fort as soon as the eleven before mentioned, and they all arrived at Dunstable on the 13th of May, at night. On the 15th of May, Ensign Wyman, and three others, arrived at Dunstable. They suffered greatly for want of provisions. They informed that they were wholly destitute of all kinds of food from a Saturday morning till the Wednesday following, when they caught two mouse-squirrels, which they roasted whole, and found to be a sweet morsel. The)' afterwards killed some partridges and other game, and were comfortably supplied till they got home. Eleazer Davis arrived at Berwick, and reported that he and the other three who were left with him waited some days for the return of the men from the fort, and at length despairing of their return, though their wounds were putrefied and stank, and they were almost dead with famine, yet they all travelled on several miles together, till Mr. Frye desired Davis and Farwell 1725] ROYAL PROVINCE. 161 not to hinder themselves any longer on his account, for he found himself dying, and he laid himself down, telling them he should never rise more, and charged Davis, if it should please God to bring him home, to goto his father and tell him that he expected in a few hours to be in eternity, and that he was not afraid to die. They left him, and this amiable and promising young gentleman, who had the journal of the march in his pocket, was not heard of again. Lieutenant Farvvell, who was greatly and no doubt deservedly applauded and lamented, was also left by Davis within a few miles of the fort, and was not afterward heard of. But Davis, getting to the fort, and finding provision there, tarried and re- freshed himself, and recovered strength to travel to Berwick. Josiah Jones, another of the four wounded who were left the day after the fight but a short distance from the scene of action, traversed Saco river, and after a fatiguing ramble arrived at Saco (now Biddeford), emaciated and almost dead from the loss of blood, the putrefaction of his wounds, and the want of food. He had subsisted upon the spontaneous vegetables of the forest, and cranberries, &c., which he had eaten came out at a wound he had received in his body. He was kindly treated by the peo- ple at Saco, and recovered of his wounds. Several of the Indians, particularly Paugus, their chief, were well known to Lovewell's men, and frequently conversed with each other during the engagement. After the return of the English from their fight, Colonel Tyng, with a company, went to the place of action, where he found and buried the slain. Colonel Tyng found where the Indians had buried three of their men, which were dug up, and one of them was known to be the bold Paugus, who had been a great scourge to Dunstable. This encounter resulted in the course of a few years in the grant by Massachusetts authority of the township of Suncook, or Lovewell's township, to the survivors and to the heirs of those who had perished of Captain Lovewell's heroic company. With Rumford this township conflicted with the township of Bow and the matter was not settled until the incorporation of Pembroke, l62 HISTORY OF NEW HAMI'SHIRE. [1726 many years after, and the grantinsr of another township within the district of Maine. Early in the year 1725, Theodore Atkinson, joined with two commissioners from Massachusetts, visited the French governor at Montreal and entered a formal protest against his encourag- ing the Indians in the war. He denied the responsibility, but admitted having much influence with them ; and brought about a meeting of some of the chiefs with the commissioners. Upon their return to New England, by way of Crown Point and Albany, under escort to the frontiers, they brought sixteen captives whom they had ransomed, and made arrangements for the ransom of others. The last attack of the Indians during the war was upon a party in Dover. Benjamin and William Evans were killed. John Evans was wounded, scalped and left for dead, but re- covered, and lived fifty years after. The attacking party eluded pursuit, and took Benjamin Evans, Jr., a lad of thirteen, captive with them to Canada. A treaty of peace was brought about in December. That New Hampshire escaped with so little loss during this war is attributed to the fact that the fury of the enemy was di- rected to the destruction of the eastern settlements, and because the men of the whole Province, by training, had become veterans, soldiers, and scouts. In May, 1726, the governor and council appointed Nathaniel Weare, Theodore Atkinson and Richard Waldron, Jr., a commit- tee to warn off the settlers at Penacook ; a commission promptly attended to, for they reported the same month that they had visited the locality known as Penacook, where they had found forty men clearing the land and laying out a town. In April, the Lieutenant-Governor, John Wentworth, addressed the General Assembly, held at Portsmouth, stating the case, and called for supplies to press upon the home government the need of deter- mining the boundary of the Province adjoining the Massachusetts colony. The Assembly voted ^lOO to Mr. Agent Newman, for him " to prosecute and endeavor a speedy settlement of the lines between this Government and that of the Mass." 1726] ROYAL PROVINCE. 163 The township of Rye, taken from Poitsmcnith, Greenland, and Hampton, was incorporated in 1726. It was settled as early as 1635, and for many years it was known as Sandy Beach. The inhabitants having been obligetl to attend religious services in neighboring towns, had at length built a meeting house of their own, in 1725, and demanded and received a town charter the following year. They had suffered, in common with adjoining- towns, by the depredations of the Indians during the forty years of alternate war and peace preceding their incorporation. Rev. Nathaniel Merrill was settled in 1726; Rev. Samuel Parsons, in 1736 ; Rev. Huntington Porter, in 1784, who preached his half century sermon in 1835. He died in Lynn in 1844, aged nearly eighty-nine years. The first settlers of the town were of the names of Berry, Seavey, Rand, Brackett, Wallis, Jenness and Locke. The Puritans were distinguished for their large families ; and the older settlements, near tide-water, in the course of several generations, had become crowded. The young men viewed with envy the prosperity of the Scotch-Irish new comers. Why should not they receive land for actual settlement as well as aliens and strangers .' Had not their fathers and grandfathers done good service in the various Indian wars.' Many petitions were sent to the Gi'cat and General Court of Massachusetts, claiming grants on a multitude of pretexts. This northern part of the colony was even then in dispute, and might at any time, by decision of the home government, be decided to be within the limits of the Royal Province of New Hampshire. The township of Penacook was granted by Massachusetts, January 11, 1725, to Benjamin Stevens, Ebenezer Eastman and others, and included seven miles square. Settlement was com- menced the following year In 1727, Captain Ebenezer East- man moved his family into the place. In 1728, the south boun- daries of the town were extended, as an equivalent for lands within the limits before granted to Governor Endicott, and claimed by heirs of Judge Sewall. The first settlers of the plantation of Penacook were carefully selected men. brave, lavv-al)iaing. God-fearing, chosen from 164 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIKE. [1726 among their fellows by a committee of the court, to establish a model community. They came to stay. Very many of the first families are represented by their descendants to this day. They laid out wide and beautiful Main street substantially as it is now; they divided the land into home lots and farms, cleared away the forest trees, built log-houses at first (which were soon replaced by frame buildings, some still standing), and a meeting- house. Their plantation was incorporated, under the name of Rumford, in 1733. They built several garrison-houses for the protection of their families, for an Indian war broke out soon after the settlement was effected. For a number of years this was a frontier post, e.xposed to the attacks of the savages. Of a Sunday their minister would go into the pulpit, armed with the best gun in the parish, and preach to a congregation armed and equipped to repulse a possible Indian surprise. Men went to their work in the fields with an armed escort. ^The First Congregational Church in Fenacook or Rumford •or Concord was organized in November, 1730. The proprietors •oi the town, at a meeting in Andover, Mass., in February, 1726, voted to build a block-house, which should serve the double pur- pose of a fort and a meeting-house. Early in 1727, the first family moved into the town, and Rev. Bezaleel Toppan was employed to preach one year from May. Mr.Toppan and Rev. Enoch Coffin, both proprietors of the town, were employed by the settlers to preach till October, 1730, when it was resolved to establish a permanent ministry. Rev. Timothy Walker was at once called to be the minister of the town. He was a native of Woburn, Mass., and a graduate of Har- vard College, in the class of 1725. He died suddenly, on Sabbath morning, in September, 1782, aged seventy-seven years, deeply mourned by the people he had so faithfully served and led, and between whom and himself the mutual attachment had remained strong to the last. The deep impress of this early ministry has never been effaced, and the influence of Mr. Walker, to a large degree, decided the moral tone and habits of the town. For more than 1726] KOVAL PKOVI.NXE. 1*^5 half a century he directed the thouglit, and was the religidiis teicher of the early settlers ; and his clear convictions, his bold utterances, and his firm adherence to practical principles, made him a wise leader. He served the town as well as the church. His wise counsel and prompt and judicious action ni relation to every matter of public in.terest were 'if great benefit to the people, and gciv ■ him a wide and acknowledged influence. Three times he visited England, as agent for the town, to confirm its endangered rights, and was enabled by his personal influence and wisdom to make secure forever the claims and privileges of the settlers. His influence will be acknowledged, and his name remembered with gratitude by future generations. His daugh- ter married Benjamin Thompson, afterwards Count Rumford, and was the mother of the Countess of Rumford. The fiist meeting-house of Concord was built of logs, in 1727, and served as a fort an J a place of worship. It stood near West's brook, and was occupied by this chui'ch twenty-three years. The second house was that so long known as the " Old North." The main body of the house was built in 1751. In 1783 it was completed with porches and a spire, and in 1802 enlarged so as to furnish sittings for twelve hundred people, and a bell was placed in the tower. Central in its location, it was for a long time the only place of public worship in the town, and was used by t!ie Church for ninety years. It served the State also. In tliis house the Convention of 178S met " to form a permanent plan of go\-crnment for the State." Here, with religious services, in 1784, the new State Constitution was first introduced, and here, too, in June, 17S8, the Federal Constitu- tion was adopted, b\' which New Hampshire became one of the States of the Union. This was the ninth State to adopt that Constitution, the number required to retider it operative ; so that, by this vote, it became binding upon the United States. After another church edifice was built this was used hv the "Methodist Biblical Institute" till 1866. When it was de- stroyed by fire, in November, 1870, there jjassed from sight the church building which had associated with it more of marked and precinus history than with any other in the State. 1 66 IIISTIIKV (II- Nl:\V UAMPSIIlKr [1727 The third house of worshiii was dedicated in iS^2and I'lirned I 1873. The present house of worship was dedicated in 1876. FIRST CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH AT CONCORD. From the parent cluirch liave been separated the South church and the churches at East and West Concord. To Mr. Walker l/2y] KOVAL PROVINCE. I67 succeeded Rev. Israel I'Lvans, a chaplain in the continental army, Rev. Asa McFarland, Rev. Nathaniel Bouton, D. D., the State historian, and the present pastor, Rev. Franklin D. Ayer, D. D. Concord was incorporated by New Hampshire, June 7, 1765. 1 So great was the security felt by the settlers at the close of Lovewell's war, that they emigrated into the wilderness in every direction. The first settlement in that part of West Dunstable known as Witch Brook Valley was made about the year 1728 by Caleb Fry, according to a copy of an original draft or plan of the township of Dunstable by Jonathan Blanchard, dated June, ' 1720. This plan is now in a tolerable state of preservation, to be seen at the office of the Hillsborough county registry of deeds at Nashua. Mr. Fry held a land grant west of Timothy Rogers's grant, lying on the west of Penichuck pond, and embraced nearly all the territory now included in District No. 8 in the town of Hollis, lying west of the school-house. According to tradi- tion, he came from Andover, was a son of James Fry, who was a soldier in the Narragansett war of 1676, and a brother of James Fry, of Andover, one of the grantees of Souhegan West, after- wards called Amherst. That Mr. Fry was the first one to occupy his own land grant in all this section is evident from the fact that he built a turn- ing mill, and operated it a number of years. This mill was sit- uated on the Little Gulf brook, east side of Ridge hill, so called, about twenty rods south of the road at the Spaulding place, in the north part of Hollis. At a short distance easterly from this mill is still to be seen the place of an old cellar-hole, indi- cating that a dwelling once stood there. It was on this spot in the wilderness that Mr. Fry erected his log-hut. It is evident that he cultivated a piece of land, and set out thereon three apple-trees, one of which is now standing, and in bearing con- dition, over one hundred and fifty years old, and is the largest apple-tree in the town of Hollis. Mr. Fry also manufactured wooden ware, and was employed a portion of the time in trap- ping. At what time he left is unknown, but it was before 1746. The early landmarks have disappeared, and it is not easy to * C. S. Spaulding. i6S HisioKV vv m:w iiamtsiiike. [^7-7 reproduce the scenes in which they planted their habitations. To men employed in subjugating the forests, fighting wild men and wild beasts, clearing lots, and making paths, there was no leisure, and little disposition, to make records of their doings. The survivors of Captain John Lovewell's expedition to Pig- wacket petitioned the General Court of Massachusetts for the grant of a township as a recompense for their sufferings, and received the grant of Suncook, or " Lovewell's Township." Meanwhile the authorities of the Province of New Hampshire had jealously watched the proceedings of the Massachusetts Ba)' people. The township of Bow was incorporated May 20, 1727, conflicting with the grants of Penacook and Suncook. The township was laid out January 28, 1728-g, b)' Andrew Wiggin, William Moor, and Edward Fifield. April 5, 1725, Colonel Tyng, in command of a scouting party ascending the Merrimack valley to Lake Winnipiseogee, reported meeting a company of "Irish," who were located on and occupy- ing the lands on the intervale about the village of East Concord. They had built a fort for protection against the savages. Later they were dislodged from those fair fields and forced to mov^e on. Previous to the granting of Epsom, in May, 1727, certain Scotch-Irish families, from Londonderry, had settled within that territory. It is probable that the fruitful and fertile lands of Lovewell's township had been thoroughly examined by these hardy pioneers before it was granted by either Province. They were not allowed to purchase land in Penacook ; the proprietor forfeited his right if he sold to one of the race. No such re- striction kept them from purchasing the rights of the proprietors of Suncook, or Lovewell's township ; and a fair field was opened for their settlement. There is reason to believe that the first movement toward a settlement of Suncook was in the summer of 1728. It was the custom of the young men to start early in the spring for the newly-granted wild lands, build a rude log shanty for temporary shelter, and proceerl at once to clear away the forest growth from their lots. The a.xe and fire-brand were the means em- ployed. Not uiifrequcntly the crop of the first season nearly 1729] KOVAI. PKOVINXE. 169 paid for the land. After the harvest the toilers would return to a more settled community in which to pass the winter. Tradition asserts that Francis Doyne and his wife were the first white inhabitants who ever wintered in the township, 172S-9, and they may be said to have been the first permanent settlers. Their log hut is said to have been located about in the middle of the field west of Pembroke street, just north- of the road leading toward Garvin's falls. After a severe snow- storm they were visited by a party from Penacook, who were anxious as to their safety, and were found in a roughly-built cabin, comfortable, contented, and protected against the incle- mency of the weather. Doyne was one of Captain Lovewell's soldiers. During the same summer, 1728, the property was probably visited, both by many of the original grantees, tlieir heirs, and others wanting to purchase. The amount of work accomplished during this first year towards effecting a perma- nent settlement is unknown ; but there is reason to believe that the active settlement was undertaken during the summer of 1729. Land certainly was not at a premium at that time, when the right to three hundred and sixty-five acres, with the chance of drawing the best lands in the township, was sold for twenty-four pounds. As silver was reckoned at twenty shillings, or one pound, to the ounce then, the land brought but six and a half cents for an acre. In a general sense the settlers of the township displaced the Indians, but no particular tribe is known to have occupied the territory save as a hunting-ground and fishing rendezvous. The name of one Indian only has come down to us as having any connection with the place, and his record is very traditional and vague. Plausawa, in whose honor the hill in \(jrth Pembroke is named, is said to have had his wigwam in that locality. With his comrades, Sabatis and Christi, he was a frequent visitor to this and neighboring sections, until war was declared, when he cast his lot with the St. Francis tribe. The three are charged with having led or instigated the attack upon Suncook and Ep- som in after years. During a cessation of hostilities, Plausawa and Sabatis were killed while on a friendly visit to Poscawen, in 1753. IILSTDKV OK NEW IIAMPSHIKE. ['730 Lovewell's township, or Suncook, was a frontier town for many years after its settlement. That it suffered no more dur- ing the contest was owing to the fact that its young men were constantly on the scout toward the encmv. The settlers were the Puritans, from the old Bay Colony ; the Scotch-Irish Presbyterians, from the settlement of London- IJJOj KOVAI, rUON'lN'CE. IJI derry ; and, lastly, the New Hampshire settlers from the neigh- borhood of Exeter, Dover and Kingston, who came in later under Bow titles. Truly the town was not homogeneous. A French family was the first to locate in town, and several Welsh families settled there later. The inroad of settlers in 1730 was probably rapid. The i;iants of the forest fell before the woodman's axe, and the log cabin was rendered homelike by the presence of women and ■children. The few scattering Indians remaining in the neigh- borhood were indifferent or friendl)-, and doubtless the settlers received occasional calls from them. The log houses built by the pioneers of the last century have been replaced by framed buildings, but they may still be seen in the logging camps of Grafton and Coos counties, and in all new countries. In summer the life 'was not unpleasant ; the river teemed with shad, salmon, and trout ; the deer and the bear wandered in the neighboring forests ; the virgin soil yielded wonderful harvests. Their fare was simple, but with prudence iind foresight one could provide for the family during the long winter months, with ordinary exertion. Fuel was at their very doors, to be had for the chopping, and pitch pine knots answered for candles and gas. Wolves, lean and hungry, might howl about their safely barred windows, but could not enter their dwellings ; nor could the cold affect them, with logs hospitably piled in the open fire- place. The Bible and New England Primer might form tlieir thoroughly read library, but tradition was a never failing source of interest to them James Moore probably erected his house this year, said to have been the first framed building in the townsliip, and the frame to-day forms a part of Samuel Emery JMoore's house. Neighbors from Buckstreet and Concord assisted at the raising, and a few Indians are said to have helped. Tradition asserts that one of the latter was worsted in a friendly contest and trial ■of strength, usual from time immemorial on such occasions, and became very angry at his overthrow, threatening vengeance. His wrath was appeased by a ]")otation from a brown jug which 1/2 1II.^T(,U;V OF NEW liAMPSIlIKi:. [1730 ".: JT il'^fe-vr-^ ''i-^ Note. Very early in the Suncook records is a mention of a conflict between the Orthodox and Presbyterian churches. By the former Rev. Aaron Whttemore was settled as the minister uf the parish, the latter entering a formal protest. At the time of his settlement the Presbyterians were in a majoiity in the township; but absent grantees, residents in Massachusetts, claimed the right of voting by proxy, and maintained control of the political and reli^ous affairs of the town. Rev. Aaron Whittemore was a graduate of Harvard College, taiued a leading position in the affairs of Suncook and Pembroke, war his house was garrisoned by an armed force, and he had ; prominent families in the State trace back their ancestry to hii numerous and influential. Among them are the Kittredges and Woodmans, besides the \Vhittemores scattered throughout the State from Nashua to the Upper Coos. Submitting to the inevitable the Presbyterian members of the parish became reconciled; and for many years listened to the preaching, and paid their rates towards the support, of Mr. Whittemore. The Province line, as determined, must have been to the latter a grievance, for he was a faithful son of the Bay Colony and in favor of its laws and institutions. ind for a third of a century sus- During the French and Indian he militia. Many nd his descendants are very 1730] Kt)V.VL i'KO\'l\CE. 173 had already come into use. Moore was very sagacious in his treatment of the Indians, and gained their friendship ; his place was avoided by them in after years during the hostilities, although it was fortified to repel an attack. Besides granting the township of Bow, the New Hampshire authorities, in 1727, granted Epsom, Barnstead, Chichester, Can- terbury and Gilmanton to companies intending to form perma- nent settlements, thus extending the frontier out into the interior. Epsom and Canterbury were immediately occupied and garri- soned later during the French and Indian wars, while the other townships were not reclaimed from the wilderness until the re- turn of peace. Newmarket was cut off from E.xeter in 1727. Rev. John Moody was ordained and settled in 1730; Rev. S. Tombs, in 1794; Rev. James Thurston, in 1800. Governor William Burnet assumed the ofifice of chief magis- trate of Massachusetts and New Hampshire in July 172S, com- ing from New York, where he had acted in the same capacity. He was welcomed at Boston by a committee of the council and assembly of the Province of New Hampshire, and was after- wards granted a regular salary. He died in September, 1729, having visited New England but once, and was succeeded by Governor Jonathan Belcher. Governor Burnet had been very popular in New York, and was described by Lieutenant-Governor Wentworth, in one of his speeches, as " a gentleman of known worth, having justly ob- tained a universal regard from all who have had the honor tt) be under his government." He died at the early age of forty- one years. Belcher, a native of New England, was a merchant of large fortune and unblemished reputation. He had spent six years in Europe and had been presented at court. " He was graceful in his person, elegant and polite in his manners ; of a lofty antl aspiring disposition ; a steady, generous friend ; a vindictive, but not implacable enemy." ^ A controversy soon arose between the new governor and ' Belknap. 174 lIISruKV OF NEW IIAMi'.SllIKE. L ' 73^ Wciitworth, the lieutenant-governor of the Provinec, on account of a letter which Wentworth had written to Governor Shute, and all friendly relations between the two ceased. Belcher took active measures to express his enmity, curtailing the importance and emoluments of the office of lieutenant-governor, to the dis- gust and disappointment of Wentworth and liis many friends. Wentworth himself did not long survive, but died Dec. 12, 1730, at the age of fifty-nine years. Lieutenant-Governor John Wentworth was the son of Samuel and Mary (Benning) Wentworth of New Castle, and the grand- son of Elder William Wentworth of Exeter, who signed the "combination" in 1639. He was born in June 16, 1672, and in early life was a sea-captain. After leaving the sea he was a mer- chant, and was reputed a fair and generous dealer. " He was a gentleman of good naturcd abilities, much improved by conver- sation ; remarkably ci\il ami kind to strangers ; respectful to the ministers of the gospel ; a Un-er of good men of all denomi- nations ; compassionate and bountiful to the pbor ; courteous and affable to all." Mn February, 1711-12, he was appointed a councillor by Queen Anne, in place of Winthrop Hilton, de- ceased, and was justice of the Court of Common Pleas from 171 3 to 171S. He was appointed lieutenant-governor in 1717, and held the office until his death. Of his sixteen children, fourteen survivetl him, of whom one was Benning Wentworth and another the wife of Theodore Atkinson. The course pursued by Governor Belcher was resented by the friends of Wentworth and the opposition was led by Benning Wentworth and Theodore Atkinson ; but Belcher disregarded his opponents and apprehended no danger from their resent- ment. Mr. Wentworth was succeeded as lieutenant-governor by David Dunbar, a native of Ireland, formerly a colonel in the l^ritish service, and unfriendly to Governor Belcher. He had been commander of the fort at Pemaquid, and upon his appear- ance in New Hampshii'c, in 1731, he joined the paity in opposi- tion to the governor. Soon after his arrival a petition was sent ' liilkn.i.). 173'] KOVAI. I'KOX'I.VCE. I75 to England, praying for the removal of Governor Belcher, " alleg- ing that his government was grievous, oppressive, and arbitrary." Richard Waldron, with a party friendly to the governor, drew up an address in Belcher's favor, and forwarded it at the same time. As a result of letters and petitions, Theodore Atkinson, Benning Wentworth, and Joshua Peirce were appointed councillors, but being kept out of office for two years, the two former were elected to the Assembly, where they maintained their opposition. Dr. Belknap is of the opinion that it was the design of Gov- ernor Belcher to effect a union of New Hampshire with Massa- chusetts ; but the people could not be brought to ask for it. The opposition favored a government entirely distinct from Massachusetts. The chief trouble which they encountered was the poverty and limited area of the Province, and so they ad- vocated its enlargement. They were in favor of determining" the boundary lines of the Province, which the governor and his friends were by no means an.xious to settle. The New Hamp- shire authorities became more zealous to have the line deter- mined than Massachusetts, although they realized that it would not greatly benefit them personally, as the territory would either revert to the King, to again grant, or become the property of the heirs of Mason and Allen. The governor, as obliged by his instructions, frequently urged the settlement of the lines in his speeches ; and a committee from both provinces met at Newbury, in the autumn of 1731, to arrange the affair ; but the Massachusetts party prevented an accommodation ; whereupon the New Hampshire authorities de- termined no longer to treat with Massachusetts, but to petition the King to decide the controversy. Accordingly, in 1732, John Rindge, a merchant of Portsmouth, who had influential friends in England, was appointed by the Assembly agent for the Province. He visited the old country, and presented to the King a petition, requesting the establish- ment of the line between the two provinces ; and upon his re- turn to America the affair was left to the management of Cap- tain John Thomlinson, a merchant of London, a gentleman of great penetration, industry and address. This petition, how- 1/6 IIISTOKV ()!■■ Nl-.W llAMI'SiilKE. [^73- -ever, was not entlorscd by the governor or by his council ; but was authorized by the iVssembly and the lieutenant-governor. Governor Belcher charged Dunbar with being " false, perfidi- ous, malicious, and revengeful, a plague to the governor and a de- ceiver of the people." The opposition alleged that the governor consented at every session of the Massachusetts Assembl)- to grants of land within the disputed territory. In 1732, a vote of the proprietors of Suncook is the first mention in the town records of the Bow controversy. In case the claim of Massachusetts was sustained, the right of the gran- tees of Suncook would be established ; in case New Hampshire obtained jurisdiction, the right to the land would be legally vested in the heirs of John Mason. Oyster Ri\er, a parish of Dover, was incorporated as Durham in 1732. It had been made a parish in 165 1 ; separated in 1675; incorporated in 17 16. It had suffered severely during the Indian wars, the enemy frequently committing depredations within its limits. A church was built in 1655. The first minister, settled in the parisli in 1674, was John Russ, who died in 1736, at the age of one hundred and eight years. He was also the parish physician. Rev. Hugh Adams was settled in 1718 ; Rev. Nicholas Oilman, in 1 741 ; Rev. John Adams, in 1748 ; Rev. Curtis Coe, in 1780, who was dismissed in 1806. The township of Narragansett No. 3, Souhegan West, or Am- herst, was granted, in 1733, by Massachusetts. The first settle- ment was commenced, in 1734, by Samuel Walton and Samuel Lampson and others from Esse.x county. A meeting house was built in 1739. The town was incorporated in 1760, as Amherst, and upon the organization of Hillsborough County it was made the shire town. Milford, in 1794, and Mount Vernon, in 1803. were separated from Amherst. A church was organized in 1 741, and Daniel Wilkins was settled as minister, and continued there until his death, in February, 1784. Rev. Jeremiah Bar- nard was settled in 1779 ; Rev. Nathan Lord, in 18 16, after- wards president of Dartmouth College. The township of Contoocook, afterwards Boscawen, was granted by Massachusetts in 1733, and a settlement was made 1/33] KOVAL PROVINCE I77 the next year by Natlianiel Danforth, Andrew Bohonnon, Moses Burbank, Stephen Gerrish and Edward Emery, a colony from Newbury, Massachusetts. Soon twenty or thirty families were settled within the township. A fort, one hundred feet square and ten feet high, was built in 1739, in which the inhabitants were obliged to take refuge for a period of twenty-two years. Rev. Phinehas Stevens was settled as minister in 1737, and a meeting house was built the next year, as large as that at Rum- ford and " two feet higher." Mr. Stevens was succeeded, in 1761, by Rev. Robie Morrill ; in 1768, by Rev. Nathaniel Merrill ; in 1 78 1, by Rev. Samuel Wood, who continued in the ministry for over fifty years. The town was incorporated in 1760, and named in honor of Admiral Boscawen. Settlements were pushed up the valley of the Connecticut as far as Charlestown soon after 1735, in which year that town, by the name of No. 4, was granted by Massachusetts to the citizens of Northampton, Hadley, Hatfield, Deerfield and Sunderland. The fifst settlers were several families by the name of Parker, Farnsyvorth, Sartwill from Groton, Hastings from Lunenburg, and Stevens from Rutland. In 1743 a fort was built, under the direction of Colonel Stoddard of Northampton ; and the first mills were erected the following year. The town was temporarily abandoned by the inhabitants in 1 747, on account of the Indian war, but a garrison was stationed at the fort as a protection to the frontiers. Charlestown was incorporated in July, 1753. Rev. John Dennis was settled as minister in 1754; Rev. Bulkley Olcott, in 1761 ; Rev. Jaazaniah Crosby, in i8io; Rev. J. De F. Richards, in 1841 ; Rev. Worthington Wright, in 1851. In the meanwhile, the relations between Governor Belcher and his lieutenant-governor, Dunbar, were not of an amicable character. Dunbar had no seat in the council, and was de- prived of command of the fort at New Castle, and as many of his perquisites as possible, by the governor. In anger, Dunbar retired to his fort at Pemaquid, where he remained two years, Upon his return, he was treated with less severity by the governor. Dunbar, in his office of surveyor-general of the King's woods, 178 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. ['737 was frequently arbitrary in his dealings with the people upon the Piscataqua, and incurred their enmity. At Exeter, while enforcing some of his obnoxious regulations, he was set upon by a force disguised as Indians, and, together with his party, re- ceived rough usage. They were obliged to tramp back to Portsmouth, as their boat was rendered unserviceable. For this offence he could receive no legal redress, as his assailants were unknown. As a retaliation, he ordered that courts should be holden only at Portsmouth, instead of at E.xeter, Dover, and Hampton, as formerly. He was caressed by the opponents of Belcher, and, in 1737, went to England to prosecute his design of creating New Hampshire into an independent province, of which he desired to obtain control. Disappointed in his ambi- tion, he accepted an office offered by the East India Company, and was appointed governor of St. Helena. The trade of the Province at this time consisted chiefly in the exportation of lumber and fish to Spain and Portugal, and the Caribbee Islands. The mast trade was wholly confined to Great Britain. In the winter, small vessels went to the south- ern colonies with English and West India goods, and returned with corn and pork. Woollen manufacture was diminished, as sheep were scarce, but the manufacture of linen had greatly in- creased by the emigration from the north of Ireland, ^ In 1732, an Episcopal church was organized at Portsmouth, and a chapel built, which was consecrated in 1734 ; and two years later. Rev. Arthur Brown was settled as their minister, with a 'salary from the " Society for Propagating the Gospel in Foreign Parts." In 1735, the Province was visited with a new epidemic, known as the throat distemper ; and of the first forty who had it none recovered. It first appeared at Kingston. In the whole Province not less than one thousand persons died of the disease, of whom some nine hundred were children. Over two hundred died at Hampton Falls, and over one hundred at Exeter, Kingston, and Durham. In 1737, the settlers at Suncook bargained with John Coch- ran of Londonderry to erect a saw-mill and a grist-mill on the ■ Belknap. 1737] KOVAI. I'K()\IN-CE. 179 Suncook river, and agreetl to deed to him lot No. i, which embraced the compact part of the present village of Suncook, in the town of Pembroke. The conditions of the grant he evi- dently complied with, for the deeds of all property within th^it area can be traced to him. In accordance with a vote the first road to Rumford was laid Out. It led diagonally across the lots, very directly from the first meetinghouse, built in 1733, at the north-east corner of the cemetery, over intervening land to the bridge over the Sou- cook, thence by the river bank to the great bend in the Merri- mack, where a ferry was early established, about a mile below the lower bridge in Conctird, and nearly as far above the rail- road bridge. A bounty of sixpence a tail was voted for every rattlesnake killed in the township. The north and east part of the town was then a wilderness, covered by the primeval forest. The Suncook settlers, for the most part, were on the home lots, which were on each side of what is now Pembroke street. Their meadow lots, on the Sun- cook, Merrimack and Soucook rivers, were reached by winding paths through the forest, and were valuable to the pioneers from the wild grass that grew upon them. The intervale lots along the Merrimack are said to have been open at the first settlement, from inundations of the river, or kept so by the Indians, the former occupants of the land, as corn fields. An old man once said that the pioneers settled on high land, not on account of its fertility, but to avoid the trails of the savages, which were made by the river bank ; that the Indians would never turn from their march to do malicious injui'y, except when on the war path ; and because from an elevation the clearings could be better protected by a stockade and garrison house. Thomlinson, the agent of New Hampshire in England, was indefatigable in his efforts in behalf of the little Province. It was greatly due to him that the chapel was built at Portsmouth, and that a minister was settled over the parish. Through his instrumentality, commissioners from among the councillors of l80 HISTORY OF NEW UAIM PSIl IKK. [1/37 New York, New Jersey, Rhode Island, and Nova Scotia, all from royal governments except those from Rhode Island, and with that colony Massachusetts had a controversy respecting boundaries, were appointed to adjudicate the dispute on boun- dary line. The commissioners, three from Nova Scotia, and five from Rhode Island, met at Hampton, August i, 1737. Here they were met by a committee of the New Hampshire Assembly, who presented the demands of the Province, while agents of Massachusetts stated their claims. On the loth of August, the General Court of Massachusetts met at Salisbury, while the General Court of New Hampshire met at Hampton Falls. The latter, however, were fiot united, as the Council were of the Massachusetts party, while the Assembly favored the New Hampshire pretensions. The commissioners, how- ever, could not determine definitely the line between the two Provinces, but referred the matter to the King and Council. Here the New Hampshire interests were again entrusted to Thomlinson, who was a host in himself. Not receiving the nec- essary papers from the New Hampshire authorities to prosecute their claim, he manufactured such as he thought would be most powerful for the benefit of his clients of New Hampshire. While the matter was pending, in 1738, Thomlinson bought up the Masonian claim to the Province for ^1,000, on his own responsibility, in behalf of the New Hampshire Assembly. In this appeal. New Hampshire had the advantage of the most skilful advocates, who represented the " poor, little, loyal, distressed Province of New Hampshire " as crowded and op- pressed by the " vast, opulent, overgrown Province of Massa- chusetts ; " and New Hampshire won the case. The question was settled by his Majesty, in council, March 5, 1740, and the present southern and eastern boundary of New Hampshire was established. Many townships granted by Massachusetts were found to be without the jurisdiction of the Province that had granted their charters, and within a Province governed by differ- ent laws, and where the title to the wild land was in dispute. This was the more bitter to the inhabitants of the territory because of the Masonian claim. This hung over their heads. 1737] K()\AI, J'KOVINCE. iSl ami affected their ownership in the lands which they had recovered from a wilderness by years of toil and exposure. The Province of New Hampshire gained jurisdiction over a strip of land fourteen miles wide, extending its whole width, and was supposed to include the present State of Vermont. Twenty- eight newly granted townships, between the Merrimack and Connecticut rivers, were cut off from Massachusetts and annexed to New Hampshire. The latter Province gained seven hundred square miles more than the authorities had claimed, besides the territory west of the Connecticut river.' Kensington was detached from Hampton, and incorporated in 1737, when Rev. Jeremiah Fogg was settled as minister over the town. He was succeeded, in 1793, by Rev. Napthali Shaw; in 18 1 2, by Rev. Nathaniel Kennedy. ICivil Engineer Nelson Spoft'ord, of Haverhill, boundary line .surveyor on the part of M.issachusetts in the present controversy' with New Hampshire, is in receipt of valuable and important copies of maps and other documents relative to this subject from the Public Records office of England. In 1SS3 Mr. SpofFord made inquiries of Minister Lowell as to the necessary proceedings in order to ascertain what documents might be found on record relative to the settlement of the boundary line controversy in 1741. Mr. Stevens was employed to search the records, and he forwarded to Mr. SpofTord a list of twenty-five documents and maps relating to this subject, with the cost of copying; and here the matter rested until the Boundary Line Commission was organized, in 1SS5, when Mr. Spoft'ord was directed to order copies of such documents as might appear to be of the most import- ance, but owing to delays from various causes these documents have been but recently received. The list embraces some three hundred pages foolscap of closely written matter, and copies of three maps. Among the documents appear the following: No. L Public Record Office of England. Colonial Correspondence Bd. of Trade New England. Oreder of the King in Council. 9 April 1740. Indorsed, New England, A/assachusei/s Bay Ne-v Hampshire Order of Council dated April 9th 1740 directing the Board to prepare an Instruction to the Governor of the Massachusetts Bay and New Hampshire for settling the Bounds of these Provinces pursuant to a report of the Committee of Council. At the Court of St. James the 9th. April 1740 Present The K'UL's mos: EKcellant .".r,i;..-~(v in Council l82 IlISTOKV OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [^737 iV/icrecif: His Majesty was this day pleased by his order in Council, to signify liis approbation of a Report made by the Lords of the Committee in Council upon the respectiye Appeales of the Provinces of the Massachusetts Bay and New Hampsliire for tlie Determination of the Commissioners — ap- pointed to settle tlie Boundarjs between the said Provinces, and to direct in what manner the said Boundarys should be settled, and also to require the Governor and the respective Councils and Assemblys of the said Provinces to take especial care to carry His Majestys commands thereby signified into due execution. as by a copy of the said Order hereto annexed may more fully appear. And His Majesty being desirous to remove all further pretence for continuing the Disputes which have subsisted for many years between the said Provinces on Account of the said Boundary, and to prevent any dehiy in ascertaining the Boundary pursuant to the said order in Council, Doth Hereby Order that the Lords Commissioners for Trade and Plantations do prepare the Draught of such an instruction as they shall conceive proper to be sent to tlie Governor of those Provinces, for enforcing the due execution of the said order and requiring him in the strongest ternis to cause His Majestys Commands in tliis behalf to be executed in the most effectual and expeditious manner, to the end that his Majestys Intentions for promoting the Peace and Qjiiet of the said Provinces, may not be frustrated or delayed. And thev are to lay the said Draught before the Right Honorable the Lords of the Committee of Council for Plantation Affairs. — (Signed) Temple Stanyan No. n. Order of Committee of Council 9 April 1741 Indorsid (with petitions) Massachusetts Oreder ol the Lords of ye Com- mittee of Council dated ye 9th of April 1741 referring to this board ye Petition of Thomas Hutchinson of Boston Esq. praying his Majesty to direct that the several Line Townships which by the Line directed to be run by his Majestys Order in Council of ye 9th April 1740 will be cut off from the Province of Massachusetts Bay may be united to that Province. At the Council Chamber Whitehall the 9th. of April 1741 By the Right Honorable the Lords of the Committee of Council for Plantation Afl'airs. His Majesty, having been pleased by his order in Council of the 9th of February last, to refer unto this Committee the humble petition of Thomas Hutchinson of Boston in his Majesty Province of Massachusetts Bay Esqr. humbly praying that His Majesty will be graciously pleased to direct that the several Townships, commonly known by the name of the line townships. which by the Line directed to be run by his Majestys Order in Council of the 9th of April 1740, will be cut off from the said Province of Massachusetts Bay may be United in tliat Province — The Lords of the Committee this day took the said petition, together with several others thereto annexed, from the said Township into Consideration, and are hereby pleased to refer the same 1737] ROVAL PROVINCE. 183 to tlie Lords Comnussioners for Trade and Plantations, to examine into tlie said Petitions, and report their Opinion tliereupon to this Committee (Signed) Temple Stanyan. Benning Wentuorth to the Board of Trade Sth December 1742 Indorsed New Hampshire Letter from Mr. Wentworth Governor of New Hampshire to the Board, dated Portsmouth \e Sth December 1742 Referring to the petitions of the inhabitants who had without their consent been summarily transferred from the jurisdiction of Massachusetts to that of New Hampshire, and who had petitioned the King to be returned to Massa- chusetts, Wentworth says, — And unless it should be His Majesty's pleasure to put an end to Applications of this Nature, It will be impossible for me to carry his Royal Instructions into Executi on. New Hampshire sits down bv liis Majesty's determination, and has showed the greatest obedience thereto by paying the whole expense of running and marking out the boundaries in exact conformity to the royal deter- mination, and therefore thinks it a great hardship that Massachusetts should lead them into any new charge, in a dispute that had subsisted near four score years, and which has been so solemnly determined. And it inay be added here, also, that the legislature of New Hampshire supplemented the above appeal of Governor Wentworth with a prayer to the King, never, under any circumstances, to admit of the slightest infraction of the boundary line, thus determined and established according to his royal will and pleasure ; and to the credit of that Province and State it may also be stated here that that work, the boundary line as then established and recorded, has never been called in question by either, and the State has never gone back on her own record Jonathan Belcher to the Board of Trade. 7 May 1 741. Indorsed Massachusetts, new Hampshire Letter from Mr. Belcher Governor of New England, dated at Boston ye 7th of May 1741, concerning a difficulty, arisen upon ye construction of His Majesty's Judgment respecting ye Bounda- ries betwixt ye Province of Massachusetts Bay and that of New Hampshire. This isavery important document, and, as will be seen, effectually disposes of all claims New Hampshire may have been supposed to have to a slice of Massachusetts, and forms a very valuable and important State paper. In connection with these documents, Mr. Spofford has also received copies of three very important and valuable maps relating to the boundary line con- troversy of 1741. No. I is a map of Merrimack river and the boundary line at three miles distant on the north side thereof, by George Mitchell, surveyor. This map is about 18x24 inches, and bears the following inscription on the upper left hand corner, enclosed in scroll work: 184 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 11737 To His Excellency Benning Wentworth Esqr. Captain General V Commander in Chief over His Majesty's Province of New Hampshire This map is humbly inscribed by His Excellencys Most Obdt. Servt. George Mitchell Surv'r. And immediately under this we find the following note : By Lines drawn on the North side of ye River there is as much land as water, which have their corresponding parallels at three miles distance ; but as ye Sudden Bends renders it impracticable to come up to the Truth, the dif- ference is divided equally in General. In the lower left hand corner is the following note : Received April 20th, with Governor Wentworth's Letter dated at Portsmouth in New Hampshire 6th March i'/^ik.2 In the lower right hand corner is tlie title enclosed in scroll work. A MAP Of the River Merrimack from the Atlantick Ocean to Pawtucket Falls de- scribing Bounds between His Majesty's Province of New Hampshire and the Massachusetts Bay, agree- able to His Majestys Or- der in Council 1741 On the back of the map we find the following sworn statement : George Mitchell makes Oath, that this survey made by him of the River Merrimack, from the mouth of said River to Pawtucket Falls, is true and exact to the best of his skill and knowledge, and that the line described in the plan is as conformable to His Majestys determination in Council, as was in his power to draw, but finding it impracticable to stick to the letter of said deter- mination, has in some places taken from one Province, and made ample allow- ance for the same in the next reach of the River. Portsmouth. New Hampshire. March Sth, 1741. George Mitchell, Sworn C Jothani Odiorne ") fus. 1' " \oi the before [ H. Sherburne J Peace Thus it will be seen that Mitchell was no tool or emissary of Belcher's, but he drew the boundary line according to his interpretation of the King's De- cree, as it appears from examination of the map that he surveyed the river, made his plan, and then proceeded to lay off a strip of land three miles wide on the north side thereof. This he did by first drawing straight lines along 1737] KOVAL PROVINCE. 185 the north shore of the river, passing so as to take one half of the river into his estimate, proiectini; these lines from the ocean to Pawtucket falls, and then draws the boundary line at three miles distance from these straight lines. Consequently no part of his line appears on the south side of the river. Mitchell does not seem to have understood the gymnastics of modern survey- ing. This map shows no small degree of artistic ability in the surveyor who pro- jected it, so much so that Mr. SpofFord already has applications for copies from parties interested in works of this description. But this map not only indicates a superior draughtsman, but a remarkably skilful and accurate surveyor. His plan of the river, reduced by pantograph to the scale of the map accom- panying the recent report of the New Hampshire Commissioners to the leg- islat\ire of that Stats, shows the survey to have been made and platted with a wonderful degree of accuracy. This latest survey and plan were executed with the very best of modern ap- pliances, by a skilful and experienced surveyor but recently from the United States Government survey of the Mississippi river, and neither time nor ex- pense was spared to make it as accurate as could be platted on a scale of ^. 500 feet to one inch ; still, on comparing the latest product of modern skill, it is little more than a fiic simile of Mitchell's work done with the rude instru- ments of a centurv and a half ago. Map No. 3. This map is on a sheet about 24x36 inches, and is the work of the same surveyor, and executed in the same general style as No. 2. The title reads as follows : A Plan of the Rivers and Boundary Lines referred to in the Proceedings and Judgment to which this is annexed. George Mitchell Surveyor Note Reed. Dec. 20 17,57, wMth Letter from ye Commissioners for settling the Boundary Lines betw-een ye provinces of Massachusetts Bay & New Hamp- shire Cenr 79 Thecommissionof1737.it will be remembered by persons familiar with this question, reported in substance as follows: That if the second charter of the Province of Massachusetts Bay covered all the territory tliat the first charter covered, then the line should commence at the Atlantic ocean, three miles north of the mouth of the Merrimack river, and thence running westerly and northerly, keeping at three miles' distance from the river to the junction of tlie Winnipiseogee and three miles further north, thence due west to his majesty's other dominions; but if it did not, then the dividing line should begin at a point three miles north of the Black Rocks and thence due west to his majesty's other dominions. Tliese lines are all shown on the plan. But both parties appealed from this decision, and the matter was carried before the King in council. This august body seems to have been run by I 86 HISTOk\' ()!■■ iNICW lIAMrsHIKE. [^737 New Hampshire s paid agent, one George Thomlinson, and the line was estab- lished at three miles north of the river to Pawtucket falls, and thence due west, etc. This gave New Hampshire some 700 square miles of Massaclui- setts more than that Province had ever claimed, consequently her willingness to pay all the expenses of running the lines that make the area of that State to-day 1,400 square miles larger than Massachusetts. These records and maps are not only interesting historical documents, but they show past all controversy that the boundary line matter was settled by the king's decree, that the execution was served, the land set off, the lines run and marked on the ground, the plans returned, accepted and recorded, and the whole business executed as perfectly and thoroughly as it was possi- ble to fix any division line anywhere at that time. It was all done with the cordial assent and concurrence of New Hampshire. Massachusetts protested against it, but without avail. The line thus established has been the line ot juri.sdiction ever since. Massachusetts set the bounds stones at the angles in 1S27 : they are all there to-day, and mark the angles in the line. Mr. Spof- ford has run on the ground, and there is not the slightest doubt of its correct- ness substantially, and wh}' any person should now suppose for a single mo- ment that a boundary line thus established by both parties can be changed at the option of one. and without the consent and against the wishes of the in- habitants living near it, is a mystery we shall not attempt to solve. East Kingston was incorporated in 1738. Rev. Peter Coffin was settled as minister the following year and was dismissed in 177^. ' The Scotch settlers of Londonderry came to this wintry land to have '' A faith's pure shrine," and » " To make a happy fireside clirae For weans and wife." Tiiey were hard-headed, long-headed, level-headed, uncompromising, uncon- quered. and unconquerable Presbyterians. They were of a stern and rugged tvpe. They clung to the tenets of the Presbyterian faith with a devotion, con- stancy, and obstinacy little short of bigotry, and in it was mingled little of that charity foi" others of a different faith " which sufiereth long;" nor is this surprising, when we consider the circumstances of their lives, and the stock to which they belonged. They were the descendants of a brave and heroic race of men and women, who had resisted the encroachments of the " Estab- lished Church" of England, risen in opposition to it, and in 1638 entered in- to a "solemn league and covenant" to maintain the reformed religion in Scotland, and to resist and put down popery and prelacy : hence the name of " Covenanter." For the preservation of their religious liberty and their form of faith the Covenanters had struggled, and fought, and suffered amid the moors and mountains and fastnesses of Scotland with a fortitude and heroism unsur- passed. Manv laid down their lives to secure its preservation; many strug- gled bravelv on during the troubled years, bearing aloft the ensign of their 1737] ROYAL PROVINCE. iS/ f;iith, wliicli tlicv believed to be the only true faith, and their banner the only true standard of the cross. The foot of the persecutor followed the faithful to Ireland, and there they felt the avenging arm of resisted and arbitrary power. Some of those who had taken part in the brave defence of Londonderry, Ireland, owned land hert which was occupied by their sons. The story of the past, of the conflicts in Scotland, the flight to Ireland, the endurance and sufterings and sacrifice: and final triumphal the "siege of Derry," were fresh in their memories, they were engraven on the tablets of their souls, and the lessons influenceo their lives. So the faith of the stern, grim Covenanter was transplanted to Londonderry. It took root and flourished on this soil, and grew with r strong, steady, and solid growth. The Scotch settlers were a conservativt and thinking people, and their institutions were the result of thought. Mani of the characteristics, sentiments, and much of the feelings of the Cove- iian'crs were here, and these have not entirely died out of their descendants. The religious side of the characters of the first residents was largely developed. The town of Windham, incorporated in February, 1739, has been stronglv orthodox from the beginning. Many families attended meeting at what i.s now East Derry. After attending to their morningduties, the whole family, — men, women, and children, — would walk eight or nine miles to meeting, listen to two long sermons, and then return to- their homes, seldom reaching them until after dark. So they prized the sanctuary, and appreciated and dearly loved the faith in whicli tliey trusted. The first religious meetings were holden in barns during the warm season for eleven years, when, in 1753, the first meeting house was built, on a high elevation south-east of Cobbett's pond, now known as •■ Cemetery Hill." Their Scotch ancestors, exiles from the lochs and glens of Scotland, could not forget the customs of the dear old father-land. So they located the burial- place of themselves and their kindred in the shadow of the kirk. It is a beautiful spot. The lovely lake nestles at the foot of this white-washed hill, shimmering with brightness in the suramersun, and in the autumn mirroring in its bosom all the beauty of the forest trees. It is a pleasant place on which to pitch one's tent after the weary march, when with folded arms the silent ones will rest undisturbed till the reveille call at the great awakening. So the dead rested near where the living \^■orshipped, where in summer davs, through the opened windows which let in the sunshine and the breath of flowers, the words as they fell from the lips of the living preacher might be borne by the breezes which gently w'aved the grass that grew and the flowers that bloomed on the mounds of the peaceful sleepers. The first pastor was Rev. William Johnston, who receiveda call to settle here in July, 1746. The towns cut off from Massachusetts petitioned to be re- anne.xed. but their plea was met and successfully combated by Thomlinson. " About the same time, Governor Belcher procured a petition, from his si.x friends of tiie council of New Hamp- IIISTOKV ] ROYAL PROVINCE. igi the right perhaps. That he was a right brave and distinguished looking cavalier, and well fitted to lead society at a provincial court, his portrait at Wentworth Hall abundantly shows. It represents him dressed in the height of fashion, with a long flaxen peruke flowing in profuse curls to his shoulders. He has a handsome, dignified face, the lips wearing an engaging smile, and the air generally of face and figure of one who is " lord of the manor." Indeed, there was everything in the career of the worthy governor to give him, what in Europe used to be called, the "bel air." Fortune had taken him by the hand from the very cradle, and some beneficent fairy, throughout all his life, seemed to have smoothed away all thorns in his path, and scat- tered flowers before him. He died at the age of seventy-four, having lived as fortunate and splendid a life as any gentleman of his time in the new world. Despite its air of grandeur, Wentworth Hall, at Little Harbor, is an architectural freak. It is seldom that one will find so large a house that is as irregular and straggling as this one is. The rambling old pile looks as if it had been put together at different periods, and each portion the unhappy afterthought of the architect who designed it. It is simply an extension of wing upon wing, and this whimsical arrangement is followed up in the interior. The chambers are curiously connected by unlocked for steps and capricious little passages, that remind one of those mysterious ones in the old castles, celebrated by the writers of the Anne Radcliffe school. It was in 1749 '^hat he commenced to build this mansion, and it was completed the ne.xt year. He had been fascinated by the beauty of the place, and the magnificent structure which rose at his command was worthy of its situation. Where he obtained his plan no one knows, but perhaps the irregularity of the structure was compensated by the grandeur and sumptu- ousness of its adornments. Everything about the mansion was on a grand scale. The stables held thirty horses in time of peace. The lofty gateways were like the entrance to a castle. The offices and out-houses might have done credit to a Kenil- worth or a Middleham. As it now stands, girt by its ancestral ig2 HISTOUV OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. L'74I trees, looking out upon the sea, the house seems a patrician of the old regime, withdrawing itself instinctively from contact with its upstart neighbors. Having an existence of four gener- ations and more, a stately, dignified, hospitable home before Washington had reached manhood, the Wentworth house may claim the respect due to a hale, hearty old age, as well as that ■due to greatness. Few houses in America have had as many illustrious visitors. Rooms under its roof have been occupied by Governor Shirley of New York, Lord Loudon, commander-in-chief of the British forces in America, Sir Charles Knowles, Admiral Boscawen, George Whitefield, and other worthies of that period. Stately merrymakings have been celebrated in its old halls. The first door on the right hand of the hall opens into the grand parlor of the old governor, which still retains all of its former magnificence. The paper on the walls is the same that was put on at the time the mansion was erected, and the carpet on the floor was put there by Lady Wentworth more than eighty years ago. In this room, surrounded by the wondering invited guests of the governor, was consummated the marriage ceremony which Longfellow has celebrated in his " Tales of a Wayside Inn," between Wentworth and his chamber-maid. It was something of a change for Martha Hilton. She was a girl of matchless beauty, but very poor. When young she had scandalized her neighbors by glimpses of bare ankles as she promenaded in scant costume. A puritanic dame one time remonstrated with the maiden in rather severe terms for exhibiting so much of her beauty. But Martha answered not abashed, " Never mind how I look ; I yet shall ride in my own chariot, ma'am." It was a true prophecy. After a lapse of years, attracted by her grace, her beauty, her wit and good sense, Benning Wentworth offered her his hand, and they were married on the governor's si.xtieth birthday. Around the Council Room are some grand old portraits, thir- teen in all. They are all in handsome gilt frames and some of them have rare histories, if they could be told. KOYAL I'KOX'INCE. 193 At the entrance of the Council Chamber are seen the racks for the twelve guns, carried when occasion required by the o-overnor's guards. In the billiard room, which adjoins this apartment, still remains the ancient spinet, now time-worn and voiceless, but whose keys have many a time been touched by 194 uisToKV IIP m;\v hami'siiire. L'74^ the jewelled white fingers of aristocratic belles. Washington listened to its music once when he visited here in 1790, the guest of the hospitable Colonel Wentworth. Here, too, is seen in one corner, the old buffet which, in the olden time, has held many a full and empty punch bowl. Opening out of the larger apartment are little side rooms where illustrious guests. General Loudon, Admiral Boscawen, Lord Pepperell and many others, have played at cards and other games, until the "wee sma' hours." About the whole hall there is a choice venerableness. In 1770, Benning' Wentworth breathed his last in the arms of his faithful wife. The governor rewarded her care and faithful- ness by bequeathing her his entire estate. The great house was not long without a master, however. Lady Wentworth, after living single about a year, fell into the matrimonial traces a*ain, but without changing her name. She outlived her second husband several years, and at her death, in 1804, left the old mansion to her daughter Martha, whom she had by Colonel Michael Wentworth. She was buried beside her first husband, in the churchyard of St. John's, in Portsmouth. The mansion at Little Harbor continued to be occupied by the second Martha Wentworth, who was also a Lady, her husband being Sir John Wentworth, until 18 16, when they went to England, from whence they never returned. The winter of 1741 was famous throughout New England as much colder than any which preceded it. Probably no year since could furnish testimony for cold either so intense or pro- tracted. The snow, which covered the whole country as early as the 13th of November, was still found the ne.\t April covering the fences. The Boston Post Boy for January 1 2th, reports a tent on the Charles River for the entertainment of travellers. The Boston Netvs Letter for March 6th, tells us that "people ride every day from Stratford, Conn., to Long Island, which is three leagues." Even as far east as New London, we are told that the " ice extended into the sound as far as could be seen from the town ; " and that Fisher's Island was united .to the main- land by a solid bed. On March 28th, the Boston News Letter reports that the people living on Thompson's Island had crossed 1 74-] K()\AL riSHIKE. [l745 eighteen -pound cannon. * * * The entrance to the town was at the west gate, over a drawbridge, which was protected by a circular battery of thirteen twenty-four-pound cannon. These works had been twenty-five years in building, and, though un- finished, had cost France not less than six millions of dollars." It is worthy of notice that only New England troops took part in the siege. Colonel Pepperrell was selected to command the forces, with the rank of lieutenant-general. He already occupied the ne.Kt highest post to that of the governor, viz., president of the council. He was also very wealthy and popular, and likely to draw soldiers to his standard, as indeed proved to be the case. " Nil dcspcranduni Cliristo ducc," was the motto of the invaders. Colonel Pepperrell advanced five thousand pounds from his own fortune, and threw himself into the work of preparation with all the impetuosity of his nature. The West India squadron, under Commodore Warren, which was to co-operate with the New-England troops, failed to arrive at the appointed time ; but they set sail without them on March 24, 1745, and after a short passage reached Louisburg, and began at once to disembark and invest the town. On the 24th of April, Warren and three of his men-of-war joined them, and others arrived later. It appears that they took part in the bom- bardment to some extent, but most of the work had necessarily to be done by the land forces with their heavy siege-guns. The ships also served to good purpose in preventing reinforcements and supplies from entering the harbor. But space will not per- mit a detailed account of the capture of the " Dunkirk of America." Suffice it to say that the place capitulated after a seven-weeks arduous attack by land and sea. The cross of St. George had supplanted the lilies of France. On the 17th of June, 1745, General Pepperrell marched into the town at the head of his troops, and received the keys, although Commodore Warren had vainly flattered himself that he or one of his ofificers should have the honor of receiving the surrender of the place. He had even gone so far as to send a letter to the French governor, ordering him to deliver the keys to some one whom he should afterwards desigr.ate. General Pepperrell did not 17451 ROVAI. I'KOVINCE. 20I know of this action at the time ; and he probably never learnetl of it, as they continued to be good friends. Very likely he knew of Warren's desire to assume the glory ; for this was the general opinion among the people of New England at the time, and, indeed, feeling ran very high on the subject. Dr. Chauncey expressed their sentiments when he wrote the following to General Pepperrell. He said : "If the high admiral of England had been there, he would not have had the least right to command any- where but aboard his own ships." A good instance of the Aiiicrican spirit thirty years prior to the Revolution. Smollett says: "The conquest of Louisburg was the most important achievement of the war of 1744." Ward, in his edition of " Curwen's Journal of the Loyalists," says : " That such a city should have yielded to the farmers^ merchants, and fishermen of New England, is almost incredible. The lovers of the wonderful may read the works which contain accounts of its rise and ruin, and be satisfied that truth is sometimes stranger than fiction." Pepperrell received a letter from the Duke of Newcastle, dated at Whitehall, August 10, 1745, acquainting him that his Majesty had sent a patent from Hanover creating him a baronet of Great ]5ritain, — an honor never before conferred on a native of America. Commodore Warren was also promoted to the rank of admiral. A trophy of the capture of Louisburg lies almost at our doors. The visitor, on approaching the massive and stately building" known as Gore Hall, at Cambridge, may see a gilded cross over one of its doors, which was taken from a Erench church and eventually foiuid a resting-place there. The granite pile stands for learning and progress. The cross may well re- mind the students and all the friends of the university of its motto, "Christo et Ecclesise," that its meaning may never be forgotten in our onward march. Sir William Pepperrell embarked in Admiral Knowles'-s squadron for Boston, Sept. 24, 1746, and arrived there on the 2nd of October, after a storm.v passage. He set sail for London in September, 1749, and was cordially 202 IIIbT()R\' Ol' M;\V HAMl'SIIIKE. ['745 received at court by his Majesty, King George II. He was also tlie recipient of many attentions from the Prince of Wales and Lord HaUfax. The mayor of London waited on him, and pre- sented him with a set of plate in honor of his distinguished ser- vices. Sir William was a man of fine appearance, somewhat inclined to be portly, and his dignified and elegant bearing made him noted, even at the court of St. James. A description of the dress which he wore when presented has not come down to us, but he oiclinarily dressed in the rich apparel customary for gentlemen in his day, viz., a suit of scarlet cloth trimmed with gold lace, silk stockings and silver shoe buckles, and the usual powdered wig. He also wore lace ruffles at his wrists, and the long vest then in fashion. There is extant a full-length portrait of him by the gifted Smibert, in the Essex Institute at Salem. It belongs to, and was formerl)- in, the Portsmouth Athenaeum, •where it should have remained. Me lived in great style at Kittery, and kept open house for all his friends, although he was choice in his acquaintance. His library was the best in that part of the country, and was much consulted by scholars, especially the clergy. His large and substantial house was hung with beautiful paintings and costly mirrors. His cellar was filled with rare old wines, — not to mention the highly-prized New England rum, that had been mellowed by its voyage to the Indies and back. His park was stocked with deer ; he kept a coach-and-six, and also had a splendid barge, manned by six slaves in uniform. He owned immense tracts of land in Maine ; and it is said that he could travel from Portsmouth to Saco River, a distance of thirty miles, all the way on his own soil. All these vast estates were confiscated during the Revolution. Still another honor awaited him : for he received a commis- sion of lieutenant-general in the royal army, bearing date Feb. 20, 1/59, giving him the command of all the forces engaged against the French and their savage allies. But the old veteran could not take the field, for his health was failing : and he died on the 6th of July, 1759, in the sixty-third year of his age. His remains were placed in the family tomb, on his estate at Kittery Point. 174^3] KOVAL I'KOVIN'CE. 2O3 ' The old I'c[ipeircll House, bnilt neail}' two luiiKlred years ^go, which has seen more of splendor, and sheltered more famous individuals than any other private residence on this side of the sea, is still the object of frequent pil, Massachusetts withdrew her garrisons from the towns within New Ham|jshire and many of the inhab- itants left at the same time. Four families, who remained at Shattuck's fort, in Hinsdale, successfully defended it against an Indian attack In the Spring of 1747, Captain Phinehas Stevens, with a ranging company of thirty men, occupied the fort at Number Four, and within a few days sustained a most determined attack from a party of French and Indians, which was kept up for three days, when the enemy retired Robert Beard, John Folsom, and Elizabeth Simpson were killed at Nottingham. In the autumn, Bridgeman's fort (Hinsdale) was captured, with its garrison, several of whom were killed and the others taken to Canada. That wide stretch of hilly country lying between the Mer- rimack and Connecticut rivers was, ' at that time, a densely- wooded wilderness. The few who would have ventured to occupy it well knew that so long as the French remained in possession of Canada the region was in continual danger from attacks by the Indians. In 1746 these attacks had become so frequent and successful, that many of the settlements com- menced in the central and southern parts of the State had been abandoned. There remained on the Merrimack small openings at Nashua, Litchfield, Concord, Amoskeag, Suncook, Boscawen, and Canterbury, and one at Hinsdale and another at Charles, town on the Connecticut ; but the entire midland between these valleys was an unbroken, heavy-wooded country. In the fall of 1747 two explorers from Dunstable, Nehemiah Lovewell and John Gilson, started from the present site of Nashua for the purpose of examining the slope of the Mer- rimack, and of crossing the height of land to Number Four, now Charlestown, which was known as the most northern settlement in the Connecticut valley. Knowing the difficulties in traversing hills and valleys mostly covered with underbrush and rough with fallen timber and huge bowlders, they carried as light an outfit as possible — a musket and camp-blanket each, ' Jolin H. l-ood.lle. 1747] ROVAL I'KtniN'CE. 2og with five tlays' provisions. Following the Souhegan to Milford and Wilton, they then turned northward, and crossing the height of land in the limits of the present town of Stoddard, had on the afternoon of the third day their first view of the broad valley westward, with a dim outline of the mountains be- yond. The weather was clear and pleasant, the journey laborious but invigorating. On their fourth night they camped on the banks of the Connecticut, some ten miles below Charles- town. At noon of the next day they were welcomed at the rude fort, which had already won renown by the heroic valor of its little garrison. At this time the fort at Number Four was commanded by Captain Phinehas Stevens, a man of great energy and bravery, Lovewell and Gilson were the first visitors from the valley of the Merrimack, and their arrival was a novelty. That night, as in later days they used to relate, they sat up till midnight, listening to the fierce struggles which the inmates of this rude fortress, far up in the woods, had encountered within the previous eight months. The preceding winter this fort had been abandoned, and the few settlers had been compelled to return to Massachusetts. But Governor Shirley felt that so im- portant an outpost should be maintained. As soon as the melting of the deep snow in the woods would permit, Captain Stevens, with thirty rangers, left Deerfield for Number Four and reached it on the last day of March. The arrival was most fortunate. Hardly was the fort garrisoned and the entrance made secure when it was attacked by a large force of French and Indians. Led by Debeline, an experienced commander, they had come undiscovered and lay in ambush for a favorable moment to begin the attack. But the faithful dogs of the garrison gave notice of the concealed foe. Finding they were discovered the Indians opened a fire on all sides of the fort. The adjacent lug houses and fences were set on fire. Flaming arrows fell incessantly upon the roof. The wind rose and the fort was surrounded by flames. Stevens dug trenches under the walls and through these the men crept and put out the fires that caught outside the walls. 2IO HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. ['747 For two days the firing had been kept up and hundreds of balls had been lodged in the fort and stockade. On the morning of the third day Debeline sent forward a flag of truce. A French officer and two Indians advanced and proposed terms of capitulation, which were that the garrison should lay down their arms and be conducted prisoners to Montreal. It was agreed that the two commanders should meet and Captain Stevens's answer should be given. When they met, Debeline, without waiting for an answer, threatened to storm the fort and put every man to the sword if a surrender was not speedily made. Stevens replied that he should defend it to the last. "Go back," said the Frenchman, "and see if your men dare fight any longer." Stevens returned and put to the men the question, " Will you fight or surrender.' " They answered, "We will fight." This answer was at once made known to the enemy, and both parties resumed arms. Severe fighting was kept up during the day. The Indians, in approaching the stockade, were compelled to expose themselves. They had already lost over a dozen of their number, while not one of the defenders was slain. The French commander, reluctantly giving up all hopes of carrying the fortification, returned towards Canada. The coo! intrepidity of the rangers saved Number Four. Sir Charles Knowles, then in command of the fleet at Boston, sent Captain Stevens an elegant sword. Subse- quently in his honor. Number Four was called Charlestown. After various perils and a narrow escape from capture by the Indians, Lovewell and his companion arrived safely at Dunstable. In the spring of 1748, Captain Stevens was again in com- mand at the fort at Number Four, with a garrison of one hun- dred men. A scouting party of eighteen, sent from the fort, lost si.x of their number. During the summer, the Indians made an attack on Roch- ester, in which the wife of Jonathan Hodgdon was killed; and later, three men were killed at Hinsdale's Fort, — Nathan French, Joseph Richardson, and John Frost. William Bickford, of the seven prisoners taken, died of his wounds. Captain Hobbs, with a scouting party of forty men, was 1745] KOVAL PKOVIXCE. 211 attacked near West Ri\cr, in Hinsdale; and, after a b>ittle of three hours, withdrew with the loss of three men killed and four wounded. The same party of the enemy killed two men and captured nine in the same neighborhood. Peace was declared between France and England in 1749, but an attack was made upon Number Four in the early summer, in which one man, Obadiah Sartwell, was killed, and a son of Captain Stevens was captured and taken to Canada. Peace was destined to continue until 1754. During this war the Indians did not murder nor torture their prisoners, but treated them humanely, according to the testi- mony of many who returned. During the continuance of the war had occurred an event of much interest to New Hampshire. It will be remembered that Thomlinson had purchased of the last Mason heir his interest in New Hampshire, promising him ;^ 1,000 in behalf of the As- sembly. After the settlement of the line between the prov- inces, and during the attack on Louisburg, in which Mason had command of a company, Governor Wentworth frequently called the attention of the General Court to the matter, but that body hesitated to appropriate the necessary funds to complete the purchase. At length Mason, becoming impatient, and the entail having been docked, made a trade with certain gentlemen of the Province, and, January 30, 1746, disposed of his whole interest for ^1,500 currency, on the very day a committee of the Assembly called upon him to arrange the matter. The purchasers were Theodore Atkinson, M. H. Wentworth, Rich- ard Wibird, John Wentworth, George Jaffrey, Nathaniel Me- serve, Thomas Packer, Thomas Wallingford, Jotham Odiorne, Joshua Pierce, Samuel Moore, and John Moffat. Their act raised a storm of indignation ; but they prudently filed at the recorder's office a quit-claim deed to all the towns which had been granted by New Hampshire authority, viz., Portsmouth, Dover, E.xeter, Hampton, Gosport, Kingston, Londonderry, Chester, Nottingham, Barrington, Rochester, Canterbury, Bow, Chichester, Epsom, Barnstead, and Gilmanton. In 1746 the towns of Merrimack, Pelham, Hudson, Hollis, and Dunstable were incorporated. 212 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [^746 Merrimack, formerly Souhegan East, had been settled about thirteen years. A Mr. Hassell was among the first settlers. The first house in town had been built many years before any permanent settlement was made, and was occupied by John Cromwell for purposes of trafiic with the Indians. The house was standing near the Merrimack River in 1679, but was after- ward burned. Rev. Jacob Burnap, D. D., was settled as min- ister in 1772, and died in 1821 ; Rev. Stephen Morse, in 1825; Rev. Stephen T. Allen, in 1839; Rev. E. G. Little, in 1850. A church was organized in the south part of the town in 1829. The town was the home for many years of Hon. Mat hew Thornton. The first settlements were made in Pelham, in 1722, by John Butler and William Richardson, the grandfather of Chief- Justice Richardson. A meeting house was built in 1747, and Rev. James Hobbs was ordained as minister in 1751. He was succeeded by Rev. Amos Moody, in 1765 ; by Rev. John H. Church, in 1798; by Rev. John Keep, in i8js ; by Rev. Cyrus W. Allen, in 1843; by Rev. Charles Rockwell, in 1854. Hudson was incorporated as Nottingham West, and formed a part of Dunstable. It was settled as early as 17 10. Some of the early names were Bljidgett, Winn, Lovewell, Colburn, Hill, Greeley, Cross, Cummings, Pollard, Marsh, and Merrill. A man by the name of Cross was taken prisoner to Canada from the town. Rev. Nathaniel Merrill was settled as minister in 1737; Rev. Jabez L. Fisher, in 1796; Rev. William K. Talbot, in 1825; Rev. D. L. French, in 1852. Hollis, known to the Indians as Nisitissit, was, before its in- corporation, the west parish of Dunstable. The first settlement was made by Captain Peter Powers, in 1731. A church was organized, and Rev. Daniel Emerson was settled as the minister in 1743. He was chaplain during the French and Indian War. He died in 1801. Rev. Eli Smith was settled as colleague pastor ,in 1793; Rev. David Perry was settled in 1831 ; Rev. James Aiken, in 1843 ; Rev. Matthew D. Gordon, in 1849; R^v. P. B. Day, in 1852. Among the notable families who have lived in the town arc those by the name of Powers, Goodhue, Cum- 1/47] ROYAL PROVINCE. 21 3 miii-s, limerson, Burge, Farley, Proctor, Kendrick, Worcester, Klood, Jevvctt, Tenney, Eastman, Hardy, Smith, Holt, and Sawtell. The old town of Dunstable was granted in 1672, and was divided in 1740 by the Province line. Among the early settlers appear the names of Weld, Blanchard, Waldo, Cumings, French, Lovewell, Farwell, Lund, and Colburn. Hon. Edward Tyng was among the earlier settlers, and the town received its name in honor of his wife. A church was organized in 1685, when Rev. Thomas Weld was settled as minister. He was killed by the Indians in 1702. Rev. Nathaniel Prentice was settled in 1718, and ministered to the people until his death in 1737. He was succeeded, in 1738, by Rev. Josiah Swan ; in 1748, by Rev. Samuel Bird; in 1767, by Rey^_JjQS£ph_Kidder ; in 1813, by Rev. Ebenezer B. Sperry ; in 1826, by Rev. Handel G. Nott ; in 1S36, by Rev. Jonathan McGee ; in 1842, by Rev. Matthew Hale Smith; in 1846, by Rev. Samuel Lavvson ; in 1849, by Rev. Daniel March. The Olive Street church separated in 1834; the Pearl Street church in 1846. The towns of Hampstead, Newton, Plaistow, and Litchfield were incorporated in 1749, and the township of Salisbury was granted the same year. With great wisdom the Masonian proprietors sought to dis- arm antagonism to their claims by granting townships to peti- tioners, often without fees, and always without quit-rents. "They quieted the proprietors of the towns, on the western side of the Merrimack, which had been granted by Massachusetts, before the establishment of the line ; so that they went on peaceably with their settlements. The terms of their grants were, that the grantees should, within a limited time, erect mills and meeting-houses, clear out roads, and settle ministers. In every township, they reserved one right for the fir.st settled minister, another for a parsonage, and a third for a school. They also reserved fifteen rights for themselves, and two for their attorneys ; all of which were to be free from ta.xes, till sold or occupied. By virtue of these grants, many townships were settled, and the interest of the people became so united 214 HISTOKY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. ['750 with that of the prupiietDis, that the prejutHce against them gradually abated." * The towns of Suncook and Runiford were not included in this general amnesty. In November, 1750. a suit was commenced against Deacon John Merrill, " b\' the proprietors of the common and undivided lands lying and being in the town of Bow," in an action of ejectment, wherein they demanded eight acres of land and ,dl improvements made by Deacon Merrill. This seems to have been the beginning of litigation, the test of the right of the proprietors of Bow to lands claimed by them. The settlers voted to raise money to defend Deacon Merrill. At the same time Captain John Chandler, Colonel Benjamin Rolfe, Lieutenant Jeremiah Stickney, Mr. Ebenezer Virgin, and Dr. Ezra Carter, or the major part of them, were appointed a committee for said proprietors, "to advise and order Deacon John Merrill how he shall pursue and defend the action brought against said Merrill by the proprietors of Bow ; also, to advise and order an}' other person or persons that shall be sued or shall sue in order to support and defend their rights or claims, what method they shall pursue for the purposes aforesaid."'-^ Bedford and Salem were incorporated in 1750. The township of Dunbarton was granted in 175 i. ^The first settlement was made about 1735, by Joseph and William Putney, James Rogers and Obediah Foster, who came from Rumford (now Concord), and located in the eastern part of the town, at a place called " Great Meadow." Here they erected log houses, planted fruit trees and set about imjiroving the land. When a body of Indians appeared in the vicinit)' of Rumford, two friends of Rogers made their way by " sjiotted " trees to warn the settlers of the danger. They found one of the families engaged in cooking for supper and the other churn- ing. Upon the receipt of the alarming intelligence they at once abandoned their homes, "leaving the meat to fry itself away and the cream to churn itself to butter," and during the night succeeded in reaching Rimifunl. Returning the next day ■ Karmei's I'.i-lknap, p. 29..1 - l->r N. Houion. 3 J. li, Cuniior. I 75 'J KOVAL rROVIN'CE. 215 to drive their cattle to the garrison, they found them all slaugh- tered, their houses plundered and burned, and the apple trees cut down. Three years later Messrs. Putney and Rogers made a permanent settlement, though they had procured no title to the land, but their possession was confirmed by the proprietors, who, in 175 1, obtained a grant of the township. The extensive range of meadow land already cleared by the industrious farmers was particularly adapted to agriculture and was rich in the kind of grass called "blue-joint." The name given by the settlers was " Mountalona," from a place where they once dwelt in Ireland, for religious oppression had driven them from their ancestral homes in Scotland. We can but admire the intrepidity of this little band in removing so far away from the garrison at a time fraught with so many dangers, for although the Indian war ended about this time, the peace was not of that substantial character which ensures perfect security. It was more than likely that the pioneers were suspicious of their former foes, for a long time after the cessation of hostilities, and even while pur- suing their daily avocations, they were ever on the alert to detect the cat-like tread of the treacherous red-skins. They had not forgotten the devastation of their farms and homes, and the massacre on the IIo]ikinton road was still fresh in their minds. But the remembrance of these scenes, while it served to increase their caution, rendered them only the more deter- mined in their enterprize. Mr. Rogers was the father of Major Robert Rogers, celebrated as a leader of the rangers in the French and Indian war. The elder Rogers met with a singular and painful death in attempting to visit his friend Ebenezer Ayer. Mr. Ayer, who was a hunter of no little renown, had been in quest of game during the day, and returning to camp early in the evening was still on the lookout for a bear, when Mr. Rogers appeared. Mistaking his friend (who was dressed in a bear-skin suit) for an animal of that species, he fired and mortally wounded him. Mr. Ayer was intensely grieved at the accident and could never relate the occurrence without shed- ding tears. At the time of this settlement, Concord (or Rum- ford) had aiiout 350 inhabitants. Bow not more than five 2l6 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. ['751 families, and Goffstown might have had a few inhabitants, though it is very doubtful, wl-.ile Hopkinton had been settled ten years. In 1751 arrangements were made for a regular settlement of the town, the included territory being granted by the assigns of John Tufton Mason to Archibald Stark, Caleb Paige, Hugh Ramsey and others. This grant embraced a territory five miles square, and included a portion of the present town of Hooksctt. The ne.xt settlement was made in the western part of the town, by William Stinson, Thomas Mills and John Hogg. These families were for a time three miles apart, with no intervening neighbors, and we can imagine the sense of loneliness which would at times enter their hearts despite the cheerful character of their natures. During the day the cares of the farm would engross their attention, but when the setting sun had proclaimed the hour of parting day, "and all the earth a solemn stillness wore," they must have keenly felt their isolation and sometimes deeply sighed for the homes which they had left. To add to the dreariness of the long winter nights, savage beasts rent the air with yelps and howls till children trembling buried their heads in the pillows and sterner hearts still feared the inroads of their skulking foes. The first child born in the town was probably Sarah Mills, daughter of the above mentioned Thomas Mills, although Stark, the historian, says: "We are inclined to believe that the first child born upon the territory was one of the family of James Rogers or Joseph Putney, who settled upon it several years prior to 1746, to the oldest sons of whom lots of land were granted in 1752." From this time emigrants flocked to all parts of the town, some com- ing direct from Scotland, others from Haverhill, Ipswich, Salem, Topsfield, and other Massachusetts towns, until, in 1770, Dunbar- ton boasted of its 497 inhabitants, being two-thirds of its pre- sent population. These people, actuated by a love for their new homes and assisted by the generous hand of nature, rapidly de- veloped those resources which have added wealth and impor- tance to the town. The building of highways was one of the first improvements, and as early as 1760 we find notice of roads being laid out, anel the nuiiu hi;;li\va\' running through the west- I/S'] KOVAL PROVI^•CE. 21" ern part of the town was probably established long before- This was the principal route to Boston from central New Hamp- shire, and for years these hills resounded with the busy strains of travel. The whirling coach threw clouds of dust to blind the teamster's sight, and the rumbling of its wheels brought many a head to the windows whose narrow panes afforded hut a lim- ited view of the " Fast Mail." In 1760, lot No. 12, in the 4th range, containing 100 acres, was granted to Captain John Stark (afterwards General), upon contlition that he build a saw-mill, the same to be put in opera- tion within one year. The condition was fulfilled. Captain WilUam Stinson erected the next mill. Religion and education received prompt attention, and in 1752 a vote was passed that a meetinghouse should be built "within five years from May next ensuing." The house was finished in 1767 and remained twenty-five years, when it was removed to make way for a more pretentious edifice. The first school- master who taught in Dunbarton was a Mr. Hogg — commonly called "Master Hogg." The first female teacher was Sarah Clement. With the facilities now afforded for mental culture, we can hardly conceive of a more disheartening task than the acquirement of an education under the adverse circumstances of the eighteenth century. In these schools ver)' few of the scholars possessed text books, so the teacher gave out the pro- blems and the pupils were expected to return the answer with- out a repetition. The way must have been blind indeed, but their victories over the "hard sums" and difficult passages were conquests of which they were justly proud, and which fitted them to win even greater laurels in the contest for liberty. For several years the nearest grist-mill was at Concord, to which the settlers carried their grists upon their backs in sum- mer, and in winter drew them upon hand sleds .through a path marked by spotted trees. From the forest trees these hardy pioneers made mortars in which to render the corn fit for making samp, the use of which they had learned from the Indians. Among the impediments which the early settlers encountered ia clearing and burning over the land were the " Kinc's trees." 2l8 HISIOKV 0[- NEW IIAMl'SlllKE. ['751 These trees were marked by the Khig's surveyors for use in the royal navy, and any damage which occurred to them subjected the offender to a considerable fine. Notwithstanding the diffi- culties, hardships and privations which compassed them round about, these sturdy foresters seem to have lost none of their good courage, and that they were wont to enjoy themselves upon occasions, is manifest from the frequent occurrence of horse-races, while huskings, flax-breakings, apple-parings and house-raisings were joyful scenes to the people of those days. A few of their industrial pastimes are still in vogue. It was ■customary in olden times, at raisings and upon other occasions when people assembled in numbers, to assist voluntarily in per- forming tasks which required the strength of many, to keep up ^ood cheer by trials of strength and gymnastic exercises. Among these pastimes wrestling matches were, perhaps, the most popular, and men who had distinguished themselves in this art were known to each other by reputation, although residing in distant towns. It was the habit of such notable individuals to travel many miles to try a fall at wrestling with other champions, although entire strangers. An anecdote ex- ■emplifies this species of wrestling, although the result was not, perhaps, satisfactory to the knight who came so far to obtain a fall. A person called at the house of John McNiel, of London- derry, in consequence of having heard of his strength and prowess. McNiel was absent, which circumstance the stranger regretted exceedingly — as he informed his wife, Christian, who enquired his business — since he had traveled many miles for no other purpose than to "throw him." "And troth, mon," said Christian McNiel, "Johnny is gone; but I'm not the woman to see ye disappointed, an' if ye'll try, mon, I'll throw ye meself." The stranger not liking to be bantered by a woman, accepted the challenge ; and sure enough. Christian tripped his heels and threw him to the ground. The stranger upon getting up thought he would not wait for "Johnny," but disappeared without leaving his name. Derryfield was incorporated in 1751. Four towns were incorporated in south western New Manip- 175-1 Kt>\.\I. I'KOVIN'CE. 219 shire in 175J. Of these Winchester, grantetl by Massachusetts iis Arlington, had been settled a score of years. During the Indian war all the houses of the settlement were destroyed, and the people took refuge in a garrison-house. Walpole, formerly Great Falls, was settled in 1749, by Colonel licnjamin Bellows ant^ associates, to whom the charter was issued. In 1755, at the head of twenty men, Colonel Bellows cut his way through a large force of Indians, and entered the fort from which the party had been absent on a scout. Chesterfield was not settled until some nine years after its charter was granted. Richmond was settleil within five or si.\ years after its charter was granted. The Gregorian rule was eaily adopted in most Catholic coun- tries, and also in man\- that were Protestant. Scotland made the change in 1600. Hut manv Protestant countries hesitated, not wishing to follow the Roman church too nearly, even when they knew she was right. But in 175 1, an act of Parliament was passed providing that in 1752 the change should be made; and eleven days were accordingly dropped from the calendar to make it agree with tlie Giegorian rule. This act also became the law of the colonies in America. This was the great change in this country and in England, from the old to the new style. Pope Gregory XIII ruled from 1572 to 1585. He was born at Bologna, February 7, 1502, and was known as Hugo Buon- compagni. He was first a lawyer, then a priest, and finally Pope of Rome. He was a man of enlarged and liberal views, great energy and zeal, anil very remarkable ability. Among his other distinctions was that of the correction of the Julian calen- dar, and the promulgation of that known by his name, the Gregorian Calendar. Pope Gregory XIII ordered that ten days be suppressed from the calendar, so that the iith should he the 21st of the month. This was done by making the 5th of October, 1582, the 15th, which would bring the equino.x on the same day on which it fell in the year 325, when the first Council of Nice was held. Up to the year 1600, the difference between the old style and 220 HI-STORV ()!•■ SEW ^A^^^SHIKt:. ['753 the new was ten days ; but the year 1600 being a leap year, under both systems, the difference continued to be ten days only to the year 1700, which would have been a leap year by the old or Julian, but was not so by the new or Gregorian rule. This made the difference eleven days after that year up to the year 1800. Since the year 1800 another day is to be added to the difference between the old style and the new, making twelve days now, and after the year 1900 the difference will be thirteen days. But the change was more than this. Up to this time, since the twelfth century, as we have seen, the year commenced in England on the 25th of March, and the same was true in the Provinces. This act of 175 1 provided, also, that beginning with 1752, the year should begin with January. It was customary to write dates that occurred prior to 1752, between January i and March 25, so as to indicate the year by both the old style and the new — as, January 20th, 1 740-1. This date by the old style would be in the latter part of 1740; but by the new, the same date would be early in the year 1741. This would only show the difference in the year, but not in the day of the month. Russia is said to be the only Christian nation that has not adopted the Gregorian calendar. A person in Russia, writing to a person in France or England, or other country having adopted the new style, would date their letter April laOr j;;"/^; 1883, which shows the difference in the day of the month between the old style and the new. ^ Hinsdale was incorporated in 1753. Before the southern boundary line of the province was determined it formed a part of Northfield, Massachusetts, which was granted and settled as early as 1683 ; and it included the town of Vernon, Vermont, until the erection of the Hampshire grants into a State. It ■was known as Fort Dummar for many years. The inhabitants suffered severely from the Indians in 1746, 1747, and 1748, and Cj^ain in 1755, losing many of their number. During the year Keene and Swanzey, Upper and Lower ^ I. E. Sargeant. 1/531 ROVAI. rKO\INCE. 221 Ashuelot, were iiicor[K)ratccl, as also vvei'e Charlestovvn, Number Four, and Westmoreland, Number Two, or Great Meadow. Keene had been settled as early as 1734; two years later a meeting house was built. In 1745 the town was attacked by Indians ; and the next year the inhabitants, who had taken refuge in the fort, beheld their houses and church burnt, while they defended themselves within its walls. In 1747 the settle- ment was abandoned and was not occupied again until 1753. In 175s the town was again inflicted by an Indian attack. Swanzey was settled at about the same time as Keene, and suffered so much from Indian depredations from 1741 to 1747 that the inhabitants abandoned their settlement and returned to Massachusetts. Many of them returned about three years later and soon afterward were incorporated. Charlestown, Number Four, was settled by Massachusetts people soon after its grant was made and a fort was built in 1743. The town suffered much loss from Indians in 1746, and the next year the place was abandoned by the inhabitants, but a garrison was stationed at the fort to protect the frontiers. The charter was granted to the original settlers, who had returned to their deserted homes in the meanwhile. Westmoreland was first settled in 1741, and underwent the usual hardship of the Indian war, which soon followed ; but the mischief done was of no great magnitude. 1 While the trial of the Bow case was going on, a warrant was issued by the government of New Hampshire, May 30, 1753, for raising an assessment of sixty pounds on all polls and estates ratable by law within the township of Bow ; and another warrant, July 26, 1753, for raising thirty-one pounds four shillings, to be collected and paid in on or before the 25th of December next ensuing. The persons on whom these taxes were to be assessed were, with perhaps three or four excep- tions, inhabitants of Rumford. Up to this time a town meeting had never been held bv 'the inhabitants of Bow proper; and on the 30th of June, 1753, a special act was passed, appointing Daniel Pierce, Esq., to warn ■ Rev. Dr. N. Bouton's Histon- of Concord. 223 iiisi()i;v oi'' m;\v iiami'>!iike. [1755 aiul call a meeting of the inhabitants uf Bow — the preamble to said act setting forth that the " inhabitants had never held a meeting as a town." The meeting was accordingly notified and held July 25, 1753. But unexpected difficulties were here encountered. The selectmen rc|iorted to the governor : " Though we are ready ( and that with cheerfulness ) to obey every order of government, yet that we are at a loss as to the boundaries of said Bow, and consequently do not know who the inhabitants are that we are to assess said sums upon. That the pro[)rietors of Bow, in running out the bounds of said town, have, as we conceive, altered their bounds several times ; and further, that one of those gentlemen that purchased Captain Tufton Mason's right to the lands in said Province, has given it as his opinion that said proprietors have not as yet run out the bounds of said town agreeable to their charter, but that their southeast side line should be carried up about three quarters of a mile further toward the northwest ; and there is lately ( by his order ) a fence erected along some miles near about said place, designed ( as we suppose) as a division fence between said Bow and land yet claimed bv said purchasers. " And that, on the other hand, the inhabitants of Pennycook, formerly erected into a district by a special act of the General Assembly of this Province (though they object nothing against submitting to order of government) refuse to give us an invoice of their estates ( that is, such of them as we have asked for the same), alleging that they do not lay in Bow, and that this said Assembly did as good as declare in said district act." The next step, February 12, 1753, on the part of the inhabi- tants of Rumford, was to appoint Rev. Timothy Walker and Benjamin Rolfe, Esq., to represent "to the King's most Excellent Majesty in Council, the manifold grievances they labored under, by reason of the law suits commenced against them by the proprietors of Bow, and by being for several years past deprived of all corporation privileges :" in August follow- ing, a petition was preferred to the iVIassachusetts go\^ernment, representing their grievances and asking " such relief as in their I753j ROYAL PROVINCE. 225 great wisdom tlicy sliould see fit to grant." In answer to wliich latter petition one hundred pounds were granted. Deputed as an agent for the proprietors of Rumford, Rev. Mr. Walker sailed for England in the fall of 1753, and pre- sented " to the King's most Excellent Majesty in Council," a petition, drawn up, as appears, by himself, from which extracts are taken and which " most humbly sheweth — " That the lands contained in said town of Rumford were granted by the government of the Province of the Massachu- setts Bay, in the year 1725, and were supposed, according to the con.struction of the Massachusetts Charter and the deter- mination of his Majesty King Charles the Second, in 1677, to lay wholly within the said Province, though bounded on New Hampshire, seeing no part of said lands extended more than three miles from the river Merrimack towards New Hampshire. Your petitioners and their predecessors very soon engaged in bringing forward the settlement of the above granted lands, though in the midst of the Indian country, and near thirty miles beyond any English plantation, and have defended them- selves more at their own cost than at the charge of the public, through the late war with ye French and Indians ; and from a perfect wilderness, where not one acre of land had ever been improved, they had made a considerable town, consisting of more than eighty houses, and as many good farms ; and your humble petitioner, Timothy Walker, was regularly ordained the minister of the church and parish in said town in the year 1730, and has continued there ever since. "Your petitioners beg leave further to represent to your Majesty, that at the time of the aforesaid grant they had no apprehension that their bounds would ever be controverted by the Province of New Hampshire ; but it has so happened that by your Majesty's late determination of ye boundary line between ye two Provinces, the whole of the aforesaid township falls within the province of New Hampshire. Soon after the aforesaid determination, your petitioners made their humble application to your Majesty in Council, that they might be restored to your Province of the Massachusetts Bay, which 224 HI^TOKV OK NEW HAMPSHIKE. L'753 your Majesty was pleased to disallow ; but your humble petitioners have dutiful!)- submitted to the government of your Majesty's Province of New Hampshire ever since they have been under it, and with so much the greater cheerfulness because they were well informed your Majesty had been graciously pleased to declare that however the jurisdiction of the two governments might be altered, yet that the private property should not be affected thereby. " But notwithstanding this your Majesty's most gracious ■declaration your poor petitioners have for several years past been grievously harassed by divers persons under color of a grant made by the government and council of New Hampshire in the year 1727, to sundry persons and their successors, now ■called the Proprietors of Bow. " Your petitioners further humbly represent, that the said ■grant of Bow was not only posterior to that of Rumford, but is likewise extremely vague and uncertain as to its bounds, and its being very doubtful whether it was the intent of the governor and council of New Hampshire that it should infringe upon the Massachusetts grant of Rumford ; and notwithstanding the ■grant of Bow has now been made so many years, there are but three or four families settled upon it, and those since the end of the late French war; the proprietors choosing rather to ■distress your petitioners by forcing them out of the valuable improvements they and their predecessors have made at the ■expense of their blood and treasure, than to be at the charge of making any themselves. But your petitioners' greatest mis- fortune is, that they cannot have a fair, impartial trial, for that the governor and most of ye council are proprietors of Bow, and by them not only ye judges are appointed, but also ye officers that impanels ye jury, and the people also are generally disaffected to your petitioners on account of their deriving their titles from the Massachusetts ; and all the actions that have hitherto been brought are of so small value, and, as your petitioners apprehend, designed so that by a law of the Province there can be no appeal from the judgments of the courts to vour Majestv in council; and if it were otherwise the 1753] ROVAL PROVINCE. 22$ charges that vvoulcl attend such appeals would be greater than the value of the land, or than the party defending his title would be able to pay; and without your Majesty's gracious interposition your petitioners must be compelled to give u|i their estates, contrary to your Majesty's favorable interposition in their behalf. "Your petitioners further beg leave humbly to represent, that, while they were under the government of Massachusetts Bay, they enjoyed town privileges by an act specially made for that purpose in the year 1733, and expressly approved by your Majesty in the year 1737 ; but the utmost they could obtain since their being under New Hampshire has been erecting them into a district for a short term only ; which term having expired near four years ago, they have been without any town privileges ever since, notwithstanding their repeated applications to the governor and council ; and they are not able to raise any moneys for the support of their minister, and the necessary charges of their school and poor, and other purposes ; nor have they had any town officers for the upholding government and order, as all other towns in both the Provinces of New Hamp- shire and the Massachusetts Bay usually have. Under these our distresses we make our most humble application to your Majesty." While in England the first time Mr. Walker succeeded, so far as to obtain a hearing of the case before his Majesty, which should take place the ensuing winter. He engaged Sir William Murray, afterward Lord Chief Justice Mansfield, as his counsellor and advocate, with whom, it is said, he formed a particular acquaintance. But it was necessary for him to go again. Accordingly, in October, 1754, Benjamin Kolfe, Esq., presented a petition to the General Court of Massachusetts, in which he acknowledged the receipt of one hundred pounds sterling the previous year, and asked for still further aid. While the proprietors of Rumford sought pecuniary aid from the government of Massachusetts, the proprietors of Bow also applied for the same purpose to that of New Hampshire, and obtained a grant of one hundred pounds to aid them in carrying on the suit. 226 IIISTOKV (IK NEW IlAMl'SlllUE. ['754 After the exploration of Field and others it was more than a century before we again hear of white men within the limits in Coos County. The English were pushing their settlements up the valleys of the Connecticut and the Merrimack, trappers penetrated the wilderness far above the settlements, and they often met the Indians on these hunting excursions and evidently were on friendly terms with them. But the French as well as the Indians were becoming jealous of the extension northward of the English settlements. As the English contemplated laying "^^ WHITE MOUNTAIN SCENE. out two towns in the spring of 1752, which should embrace the Coos meadows, the Indians remonstrated and threatened. It is probable, however, that their threats were not known to all the settlers, for four young men from Londonderry were hunting on Baker's River, in Rumney; two of these, John Stark and Amos Eastman, were surprised and captured by the Indians, '754j KOVAI, MUIVINCE. 227 April 28, 1752. They were taken to Coos, near where ]Ia\er- hill now is, and where two of the Indians had been left to kill L;anie against their return. The next day they proceeded to the upper Coos, the intervales in the south-west part of Coos County, from which place they sent Eastman with three of their number to St. Francis. The rest of the party spent some time in hunting on the streams that flow into the Connecticut, aCENE !N COOS COUNTY and they reached the St. Francis June 9, when Stark joined his companion, Eastman, but they were both soon after ran- somed and they returned to their homes. From this and other circumstances, it is altogether probable that John Stark, after- wards so famous in American history, was the first white man who ever saw the broad intervales of the Upper Coos. 228 HISTORV OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. ['754 Notwithstanding the threatening attitude of the French and Indians a company was organized in the spring, 1753, to survey or lay out a road from Stevenstown (Franklin) to the Coos meadows. Captain Lacheus Lovewell was commander, Caleb Page surveyor, and John Stark guide. There has been much speculation in regard to the organization and object of Captain Lovcwell's company, but in the account here given I have followed Mr. C. E. Potter. The best known of all the expeditions to the Coos County was that of Captain Peter Powers. They commenced their tour Saturday, June 15, 1754. Starting from Concord, they followed the Merrimack River to Franklin, the Pemigewasset River to Plymouth, Baker's River to Wentworth, and then they crossed over on to the Connecticut via Baker's Pond. They were ten days in reaching " Moose Meadowg," which were in Piermont, and on June 3 they came to what is now Jdhn's River, in Dalton ; this they called Stark's River. They went as far north as Israel's River, named by them Power's River, in Lancaster, when they concluded to go no farther with a full scout, but Captain Powers and two of his men went five miles furtker up the Connecticut, probably as far as Northumberland, where they found that the Indians had a large camping place, which they had left not more than a da)' or two before. On July 2 they broke up their camp on Israel River and began their march homeward. The knowledge we have of this expe- dition is derived chiefly from a journal of Captain Powers, in the Historical Sketches of Coos County by Rev. Grant Powers. The journal of Captain Powers is fragmentary and meagre, and the comments made by the author of the sketches have not given us any additional light, but have rather added obscurity to the original narrative. Grant Powers says that the object of the expedition was dis- covery ; but if Captain Powers' company was the one referred jto by Governor Wentworth in a message of May 4, 1754, and in one of Dec. 5, 1754, they certainly went to see if the French were building a fort in the Upper Coos. As this was the only expedition fitted out during the year that went in this direction. I 755 I KOVAL PROVINCE. 229 it is quite certain that this is the one to which the message iclened. But it is something to be able to say that Captain I'ctcr Powers, with his command, was the first body of English- speaking people who camped on the broad intervales of Coos County.^ Somersworth was set off from Dover in 1754. -During the French ami Indian wars small bodies of soldiers were often employed to " watch and ward " the frontiers, and protect their defenceless communities from the barbarous assaults of Indians, turned upon them from St. Francis antl Crown Point. Roljert Rogers had in him just the stuff required in such a soldier. We shall not, therefore, be surprised to find him on scouting (hity in the Merrimack Valley, under Captain Ladd, as early as 1746, when he was but nineteen years of age ; and, three years later, engaged in the same service, under Captain Ebenezer Ivistman, of Pennycook. Si.v years afterwards, in 1753, the mus- ter rolls show him to have been a member of Captain John Goff's company, and doing like service. Such was the training of a self-reliant mind and a hardy physique for the ranging service, in which they were soon to be employed. In 1749, as Londonderry became filled to overflowing with i^e- ])eated immigrations from the North of Ireland, James Rogers, the father of Robert, a proprietor, and one of the early settlers of the township, removed therefrom to the woods of Dunbarton, and settled anew in a section named Montelony, from an Irish place in which he had once lived. This was before the settle- ment of the township, when its territor)' existed as an unsejxi- rated part only of the domain. He may, quite likely, have been attracted hither by an e.xtensive beaver meadow or pond, which would, with a little improvement, afford grass for his cattle, while he was engaged in clearing the rich uplands which sur- rounded it.. Six years only after his I'emoval (1755), he was unintention- ally shot by a neighbor whom he was going to visit ; the latter mistaking him for a bear, as he indistinctly saw him passing through the woods. ' J. H. Hunlinglon. = J. 1). W.,lker, 230 IllSTOKV OF NF.W II A M p>n IklC. L'755 The thirteen American Colonies had, at that time, all told, of both white and black, a population of about one million and a half of souls (1,425,000). The French people of Canada num- bered less than one hundred thousand. The respective claims to the central part of the North Ameri- can continent by ICngland and France were conflicting and ir- reconcilable. The former, by right of discovery, claimed all the territory upon the Atlantic coast from Newfoundland to Florida, and bv virtue of numerous grants the right to all west of this to the Pacific Ocean. The latter, by right of occupation and exploration, claimed Canada, a portion of New England and New York, and the basins of the Ohio and Mississippi rivers, to- gether with all the territory upon the streams tributary to these, or a large part of the indefinite West. To maintain her claims France had erectetl a cordon of forts extending diagonally across the continent from the mouth of the St. Lawrence to the Gulf of Mexico. It one will follow, in thought, a line starting at Louisburg, and thence running up this great river to Quebec ami Montreal, and thence up Lake Champlain to Crown Point and Ticontleroga, and on westward and south-westwai'd to Frontenac, Niagara, and Detroit, and thence down the Ohio and Mississippi to New Orleans, he will trace the line across which the two nations looked in defiance at each other, and instantaneously see that the claims of France were inadmissible, ami that another war was inevitable. It mattered little that of the forty-five years immediately j^reced- ing the treaty of Ai.\- La Chapelle, fourteen, or one-third of the whole number, had been years of war between these two neigh- bors. They were now, after a peace of only half a dozen years, as ready for a fresh contest as if they were to meet for the first time upon the battle field. In fact, another conflict was unavoid- able ; a conflict of the Teuton with the Gaul ; of mediasvalism with daylight ; of conservatism with progress. Hostilities may be said to have been commenced by the French, when, on the i8th day of April, 1754, they dispossessed the Ohio company of the fort which they were erecting at the forks of the Ohio river, afterwards named Fort Du Ouesne. 1-55] KIIVAI, I'RONIXCE. 231 Tlic plan of a Colonial Confederation, formed at the Albany convenlioa in July of that year, having failed of acceptance by the mother country and the colonies both, the home govern- ment was forced to meet the exigency by the use of British troops, aided by such others as the several Provinces were will- ing to furnish. The campaign of the next year (1755) embracetl : 1st. An expedition, under General Braddock, for the capture of Fort Du Quesne. 2nd. A second, under General Shirley, for the reduction of Fort Niagara, which was not prosecuted. 3rd. A third, under Colonel Moncton, against the French settlements on the Bay of Fundy, resulting in the capture and deportation of the Acadians. 4th. A fourth, under General William Johnson, against Crown Point, a strong fortification, erected by the French, in the very heart of New England and New York, whence Innum- erable bands of Indians had been dispatched by the French to murder the defenceless dwellers upon the English frontiers, par- ticularly those of New Hampshire, to destroy their cattle and to burn their buildings and other property. To the army of this latter expedition New Hampshire contri- buted, in the early part of this year, a regiment of ten compa- nies, the first being a company of Rangers, whose captain was Robert Rogers, and whose second lieutenant was John Stark. But a few words just here in explanation of the character of this ranging branch of the English army. It was a product of existing necessities in the military service of that time. Most of the country was covered with primeval forests and military operations were largely prosecuted in the woods or in limited clearings. The former were continually infested with Indians, lying in ambush for the perpetration of any mischief for which tbey might have opportunity. It became necessary, therefore, in scouring the forest to drive tliese miscreants back to their lairs, as well as in making military reconnoissances, to have a class of soldiers acquainted with In- dian life and warfare ; preparcfl, not only to meet the Indian on 232 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. ['755 his own ground, but to fight him in his own fashion. The Brit- ish regular was good for nothing at such worlv. If sent into the woods he was quite sure either not to return at all, or to come back without his scalp. And the ordinary provincial was not very much better. From this necessity, therefore, was evolved the " Ranger." He was a man of vigorous constitution, inured to the hard- ships of forest life. He was capable of long marches, day after ilay, upon scant rations, refreshed by short intervals of sleep while rolled in his blanket upon a pile of boughs, with no other shelter but the sky. He knew the trails of the Indian.s, as well as their ordinary haunts and likeliest places of ambush. He knew, also, all the courses of the streams and the carrying places between them. He understood Indian wiles and warfare, and was prepared to meet them. Stand such a man in a pair of stout shoes or moccasins ; cover his lower limbs with leggins and coarse small clothes ; give him a close-fitting jacket and a warm cap ; stick a small hatchet in his belt ; hang a good-sized powder-horn by his side, and upon his back buckle a blanket and a knapsack stuffed with a moder- ate supply of bread and raw salt pork ; to these furnishings add a good-sized hunting-knife, a trusty musket and a small flask of spirits, and you have an average New Hampshire Ranger of the Seven Years' War, ready for skirmish or pitched battle ; or, for the more common duty of reconnoitering the enemy's force and movements, of capturing his scouts and provision trains, and getting now ant! then a prisoner, from whom all information possible would be extorted ; and, in short, for annoying the French and Indian foe in every possible way. If you will add three or four inches to the average height of such a soldier, give him consummate courage, coolness, readi- ness of resource in extremities, together with intuitive knowl- edge of the enemy's wiles, supplemented with a passable knowledge of French and Indian speech, you will have a toler- able portrait of Captain Rol^ert Rogers at the beginning of our Seven Years' War. He received his fii'st captain's commission in the early part 1/551 KOVAI. rKO\INCE. 2^1 of 1755, and was employetl by the New Hampshire government in building a fort at the mouth of the Ammonoosuc river and in guarding its Northern and Western frontiers until July, when he was ordered to Albany to join the army of Major-Generai Johnson. His first service there was in fiu'nishiug escort, with a company of one hundred men, to a proxision train from Albany to Fort Edward. From this latter |)oint he was after- wards repeatedly despatched, with smaller bodies of men, up the Hudson river, and down Lake George and Lake Champlain to reconnoiter the French forts. Some of these e.xpeditions- e.xtended as far north as Crown Point and were enlivened with sharp skirmishes. He was absent up the Hudson upon one of these when the French were defeated at the battle of Lake George and Baron Dieskan was made prisoner. This year of 1755 was one of the most eventful of the early American history. It marks the fatal defeat of the disciplined little army of the intrepid but despotic General Kraddock, who said that the savages might be formidable to raw American militia, but could never make any impression upon the King's regulars ; but who, had he survived the fight, would have seen the remnants of his boasted regulars saved from utter annihila- tion by the bravery of these same American raw militia, skil- fully and valorously handled by the young American militia colonel, George Washington. 'Upon the breaking out of the " Seven Years' War " John Stark was commissioned by the governor as second lieutenant of Rogers' company of Rangers, attached to Blanchard's regiment. Captain Rogers mustered a company of rugged foresters, every man of whom, as a hunter, could hit the size of a dollar at a hun- dred yards distance ; could follow the trail of man or beast ; endure the fatigue of long marches, the pangs of hunger, and the cold of winter nights, often passed without fire, shelter, or covering other than their common clothing, a blanket, perhaps a bear- skin, and the boughs of the pine or hemlock. Their knowledge of Indian character, customs, and manners was accurate. They were principally recruited in the vicinity of Amoskeag falls, ' I'.eorge Stark. 2^4 IIISI'OUV Ol' NIW IIAMCSllIKE. L'755 where Rogers, a resident of the neighboring town of Dunbar- ton, which then extended to the Merrimack river, was accus- tomed to meet them at the annual fishing season. They were men wiio could face with equal resolution the savage animals, •or the still more savage Indians of their native woods, and whose courage and fidelity were undoubted. It was early in the summer of this stirring year of 1755 that Rogers' company of Rangers received orders to march Ihrougli the pathless forests to join their regiment at Fort Edward, the head-quarters of General Johnson's army, which place they reached early in August, a short time before the desperate attack made on Johnson by the French and Indians at the south end of Lake George, near Bloody pond, so named from the slaughter on this occasion. ' In tlie spring of 1755, when an expedition was being fitted out to attack the French at C.'rown Point, so little was known of the country between the Merrimack and Lake Champlain, it was supposed that the Upper Coos Meadows were upon the direct route from Salisbury Fort (Franklin) to Crown Point, hence Governor Wentworth directed Colonel Blanchard to stop when on his march and build a fort at these meadows. While he was delayed in making his preparations for the march, Captain Robert Rogers, with his company of Rangers and detachments from other companies, were sent forward to build a fort. It was located on the east bank of the Connecticut, just south of the nioutli of the Upper Ammonoosuc, and it was called Fort Went- worth, in honor of the governor. , When completed, the com- mand continued their march to Crown Point. " In the spring of 1755, Jona. Lovewell was appointed by the General Court of New Hampshire to warn a town meeting in Bow, 22d of April, for the choice of officers, &c., which he ac- cordingly did, and subsequently made return that he warned the meeting and attended as moderator, at the place and time appointed ; 'but tliat t/iov was but one inhabitant of said Bozu ihat attended.' This apparent disregard of their authority seems to have been resented by the government ; for, at the very next ■ J, H. Hantingloii. 17551 KovAi. rkoviNCK. 235 session, tliey jiassed what was called tlic ' Hinv Act,' foi- assess- ing;" and collecting taxes in the ret'ractor\ town ; in which thev set forth 'that in contempt of the la.w, and in defiance of the government, the said town of Bow refused to meet at the time and place appointed,' &c. As a remedy for this it was enacted ' That Ezra Carter antl Moses Foster, Esqs., and John Chand- ler, gentlemen, all of said Bow — he assessors to assess the ]iolls and estates within said town of Bow. * * the sum of five Jiniidred and eiglity poniids and sixteen shillings, new tenor bills of ])ublic credit.' Not having complied with the act, they were doomed, and feeling themselves oppressed, petitioned for for- bearance and a redress of grievances." ^ While the inhabitants of Rumford were thus complaining of grievances and struggling with their difificulties, the proprietors of How proper became sensible that the controversy in which they were involved was detrimental to their interest, and, to " save the great expense which inevitably attends contention," they proposed terms of "accommodation and agreement," having respect, however, chiefly to settlers of Suncook, which resulted, in 1759, in an act for incorporating a parish, partly within the places known by the name of Suncook and Buck-street, bv the name of Pembroke. The Provincial government of New Hampshire never recog- nized the existence of the township of Suncook. That part of Allenstovvn lying north of the Suncook river was known as early as the French and Indian war as Buck-street. According to Holland's map of New Hampshire, published in England just after the revolution, there was a gore of land between Bow and AUenstown ungranted by the New Hampshire proprietors. This gore can be traced in Canigain's map, published in 1816. in Walling's map of Merrimack county, published in 1858, and in the map accompanying Hitchcock's Geological Report, jjub- lished in 1826. The place called Suncook in the charter from New Hampshire evidently means to include this ungranted gore, as it had no other name by which it could be briefly designated. Upon the decease of Geaeral Braddock, Governor Shirley suc- ceeded to the chief command of the English forces in North ' li.!,-.. rf ( ,>ncorcl. C36 HISTOKV OK NEW 11 AM I'SII IKE. ['75^ America, and on the i Sth of March, 1756, Rogers received orders from him to repair to Boston for a personal conference. He reached Boston on the 23d of the same month, and as the result of his inter\'ievv with the governor was commissioned to recruit an independent corps of Rangers, to consist of sixty privates, an ensign, a lieutenant, and a captain. The corps was to be raised immediately. None were to be enlisted but " such as were accustomed to travelling and hunting, and in whose cour- age and fidelity the most implicit confidence ccukl be placed." They were, moreover, " to be subject to military discipline and the articles of war." The rendezvous was appointed at Albany, " whence to proceed with whale-boats to Lake George, and from time to time to use their best endeavors to distress the I<'rench and their allies by sacking, burning, and destroying their houses, barns, barracks, canoes, batteaux, etc., and by killing their cattle of every kind, and at all times to endeavor to waylay, attack, and destroy their convoys of provision, by land and by water, where they could be found." Within thirty days from the issuance of this commission, the enlistment of the new corps of Rangers was complete, many of his old company re-enlisting, and Rogers again selected John Stark for his ensign, or second lieutenant. Although no impor- tant military operations were attempted during this campaign, the Rangers were constantly on foot, watching the motions of the enemy at Crown Point and Ticonderoga, cutting off their convoys of supplies, and often making prisoners of sentinels at their posts. ^ The efficiency of the campaign of the next year (1756), which contemplated the taking of Crown Point, Niagara and Fort Du Ouesne, was seriously impaired by the repeated changes of Commander-in-Chief ; Major General Shirley being superseded in June by General Abercrombie, while he, about a month later, yielded the command to the inefficient Lord Loudon. The only occurrences of particular note during this campaign were the capture of our forts at Oswego by General Montcalm and the formal declarations of war by the- two licllignents. 1 J 1;. W .ilkti 1756] KOVAI, I'KiniNL'E. 237 » Rogers and his men were stationed at Fort William Henry, and made repeated visits to Ticonderoga and Crown Point, to ascertain the power of the enemy, and to annoy him as they had opportunity. They went down Lake George, sometimes by land upon its shores, and sometimes by water and in boats. In the winter their land marches were frequently upon snow-shoes, and their boats were exchanged for skates. On such occasions each Ranger was generally his 'in commissary, and carried his own supplies. In his journal for this year (1756) Rogers notes thirteen of these expeditions as worthy of record. The first was down Lake George on the ice, in January, with seventeen men, resulting in the capture of two prisoners, and two sledges laden with provisions. The second was made in February, with a party of fifty men, to ascertain the strength and operations of the French at Crown Point. Having captured one prisoner at a little village near by the fort, they were discovered and obliged to retire before the sallying troops of the garrison. With very marked sangfroid he closes his account of this reconnoissance by saying : " We employed ourselves while we dared stay in setting fire to the houses and barns in the village, with which were consumed large quantities of wheat, and other grain ; we also killed about fifty cattle and then retired, leaving the whole village in flames." There often appears a ludicrous kind of honesty in the simple narratives of this journal. He occasionally seized certain stores of the enemy which a Ranger could destroy only -with regret. He naively remarks, in narrating the capture in June, of this same year, of two lighters upon Lake Champlam, manned by twelve men, four of whom they killed : " We sunk and destroyed their vessels and cargoes, which consisted chiefly of wheat and flour, wine and brandy ; some few casks of the latter we care- fully concealed." His commands on such occasions varied greatly in numbers, according to the exigency of the service, all the way from a squad of ten men to two whole companies ; and the excursions just mentioned afford fair specimens of the work done by the Rangers under Rogers this year. 23'S HISTOKV OF NEW IIAMI'SHIKE. I 1 756 IJut Captain Rogers had qualities of a higher order, which commended him to his superiors. His capacity as a Ranger commander had attracted the notice of the ofificers on duty at Lake George. The importance of this branch of the service had also become apparent, and we shall not be surprised to learn that he was commissioned anew as captain of an inde- pendent company of Rangers, to be paid by the King. This company formed the nucleus of the famous corps since known as " Rogers' Rangers." In July another company vvas raised, and again in December two more, thereby increasing the Ranger corps to four compa- nies. To anticipate, in a little more than a year this was far- ther enlarged by the addition of five more, and Captain Rogers was promotetl to the rank of Major of Rangers, becoming thus the commander of the whole corps. The character of the service expected of this branch of the army was set forth in Major-General Shirley's orders to its com- mander in 1756, as follows, viz. : "From time to time, to use your best endeavors to distress the French and allies by sack- ing, burning, and destroying their houses, barns, barracks, canoes, and battoes, and by killing their cattle of every kind ; and at all times to endeavor to way-lay, attack and destroy their convoys of provisions by land and water in any part of the coun- try where he could find them."' The campaign of 1757 contemplated only the capture of Louisburg. To the requisite preparations Lord Loudon di- rected all his energies. Having collected all the troops which could be spared for that purpose, he sailed for Halifa.x on the twentieth of June, with six thousand soldiers, among them being four companies of Rangers under the command of Major Rogers. Upon arriving in Halifax his army was augmented by the addition of five thousand regulars and a powerful naval armament. We have neither time nor inclination to consider the conduct of Lord Loudon on this occasion farther than to say that his cowardice and imbecility seem wonderful. Find- ing that, in all probabilitv, Louisburg could not be taken with- 1/5^] KOVAL l■KOVI^XE. 239 out some one getting hurt, he returned to New York without striking a blow. If about this time our heroic commander of the Rangers used some strong language far from sacred, it will become us to remember " Zeke Webster" and think as chari- tably of his patriotic expletives "as we can." He returned to New York three weeks after the surrender of Fort William Henry, where, with his Rangers, he might have done something, at least, to prevent the horrible massacre which has tarnished the fair fame of Montcalm indelibly. England and America both were humbled in the dust by the events of 1757 and 1758. Failure, due to the want of suffici- ent resources is severe, but how utterly insufferable when, with abundant means, incompetency to use them brings defeat. Still, we are under greater obligation to Lord Loudon than we are wont to think. His imbecility helped rouse the British nation and recall William Pitt to power, whose vigor of pur- pose animated anew the people of other countries and ])rom- ised an early termination of French dominion in America. ' Sandown was incorporated in 1756. ^Rev. John Houston, the first pastor of the Presbyterian church in Bedford, N. H., was born in Londonderry, N. H., in 1723. His parents were emigrants from the north of Ire- land, and known as Scotch-Irish. He was educated at Princeton, N. J., graduating in 1753. He studied divinity in his native town with the Rev. David McGregor, pastor of the church in the east parish of that town. Mr. Houston received his call to Bedford in August, 1756, and was ordained in September, 1757. His "stipend," as it was called, was to be equal to forty pounds sterling, but there was a provision by which the town, at its annual meeting, might vote to dispense with any number of Sabbaths which they chose, and the payment for those Sabbaths might be taken from the salary. By virtue of being the first settled minister in town, Mr. Houston was entitled to certain lands reserved for that purpose in the settlement of the town. These he received and they ' I. p.. Walker. - Rev. C. W. W.illace 240 UlSlllK^- HI- NEW IIAMl'SlllKE. L'7S^ added much to his small salary. He was also well-reputed for classical and theological learning, and his settlement gave pro- mise of usefulness and happiness. From all we can learn he was thus useful and happy for a number of years. Then commenced the dark and stormy period in the history of our country. Bedford was especially patriotic. Every man in town, over twenty-one years of age, except the minister, signed the following paper :" We do hereby solemnly engage and promise that we will, to the utmost of our power, at the risk of our lives and fortunes, with arms oppose the hostile proceedings of the British fleets and armies against the united American colonies." Mr. Houston gave the following reasons for refusing to sign this declaration : Firstly, because he did not apprehend that the honorable ■committee meant that ministers should take up arms, as being inconsistent with their ministerial charge. Secondly, because he was already confined to the county of Hillsborough ; there- fore he thinks he ought to be set at liberty before he should sign the said obligation. Thirdly, because there are three men belonging to his family already enlisted in the Continental army. These reasons were not regarded as sufficient, so. May 16, 177s, the following article is found in a warrant for town meet- ing : "To see what method the town will take relating to Rev'd John Houston in these troublesome times, as we apprehend his praying and preaching to be calculated to intimidate the minds of his hearers, and to weaken their hands in defense of their just rights and liberties, as there seems a plan to be laid by Parliament to destroy both." We hear of no action on this article until June 15, 1775, when a vote was unanimously passed in which it was stated : ■" Therefore, we think it not our duty, as men or Christians, to have him preach any longer for us as our minis^er." Thus closed the ministry of Rev. John Houston to the people of Bedford. From all the light which reaches us through the dimness of an hundred years, we have no doubt that both par- ties were truly sincere. Judged, however, by subsequent 1756] ROVAL l-KOVINCE. 24I €vents, it is evident that the people were right and the minister wrong. That is, they were right in their patriotism, and he was wrong in his loyalty to the King. Still it is worthy of notice that the removal of Mr. Houston from his pastoral office in Bed- ford was followed by a long period of religious declension. 1 In the early part of the winter of 1756-57, the English and French armies, under the respective commands of Lord Loudon and Gen. Montcalm, confronting each other in the vicinity of Lake George, retired to winter quarters ; the main body of the English regulars falling back on Albany and New York city, the provincial soldiers dismissed and sent to their homes, and the French falling back to Montreal. Each gen- eral, however, left his frontier posts well garrisoned, to be held as the base of further military operations the following season ; the force left by the French at their forts about Ticonderoga and Crown Point, at the northerly end of Lake George, being about 1 ,200 men, including Indians, and the English force at Fort Edward and Fort William Henry, near the southerly end of the lake, consisting mainly of four companies of Rangers, two companies at each fort. The company of Lieutenant Stark was posted at Fort Edward. All through the winter the Rangers patrolled the lake, and kept a vigilant outlook upon the French garrisons. In the middle of this winter a desperate battle was fought in the immediate vicinity of Ticonderoga, which, for numbers engaged, was one of the most bloody of the war, and in which Lieutenant John Stark won his commission as captain. On the 15th of January, 1757, Captain Rogers, with Lieu- tenant Stark and Ensign Page with fifty Rangers, left Fort Edward to reconnoitre, in more than usual force, the situation and condition of the enemy at the northerly end of the lake. The snow was four feet deep on a level. They halted at Fort William Henr}' one day to secure provisions and snow-shoes, and on the 17th, being reinforced by Captain Spikeman, Lieutenant Kennedy, and Ensigns Brewer and Rogers, with * Gen. George Stark. 242 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. ['757 about thirty Rangers, they started down Lake George on the ice, and at night encamped on the east side of the first narrows. On the morning of the iSth some ot the men who had been overcome by the severe exertions of the previous day's march were sent back, thus reducing the effective force to seventy- four men, officers included. This day they proceeded twelve miles farther down the lake, and encamped on the west shore. On the 19th, after proceeding three miles farther on the lake, they took to the west shore, put on their snow-shoes, and travelled eight miles to the north-west, and encamped three miles from the lake. On the 20th they travelled over the snow all day to the north-east, and encamped three miles from the west shore of Lake Champlain, half-way between Ticonderoga and Crown Point. The ne.xt day, January 21st, being now in the very heart of the enemy's country, they proceeded to watch the passage of parties on Lake Champlain, going and coming between the forts, and soon discovered a convoy of ten sleds passing down the lake from Ticonderoga to Crown Point. Lieutenant Stark was ordered, with twenty men, to capture the leading sled, while the main body attempted to prevent the others from going back. They succeeded in taking seven prisoners, six horses, and three sleds. The remainder of the sleds made good their escape, and gave the alarm at the fort. Valuable information was obtained from these captives, and it was also learned that the French garrisons had been recently considerably reinforced, and were on the alert to cut off all English scouting parties. The heavy French garrison at Ticonderoga being now informed by the fugitives of this auda- cious reconnaissance in their immediate vicinity, Rogers wisely decided to retire with all expedition. But he unwisely departed from the usual custom of the Rangers to return by a different route from that on which they came, and, in defiance of the counsels of his officers, retreated on his tracks. The day was rainy. On reaching the fires that they had kin- dled and camped by the night before, the Rangers halted to dry their guns and otherwise prepare for the expected conflict. It i757j KovAi TRnviNCE. 243 was past noon when the little battalion had completed their prep- arations. F"orming in single file, with Captain Rogers in front, Captain Spikeman in the centre, and Lieutenant Stark in the rear, supported by their snow-shoes on the deep snow, they silently took up their homeward march. Their path lay oyer hilly ground and through thick woods, from whose dark depths they had reason to believe they were watched by the savage scouts of the enemy ; a belief but too soon verified, for on rising the brow of the hill, not a mile from the fires of their late camp, they received a volley of two hundred bullets, fired from the guns of the unseen enemy in ambush, at distances from five to thirty yards away. Rogers was wounded in the head, and sev- eral of the men were killed or wounded by the volley ; but fortunately the marksmanship of the enemy was, in this instance, faulty, and the effect comparatively slight. The habitual tactics of the Rangers, — to scatter when suddenly attacked by a supe- rior force, and to rally again upon some supporting point, — now stood them in hand. They had been under fire too many times to be thrown into a panic. Each man was for the time being his own commander. Each took his own way to the rallying point, exchanging shots with the enemy as he ran. That rally- ing point was John Stark, with his rear guard. Gathering around him, they awaited their pursuers. The surrounding trees of the thick forest were of large size. Each Ranger en- deavored to so place himself that a tree covered him partially from the shots of the enemy, and thus they awaited the second onset. No soldiers ever had more at stake. The French offi- cials at Montreal paid $11 each for EngUsh scalps, and ;^55 each for English prisoners — sufficient inducement to excite the savage cupidity of their Indian allies into desperate efforts to kill or capture ; and oftentimes the alternative fate of a prisoner was torture at the stake. The backwoodsman learned to give no quarter, and to expect none, in fighting this savage foe. All through the afternoon of this 21st of January, 1757, this woods fight raged. The Ranger measured carefully his charge of powder, rammed home the ball in a greased patch, and woe to the enemy who exposed his body or limbs to these expert marks- 244 HISTORY OF NEW II AMI'SIIIKE. [^757 men. Two hundred and fifty of the enemy went into that day's fight, and only one hundred and thirty-four came out of it ahve, one hundred and sixteen having been killed on the spot or died of wounds. The Rangers lost fourteen killed, six wounded, and six taken prisoners. As darkness came on, the surviving French and Indian force, although still outnumbering the English, retired to the cover of Ticonderoga. Captain Rogers having been disabled by two wounds, and Captain Spikeman killed, early in the action the command devolved upon Lieutenant Stark, who, as soon as the enemy ceased to press him, carefully looked after the wounded, secured the prisoners, and, taking both wounded and prisoners with him, commenced the tedious march homeward. Encumbered by the care of the wounded, and fatigued with the exertions of the day, their movements were necessarily slow, and the entire night was consumed in reaching the shore of Lake George, near where they left it on the 19th. The wounded, who during the night march had kept up their spirits, were by eight o'clock in the morning so overcome with cold, fatigue, and loss of blood that they could march no further. The nearest English post was forty miles away, and the enemy was less than ten miles in their rear, and might again attack them at any time. In this emergency Lieutenant Stark volunteered, with two Ran- gers, to make a forced march to Fort William Henry for succor, while the command, under the junior ofificers, undertook to de- fend and care for the wounded until help arrived. Without waiting for rest or refreshment after their all-day fight and all- night retreat, these three hardy volunteers continued on their march, and reached the fort the same evening. Hand-sleighs were immediately sent out, with a fresh party, to bring in the wounded, and reached them next morning. No greater feat of hardihood and endurance was ever performed ; a day of desper- ate fighting, followed by an all-night retreat, encumbered with the wounded, and then, without rest, these three volunteers making a forced snow-shoe march before night. Truly this school of war was a fitting preparation for the subsequent strug- gle of the Revolution. The decision, prudence, and courage of KOVAL I'KOVINCE. 245 Stcuk admittedly saved the detachment from complete destruc- tion, and he was immediately promoted to be a captain, filling the vacancy caused by the death of Captain Spikeman. Rogers was wounded twice and lost some twenty of his men. The P'rench, as was subsequently ascertained, lost one hundred and sixteen. The pro.ximity of Ticonderoga rendered vain the continuance of the contest, and he availed him of the shelter of the night to return to Fort William Henry. For this exploit he was highly complimented by General Abercrombie, and, at a later period of this same year, was ordered by Lord Loudon to instruct and train for the ranging service a company of British regulars. To these he devoted much time and prepared for their use the manual of instruction now found in his journals. It is clearly drawn up in twenty- eight sections and gives very succinctlv and lucidly the rules governing this mode of fighting. Captain Stark continued with the army during the succeeding campaigns of 1758 and 1759, his corps being constantly em- ployed in their accustomed service, and winning credit and com- mendation from the generals in command. The conquest of Canada, in 1760, put an end to military op- erations in North America, and Captain Stark, not being desir- ous of continuing in the British army, tendered his resignation, which was accepted. Lord Loudon was succeeded in the early part of 1758 by General Abercrombie and plans were matured for capturing the Lake forts, Louisburg and Fort Du Ouesne. By the close of November, the two last, with the addition of Fort Frontenac, were ours. The movement against Crown Point and Ticonde- roga did not succeed. In the assault upon the latter Rogers and his Rangers fought in the van and in the retreat brought up the rear. In the spring of this year (1758) Rogers went down Lake George at the head of about one hundred and eighty men, and near the foot of it had a desperate battle with a superior body of French and Indians. He reported on his return one hundred and fourteen of his party as killed or missing. Why he was not 246 HIS'lOKV OF Ni'.W HAMl'SHIKE. 1^759 annihilated is a wonder. General Montcalm, in a letter dated less than a month after the encounter, says : " Our Indians would give no quarter ; they have brought back one hundred and forty-six scalps." For his intrepidity on this occasion he was presented by General Abercrombie with the commission of Major of Rangers, before alluded to. Mr. Pitt proposed in the campaign ot 1759 the entire con- quest of Canada. Bold as was the undertaking it was substan- tially accomplished. Ticonderoga and Crown Point were abandoned in July, Fort Niagara capitulated the same month, and Quebec was surrendered in September. Their violation of a flag of truce in this last month now called attention to the St. Francis Indians, who had been for a century the terror of the New England frontiers, swooping down upon them when least expected, burning their buildings, destroying their cattle, mercilessly murdering their men, women and chil- dren, or cruelly hurrying them away into captivity. The time had now come for returning these bloody visits. The proffering of this delicate attention was assigned by Major General Am- herst to Rogers. In his order, dated September 13, he says: " You are this night to set out with the detachment, as ordered yesterday, viz., of 200 men, which you will take under your command and proceed to Missisquoi Bay, from whence you will march and attack the enemy's settlements on the south side of the river St. Lawrence in such a manner as you shall judge most effectual to disgrace the enemy, and for the success and honour of his majesty's arms. * * " Take your revenge, but don't forget that tho' those villains have dastardly and promiscuously murdered the women and children of all ages, it is my orders that no women or children are killed or hurt." In pursuance of these orders Major Rogers started the same day at evening. On the tenth day after he reached Missisquoi Way. On the twenty-third, with one hundred and forty-two Rangers, he came, without being discovered, to the environs of the village of St. Francis. The Indians had a dance the evening following his arrival and slept heavil)- afterwards. The 1760] KOVAL PROVINCE. 247 next morning, half an hour before sunrise, Rogers and his men fell upon them on all sides, and in a few minutes, ere they had time to arouse themselves and seize their arms, the warriors of that village were dead. A few, attempting to escape by the river, were shot in their canoes. The women and children were not molested. When light came it revealed to the rangers lines of scalps, mostly English, to the number of six hundred, strung upon poles above the doorways. Thereupon, every house except three containing supplies was fired, and their destruction brought death to a few who had before escaped it by concealing them- selves in the cellars. Ere noon two hundred Indian braves had perished and their accursed village had been obliterated.^ The operations of the next year (1760) ended this long and fierce struggle. The attempted re-capture of Quebec by the French was their final effort. The army of the Lakes em- barked from Crown Point for Montreal on the sixteenth day of August. " Six hundred Rangers and seventy Indians in whale- boats, commanded by Major Rogers, all in a line abreast, formed the advance guard." He and his men encountered some fight- ing on the way from Isle a Mot to Montreal, but no serious ob- stacle retarded their progress. The day of their arrival Mon- sieur de Vaudveuil proposed to Major-General Amherst a capit- ulation, which soon after terminated the French dominion in North America. The English troops, as will be remembered, entered Montreal on the evening of the eighth of September. On the morning of the twelfth Major Rogers was ordered by General Amherst to proceed westward with two companies of Rangers and take possession of the western forts, still held by the French, which, by the terms of the capitulation, were to be surrendered. He embarked about noon the next day with some two hun- dred Rangers in fifteen whale-boats, and advanced to the west by the St. Lawrence and the Lakes. On the seventh of No- vember they reached the mouth of the Cuyahoga, where the beautiful city of Cleveland now stands. The cross of St. ' J. B. Walker. 248 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [I/60 George had never penetrated the wilderness so far before. Here they encamped and were soon after waited upon by mes- sengers from the great chieftain, Pontiac, asking by what right they entered upon his territory and the object of their visit. Rogers informed them of the downfall of the French in America, and that he had been sent to take possession of the French forts surrendered to the English by the terms of the capitula- tion. Pontiac received his message, remarking that he should stand in his path until morning, when he would return to him his answer. The next morning Pontiac came to the camp and the great chief of the Ottawas, haughty, shrewd, politic, ambi- tious, met face to face the bold, self-possessed, clear-headed Major of the British Rangers. It is interesting to note how calmly the astute ally of the French accepted the new order of things and prepared for an alliance with his former enemies. He and Rogers had several interviews and in the end smoked the pipe of peace. With dignified courtesy the politic Indian gave to his new friend free transit through his territory, pro- visions for his journey and an escort of Indian braves. Rogers broke camp on the twelfth and pushed onward towards Detroit. By messenger sent forward in advance he apprized Monsieur Belletre, commandant of the fort, of his near approach and the object of it. The astonished officer received him cautiously. Soon satisfied, however, of the truth of the unwelcome news thus brought, he surrendered his garrison. On the twenty- ninth of November the British flag floated from the staff which ever before had borne only the lilies of France. On the tenth of December, after disposing of the French force found in the fort, and having taken possession of the forts Miamie and Gatanois, with characteristic ardor Rogers pushed still farther westward for Michilimackinac. But it was a vain attempt. The season was far advanced. Turning eastward, after a tedious journey, he reached New York on the fourteenth of February, 1761. From New York, there is reason to suppose that he went this same year as Ca]itain of one of his Maiest\-'s Indeiiendent Companies of Foot to South Caiolina, and there aided Colonel 1761] KOVAL rKoxrxcE. 249 Grant in subduing the Clierokees. From this time onward for the next two years we lose sight of Major Rogers, but he re-ap- pears at the siege of Detroit in 1763. The next glimpse we get of Major Rogers is at Rum ford (now Concord) where he had a landed estate of some four or five hundred acres. A year or so after the surrender of Mon- treal he was married to I'llizabeth, daughter of Rev. Arthur Rrown, rector of St. John's Church, in Portsmouth, which he considered his residence. For three or four years, between 176c and 1765, he trafficked a good deal in lands, buying and selling numerous and some quite extensive tracts. Some of these lands he seems to have purchased and some to have received in consideration of miHtary services. In 1764, Benning Went- worth, as governor of New Hampshire, conveyed to him as "a reduced officer " a tract of three thousand acres, lying in the southern part of Vermont. One conveyance made by him and bearing date December 20, 1762, arrests our attention. By it he transferred to his father-in-law. Rev. Arthur Brown, before mentioned, some five hundred acres of land in Rumford (now Concord), together with " one negro man, named Castro Dickerson, aged about twenty- eight ; one negro woman, named Sylvia ; one negro boy, named Pomp, aged about twelve, and one Indian boy, named Billy, aged about thirteen. " If the object of the conveyance was to secure it as a home to his wife and children against any liabilities he might incur in his irregular life, the end sought was subse- quently attained, as the land descended even to his grand- children. The old "Rogers House," so called, is still standing upon the former estate of Major Rogers, on the east side and near the south end of Main Street, in Concord. It must be at least a hundred years old, and faces the south, being two stories high on the front side and descending by a long sloping roof to one in the rear. It was occupied by Arthur, son of Major Rogers, who was a lawyer by profession and died at Portsmouth, in 1841. Major Rogers did not prove a good husband, and seventeen years after their marriage his wife felt constrained, February 12, :>50 HISTORY OF NEW HAM I'Sll 1 HE. [1761 1778, to petition the General Assembly of New Hampshire for a divorce from him on the ground of desertion and infidelity. Major Rogers was an author as well as soldier. He seems to have been in England in 1765, and to have there published two respectable volumes of his writings. One is entitled " Journals of Major Robert Rogers ;" the other is called "A concise view of North America." In 1770 he sailed for England, and there, strange as it may seem, the stalwart, fine-looking, wily ex-commandant was lionized. We see nothing more of Major Rogers until July, 1775, when he again appears in America as a major of the British Army, retired on half-pay. On the second day of December, a little more than a month later, in shabby garb, he calls upon President Wheelock, at Hanover. Later, at Medford, Massachusetts, he addressed a letter to General Washington, soliciting an interview ; but his reputation was such that the Commander-in-Chief declined to see him. In August, 1776, he accepted a commission of 1-ieutenant colonel commandant, signed by General Howe, and empower- ing him to raise a battalion of Rangers for the British army. To this work he now applied himself and with success. On the twenty-first of October, 1776, Rogers fought his last battle on American soil. His regiment was attacked at Mam- aronec, New York, and routed by a body of American troops. The next year he returned to England, where he is said to have died in the year 1800.' ' J. B. Walke.-. CHAPTER X. ROYAL PkOnXCE, 1 760-1 775. H.w.p.iiiRi; Grants — Taxation by Parliament — Stamp Act — Its Ri;i>EAL — Resignation ok Governor Benning Wentworth — Gov- ernor John Wentworth — His Popilarity — Early Settlers — Their Customs — Gilmanton — Marlboro — Canaan — Enfield — Lyme — Oxeord — 11 \ r ii — Lehanon — Hanover — Goffstown — Newport — Plaini-ield — Danville — Peterboroigh — Bow Con- troversy — SvNcooK — Candia — Wilton — New Ipswich — Lisbon' — GiLsiM — Lancaster — Claremoxt — Wentworth — Salisbury — Milan — Berlin — Hillsborough — Fitzv>ili.ia.m — Annals of Portsmouth — Paul Revere — Capture of Fort William and Mary — Holderness and the Livermores — Wiiitefield — White Mountain Notch — Colonial Laws. "T^HI*. result of a series of wars for nearly three quarters of a century had given the English undisputed possession of the northern part of the Western Continent. During the last war the seasons were fruitful, and the colonies were able to supply their own troops with provisions. Then followed two years of scarcity. Added to the drought of 1761 a forest fire devastated Barrington and Rochester, and spread into Maine. A contro- versy had already commenced between the governors of New York and New Hampshire in regard to jurisdiction over the territory now included within the State of Vermont. As early as 1750 Governor Wentworth had granted the township of Bennington, and had continued to grant townships within the disputed territory until the breaking out of the last French and Indian war in 1754. In 1761 he granted no less than sixty townships on the western side, and eighteen townships on the eastern side, of the Connecticut river. The whole number of 252 pi=;tory of xew iiami'shikk. ['763 grants on the western side of the river amounted to one hundred and thirty-eight. In each the governor reserved a tract of five hundred acres for himself, clear of all fees and charges. The new townships were mostly filled with emigrants from Massachusetts and Connecticut. The western boundary of New Hampshire was determined in July, 1764, to be the western bank of the Con- necticut river and the jurisdiction of New Hampshire was with- drawn from the Hampshire grants and confined to its present limits. At this time commenced in the Colonies a series of events which was destined to lead to an open rupture with the mother country and finally to the independence of the American colo- nies and the formation of a republic. The war with the French had greatly added to the public debt of Great Britain ; and the home government, in 1763, attempted to impose taxes on the colonies without their consent. The colonies had borne their share of the expense of the war in America and had been fairly reimbursed for their outlays ; but a new ministry coming into power sought to draw the money from the colonies again in the shape of ta.xation. The first act of oppression was that restricting the intercourse which the American colonies had enjoyed with the West India Islands, quickly followed by the Stamp Act, similar to the one in force during the late Re- bellion. Petitions and remonstrances were drawn up and sent to England. Economy rendered the first Act of little value to England, while the Stamp Act could not be enforced. In 1765 the Assembly of Massachusetts proposed a congress of deputies from each colony to consult upon our common interest, as had been customary in times of common danger. The house of burgesses of Virginia passed spirited resolves asserting the rights of their country, and denying the claim of parliamentary taxation. In the English parliament those op- posed to the Stamp Act spoke of Americans as "Sons of Liberty ;" and the phrase was quickly adopted by associations in every colony. George Meserve was appointed to distribute the stamps in New Hampshire, but he resigned upon dis- covering the opposition to the Act in his native Province. 1766] K(>\.\l l'K()\l\CE. 253 Although New Hanipshire sent no delegates to the colo- nial Congress which met in New York in 1765, the Assem- bly endorsed the measures and resolutions which were adopted there, and sent similar petitions to England to be presented to the King and parliament by their agent, Barlow Trecothick, and John Wentvvorth, a young gentleman of Portsmouth who was then in England. A movement inaugurated in New Hampshire to do away with the courts, on account of their not complying with the provisions of the Stamp Act, was quickly suppressed. Governor Wentvvorth had received no official notification of the Stamp Act and had taken no active part in enforcing it. He was now in the decline of life, had made his fortune, and had occupied his office for twenty-five years. He did not deem it wise to oppose the popular will. The colonists, however, took the most effectual measures to procure the repeal of the obnoxious tax by agreeing to import no goods until its repeal. " The Sons of Liberty " became an organized and effective political body in 1766; but at that time were not disloyal to the home government. During the year attacks were made upon Governor Wentworth to unseat him from his office. Charges were preferred, but were not invest- igated ; and he was allowed to resign his office in favor of his nephew, John Wentworth, who arrived in the Province the following spring. In the prime of life, active and enterprising, polite and easy in his address, and placed in power by the same minister who had procured the repeal of the Stamp Act, Governor Went- worth becarhe a popular favorite. His inclination and interest led him to cultivate the good will of the people. Brought up to commercial pursuits, he had a taste for agriculture, and contrib- uted to the encouragement of agricultural pursuits. He began for himself a plantation in Wolfeborough, which led others to emulate his example in cultivating the wilderness. The rapid progress of the Province drew the attention of the people from obnoxious laws enacted for raising a revenue in the colonies. The Assembly voted him a salary of j£/00, equal to $2,333, besides ;^6o to ;iCioo for house rent. 251 HISTOKY OF NEW II A >I I'SII I KE. L ' 7^5 The governor encouraged the building of new roads and was instrumental in locating Dartmouth College at Hanover, in 1769. In 1771, the Province was cfivided into five counties, — Rock- ingham, Strafford, Hillsborough, Cheshire, and Grafton ; and specie payment was resumed. The last French and Indian war was virtually ended at the surrender of Montreal, September 8, 1760, and the victorious troops returned and scattered to their hillside farms, to pursue the paths of peace and discuss the exciting incidents of the late conflict. All fear of an Indian outbreak being now over, the rush from the lower settlements to the upper waters of the Merrimack and Connecticut was immediate and note-worth\-. The first duty of the pioneer was to provide shelter for himself, his wife, and children. The first houses in a town were built of logs, the floors of wliich were of hewn plank, four or more inches in thickness. As the land was cleared these log-houses gave place to framed buikhngs. The most durable timber was chosen, and the neighboring Indians frequently assisted in the raising. The tall jiines and oaks were incumbrances to the land, and the first efforts were directed to destroying them. The blows of the axe resounded through the woods ; the tree which had withstood the gales of a century fell quickly to the ground ; the limbs were cut off, and the trunk cut in convenient lengths for handling, when great piles were formed and the torch applied. After a rain had neutralized the ashes, the grain was sown and harrowed in ; and the harvest gathered frequently paid for the labor of clearing the land and for the land beside. The roads at first were rough and bad, mere foot-ways or bridle-paths. Horses were trained to carry double, and the pillion, a seat behind the saddle for women, was in general use until the Revolution. The surveyor, with chain and compass, laid out the road and spotted the trees ; the axe-men followed after and cleared a way one or two rods wide, bridging the brooks and streams with logs, and building causeways over wet places of the same material. 1765] ROVAL PROVINCE. 255 These roads were improved slowly, but in course of time would allow the passage of oxen and heavy loads ; and later they permitted the transit of the chaise and wagon, which came into use soon after the Revolution. The clothing was almost wholly homespun ; sheep were kept for their wool, and flax was raised on every farm. The wool was carded and spun by the women of the family, and the loom was in every well-organized household. Rev. Jacob Emery of Pembroke once received a summons to attend the Provincial Congress the next day, in the distant town of Exeter. He lacked a pair of pantaloons befitting his dignity, and was in a quandary. His good wife, so says tradition, was equal to the emergency. A sheep was captured and shorn ; its wool-carded^ spun and woven ; the necessary garment designed and made from the raw material, and presented to the worthy and patriotic parson, in season for him to set out for the meeting before the d«wn of day. The food of the settlers was plain. Very little tea was used, and coffee rarely ever. Game, or fish, with vegetables, was eaten for dinner ; or bean, corn, or pea porridge. Bread, milk, and boiled Indian pudding were staple articles of diet morning- and evening. The whole settlement were neighbors, and shared in each other's griefs and joys. Ready assistance was rendered to the sick and unfortunate, and interchange of labor was frequent. Patriarchal simplicity, respect, and submission prevailed in their families ; and especial deference was paid to the Sabbath. It was a day devoted to the spiritual improvement of the old and young alike. Aside from the Bible, books were very scarce and highly prized, — a minister's library consisting of a few choice, well-worn volumes, — and newspapers were almost unknown. The first iron crane was used in Rumford in 1758. Until then the people in this vicinity used what were known as lug- poles, which were sometimes burned off, letting the fat into the fire. 1 Gilmantown was huge. Eighteen miles was the length from • Rev. J. E. Fullerton. 256 HISTnK^■ OF NEW IIAMI'SIIIKE. ['"65 Noithfield, Canterbury, and Loudon to the Lake \V'innipi- seogee at the Weirs. In some places it was ten miles wide. It contained 83,500 acres. The old town included the present towns of Belmont, Gilmantown, Gilford, and the portion of Laconia on the east side of the Winnipiseogee river. The township was granted in 1727 to twenty-four persons by the name of Oilman, together with 153 others. Many of the shares were the gift of the government for service in the wars. The character of the first proprietors and settlers will be the acorn determining the character of the full-grown tree. A greater part of the early inhabitants came from Exeter. As Exeter was settled from Massachusetts, and was for some time under Massachusetts, the early settlers were imbued with the ideas and habits of the State. It is worthy of special notice that at least seventeen of the founders were college gradiiates ; twelve of them ministers of the gospel. Others were men of note and influence in their old homes. Though all the proprietors did not become settlers, their enlarged ideas in regard to the founding of schools and the early building of churches attracted the best class of citizens, and have given Gilmanton a proud record in the State. The great attractions of the region to-day were the great hindrances to its early settlement. The beautiful lake on its northern boundary was a favorite resort of the red men, as it is of his white brother. The clear waters abounded with food for his scouting parties. The chain of lakes and rivers served as the thoroughfare for the Canada Indians, as they made their dreaded incursions upon the white settlers. Old Belknap was a point of observation which the savage climbed, not to revel in the wonderful view of lake dotted with green islands, of mountain, and of valley, but to see where the curling smoke of some settler revealed the hope of a scalp. It is not surprising that so exposed a spot was not settled till 1 761, when the Indian wars were over. We little realize the hardships and toils of the early settlers. 1765] KOVAL PROVINCE. 257 Imagine all the iron work tor the- first saw-mill brought on horseback. Or think of the 26th of December, 1761, when Benjamin Mudgett and wife arrived in town. Think of it, oh ye who boast of an hour's walk as a great achievement. The last twelve miles, so the storif goes, they came on foot and on snowshoes. It is not strange that, a mile from her journey's end, the wife threw herself upon the snow, saying, " I may as well die here as anywhere ; if I attempt to go farther it will kill me, and if I stop here I shall but die." She reached her home, and lived seventy-three years after. Lower Gilmanton was the first region settled. Here lived the old lawyers, Stephen Moody, Esq., John Ham, Benjamin Emerson, and the old physicians. Dr. Silver, Dr. B. Kelley, and Dr. N. C. Tebbetts. East Gilmanton was of importance. Here was the first Con- gregational church, and when Gilmanton became a shire town of Strafford county, the court was held in the meeting-house. Iron Works, or Averytown, grew up from the operations in iron ore commenced in 1778. Theore was taken from Suncook or Lougee's Pond, in twenty feet of water. The working being unprofitable was discontinued. Here Senator James Bell prac- tised law, and kept the post-ofifice. Gilmanton Corner has been the social and literary centre of the town. Gilmanton Academy was erected in 1796. In 1799 the county court began to be held in the village. Here Judge Ira A. Eastman commenced his practice. The Theological Seminary was opened in 1836. Factory Village, now Belmont Village, received its name from the brick factory erected in 1834. The town of Belmont was left by the separation of the lower part of Gilmanton from it in 1859. Meredith Bridge Village, Lake Village, and Gilford Village were set off, in 18 12, with the town of Gilford. The first settler in Meredith Bridge Village was Samuel Jewett, who came in 1777. He served at Bunker Hill. When he enlisted he was too short ; but the enlisting officer run his hand through the soldier's hair, and lifted it till it touched the 258 HISTOKY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. L ' 7^5 pole under which the soldiers stood, telling him that what he lacked in inches he made up in grit. Daniel Avery, who came in 1779, by his energy may be called the father of the village on the Gilmanton side. Lake Village, for a time, boasted her iron works, the ore for which came from Gunstock mountain. On Gunstock brook, at the foot of the mountain, grew the rural village now called Gilford Village. Gilmanton boasts her literary ventures. In 1800 appeared the Gilmanton Gazette and Farmer s Weekly Magazine. The Rnral Musenm appeared the same year. Both soon disappeared. For four years from its first number, May, 1835, the Saboath- School Advocate was issued. The Parents Magazine was born in Gilmanton, September, 1840, but was early carried to Con- cord. In 1842 and 1843 the Biblical Journal \\?is born and died. The New Hampshire Repository was the last venture. Gilmanton Academy was chartered June 20, 1794. Peter L. Folsom, A. B., was the first preceptor, holding the position six years. The tuition was $1.00 a term. The Academy was, for a while, one of the two principal in- stitutions in the State, and numbers among its graduates many leading citizens. It was a part of the original design to have the Academy furnish a theological training for ministers. A department called Gilmanton Theological Seminary was formed in 1836, "to aid in providing an adequate supply of able, hum- ble, zealous and laborious ministers of the gospel for the churches of the State and country, especially the feeble and destitute." Gilmanton soil and climate have been especially favorable to the growth of churches. There have been three Congregational churches. The first, for years the town church, was incorpo- rated in 18 1 7 as the First Congregational Society. Rev. Luke A. Spofford succeeded Rev. Mr. Smith in 18 19, and was succeeded in 1825 by Rev. Daniel Lancaster, who became pastor of the second church in 1835. The Centre (Congregational) Church, on the Academy grounds, was organized in 1826. Rev. Herman Rood became pastor the 1765] ROYAL PROVINCE. 259 same year. Enjoying the audience from the Academy, and the patronage of the Seminary, this church has been the leading Congregational church in town. After Mr. Rood's pastorate, it was ministered to by Rev. Daniel Lancaster half the time, till he became its pastor in 1835. Mr. Lancaster conferred a great benefit upon the town by compiling a laborious and accu- rate history, which must serve as the foundation of all future histories of the town. The Iron Works Congregational Church was organized in 1829. The first pastor, Rev. Charles G. Safford, came in 183 1, and remained till 1836. Rev. S. S. N. Greeley was pastor from 1839 till 1842. The First Baptist Church was organized Nov. 16, 1773. The original male members were Orlando Wood, Thomas Edgerly, Thomas Mudgett, John Fo.x, Dudley Young, Samuel Weeks. ^ The original charter of Marlow, signed " Ben. Went- worth," and bearing date October, 1761, shows that the town grant was divided into seventy equal shares, containing by admeasurement twenty-three thousand and forty acres, six miles square. " As soon as there shall be fifty families resi- dent," reads the charter, "and settled thereon, said town shall have the liberty uf holdin^i; two fairs annually." The grantees are si.\t)-nine in number, and William Noyes's name heads the list. Good authority gives the names of the first settlers as Joseph Tubbs, Samuel and John Gustm, N., Royce, N. Miller, and Natiian Huntley, and the same authority states that the first town meeting was held in March, 1776; but the records of a town meeting held in March, 1766, arc now in existence, and the town has the notices of such meetings from that time forward. The authentic copy reads as follows : '■ The Inhabitants of this town met according to the warning in the Charter, and being legally warned to meet at the dwelling-house of Sam'l Gustin, Joseph Tubbs was chosen Moderator for said Meeting, and Sam'l Gustin Clerk for said town ; and the meeting was adjourned to the third Tuesday of » G. B. Griffith. 26o HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. ['765 May next at the Dvvelling-House of Joseph Tubbs of Marlow at one of the clock in the afternoon on said day. '• May ye i6th, 1766, then met according to adjournment and chose Joseph Tubbs the first Selectman ; Sam'l Gustin the second Selectman, and Martin Lord the third Selectman. " Sam'l Gustin, Clerk." These were probably the first selectmen chosen. In 1767 Nathan Huntley, Samuel Gustin, and Nehemiah Royce were chosen selectmen. In 1773 is the first copy of a warrant for a town meeting. It was directed to the constable. In 1778 the first minister was settled. Rev. Caleb Blood, Congregationalist. He was dismissed the next year, and Rev. Eleazer Beckwith, Baptist, succeeded, and preached till his death in 1809. The Proprietors' committee in 1767 were Nathan Hunlley and Samuel Gustin. In 1783 John Lewis was chosen collector of the Runibe tax, and in the same year it was voted to exempt the widows from taxation for twelve months. It is evident that but few of the charter members remained in town for a long period : if they did, they left no descendants. Nathan Huntley's name does not appear on that document, yet he was one of the first settlers. The earliest buildings were put up near Baker's Corner, by John Gustin. Nathan Huntley settled near Marlow Hill, and Joseph Tubbs in the south part of the town. The first meeting-house was built in 1798, on Marlow Hill. It had big> square, two-story galleries all around, and contained the " box pews." It was taken down in 1845, 'lid removed to the south, now the main, village, as a sort of a union church ; it is now called the Christian Church. There is no preaching in it at present, and the basement is used as the town hall. Origin- ally this edifice stood near Baker's -Corner; it was not clap-boarded or plastered, and was furnished with the primitive wooden benches. The Methodist church, also, originally stood on Marlow Hill. Before its erection, there were quite a number of Universalists in town, and, not agree-- 1765] KOVAL PROViNCE. 261 ing in regard to a minister, a comniittee was chosen^ one from the Baptists, one from the Congregationalists, and one from the Universalists — to procure a pastor ; and in order to have one that would unite them, they employed the Rev. Peter Jacobs, a Methodist, and this was the first introduction of Methodism in Marlow, which is at this time the popular church of the place. Oral tradition says that a Mr. Marshall was the first man to preach a Methodist sermon in town, but nothing is remembered of him except the fact that he preached two or three times. Mr. Jacobs was succeeded by Rev. Paul Dustin, a local preacher of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and he organized a Methodist society. Among its first members were Franci.s Brown, Amos Gale, Jr., and wife, Cyrus Comstock and wife, Mrs. Griffin, and Samuel Rice. Subsequently Mr. Dustin preached for the Congregationalists at Alstead, where he died, February 10, 181 1, at the early age of thirty-si.\, and was buried in the cemetery at Alstead Centre. Rev. Dexter Bates was probably his successor, as he was known to be the pastor in 1812-13. He is sjioken of as "a strong man, full of zeal and energy." In 181 5 Marlow was embraced in Grantham Circuit, New England Conference, Vermont district, with Eleazer Weils presiding elder, and Warner Bannister preacher ; the latter did not preach in Marlow oftener than once in four weeks. The entire circuit, comprising probably from six to ten towns, re- ported a membership of two hundred and fifty-five whites and one colored. Cali.sta M. Huntley {Marie Calisio Pirctoli) was born in Marlow. April 11, :84i, and with her parents moved to Boston in 1845, and t'rom thence to Lynn in 1S51. At a very early age she manifested great musical talent, and seemed to feel the strongest desire to cultivate her gift. The sooner to accomplish her darling wish, she purchased a sewing machine, and after working upon it till its price was paid, she, at the tender age of twelve, began to save her wages till she was enabled to purchase a piano. Then h.'i mus- ical education commenced in earnest. Before she had taken any lessons, Calista had mastered many of the problems of this beautiful science. After receiving instruction a while from a competent teacher, she herself i^ave lessons, remaining a pupil still. Her talent not only secured scholars, but 262 IIISTOKV OI'" Xmv IIAMI'SHIKE. ['7<''5 she ere long was ofTered the leailinc; pUice in churches and at festivals; so she was able to continue her favorite study. In April, iS66, she went to Italv. and pursued her chosen vocation, taking lessons till she had perfected a thorough course of study, under the tuition of the best masters. In the meantime she gave concerts and other entertainments to pay her expenses, under the stage name of Marie Calisto. In 1869 she married Geromano Piccioli. Since then she has visited and sung in all the principal cities of England, Ireland, Spain, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, and, in fact, over the whole civilized world, and has won a lasting and well-deserved fame. She speaks four different languages fluently, and though she of necessity has quite a foreign air, still she is very easy in her manners, broad in her religious views, and in all respects is a lady of line appearance, to whom the humblest may easily find access at her elegant home. Her residence is in Italv, but she is now temporarily stopping in Lynn, Mass. Marlow hasgood reason to be proud of this distinguished artist. Here, too, was the native place of Rosinee Richardson, familiarly known as •• Fat Rosinee," who in her d.\v was the wonder of the world. .She trav- elled with Barnum for several years, and died not long since in Florida. Nahum Stone, son of I^hineas. \\h~, in olden times had a small tannery at the head of Stone Pond, was a native of Marlow. He at one time owned and edited what is now known as the CAes/iire lieftiblicaii, at Keene. Among the early settlers and substantial citizens passed away was Mr. Far- ley-, who came from Billerica, Mass., and who, at one time, owned the princi- pal part of the " Plains," selling out his mill rights to Mr. Russel Huntley. Wells Way, commonly called the " Old Squire," was a very popular and prominent man ; almost all arbitration was left out to him. He was a town clerk for many years and held various other offices. Silas Mack and Samuel Royce were both town clerks and selectmen for many years.' Old manuscript letters tell us that in 1788 there were forty- two votes cast in Marlow. John Langdon had thirty-six; John Sullivan, si.x. In 1800 it was voted not to ta.\ a widow's cow. At the annual town-meeting, the same year, William Lewis was chosen constable and collector ; he was to receive three dollars and eighty cents for his labor in the latter ofifice. Baker's Corner was in olden times the on!)- business resort. Here was a flourishing store, a potash manufactory, and a hotel. The public-house first opened had Samuel Richardson for pro- prietor. All these buildings subsequently passed into the hands of William Baker. The first store ever kept in town was opened by Mr. Lamphier in the house now owned by Curtis Winham, on the Hill. Soon after, Francis D. Ellis opened a store and hotel, and a hostelry was also started by Kli.sha Huntley, Esq. 1765 J KOYAL PKOVINCE. 263 111 1761 charters were granted to Canaan, Enfield, Lebanon, Hanover, Lyme, Orford, Bath, Lyman, Holderness, Mario w, Goffstown, Lempster, Grantham, Newport and Plainfield. The first permanent settlement in Canaan was made in the winter of 1766 or 1767, by John Scofield, who conveyed what effects he possessed the distance of fourteen miles over a crust of snow upon a hand-sled. Among others of the first settlers were George Harris, Thomas Miner, Joshua Harris, Samuel Jones, and Samuel Meachani. The first church was formed in 1780. Rev. Thomas Baldwin, D. D., a Baptist minister, was ordained in 1783. Rev. Joseph Wheat was settled in 18 13. A Congregational society was incorporated in 1820 and Rev. Charles Calkins was settled over it.' The first settlers of Enfield were Nathaniel Bicknell, Jonathan Paddleford, and Elisha Bingham. A Congregational church was organized in December, 1799, over which Rev. Edward Evans was settled. Jesse Johnson, one of the early settlers, was a justice of the peace and a member of the legislature. His son of the same name was a leading citizen of the town. A society of Shakers was organized in the town in 1792, under the administration of Elder Job Bishop.^ The first settlement was made in Lyme, in 1764, by Walter Fairfield, John and William Sloan, and others from Connecticut. A Congregational church was organized in 1772 and Rev. Wil- liam Conant was settled the next year.^ The first settler in Orford was a Mr. Cross, who came with his family from Lebanon, in 1765. He was followed the same year by General Israel Morey, John Mann, Esq., and a Mr. Cas- well, with their families from Connecticut. A church was or- ganized in 1770 and Rev. Oliver Noble was settled as minister. He was followed in 1787 by Rev. John Sawyer; in 1801 by Rev. Sylvester Dana ; in 1823 by Rev. James D. Farnsworth. Rev. Mr. Dana was settled over the West church for over ten years. The settlement of Bath was commenced in 1765 by John Harriman, from Haverhill, Mass. He was soon followed by 264 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [ ■ 76S Moses Pike and the family of Mr. Sawyer. A Presbyterian church was organized in 1778 and dissolved in 1791, when a Congregational church was formed. Rev. David Sutherland was its first settled minister. Among the first settlers of Lebanon were William Downer, William Dana, Levi Hyde, Charles Hill, Silas Waterman, and Nathaniel Porter from Connecticut, wh* made the first settle- ment north of Charlestown. They were a " hardy, brave people ; tenacious of their principles ; many of them were men of strong minds, good habits, correct principles, and good, common edu- cation." A Congregational church was organized in 1771, and Rev. Isaiah Potter was settled as minister. A Baptist church was formed in 1782, over which Rev. Jedidiah Hibbard was settled. A Universalist society was organized in 1813.^ The first settlement in Hanover was made in 1765 by Colonel Edmund Freeman, from Connecticut. The ne.\t year he was joined by Benjamin Davis, Benjamin Rice, Gideon Smith, and Asa Parker, all from the same colony. In 1770, Dartmouth College was established there by Rev. Dr. Wheelock.^ Goffstown was granted by the Masonian proprietors in 1748, and incorporated thirteen years later. The first settlement of Newport was made in 1763, by Jesse Wilcox, Ebenezer Merritt, Jesse Kelley, and Samuel Hurd, from Connecticut. Plainfield was settled in 1764, by L. Nash and J. Russell, from Connecticut. A Congregational church was formed in 1765 and Rev. Abraham Carpenter was settled as minister. The town is the seat of the Kirhble Union Academy at Meriden, incorporated June 16, 1813, and endcwed by Hon. Daniel Kim- ball. Hawke, or Danville, Amherst, Peterborough, and Boscawen .vere incorporated in 1761. The first settlement was made in that j^art of Kingston now Danville, between 1735 and 1739, by Jonathan Sanborn and Jacob Hook. Rev. John Page was settled as minister in 1763- He died in 1782. 1765] KOVAF. PROVINCE. 265 The first settlement was matle in Peterborough, in 1739, In' William Robbe, Alexander Scott, Hugh Gregg, William Scott, and Samuel Stinson, some of whom were accompanied by their families. The settlement was abandoned in 1744, and the region- was not occupied again until 1748. On their return they were joined by many from Londonderry and Lunenburg, so that in ten years there were forty-five families in the township, who were mostly Presbyterians. Rev. John Morrison was settled as min- ister in 1766. 'In 1762 happily the l-5ow controversy, which had been so long waged, was drawing to a close. In the courts of New Hamp- shire every case brought to trial, touching the title to their lands,, had been decided against the proprietors of Rumford ; but the Rev. Mr. Walker and Benjamin Rolfe, Esq. — the men to whom the proprietors had entrusted their cause — confident of its justice, were neither bafifled nor discouraged. With a firmness of purpose worthy all praise, and sustained by the unanimous will of the people, the Rev. Mr. Walker persevered in his agency. In the fall of 1762 he visited England for the third time, to attend the trial of the cause, which was still pending. He had formed valuable acquaintances among ministers of re- ligion, members of Parliament, and members of his Majesty's Council. Sir William Murray, his learned counsellor and advo- cate in the first trial, was now Lord Mansfield, chief justice of the King's Bench. After long and anxious suspense the trial came on, and Mr. Walker announced the result in a letter dated in December as favorable to the Rumford and Suncook settlers. The decision of the King in council states : — That some vears since, upon a dispute about the boundary line between the provinces of the Massachusetts Bav and New Hampshire, his Majesty was pleased to issue a commission to mark out the dividing line between the said Province of New Hampshire and Massachusetts Bay, but with an express declaration that private property should not be affected tliereby. And upon hearing the report of the commissioners appointed to settle the said boundary, his Majesty was pleased, by his order in council, made in 1740, to adjudge and order that the northern boundary of the said Province of the Massachu- setts Bay are and be a similar curve line, pursuing the course of Merrimack 266 iii-^ioKV OF m:\v hamp.shike. [1765 river at three miles distance on the north side thereof, beginning at the Al- lantir ocean, and ending at a point due north of a place called Pautucket Falls, -and a straight line drawn from thence due west, cross the said river, till it meets with His Majesty's other governments; by which determination two third parts at least of the said river Merrimack, with the lands and settlements thereon, and among the rest the said towns of Pennicook, or Rumford, and Suncook. would lav upon the said river considerably above the said Pautucket falls, were excluded out of the said Province of Massachusetts Bay, in which they had before been thought and reputed to be, and thrown into the said other Province of New Hampshire. That notwithstanding his Majesty had been pleased, at the time of issuing the said commission, to fix the said boun- dary, to declare the same was not to affect private property : yet certain per- sons in New Hampshire, desirous to make the labors of others an advantage lo themselves, and to possess themselves of the towns of Pennicook, otherwise Rumford, and Suncook, as now improved by the industry of tlie appellants and the said first settlers thereof, w^honi they seek to despoil of the benefit of all their labors. His Majesty this day took the said report into consideration, and was pleased, with the advice of his privy council, to approve thereof, and to order, as it is hereby ordered, that the said judgment of the inferior court of common pleas of the Province of New Hampshire, of the 2d of September, 1760, and aiso the judgment of the superior court of judicature, of the 2d Tuesday in November, afiirming the same, be both of them reversed, and that the appel- lants be restored to what they may have lost by means of the said judgment, whereof the Governor or Commander-in-Chief of His Majesty's Province of New Hampshire, for the time being, and all others whom it may concern, are to take notice and govern themselves accordingly. But notwithstanding his Majesty's decision the controversy had become so complicated, and involved so much personal in- terest and feeling, that many years elapsed before its final set- tlement. The difficulty with the government of the Province in respect to taxes was terminated by a charter of incorporation, but conflicting personal interests had to be compromised. The prudence, decision, ami readiness for reconciliation on just prin- ciples, which distinguished the proprietors in all their subse- quent proceedings, appear from the records. The controversy was finally terminated in 1772. The common lands which had been reserved were divided and laid off to the respective proprietors and grantees. At length Mr. Walker's able management of the Bow case having won a favorable decision, Rumford was to remain intact, and l/t'S] KOVAI, PROVINCE. 267 SO was Suncook. Suncook, however, had given over the strug- gio and was no more ; in its place was Pembroke, a creation 'of the General Assembly of New Hampshire. Who would blame their worthy divine, the Rev. Aaron Whittemore, if he upbraided the people for their want of faith in the paternal guardianship of the Old Hay Colony, in which he had filial confidence .' Piobably he had no soft answers lo turn away their wrath, but rather enkimlled it ; for the\- met one November day and voted their old minister out of his parish. Here their anger eniied, for the ne.xt year they petitioned for, and obtained, the charter for a separate parish for the Presbvterians, allowing the minority to retain the services of their faithful minister ; and not forcing them, in retaliation for past acts, to support the Rev. Daniel JNIitchel. ' In 1762 the population of that part of the "Chesnut Coun- try" called Charmingfare numbered so many families who were obliged to make their way over bridle-paths and through woods ten or twelve miles to meeting, that the freeholders of Chester voted to set off a new parish north and west of their present limits and north of Long Meadows, now Auburn. The new township was supposed to measure five and one half miles one wa\-, by four miles the other, being nearly a parallelogram in shape, and was divided into one hundred and thirt}' proprietary lots. The earliest date at which anyone moved within the limits of the new parish cannot now be determined. The late Colonel R. E. Patten claimed to have heard it said by one of the fathers who knew, that David McClure built his log cabin on the north-east slope of Patten's hill, in 1743. Chase, in his history of Chester, remarks that McClure did not take his farm at Chester Centre before 1744. On page two hundred and sixty, however, of that history, the invoice table of 1741 gives David McClure as assessed for a house and a horse. William Turner, generally considered the first settler, and who appears to have been in Chester in 1741, or before, built a house in 1748, on a swell of land near the present Candia ■ F. p. Eaton. 268 iiisroKV OF Ni;\v nAMr>iiiKE. L'765 village. The next year came Benjamin Smith from Exeter, and began a clearing about one half mile south-east. Enoch Colby came from Hampton about the same time, and settled a mile or more south-west from Turner. They appear to have been neighborly, for Mr. Turner married Colby's sister, and their daughter Sarah was the first child born in town. In 1753, Nathaniel Burpee came from Rowley, Massachusetts, and built one quarter of a mile north ; he united in his person two \ery useful functions — he was tailor and deacon. After this the influx of population, if not rapid, was steady. The earliest recorded census in 1767 gives the number as three hundred and sixty-three. Eight years later it had more than doubled. Under the consent signified by the vote of Chester, thirty- eight freeholders petitioned for a charter, and in 1763 it was duly granted by the Governor, Council and Assembly, whereby " the inhabitants and their estates are made a parish by the name of Candia." In Moore and Farmer's New Hampshire Gazetteer, it is said that this name was given by Governor Benning Wentworth, who had been a prisoner on the island of Crete, now Candia, in the Mediterranean. The statement was adopted in Eaton's His- tory, and also by the late Rev. Dr. Bouton, in some notes on the names of towns in his State Papers. I have not seen any allusion to this imprisonment in Belknap's or in Brewster's Rambles. Some circumstances in the life of Wentworth, how- ever, give it an air of probability. It is to the distinction of the people of that rough but thrifty little town, that the world knows but one other place of like name. There are Chesters and Raymonds and Deerfields in abundance, but, especially to those to the manor born, but one Candia in fact or in sentiment. It would be interesting to know where the first town meeting was held, but the record gives us no hint, though John Carr's tavern was surely built (and is now the oldest inhabited house in town), and Deacon Palmer's "Lintel" received the worship- ])ing congregation on Sunday. It was on March 13, 1764, that this jirecursor of a long and 1765] KCIVAI. I'KON'IXCE. 269 lively series of March meetings was calleil by Samuel Emerson, Esq., duly authorized for that purpose. Doctor Samuel Moore, as the record styles him, who came from Hampstead two years before, was chosen Moderator and Parish Clerk, which latter office he held twenty-nine years. He was one of those univer- sal factotums useful and indispensable in the building up of new towns, not a regular physician but able to pull teeth, perform simple surgical operations, and give common sense if not legal advice in matters of dispute. His wife was reputed equally effi- cient and capable in her own particular sphere. The chief reason for the new charter was the difficulty of at- tending public worship, and so the first vote to raise money was of one hundred and fifty pounds old tenor, to hire preaching, and one hundred pounds for schooling. A small sum, the old tenor currency having depreciated to about one twentieth of its nominal amount, but it was enough for immediate use. " Shirbane " Rowe was chosen inspector of deer, and John Carr tythingman. Three hawards or hay wardens were also chosen, whose duty it was to take up and impound any cattle found trespassing on inclosures or cornfields. As there were few fences, cattle were of course allowed to roam at large, as well as sheep. To identify the sheep a system of ear marks was used, and they are recorded in quaint lan- guage in the " town book," as for instance : " ' Shirbane ' Rowe's mark for creatures a happenny under side left ear." " Silas Cammet mark for his creatures a slit in ye Rite ear." " Nicho- las French's mark for his creatures a cropp of the left ear swal- low tail ye right." Inspectors of deer were appointed to see that the game laws were enforced, which forbade the killing of ■deer at certain seasons. The tythingmen served as local police, not only maintaining the order and attention in meeting, but they arrested unlucky travellers making more than a Sabbath day's journey, and saw that the guests in Colonel John Carr's Inn did not carry their carousing to excess. The remaining officers chosen did not differ in title or function from those chosen at the present day, and therefore call for no mention. About this time the following terse \ote appears upon the 270 HISTORY OF NEW HA.Ml'SHIRE. ['jSj record, without gloss or comment : " Concerning Hoggs, we will stand by the old laws in that case provided." In all those days they were looking out for a minister,and various sums were voted for preaching. Rev. Tristram Gilman very acceptahly served them for forty-one Snbbaths, Rev. Mr. Webster fifteen, and Rev. Jonathan Searle ten. Besides, Rev. Messrs Hall, Joseph Currier and Thomas Lancaster preached each a shorter time. Calls were extended to Messrs Gilman and Searle, but not accepted. Neither were the schools neglected, eighteen pounds being appropriated to each quarter or district, and a writing and reading school established the whole of the year. In January, 1766, the amount voted for preaching and schools was more than doubled, and four hundred pounds old tenor expended on the parsonage lot. September Sth, at a special meeting of the parish, they voted sixty pounds lawful money in labor, and five pounds in cash, toward building a meeting-house, preaching having been maintained meanwhile in Deacon Palmer's " Lintel," the house thus designated being sit- uated a few rods east of the present parsonage, on the spot where the late N. B. Hall resided. There was a triangular pediment over the front door from which the name given to the 'vhole structure doubtless came. Whether this is anything more than a local term my observation or reading does not inform me. It was voted, that the meeting-house frame should be begun on the :;2nd of the month, and "John Clay, Walter Robie, Esq., Benjamin Cass, Moses Ba- ker, Jonathan Bean, Nathaniel Emerson and Abraham Fitts," were chosen a committee to take the work in charge. The sixty pounds could be paid in labor at two shillings six pence per dav, or in lumber at current rates, and the frame was to be completed by the last of October. If any member of the parish failed to pay in lumber or labor the constable could collect it in money. October 20th the selectmen were authorized to assess a sufficient sum to finish the frame, and codfish, potatoes and butter were provided for the rais- ing supper. The house was forty-five feet long by forty wide and was laid out into pew lots which were sold to raise money to complete the building. Eighty-two years after, when this meeting-house was burned, a neighboring- blacksmith, with whimsical thrift, sowed turnip seed in the ashes, to save, as he said, the interest on his money. Nearly all the materials required could be furnished home made, except the glass, and in order to provide for what the record calls the "glassing," liberty was given to cut red oak timber on the school and parsonage lots, to be made into staves three feet eight inches long. Eighteen shillings per M was allowed for the staves until enough had been cut to amount to sixty pounds lawful money. It took several years to finish the glazing, and in 1771 a committee was chosen to look after the glass rate, and see that no more red oak staves were cut than was necessary. Possibly the incumbent. Rev. Mr. Jewett, made some objections, as the income of the lot was part of his salary. The committee offered, if allowed to cut thestaves, to build a fence around the lot. 1765] KOVAL PROVINCE. 271 In addition to the ordinary trials of a frontier life, tlie war of the Revolution approached. In 1770 they had called and settled the Rev. David Jewett, engaging to pay him eventually sixty-five pounds a year, with the income of the parsonage, to build him a house and barn, and dig a well, thus increasing the burdens of the day. In 1796 a steeple and porch were added to the meeting-house, and in 1802 a bell and weather-cock. Major Samuel Moore seems to have been the contractor for finishing the steeple, as it is said that he employed a Newbury- port copper-smith to make the weather-cock, and soon after, failing in business, did not pay him. The town had paid Mr. Moore all that was his due, but on a representation that the copper-smith was a poor man, voted to allow his claim. One of the townsmen, antedating Wall Street by a century, hurried down to Newbur)-, bought the claim at half price, paying in sugar which he had got in trade, probably for barrels, and came back to the selectmen to realize : by some means the transaction became known to the town fathers, and they sent down the full amount to the artisan. Let us be thankful that thus this bird was an honest rooster, and served the parish well for thirty-six years, when, at the burning of the house, he took his final flight, and was resolved into his native copper, ceasing forever to breast the storm, or guide the winds. The oaken frame of the house was very massive, but, heavy as it was, the famous gale of Sep- tember, 1815, started the roof, which was seen to lift as if meditating a flight, but finally thought better of it, and settled back to its old position. The house stood on the hill, or central plateau, fronting the south, and not far from the geographical centre of the parisli ; it was at least beautiful for situation. ^In June, 1735, the Massachusetts General Court granted to Samuel King and others, in consideration " of their sufferings " in the expedition to Canada in the year 1690, the township of Lyndeborough, and about one third of Wilton on the north side, under the name of Salem Canada. In this part of Wilton, in June, 1739, was the first settlement made. The first settlers • J. B. Conner. 2/2 HISTOKV Ol' NEW HAM I'SHIKE. [ ' 7^5 were Ephraim ami Jacob ruliuini, and John Dale, who removed to this place from Danvers, Mass. In 1749 the Masonian pro- prietors made a grant of the rest of the town under certain conditions, to forty-six persons. The grantees had it laid out, and annexed to a part of Salem Canada, and called No. 2. It was incorporated June 25, 1762, under the name of Wilton, a name probably derived from an ancient borough in Wiltshire, England ; and the first town meeting was held July 27, 1762, "twenty-three years after the first settlement. Before the Revolution, a range of lots, half a mile wide, was set off to Tem- ple, and thus the town finally assumed its present size and shape. Improvements of all kinds were slow and gradual. The first settlers went to Dunstable to mill ; and when Shep- pard's mill in Milford, 'seven miles distant, was built, it was so great a convenience that it was hardly thought less of than a modern railroad. The first grist mill in Wilton was built bv Deacon Samuel Greeley of Nottingham West. The first saw mill was near Philip Putnam's, on the North Stream (Stony Brook). The second grist and saw mill was Hutchinson's, at the east village. These were all the grist mills erected before the Revolution. The roads were at first little more than foot- paths marked by spotted trees. For a long time there were apprehensions of danger from the Indians ; Wilton seems never to have been a fixed residence for them, but merely a hunting- ground. The\% however, lived along the Merrimack, and in time of hostility, or when hostility was feared, the first settlers went into garrison. This continued about ten years. One garrison was in Milford, the other in Lyndeborough, near where Ephraim Putnam settled. The ecclesiastical history of our New England towns has always been of great interest and importance, and it must be gratifying to all whose native place is Wilton, that the means for religious improvement have ever been carefully provided by its inhabitants. When the town was first laid out, one share of two hundred acres was set apart for the first minister, and another for the support of the ministry. There had been occasional preaching here most of the time ; and from the records it appears that at 1765] ROVAL PKOVrNCE. 273 least two persons had been invited to settle ; but the first minister actually installed was Mr. Jonathan Livermorc, who was ordained December 14, 1763; on the same day a church was formed, consisting of eight male members. Mr. Livermore was minister thirteen years and resigned. It may be men- tioned as an interesting fact, that there were only two families in town during his ministry whose children were not baptized. The first meeting-house was built in 1752. It was used twenty- one years and then taken down. The second one was built during the ministry of Mr. Livermore. They commenced raising it in September, 1773. Sucli things were conducted difler- ently then from what they are now, and were considered a work of two days. People came from distant towns to see the spectacle, and great preparations were made. A committee of the town appointed the raisers, and ample pro- visions were made to entertain stiangers. The morning dawned amid all the glories of that beautiful season, and people from all parts came in great numbers. Some came on foot, and some practised the method, unknown to modern days, of riding and tying; others were on horseback with their wives or sisters behind on a pillion. It was an occasion of universal expecta- tion. The timbers were all prepared, the workmen ready, and the master- workman, full of the dignity of his office, issuing his orders to his aids. All went on prosperously. The good cheer, the excitement of the work, the crowd of spectators, men looking on, women telling the news, boys plaving their various games, all made it a scene of general rejoicing. The sides of the house were already up, and also a part of the roof at the east end of the build- ing. One of the raisers from Lyndeborough, Captain Bradford, had brought over his wife, whom he left on account of illness at the house of Mr. Baldwin, while he went on to take part in the work. Having to pass along the centre of the building, he observed that the middle beam, extending across the centre of the church, was not properly supported. A post was under the centre, but it was worm-eaten and was already beginning to yield and give way under the pressure. In raising the middle part of the roof, the weight of the workmen would come on this beam, which was evidentlv not strong enough to bear up the timbersand men. He immediately ascended to the roof and informed the master-workman, who, being made over-confident by the success thus far, re- plied that if he was afraid he could go home, that they wanted no cowards there. Indignant at the reply, Captain Bradford went down and started off for his wife, with the intention of returning home. Before reaching Mr. Baldwin's he looked back, and saw the men swarming upon the unsupported beam. They were raising up with much exertion and shouts of direction and encour- agement the beams and rafters, when suddenly he saw the frame already erected tremble, the men shrink back aghast; the building seemed to rock for a moment to and fro, then all, timbers and tools and men, rushed down to- gether in one mingled mass. The crash was so loud as to be heard nearly a 274 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [ 1 765 mile. For a moment all was silent, then the air was filled with groans, and outcries, and shrieks of terror. Of the fifty-three men who fell with the frame, three were instantly killed, two died shortly afterward, and mo.^-t of the others were more or less mangled and wounded. To understand the im- pression that the event made at the time, it must be remembered that the whole population of the town was less than five hundred. At a fast which was kept, Mr. Livermore preached from the text, which then must have been peculiarly impressive : " Except the Lord build the house, they labor in vain that build it." After many mishaps the church was finally completed near the end of the year 1774, and dedicated the next January, when Mr. Livermore preached a sermon from tlie text : " But who am I and what is my people, that we should be able to offer so willingly after this sort." In July. 1S04, the house was struck with lightning, and the middle part at the end rent from top to bottom. In former days, before people had become so delicate and luxurious as now, there was no fire in the church in winter. The older men chose to have it understood that their zeal kept them warm ; while the young men, fearing perhaps lest their reputation for hardihood might suffer in the eyes of the gentler sex, would not confess that they were to be made to feel cold by any weather. But it has been intimated that there were lads who, when the thermometer was at zero, by the middle of the afternoon sermon, were ready, after some misgivings, to give up their reputation for zeal and pride of sex, for the chance of holding their fingers for a few moments over their mother's foot-stove. Many of the town papers relating to the affairs of Wilton during the war of the Revolution have been lost. An examin- ation of those remaining prove, that nearly every able-bodied man belonging in the town was out in the war, and either did service personally, or hired another to fill his place for a longer or shorter period. Wilton was represented in the battle of Bunker Hill, and a large number of her men were in the army at Cambridge. It is known that at least eight, and probably more, were in the battle of Bennington, one of whom, Ebenezer Perry, was killed. New Ipswich, Wilton, and Dresham were incorporated in 1762. The former town was granted by Massachusetts and settled, before 1749, by Reuben Kidder, Archibald White, 17^5] KOV.M. I'KtJVI.NCt;. 275 Joseph and Ebenezer liallard, Joseph Stevens, and others. It was regranted in 1750 by the Masonian proprietors. The fir.st minister was Rev. Stephen Farrar, who died in 1809. He was succeeded, in 1812, by Rev. Richard Hale. ' Lisbon was first granted in the year 1763, under the name of Concord, which name it retained for the succeeding five years. The grantees not complying with the conditions of the charter, the same became forfeited, as was supposed, and in 1768 it was regranted to an entirely new company of proprietors, under the name of Gunthwaite. Through the influence of Captain Leon- ard Whiting, who was instrumental in procuring the second charter, and Major John Young, of Haverhill, Mass., some set- tlements were made. Matters, however, progressed slowly, and for several years there were but few additions. The war of the Revolution came to a close, and a new impetus was given to emigration. In the year 1785 there were comfortably ensconced in log cabins forty families, besides a respectable contingent of bachel- ors. After the first influx subsequent to the war, emigration in some degree abated ; yet each year witnessed a sure and steady increase, and evidently the morning of prosperity began to dawn upon the new colony. The genuine prosperity which had rewarded the efforts of the Gunthwaite proprietors was coveted by the original grantees. They came forward, laid claim to the township, and, as is surmised, made some kind of a compromise with certain influential citizens. The controversy thus raised was followed by litigation, which culminated in the restoration of the Concord charter. Hence, as by a single stroke of the pen, the Gunthwaite titles were extinguished, and the poor set- tier, who with his wife and children during these years had shared all the privations of pioneer life and had begun to enjoy some of the comforts so dearly earned, was at once deprived of his home, with nothing left but his pittance of personal property. A part of the settlers abandoned their claims and went to Canada and places further north ; others endeavored to sell their improvements, — but no one was willing to purchase, so 1 Sanuicl Emcrv. 2/6 IIISTUKV OF NEW HAMPSHIKE. [1765 prevalent was a feeling of distrust and uncertainty. Every one knew that the first charter had actually been forfeited, and that points had been carried by the dint of bulldozing and fraud ; and yet there was no redress, inasmuch as the courts had decided against them. By far the greater number of citizens remained upon their farms and awaited the issue ; and when the claims of the Concord proprietors were fully established and acknowl- edged, finding they must yield to the inevitable, they pur- chased their farms over again. At length the excitement and disturbance subsided, and by an Act of the Legislature the name of Concord was resumed, and retained until 1824, when it was changed to Lisbon. The first settlers of tlie town were Samuel Martin, Ebenezer Richardson, William Belknap, and Samuel Sherman; then followed the Youngs, the most influential family through a considerable period ; afterwards came these, being the surnames, — Dexter, Darley, Judd, Parker, Aldrich, Jesseman, Bishop, Harris. Howland. Northey, Hildreth, Jewett, Colby, Q^iimby, Streeter. Spooner, Oakes, Priest, Noyes, Jameson, Taylor, Haines, Applebee, Morse. Bailev. Ash, Whitcomb. Smith, Page, Wells, Knapp, Kinneston, Burt, Ka\ . Emery, Cushman, Moris, Kelsea, Gurnsey, Mclntire, Cooley, Whiting, Bar- rett, Clark, Walker, Palmer, Robins, Cole, Eastman, Whipple, Cobleigh, Kimball, Savage, Gould, and Ela. — besides individuals and other families. perhaps equally earl3', but not so numerous. ^ Gilsum originally included the larger part of both .Sullivan and Surry, and was first granted in 1752, under the name of Boyle. It was regranted in 1763, and received its present unique name from a combination of the names of two of its lead- ing proprietors, Colonel Samuel Gilbert and his son-in-law. Rev. Clement Sumner. Its earliest settlers were from Connecticut, largely from Hebron, Bolton, and Glastonbury. The promi- nent family names of the first few years were Kilburn, Dewey, Wilcox, Adams, Pease, Hurd, Bliss, and Bill, of which only Hurd and 15111 now remain. Gilsum had no Tories in the Revolution, and has always fur- nished her full quota of men when called to defend the liberties of the people or the nation's honor. Twenty names are credited to Gilsum on the Revolutionary rolls of the State, while the * Syivanus Hayward. ijC'Sl Kov.\r. PROVINCE. 277 whole number of men between sixteen and fifty, in 1777, was only thirty-nine. Seven Gilsiim men served in the war of 18 12, and seven more volunteered, but were not called for. In the war of the Rebellion, Gilsum furnished seventy-one men, twenty-nine of whom were lier own citizens. A Congregational church was organized here in 1772, but no minister was secured till 1794, when Rev. Elisha Fish was set- tled by the tozvn, and remained till his death in 1807. Opposi- tion to the old system of supporting preaching by public taxa- tion was very early developed, and after Mr. Fish's death no minister was settled by the town. The only church in Gilsum at the present time is the original one above mentioned, now passing its one hundred and ninth year, with about forty resi- dent members. A Methodist church, of considerable numbers and activity, flourished here for some years, but is now dis- banded. A Christian church was established here about sixty years since, and numbered many converts, now mostly dispersed to other churches. A feeble Baptist church was removed here from Sullivan, but survived only a few years. A branch of the Mormon church was organized in town in 1S41, numbering nearly fifty resident members. Some perished on their way to Utah, and some are now residents of that Territory. A grist mill and saw-mill was built in 1776. In 1813 Luther Whitney built a clothing mill on the brook near his father's house. Seven years later he removed to the village. In 1832 the manufacture of cloth was first undertaken by David Brig- ham and H. G. Howe. Since then woollen manufactures in va- rious forms have been the most important industry of the place. Though Gilsum has sent out almost no men of national reputa- tion, yet many useful men, and men of considerable local dis- tinction, are identified with Gilsum history. ^ Lancaster was incorporated on the 5th of July, 1763, and owes its early settlement, like many other events in the world, to passion. David Page, Esq., grand uncle of Governor Page, dissatisfied with the division of the rights in Haverhill, and having been advised of the extent and fertility of our ■ Joliu W. Weeks. 278 IllSTOKY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [ ' /^S "meadows" by some of the survivors of that party of Rogers' Rangers, who, after the destruction of the village of St. Fran- cois, reached and passed down the waters of the Connecticut, being a man of great resolution, resolved to penetrate at once to the Upper Coos. With this view, in the autumn of 1763, he sent his son, David Page, Jr., and Emmons Stockwell, to build a camp, and winter in Lancaster. In the year 1764, David Page, Esq. ( called by the settlers Governor Page), with his large family, "moved" to I^ancaster, followed by several young men, eager to improve, or rather make, their fortune. The best tracts of land were immediately occupied, and were so pro- ductive that for many years manure was considered unnecessary, and was actually thrown over banks and into hollows, where it would be most out of the way. At this period there was no settlement between Haverhill and Lancaster, and but few north of Number Four, now Charlestown. There being no roads, the settlers suffered inconceivable hardships in transporting their necessaries, few as they were, being obliged to navigate their log canoes up and down the "fifteen mile falls," now known to be twenty miles in length, with a descent of more than three hundred feet ; and in winter to pass the same dangerous rapids in sleighs and with ox-teams, frequently falling through the ice, and sometimes never rising above it. . High water to descend, and low water to ascend, were thought the most favorable times. The first town meeting was held on the i ith of March, 1769. The first mill was operated by horse power, but so illy con- structed, that it was little better than the large mortar and pestle attached to a pole, which was used by many. A " water mill" was erected, and soon after burnt; another and another met the same fate. These disasters, with the Revolutionary war, reduced the settlers to extreme distress. Newcomb Blodgett and some others being captured by the Indians and carried to Canada, led to the determination of abandoning the country ; and for this purpose the settlers collected at the house of Emmons Stockwell. whose resolution never forsook him, even for a moment. " Mv family," said he, "and I shan't go." This WARREN, N H. IjC'Sl ROVAI. l'KO\IN-CE. 279 remark changed the oi)inion of several families, who remained, yet with but very few accessions to the end of the great and glorious struggle. On the 7th of January, 1776, Joseph Whipple was chosen to represent the towns of Lancaster, Northumberland, Dartmouth ( now Jefferson ), Apthorp (merged in other towns ) and Strat- ford. V^oted to give their representatives "instructions from time to time." At a subsequent meeting, Joseph Whipple was again elected to the same office, — a vote of thanks passed for his past services, and a committee of five was chosen to give him instructions for the future. Thus was the right of instruc- tion established to govern the first representative. Near and soon after the close of the war, several families, who had lost much of tlieir property during the conflict, migrated to Lan- caster. Major Jonas Wilder, with a large and highly respectable family, was of the number. He built a "grist and sawmill." In May, 1787, Captain John Weeks, for a like reason, came to this town. At the March meeting in 1789, twenty votes were cast for State officers ; and even this small number were divided by important political considerations; twelve friends to popular rights however prevailed. In the year 1763 charters were granted with a lavish hand. Poplin, or Fremont, Alstead, Candia, New Boston, Warren, Haverhill, Woodstock, Lancaster, Gilsum, Plymouth, Cornish, and Croydon were incorporated. Claremont, Weare, Benton, Lincoln, Franconia, Piermont, Lyndeborough, Raymond, Newington and Unity were incorjior- ated in 1764. Claremont was chartered by (ieorge HI., October 26, 1764. Josiah Willard, Samuel Ashley and si.xty-eight others were the grantees. It recei\'ed its name from the country-seat of Lord Clive, an English general. The first settlement was made in 1762 by Moses Spafford and David Lynde. In 1763 and 1766 several other inhabitants arrived. In 1767 a considerable num- ber of proprietors and others from the towns of Farmington, Hebron and Colchester, in Connecticut, made settlements in different parts of the town. The first native of Claremont was 280 HISTORY OF NKW HA.Ml'.->in KE. ['7*^5 l<;iijah, son ot Moses Spafford, who was born in 1763. Aniong^ the early inhabitants to whose enterprise the town was essen- tially indebted for its prosperity, may be mentioned Samuel Cole, Esq., who graduated at Yale College in 1731, and was for many years very useful as an instructor of youth. He died at an advanced age. Dr. William Sumner, a native of Boston, who came to this place in 1768 from Hebron, Connecticut, was a resident several years in Claremont, where he died in March> 1778. Colonel Benjamin Sumner, who was many years a civil magistrate, died in May, 181 5, aged seventy-eight. Colonel Jo- seph Waite, who was engaged in the French and Indian war, was captain of one of Rogers' companies of Rangers, and com- manded a regiment in the Revolutionary war, died in October, 1776. Captain Joseph Taylor, who was engaged in the Cape Breton, the French, and the Revolutionary wars, who was, with one Farwell, taken prisoner by the Indians in the summer of 1755, carried to Canad.a and soUl to the French, returned to Claremont, and died in March, 1813, at the age of eighty-four. Hon. Samuel Ashle\' moved to this town in 1782. He was in the wars of 1745 and 1755. He sustained several civil offices, and was judge of the Court of Common Pleas. He died i'n February, 1 792. At the outbreak of the Revolution the town was tlivided between the Whigs and Tories, the Loyalists being in a min- ority. No overt acts on their part having been undertaken, they lived at peace with their neighbors throughout the war, although under the watch of a self-appointed Committee of Safety from among the citizens of Claremont and adjoining towns. The early inhabitants were about equally divided in their attachment to Episcopacy and Congregational principles. The churches of these denominations may be considered as coeval. At a town meeting held at the house of Thomas Jones, May 9, 1 77 1, it was decided to settle in town a minister of the Gospel. A committee of three was chosen and instructed to apply to Mr. Elijah Parsons to come and preach as a candidate; "but if he fails, to apply to Dr. Wheelock (president of Dartmouth 1765] KOVAI. PKO\'lNCi:. 281 College) for advice who to apply to in his room." The first minister settled by the Congregational society was Rev. George Wheaton, who was ordained Feb. 19, 1772. The first minister of the Episcopal society was Rev. Ranna Cossit, who sailed for England for holy orders in December, 1772. He was ordained by the Bishop of London, but was succeeded in 1775 by Rev. Daniel Barber, who continued in the ministry there until 1818. The first services were held in the " South School-house," the meeting-house of that day, which stood on Jarvis hill, in the west part of the town. It was a frame building covered with rough boards, furnished with rude benches for seats, and having •only the ground for a floor. The first meeting-house was built in 1 79 1, on the road from Claremont village to the Junction, near the Draper place. It was subsequently enlarged and was •occupied by the society until 1836, soon after which it was moved to the village ; it is now a part of the town-house. Raymond, Conway, Concord, Centre Harbor, Dunbarton, Hopkinton, Stark, Lee, and Deerfield were incorporated in 1765. Acworth, Bridgewater, Burton, Eaton, Albany, and Farns- worth were incorporated in i 766. ■■ The town of Wentworth was chartered by Gov. Benning Went worth in 1766. There were originally sixty grantees or proprietors, mostly residing in the towns of Kingston, East Kingston, Hawke (now Danville), and South Hampton, which •originally included what is now Seabrook, and Salisbury, Mass. The charter is in the usual form of the charters of those days. " In the name of George the Third, by the Grace of God, of Great Britain, France and Ireland, King, Defender of the Faith," etc. A tract of land six miles square was granted, containing 23,040 acres, "out of which an allowance is to be made for high- ways and unimprovable lands, by rocks, ponds, mountains, and rivers, 1,040 acres." The land was to be divided into sixty-six equal shares, and was bounded on the north by Warren, east by Rumney, south by Dorchester, and west by Orford — and to be I Hon. J. E. Sargent. 282 HISTORY OK NKW II A M J'SIl IKE. ['7^5 known as the town of Wentworth ; and its inhabitants were de- clared to be enfranchised with and entitled to all the privi- leges and immunities which other towns exercise and enjoy. When the town should consist of fifty families resident therein, they were to have the liberty of holding two fains therein annu- ally, and that a market may be opened and kept open one or more days in each week. Provision is made for the calling of the first meeting of the proprietors, and the annual meetings thereafter. " To have and to hold " said granted premises upon the following conditions : Every grantee shall plant and culti- vate five acres of land within five years, for every fifty acres contained in his or their shares or proportions, in said township, on penalty of forfeiture, etc. All white pine trees in said town- ship, " fit for masting our Royal Navy," to be preserved and not to be cut without permission ; upon the division of the lands, a tract of land as near the centre of the town as may be, to be marked off as town lots of the contents of one acre, one of which lots shall be assigned to each proprietor. The rent to be paid for the same is one ear of English corn per annum ; and in 1777, on the 2Sth day of December, one shilling procla- mation money for every hundred acres of land owned by him, was to be paid by every proprietor and owner to the King, and in the same ratio for a larger or smaller tract, which was to be in full of all future rents and services. Dated November i, 1766. There was a reservation of five hundred acres in the north- west corner of the plan of tJie town, marked " B. W. " and known as the Governor's reservation. This charter was granted to John Paige, Esq., and fiftv-nine others. There were five sons of said John Paige, Esq., who were, with him, grantees and proprietors of the town, namely, Samuel, Moses, John, Ephraim, and Enoch. They all lived in Salisbury, Mass., and so far as we know only two of them ever came to Wentworth. The two younger sons, Ephraim and Enoch, afterwards settled in Wentworth and died there. Proba- bly but few of those original proprietors ever saw any part of the township thus granted to them. We cannot learn that any 1765] K()\.\I, ]'KOVINCE. 283 Others of the whole sixty original proprietors ever settled ia Wentworth, except Ephraim and Enoch Paige. John Paige, Esq., the first grantee, was the son of one Onesi- phorus Paige of Salisbury, Mass., and was born February 21, 1696. He married Mary Winsley, of said Salisbury, April 16, 1 720. They had five sons and several daughters, none of whom, so far as we know, ever came to Wentworth, except the two youngest sons as before nientionetl. But they were not among the first settlers of the town. During the year 1770 the first settlement was made in town by David Maxfield, Abel Davis, and Ephraim Lund, and in the order above named, though all in the same season. David Max- well settled on the White farm, as it was formerly called, on the intervale since occupied by Richard Pillsbury and Colonel Joseph Savage. He lived in town about two years. Abel Davis cleared a small piece of land and built a log house on the Jonathan Eames place, so-called, and since occupied by Daniel Eames,. and now by Amos Rollins. This house was west of the pres- ent buildings toward the river. He remained in town but a short time, removing to Vermont. His daughter, Mary Davis, after- ward came into town and livetl with Enoch Paige's family, and became the second wife of Ebenezer Gove, one of the early settlers, about 1780. Ephraim Lund erected a log house on the east side of the river, near where the red school-house now stands in District No. i. He resided in town for five or six years, and then removed to Warren, where he afterward lived and died at an advanced age. Ephraim Paige, son of John Paige, Esq., and Mary Paige, of Salisbury, Mass., was born at said Salisbury, March 16, 1731. He married Hannah Currier there, and had ten children born in Salisbury, and then in the summer of 1773 he moved his family to Wentworth, where he had three more children, mak- ing thirteen in all — ten daughters and three sons. John Paige, the eldest son, was born at Salisbury in 1769. Samuel, the sec- ond son, was born in Wentworth in October, 1773, and is said to have been the first male child born in the town of Went- worth. His third son. Currier Paige, was born in Wentworth, 2S4 IIISTOKV Ol" N'l.W ilAMr'SIIIKK. [l/SS March 29, 1781, and was the youngest of the family. Epliraim first settled in a log house on the lower end of the intervale, suice owned by James K. Paige, and afterward occupied as a town farm, near the brook. The road that then passed up the west side of the river went east of the village, round the hill and back of it, to the intervale above. Salisbury was incorporated in 1767. 1 In the political canvass in our State which closed with the March election, 1858, it was publicly stated by some of the speakers that Judge Webster, the father of Hon. Daniel Web- ster, could neither read nor write. There is sufficient evidence in Franklin and Salisbury to satisfy the most sceptical that he could not only read and write, spell and cipher, but he knew how to lend the means to found a State. Daniel Webster, in his autobiography, gives a brief but too modest outline of the life of his father. His acts and works gave him deserved in- fluence and fame in the region of his home. Ebenezer Webster was born in Kingston, in 1739. He resided many years with Major Ebenezer Stevens, an influential citizen of that town, and one of the .first proprietors of Salisbury. Salisbury was granted in 1749, and first named Stevenstown, in honor of Major Stevens. It was incorporated as Salisbury, 1767. Judge Webster settled in Stevenstown as early as 1761.- Pre- vious to this time he had served as a soldier in the French war, and once afterwards. He was married to Mehitable Smith, his first wife, in 1761. His first two children died while young. His third child was Susannah, who married John Colby, and recently died in P'ranklin. He had also, by his first wife, two sons — David, v/ho died some years since at Stanstead ; and Joseph, who died in Salisbury. His first wife died in 1774. Judge Webster again married — Abigail Eastman, in 1774. By his last wife he had five children, viz.: Mehitable, Abigail (who married Wm. Hadduck); Ezekiel, born March 11, 1780; Dan- iel, born January 18, 1782, and Sarah, born in May, 1784, and, ' Hon. George W. Nesmith. - When Judge Webster first settled in Stevenstown, he was called Ebenezer Webster, Jr. In 1694, Kingston was granted to James Prescott and Ebenezer Webster and others, of Hampton. He descended from this ancestry. 1765] ROVAI, PRO\'INCE. 285 with his last wife and many of his children, now lies buried in the graveyard originally taken from the Elms farm. For the first seven years of his life, after he settled on the farm now occupied by John Taylor, in Franklin, he lived in a log cabin, located in the orchard west of the highway, and near Punch Brook. Then he was able to erect a house of one story, of about the same figure and size as that now occupied by William Cross, near said premises. It was in this house that Daniel Webster was born. In 1784 Judge Webster removed to the tavern house, near his intervale farm, and occupied that until 1800, when he exchanged his tavern house with William Had- duck for that where he died. In 1 761 Captain John Webster, Eliphalet Gale, and Judge Webster erected the first saw-mill in Stevenstown, on Punch Brook, on his homestead near his cabin. In June, 1764, Matthew Pettengill, Stephen Call, and Eben- ezer Webster were the sole highway surveyors of Stevenstown. In 1765 the proprietors voted to give Ebenezer Webster and Benjamin Sanborn two hundred acres of common land, in con- sideration that they furnish a privilege for a grist mill, erect a mill and keep it in repair for fifteen years, for the purpose of grinding the town's corn. In 1768 Judge Webster was first chosen moderator of a town- meeting in Salisbury, and he was elected forty-three times after- wards, at different town meetings in Salisbury, serving in March, 1803, for the last time. In 1769 he was first elected selectman, and held that office for the years 1771, '7-. '74. '76, '80, '85, '86 and 1788 ; resigned it, however, in September, 1776, and performed a six months' service in the army. In 1771, 1772, and 1773, he was elected and served in the ofi[ice of town clerk. In 1778 and '80, he was elected represen- tative of the classed towns of Salisbury and Boscawen ; also, for Salisbury, 1790 and '91. He was elected senator for the years 1785, '86, '88, and '90; Hillsborough county electing two senators at this time, and Matthew Thornton and Robert Wal- lace of Henniker served as colleagues, each for two of said 286 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [1/65 years. He was in the senate in 1786, at Exeter, when the insurgents surrounded the house. His proclamation then was, "I command you to disperse." In March, 1778, the town chose Captain Ebenezer Webster and Captain Matthew Pettengill as delegates to a convention to be held at Concord, Wednesday, June 10, "for the sole purpose of forming a permanent plan of government for the future well being of the good people of this State." In 1788, January 16, Colonel Webster was elected delegate to the convention at Exeter, for the purpose of considering the proposed United States Constitution. A committee was also chosen by the town to examine said constitution and advise with said delegate. This committee was composed of Joseph Bean, Esq., Jonathan Fifield, Esq., Jonathan Cram, Capt. Wilder, Dea. John Collins, Edward Eastman, John C. Gale, Capt. Robert Smith, Leonard Judkins, Dea. Jacob True, Lieut. Bean, Lieut. Severance, and John Smith. At the first meeting of the convention in February, Colonel Wfebster opposed the constitution under instructions from his town. A majority of the convention was found to be opposed to the adoption of the constitution. The convention adjourned to Concord, to meet in the succeeding month of June. In the mean- time Colonel Webster conferred with his constituents, advised with the committee on the subject, asked the privilege of sup- porting the constitution, and he was instructed to vote as he might think proper. His speech, made on this occasion, has been printed. It did great credit to the head and heart of the author : "Mr. President: I have listened to the arguments for and against the constitution. I am convinced such a government as that constitution will establish, if adopted, — a government acting directly on the people of the States, — is necessary for the com- mon defence and the general welfare. It is the only govern- ment which will enable us to pay off the national debt, — the debt which we owe for the Revolution, and which we are bound in honor fully and fairly to discharge. Beside, I have followed the lead of Washington through seven years of war, and I have 1767] KOYAL TKOVINCE. 287 never been misled. His name is subscribed to this constitution, lie will not mislead us now. I shall vote for its adoption." The constitution was finally adopted in the convention by a vote of 57 yeas, 47 nays. Colonel Webster gave his support to the constitution. He was one of the electors for President when Washington was first chosen to that office. In the spring of 1791, Colonel Webster was appointed judge for the Court of Common Pleas for the county of Hillsborough. This office he held at the time of his death in April, 1806. He was one of the magistrates, or justice of the peace, for Hills- borough county for more than thirty-five years prior to his decease. Atkinson, Chatham, Campton, and Rumney were incorpo- rated in 1767; Seabrook, Meredith, Lisbon, Henniker, Sand- wich, Rindge, and Mason were incorporated in 1768. Brookline, Surry, and Temple were incorporated in 1769; Sanbornton and Wolfeborough were incorporated in 1770. Milan was granted in December, 1771, as Paulsborough, in honor of Paul Wentworth. Berlin was granted in December, 1771, as Maynesborough, in honor of Sir William Mayne of Barbadoes. The town of Hillsborough was incorporated in November, 1772, there being at that time twenty-two men who were free- holders. ^ In 1 741, contemporary with the running of the boundary line which separated the province of New Hampshire from that of Massachusetts, a company was formed in Boston, who travelled thence through the forests to Hillsborough, and pitched their tents in its wilderness. This territory had been formerly granted to Colonel John Hill. The little settlement was called Hillborough in honor of Colonel Hill; the leading men were Samuel Gibson, James Lyon, Robert McClure, and James Mc- CoUey, — the two latter being natives of the north of Ireland. There was in the little colony a commingling of Puritanism and Presbyterianism, concentrating in a strong religious feeling. 1 Fmnk H. Tierce. 288 Hl:?TOKV OF NEW IlAMrSIIIKE. [1772 In proof of this sentiment, among the earliest labors of the settlers was the erection of a meeting house and a parsonage. Land was assigned for a grave-yard, in which several members of the colony were buried. There remains to-day no vestige of this solitary cemetery. The wife of McColley was the only female in the settlement, and remained exiled from her sister- hood for more than a year. Her husband built the first dwelling — a log hut — -near the Bridge, where the first child born in the settlement saw the light. Lieut. John McColley subsequently entered the Royal service and fought against the French and Indians. Afterwards he was in the war of the Revolution, in the militia corps which New Hampshire sent against Gen. Burgoyne. Hewasaman of exemplary character, and died in 1834, at the age of 92. 1772] KOVAL PKOVINXE. J89 Some five months after the birtli nf l.icut. McColley's child a daughter was born to Samuel Gibson, who was named I^llizabeth. In 1744 the Cape Breton war broke out between the English and French and Northwestern Indians. This war carried death and destruction wherever it was prosecuted. The Indian raids upon many of the early settlements, and the slaughter and destruction of the dwellers therein, are matters of tragic his- tory, in which Hillborough shared. In 1746 the menaces of the Indians were so threatening that the feeble colony of seven or eight families in Hillsborough, on hasty consultation, agreed to abandon their homes and seek safety in Massachusetts. They hid away their agricultural im- plements, loaded their cattle with what household property and provisions they could carry, buried the remainder of their port- able property, and set forth. It appears that the party made its way to Litchfield and there settled down. The population of Hillsborough slowly increased until 1775, when the settlement contained forty families. At this time the war with England broke out, and elicited a common resis- tance against the wrongs sought to be inflicted by the govern- ment of the mother country on her North American colonists. No locality manifested more patriotic ardor or devotion to the interests of liberty than the people of this town. They armed and equipped themselves for local protection and national resistance. No patriotic sacrifice within their power was withheld — they offered their all that the rights of the people should be asserted. The town assessed itself in nine thousand seven hundred pounds to purchase provisions for the American Army, and more than thirty stalwart men from the forty fami- lies gave their personal service in the war that ensued, and fought in Stark's regiment at Bunker Hill, where their brave commander. Captain Isaac Baldwin, fell mortally wounded. In royal Rockingham, in southeastern New Hampshire, lies the territory incorporated under the name of Northwood, a day's journey from the fair old town of Portsmouth. Settlement was begun on Northwood soil by emigrants from North Hamilton. 290 lus'i'oia' oi'' Ni.w HAMPsuiKK. [1773 Their names wtre John and Increase Batchelder, and Moses Godfrey. This was in the year 1763. Then Northwood was a dependency of Nottingham. After them the Johnsons, the Hoyts, and the Knowltons came. These men felled the forests and subdued the rocky soil ; and these laid the foundation of the future township. In the year 1773, ten years later than the first settlement, it was erected into an independent borough, electing Samuel John- son, Joseph Demeritt, and Benjamin Hill as selectmen. Jona- than Jenness was first justice of the peace. The first postmaster was John Furber. Religiously, the early jiioneers were Baptists. In the year 1772, a church was built, the third of that denomination in the State. This edifice was rebuilt in 1816. A bell was added in 1878. Recently was witnessed the completion, free from debt, of a commodious parsonage. The society has had twelve pas- tois, — Edmund Pillsbury having been the first. The Congregationalists erected a meeting-house here in 1780. 'i'his was rebuUt in 1840. A call was extended to Rev. Josiali Prentice of Alstead, who sustained the charge forty-three years. This society has had six pastors. The rise of the Free Baptist church in Nortiiwood was due to the evangelical labors of Rev. D. P. Cilley, though David Marks had preached here a few times before him. Cilley labored here in 1833. Then the society was organized, which held its meetings at the mountain school-house. Not until six years later, or in 1838, was their house of worship completed. ^General James Reed, one of the original proprietors of Mon- adnock Number Four, now Fitzwilliam, was a native of Woburn, Massachusetts, where he was born in the year 1724. He was a descendant, in the fifth generation, of William and Mabel Reed, who sailed from London in July, 1635. His military life commenced in 1755, when he served in the campaign against the French and Indians, commanding a company of provincial troops under Colonel Brown. In the same capacity he servetl with (icneral Abercrombie in 1758, at ' .\. J. l!ldke. 1774] KOVAl. I'KOVINCE. 29I Ticonderoga ; and with General Amherst in 1759. He was employed in various public services until the peace of 1763. In the year 1765 he settled in Fitzwilliam, and in 1770 he received the commission of lieutenant-colonel. The lapse of time has hidden from view the detailed account of his services in these campaigns ; but his early selection by his countrymen for the command of a regiment at the beginning of the Revo- lution indicates that his military career was creditable to himself and valuable to his country. It was in this severe school that he, like many of the officers of the Revolution, acquired that military skill which gave strength and efficiency to the Conti- nental army. On the 19th of May, 1773, Colonel Reed, with several others, received a grant of Fitzwilliam, or Monadnock Number Four, from John Wentworth, the Provincial Governor of New Hampshire. In 1770, he settled with his family about a mile northwesterly of the centre village in Fitzwilliam, where he erected a large and commodious house. Being the owner of a considerable portion of the area of the town, he was actively employed in promoting its settlement, and for those times was considered wealthy ; and the first school in Fitzwilliam was taught in his house by Miss Sarah Harris, at the age of seventeen. His name appears upon the records as the leading spirit of the town. He was proprietors' clerk and moderator of the town meetings for several years after its incorporation. In April, 1774, the town of Portsmouth 1 instructed their repre- sentatives to use their influence in the General Assembly, to join with the other colonies in every constitutional method to oppose the claim of Parliament to tax the American colonies without their consent, and to keep up a continual correspon- dence with them for that purpose ; to abolish the Court of Ap- peals, and also to employ their efforts that the justices of the courts of law should hold their offices during good behavior, and not at the will of the crown ; that adequate salaries should be granted to the justices of the superior court ; that they strenu- ously oppose any salaries being granted to either of the justices ' Annals of Portsmouth. 292 HISTORY OK NEW HAMPSHIRE. ['774 of the courts of law independent of this government ; that they should take the opinion of the judges and some lawyersasto the operation of any law of consequence which they are about to pass ; that good roads be made into the interior part of the prov- ince ; that laws be passed to prohibit the importation of slaves ; that secure places be provided for the records of the several offices ; that the fees in all public offices be established by law; that enquiry be made concerning the application of all money granted for the use of the government, especially the powder money ; that the representatives be chosen annually, and that their doors should be open to all who choose to hear their de- bates. On the 25th of June twenty-seven chests of tea, subject to the duty, were landed and stored in the custom house before the inhabitants had knowledge of it. A town meeting was held on the 27th, which appointed a guard to keep the tea secure and to prevent insults being offered to any individual on account of it. Upon consultation with Edward Parry, Esq., the con- signee, it was agreed that he should re-ship the tea, and a com- mittee was chosen to see this agreement executed. The tea hav- ing been entered, the consignee paid the duty upon it openly, which was necessary before it could be re-shipped. The gover- nor used every precaution to preserve the peace of the town, and everything remained quiet. The tea was re-shipped and sent to Halifa.x. A committee of inspection was appointed to examine and find out if any tea should be imported, and upon the discovery of any, to give the earliest notice thereof to the town. Deputies were chosen at Portsmouth, July 1 5, to meet the deputies from the other towns in the province, to elect a dele- gate to the General Congress, which was to meet at Philadelphia September i. The inhabitants entered into an agreement in writing, which was generall}' signed, by which they pledged their faith and honor that they would not import, sell, purchase, or consume any kinds of East India teas, nor suffer the same to be used or con- sumed in their respective families, until the duties should be taken off. 1/74] KdlAI. I'KOVINCE. 293 In September the ship Fox, commanded by Captain Zacha- riah Norman, arrived at Portsmouth, having on board thirty chests of tea consigned to Edward Parry, which caused some disturbance in the town ; the populace broke the windows of tlie consignee, and he applied to the governor for protection. The governor convened the council, and required the aid of the magistrates and other civil officers to sup]5ress the riot, which was soon effected. The town assembled the next day, and Edward Parry, Esq., being present, publicly declared that he would not accept the consignment of said tea, nor have anything to do with it ; and Captain Norman promised that he would at his own expense re-ship said tea and send it to Halifax. A committee was ap- pointed to guard the tea and see it sent off, who reported that it was shipped on board another vessel, and that they saw the vessel with the tea on board outside of Fort Point. On the loth of October, the town "voted to give two hun- dred pounds for the relief of the industrious poor of the towns of Boston and Charlestown, under the oppression they now suffer from the port of Boston being blocked up by an Act of the British Parliment." A very numerous committee was chosen to keep up the good order and quiet in the town, and to examine into every matter that may appear unfriendly to the interests of the community. Governor Wentworth retained his popularity as extensively as possible for a person of his situation, which was extremely critical — for he was placed between two contending parties, of opposite interests, and it could not be expected that he would please both. His wishes were to preserve the union of the two countries. He was attached to his government, and was de- sirous of promoting its welfare as far as he could consistently with his duty to the King, which he considered paramount to all other obligations. A circumstance took place which lessened him in the estimation of the people. The troops at Boston were destitute of barracks, and the carpenters there refused assistance in building them. General Gage applied to Went- worth to procure workmen, and he secretly employed an agent -94 IIISTOKV OI' M:\\ HAMISIIIRE. [1774 to hire carpenters to construct the barracks. As soon as it was known, his conduct was severely censured, and the Committee GOVERNOR WENTWORTH HOUSE, PORTSMOUTH." «f Safety, of which his uncle, Hunking Wentworth, Esq., was chairman, declared that the person guilty of such conduct was 'The family portraits of the Wentworths. by Copley and his master, Blackburn, and other vain, able historical mementos of colonial days and royal stat., are still preserved in the Mansion. In the house was born, July 14, iSio, Edward Henry Durell, who became a distinguished lawyer in New Orleans and a Judge of the United States court for the district of Louisiana — a man eiuinent fo-- Wis learning and ability. 1774 1 Ki>\.\[ rKoviiNX'E. 295 " an enemy to the community." I'"rom this time his influence declined, and he retained only the shadow of authority. The real power was transferred to the Committee of Safety, and their orders were implicitly obeyed. Hon. Hunking Wentworth, who was the uncle of the gover- nor, was the efficient chairman of the Portsmouth Committee of Safety as long as his health and age would admit. He died in Portsmouth, Sept. 21, 1784. The proceedings of the General Congress were published in e\ei \- part of the country, and received with approbation. They made a declaration of their rights, stated their grievances, and entered into an association suspending all commercial inter- course with Great Britain, Ireland, and the West Indies. When these proceedings were laid before this town, they voted unani- niousl)-, "That they did cordially accede to the just state of the rights and grievances of the British colonies, and of the measures adopted and recommended by the American Conti- nental Congress, for the restoration and establishment of the former, and for the redress of the latter." They voted, "That the association, strictly adhered to, would in their opinion prove the most peaceable and successful method for the removal of the distresses these colonies are laboring under, and the restor- ation of their violated rights ; therefi re they cheerfully adopted, and would punctually and religiously execute the same, as far as in them lies." A committee of twenty-five persons was chosen "to observe the conduct of all persons, touching the association, that every person within the limits of their appoint- ment conform to the same ; and if any should be hardy enough to violate it, in such case the majority of the committee shall forthwith cause the truth of the case to be ]5ublished in tlie Gazette, according to the recommendation of Congress." And "lest some, for sordid gain, should be tempted to violate the association, they recommended a non-consumption as the best guard against any infraction of the non-importation agreement." Thfey bore " testimony against every species of gambling, and recommended industry and frugality to the inhabitants." Amongst other systems of economy which were adopted, the 2()6 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. ["774 regulation of funerals was one of the most important. They were usually attended with great expense, often beyond the ability of the survivors of the family to meet. All the connec- tions were obliged to dress in a full suit of mourning ; cnam- I774j KOVAL i'KOVlNCE. 297 elled rings were distributed to the near relatives; gloves and rings were given to the pall-bearers and to the clergyman who officiated at the grave. In many instances escutcheons with the family armorial bearings painted on silk were laid on the coffin, placed over the door, and sent to the particular friends of the deceased. By general consent these expenses were dis- pensed with, and instead of them gentlemen wore black crape round the left arm, and ladies black ribbons, as badges of mourning. The corporation of Harvard College made choice of Rev. Doctor Langdon as president of that institution. After due consideration, and by advice of his friends, he accepted the appointment. His parish was strongly attached to him, and consented to the separation very reluctantly. The connection between them was dissolved October 9th, 1774. He was born in Boston in 1722, of respectable parents, was graduated at Harvard College in 1740, with a high reputation as a scholar. He came to Portsmouth soon after, and had the charge of the grammar school. In 174s he was appointed chaplain of Colonel Meserve's regiment, and was present at the capture of Louisburg. Aftei his return, he was invited to preach at the North parish, as assistant to Mr. Fitch, whom he succeeded in the ministr\- in the year 1747. He protracted a map of New Hamjjshire, in company with Colonel Blanchard, which they published in 1 761, and inscribed it to the Honorable Charles Townseiid, Sec- retary at War. In return for this compliment, the Secretary obtained for Mr. Langdon a degree of Doctor in Divinity from the University of Aberdeen in Scotland. On the formation of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in Massachusetts he became a member. Doctor Langdon's publications are numerous. He resigned his office in 1780, and the following January was installed over the church at Hampton Falls, where he spent the residue of his days in usefulness and peace, a blessing to the people of his charge, and happy in the enjoyment of their affection and respect. 29i^ HISTORY OF NEW H A .M PSIIIKI;. ['774 An order had been passed by the King in council, prohibit- ing the exportation ef gunpowder and military stores to Amer- ica. The Committee of Safety received a copy of it by express from Boston, the 13th of December. They collected a com- pany with great secrecy and dispatch, who went to Fort William and Mary at New Castle, under the direction of Major John Sullivan and Captain John Langdon, confiued the cap- tain of the fort and his five men, and brought off one hundred barrels of gunpowder. The next day another company brought off fifteen of the lightest cannon, all the small arms, and some warlike stores. On the 13th December, 1774, Paul Revere took \\\s first public ride. While it may not have been of so far reaching impor- tance as his later one, it richly deserves a place in history. It happened in this manner. The Boston Committee of Safety had just heard of the British order that no military stores should be exported to America. They accordingly sent Paul Revere on a fleet horse to Portsmouth, to apprise the similar committee there of the news and probably to urge them to secure the powder which was in Fort William and Mary in the harbor, as reinforcements were expected shortly from England. The garrison consisted of only five men, and they had under their charge a hundred guns and a large quantity of powder and balls, the possession of which was deemed important to the patriot cause. John Sullivan was a member of the Provincial Congress that year, and had just arrived in Portsmouth from Philadelphia. War had not been declared, but there was no telling when the flames of dissension would burst forth. When the conflict did come there would be need of arms and ammunition. When the British troops arrived, — and they were momentarily expected, — the fort would be in their hands, and it would be too late to capture it. Sullivan proposed the immediate capture of the place, and offered to lead the men to the attack. A military force v/as accordingly summoned as secretly as possible from the neighborliood. Sullivan and John Langdon took the com- mand, and the march was commenced toward the Plnglish fort. It was a liazardoiis inuicrtaking. The sycophants of Went- 17741 KO\AI. I'ROVINCE. 2Cf) worth thronged the town, who would consider the capture of the patriots as a good passport to the governor's favor. Besides, there was danger from the fort. If the captain became aware of their design, he was sure to turn the guns upon them and destroy them. But no alarm was given, and in silence Sullivan and his little band approached the works. With a rush they gained the gate, captured the sentry, and before a challenge could be given had the captain and every man in the fort prisoners. The British flag was hauled down. The gunpowder, of which there was one hundred barrels in the fort, was immed- iately taken away and hid in the houses of the patriots. Sullivan concealed a portion of it under the pulpit of the Durham meet- ing-house. A large part of this plunder afterwards did good service at Bunker Hill. Next day fifteen of the lighter cannon and all of the small arms were carried away. The governor and his officers received no intelligence of the affair until it was too late to remedy it, and when the British troops arrived they found only a dismantled fortress. The affair, which in itself may appear to be of no great moment, assumes a different aspect when we consider the time at which it occurred. It was the first act of armed hostility committed against the crown of Great Britain by an American. ^ Holderness was granted in 1751. One of the original grantees was Hon. Samuel Livermore, one of the most dis- tinguished men of New Hampshire in the Revolutionary period. All of the Livermores in this country are supposed to be descendants from John Livermore, who settled in Water- town, Massachusetts, as early as 1642. Samuel Livermore was one of the great-grandsons of John Livermore. He was born May 14, 1732, at Waltham. At the age of twenty he graduated at Nassau Hall, Princeton, one of the most ancient and respec- table collegiate institutions in the country. Selecting law for his profession, he became a student under Hon. Edward Trow- bridge, and was admitted to practice at the supreme judicial court of Middlesex county, in 1756. The ne.\t year he removed to New Hampshire, established himself at Portsmouth, where ■ Fred Myron Colby. 300 HISTOKV OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [1/74 he soon became a distinguished member of the bar. He filled some of the most honorable and lucrative offices in the Province, and was for several years judge advocate of the Admiralty Court, and subsequently succeeded Wyseman Claggett as the king's iittorney-general of New Hampshire. In this position he became the most necessary adviser to John Wentworth in the troubles that were growing up between the colonists and the crown. From the first Mr. Livermore was found on the popular side, and doubtless it was on account of some embarrassment between himself and Governor Wentworth that he removed his home to Londonderry, then the second town of the Province in wealth and population. From 1768 to 1772 he represented that town in the General Assembly. He still continued to hold the office of attorney-general, thus showing that, though an op- ponent of the encroachments of viceregal power, his abilities were respected by the Wentworths. His circuit embraced not only all New Hampshire, but the counties of York and Cum- berland in Maine as well, extending as far as Portland. His earnings at this time could not have amounted to less than $5000 per annum, a large sum for the period. One of Livermore's ambitions was to be a great land owner. He was one of the original grantees of the township of Holder- ness, and by purchase gradually became the proprietor of nearly two-thirds of its territory. For Gov. Wentworth's right he paid $50, and for James Kelley's the sum of $88.88. In this way some ten or twelve thousand acres in Holderness, Campton and Plymouth came under liis ownership, and it was good land, too, — pasture, woodland and valley, whose yearly income brought more than one good pound into the proprietor's pocket. Incited perhaps by the example of Governor Wentworth, who in 1770 had built a splendid summer residence on the shores of Lake Winnipiseogee in Wolfeborough, and perhaps, too, desiring to be at a distance from the tempest that he saw gathering over the government at Portsmouth, Livermore sold his farm in Londonderry to John Prentice, a graduate of Harvard, who had studied law with liim, and afterwards was attorney-general of 1774] KOVAL I'KOVIN'CE. 3OI the State from 1787 to 1793, and betook himself with his family to liis wilderness home. This was in the year 1774. At that time there were but nme families in Holderness. William Piper had come there in 1763; the others, John Fox, John Sheppard, Bryant Sweeney, Samuel Eaton, Joseph Sin- clair, Andrew Smith, John Herron, and Nathaniel Thompson settled later. Several families followed the Livermores from Londonderry and vicinity. Among them was John Porter who became the first settled lawyer of Plymouth, but returned to Londonderry in 1806, which town he represented for eleven years. IVIrs. Porter was a very accomplished lady, and was Mrs. Livermore's most intimate friend. Mr. Livermore lived successively in two or three small build- ings before he built the large and handsome mansion in which he died, and which he erected during the last of the Revolution. During the first years of the struggle he took no prominent part. It was from no lukewarmness to the cause, however. Doubtless his high office that he had held under the crown and his well-known friendship to Governor Wentworth caused some of the patriot leaders to regard him with suspicion. These years he remained entirely aloof from public affairs, caring for his own affairs in Holderness. He had a grist mill at the mouth of Millbrook, and here he might have been seen any day in 1776 and 1777 dressed in a white suit, and tending the mill with his own hands. We find him soon after this a member of the State Assembly from Holderness. He had now a splendid opportunity to prove that he was no lukewarm adherent to the cause of the colonists. He threw the vifhole weight of his power and influence into the popular scale and became the con- trolling spirit of the assembly. Such men as Meshech Weare and Matthew Thornton, who knew his worth and his vast ability, embraced his cause. Li 1778 he was appointed attorney- general of the State, again superseding Wyseman Claggett, who had held the office for two preceding years. ^The just claims for services of some of the hardy rangers, among the original proprietors of Whitefield we find recognized I L. W. Dodge. 302 IIISTOKV OF NMiW liAMPSlI IKE. ['774 by Gov. Wentwoith. There were Captain Gerrish, and Lieut. VVaite, and Ensign White, and the Farringtons, all of Rogers's company. Then there were the Cloughs, five of them, all from Canterbury, and Imder Stark, and there was Colonel Jonathan Bailey, whose possessions were also increased in this region by purchases with Colonel Moses Little. This latter once owned nearly all of what was known as Apthorp, extending for fifteen miles or more along the Connecticut river, and embracing the present towns of Littleton and Dalton. The name of the terri- tory was changed from its first English title of "Chiswick," so named from the celebrated country seat of the duke of Devonshire, to Apthorp, in memory of a distinguished divine who came to this country in 1759, as a missionary of the Society for the Propa- gation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts. After its purchase by Colonel Little, who was then the Surveyor of the King's Woods in this section, it was divided, one part taking the name of Littleton, from its owner, and the other Dalton, from an old towsman of the colonel's, Hon. Tristram Dalton, who was also one of the original grantees. Colonel Little was a native of the old town of Newbury, Massachusetts, and was greatly distinguished throughout the war of the Revolution. The town of Whitefield, until July 4, 1774, formed a part of the ungranted lands, and lays claim to being the last town- ship granted within the State under ro)al favor, and b}' its last royal governor, John Wentworth. At that date it only ic- quired an organization and a name, for its metes and bounds were already established by surveys of surrounding townships ; therefore this was literally what was left, and they called it Whitefield when organized, from the celebrated Methodist divine of that name, who a few years previously in an itinerating tour in southern New Hampshire and in Massachusetts stirred the religious thoughts of the people into intense activity, so that, says a writer of the day, his name was a household word. His last sermon was at E.xeter, where, on his journey from Portsmouth to Boston, he had stopped bv the importunities of friends to preach one of his unique discourses. It was delivered in the open air, for the doors of the established churches were 1774] KOVAL I'KOVINCE. 3O5 closed against him, aiul only (lod's great temple was open, and for two long hours he interested the crowd which had flocked to see him and to hear his wonderful doctrines. Greatly fatigued he continued liis joiu'ney to Newburypoit, where, by appoint- ment, he was to preach the next ila\-, hut on the following morning he was seized with a return of a long-fought asthmatic trouble, and died suddenl)- at the home of his friend, Rev. John Parsons, September 30, 1770. It is doubtful if any of the early proprietors of Whitefield, save those who joined the first surveying party under Captain (ierrish, and those of the scouting rangers, ever set foot upon their pine-land possessions. Certain it is, none ever be- came actual settlers. Timothy Nash may have hunted there, and the Rev. Jeremy Belknap, New Hampshire's early his- torian, who was one of the Cutler exploring party, in 1784, at which time the name of Washington was first applied to the highest peak of the mountains, doubtless surveyed with his eye from afar off his gubernatorial donation of the ninety-fourth part of the township, but aside from these no one of the grantees of the town ever saw their Cohos estates. So it remained for Major John Burns, Colonel Joseph Kimball, John McMaster, and their followers, in the beginning of the present century, to develop the wild Whitefield tract, which the early organizers of the township, in their down-country meet- ings, had vainly tried to accomplish. Samuel Adams was chosen moderator at the first meeting of the proprietors of the town, after the close of the war, and the early records of the township bear his signature, in tiie same unmistakable characters that are shown upon that Record of Independent Declarations that made us a nation. Perhaps to the energies of Samuel Minot is due the revival of interest in the early settlement of Whitefield, after the disappearance of the original proprietors. He owned at one time, by vendue purchase, more than three fourths of the first granted rights of the township. His fatiier. Captain Jonas Minot, was the first proprietors' clerk. Colonel .Samuel Adams and Captain Robert Piaster were two 304 mSTOKV OK NEW HAMPSMIKE. [ > 774 of the chosen assessors, in those primitive days of the town ; and their duties as well as all the transactions relating to the unsettled location were conducted at a distance of one hundred and fifty miles from the place of interest ; the first meeting having been held at old Dunstable, which town and its divi- sions probably furnished more men for the famous Rogers Ran- gers than any other section. Also for the Powers expedition, which located and named the wild river along whose hill- shadowed valley we are traversing. For many years the early proprietors of Whitefield could hardly be content with their chartered boundaries, supposing by semi-authoritative descrip- tion that the western limit was along the summit of, or near to, the Apthorp range of hills ; but the corner monuments of Colonel Gerrish, established in 1779, and the blazed line of Captain Eames, in 1802, settled the doubt, and the river rippled into Dalton at its present boundary, and Blake's Pond marked the designated corner. This name was left to that fountainless lakelet above Whitefield village, by a famous hunter, Moses Blake, who in the wilderness days, here among the pines, pitched his cabin and scouted this region for peltries. What changes have taken place along this historic stream, since the wild Coosauke roamed in undisputed freedom along its pine-clad borders ! Or since John Stark, in a military point of view New Hampshire's George Washington, as an Indian captive, explored its valley, fished its waters, and hunted its game-haunted solitudes. The rock-lined hills along its boundaries are almost disforested ; the dark-shadowed trail of the roving native has become the steel-clad track of civiliza- tion ; the scream of the steam whistle echoes above the savage war-whoop ; grain-burdened fields and sunny pas- tures are spread over the broad uplands, where, but a century ago, amid the unbroken forests howled the prowling bear, and tramped the unhunted moose, while up from below comes the hum of industry from a thousand mill-wheels of improvement. It was from the top of the Cherry Mountain that Timothy Nash, one of the solitary hunters of this region, in 1771, first discovered the old Indian pass now famous as the " White 17741 ROVAI. PKOVIN'CE. 305 Mountain Notch." Up one of the rivulet paths he had tracked a moose, and finding himself near the highest point, in his eagerness for an unobstructed view he climbed a tall tree, and from this birchen lookout he saw, away to the southward, what he at once surmised must be the hitherto unknown defile. Steering with the acquired precision of an old woodman for the desired point, he had the satisfaction of realizing the truth of his surmises ; for it was indeed the rocky pass, — the gateway of the mountains. Admitting to his secret a fellow-hunter, by the name of Sawyer, together they repaired to Governor Went- worth, at Portsmouth, who, after sufficient and novel proof of the fact of the discovery, gave to the fortunate hunters a grant of land, since known as the " Nash and Sawyer " location. Nash was also one of the original grantees of the town of Whitefield, but whether by purchase or in consideration of services rendered is not known. All along the pathways of the world's history there are scat- tered monuments to the memory of its men of mark — pioneers in its enterprises, foremost in its leading events, great captains in tiie onward march of improvement. Around the headwaters of John's and Israel's rivers, in those days, between the depar- ture of the Indians and the coming of the white man, settled Colonel Joseph Whipple. He was a brother of that General William Whipple whose illustrious name goes down to posterity along with those others of the framers and signers of that "im- mortal instrument " which gave us our liberties. They were successful merchants in the town of Portsmouth, and acquired large landed estates north of the White Mountains, — most of then>, doubtless, as reward for valuable service, both civil and military, rendered the State. Colonel Whipple's title to these Jefferson meadows followed that of Colonel John Goffe, the first owner after the extinction of the Indian titles, and by him named Dartmouth. What particular incentive brought Colonel Whipple hither so early as 1773 it would be satisfactory to know. A luxurious home by the sea-side exchanged for a wild haunt among the mountains ; the enjoyments of civilization for the deprivations of the wilderness. Was it an inborn love 30''> IlISTOKV ()|- NI'.W HAMI'SHIKK. [l774 for adventure to be gratified, or really the acquisition of more wealth and power in the development of his broad acres ? Or was it the allurements of the grand old mountains themselves, and lie " A lover true, who knew b^- he:n t Kach joy the mountain dales impart." The settlement of the colonel lying in the track of the In- dians, as they passed from the valley of the Saco to the Con- necticut, by way of the Notcii and Cherry Mountain pass, he was at times greatly annoyed by the visits of the redskins. They never seemed to wish him any harm, however, until during the Revolutionary war, lie one day found himself a captive in his own house. A wandering party of warriors applied to !iim for entertainment, and he, as usual, suspecting no evil intentions, admitted them to his house and his table. Their wants supplied they coolly informed him of their purpose to take him to Can- ada as a prisoner. Feigning submission, he at once commenced btistling around in preparation for the journev, telling them they jnust wait a little until he could make readv to go. During his seeming preparations, he contrived to in.striict his housekeeper to gain, by some stratagem, their attention from liis movements ; this she successfully did, by the help of some curious mechanism which the Colonel possessed. Passing into his sleeping room for the alleged purpose of changing his clothing, he leaped from a rear window, and ran for the meadow where his workmen were engaged in fence-building. Directing each man to shoulder a stake, as soon as his would-be captors appeared in search of him, the sham hunters started for them. Seeing, as the\' sup- posed, a party of v/ell-armed, brawny fellows coming for them in dead earnest, the red devils, hastily seizing what booty they could conveniently make way with, took to the woods, 'firing as they went on a Mr. Gotham, who was a membei" of the Whipple household. These Indians were, doubtless, members of tlie warlike tribe of Sokokies, or Fequauquaukes, who were driven from the valley of the Saco and their ancient hunting-grounds by the advance 17741 KoYAi, I'KoviNci:. 307 of the wliitc man in the early half of the eighteenth centiu-y. They were the most warlike of all the Abenakis tribes, but seem to have disbanded after the Lovewell fight, and joined the Anasagunticooks of northern Maine, and the Coosaukes at the head-waters of the Connecticut, and, in a few years thereafter, the St. Francis tribe in Canada. Those who attempted the ab- duction of Colonel Whipple were, doubtless, in the employ of the English, and this was among the last of hostile demonstrations by the subdued natives, before their final disappearance. About a mile below the first, or Dodge and Abbott, damming of the John's river, is a second artificial obstruction. Here was built in early Whitefield days, the "Foster mill," and here among the pineries settled one Foster. There are Fosters and Fosters ; but there was but one Perley Foster, and he the sire of a son who became the hero of two wars. In a humble home in this secludetl spot was born, in 1823, Gen. John G. Foster. The last trace of the old Foster house is obliterated. Noth- ing remams to mark the birth-place of a man of note but the dim outlines of a cellar ; not even the traditional sentinel of an ancient apple tree. ^ We rememljer to have passed along the almost disused, half-forgotten road, one summer day in the long- ago, when the old house, from dilapidation, had become unten- antable. Clapboards were rattling in the wind ; the doors and windows were in useless ruin ; a thicket of unrebuked thistles was crowding about the entrance ; and the only thing of beauty about the spot was a broad-disked sun-flower, growing upon the sunny side, with a flourishing family of tall hollyhocks. After awhile the old structure, from constant wind-beatings, tumbled down ; the ruins were gathered up or burned, and the site plowed under. Descendants of the ancient May-weeds still linger around the place of the old gateway, and there are relics of a way-side fence; but even the noisy brook, which tinkled its way across the road and down into the beaver meadow, is almost run dry. Thus does time, the obliterator, crowd away the past, with its homes and its hallowed spots, to make room lor the future. ' 1,. W. Uudge. 308 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. ['774 The old Foster mill, by its addition and changes, has lost its originality, but the river still rushes onward, singing as it runs, " Men may come and men may go. But I flow on for ever." 1 The principal town officers, prior to the war of the Revolu- tion, authorized or required by the Province Laws of New Hampshire to be elected at the annual town meetings, were a moderator for the meetings, town-clerk, treasurer, selectmen or "townsmen," constables, fence-viewers, field-drivers or "hay- wards," surveyors of highways, surveyors of lumber, sealers of weights and measures, sealers of leather, tithingmen, deer-reeve or deer keepers, hog-reeves, pound keepers, overseers of the poor, and overseers of houses of correction. Several of these offices have now for many years become obsolete, there being no statute law authoricing them. The powers and duties per- taining to some others of them, since the adoption of the con- stitution of 1792, differ widely from what they were under the Province Laws, while those of others remain substantially as before the Revolution. The moderator, then as now, was the presiding officer of the town meeting, with much the same powers and duties as under the present State laws. No person was allowed to speak in the meeting without leave first obtained of that dignitary, " nor when any other person was speaking orderly." All persons also were required to keep silent at the request of the moder- ator, under the penalty of five shillings for the breach of every such order. (Colonial Laws, IJl8.) By an Act of the General Court in 1791, it was further provided that if any person, after being notified by the moderator, should persist in disorderly conduct, the moderator should order him to withdraw from the meeting, and that if the offender should fail to obey, he should forfeit and pay a fine of twenty shillings for the use of the town. ( Laws of Tjgj, p. 1S7.) In puisuance of an Act of the General Court of the Province passed in 1 719, the freeholders and otlier inhabitants of each • Samuel r, Worcester. 1/74] KOVAi. i-KoviNci;. 309 town, having taxable property of the value of £20, were required to meet sometime in the month of March annually, and beside other town officers, to choose "three, five, seven, or nine able and discreet persons of good conversation, inhabitants of said town, as selectmen or townsinen." Under the laws of the Province no inhabitant had a right to vote at these meetings except freeholders and such others as had taxable personal estate of the value of ;£20. In respect to several matters of public concern, the selectmen of towns at that time had much more power and a wider field of duty than the like officers of the present day. Unless other persons were elected to that office, the selectmen were ex officio overseers of the poor of the town, chargeable not only with the care of providing for their needs, but also with the further in- hosi)itable duty of " warning out " of their town all such new comers or settlers as it was feared might become paupers if allowed to remain as permanent residents. They also had the exclusive charge of the public schools of the town, including the building of school-houses, the employment and payment of teachers, and the assessment of all school taxes for school build- ings and accommodations, and the wages and salaries of school- mastei's. In addition to the as.=essment of taxes for schools, it was also their duty " to assess taxes upon the polls, personal estates, and lands of all the inhabitants of the town in just and equal proportion, according to their known abilit\-, for all such sums as may have been ordered at the town meeting for the support of the ministry, the poor, and all other necessary charges of the town." {Colonial Laws of lyiQ- ) Under the Province Laws, males were chargeable with a poll tax at the age of eighteen. The valuation of some of the items consti- tuting the basis of taxation was as follows : — Polls, or white males over eighteen years of age, eighteen shillings ; male slaves from sixteen to fifty years old, sixteen shillings ; female slaves of the like age, eight shillings ; horses and oxen four years old, three shillings ; improved land, sixpence per acre. The office of " field-driver," one of the town offices in New Hampshire for one hundred years and nu/ie, has long since JIO HISTORV OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. ['774 j;onc into disuse, and the word itself, though in current use in the old colony statutes, is not to be found in the unabridged Dictionaries of either Webster or Worcester. It is, however, defined in Bartlett's Dictionary of Americanisms, as "a civil ofificer whose duty it is to take up and impound swine, cattle, sheep, and horses going at large in the public highways or the common and improved lands, and not under charge of a keeper." For very many years after the first settlement of most of the towns in New Hampshire a very large part of the unimproved land was unfenced, the rights of the owners of such land lying in common. These common lands in most of the towns fur- nished much valuable pasturage for cattle, and acorns and other nuts for swine, and by the laws of the Province no cattle, swine, or other domestic animals were permitted to run at large upon them without the consent of the land owners. If such animals were found at large upon the highway, or upon those lands lying- in common, without the consent of the owners, it became the iluty of the field-driver to impound them, for which service he was allowed one shilling each for neat cattle and horses, .and three pence each for sheep and swine, to be paid by the owner of the animals before being allowed to take them from the pound. The ancient office of " tithingman," like that of "field- driver," has also become obsolete in the State, and the name itself, once a terror to rude and wayward youth, very nearly so. Two, and in some towns four, of these officials were chosen at the annual town meetings. It was among their duties, under the colony laws, to visit and inspect licensed public-houses, and to inform of all disorders in them. Also to inform of all idle and dissolute persons, profane swearers, and Sabbath breakers. But one of their principal and most important duties appears to have been to attend public worship on the Sabbath, and to take note of and prevent all rudeness and disorders during the ser- vices, and, if needful, to arrest on view, and to aid in the trial and punishment of all such persons as were guilty of irreverent or disorderly conduct. In towns where four of these dignitaries were chosen, it appears that two of them were expected to take 1774] KOVAI. HKOVINCR. 3II their seats on the lower floor of the meeting-hcusc, to take note of all rudeness and disorder "below," and the two others to be installed in the gallery, chargeable with the like duties in respect to all improprieties and misconduct "above." As a badge of this ofifice and authority the colony laws provided that each of them should carry " a black staff or wand two feet in length, and tipped at one end for about three inches with brass or pew- ter." {Colonial Laws of I"] IS) l^y ^n Act of the New Hamp- siiire General Court, passed in 1789, the law in respect to tithingmen was amended, and their powers and duties somewhat enlarged. This amended Act required the tithingmen to be chosen to be " persons of good substance and sober life," and among other things made it their duty to stop and detain all persons travelling on the Sabbath between sunrise and sunset, "except in attending public worship, visiting the sick, or on .some work of charity." By a Province Law enacted in 17 19 swine were not per- mitted to run at large between the first day of April and the first day of October of each year, without being yoked and rung in the mode described in the law ; and two or more offi- cials, known as hog-reeves or hog constables, were required to be chosen at the annual town meeting, chargeable with the duty of enforcing the law at the expense of the guilty owner of the swine. The regulation hog yoke, as defined in the law, was made of wood, " and to be in length above the swine's neck-, equal to the depth of the neck, and half as long below, the bottom piece of the. yoke to be equal in length to three times the thickness of the neck." The ring, as defined in the Act, "was made of strong flexible iron wire to be inserted in the top of the nose to prevent rooting, the ends of the wire to be twisted together and to project one inch above the nose." (Colonial Laivs, IJI^.) The fees of the hog-reeve, as fixed by a law passed in 1794, were one shilling for yoking, and sixpence for ringing, each swine. In accordance with a long-established custom prevailing in many towns in New Hampshire, all the young men of the town who were married within the year ne.\t preceding the annual 312 msTUKV OF NEW HAMl'SMIKE. L ' 774 Maicli election were entitled to the compliment of an election to the very honorable and responsible office of hog-reeve. The forests of New Hampshire, at the time of its first settle- ment, and for many years after, abounded with deer, lioth the skin and flesh of these animals being of great value to- the set- tlers, laws were passed to prevent the killing of them at such seasons of the year as would tend to diminish their natural in- crease. By a Province Law enacted in 1741, it was made a crime to kill deer between the last day of December and the first day of August. An offender against this law was liable, on conviction, to a fine of ten pounds. If not able to pay the firie he might be sentenced to work forty days for the govern- ment for the first offence, and fifty days if he should offend a .second time. It was made the duty of the town, at their annual March meeting, to choose two officers, known as dccr- rccvcs or deer keepers, to see that this law was observed and to aid ill the prosecution for its violation, coupled with the au- thority to enter and search all places where they had cause to suspect that the skins or flesh of deer, unlawful])- killed, had been concealed. A Colony Law passed in 1719 provided for the erection an d regulation of houses of correction for the Province, designed ' for the keeping, correcting and setting to work "of rogues, \-agabonds, common beggai's, and lewd and idle persons." Such persons, on conviction oefore a justice of the peace or the court of sessions, were to be sent to the house of correction and set to work under the master or overseer of that institution. Upon his admission, the unluck)- culprit was to be put in shackles, or to be whipped, not to exceed ten stripes, unless the warrant for his commitment otherwise directed. {Colonial Laws of lyiS-iyig.) Such was the New Hampshire tramp law one hundred and seventy years ago. By an Act of the Gen- eral Court in 1766, this Act for the maintenance of houses of correction was extended to towns, with the like powers and duties in lespect to them, and coupled with the duty and au- thority to choose masters or overseers of them at the annual election. J It! i J I CHAPTER XII. STATE UNDER FIRST CONSTITUTION, 1784-1792. Constitution of 17S4 — First Legislature — First President — Coun- cil — Senate — House of Representatives — Lawlessness — Trouble AT Keene — Mock Convention at Concord — John Langdon— John Sullivan — Mob at Exeter — Federal Constitution — Littleton — United States Constitutional Convention — Election under Con- stitution — Members of the Continental Congress — Officials at Portsmouth — Josiah Bartlett — Town of Bartlett — Orange — Revision of Statutes — Constitutional Convention — Ancient Singing. T^HE Revolution ' had not only involved the colonies in war but had thrust upon them the perils of self-government. Ne.xt to the demands of the war, and, indeed, essential to its success, was the call on the civil wisdom of the country for local insti- tutions and new forms of government. The epoch of the Revolution was the epoch also of written constitutions. The old governments were dissolved ; society was thrown into its first elements. Utopian and fantastic ideas of government were advanced, and the adoption of a firm and acceptable form of government which would protect the people in their newly Acquired liberty was a matter of serious consideration. The people of New Hampshire had been the first, after the opening r)f hostilities, to adopt a written constitution. It had goue into >-'ffect early in January, 1776, before the Declaration of Indepen- dence ; and its title, "A form of government to continue during the present unhappy and unnatural contest with Great Britain," was a proof of the unsettled state of public feeling at the time. It imposed no restriction on the right of suffrage, and left the highest offices open to all. In 1779 a convention had formed ' William Plumer, Jr. 402 HISTORV OF NEW llA MPSllIKE. ['784 a n«w constitution, which proposed that the government should be entrusted to a Council and House of Representatives ; ami provided that all the male inhabitants of the State, of lawful age, paying taxes, and professing the Piotestant religion, should be deemed lawful voters in choosing councillors and represen- tatives ; and that these officers, aside from the same qualifica- tions, should have an estate of ;£300. This constitution was rejected by the people. It had been framed about the time of the alliance with France, when the soldiery and not the religion of that country was wanted. Another convention was called in 1781 ; and the constitution which it framed, after alterations and amendments had been made, went into operation in 1784. One of its clauses declared that " every individual has a natural and unalienable right to worship God according to the dictates of his own conscience and reason,"^ while another article, a sort of " compromise between the new spirit of religious free- dom and the old intolerance," confined to " Christians " the pro- tection of the law for this "unalienable right." Other clauses provided that no person should hold the office of governor, councillor, senator, delegate, or member of Congress, unless he were of the '-Protestant religion." The new constitution met with considerable opposition, although parties were not divided upon it. Men who were afterwards Federalists and Democrats opposed the religious test, notably William Plumer, a law-stu- dent, an able writer, and an earnest and eloquent public speaker. The treaty of peace between Great Britain and the United States of America was signed in Paris, in September, 1783. The constitution, containing bill of rights and form of govern- ment agreed upon by the delegates of the people of New Hampshire, in a convention held at Concord on the first Tues- day of June, 1783, had been submitted to and approved by the people and had been established by their delegates in conven- tion, in October, 1783. It was to go into effect in June, 1784. Accordingly in June, 1784, the newly elected legislature, perhaps as distinguished a body of men as ever gathered to- gether within the limits of the State, assembled at Concord, and ■ WiULuii Phimor. Ii. I7S4J STATE UNDER FIRST CONSTITUTION. 403 proceeded to organize. According to the constitution, the new Senate was to be composed of twelve members. George Atkinson was chosen speaker of the House ; Woodbury Langdon was chosen as senior senator. John McClary and Francis Blood, of the Senate, and Josejih Badger, Nathaniel Peabody, and Moses Chase, of the House, were elected councillors. Abiel Foster, Jonathan Blanchard, John Langdon, and Moses Dow were appointed delegates to represent New Hampshire in Congress for a year, commencing" the following November, but all except Mr. Foster refused the honor, and subsequently Samuel ^Livermore, Pierce Long, and Elisha Paine were associated with Mr. I'oster, but two serving at once. Samuel Livermore, Josiah Bartlett, and John Sullivan were appointed a committee to revise the laws of the State, and to draw such new laws as they might deem necessary. Ebenezer Thompson was elected secretary for the State ; John Taylor Oilman was elected treasurer. The pay of the members was si.x shillings a day ; the secretary of the State and the clerk of the House received nine shillings. The first session at Concord lasted about two weeks, when the legislature adjourned to meet in October in Portsmouth. It was not until the second meeting that a yea and nay vote was recorded. A town with one hundred and fifty ratable male polls was entitled to one representative ; with four hundred and fifty polls, to two ; with seven hundred and fifty polls, to three. Every member of the House was seized of a freehold estate in his own right of at least ;!Cioo; a senator had to own ^200 in a free- hold estate to be eligible for the office. His E.xcellency, Meshech VVeare, who had served the State throughout the struggle for independence as its chief executive officer, was found to have received a large majority of the votes cast, and was duly declared elected the first president of the new Commonwealth. He was not, however, sworn into office for several days after the legislature met. On the first day of the session the members of both branches 404 III>TOKV OK NEW I lA.MFSll IKK. [1/84 of " The General Court " attended services at the Old North Church, and listened to a sermon by Rev. Samuel McClintock, of Greenland. So well pleased were they that they voted him ;^I5 in the afternoon to recompense him. The sermon is on file among the archives of the State library, and is worthy of perusal after a century has passed by. A few extracts may be of interest to the present generation: — '■ Hiiw b'coming is it that we should render unto Him in a public manner the most devout ascriptions of praise for the great things He has done for us in delivering us from the cruel hand of oppression and the impending miseries of abject servitude, crowning our arduous struggle in defence of the rights of human nature with triumphant success, in acknowledgment of our inde- pendence and sovereignty, and in giving us the singular advantage of forming a constitution of government for ourselves and our posterity. If we should neglect to render due praise to Him on such a great occasion, the heathen would rise up in judgment and condemn us for our impietv and ingratitude." He speaks of " the present glorious revolution in this land," and continues : " Hardly anv people were ever less prepared to enter the list with such a great and powerful nation. War was not our object or wish ; on the contrary we deprecated it as a dreadful calamity, and continued to hope, even against hope, that the gentle methods of petitioning and remonstrating might obtain a re- dress of grievances. " The war on our part was not a war ofambition, but a justifiable self-defence against the claims of an arbitrary power, which was attempting to wrest from us the privileges we had all along enjoyed, and to subject us to a state of ab- ject servitude. "They were men of war from their youth. They had regular troops, used to service, who had signalized their valor on the Plains of Minden and on the Heights of Abraham, commanded b3' able and experienced generals, amply furnished with all the terrible apparatus of death and destruction, and aided by mercenary troops who had been bred to arms and were versed in all the stratagems of war; add to this they had a navy that ruled the ocean, and regular resources to supply their demands. On the other hand, we were inex- perienced in the art of war, and had neither disciplined troops, nor magazines of provision and ammunition, nor so much as one ship of war to oppose to their formidable fleets, nor any regular resources, not even so much as the certain prospect of any foreign aid; besides, all the civil governments were dissolved and the people reduced back to a state of nature, and in danger of falling into anarchy and confusion. . . "That people so widely separated from one another by their situation, man- ners, customs, and forms of government, should all at once be willing to sacrifice their present interests to the public good and unite like a band of brothers to make the cause of one State, and even of one town, a common cause; and that they should continue firm and united under the greatest dis- 1784] STATE L-NDER FIRST CONSTITUTION. 405 couragements .ind Ihe most trying reverses of fortune ; that an army of freemen, voluntarily assembled at the alarm of danger — men who had been nurtured in the bosom of liberty and unused to slavish restraints, should be willing to submit to the severity of military government for the safety of their coun- try, and patiently endure hardships that would have tried the fortitude of vet- erans, following their illustrious leader in the depths of winter, through cold and snow, in nakedness and perils, when every step they took was marked with the blood that issued from their swollen feet, and when they could not be animated to such patience and perseverance by any mercenary motives, was- a rare spectacle, and for its solution must be traced to a higher source." The whole sermon shows that the speaker, if not the hearers, appreciated the magnitude of the struggle through which the colonies had successfully passed, and realized the responsibility which devolved upon them in establishing the new state on a sure foundation. Money at this time was very scarce, that is, gold and silver. The Continental currency had depreciated so that forty pounds represented one, and was very difficult to dispose of at any figure, being thought nearly worthless. The new legislature voted to raise ;i£^25,ooo, but were aware of the difficulty of rais- ing any. They provided for the pensions of disabled soldiers for a lighthouse at Newcastle, and for the pay of the officers of the State, but made the collection possible by allowing evi- dences of State indebtedness to be received as State taxes. At this time the State contained a population of about 140,000 souls, mostly employed in agricultural pursuits. Portsmouth was the only place of much importance, sending three representatives to the General Court, but its leading men were the unpopular Mas- onian proprietors, and thus its influence was curtailed. Ne.xt in importance was the town of Londonderry, where already had sprung up a few manufacturing industries. Derryfield sent no representative. This was before the days of turnpikes and can- als, and the roads were carried over the hilliest and most rocky routes, to save expense in maintaining, and were consequently as bad as they well could be ; but as they were not much used except by foot travellers and horsemen, it did not much matter. Bridges were of such a character that they were generally carried away by the freshet every spring, while the main dependence 406 IIISTOKV OF NEW HAMPSHIKE. ['7^4 was placed on ferries. The crops on the new lantl on the hill- side farms were abundant. Large families of children were raised, and were educated in the rudiments at the little school- house in every district. On every farm was a self-sustaining community: they raised their own wheat, corn, vegetables, maple sugar, and all the food required ; they raised their own wool and flax ; they tanned their own leather ; they made their own cloth, and made their own garments. Every town had its minister. Then came the miller with grist-mill and saw-mill ; then the blacksmith ; and, lastly, when the town had gained a certain standing, a justice of the peace. Dartmouth College was granted the right by the first legis- lature of the State to hold a lottery in order to raise ^3,000. Meshech Weare, the new president of the State, was at this time well advanced in years, being over seventy. Of the councillors, John McClarv, of Epsom, was a delegate to the Provincial Congress whicli met in May, 1775. He died in June iSoi, aged eighty-two. Gen. Francis Blood, of Temple, was representative all througli the Revolu- tionary War. a justice of Court of Common Pleas, and afterwards chief justice. He was a man of superior mind, sagacity, and information, for many years the leading man of the town, acquired a handsome property, and died in 1790. Dr. Nathaniel Peabody, of Atkinson, was one of the distinguished men of his times. He was adjutant-general of the State, member of Congress, .and major-general of the State militia, 1793. He died in Exeter in June, 1S23. General Joseph Badger, son of Captain Joseph Badger, was a tjian of great military ardor, and held offices in the militia for thirty years. He was present at the capture of Burgoyne in 1779. Moses Chase, of Cornish, came of that fomily whicli has given so many distinguished names to American history, including that of Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase. Of the senators, Joseph Gilman, of Exeter, was treasurer of Rockingham county. He died in May, 1806. Woodbury Langdon, of Portsmouth, was a merchant; a member of the old Congress, judge of the Supreme Court, and a firm patriot, devoted to the <;ause of his country. Timothy Walker, of Concord, only son of Rev. Tiftiothy Walker of Con- cord, was justice of Court of Common Pleas, chief justice five years ; candidate for governor in 179S. He died in May, 1S22. He filled all the town and State offices to which he was elected with fidelity and honor. ]ohn Langdon. of Portsmouth, was afterwards president of New Hampshire. Honorable John Wentworth. of Dover, representative through the war; 1784] STATE UNDER ElKST CONSTITU I'lON. 4OJ one of the executive council of tlie Stale; on tlie Co!ii;r.ittee of Safety; and a delegate to the Continental Congress. He was an able lawyer; as a man, benevolent, and of a good-natured address, and a statesman of superior abili- ties. He died in January, 17S7. Ebenezer Smith, w-as a proprietor of Gilmanton, but settled in Meredith in 1768, and was a "father of the town " for ni;uiy years. He was judsje of Probate; lieutenant-colonel of loth regiment militia; and president of the Senate two years. He died in August, 1S07. Matthew Thornton yas a member of Congress and a signer of the Declaration of Independence. Simeon Olcott, of Charlestown, was judge of Probate ; chief justice of Court of Common Pleas; associate justice of Superior Court in 1790; chief justice from 1795 to iSoi ; and United States senator. He died in February, iSij. Enoch Hale, of Rindge, was a leading citizen of the town, till he removed to Walpole in 17S+. He died in Grafton, Vt., in April. 1813, aged seventy-nine. Moses Dow-, of Haverhill, \yas the first lawyer of Grafton county, and for some time was register of Probate. Of the House of Representatives, George Atkinson, who was born, lived, and died in Portsmouth, was a man of considerable ability, strict integrity, and of an irreproachable character. He was four times appointed a delegate to the Continental Congress, but each time declined the office. He was also appointed a member of the Committee of Safety, and declined. He was ap- pointed a special justice of the Superior Court. In 17S5 he was one of four candidates for president of the State, and received the largest popular vote, but failed of an election before the legislature. He died in February, 1788. George Gains was one of the Committee of Safety for the State in 1777. John Pickering, a native of Newington, was attorney-general in 17S6; re- peatedly a member of the legislature ; president of the United States Senate in 17S9; and governor of the State, ex officio, when Governor John Langdon was elected to the United States Senate. In 1790 he was appointed chief justice of the Superior Court, and held the office five years. He was afterwards district judge of the United States and served till 1804. He died in April, 1S05. Colonel Daniel Runnels, of Londonderry, served as captain in Colonel Nichols's regiment at Bennington, and as c.iptain in Colonel Peabodys regiment in Rhode Island in 177S. He was an able and distinguished citizen. Thomas Bartlett, of Nottingham, was among the leading patriots ot Rockingham county. He was captain of a company in 1775 at Winter Hiil; lieutenant-colonel in Colonel Gilman's regiment in Rhode Island in 1778; a member of Committee of Safety in 177S; colonel of a regiment at West Point in 17S0; brigadier-general of New Hampshire militia in 1792; representative in 1775: speaker o£ the House of Representatives; judge of the Court of Common Pleas. He died in June, 1807, aged fifty-nine. Moses Leavitt, of North Hampton, actively participated in the war of the Revolution. He was appointed captain in the Continental service in 1776, and was employed on coast defence during the war. He was representative in 1782 and 17S3. Hon. Christopher Toppan, of Hampton, was a useful and distinguished 408 IlISTOKV OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [^7^4 citizen, son of Dr. Edmund Toppan, and grandson of Rev. Christopher Toppan, of Newburv, Mass. His mother was a daughter of Colonel Joshua Wingate. He was often a representative and councillor. He died in Febru- ary, 1S19, aged eightv-four. Daniel Emerson, of HoUis, was coroner for Hillsborough county; captain in Rhode Island expedition ; representative and councillor. He died in October, 1S21. Lieutenant Robert Wallace, of Henniker, was a native of Londonderry; judge of Court of Common Pleas for Hillsborough county, and councillor from 17SS to 1S03. He died in January, 1S15. John Duncan, of Antrim, a native of Londonderry, was a prominent citizen, serving as town-clerk, representative, selectman, and senator. He died in March. 1S23. John Underbill, of Chester. John Cram, one of the chief men in the town of Pittsfield. Captain Jeremiah Clough, of Canterbury, was a veteran of Bunker Hill, and an active and influential citizen. Maior Nathan Bachelder, of Loudon, was one of the most active and influ- ential citizens of that town from its organization until the close of the century. Samuel Daniell, of Pembroke, was a lending citizen of that tjwn. Colonel Nathaniel Emerson, of Candia, was '■ called to public stations perhaps more than any other individual who ever lived in Candia." Jeremiah Eastman, of Deerfield, was born in December, 1732, in Kensing- ton, and settled in Deerfield. James Betton, of Windham, was a farmer, surveyor, and auctioneer. Major Jonathan Wentworth, of Somersworth, was captain in siege of Boston. John Sanborn, from Sanbornton, a veteran of the old French war, and a soldier of the Revolution, was a benevolent, generous-hearted man, of dig- nity and presence, full of dry humor. Robert Means, of Amherst, born in Ireland, was noted for his hon- ebtv, fair dealing, close attention to business, and in time became one of the most widely known and distinguished merchants in the town or State. Benjamin Mann, of Mason, commanded a company at the battle of Bunker Hill. He moved to Keene in iSoo. and died in iSoi. Mr. Ephraim Adams, of New Ipswich, was one of the leading men of that town for many years. Matthew Wallace, of Peterborough, was seventeen times moderator; eleven years town-clerk ; six years selectman ; six years representative. Captain Francis Davis, of Warner, was the first representative from War- ner, both to the Provincial Congress at Exeter as well as under the constitution. «i Elijah Grout, of Charlestown, was very active and widely known through- out the Revolution. He was a brave and good man. He was intelligent and far-seeing, and had all the qualities of a sterling man. William Smiley, of Jatfrey, an early settler, was a prominent and influen- tial man. I7S4] STATE UNDER EIKST CONSTITUTION". 4O9 Samuel King, of Chesterfield, was a phvsician. Stephen Powers, of Croydon, was an early settler of that place, and was distinguished for his giant frame, great physical strength, and vigorous in- tellect. Colonel Timothy Bedel, of Bath, was prominent all through the Revolu- tion, holding important commands on the northern frontier. Moses Baker, of Campion, was the great-grandfather of Hon. Henry W. Blair. Such, with their associates of like character, were the men chosen by the yeomanry of New Hampshire to organize the new State government. To them was intrusted the welfare of the Commonwealth at the most important and trying time of its his- tory, — a period of depression and distress such as had hardly been felt in the sharpest crisis of the war itself. The close of hostilities with England brought with it no relief to the suf- ferings of the people, but seemed for a time rather to aug- ment them. A feeling of very general discontent pervaded the public mind, no longer held in check by a foreign foe. The government was weak and inefficient, the people poor and in debt, credit both public and private impaired, or rather well-nigh destroyed. A depreciated paper currency took the place of specie ; tender laws and the further issues of paper were loudl)' called for by the discontented and debtor party, as the only remedy for the great and acknowledged evils of the times ; and the courts of law were more than ever surrounded by mobs, whose avowed purpose was to prevent the judges from proceeding in the trial of cases. In Keene, nearly two years before, the judges of the Superior Court, accompanied by the attorney-general, John Sullivan, were warned in the outskirts of the village that a mob had col- lected about the court-house,' who would resist with violence any attempt to enforce the laws. Sullivan undertook to get the court, with as little loss of dignity as possible, out of the hands of the mob. He accordingly halted the party while he put on his uniform of a general in the Continental army — blue coat, bright btittons, sword, and cocked hat with plume, that had been seen on nearly every battlefield of the Revolution, — mounted his pow- erful gray horse, and, preceding the court, conducted them into the town. An armed assembly had gathered about the court- 410 iriSTOKY OF NEW HAMPSIIIKE. [^7^4 house, sullen in their aspect and resolute in their purpose to pre- vent the transaction of business, who gave way, however, and allowed the court to enter. The judges having taken their seats, the court was opened in due form by the crier, while the crowd rushed tumultuously in and filled the house. Sullivan, who was a man of fine personal appearance, dignified aspect, and com- manding deportment, stood in the clerk's desk and calmly and resolutely surveyed the multitude, recognizing among them offi- cers and soldiers who had served with him. He seemed once more their trusted commander, and the instinct of obedience was working strongly in the mass, who felt his presence and involun- tarily obeyed the motions of their old chief. With dignity he took off his cocked hat, disclosing a profusion of white powdered hair, unbelted his long sword and deliberately laid them on the table. Having gained their attention, and silence ensuing after considerable disturbance, he demanded of them why they had come before the court in such a turbulent manner. He was answered by many voices: "The petition! the peti- tion ! " and a committee stepped forward with a huge roll of paper which Sullivan received and presented to the court. The clerk having read it, Sullivan addressed the people, courteously but firmly, on the impropriety of any attempt to influence, even by the appearance of violence, the deliberations of the court; told them their petition would be considered ; and directed them to withdraw. They obeyed with reluctance, whereupon the court adjourned until the next day, in hope that the mob would disperse. In the afternoon Sullivan addressed them on the sub- ject of their complaints, and advised them to return to their homes. On the opening of the court the next morning the house was full of people, impatient for the answer to their peti- tion. Sullivan, now in citizen's dress, with grace and dignity said that he was instructed by the court to inform them that the court would continue all causes on the civil docket in which either party was not ready for trial, as the court was due in another county. Upon which announcement the people withdrew with cheers for General Sullivan. The mob had effected its puv- pose, and the dignity of the court had been sustained. At 1784] STATK UNDER FIRST CONSTITUTION. 411 this time Keene ami the towns bordering on tlie CtHinecticut were lukewarm in their allegiance to the New Hampshire au- thorities. In Massachusetts a similar condition of things led, in 1786, to Shays's rebellion ; and in this State, at an earlier period of that year, events seemed fast tending to a like dangerous issue. Many town and county conventions were held, and petitions for a redress of grievances were presented to the legislature. Del- egates from some of the conventions assembled in Concord during the June session, where they were assisted to organize by several active young men, some of whom were afterwards distinguished in the service of the State, who, although not prop- erly chosen members, conceived the idea of turning the pro- ceedings into ridicule. Having been admitted without question, as delegates from their respective towns, they at once took a leading part, taking different sides to avoid an appearance of concert, and vied with the true members in their zeal for reform. After a debate of several hours the convention adopted a series of resolutions, and appointed a committee, of which William Plumer, one of the eleven young conspirators, was chairman, to report a petition to the legislature. This petition, which was reported the next morning, embodied the substance of the reso- lutions, and was unanimously adopted by the convention. Among other things it requested the legislature to abolish the Court of Common Pleas, to establish town courts, to restrict the number of lawyers to two in a county, and to provide for the issue of State notes to the amount of three million dollars, the same to be legal tender in payment of all debts. The issue of paper money by the State was the favorite measure of the discontented and debtor party, and the mock members of the convention could hardly keep pace with the real ones in the extravagance of their suggestions. Dr Jonathan Gove, of New Boston, who represented ten towns in Hillsborough county, proposed to raise the amount named to twelve millions of dollars, to pay all debts public and private. The convention went in a body to present their petition, and were gravely received by the legislature. The speaker showed them ceremonious attention, and, as one of 412 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [l/SS the delegates said, treated them "with superfluous respect," laying their memorial on the table. Having again assembled at their place of meeting, Mr. Plumer addressed them and showed the absurdity of their proceedings ; after a heated discussion the convention broke up in disorder : and for sometime the very name of a convention became a term of reproach. ^ The dispute between the people of New Hampshire and the inhabitants of the Hampshire grants and the authorities of New York as to the western boundary of New Hampshire had been settled by the Continental Congress admitting into the Union the new State of Vermont. About this time several New Hampshire towns situate in the Connecticut valley were tempted to throw off their allegiance to New Hampshire ; but happily more pru- dent counsels prevailed and the separation did not take place. John Langdon, who was elected second president of the State in 1785, after Meshech Weare had declined to serve, was born in Portsmouth in 1740, was a merchant, shipbuilder, and a patriot. He helped seize the ammunition at Fort William and Mary in 1774, built the Ranger for John Paul Jones, was a delegate to the Continental Congress in 1775 and 1776, served with Stark at Bennington, was again elected president of the State in 1788, a delegate to the convention which framed the constitution of the United States, and to the State convention which accepted it. He was the first United States senator elected, and was chosen president of that body, and as such informed General Washing- ton of his election. After he left Congress he was elected gov- ernor five times. From a Federalist he became a Republican, and later a Democrat. General John Sullivan was chosen president of New Hampshire in 1786. The want of money and the depression in business were evils too deeply rooted to be removed by ridicule, mock conventions, or idle talk. The people were in distress, especially the veterans of the Continental army. New conventions were called in different parts of the State. In the Rockingham con- vention, held in Chester, it was resolved to send to E.xeter, where the legislature was to meet in September, a body of ■ William Plumer, Jr. 1786] STATE UNDER FIRST CONSTITUTION. 413 armed men to enforce their claims. Accordingly about two hundred men, under command of Joseph French, of Hampstead, and James Cochrane, of Pembroke, some armed with muskets and others with clubs, marched into Exeter, and sent in their petition to the General Court for a redress of grievances, declaring their inten- tion, if it was not granted, to do themselves justice. They sur- rounded the house in which the legislature was in session, and, placing sentinels at the door and windows, demanded an imme- diate answer to their petition. The House appointed a com- mittee on the petition ; but the Senate, under the influence of Sullivan, who was now president of the State, and as such had a seat in the Senate, refused to act on the subject while they were thus besieged by the mob, and proceeded with their ordi- nary business.^ A party of the friends of order armed them- selves, and called upon all good citizens to disperse the mob and thus set the members of the legislature at liberty. General Sullivan came out, accompanied by Nathaniel Peabody, Ebenezer Webster, and other officers of the Revolution and friends of gov- ernment, and ordered the mob to disperse. Armed citizens in their rear, pressing on them and calling for the artillery to ad- vance, the mob began to retire ; and French, finding that the legislature was not frightened by threats, withdrew with his men some distance from the village for the night. Sullivan summoned the militia, and on the following morning nearly two thousand assembled and were led by General Cilley against the insurgents, who made some show of resistance. Upon being ordered to fire by Major Cochrane they broke and fled in disor- der, and the militia captured thirty-nine of their number. The question now arose as to what should be their punishment. They had been guilty of treason or of some high offence. The leaders were brought before the two Houses in convention. French made very humble supplications for his life. Cochrane, who had been a soldier in the Revolution, pled for pardon with some self-respect. Both stated that they had been encouraged in their course by men in high standing, some of them members of the legislature, who now repudiated all connection with their ■ William Pkimer, Jr. i 414 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [l/S/ acts. The leaders now became as an.xious to get rid of their captives as they had been the day before to capture them. Most of them were indicted, but allowed at the next term of court to escape without punishment. Such as were church members were dealt with by their churches ; militia officers were dis- missed from the service. It was deemed good policy, as no blood had been shed, to treat this first attempt at armed resist- ance to the Government with lenity, yet so as to vindicate the violated authority of the law, thus attacked at the fountain head. Littleton is a part of the territory originally granted as Chis- wick.^ Subsequently it was called Apthorp. In 1784 it was divided, forming the present towns of Littleton and Dalton. The first town meeting in Littleton appears to have been held on the 19th day of July, 1787, at the house of Nathan Caswell, the first settler in the town, the same having been- called by John Young, by authority granted by the legislature, who by the same authority served as moderator. At this meet- ing Robert Charlton was chosen clerk, Samuel Larnard, John Chase and Perley Williams, selectmen, and Sargent Currier, constable. Until 1809 the town was classed with various others, the arrangement being changed at different times, for the pur- pose of choosing a representative to the General Court. The first resident of Littleton chosen representative was James Wil- liams, in 1794. The next was James Rankin, in 1798; then David Goodall, from 1800 to 1806 inclusive, the class then in- cluding Littleton, Dalton, and Bethlehem. - The year 1787 is memorable as that in which the constitution of the United States was formed. Highly as that instrument is now prized, it was not received with much favor by the people on its first promulgation. It met, in all the States, with many ' It has been a central point in While Mountain travel ever since tourists and pleasure seekers com- menced visiting this now celobrnted region. Even before the construction of the railroad, it was, in the summer time, a great stage depot, where centred the various lines to the mountains from the wes- tern approach. It is, however, since the construction of the White Mountains Railroad, which was completed to this point in 1853, that the growth of the place in population and business importance has mainly occurred. From 1S53 until 1S70, when the Boston, Concord, and Montreal Railroad, having come into possession of the White Mountains road, extended the line to Lancaster and Fabyan's, Littleton enjoyed the advantage of being a railroad terminus, which contributed materially to its development as a trade centre. 2 H. H. Metcalf. 4l6 HISTORY- OF .NEW IIAMl'SHIKE. ['"88 opponents ; and in several it was adopted only after repeated trials, and by small majorities. ' In more than half the States its ratification was accompanied by proposed amendments, without which it would probably have been rejected. A government for the Union was proposed by constitution for the first time. The votes of the Revolution- ary Congress had no legislative authority ; even the articles of confederation, which went into operation in 1781, merely formed a league or alliance between independent States. The people who believed in establishing a strong central government were called Federalists; those who believed in State rights were soon called Anti-Federalists. After its ratification the friends of the first two administrations retained the name of Federalists, while their opponents took that of Republicans. The Federal- ists were succeeded by the Whigs, and later by the Republicans the Anti-Federalists became Republicans, and at length Democrats ; the two great political parties into which the people of the United States are divided at the present time. In gen- eral the Federalists were in favor of a liberal construction and e.vercise of the powers of the general government ; and the Re- publicans, in theory always, and to a considerable extent in prac- tice, were for narrowing down those powers to their least possible extent. The election of delegates to the convention, which was to accept the proposed constitution or to reject it, drew into two parties the people, who became thoroughly familiar with its provi- sions from frequent private and public discussions. Men equally honest and intelligent belonged to both parties. The convention chosen to accept or reject in behalf of the State the Federal Constitution met at the Court House at Exeter, February 13, 1788. That instrument had already re- ceived the approval of six States. Upon the meeting of the dele- gates it was found that there was a powerful opposition to the proposed form of government, many of the members from the . smaller towns having been instructed to vote against it. The convention included many of the leading men of the State. The leading Federalists were John Sullivan, John Langdon, Samuel ■ \Villi.im Plumer, Jr. 1788] STATE UXUEK EIKST CONSTITUTION. 417 Langdoii, Samuel Livermoie, Josiah Bartlett, John Pickering, John Taylor Oilman, and Benjamin licllovvs. The leaders of tlie opposition were Joseph Badger, Joshua Atherton, William Hooper, Matthias Stone, Abiel Parker, and Jonathan Dow. During the early debates it seemed that the opponents of the constitution had a majority in the convention. The friends of the Union did not dare to let a decisive vote be taken, and after a session of seven days brought about an adjournment, in order to let those delegates whom they had won over return to their constituents for different instructions. The convention again assembled in June, at Concord, and in the meanwhile two more States had voted to accept the constitution. Thus devolved upon New Hampshire the responsibility of casting the ninth or decisive vote, which would put the new form of government in operation. New York and Virginia were considering the measure, in con- vention, at the same time. June 21, by a vote of 57 yeas to 47 nays the New Hampshire convention voted to accept the federal constitution, but at the same time proposed several amendments. A messenger was sent post haste to notify the convention then sitting in New York, and undoubtedly caused favorable action in that body. Tradition asserts that one delegate, of pronounced Anti-F"ed- ei'al convictions, was being "dined and wined" at the house of Judge Walker at the time the decisive vote was being taken, and failed to have his vote recorded. At the meeting of the legislature in the fall of 1788 the choice of two senators to the first Congress of the United States under the new constitution devolved upon it. The two Houses refused to meet in convention and accordingly voted separately by ballot. In the House John Langdon had all but three votes, where- upon William Plumer offered a resolution declaring that Mr. Langdon was duly elected, and called for the yeas and nays, thus putting every member's vote on record. His object did not ap- liear at the time, but was understood, when the ballot for the second senator was taken, to establish a precedent. The two candidates were Josiah Bartlett and Nathaniel Pcabody ; and the latter, an AntiT'^cderalist, had a considerable majority, which 4l8 HI6TUKV OI" NEW HA.Ml'SIUKi;. [^7^8 was rctluced to two on tiic roll call, Mr. Plunier, in a plain and forcible speech, having denounced Mr. Peabody as unfit for the office, and extolled Dr. Bartlett. It had the desired effect on the Senate, which sent down the name of Dr. Bartlett : and he was finally elected. Dr. Bartlett declined the honor, however ; and Paine Wingate was chosen in his place. Mr. Peabod}'' felt mortified and provoked at the result, talked loudly of his vio- lated honor, and threatened to chastise his assailant. A prompt intimation that more or worse would be said if he moved far- ther put an end to his threats, though not to his hostility. At the December session of the legislature to count the votes for electors and announce the result it was found there had been no choice by the pcojile. Again the Senate refused to meet the House in convention, causing an exciting and angry controversy ; but the House at the last moment yielded the point. President Sullivan violently opposed the claim of the Senate, while William Plumer favored it.' 2 p\-w if an\' of the original thirteen States had an abler or more influential rc^jresentation in the various Continental Congresses by which the war of the Revolution was directed tiian New Hampshire, a representation which was continued, in point of ability and influence, in the various congresses which met under the Articles of Confederation, until the constitution was adop- ted, and the first Congress met at New York in 17S9. From the meeting of the first Continental Congress at Philadelphia, Sep- tember 5, 1774, to the adjournment of the last Congress under the Confederation, at New York, October 21, 1778, New Hamp- shire was represented by eighteen of her wisest and most prominent men. Several of these, as for instance Nathaniel Folsom, John Langdon, Samuel Livermore, and John Sullivan, serv'ed for several terms, having been engaged in other patriotic service in the intervals between their terms of service. When the first Continental Congress met at Philadeljihia, September 5, 1774, New Hampshire had two representatives, Nathaniel Folsom and John Sullivan. ■ Williaiii PUiiiiLT, Jr. = W. V. Wlii-.ch.:r. 1788] STATE UNDER EIKST CONSTITUTION. 4I9 Nathaniel Folsom was born al Exeter, in i7-'6. lie early evinced ability ^vhich gave him prominence in the aftairs of the Province. In the Seven "i'ears" War he served as captain in the regiment commanded by Colonel lilanchaid. He was active in militia affairs, and commanded the 4th regiment at the outbreak of the Revolution. He was a delegate to the first Continental Congress at Philadeljihia. In April, 1775, he was appointed brigadier-general to command the State troops sent to Massachusetts, and served during the siege of Boston. He was subsequently major-general. He was again a delegate to the congresses which met at Lancaster, Penn., Philadeli)hia, York, and Philadelphia, serving the whole time in the first three of these congresses, and about a year, 1779-S0, in the last. In each of these he was regarded as a valuable member. In 177S he was a member of the New Hampshire Executive Council, and was the President of the State constitutional convention which prepared the first constitution of the State in 17S3. He died at E,\eter, where, for the greater part of his life, he had his home. May 26, 1790. jolin Sullivan. Josi.ili Bartlett. John Langdon, born in Portsmouth, June 25, 1741, was one of the most active citizens of the Slate in the movements leading to the Revolution. He was a delegate to the Second Continental Congress, and was appointed con- tinental navy agent. Largely at his own expense he equipped General Stark's regiment which won the battle of Bennington. He was elected to the Continental Congress in 17S6; was for a number of years a member of the State House of Representatives and several times speaker. He was elected president of the State in 17S8, and United States senator in 17S9 and in 1795. He was elected governor in 1S05, 1S06, 1S07, iSoS, and 1810. He declined the office of secretary of the navy offered to him by President Jefferson, and the office of vice-president tendered by the Democratic delegation in 1S12. He died in Portsmouth, September iS, 1819, mourned as one of the most honored and distinguished citizens of the State. Woodbury Langdon. an older brother of John, was born at Portsmouth in 1739, and, like his brother, early engaged in mercantile pursuits. He served for about a year, 1779-17S0, in the Continental Congress, rendering valuable service in the councils of the time. For three years, from 17S1 to 1784, he was a member of the State Executive Council. In 1782 he was ap- pointed one of the judges of the Supreme Court of the State, serving but a short time, however. In 1786 he was again appointed, serving till 1790. He died at Portsmouth, January 13, 1805. One of the most honored names in New Hampshire's early history is that of Matthew Thornton. He was born in Ireland in 1714, and came, when a mere lad, to America, living for a while at Wiscasset, Me. Removing to Worcester, he received an academic education, studied medicine, and began his practice in the historic town of Londonderry. In the famous expedition of Sir William Pepperrell against Louisburg he served as surgeon, and was afterward prominently connected with the colonial militia, 420 IIISTORV OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [ 1 788 hoUling for several years a commission as colonel. lie was a member of the convention which declared New Hampshire to be a sovereign State. He served in the Continental Congress from 1776 to 1778, and in the latter year resigned to accept the chief justiceship of Hillsborough county. He held this position only about two years, resigning to accept an appointment on the supreme bench of the State. In 17S3 he was a member of tlie Stale House of Repre- sentatives, and the next year of the State Senate. The yearfollowing he was a member of the Executive Council, but soon afterward removed to Massa- chusetts. He died at Newburyport, Mass., June 24, 1804, in his ninety- first year. William Whipple, born at Kittery, January 14. 1730, received his education on board a vessel, being bred a sailor, and was in command of a vessel in the African trade before he readied his twenty-first birthday-. During the Seven Years' War he retired from a seafaring life and engaged in mercantile pursuits, at Portsmouth, in which he was remarkably successful. In 1775 iie was elected a member of the Continental Congress, tak!ig his seat in May; was re-elected in 1776, talking his seat in February, in time to immortalize himself as one of the signers of the Declaration. He was again elected in 177S, but did not take his seat till some time after the opening of the congress, as in the meantime he had accepted the command of a brigade for the defence of Rhode Island. He declined further re-elections to Con- gress which were tendered him, and resigned his militar_v commission, June 20, 17S2. He was a member of the State Assembly, 17S0-1784; superinten- dent of finance of the State, 17S2-17S4. In 1782 he wasappointed a judge ot the State Supreme Court, holding the position till obliged to relinquish it on account of disease. While captain of a vessel in the African trade he engaged to some extent in the slave-trade, but after the opening of the war of the Revolution he emancipated all his slaves, and refused to assist General Wash- ington in the recovery of a servant of Mrs. Washington, who had run away and taken refuge in Nev^ Hampshire. Captain Whipple, as he was familiarly called, died suddenly, of heart disease, November 28, 17S5. George Frost was born at Newcastle, April 26, 1727, and after receiving a public school education, entered the employ of his uncle, the celebrated mer- chant, Sir William PepperrelKat Kittery Point. For several years he followed a seafaring life as supercargo and captain, but in 1770 abandoned the sea and removed to Durham. He was made a judge of the Strafford county Court of Common Pleas in 1773, and served till 1791, for several of these years being chief justice. He was elected a delegate to the Continental Congress in 1777, and served, rendering good service, till 1779. For the three years 1781-1784 he was a member of the Executive Council. Resigning his seat on the bench at the age of seventy, he retired to private life, and died at Durham, June 21, 1796, in his seventy-seventh year. Little needs to be said of the Wentworths, a familyof the first prominence in the colonial and early history of New Hampshire, and the list of members of the Continental Congress could hardly be said to be complete unless it em- braced the name of a Wentworth. John Wentworth, Jr., was born at Somers- 1 788] STATK UNDER FIRST CONSTITUTION. 42 I wortli, July 17, 1745, and graduated at Harvard College in the class of 176S. He was admitted to tlie bar and commenced the practice of law at Dover in 1770. This same year he was appointed bj Governor John Wentworth register of probate for Strafford county. Was a member of the State House of Representatives from 1776 to 17S0, and served as a member of the Continental Congress for nearly the whole of 1778 and 1779. He was a member of the State Senate 17S1-1784, and of the Executive Council 17S0— 17S4. He was recognized as a man of the most brilliant talents and of great promise, and his early death, which occurred at Dover, January 10, 17S7, was deeplv regretted by all the people of the State. Nathaniel Peabody was born at Topsfield, Massachusetts, March i, 1741. He was the son of Dr. Jacob Peabody, with whom he studied medicine, and after being licensed commenced practice at Plaistow in 1761. He was an ardent advocate of the Revolution, and was commissioned lieutenant-colonel in the militia in 1774, and was the first man in the pro- vince to resign a royal commission. He was elected one of the Committee of Safety January 10, 1776, and was appointed adjutant-general of the State militia July 19. 1779. He was elected to the Continental Congress in 1779, and again in 17S6, but tlie latter time did not act. He was for eight years a member of the State legislature, and in 1793 was elected speaker. Few merb rendered the State better service in both civil and military capacity during- the Revolutionary period, but in his last years lie became financially em- barrassed and died in jail at Exeter, June 27, 1S23, wliere he had been impris- oned for debt. Of Philip White little is known beyond the fact that he was a native of New Hampshire, and was probably a member of the lamily of Whites that were among the early settlers of Rockingham county. He served a short time as- one of the delegates from New Hampshire in the Continental Congress that met at Philadelphia, July 2, 1778. His term of service was in tlie latter part of 17S2 and during the early months of 1783. Like some congressmen of the present day he was not much heard from, and made no enduring mark. Livermore is one of the honored names of New Hampshire history. Sam- uel Livermore in 1780 was chosen a delegate to the Continental Congress, taking his seat in February of that year, but resigned in June, 1782, to accept the chief justiceship of the New Hampshire Court of Common Pleas. Jonathan Blanchard served in the Continental Congress in 17S3-S4. Abiel Foster, pastor of the Congregational church in Canterbury, was a. member of the Continental Congress in 17S3 and 17S4, and was several times elected to Congress under the Constitution. John Taylor Oilman is perhaps best known to students of New Hampshire as the man who held for the longest period the chief executive office. His father was for a long time receiver-general of the Province, and afterward of the State, and he was for several years assistant to his father. In 1782-178^ hewasa delegate from New Hampshire to the Continental Congress. In 1794 he was elected governor as a Federalist, and was re-elected each year till 1S05, when he was defeated by John Langdon, Democrat, by nearly 4000 majority. 422 HISTORV 01" NEW HAMl'SHIKE. [l In iSiJ he was again the Federal candidate. Init failing a majority of votes by the people, his opponent William Plumer was elected bj' the legislature. In 1S13 he was again elected governor by a majority of 500 votes, and was re- elected in 1S14 and 1S15, each time by about the same majority. Governor ■Gilman well earned the title of being the Federal governor par excellence of the State. He was born in Exeter, December 19, 1753; and died there August 21, 1S28. His brother, Nicholas Gilman, was born at Exeter in 1762, and served in the Revolutionary war as lieutenant, captain, adjutant, and adjutant-general. From 1786 to 17SS he was the youngest member of the Congress of the Confederation. He was a member of the first, second, third and fourth congresses, serving till March3, 1797, when he took his seat in the United States Senate as a Democrat. His election to this position was the first break in the New England Federa- Jists in the Senate, who up to this had been solidly Federal. He was re-elec- ted in 1805, and again in iSii, and died at Philadelphia, on his way home. May 3, 1S14. Congress had adjourned April iS. During liis senatorial •career he was as ardent a Democrat as was his brother John Tavlor a Fed- ■eralist. Pierce Long was a native of Portsmouth ; born in 1739, he became, on reaching inanhood, a partner with his father in the shipping business. In 1775 he was a delegate to the Provincial Congress of New Hampshire, and on the breaking out of hostilities served in the Revolutionary army as colonel of the (st New Hampshire regiment, especially distinguishing himself at Ticonderoga. In 17S4, 17S5, and part of 17S6 he was an efficient member of the Continental Congress. He was a member of the Executive Council 17S6-17S9, and member also of the State Constitutional Convention of 178S. In 1789 he was appointed by President Washington collector of customs at Portsmouth, where he died April 3, 1799. Paine Wingate -was another of New Hampshire's members of the Conti- •nental Congress who was liberally educated. He was born at Amesbury, Massachusetts, May 14, 1739, and graduated at Harvard in 1759. Like Abiel Foster he studied theology, and December 14, 1763, was ordained over the church at Hampton Falls, remaining as its minister till March iS, 17S1, when he was dismissed; removed to Stratham and engaged in farming. In the latter part of 1787 and the former part of 17S8 he served for a brief period in the Continental Congress, and was one of the first United States senators from New Hampshire, serving four years from March 4, 17S9. He was elec- ted representative to the third Congress, serving two years. F'rom 1798 to 1S09 he was one of the judges of the Superior Court, retiring w hen he reached his seventieth birthday. He passed liis last years in Stratham, dying there March 7, 1S3S, having nearly completed his ninety-ninth year. His life, cov- ering as it did tlie field of theology, politics and law, extending through nearly a century, was a remarkable one. These eighteen names deserve to be placed on New Hampshire's roll of honor. They belong to men whose lives, services, and character had an in- t-alculable influence in making New Hampshire what it has been and is, in 1788] STATE UNDER FIRST CONSTITUTION-. 423 ■^iviiii;- it its honorable place in American hisloi'v. T!u- names of these patriots are worthv to be helii in remembrance b_v every son ol' the Granite State. The following account of the custom and post offices is from the pen of the late Hon. Thos. L. Tullock, a native of Portsmouth: About the year 1675 Sampson Sheafe, senior, was collector of the port of Piscataqua, and continued in office a few years. Dur- ing his administration several vessels were seized for a violation wards of forty-two million dollars. In April, 1761, John Stavers, an Englishman by birth, and the proprietor of noted hosttlries in his day, commenced running a stage between Portsmouth and Boston. A curricle, or large stage chair, drawn by two horses and sufficiently wide to comfort- ably accommodate three persons, was the vehicle used, and is repre- sented to have been the first regularstage line established in Amer- ica. Thejourney was performed once a week. The conveyance started on Monday for Boston and returning arrived at Ports- mouth on Friday. An advertisement announcing the enterprise reads: " It willbc contrived to carry four persons beside the driv- er. In case only two persons go, they may be accommodated to carry things of bulk or value to make a third or fourth person." After one month's successful service, public notice was given "that five passengers would be carried," leaving Portsmouth on Tuesday, " and arrive back Saturday night." In May, 1763, " The Portsmouth Flying Stage Coach," with four or six horses according to the condition of the roads, started from the "Earl of Halifax" inn, kept by John Stavers, on Queen, now State street, near the easterly end, toward the Pis- cataqua river. The new " Earl of Halifax" hotel was first oc- cupied about 1770, and was a commodious three-storied wooden structure, situated on the corner of Pitt (changed to Court) and Atkinson streets, and is now occupied as a tenement house. The stable, a very large and spacious building which sheltered the horses belonging to the " Flying Stage Coach," as well as those of travellers, is on the corner of Atkinson and Jefferson streets, and in the rear of the public-house. The inns had been respectively named, first "Earl of Halifax," and afterward " William Pitt," and had furnished comfortable quarters for Washington, Lafay- ette, Hancock, Gerry, Knox, Sullivan, Rutledge, Louis Philippe, and many other illustrious personages. The driver attached to the " Flying Stage Coach" was Bartholomew Stavers, undoubt- edly the first regular stage driver north of Boston, if not in the country. One of the earliest mail pouches, if not the first in use on the 428 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [ ' 790 route, and of not greater capacity than a common hand satchel, is preserved among the curiosities at the Portsmouth Athen- aeum. Eleazer Russell, a great-grandson of John Cutt, the first presi- dent of the Province, held several government positions. At one time he was naval ofificer of the port, and also the sole postmas- ter of the Province of New Hampshire, and was distinguished as the first postmaster in the State. All letters addressed to New Hampshire were deposited in his office, and remained there un- til sent for from other towns. Mr. Brewster, in his " Rambles " numbered forty-seven, gives quite an interesting account of this very precise and dignified public functionary, with " cock hat and wig, a light coat with full skirts, a long vest with pocket pads> light small clothes, with bright knee buckles, and more ponder- ous buckles on his shoes." For several years Portsmouth had the only post-ofifice in the Province of New Hampshire, and Elea- zer Russell filled most acceptably the office of postmaster as well as naval officer. His residence, which was the custom house as well as the first post-office, was located near the old ferry ways where the stone store now stands, opposite the intersection of Russell with Market street. In the Committee of Safety, at Exeter, July 27, 17S1, pursu- antto a vote of the General Assembly of June 27, 1781, author- izing the establishment of a post to ride from Portsmouth to the western part of New Hampshire, John Balch, of Keene, was ap- pointed post-rider for three months, at the compensation of sev- enty dollars in hard money for the entire service. The route was from Portsmouth via Concord and Plymouth to Haverhill ; thence down the Connecticut river through Charlestovvn and Keene to Portsmouth ; the trip to be performed in each and every fourteen days, the committee reserving the right to alter the route if the public good or convenience should require any change. Dr. Josiah Bartlctt, of Kingston, was elected president of the State in 1790, succeeding John Sullivan. Dr. Bartlett was very distinguished in the early annals of the State. He was born in Amesbury, Massachusetts, in November, 1727, studied medicine. 1790] STATE UNDER FIRST CONSTITUTION. 429 settled 111 Kingston, and soon acquired a large practice by his skill in surgery, and in the study of the human frame. He was early noted for uprightness and decision of character. Governor John Wentworth gave him the command of a regiment of mill ia. In 1765 Dr Bartlett was first elected a representative from Kingston to the legislature, where he soon became distinguished, as a leader of the opposi- tion. In February, 1775, Dr. Bartlett received a letter notifying him that his name had been erased from the commission of the peace for the county of Kockingliam, and that he had been dismissed from his colonelcy in the militia. Other patriots were treated in the same way. In the summer of 1775 Dr. Bartlett was chosen a delegate to the Conti- nental Congress, and he set out for Philadelphia in the following September. When Congress decided to take a vote on the subject of independence, they begun with the northernmost colony. New Hampshire. Dr. Bartlett's name was called first, and he voted in the affirmative. The other members were then appealed to in rotation until they came to Georgia, the southernmost colony. The president of Congress, John Hancock, was the first to sign the Declaration of Independence. Josiah Bartlett was the second who did so. In 17S0 he was appointed chief justice of the Court of Common Pleas. In 1782 he was appointed a justice of the Supreme Court, and he held that position until 17SS, when he was made chief justice of the Supreme Court. It does not appear that he had any special legal training for the bench, but few of the judges had in those days. But he had many of the requisites that generally go far towards the making of a sound justice, viz., honesty, good sense, and a large knowledge of books and men. In the somewhat un- settled state of the colonies, judges were not so much called upon to resolve line points of law as they are at the present time. Dr. Bartlett was elected president of the State in 1790, and also in 1791. When the new constitution went into eft'ect, in 1792, the title was changed to that of governor. Dr. Bartlett was elected governor in 1792 and in 1793, thus being the first governor of the State. In 1792 Governor Bartlett was one of the electors of president and vice- president. In 1794 he retired from the gubernatorial chair. He was also elected to the United States Senate, but could not accept because of poor health. He was a staunch Federalist in politics, an active member in, and president of, the New Hampshire Medical Society. He was a man of fine figure, being six feet in height, and of erect bearing. His face was thoughtful and expressive, and he had handsome blue eyes. He wore his auburn hair in a queue, and had a white stock at his throat, and ruffles on his wrists. He wore knee breeches, black silk stockings, and low shoes with silver buckles, the prevailing style for gentlemen at that time. He was affable, but dignified, in manner. In religion he was a Universalist. 430 HISTOKV OF NEW )1A.MI>SHIKK. [l/QO In Kingston, at a little distance back from the large and well-kept green, on higher ground, stands the imposing, old-fashioned house built by Josiah Bartlett. White oak was the material chiefly used in its construction. On the other side of the common stands the village tavern. Just beyond the old hostelry lies that part of the hamlet which slowly but surely encroaches upon the busy portion. In one corner rest the remains of Josiah Bartlett. wlio died of paralysis May 19, 1795, in the sixty-fifth year of his age. A simple monument of cut granite marks the spot, a fitting covering for one of New Hampshire's most honored sons.' Josiah Bartlett commenced the study of medicine with Dr. Ordwav when only sixteen years of age. But prior to this he obtained a rudimentary knowledge of Latin and Greek. He soon exhausted Dr. Ordway's meager library, and subsequently other libraries in that section, among which was Rev. Dr. Webster's of Salisbury. After five years of study, Dr. Bartlett settled in Kingston in 1750, and commenced the practice of his profession. That fine discretionary judgment which ever characterized his public life ■was early manifested in his methods of practice as a physician. He was a close and careful observer. Early in his professional career he discovered errors in the then accepted pathology and treatment of disease. Believing that his own life was saved in a severe fever by a quart of cider, which he persuaded his watchers to get in the night, against the explicit orders of his physician that drinks should not be administered, he ever after discontinued the barbarous practice which allowed patients burning with a fever to die of thirst. That terrible scourge now known as diphtheria appeared in this country for the first time at Kingston, with fearful fatality. The orthodox method of treatment for the disease was by bleeding, emetics, depressing drugs and starvation — under the belief that the malady was inflammatory in its charac- ter. Dr. Bartlett again saw error in this conception of the pathology of the disease, and with a boldness that always followed his convictions, inaugurated a method of treatment diametrically opposite to the one endorsed by the pro- fession. He resorted to tonics and antiseptics, with a sustaining diet, and met with a degree of success that had not before characterized the treatment of the " throat distemper." These incidents in his professional life almost constitute marking stones in the progress of medicine in this country. Indeed, Belknap and other historians have made a record of his marked success in the treatment of the malignant "throat distemper." The mantle of distinction was first placed upon him while a tireless and conscientious worker in the ranks of the medical profession. The historv of his unparalleled career indicates that he possessed a fixity of purpose — that of fidelity to present duty — in whatever capacity in life the course of events placed him. This quality was first manifested in the laborious routine of medical practice ; and its appreciation by the loyal citizens of the Province, ■ Kev. IXmiel Rollins. 1790] STATE UNOEK FIKST CONSTITUTION'. 43/. (Coupled with his recognized ability, led liim .step by step into nearly every official position within their gift. Prior to 1791 no medical society or organization existed in the State. During that year Dr. Bartlett, then president of New Hampshire, with eigh- teen associated, all physicians of eminence and ability, obtained a charter for the New Hampshire Medical Society. The document shows the handiwork of his master mind and his recognition of the importance of education to the physician. In proof of this reads the second preamble, which occurs near the middle of the enacting sections of the charter : — ■• And whereas it is clearly of importance that a just discrimination shoulc? be made between such as are duly educated and properly qualified for tlie duties of their profession, and those who may ignorantly and wickedly admin- ister medicine whereby the health and lives of many valuable individuals ma^- be endangered, or perhaps lost to the community. Be it therefore fur- ther enacted,"' etc. This admirable charter was signed by "Josiah Bartlett, president," on February 16, 1791. By its provision he was to call the first meeting of the society, which he did on the 4th day of May following, at E.xeter. The manu- script records of that meeting say : "Present — His Excellency Josiah Bart- lett, Esq., Joshua Brackett, Hall Jackson, Nathaniel Peabody, John Rogers, Ebenezer Rockwood, William Cogswell, William Parker, jr., Benjamin Page, and Isaac Thom, members." One will recognize these names as men of eminence in the earlier history of New Hampshire, whom Josiah Bartlett chose and received as associates in the profession. Dr. Bartlett was elected president of the New Hampshire Medical Society at its first meeting, and held the office for two years and then declined a re- election. The society passed resolutions thanking him for his inestimable services, to which he replied with the following letter : — ■ Gentlemen of the New Hampshire Medical Society: — ''The unexpected resolve of thanks presented me by your committee, for the small services I have been able to afford the Medical Society, I consider as an instance of the polite attention and regard they mean to pay to such persons as may in any manner endeavor to promote the public happiness. " I have long wished that the practice of medicine in the State (upon which the lives and healths of our fellow citizens depend) might be put under better regulations than it has been in times past, and have reason to hope that the incorporation of the New Hampshire Medical Society (if properly attended to by the fellows) will produce effects greatly beneficial to the community by encouraging genms and learning in the medical sciences and discouraging ignorant and bold pretenders from practising an art of which they have no knowledge. ''That the members of the society maybe useful to themselves and the public, and enjoy the exalted pleasure of satisfaction that arises from a conscious- ness that they have contributed to the health and happiness, not only of their patients, but, by communicating to others the knowledge and cure of disease, 432 HISTOKV OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. ['790 to the general happiness of the hmiian race, is tlie ardent wisii. Gentlemen, of your very humble servant, 'Josi.vii Bartlett. " Concord, N. H., June 19th, 179.V" This letter was his last communication to the New Hampshire Medical Society. He founded it, drew its charter, shaped its by-laws and regulations, and saw it properly organized upon a basis that guaranteed its perpetuity, before his lamp went out.' At the June session of the legislature, 1790, Wilham Plumcr objected to John S. Sherburne's taking his seat as a member, on the ground that he was a pensioner of the United States, and held the office of district attorney under the general govern- ment. During the discussion Sherburne shed tears, which so influenced the members that he was allowed to retain his seat. He had been a preacher and had become a lawyer, and had lost his leg while in the army. He was a man of talents, gentle- manly in his manners and insinuating in his address. He was afterwards elected to Congress, and held for many years the office of district judge. The State constitution, established three years later, settled the question thus raised by excluding from both branches all persons holding any office under the United States.^ The attempt to impeach Judge Woodbury Langdon occu- pied considerable of the time of this and the ne.xt legis- lature. After many delays the impeachment was finally dropped, the judge having resigned his seat on the bench and accepted an office under the United States. Many believed that the impeachment proceedings arose from private pique and personal interest. Jeremiah Smith, a rising young lawyer, this being his third term, conducted the impeachment for the House. The legislature, which prided itself very little on its patronage of literature, appropriated ^50 towards the expenses of Rev. Dr. Jeremy Belknap's " History of New Hampshire." The attempt to lay a direct State tax warmly recommended by the treasurer was defeated after a severe struggle by a single vote. The argument used against the motion was that the trea- surer used the funds of the State for his private emolument ; while the friends of the measure claimed that the public had no concern in the matter, except to see that his bondsmen were good. 1790] STATE UNDER FIKST CONSTITUTION. 433 His course on this measure alienated William Plumer from the leading Exeter politicians, while agreeing with them in general politics, and made him ultimately a centre of anti-Exeter influence. 1 Exeter was for many years the political capital of the State. John Taylor Gilman, Nicholas Oilman, Nathaniel Gilman, Oli- ver Peabody, Samuel Tenney, Benjamin Abbott, George Sulli- van, Benjamin Conner, who though less known was a great party manager, and, later, Jeremiah Smith, possessed an aggregate of talents and information, and a weight of character and influence, which could be equalled in no other part of the State. ■' So little was the general interest felt in politics at this time that only one in seventeen of the inhabitants of the State took the trouble to vote. ^The land which now comprises the town of Bartlett was granted by Governor Wentworth to several persons, among whom were William Stark and Vera Royce, for services rendered in Canada during the French and Indian war. Captain Stark divided his share into lots, giving large tracts to persons who would settle them. Two brothers by the name of Emery, and a Harriman, were the first permanent settlers. Settlements had been begun during this time in most of the locations in the vicinity of the mountains. In 1777, but a few years succeeding the Emerys, Daniel Fox, Paul Jilly, and Samuel Willey, from Lee, made a settlement in what is known as Upper Bartlett, north of those already located. They commenced their settlement with mis- fortune as well as hardship. Their horses, dissatisfied with the grazing along the Saco, started for their former home in Lee. Hon. John Pendexter removed to the town from Portsmouth at an early period of its history, settling in the southern part near the Conway line. Here he resided the remainder of his life, dying at the advanced age of eighty-three years. He and his wife came a distance of eighty miles in midwinter, she riding ujjon an old, feeble horse, with a feather-bed under her, and an infant child in her arms, he by her side, hauling their household furniture upon a hand-sled. Nor was it a well-prepared home to ■ William Piume , Jr. = E. A. Philbrick. 434 HISTOKV OF NEW IlAMrsiIIKE. 1790 whicli they came, — a warm house and well-cultivated lands, — but a forest and a rude log- cabin. The town was incorporated in June, 1790, autl named in honor of Governor ]5artlett. GIANT STAIRS, BARTLETT. ^Cardigan lifts its silvery head thirty-one hundred feet above the sea level. At its base stood the dwelling-house and farm- buildings of Colonel Elisha Payne, lie was horn in 1731, and reared in the State of Connecticut, and probably graduated at 1790] STATE UNDER FIRST CON'SIITUTION. 435 Vale College. The township of Cardigan was granted in February, 1769. The grantees were Elisha Payne, Isaac Fellows, and ninety-nine others. The first settlements in the township were made in 1773, by Payne, Silas Harris, Benjamin Shaw, David P^ames, and Captain Joseph Kenney. Payne at this time was forty-two years of age. The town was incorporated by the name of Orange, in June, 1790. Payne went back into the dense wil- derness, far beyond the reach of any human habitation, and se- lected a swell of good, strong land for his farm, near the base of the mountain. Payne was a trustee of Dartmouth College from 1784 to 1801, and was its treasurer in 1779 and 1780. His connection with tiie college explains the fact, that when the small-pox broke out at Dartmouth, subsequent to 1780, the afflicted students were carried to this remote and lonely mountain-seat for treatment. Payne had removed to East Lebanon, and settled on the shore of Mascoma Lake, before this occurrence. Several of the stu- dents died and wei"e buried, but no stone marks the place of their peaceful rest. The Payne house, from tliis time forward, was called the Pest House, and was used as such, at a later day, by the authorities of Orange. Payne had a son, Elisha Payne, jr., who graduated at Dart- mouth, and who was a man of character and ability. He was the first lawyer to open an office in Lebanon. This office was at East Lebanon, which was then the chief village in that town. He served in both branches of the legislature of this State, but died at the early age of about forty-five. Elisha Payne, senior, was a man of strong mind and great decision of character. He was the leader, on the east side of the Connecticut river, in the scheme to dismember New Hamp- shire and annex a tract, some twenty miles in width, to Vermont. In July, 1778, he was chosen, under the statutes of Vermont, a justice of the peace for the town of Cardigan, in a local town- meeting held that day. He was a member of the " Cornish Convention" of 1778, and of the " Charlestown Convention" in 1 78 1. He was representative from Cardigan in the Vermont legislature, under the first union, in 1778, and was representative 436 JUSTOKY OF XKW HAMPSHIRE. ['790 from Lebanon, under the second union, in April, 1781. In Oc- tober of the same year he was chosen lieutenant-governor of Vermont, by the legislature of that State, then in session at Charlestown, New Hampshire. In this legislature, fifty-seven towns west of the Connecticut and forty-five towns on the New Hampshire side of that river were represented. When the bitter and prolonged strife between the two juris- dictions, New Hampshire and Vermont, was nearing the crisis, and Bingham and Gandy of Chesterfield had been arrested by Vermont officials for resisting the authority of that State, and thrown into jail at Charlestown, and Colonel Enoch Hale, the sheriff of Cheshire county, had proceeded under orders from the president and Council of New Hampshire to release them, and had been seized and summarily committed to the same jail, and the militia of New Hampshire had been put on a war footing to rescue Hale and the other prisoners at Charlestown, Governor Chittenden of Vermont commissioned Elisha Payne of Leba- non, the lieutenant-governor, as brigadier-general, and appointed him to take command of the militia of that State, to call to his aid Generals Fletcher and Olcott, and such of the field officers on the east side of the Green Mountains as he thought proper, and to be prepared to oppose force to force. But bloodshed was happily averted. The Continental Congress took hostile ground against the scheme to dismember New Hampshire, and General Washington put his foot upon it. In this dilemma the authori- ties of Vermont, for the sake of self-preservation, relinquished their claim to any part of New Hampshire, and in February, 1782, the second union between the disaffected towns on the west side of this State and Vermont came to an end. In addition to the offices already named, Payne held that of chief justice of the Supreme Court of his cherished State, Ver- mont, a State then stretching from the head-waters of the Pemi- gewasset to Lake Champlain. After a life of adventure, of strange vicissitude, of startling- success and crushing defeat, Elisha Payne quietly fell asleep in East Lebanon, at the age of seventy-six years. He was buried in the impretending cemetery near his place of residence in that I791] STATE UNDER FIRST CONSTITUTION. 437 village. His wife, a number of his children, and other member.s of the family, in all seven persons, were iniirned in the same cemetery lot ; but about a quarter of a century ago, in the late fall, there came a fearful storm, and the gentle brook whose course lies along the border of this receptacle for the dead sud- denly became a rushing torrent, and, breaking from its channel, swept in among the quiet sleepers and carried away most that remained of the Payne family. Winter closed in, but the next spring such bones as had not found a lodgment at the bottonv of Mascoma Lake, as it is usually called, were gathered up, all put into one box and redeposited in the earth in another part of the cemetery, whereon has been erected, by family relatives, a substantial and appropriate monument. And so ends the story of a life of stern conflict and romantic incident. The winter session of 1791 was devoted chiefly to a revision of the statutes, with a view to anew edition of the laws. Among the bills introduced was one for the punishment of blasphemy. The committee reported the old law, in substance, but Mr. Welman, who had been a preacher, moved as an amendment that any person " convicted of speaking disrespectfully of any part of the Bible should have his tongue bored through with a hot iron." Sherburne seconded this motion in a vehement speech, declaring that he should be better pleased with death as the pen- alty for so atrocious an offence. As Sherburne was thought to be an unbeliever, and was free in his remarks on Scripture and his ridicule of the clergy, his address was thought an effort to bring out Plumer on the unpopular side. Fearing the amend- ment would pass Mr. Plumer did speak against it in his eloquent and impressive style, and did succeed in defeating it, though not by a large majority. "Whipping, branding and other mutilations of the body were punishments then inflicted by the penal codes of most of the States, and the zeal of a Christian community saw nothing revolting in their application to the support of religious truth. " 1 It was during the preceding session that Mr. Phinier, who was a popular leader in the House, introduced a bill to tax State notcs^ ■ Wiliim Pliner, Jr. 438 HISTOKV OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [>79' a measure combated by the lixeter party, who were largely inter- ested. " Your JTifluence, " said one of them to him, "may carry the bill through an ignorant House, as you can carry anything else there, but it will be rejected by the Senate. " " We shall see," was the quiet reply. The bill passed the House and was sent to the Senate, but was lost. It passed the House a second time, was enacted by the Senate, and became a law. A member of the House, not from Exeter, aftei-wards boasted that he had pocketed the first bill. At the November session of the legislature at Portsmouth the most important business was the incorporation of a bank. The Bank of the United States had recently been established, and there were only three State banks in the country, — one in Boston, one in New York, and one in Philadelphia. At this time the legislature was in the practice of frequently interfering with the business of the courts, by granting new trials and prescribing special rules for the trial of a particular action. A ludicrous instance of the exercise of this sovereign power occurred in the western part of the State, in a case involving the ownership of two pigs. The legislature passed an Act to set aside the finding of the court, but the justice, an old soldier of the Revolution, convinced by the arguments of Jeremiah Mason that the legislature had no right to interfere with his ruling, would not grant a new trial ; and the pig action gained extensive notoriety and tended to bring such special Acts of the legisla- ture into ridicule and deserved contempt.^ A convention having been called to revise the constitution of the State, the elections took place in August, and the conven- tion met early in September, 1791. The importance of the object drew together many of the ablest men of the State. The discussion, not of laws merely, but of constitutional provisions, and the fundamental principles of government, gave to the de- bates an interest not often felt in legislative proceedings. The debates, though long and able, were never published, and the journal of the convention furnishes but an imperfect account of I Jeremiah Mason. 1791] STATE UNDKR FIRST CDNSTITUIIOX. 439 what was clone, and still less by whom it was clone. Even the 3'eas and nays are only given in two or three cases. From the " Life of William Plumer," a member of the convention, one can obtain some account of the proceedings of the body. Among the Jiiembers were John Pickering, Edward St. Loe Livermore, Dr. Samuel Tenney, James MacGregore, Moses Leavitt, Christopher Toppan, Nathaniel Rogers, General Joseph Cilley, John McClary, Abial Foster, Timothy Walker, Colonel Nathaniel Head, John Calfe, Dr. Nathaniel Peabody, John Waldron, Ebenezer Thomp- .son, Thomas Cogswell, Ebenezer Smith, Zachariah Chandler, Joshua Atherton, Jeremiah Smith, Major Benjamin Pierce, Major Caleb Stark, Rev. Jonathan Searls, Daniel Newcomb, John Duncan, Samuel Livermore, Elisha Payne, Captain Nathaniel White, Moses Chase, Nahum Parker, Timothy Tilton, and others, — strong men, having the future best interests of the State con- stantly in mind. 1 The old constitution was taken up by sections, and its provi- sions altered or amended, and new clauses added, or old ones stricken out, at the will of the convention, till the whole had been revised. This occupied the first ten days of the session. William Plumer and Jeremiah Smith were the most conspicuous members of the convention. The former was then a young man, just com- ing into notice, having been admitted to the practice of law only four years before, yet there was no one who took so active apart or who had greater influence in that body. By his industry and perseverance, his energy and decision, and, above all, by the force and accuracy of his discriminating mind, he acquired, before the close of the convention, a weight and authority in that body which no other man possessed. " He was," said Judge Livermore, "by all odds the most influential man in the convention ; so much so that those who disliked the result called it Plumer's constitution, by way of insinuating that it was the work of one man, and not the collective wisdom of the whole assembly." The manuscript volume in the State House which relates to the convention is mainly in the handwriting of Mr. Plumer and Mr. Smith. Both of these men were at this time comparatively young, ambitious 440 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. ['791 ot distinction, liard workers, prompt in action, and ready and wil- ling alike with the tongue and the pen. They concurred for the most part in their general views of policy, though occasionally differing on questions of minor importance. But in concert or opposition it was hard to say whether, aside from the strength of their arguments, the House most admired the broad humor, the Scotch-Irish drollery and shrewdness of Smith, or the keen re- tort, the ready resources, and strong practical common sense of Plumer. Smith being at that time a member of Congress was present only during the first session of ten days. Plumer was present to the end and busy from the first. They were at this time friends, although, placed ultimately at the head of opposite parties in the State, their friendship was not destined to survive. Their respect for each other was probably lifelong. The sub- jects in which Mr. Plumer took the strongest interest were the provisions on the subject of religion, the organization of the exec- utive department, the judiciary, and the basis of representation in the House. Mr. Plumer took the broadest view of religiou.s. tolerance : his opponents would have subjected all the inhabi- tants of the State to a town tax for the support of the clergy- man whom the majority of the voters should select as their pas- tor. Neither party prevailed, and the provision of the 1784 constitution remained in force. His motion to abolish the reli- gious test for office holders, who were required by the consti- tution to be " of the Protestant religion," though at first rejected, was finally adopted by the convention. It was not accepted by the people at that time nor subsequently in 1850, although it remained a dead letter for very many years before it was finally stricken from the constitution in 1876. Mr. Plumcr's idea was to divide the State into sixty representative districts, nearly equal as to population, but this was rejected by a strong majority. The smaller towns, miniature republics, refused to sur- render their ancient privileges of representation in the legislative assemblies. Mr. Plumer advocated the separation of the execu- tive from the legislative department and the power of veto, and would have made a plurality of votes alone necessary for a choice by the people of senators, so that the Senate should not 1792] STATE UNDER FIRST CONSTITUTION. 44I (.lepeiul upon lIio House for tlie election of any of its members. The plan for organizing- the judiciary department to secure a more speedy and less expensive administration of justice, and to reform "its expense, its injustice, its delays," by lessening the number of courts and increasing their power, and for extending the jur- isdiction of justices of the peace to sums not exceeding four pounds, was rejected by the people, except as to extending the jurisdiction of justices of the peace. The convention appointed a committee to reduce the amendments to form, and another committee to take the whole subject into consideration and re- port at a future meeting the amendments proper to be submitted to the people.^ The convention then adjourned to meet in February, 1792. The committee of ten, two from each county, met frequently. Peabody, who was chairman, was disposed to perplex and em- barrass, rather than aid, the business. Atherton acted almost uniformly with Peabody. Freeman was opposed to all amend- ments. The infirmities of age made Payne inactive. Page was able and well disposed, but indolent and inattentive. The chief labor and responsibility fell on Plumer.' The other mem- bers of the committee gave him little trouble and no assistance. He had to control perverseness and rouse indolence, both very laborious and perplexing. By perseverance he surmounted every obstacle thrown in his way. The committee agreed upon amendments which Mr. Plumer reduced to form, and transcribing the whole constitution, introduced them into their proper places. On the meeting of the convention, in 1792, the report of the committee was assailed from various quarters, but Page and Atherton joined Plumer in its defence, and succeeded after long debates, continuing for two weeks, in carrying it through, al- though not without some important modifications. The con- vention then adjourned, to meet again in May to receive the answer of the people. On coming together again a committee was appointed to ascertain what amendments had been adopted and what rejected, and to harmonize the old and new constitu- tions. This being done the subject was again submitted to the ' William Plumer, Jr. 442 lUSTOKV o|- Ni:\V IIAMI'SIIIRE. ['79- peojale ; and the labors 'if the convention vvei'c closed h)- an- other short session in September. The constitution thus formed remained in force without alteration until 1876, nor was there any attempt at change for nearly half a century. Of this convention Governor Plumer was the last survivor when the convention of !92, during" the administration of President Josiah Bartlett, who was the first to assume the title of governor of the State of New Hampshire. During the preceding year the New Hampshire Medical Society had been organized, of which he was elected first president. The first bank in the State was established at Portsmouth in 1792, with a capital of g 160,000, a year memora- ble for the advent of Elder Jesse Lee, who introduced Metho- dism into the State. A newspaper had been established in Concord by George Hough as early as 1790. John Taylor Gilman was elected governor in 1794. He be- longed to a noted and wealthy family of Exeter. 'Through all the colonial period they were a notable and influential race. Members of the family held civil office from the time our colony became a royal Province up to within the memory of men now living. Edward Gil- man, the ancestor of all the Gilmans of this .State, came into New Hampshire soon after its first settlement, and among his descendants have been men in every generation who have done honor to their country, and whom this country has delighted to honor. Hon. John Gilman, the son of the preced- ing, was one of the councillors named in President Cutts' commission in ' Fred Myron Colby. 1794] STATE GOVERNMENT. 445 1679. He died in 170S. His son, Capt. Nicholas Gilman, was an officer of skill and decision during the Indian %vars of Queen Anne's reign, was a friend of Col. Winthrop Hilton, and had command of a detachment that marched against the savages to revenge the death of that lamented officer in 1710. Hon. Peter Gilman was a rojal councillor under John Wentworth, and was the first to fill the office of brigadier-general in New Hampshire. Col. Daniel Gilman was one of the commissioners from New Hampshire, stationed at Albany, in 175G, to take care of the provisions furnished hy the Province for our troops quartered at Ticonderoga. He was also the colonel ■of the 4th New Hampshire regiment of militia for many years. He was a grantee of the town of Gilmanton, and two of his sons settled there. Nicholas Gilman, his oldest son, was born October 21, 1731. The greater part of his life was passed at E.xeter. He inherited his father's patrician rank, and early became a man of influence in his native village. In 1752 he pur- ■chased of William Ladd, Esq., the large mansion-house that had been built by Nathaniel, and moved into it with the wife he had recently married. Miss Ann, daughter of Rev. John Taylor of Milton, a descendant of one of the Pilgrim fathers. The new mistress of the Gilman house, as it was thereafter termed, was a woman of large culture, strong mind, and great beauty of per- son. Her first child, who was born just a year after her marriage lacking two days, was named for her father, a patronymic that was famous in New Hampshire in after years. The early years of marriage were somewhat ■disturbed by the rumors of war, that blew fateful and threatening from the frontiers, and his second son, who bore his own name, was an infant of scarcely two months when Nicholas Gilman marched, as lieutenant, under his uncle Peter, to join in the operations around Lake George in 1755. Prior to the Revolution he held many important civil and military appoint- ments under the government of the Wentworths. Between him and the last royal governor, the cultivated and enterprising Sir John, there was a strong personal friendship. When the storm of the Revolution came, he threw all ' and logical reasoner. Few men could see so far as he could, and he was al- ways ready to act upon any and all occasions. As a man, he was ardent, im- petuous, and unieserved in his acts and feelings. A true patriot and an ardent lover of his country, lie was ever wont to freely canvass the policy and motives involved in the old national struggles. Life's warfare over, he sleeps now near the home of his youth, among the friends of his boyhood and noble manhood. But the turf rests lightly above his grave, and his name is sacredly linked with the other illustrious dead of our early history. Of Governor Gilman"s personal appearance we have several descriptions. 1794] STATE GOVERNMENT. 449 He was six feet high, of a portly figure, and neighed about two hundred pounds. He had keen bhie eves, a fair complexion, light brown hair, a lion- like jaw, and a nose of composite order, being neither Roman, Greek, or Jew- ish. He was a most dignified old man, and preserved his straightness and vigor to the last. He died in August, 1S2S. Colonel Gilman, as we have said, died in 17S3. His large property was di- vided among his sons. The youngest, Nathaniel, had married Miss Abigail Odlin, relative of Dr. Odlin, and he now became the owner of the original Odlin property. It was his home for the remainder of his life. Nathaniel was a boy of sixteen when theRevoliition commenced, and did not go to the field at all. But he did useful service at home, in assisting his lather in his manifold employments. He succeeded his father as financial agent for the State, and was a prosperous and prominent citizen. Though he did not fill the nation's eye like his older brothers, Colonel Nathaniel Gilman filled many important offices in his day. He was prominent in the State militia, was a State senator, and served as State treasurer for many years. He died in 1847, at the age of eighty-seven, llewas thefatherof four daughters and seven sons. Nathaniel Gilman wt.s the tallest and the stoutest of the three brothers. He was the Roman of them all, six feet and two inches in height, of remark- ably muscular and vigorous mold, with a Roman nose, light hair, and the fair complexion of the Gilmans. Grave and sober in his look, we can imagine the fear with which he was regarded by the urchins who used to pilfer his fruit. His older brother. Senator Nicholas, was the most elegant man of liis day in New Hampshire. He had the fine physique of Ezekiel Webster, and the winning grace of Aaron Burr. His height was five feet and ten inches, the height of a gentleman, according to Chesterfield. He had a nearly straight nose, mild blue eyes, a handsome chin, and wore his hair in a queue. Blonde, superb in carriage, of striking dignity, he W'as the perfect ideal gentleman of the old school. Nicholas, like his brother, John Taylor, was a soldier of the Revolution. His whole term of service included six years and three months. During the latter part of the war he was deputy adjutant-general, and in that capacity ivas at Yorktown, where he received from Lord Cornwallis, to whom he was sent for the purpose by Washington, the return of exactly seven thousand and fifty men surrendered. He held the commission of captain, and was for a time a member of General Washington's military family. After the suspen- sion of hostilities, Nicholas Gilman was a delegate, from his Slate, to the Con- tinental Congress for two consecutive years — 17S6 and 17S7. Under the new constitution he was a member of the House of Representatives in Congress eighty-ears, and a United States senator for nine years. He died before the completion of his second term, at Philadelphia, while returning from Wash- ington, May 2, 1S14. He was never married. He resided all his life with his brother Colonel Nathaniel. At the death of the latter the house and estate came into the hands of one of his sons, Joseph Taylor Gilman. He married Miss Mary E. Gray, daughter of Harrison Gray, of Boston. In 1S62 Mr. Gilman died, compara- 450 IIISTOKV OF NEW II AlIPSHI KE. ['794 tiveh- a voiiii;; m.m. His widow, ril'tcr iliio time, iiian-ied again — .i man not unknown to fame, — Hon. Charles II. Bell, in iSSi the chief e.\ecu- tive of New Hampshire. Governor Bell is a son of Hon. John Bell, who was governor of the State in 182S. He bears a noble name, a name scarcelv second to that of tlie Gilmans in age and honor. T«-o brothers of the name liave been governors of the state dnring a period of five vears; one was a United States senator from New Hampshire for twelve vears, and a justice of the Supreme Court for three years. Another of the name was chiet justice of New Hampshire from 1859 '" 'S64, and one of the most eminent lawvers in the State. They have been spealiers of the house, presidents of the Senate, and congressmen, filling every office with ability, honesty, and lienor.' Ill 1794 a post-rider went between Boston and Concord eacli way once a week. A weekly line of stages was advertised, run- ning from Concord, through Pembroke, Allenstown, Chester, and Haverhill, to Boston. Two days' time was allowed for the mail to make the trip one way. The advertisements of this year mention no public conveyance in other directions. The notice appeared October i. In November the stage line made a connection at Haverhill with stages for Exeter and Portsmouth. Passengers were allowed to carry fourteen pounds of baggage free. Walpole was at that time a place of more business than an\- in that vicinity, and was much resorted to by the people of the neighboring towns. There was also a considerable travel from a distance passing on what was called the great river road. The inhabitants of that part of the valley of the Connecticut river were then just passing from the rude and boisterous manners of first settlers to a more civilized, orderly and composed state.^ A set of young men, mostly of the legal profession, gathering from many miles up and down the river, were much in the habit of familiar intercourse for the sake of amusement and recreation. They occasionally met at village taverns, but more commonly at the sessions of the courts, and freely indulged in gaming, excessive drinking, and such like dissipations. The most of them were gentlemanly in manners, and some talented. The ruin of some served as a warning to others.'^ " Mr. West was by far the first and best lawyer, and in all re- spects the most respectable man, in that region of country. He ■ iM-ed Myvcii t.i.lby. = Jeremiah M.ison. 1/94] STATE GOVEKNiMKNT. 45 1 was educated at Princeton College, and commenced the practice of law at Charlestown before the close of the Revolutionary war. He had good natural powers of mind, a quick and clear perception, a delicate taste, highly refined, a sound judgment, and lively imagination. His style of speaking was simple, nat- ural, smooth, and mild ; always pure and neat, and sometimes elegant ; with a good person, clear and pleasant voice, much earnestness and apparent sincerity, — he was altogether a most persuasive speaker." ^ In arguing cases of complicated and tloubtful evidence before a jury he had few or no superiors. In the discussion of questions of law, and in argumentation of mere abstract propositions, he was less powerful, for he was deficient in law learning. " This he was fully sensible of, and attributed it to his having quitted the study when he began the practice of the law. He said of the elder Judge Livermore, who had been attorney-general of the Province before the Revolution, and chief justice of the Supreme Court, that, having no law learning himself, he did not like to be pestered with it at his courts ; that when he (Mr. West) attempted to read law books in ' a law argument, the chief justice asked him why he read them ; if he thought that he and his brethren did not know as much as those musty old worm-eaten books ? Mr. West answered, " These books contain the wisdom of the ancient sages of the law." The reply was, "Well, do you think we do not under- stand the principles of justice as well as the old wigged lawyers of the dark ages did ? " Thus his law books were laughed out of court. This was surely but poor encouragement for the dry study of law books. ^ Mr. West was a member of the conven- tion of New Hampshire for adopting the constitution of the United States, when from his known talents much was expected from him ; but his modesty and diffidence kept him from speak- ing although he was very much interested in the result, which was for a long time in suspense. Joseph Dennis, a graduate of Harvard College, 1790, was also practising law at Walpole at this time, although "his legal knowledge consisted wholly in a choice selection of quaint, obso- ■ Jeremiah Mason. 452 lllSTOKV OF Ni:\V IIAMPSIIIKE. L ' 794 lete, and queer phrases from 'Plowden's Commentaries,' the only book he ever read with any attention. These phrases he often repeated in ridicule of the law, to the great amusement of his auditors. He was the most aerial, refined, and highly sub- limited spirit,"' with "a good share of native genius, and a delicate and accurate taste, cultivated by an ardent study of the English classics." He afterwards edited the Portfolio in Phil- adelphia. ' " Another of the extraordinary men who then ranged that country was William Coleman, afterwards so greatly distin- guished as the editor of the Nezu York Evening Post, under the patronage of General Hamilton, that his opponents gave him the title of field-marshal of Federal editors. By great industry and persevering diligence he acquired a good education. As a lawyer he was respectable, but his chief excellence consisted in a critical knowledge of the English language, and the adroit management of political discussions. His paper for several years gave the leading tone to the press of the Federal party." He freely admitted the assistance he received from Alexander Hamilton in writing his most powerful editorials. -In contradistinction to most of the places in the valley of the Souhegan, Milford boasts of no antiquity and will not celebrate its centennial until 1894. For its origin it is indebted to a genuine outburst of human nature in the form of dissatisfaction, which took place in the old town of Monson. That ancient, now extinct, town was incorporated April i, 1746, and was bounded on the north by the Souhegan river and south by Ilollis. Its corporate exis- tence lasted for twenty-four years, during which time it regularly held annual town meetings, elected its town clerks, selectmen, tithingmen, hogreeves and other town officers ; but there is no evidence that it ever had a school-house, meeting-house, or a •■ learned orthodox " or other minister. The only public structure ever owned by the town was a pound built for the confinement of disorderly cattle. At the first town-meeting, held in May, 1746, it was voted to build a pound and also buy a suitable "book to record votes in, and other things as the town shall see fit." The people of Monson, however, liketlieir neighbors of HoUis, do not at any time seem to have been well content with their chartered boundaries. Several expedients in difterent years came before the annual meetings proposing changes in the chartered limits, soine of them favoring additions to its territory, others a division of it in various ways. Among the rest was a proposal adopted at the March meeting in 1760, to I Jeremiah Mason. 2 J. B. Conner. 1796] STATE r.OVERNMENT. 455 annex the land on the south side of Monson to Ilollis, and to petition tiie governor and Council for such part of Souhegan west to be added to Monson as would be sufficient to maintain the Gospel and other incidental charges. Again, in 1761 the town voted to set off a mile and a half on the south to Hollis. This last was passed to favor a petition of Ilollis to the General Court for the like purpose. After this date all questions looking to a change in the boundaries of the town seem to have rested until 1770, when the people of Monson, having abandoned all hope of maintaining preaching, or of " settling the Gospel among them," petitioned the General Court to put a final end to- their unhappy and troubled corporate life by a repeal of their charter. In this petition thev gave as a reason the barrenness of the soil about the centre of the town, and their inability to establish the Gospel or even to build a meet- ing-house. The consent of Hollis to accept of two miles in width of the south side of the suppliant town, and of Amherst all the residue, having been ob- tained, an Act was passed by the General Court in 1770, dividing Monson by a line extending east and west, passing very near its centre, and annexing the south part to Hollis and the north to Amherst. In 1793. the town of Milford was incorporated, the Act chartering it being- entitled : "An Act to incorporate the south-westerly part of Amherst, the north-westerly part of Hollis, the Mile Slip, and Duxbuy school farm into a town. Milford as incorporated included a small part of Amherst north ol" the Souhegan, much the largest portion of that part of the old town of Mon- son which was ceded to Amherst in 1770, all of the Mile Slip notincluded in Raby, with the Duxbuy school farm, and an area of one thousand acres taken from Hollis. Thus it will be seen that Monson, after having been carved into many slices and served up in a variety of ways, was finally collected, moulded into a different form, given another name, and in its new dress graces one of the most beautiful spots on the Souhegan river. The charter for the first New Hampshire turnpike, extend- ing from Concord to the Piscataqua bridge, in the vicinity of Portsmouth, was granted by the legislature in 1796, and was promptly commenced and completed, running through the ex- treme northern section of Pembroke. This was the first of a series of these thoroughfares, extended by the enterprise of a few public-spirited individuals into every section of the State. 'Turnpikes are not of American origin. They existed in the mother country long before the days of Mansfield and Black- stone. The first turnpike road was between the West Riding of Yorkshire and London. This Act was passed in the fifteenth year of the reign of Charles the Second. It was an innovation that excited great hostility. The people benefited by it tore 'Julin M. Shirley. 454 HISTORY OF NEW llAMPSHIKE. [1/96 tlown the toll-bars, and the new enterprise was baptized in blood before the people would submit to it. The new system tri- umphed by slow degrees. Macaulay graphically describes the condition of that country with respect to communication before such roads became accept- able to the public. Capital seeking an outlet saw its opportunity, and under a swarm of Turnpike Acts the country was at last gridironed with these roads. The turnpike craze in this State is almost forgotten ; we caught it from Massachusetts ; it began in 1795 and culminated about twenty years after ; it wrought a revolution in public travel, relatively, nearly as great as that brought about by the railwa)' craze between 1840 and ICS50. The system with us did not originate in the local want or demand along the lines contem- l^lated. Other and more far-reaching causes, as we shall see, were at the bottom of the movement. The settlement of the .State was necessaril}' by progressive, though at times apparently simultaneous, steps. First came the settlement and location of the four towns, and the opening of communication between them ; then the advent of the trapper, hunter, and scout into the unsettled portion ; then came the land grants, and the set- tlement in isolated locations ; then the blazed path to the parent towns and to the cabin of the pioneer or the outposts ; then the drift-ways, cart-ways, and the local roads winding from cabin to cabin ; then the town-ways and session or county roads, with here and there the " provincial " roads like that which passes through Gilmanton and that which was laid out and built from the Gerrish place — now the county farm at Boscawen — to the college at Hanover in 1784-86 by legislative committee, and that laid out by a like committee from Hale's Bridge, in Wal- pole, in the county of Cheshire, running si.Kty miles to a pitch- pine tree on Deerneck in Chester. Fifty-three turnpike companies were incorporated in this State. The Acts of corporation in Massachusetts were in fact based on English models, but the Bay State mind, then as now, felt itself competent to improve upon anv model, irrespec- 1796] STATE GOVEKX.MKNr. 455 tive of whether it was the work of human liands or of the Divine Architect ; and as minds differed even in Massachusetts there was a marked diversity in these Acts ; and the New Hampshire Acts were Httle less consistent or coherent. " The New Hampshire turnpike road " is commonly known as "the first New Hampshire turnpike," because it was the first Act of the kind in this State. John Hale, Arthur Livermore, Isaac Waldron, John Goddard, Thomas Leavitt, William Hale, Jind Peter Green, all notable men, were the corporators espe- cially named in the Act. This Act was passed June i6, 1796. The road ran from Piscataqua bridge in Durham to the Merri- mack river in Concord, passing through Lee, Barrington, Not- tingham, Northwood, ICpsom, and Chichester. The distance was thirtv-si.\ miles. The elaborate plan or survey of tliis pioneer turnpike in tliis State may still be seen in the State Hou&e in Concord. The Act contains in eft'ect eleven sec- tions. The first gave the names of the corporators, the name of the corpora- tion, and conferred upon it the inestimable privilege of suing and being sued; the second provided for the organization and the establishment of regulations and by-laws for the government thereof; the third empowered the corpora- tion " to survey, lay out, make, and keep in repair a turnpike road or highway of four rods wide, in such route or track as in the I e~t of their judgment and skill will combine s/ioyhtess of distance -vit/i the most practicable ground between the termini; the fourth provides that the damages to landowners should be fixed by the Court of Common Pleas, if the parlies could not agree: the fifth in relation to ■• gates" and ■■ turnpikes ", to prevent trespass; the sixth authorized the appointment of toll-gatherers and fixed tne rates of toll; the seventh authorized the purchase of one thousand acres of land in fee simple, and provided that the shares be assigned by deed, and that the shares bought be sold for non-payment or assessments ; the eighth prohibits the taking of toll prior to the expenditure of six hundred dollars upon each mile of the road, a proportionate sum upon the whole number of miles; by the ninth the corporation was liable to be indicted and fined the same as towns for defective highways, with a proviso that if the turnpike road ran over any part of the road then used the company should neither collect toll for that part nor be liable to repair it; the tenth provided that an account of the ex- penditures and profits should be laid before the Superior Court at the end of twenty years, under penalty of forfeiture of charter, that if the net profits for the twenty years should exceed twelve per cent, per annum the court might reduce the tolls so that it should not exceed that rate, and if the profit was less than six per cent, the judges might raise the toll so that the rate should not be less than six nor more than twelve per cent. ; the eleventh provides 456 HISTORV OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. ['797 that the charter sliould be void unless tlie road should be completed in ten _vrars, with the proviso that the State, alter the expiration of fortv vears, might convert the same into a public highway by repaying what had been expended by the company, with interest at the rate of twelve per cent, per annum thereon, after deducting the amount of the toll actually received. Some of the provisions of this Act and that of the fourth are in marked con- trast. The preamble to this Act and the petition for the fourth should be read •ogether; they were both the work of comprehensive minds having the same objects in view. The preamble is as follows : — "Whereas a petition has been presented to the General Court, setting forth '.hat the communication between the sea coast and the interior parts of the State might be made much more easy, convenient, and less expensive, by a direct road from Concord to Piscataqua bridge than it now is, between the country and any commercial seaport; that the expensiveness of an undertak- ing of this kind, however useful to the community, would burthen the towns through which it may pass so heavily as to render it difficult to effect so im- Dortant a purpose, otherwise than by an incorporated company, who might ■iie indemnified by a toll for the sums that should be e.xpended by them : there- fore it was prayed by the petitioners that they and their associates might be incorporated into a body corporate for the aforesaid purpose, under such limi- tations, and with such tolls as might be thought fit, which prayer being rea- sonable, etc." Al the meeting of the legislature in June, 1797, John God- dard had three votes for speaker ; Woodbury Langdon, seven ; P-Ussell Freeman, forty-one ; and William Plumer, seventy- three ; and William Plumer, who for si.x years had held aloof from the legislature, practising his profession, was thus wel- comed back to public life. He was at that time a Federalist.' 2 Edward St. Loe Livermore, at the head of the Rockingham county bar, having accepted a seat on the bench of the Supreme Court, Portsmouth offered a fair field to a rising young lavi^yer, Jeremiah Mason, to enter. It was relatively a place of more importance than now. Its chief sources of prosperity were shipbuilding, for which it had peculiar facilities in its noble harbor, and in its proximity to extensive forests, and the carry- ing trade, — for both of which it was mainly indebted to the wars of the French Revolution, which were desolating Europe. It had many prosperous and enterprising merchants, and an active, thrifty, and energetic population. Its ships were known in every 'William Plumer, Jr. - Icreini.i'i M.isrn'.^ Life. 1/97] STATE GOVERNMENT. 457 clime, and the commerce which enriched it gave an improved tone to the manners and social habits of its inhabitants.^ Many men of good judgment entertained the behef that the future progress and prosperity of Portsmouth v/cre more assured than those of Boston. Portsmouth was also at that time a pla^e of more than com- mon social attractions. Even before the Revolution, in days of wigs, cocked hats, and flowered waistcoats, it was the residence of many cultivated families and the seat of a generous hospitality, and at the close of the last century its old character remained, indeed made more marked by the wealth which commerce had poured into its lap. The Marquis of Chastellu.x, who was there in 1782, speaks of seeing handsome women elegantly dressed, of dinners and suppers, and of fine houses richly furnished. There must have been an easy, agreeable, and somewhat refined society. Travelling was slow, difificult, and expensive. For society, the inhabitants were mainly dependent upon them- selves ; the ties of social life were closely drawn. Men were not so busy and time was not so precious as now. Books, news- papers, and magazines were rare ; men and women read less, but talked more, and wrote longer and more elaborate letters, than now. ' Cheap postage has spoiled letter writing.' Much time was spent in social visits ; tea parties and supper parties were common. The gentlemen had their clubs and exclusive social gatherings, sometimes too convivial in their character; and "occasionally a youth of promise fell a victim to the temptations of a mistaken hospitality." Gaming was more common among respectable people than now.^ ^There are different divisions of Methodists, but those most common in this section of the country, and the largest body of them, are called Episcopal Methodists. The denomination originated in England in 1739, mainly under the labors of Rev. John Wesley. The first Methodist Society in this country was organized in New York city in 1766. It was composed of immigrants from Ireland, who had been won to the faith by the preaching of Mr. ' Jeremiah Mason's Life. - Joseph FuUonton. 458 HisToKV OF m;\v iiami'shire. ['79/ Wesley. The first Methodist preacher in that city was Philip Embury. New England was visited by several preachers, amoni;' them being Rev. Jason Lee, a pioneer often on the frontiers,^ travelling on horseback, and addressing, with great earnestness,, zeal, and fervor, multitudes that came to hear him. He was in Boston, where he preached once under the great elm on the Common. No sooner had a foothold been gained in Massachusetts than New Hampshire was considered a field to be cultivated. In 1794 the New England Conference appointed John Hill to labor in this State. What came of this is not known, as there is no record of his work. Possibly he did not come into the State. Yet, through the efforts of some one, a society was soon after formed in Chesterfield, which in 1797 had ninety-two mem- bers, and that year Smith Weeks was appointed to that place. The church there still exists, and is probably the oldest in the State. Two years later Elijah Batchelder was appointed there. In the meantime other sections were visited. Jason Lee, above named, labored in the lower part of the State to some extent. Some opposition was encountered, but in general a good work is not hindered by opposition, but, on the contrary, is usually advanced. During the year 1800 a society was constituted in Landaff and one in Hawke, now Danville: in 1801 one in Han- over; in 1S02 one in Biidgewater and one in Kingston ; in 1803 one in Grant- ham; in 1S04 one in Pembroke, one in Loudon, and one in Tuftonborough ; in 1S05 one in Northlield and one in Centre Harbor; in 1S06 one in Ports- mouth; in 1S07 one in Canaan and one in Rochester; in 1810 one in Green- land. The several places to which a minister was appointed constituted a " cir- cuit," receiving its name from the principal town; and this continued, espe- cially in country regions, until within a very few years. A circuit embraced two, three, or more towns. These the minister was to visit and hold evening or other meetings. When a circuit was very large, two ministers were assigned to it. On a circuit, a minister was much in the saddle, or travelling on foot in wilderness regions, finding his way by spotted trees. During the times in which the above societies were established, and later, there were several distinguished ministers doing good service in the State- among whom should be named the following : — Rev. Elijah Hedding, who travelled over some of the rough portions of the State, preaching the gospel to many, but subsequently becanie a bishop, and resided in Poughkeepsie, N. V., wliere he died. Rev. Wilbur Fisk, who was a presiding elder in New Hampshire, and I79S] STATE GOVERN M1;NT. 459 afterwards became presidentof Weslejan University, in Middletown, Conn., and \vas elected bishop, but diid before serving in that office. Rev. John Broadhead, a native of Pennsylvania, who was for some time ;i presiding elder — a man of sterling ability- and an effective preacher, who resided at what is now South Newmarket, was a senator in the legislature, and for four years representative in Congress, and who died April 7, 1S3S. ^ In June, 1788, Benning Moulton, and fifty-one others, "in- habitants of Meredith Neck, the northern district of New Hamp- ton and New Holderness, and of the southern district of Moul- tonborough," petitioned the legislature to be severed from the respective towns to which they then belonged, and incorporated into a "township by the name of Watertown," for the following reasons : " That the lands aforesaid are so surrounded with ponds, and impassable streams running into and out of said ponds, and so remote from the centres of the respective towns to which they belong, that we have hitherto found the greatest inconvenience in attending public worship." The matter came before the legislature in January 1789, and a committee, consist- ing of Hon. Joseph Badger of Gilmanton, Daniel Beede, Esq., of Sandwich, and Captain Abraham Burnham of Rumney, was appointed "to view the situation of the premises petitioned for, . . . and report their opinion thereon to the General Court at their next session." The committee visited the locality in May following, with a copy of the petition, in which the bounds of the proposed town were described, and containing the names of the petitioners. They made up their report on the premises, and wrote it on the back of the copy of the petition, dating the same "Centerr Harbor May y« 28th, 1789." It seems from this, that there was a landing then called "Centre Harborr," eight years before the town was set off and incorporated. Three men by the name of Senter signed this petition ; and as the committee had it before them when they made up their report, it is not probable that such men as Judge Badger, by whose hand the report was made, or either of the others, would have written " Center" if they had intended to write " Senter." The aforesaid committee reported against the petitioners, M W. Hammond. 460 HISTOKV OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [l799 saying, " That while the lands proposed would make a conven- ient small town it would be a damage to Holderness and Mere- ■tlith, and that neither of the towns would be able to support public worship," and the matter then dropped until 1797, at which time a petition was presented to the legislature, bearing ■date " New Hampton, June, 1797," signed by James Little and forty-six others, praying "That your honors would set off such a part of said town as is included in the following bounds as a town, and that it may be incorporated by the name of Centre Harbor." The bounds are then given, which they say are •"agreeable to a vote of the town of New Hampton in the year 1786." The legislature appointed a hearing for their next ses- sion, and required the petitioners to post a copy of the petition and order of court in some public place in said town, eight weeks before said hearing, and serve a like copy on the select- men. There is preserved the copy which was posted, written in a plain hand, the corners showing the nail holes, and contain- ing a certificate dated November 18, 1797, stating that it was posted at the store of Moses Little in New Hampton, eight weeks prior to said date ; and also a copy containing an acknowl- edgment of the selectmen of service on them, in both of which the name of the proposed town is written " Centre Harbor." If it was the intention of the people to name the town Senter's Harbor, it is impossible that it could have been posted in a con- spicuous place, and undoubtedly read by nearly every man in town, and the error remain undiscovered. Add to this fact that it has been spelt " Centre " in the town records from that time to this, and that the first petition from the town after its incorporation, which was for the appointment of Lieutenant Winthrop Robinson as justice of the peace, was dated "Centre Harbor, April, 1798." The first settlements were made by Ebenezer Chamberlain in 1765 and Colonel Joseph Senter in 1767. A Congregational church was formed in 1815, over which Rev. David Smith was ordained in 18 19. One of the duties imposed upon the tithingmen in 1799 was to stop all persons travelling on the Sabbath, and interrogate iSOOj STATE GOVERNMENT. 461 them in relation to their business, names, and places of resi- dence. Proud of their brief authority, zealous in the cause, they were frequently a source of annoyance almost unbearable, seiz- ing upon the reins of the traveller's horse with the ungracious rudeness of the highwayman, rather than as the conservators of religious observance and civil order. Eighty years after the event Colonel Willian: Kent gave his account of how the inhabitants of Concord, few in number, at- tended the funeral services on the death of General Washing- ton, at the Old North meeting-house in Concord, February 22, 1800. They formed a procession, old and young, and marched to the church. " The solemniU' of the occision, the deep mourning dress of the pulpit and galleries, in connection with the sad countenances of the people, are vivid in my memory to this day. Concord at that time, and for many years after, had a population of about two thousand, with the same territorial limits as at present. " In the precinct, in what may be called the city proper, there was only one ■street, now called Main street, and then only llu street. The principal ave- nue to the street was then called Milk road (now called Pleasant street). It led to the grist-mill belonging to the late Jacob Carter, father of our esteemed citizen Jacob Carter, Esq., and at the present time owned and occupied by St. Paul's school. This road, or Pleasant street, had only ten buildings as far as the top of the hill opposite the asylum. On the north, beginning at the corner of the street now called Green street, and as far north as Centre street, was a swamp with a brook leading to the river, and a dense growth of trees or shrubbery to the top of the hill, the section now occupied by our most valuable residences. About the year 1S15 Judge Green built the house now occupied as the Asylum for the Aged, on about sixty-five acres of the land ■connected therewith. As evidence of the greatly increased value, the house and land belonging were sold for $5000. "On the south of Pleasant street, extending to Bow line, the land was occupied for cultivation and pasture, with the exception of a few scattered house-lots, not exceeding twenty in all. "Main street at that time, according to my recollection, from the south end to the north, had five public-houses ; one of which, called the Butters' Tavern, is now the only one standing; six stores; and the whole number of dwellings did not exceed seventy-five. The first and only brick building in Concord was erected in 1S06, and is now occupied by the First National Bank. At that time there was no public conveyance in any direction. This fact I can fully realize, as I was a student at Atkinson Academy, and the only mears of coming home at vacation was by the post-rider, who carried the mail once a week on horseback from Haverhill, N. II., to Haverhill, Mass., who led xay 462 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [18OO horse by his side for me to ride. The post-office was kept by David George, in a small 6 byS room in his hatter's shop. The whole contents of a mail for Concord might not have required more than a good-sized hat. Correspond- ence was rare, and mostly of imperative necessity, on account of the expense of postage. Letters directed the shortest distance took ten cents for postage, and the expense proportionally increased with the distance; love letters were few and far between. The only meeting-house in town was the Old North, standing on the spot now occupied by the Walker school-house, and it continued to be so until the year iS;;6, when the First Baptist church was dedicated; and in 1S29 the Unitarian. The churches have continued in- creasing with the increase of population, now numbering, in all the city> fifteen." 'The second New Hampshire turnpike road was incorporated December 26, 1799. It ran from Claremont through Unity, Lempster, Washington, Mar- low, Hillsborough, Antrim, Deering, Francestown, Lyndeborough, New Boston, Mont Vernon, and to Amherst, th ough as respects several of these towns it merely " cut the corners." It was fifty miles in length. The third was incorporated December 27, 1799. It ran from Bellows Falls and Walpole, through Westmoreland, Surry, Keene, Marlborough, Jaffrey, and in a direction towards Boston. The distance was fifty miles. The petition for the fourth New Hampshire turnpike road was presented to the legislature in iSoo, and was signed by Elisha Payne, Russell Freeman, and Constant Stoors." On November 25, 1800, the House "voted that the prayer thereof be granted, and that the petitioners have leave to bring in a bill accordingly," with which the Senate on the next day concurred. The population of the State in 1800 was 183,868; but the population of the towns through some portion of which the turnpike passed was less than 10,000. 'Before considering the act of incorporation, it may be useful to advert briefly to some of the more salient of the almost innumerable provisions of the English Turnpike Acts. They provided that two oxen were to be considered the same as one horse; that cattle str.iying on a turnpike road might be impounded; that nails in wheel tires should be countersunk so that they should not project more than one-fourth of an inch above the surface; that carriers' dogs should not be chained to the wagons ; that teams should not descend hills with locked wheels unless resting on skid pans or slippers ; that supernumerary "beasts of draught" should not be used without licence; that no goods should be un- loaded before coming to a turnpike gate or weighing machine; that drivers should not turn from the road to avoid such machine; that children under thirteen years should not be drivers ; that all drivers must give their names ; that no driver should ride, etc., without some one on foot or horseback to ^ John M. Shirley. iSOO] STATE GOVERNMENT. 463 guide the team; that drivers when meeting other carriages " must keep to the left side of the road;" that no person should pull down, damage, injure, or destroy any lamp or lamp-post put up in or near the side of a turnpike road or toll house, or extinguish the light of such lamp; and that no wind- mill should be erected within two hundred yards of any part of the turnpike road. It was made the duty of the turnpike surveyor to prevent and remove all annoyance by filth, dung, ashes, rubbish, or other things whatsoever, even if laid upon a common within eighty feet of the centre of the road, and to turn any watercourse, sinks, or drains which ran into, along, or out of any turn- pike road to its prejudice, and to open, drain, and cleanse watercourses or ditches adjoining the road, and to deepen and enlarge the same if the owners neglected so to do after seven days' notice in writing. With very trifling differences the same rule was applied to obstructions of highways and turnpikes. No tree, bush, or shrub was allowed within fifteen feet of the centre, un- less for ornament or shelter to the house, building, or courtyard of the owner. Hedges and boughsof trees were to be kept cut and pruned, while the possessors of the lands adjoining the roads were to cut down, prune and lop the trees growing on or near the hedges or other fences in such a manner that the highways should not be prejudiced by the shade, and so that the sun and %\ind should not be excluded from them to their damage, with the pro- viso that no oak trees or hedges must be cut except in April, May, or June, or ash, elm, or other trees except in December, January, February, or March. The surveyor could not compel the cutting of hedges except between the last day of September and the last day of March. The hedges were to be cut six feet from the surface of the ground, and the branches of trees, bushes, and shrubs were also to be cut, and were treated as a nuisance if they overhung the road so as to impede or annoy any person or carriage travelling there. When a turnpike road was laid out, which rendered an old road unneces- sary, the trustees, etc., could discontinue the old road, which thereby vested in them, and they might sell and convey the saine by deed, or they might by agreement give up the same to the owners of adjoining lands by way of exchange, or the old road might be sold to some adjoining landowner, or in case he refused to purchase to some other person. Upon the completion of the contract the soil of the old road vested in the purchaser and his heirs, — saving fossils, mines, and minerals to the original proprietor. The exceptions under the English Acts were much more minute than un- der section six of the Act under consideration. No toll could be collected for horses or carriages which only crossed the turnpike, or which did not pass one hundred yards thereon, or for horses or carriages conveying any one to or from the election of a member of the county where the road was situate; or for the mails or the military service, nor for any inhabitant of a parish, etc., attending a funeral therein, nor for any curate, etc., visiting any sick parishioner or attending to any other paro- 464 HISTOKV OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [ 1 80O chial duty within his parish ; nor from any person going to or returning from his parochial church or chapel or usual place of religious worship toler- ated by law, on Sundays or any day on which divine service was by authority allowed to be celebrated. The first meeting of the corporation was duly warned by Ehslia Payne, January 28, 1801. The meeting was held at the dwelling- / house of Clap Sumner, " Innholder," in Lebanon, on March 24, 1801, at ten a. m. Elisha Payne was chosen moderator, Benja- min J. Gilbert of Hanover was chosen clerk, accepted his ap- pointment, and was "sworn accordingly." An examination of the list shows how largely the people at Portsmouth, at Hanover, and at Lebanon were interested. The shareholders at Hopkinton were headed by Judge Harris. Herriman, or Harriman, also resided there. The list shows, with the exception of Bowers and a few others in Salisbury, how few shareholders there were in the outset along the line from Boscawen ferry to Lebanon. The next step was to provide for locating the road. This was, if possible, more delicate and difficult than the raising of funds. The feelings of the rival interests along the line were very strong. With the e.xception of that part of the road from Fifield's mills to Horse-shoe Pond in Andover, a distance of about three miles, there was likely to be a sharp and bitter controversy about the location of the entire route. Strange as it may seem, Roger Per- kins and General Davis at this time had not discovered how vital it was for the interest of that section that the turnpike should run from the Potter Place to Hopkinton. Through their efforts, mainly, this route was afterwards laid out b^' order of the court, and partially built. It was overthrown by Ezekiel Webster, who never forgot the hostility of the people of Hopkinton towards him in a celebrated case, upon the ground mainly that for a portion of the way it ran along or over old highways. The corporators in the outset determined to select people outside the State to make the location in order to avoid the huckstering and log-rolling which had made so much trouble in other cases, and which afterwards caused so much feeling in the location of railroads. Accordingly at the adjourned meeting, M.iy 29, 1801, the following votes were passed : — "Voted that General James Whitelaw of Ryegate, General Elias Stevens of Royalton, and Major Micah Barron of Bradford, all in the State of Vermont, -, be a committee to survey and lay out the route for the fourth turnpike road in New Hampshire. The great question before the legislature at the June session, 1800, was on the memorial of certain persons asking for the estab- l80l] STATE GOVERNMENT. 465 lishment of another bank in Portsmouth.' Soon after the estab- lishment of the New Hampshire bank, a company was formed in that town, which issued bills and transacted the ordinary busi- ness of a bank, though unincorporated. The old bank was in the hands of the Federalists ; the new one, established by Langdon, Sherburne, Goddard, and other Republicans, was not a mere money concern, but was intended as an engine of poli- tical power. They had the year before applied for an Act of incorporation, which was denied them ; and a law was passed making all such unincorporated banking associations unlawful. The State had, also, became a stockholder in the old bank. The March elections had turned mainly, in many places, on this bank question ; and the Republicans had gained largely by the votes of men who regarded the old bank as a monopoly, the State subscription as a bribe, and the new bank as the only sure >emedy for the financial evils of the times.^ The question came up in the House on a memorial of the .lew bank, praying for the repeal of the prohibition on unin- corporated banking associations, the law not having gone into operation. The Federalists were opposed to the request on party grounds, and were represented by William Plumer ; the petitioners were represented by Mr. Goddard, the ablest debater on the Republican side. After a heated debate, the law was not repealed. The session closed on Monday, the governor refusing to ad- journ the Houses on Saturday lest some of the members might travel towards their homes on the Sabbath. Mr. Sheafe was elected to the United States Senate by a small majority.^ The Federalists were evidently losing ground, and the new bank at Portsmouth was gaining friends in every part of the -State. It required the utmost personal popularity of some of the tried Federal leaders to secure their election to the legis- lature. When the legislature met at Hopkinton in June, 1801, though the Federalists had a decided majority, John Langdon, the Republicans' candidate, wanted but two votes of being elected speaker. Prentice owed his majority of one to the vote ■William Plumer, Jr. 466 IIISTOKV Ol- NKW HAMI'SIlIKi;. [ I .So2 of a mail whom he had grossly insulted at a former session, — proof at that time of the influence of party over individual con- duct, especially as Prentice was much inferior as a presiding officer to Langdon. The proprietors of the Union Bank re- newed, at this session, their application for an Act of incorpora- tion. The Federalists being divided in opinion, the bill passed the House but was rejected by the Senate ; at the next session, however, the Union Bank obtained its charter. The Repub- lican party had, in the meantime, by the election of Mr. Jeffer- son to the presidency, gained the ascendency in the general government, but were still in a minority in New Hampshire. Accessions to their number were owing to the local question of the bank. The .system of paper money, except in the old form of State notes, which had everywhere jiroved disastrous to public credit, was at that time a novelty in the State. For years the Union Bank confined its loans to its political friends, or to those whom it hoped to make such. The old bank was not more liberal in its policy. The system of State banks spread in all directions, and on the whole was beneficial to the public interests, and continued in force until the establishment of the National Bank system. At the June session, 1802, William Plumer was elected to fill the unexpired term in the United States Senate of Mr. Sheafe, who had resigned. Nicholas Oilman, the candidate of the opposition, was also a Federalist, but less pronounced in his views than his brother. Governor Gilman. At that time Mr. Plumer was considered the ablest man in his ]iartv. ' Prior to the appointment ol' Judge Siiiitli in 1S02, the la« in this Slate :»■; a science had no existence. For tliis there are' two principal reasons: — I. Under the proprietary government of Mason we had no law of our own. either statute or common. As late as 1660, Mason claimed that New Hampshire and Maine were governed by the law of the mother counlr\. Portsmouth, Dover, Exeter, and Hampton were little principalities, and did substantially as they pleased. The Province, as such, had no existence be- fore the union with Massachusetts, in 1641, nor until after the forced separa- tion in 1679. The first code of laws enactecl in this Province, in 1679-1680, was in sub- ijul.n -M. Slu,l,.y. l802] STATE GONEKNMKNT. 467 stance a re-enactment of the Mosaic coile, was sent to the mother country for roval sanction, and was disallowed by the Privy Council, as many others afterwards were. During the reign of James II. the laws were silent. A trinity of pro- consuls ruled and robbed the people. In 1692, seventy years after the settle- ment, we were entirely destitute of what is called ivritlen law. Man}' statutes were enacted after this time which never received the sanction of the King and Council. No laws were published until 1716, when an edition of sixty pages folio was published in Boston. In 171S seventy-two pages were added, and in 1719 twenty-four pages more. After this, and before 1728, sixteen pages more were added, making in all a volume of one hundred and seventy-two pages. There was no printing press in this Province till 1756. An edition of the statutes was published here in 1760, but discarded as not authentic, and a new and carefully printed edition was published in 1771. After the Revolution, the statutes were printed in folio till 1789, when an octavo edition, containing the public and some of the private laws, was published by order of the legislature. The dissatisfaction of the public compelled the publication of a new and revised edition in 1792, which was followed by the edition of 1797, and afterwards by the more copious one of 1805. The statute law, when Judge Smith came to the bench, was in a crude, •;haotic, and imsatisfactory condition, and the common law far worse. 2. With notable exceptions, like the Livermores, which prove the rule, the Jench was filled with broken-down ministers, lumbermen, bankrupt traders, .;nd cheap lawyers. From two to four of these judges, as the quorum varied, attended each trial term, if they did not, as sometimes happened, forget the time; and not unfrequently they all charged the jury in the same cause, dif- fering oftentimes as much as the opposing counsel. Smith was a strong man. It needed some iron hand to purge the Augean stable, and he came. He was one of the best representatives of that industri- ous, tough, enduring, Scotch-Irish stock, who regarded it as recreation to work or fight from dawn till set of sun, and then to spend half the night in jest, and song, and story. At forty, Sm.ith was a profound lawyer. He had absorbed the history of New England, and especially of this Province and State, as a sponge does water. At this time he was the greatest master of probate law in New England. No one since has equalled him; and no one in this State has approached him except the late Charles H. Atherton. He prepared two large manuscript volumes on the subject. It cost a vast amount of time and labor, and was an able work of great value. It was the reservoir from which Webster, Chief Justice Richardson, and others hardly less emi- nent, continually drew. Notwithstanding he was a busy man of affairs, he was top-heavy with law learning when he came to the bench, and when he retired, at the age of fifty-six, he had accomplished more than ought to be expected of those at seventy-five, who now stand in the fore-front of the profession with the aid of all the modern appliances. Upon coming to the bench, Judge Smith promptly introduced the practice 46S HISTORY OF NEW IIAMI'SIIIRE. [l^OJ of allowing a single judge to direct the course of trials, at the trial terms, of reserving cases and questions for the consideration of the whole court, and of preparing written opinions. This brought order out of chaos, but tlie labor was immense. Besides that expended on the great work of his life, the treatise on probate law, he pre- sided at the trial terms, examined the cases, and prepared the written opinions in all cases heard in banc, numbering from sixty to seventy yearly, and making fourteen manuscript volumes with a manuscript digest. Partisan madness prevented the publication of these opinions when that publication was demanded by every rational consideration of the public in- terest. Had they been published when they ought, thousands and tens of thousands of the money of individuals and the public would have been saved, for a very large proportion of the questions heard before Judge Smith have since been litigated at great expense.' ^The curious traveller may still trace with little difficulty the line of the old Middlesex Canal, with here and there a break, from the basin at Charlestown to its junction with the Merrimack at Mid- dlesex village. Like an accusing ghost, it never strays far from the Boston & Lowell Railroad, to which it owes its untimely end. Judging the canal by the pecuniary recompense it brought its projectors, it must be admitted a dismal failure ; yet its incep- tion was none the less a comprehensive, far-reaching scheme, which seemed to assure a future of ample profits and great pub- lic usefulness. Inconsiderable as this work may appear com- pared with the modern achievements of engineering, it was, for the times, a gigantic undertaking, beset with difficulties scarcely conceivable to-day. Boston was a small town of about twenty thou- sand inhabitants; Medford, Woburn, and Chelmsford were insig- nificant villages ; and Lowell was as yet unborn, while the valley of the Merrimack northward into New Hampshire supported a sparse agricultural population. ]3ut the outlook was encourag- ing. It was a period of rapid growth and marked inprovements. The subject of closer communication with the interior early be- came a vital question. Turnpikes, controlled by corporations, were the principal avenues over which country produce, lumber, fire- wood, and building-stone found their way to the little metropolis. The cost of entertainment at the various country inns, the frequent tolls, and the inevitable wear and tear of teaming, enhanced very materially the price of all these articles. The Middlesex ' JoliM M. Shirley. = L. L. Dame. i0f 1803] STATE GOVERNMENT. 469 Canal was the first step towards the solution of the problem of cheap transportation. The plan originated with the Hon. James Sullivan, a judge of the Supreme Court of Massachusetts, attor- ney-general, and governor in 1807 and 1808. He was a brother of General John Sullivan, of Durham. A brief glance at the map of the New England States will bring out in bold relief the full significance of Sullivan's scheme. It will be seen that the Mer- rimack river, after pursuing a southerly course as far as Middlesex village, turns abruptly to the north-east. A canal from Charlestown mill-pond to this bend of the river, a distance of twenty-seven and a quarter miles, would open a continuous water-route of eighty miles to Concord, N. H. From thi& point, taking advantage of Lake Sunapee, a canal could easily be run in a north-westerly direction to the Connecticut at Windsor, Vt. ; and thence, making use of intermediate streams, communication could be opened witlv the St. Lawrence. The speculative mind of Sullivan dwelt upon the preg- nant results that must follow the connection of Boston with New Hampsliire and possibly Vermont and Canada. He consulted his friend, Colonel Bald- win, sherift' of Middlesex, who had a natural taste for engineering, and they came to the conclusion that the plan was feasible. Should the undertaking succeed between Concord and Boston, the gradual increase in population and traffic would in time warrant the completion of the programme. Even should communication never be established beyond Concord, the commercial advan- tages of opening to the market the undeveloped resources of upper New Hampshire would be a sufficient justification. A charter was granted, bearing- date of June 22, 1793, "incorporating James Sullivan, Esq., and others, bv the name of the Proprietors of the Middlesex Canal," and on the same day was signed by His Excellency John Hancock, governor of Massachusetts. Colonel Baldwin, who superintended the construction of the canal, re- moved the first turf September 10, 1794- The progress was slow and at- tended with many embarrassments. The purchase of land from more than one hundred proprietors demanded skillful diplomacy. Most of the land.s used for the canal were acquired by voluntary sale, and conveyed in fee-sim- ple to the corporation. Sixteen lots were taken under authority of the Court of Sessions ; while for thirteen neither deed nor record could be found when the corporation came to an end. Some of the land was never paid for, as the owner refused to accept the sum awarded. The compensation ranged from about $150 an acre in Medford to $25 in Billerica. The only instrument used for engineering purposes was a level imported from England. Of the two routes considered, the rejected route was forty years later selected for the Lowell Railroad. The canal was thirty feet wide, and four feet deep, cost $500,000, was twenty-seven and a quarter miles long, connected Charles river with the Merrimack above Lowell, and was opened to public navigation in 1S03. As the enterprise had the confidence of the business conimunitv, monev for prosecuting the work had been procured with comparative ease. The 470 jriSTOKY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [ 1 804 stock was divided into eight hundred shares. The stock had steadily ad- vanced from $25 a share in the autumn of 1794 to $473 in 1803, the year the tanal was opened, touching $5cw in 1S04. Then a decline set in, a few dol- lars at a time, till 1S16. when its market value was $300 with few takers, although the canal was in successful operation. ^ The Federal party was carefully organized in the spring of 1804 by Senator Plumer to carry the fall election.s. Although Governor Oilman had been re-elected in Marcli, a majority of both Houses was Republican. Associating with himself five other persons, one from each county, he formed a self-constitu- ted State committee, of which he was chairman. Under their auspices county committees were formed, who in turn organized town and school district committees, whose duty it was to bring out every Federal voter to the polls, and to secure as far as pos- sible every wavering and doubtful voter for their party. This is believed to have been the first instance in this State in which a systematic attempt was made to bring the whole force of a party, thoroughly organized, to bear with undivided weight on the result of an election. Newspapers were provided for gratuitous distribution : post-riders were employed to distribute them in every part of the State. An address was prepared by Mr. Plumer: six thousand copies were distributed, in every town in the Commonwealth. The election occurred in August for rep- resentatives to Congress, and through these unusual exertions the Federalists carried the State by an average majority of nearly •eight hundred votes. ' At the presidential election, however, the Federalists suffered a fearful defeat by the Republicans, losing New Hampshire by over five hundred votes. Even Massachusetts voted for the re- election of Thomas Jefferson as president. He received all but fourteen of the one hundred and seventy-six electoral votes. The opposition to him was confined to Connecticut, Delaware, and Maryland. - Hon. John Pickering of Portsmouth was i-emoved from the office of judge of the district court for New Hampshire in the year 1S04, and died in 1805. He was born in Newington in 173S, graduated at Harvard College in 1761 ; i^oon became eminent in the profession of the law in Portsmouth; was an lS04] ' STATE (iONEKNMENT. 47 1 -active partisan in dotenco of tlic rights and libertv of America ; as earl)- as 177.5 was on a committee to prevent the importation of tea; in 1775. 1776, and several other succeeding years, was an influential member of the legislature i'rom Portsmouth; was a member of the convention, and assisted in framing our State constitution ; was chief justice of our Supreme Court for five years. John M Shirley, = William Plumer, Jr. l806] STATE GOVERNiMENT. 475 The establishment of post-offices in many of the less impor- tant towns, in 1806, was without doubt very welcome to the inhabitants, and may be justly considered an important event in their history. In earlier times it was customary to intrust to some friend or acquaintance, who might be travelling in the right direction, a missive for an absent friend or relative. Doubtless the post- rider, in his journeying through the town, accommodated those living on his immediate route, and the blowing of his horn an- nounced his welcome approach. As a matter of course, few letters were written in those days, so that high rates of postage were not onerous. ^ In 1806, as tradition has it, the Grafton turnpike was for- mally opened. The travel upon the great feeder as well as upon the trunk line steadily increased. Year by year new taverns were put up on the line. Year by year the pod and gimlet teams with their precious freight from beyond the State increased in number and their freight in importance. No coaches ran from Boston to Concord till 1807.^ The main public means of conveyance in 1806 was by the post-horse, which carried the packet while the post-boy walked by his side. We have no means of fi.xing the precise time when the stages ran north from Concord. Pettengill of Salisbury drove up the ' first trip. This was a two-horse coach. Harvey and others afterwards controlled this line of two-horse coaches. The larger ones came afterwards. The stages were passing up the turnpike just prior to the war of 18 12. James Rowe, Esq., of Wilmot, acted as post-boy and carried the mail from West Andover over the Grafton turnpike to Or- ford in 1822, "and did errands." There were no stages which ran over that route, to his knowledge, at or before that time. Between 181 5 and 1818 the Boating Company was organized, and the Canal Company located its northernmost boat-house and store at Concord. The big teams became one of the perma- nent institutions, and then came the stages with their whir and rattle, and the mails. This gave a ready market in every town > John iM. Shirley. 476 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [1S07 for all kinds of provision for man and beast and for the farmer's horses. The pressure of this increased travel demanded greater ac- commodations both as respects the road and along the line. Changes in the route were made to facilitate the transit of heavy freight, and some of them at great expense.^ ^ Following the construction of the Middlesex Canal came the requisite works to render the Ivlerrimack river navigable from the head of the Middlesex to the town of Concord, being a series of dams, locks, and short canals to overcome the natural The old Blodgett Mansion at Amoskeag Canal. Erected in 1795. Pulled down in 1870. rapids and falls of the river. The first of these works was a lock and short canal at Wicasee Falls, three miles above the head of the Middlesex, at what is now known as Tyng's Island. No fall is now perceptible at that point, the Lowell dam having flowed it out. The second work, fifteen miles further up the river, at Cromwell's Falls, consisted of a dam and single lock. Then came dams and single locks at Moor's, Coos, Goff's, Grif- fin's, and Merrill's Falls. About a mile above Merrill's Falls were the lower locks of the Amoskeag — a canal next in importance to ■ John M. Shirley. ' General George Stark. i8o7] STATE CIOVEKN'MENT. 477 the Middlesex. It was only about one mile in length, but sur- mounted, by works of very considerable magnitude, the great fall of between fifty and sixty feet that now furnishes the water WITH WIND AND CURRENT. power for the manufactories of Manchester. Its construction was first undertaken by Samuel Blodgett as early as 1794, but it was not completed until 1807. - BOAT ENTERING LOCKS. Eight miles above Amoskeag the locks and short canal of Hooksett overcame a fall of some seventeen feet ; and six miles further on the Bow locks and canal afforded the final lift of 478 HISTORY OF NEW IIAMPSIIIKE. \l807 twenty-seven feet, to the level of the navigable water of the Merrimack river at Concord. Short side canals with locks were subsequently built at the junctions of the Nashua and Piscataquog rivers with the Merri- mack to facilitate the passage of boats from the Merrimack to the storehouses in Nashua and Piscataquog villages. For forty years this line of canals formed the principal channel of heavy transportation between the two capitals, and, except that the canals did not effectually compete with the stages for carrying passengers, they held the same position to transporta- tion as is now held by their successor and destroyer — the rail- road. THE TOW-PATH ON THE CANAL, During the entire season of open river, from the time that the spring break-up of winter ice permitted navigation to commence, until the frosts of fall again closed it, this eighty-five miles of water was thronged with boats, taking the products of the coun- try to a market at the New England metropolis, and returning loaded with salt, lime, cement, plaster, hardware, leather, liquors, iron, glass, grindstones, cordage, paints, oils, and all that infinite variety of merchandise required by country merchants, formerly classed under the general terms of "dry and West India goods." The original bills of lading show that they brought up from Boston, for consumption in the country, flour, corn, but- ter, and cheese, which plainly indicates that the people of the l8oS] STATE GOVERN'MKNT. 479 Merrimack river valley gave more attention ' in those days to lumbering and river navigation than to agriculture. The boats were built of two-inch pine plank, spiked on small oak cross-joints and side-knees, and had heavy oak horizontal timbers at either end. The sides were vertical and without cross thwarts, except what was called the mast-board, — a thick oak plank, securely fastened across on top, from side to side, a little forward of the centre of the boat. A cross yard, with a square sail attached, which could be hoisted or lowered at plea- sure by a rope working over a single block in the top of the mast, completed the sailing outfit. It was only used upon the river, the mast being struck and stowed in the boat when pass- ing the larger canals. The rudder was a long steering oar, jMvoted on the centre of the cross-frame of the stern, the blade, about eighteen inches wide and ten feet long, trailing in the water behind the boat, and the handle or tiller extending about the same distance over the boat, so as to afford a good leverage for guiding the unwieldy craft. The Act of embargo went into effect at the end of December, 1807, and was not repealed until a year had elapsed. Theamount of suffering it involved can hardly be appreciated. Had a farmer been forbidden to work his farm for a year, he would still have had his farm. The merchant's ships rotted at the wharf. The sailors were thrown out of employment, fortunes were swept away, and many were ruined. So disastrous were its effects that many of the most ardent Federalists could see relief only in a dissolution of the Union, which no longer protected their prop- erty. The Massachusetts legislature, in February, 1809, ''c- clared the embargo " unjust, oppressive, and unconstitutional, and not legally binding on the citizens of the State." In the spring election, in 1808, for State officers, the Repub- lican party retained their ascendency, choosing a legislature which sustained the policy of President Jefferson, adopting an address to that effect ; but in the national election in the autumn the tide of politics turned, and the Federal party prevailed, cfeoosing five members of Congress, and presidential electors. 480 HISTORY Ol' NEW IlA.MI'.Slll KI.. [ I 808 'The commencement of the Amcri William Plumer, Jr. 512 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [l8l6 Samuel Boll was the other judge of the Supreme Court ap- pointed by the governor. A little entry in Governor Plumer's private diary under date July 4, 1816, " Fixed the site for the State House," is thought to be the only record of that important event. In his address to the legislature at an adjourned meeting in November he ad- verted to it and aroused opposition to himself in his own party. "The location of the new State House, whether north or south of a given line, on the main street in Concord, was a question in which it might have been thought few would take much in- terest, except the dwellers on that street. Yet it excited a furious contest, not only in the town, but among the members of the legislature and through the State. As the spot selected by the governor and Council was at a considerable distance south of the old State House, the people at the North End, with whom nearly all the members of the legislature had hitherto boarded, were likely, by the new location, to lose thenceforth this monopoly. The clamor which they raised was in proportion to their supposed interest in the question ; and it was soon found that many of the members were deeply infected with the feelings and the prejudices of their landlords on this subject. 'Representatives of their respective boarding-houses rather than of the State,' as a member expressed it. The spot selected was denounced as a quagmire and a frog pond." ^ The governor and Council were sustained by the legislature, how- ever, and it was afterwards admitted that no better spot could have been selected. By Act of the legislature Dartmouth College was changed to Dartmouth University, the number of trustees was increased from twelve to twenty-one, and a board of twenty-five overseers was created. Both political parties and all prominent religious sects were represented on these boards. The Act provided for perfect freedom of religious opinions among the officers and students of the university, and was part of the plan to bring the institution under the fostering care of the State.^ The old board of trustees resisted this Act, and, appeal being made to " William Plumer, Jr. i8i6] STRUGGLE I'OR TOLEKATION. 513 the courts, it was decided that the trustees must yield. The matter, however, was finally carried before the Supreme Court of the United States, where the old board of trustees were sus- STATE HOUSE, CONCORD. tained, and where it was practically ruled that a legislature could not overturn the charter granted by the king — a tri- umph for the trustees, but, in the minds of many, a serious blow 514 HISTOKV ()!■■ NEW II AM I'SHIKE. [1816 to Dartmouth College, which inissed its op])ortunity to become a great university under the auspices of the Commonwealtli. Timothy Farrar, and afterwards John M. Shirley, published vol- umes on this controversy easily accessible, whik- numberless pamphlets were issued on the same subject. At the September term of the court, 1817, the case of Dart- mouth College was tried before Chief Justice Richardson and Judge Bell at Exeter. Mason, Smith, and Webster argued the cause for the trustees, Sullivan and Bartlett for the State. " These were all members of the Rockingham bar, when it was literally ' an arena of giants.' Of this bar Judge Story said that it had ' vast law learning and prodigious intellectual power.' " ' Mason, at this time fifty years old, was from Connecticut, but read law and commenced practice in \'crmont. " He was six feet seven inches in height, and proportionately large in other respects. His intellectual exxeeded his physical stature. Webster, with a thorough knowledge of the man, deliberately wrote down that as a lawyer, as a jurist, no man in the Union equalled Mason, and but one approached him." ^ Mason loved his family and the law : for the sake of the former he resigned his position as United States senator. He was denied the gifts and graces of the ora- tor, but this great man "on his feet in the court room was seem- ingly an inspired Euclid." ' Smith, then fifty-eight years old, was " possessed of great and accurate learning, and of great natural abilities, but, like Mason, he was no orator." • Webster, at thirty-five, the " Great IMack Giant of the East," was in full possession of his great powers. Sullivan,forty-threeyearsof age, was from a race of soldiers, ora- tors, and lawyers. He was for many years attorney-general, as his father was before him and his son after him. He was a classi- cal scholar, " well read in the law ; an excellent special pleader ; swift to perceive, prompt to act, and full of resources. He relied too little on his preparation, and too much upon his ora- tory, his power of illustration and argument. But neither the court, the jury, nor the people ever grew weary of listening to ' John .M. Shirley. l8l6] STRUGGLE FOR TDI.I.KATION. 515 his silver tones or liis arguments, that fell like music on the ear." ' Bartlett was from a family " eminent for its physicians, preachers, and jurists." He was at thirty-one "indefatigable in preparation, eloquent in the highest sense, ready, witty, and a popular idol." ^ Webster, who had the closing argument, so wrought upon the court that it adjourned in tears, and tradition affirms that it was the greatest effort of his life. The counsel for the State were overmatched, but they won their case. " Chief Justice Richardson was a graduate of Harvard, a mem- ber of Congress from Massachusetts in iSi2, and was subse- quently re-elected ; but, being averse to political life, resigned and removed to Portsmouth, in his native State, in 1814. From his appointment, in 18 16, till his death, in 1838, he was chief justice of the highest court. Physically he was as imposing as he was great intellectually. Like Marshall's, his eyes were black, piercing, and brilliant ; " his hair was black as a raven's wing. He had refined and simple tastes ; he had a full, high, and broad forehead. " In learning and industry he ranked with Chief Justice Parsons. He was a great and honest judge." He did not owe his eminence to subtility in judicial fence. "His reas- oning and his heart alike were as open and ingenuous as the light of day. He was reverenced by the people of the State as no other judge ever was." ' Judge Bell, father of the late Chief Justice Bell, belonged to i family famous for their talent. He was a graduate of Dart- mouth College, and had been a trustee. He was judge until he was elected governor in 18 19, and afterwards for twelve years a United States senator. " He was a man of immense erudition and great business capacity, a thorough lawyer, and possessed of great moral courage." ^ Judge Woodbury was some years less than thirty at the time of his appointment. He succeeded Governor Bell as chief mag- istrate. He was afterwards United States senator, secretary of the navy, secretary of the treasury, and one of the justices of the ' John M. Shirley. 5l6 HISTOKV OK NEW IIAMPSIIIRK. [lSl6 Supreme Court of the United States from 1S45 until his death in 185 1. He was a possible and very probable candidate for the presidency. According to Jeremiah Mason, "three more men so well qual- ified as the present judges, and who would accept the office, could not be found in the State." ^ The trustees of the college had for a considerable time pur- sued a course calculated to render them unpopular with a ma- jority of the people. Possessing, under their charter from the King, the power of removing members of their board and ap- pointing their own successors, " they had confided the exclusive control of an institution designed for the common benefit to members of a single religious sect and a single religious party. Funds bequeathed to the college for the establishment of a pro- fessorship had been applied to purposes partaking of a sectarian character. John Wheelock, himself a liberal benefactor of the college, and the son of its illustrious founder, had' been removed by a summary exercise of the powers of the trustees."^ " Mr. Mason felt the deepest interest in the Dartmouth College case, and argued it with all the energy of conviction. In his view it was not simply a controversy between two corpo- rations as to which was entitled to certain rights and property, but the question went deeper than this. It went deeper than the relations between the States and the general government, even to the foundations of civil society itself. He believed the Act of the legislature of New Hampshire to be a piece of legis- lative usurpation, and that the State had no more right to trans- fer the property of Dartmouth College to another corporation than they would have to take his house from him without paying for it, and give it to another man." ^ Dartmouth College had, in its earlier years, a somewhat re- markable and romantic history. Its founder, Eleazer Wheelock, was no ordinary man. He was an eminent preacher, a man of broad plans, of high enthusiasm, of indefatigable toil, and of great executive ability. Everyone of these qualities was put to * John M. Shirley. ' Barstow's History of New Hampshire. > Rev. S. C. Bartletl, D. D., I.L. D. l8l6] STRUGGLE FOR TOLERATION. 517 the severest test in his arduous enterprise. His original concep- tion of an Indian school exhibited well the wisdom of his judg- ment, which anticipated the results of the latest experience. For his plan was to train Indian youth of both sexes, so sepa- rated from all their savage environments as to mould them fully into the habits of Christian civilization, and send them back ttv their own country, in company with English young men alsck educated by him as missionaries, that their united efforts might raise the savage tribes "to the same habits of life." There has been little advance upon the wisdom of the plan. When the Indian school expanded into a college, and caused its transfer to another locality, the labor and care thrown upon him were enormous : an extended and incessant correspondence at home and abroad, the necessity of devising ways and means for" every separate part of the enterprise, material and literary, an exhausting attention to all the minutia; of business, the struggle of a settlement in an unbroken -forest, remote from supplies, and, at times, the oppression of debt. From Lebanon, Conn., in August, 1770, he pushed his way ta Hanover, to make ready. In a short time he was followed by a part of his family, who with difficulty made their way over the wretched roads in "a coach," the gift of a London friend, and by two pupils who came on foot. This company entered a dense pine forest, containing " two or three log huts," and no house on that side of the river within two miles. They felled six acres of forest, and the fallen trees "in all directions covered the ground to about the height of five feet." One of those trees,, says Dr. David McClure, who avers that he measured it, reached the almost incredible length of " two hundred and seventy feet, from the butt to the top ;" and "the sun was invisible by reason of the trees till it had risen many degrees above the horizon." Many of the company at first "slept on the ground vv'ith boughs of trees for beds, sheltered by a few boards raised over them on poles." Here at once began the labor of clearing the ground, of erecting buildings, of digging wells (the first attempt unsuc- cessful), and even of erecting a saw-mill and a grist-mil). These mills failed to serve any valuable purpose, and "he was obliged 5l8 mSTOKV Ol'" NEW IIAMl'slIlKE. [1816 to send a great distance into Massachusetts and Connecticut for necessary provisions." Tlie process was often attended with unavoidable delays, " the supplies were scanty, and they sub- mitted to coarse fare." Dr. Wheelock sometimes conducted morning and evening prayers in the open air. He was cheered in the first hard winter by a religious revival. The snow that lay "four feet deep" did not chill out the warmth of poetic fire. We have an interesting record of that early time in a consider- able poem written by Levi Frisbie, then a senior in college pre- paring for missionary work. The following is an extract : — " For now the king of dav, at distance far, In soutliern signs drove liis refulgent car. On northern climates beamed a shorter day, And shot obliquely his diminished ray. Grim winter, frowning from the glistening Bear, Unbarred his magazines of nitrous air. And, clad in icy mail, of rigid form, Menac'd dark, dismal days of dreadful storm. Forlorn thus youthful Dartmouth trembling stood. Surrounded with inhospitable wood; No silken furs on her soft limbs to spread. No dome to screen her fair, defenceless head. On every side she cast her wishful eyes. Then humbly raised them to the pitying skies. Thence grace divine beheld her tender care, And bowed her ear propitious to the pra^-er. Soon changed the scene; the prospect shone more fair; Joy lights all faces with a cheerful air; Tlie buildings rise, the work appears alive, Pale fear expires, and languid hopes revive, Grim winter's surly blasts forbear to blow. And heaven locked up her magazines of snow." The poem, which could not have been written later than the September following this "grim winter," concludes thus : — " Thus Dartmouth, happy in her sylvan seat. Drinks the pure pleasures of her fair retreat. Her songs of praise in notes melodious rise Like clouds of incense to the listening skies; Her God protects her with paternal care From ills destructive, and each fatal snare; And may lie still protect, and she adore Till heaven, and earth, and tinu-, shall be no more." ,/ l8l6] STRUGGLE I"OK TOLEKAl ION. 519 The ticlat attending Dr. Wheelock's Indian school, both at home and in England, where George III. had been a donor of two hundred pounds, created a very considerable competition concerning its location, when removed from Connecticut. Among the competing places were Albany, N. Y. ; Pittsfiekl and Stockbridge, Mass. ; Hebron and Norwich, Conn., and many others. Hanover was chosen for several reasons, among which appear to have been the feasibility of securing large tracts of land ; its proximity to the Indian tribes ; the desirableness of furnishing ministers to the new settlement in the Connecticut valley, to which Hanover was regarded as somewhat "central," and " most convenient for transportation up and down the river." Perhaps quite as influential as any other reason was the power- ful aid and influence of John Wcntworth, royal governor of New Hampshire. The first commencement was attended by the gov- ernor. At the second commencement, also, he was accompanied, or expected to be, by the speaker and several members of the assembly, his secretary, the high sheriff of Hillsborough county, the collector of Salem, Rev. Dr. Langdon, and various other prominent persons. The war of the Revolution made havoc not only with Wheel- ock's plans for the Indian tribes, but with the financial condition of the college. By a wise foresight, when the charter was pro- cured from the King, it had been made the charter, not of an Indian school alone, but of a college, and as a college it has done its great work. Its founder died, worn out with cares and labors, within nine years of its establishment, but he had made it a power in the land. For the first thirty years more than three quarters of its students came from outside New Hampshire. They were from the whole valley of the Connecticut, from Massachusetts, Maine, Vermont, New York. Not less than nine or ten younger col- leges have since been established within the region fi'oni which Dartmouth then drew its students. It would take a small volume to trace out the various sources of interest connected with the college from its romantic origin to the present time, or to do justice to its remarkable work. Of nearly five thousand graduates, over two thousand are now living. 520 HISTORY Ol- Ni;\V HAMPSHIRE. [1816 The'^e men have come from all parts of the country, and have done their work in nearly all parts of the world and in every form of useful activity. While some nine hundred of them as ministers have preached the Gospel at home, a goodly number, among them Goodell, Poor, and Temple, have car- ried it abroad, to Africa, China, Japan, Turkey. India, Syria, Persia, the islands of the ocean, and the Indians of North America. They have aided in translating the Bible into the Armeno-Turkish. the Hawaiian, and the Japan- ese languages. Six of them have been members of the Cabinet of the United States, six have represented the government at foreign courts, and a goodly number have been foreign consuls. Two of them have sat on the supreme bench of the United States — one as chief justice — and many others (26) have been its district judges and district attorneys. The college has graduated forty-seven judges of State supreme courts (including twenty chief justices), more than sixty judges of superior, county, and common pleas courts, besides a great number of probate and police judges, one m.ijor-general of the United States army, a superintendent of West Point, thirteen brigadier-generals, thirteen colonels, thirteen lieutenant-colonels, twelve majors, two adjutants, thirty-three captains, and numerous other commissioned officers (lieuten- ants, surgeons, chaplains) of United States volunteers. Thirty-two have been presidents, and a hundred and eighty professors, of colleges and profes- sional schools; twenty-three have been governors of States and Territories, at least sixty-five representatives and sixteen senators in Congress, thirty-one speakers of State legislatures, and eighteen presidents of State Senates. The graduates of the college have been greatly distinguished in the legal profession, and perhaps even more so in educational work. Tlie late Dr. T. H. Taylor declared that in the latter respect the record of Dartmouth was, in proportion to her numbers, superior to that of any other college in the country. Her teachers and superintendents have been dispersed through the land, and one of her graduates w-as at the head of the Bureau of Education, while the two oldest and best fitting-schools of New England (Andover and Exeter) have been in charge of Dartmouth men. The indebtedness of New Hampshire to its one ancient college has never been half told nor understood. About nineteen hundred natives of the State have graduated at the college, besides a great number who pursued part of the course of study. Far the greater part of them have been young men of mod- erate and even straitened circumstances, and probably a majority have been farmers' sons. They have come from one hundred and ninety-five towns, which contain thirteen-fourteenths of the population of the State, and have been trained for spheres of usefulness, often very eminent. Meanwhile the college has furnished teachers for the academies and high schools and for the district schools through every corner of the State for a hundred years. A great multitude of young persons, who never saw the inside of the college, have been taught, as was Horace Greeley and Zachariah Chandler, by Dart- mouth students. Who has not felt their stimulating influence in the school, and the pulpit, at the bar, and on the bench, in the medical profession, and through the press.' We can trace more than two hundred and twenty of them l8l7] STRUGGLE FOR TOLERATION. 52I as New Hampshire pastors (without reckoning many evangelists) of all the several Protestant denominations, and over three hundred and thirty teachers of academies and high schools. Probably more than four thousand winter schools have been tauglit bv them. During fifty years past the college has furnished the State eigliteeu judges of the Supreme Court, and eleven of the Court of Common Pleas, and nine governors. Five of the seven present judges of the Supreme Court are of the number. But the men of distinction are not, after all, the chief glory of the institu- tion. The highest work of the college consists in its liaving trained a great host of men of nobly balanced characters and clear-cut intellects for quiet, steady, powerful usefulness in every department of life and labor — in this State, in the country, in the world. But it should never be forgotten that its chief benefits, direct and indirect, have been conferred upon the rural popu- lation of New Hampshire. It has taken a great company of farmers' sons, like the Chases and the Websters, and other poor boys, and while raising them to power and eminence, has meanwhile sent them forth into the acade- mies and district schools in every portion of the State to teach the boys that could not go to college, and give them, too, the teaching of the ablest men the country has produced. For more than a century Dartmouth College has thus been the normal school ot New Hampshire ; and no region in the world, probably, can point to a more remarkable set of schoolmasters than she has thus furnished to the population. In this sketch there has not been room to say anything of the brilliant his- tory of the Dartmouth Medical School, with its 13S9 graduates, who have not only filled the State with the beneficent fruits of their careful training, but have honored their noble profession everywhere ; of the excellent record of the Chandler Scientific School, founded for "instruction in the practical and useful arts of life,'' with its requisites, its aim, and its sphere all so carefully defined by the will of its founder, to do a most useful work, as to hold it un- alterably to its specific function ; of the Thayer School of Civil Engineering, admirably devised by perhaps the ablest superintendent that West Point has had, of which the graduates, though few in number hitherto, are making an enviable mark ; nor o£ the Agricultural College adjacent, with its excellent course of purely English education. They are all doing their work well. The elections of 1817 were decided on personal issues. Gov, ernor Plumer was opposed by members of his own party ; but when the votes were counted it was found that he had a major- ity of over three thousand votes. Mason was the candidate of the Federalists. In June the new State House was approaching completion. Mary Dyer, the e.x-Shakeress, commenced at the June session of the legislature her warfare with the society, which was destined to continue, with memorials to the legisla- ture and publications against them, for more than thirty-five 522 mSTOKV OF NEW UAMI'SHIKE. ['Si" years. She was a woman of great energy and decision of cliar- acter, whose " sharp tongue and shrewd wit were more than a match for Joseph (Dyer) and his brethren."' The adjournment of the legislature was followed by President Monroe's visit to New Hampshire on his tour through the North- ern States. He received everywhere the most flattering atten. tions from all classes. It was the first visit of a Southern presi- dent to New England after Washington's tour. The party were very favorably impressed with the towns and villages on the route from Portsmouth to Concord, and with their reception; and no doubt the passage of the imposing coach of state was long remembered by the inhabitants as a notable event- Quite different was the journey of Governor William Plumer, who rode on horseback to and from his Epping home and Concord. Dr. Abel Blanchard died in October, 1817, leaving the most of his property for the foundation and maintenance of a seminary of learning — Pembroke Academ\-. The new academy building was dedicated to the cause of edu- cation in May, i8ig ; the next day the school was opened under the care of Rev. A. W. Burnham, principal, and the institution was successfully launched on its career of usefulness. ^ " If one goes back to the year 1755, he comes to the time from which to date the commencement of the history of the Baptist denomination in New Hamp_ shire. In that year the first Baptist church now in existence in the State was formed in the town of Newton, the county of Rockingham. It was a time when the ' standing order,' as it was termed, was the dominant religious power witliin our borders, and to whose mandates all were expected to render obedience. In this organization one finds an illustration of the union of church and state. The town, in connection with the church, called and settled the minister, paid his salary in money or in those things that he needed to supply his wants, built the meeting-house and the parsonage, levied the rates upon the inhabitants, and all were expected to pay or suffer the penalty prescribed by law. The Baptists in the State, in the last century, bore the brunt of the battle for religious toleration, as the records of the church in Newton and other churches amply attest. " Near the middle of the eighteenth century, a remarkable man came from England to our country, and exerted a great influence in the religious world. It was George Whitefield, the friend and contemporary of John Wesley. One ■William Plumer, Jr. = Howard M. Cooke. l8l7] STRUGGLE FOR TOLERATION. 523 of the important results that followed his labors in New England was the breaking down, in a degree, of the power of the standing order; and this result contributed indirectly to the spread of Baptist sentiments and the in- crease of Baptist churches ; so that while in 1739, one hundred years from the organization of the first Baptist church in Providence, R. I., there were but thirty-eight churches of the faith in the land, in 17S3, or in less than half a century, there were three hundred and nine. "The brilliant example and great success of Whitefield and his followers had taught the utility of the itinerant system of preaching. In our own State, several Baptist ministers, at nearly the same time, entered its borders, at dif- ferent points, and commenced their laliors. Among the more prominent and successful of these was Rev. Hezekiah Smith, pastor of the Baptist church in Haverhill, Mass. He made missionary tours in various directions, accom- panied by some of the members of his church. In the course of his journey- ings, Mr. Smith visited the town of Concord. His success in other places aroused hostility to him and his mission, and called for a special warning from Rev. Timothy Walker, the pastor, at that time, of the Old North Church. This was given in a sermon, afterwards published, entitled, 'Those who ha\e the form of Godliness, but deny the power tliereof.' It does not appear that Mr. Smith was anywise daunted by this ministerial fulmination ; and il is probable his labors in Concord, at that time, were indirectly the means 01 the formation, some years later, of the First Baptist Church of Concord. " Concord, at the commencement of the present century, was a pleasant town, with a population of two thousand and fifty-two. A resident here in those years passing up Main street to-day, and viewing the handsome and substantial business blocks that adorn the city, could not fail to note the change which this lapse of time has made in its appearance. A change as great as that, however, has taken place in less than eight decades, in the opinions and practice of the people in matters of religious observance. Within the limits of the city there are now at least seventeen public places of worship, representing nine different denominations. But in tlie early years of the century, all or nearly all the people of the town met in the same church, and listened to the same minister. How famous was then the Old North Meeting-House, the place whither the families went up to worship on tlie Sabbath. The Puritan method of observance was still in vogue, and 'going to meeting,' as it was termed, was a universal custom, and one not to be lightly esteemed or disregarded. This unity of sentiment and practice, which had prevailed from the incorporation of the town, in 1725, was des- tined to have an end. In iStS the initiatory steps were taken for the formation of the First Baptist Church in Concord. The record states that 'on the 20th of May, 181S, a number of persons residing in Concord, and belonging to Baptist churches elsewhere, met at the house of Mr. Richard Swain, in said town, for the purpose of ascertaining what degree of fellow- ship existed among them in the faith and order of the gospel, and also to consider what were the prospects of forming a church agreeable to the prin- ciples and practice of the Apostles of our Lord. After a free and full discus 524 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. ['^'9 sion of the first object before them, the following persons gave to each other an expression of their Christian fellowship, viz. : James Willev, John Hoyt, Sarah Bradlev, Deborah Elliot, Sallv Swain, and Nancv Whitney.' " On the ;8th of the same month, the record also savs, ' an adjourned ses- sion was held at the house of Mr. Nathaniel Parker, at which meeting three sisters related their Christian experience, and made a brief statement of their views of Christian doctrine, after whicli those present expressed to them their Christian fellowship.' The next act of that meeting was ' to listen to the Christian experience of Mr. Oliver Hart, and to agree to receive him to the fellowship of the church when he shall have been baptized.' At this meeting, members from the church in Bow were present, by invitation, to advise in reference to the constitution of a church. These brethren, having examined the subject, unanimously advised this small band of Christians to organize. " On the 23d of September, 1S18, a council of neighboring churches was held at the house of Rev. William Taylor, and a church constituted, number- ing fourteen members. The public services in recognition of this church were attended at the Green house. Rev. John B. Gibson preached the sermon, Rev. Otis Robinson of Salisbury gave the hand of fellowship, and Rev. Henry Veazey of Bow offered prayer. For over seven years this church •did not possess a house of worship, but was accustomed to hold services on the Sabbath in the school-house, which stood upon the site of the high school building. In 1S25 a church edifice was erected, dedicated on December jSth •of that year, and opened for public worship in January, 1826." "The March elections of 1818 were conducted with much less than their usual zeal and acrimony. Many Federalists voted for the Republican candidate, others for Jeremiah Smith or William Hale. Governor Plumer was re-elected by a majority of over six thousand votes over all other candidates." Governor Plumer in his address referred to the law for the imprisonment of debtors, and recommended its repeal or radical change. The bill for les- sening the hardships of poor debtors was passed with the utmost difficulty : " and yet it was a few years only before the total abolition of imprisonment for debt was enacted with the entire approbation of the people." ^ At the Republican legislative caucus in June, after Samuel Bell was nominated for governor, the majority nominated Gov- ernor Plumer for United States senator. At the balloting the minority of the Republicans supported Parrott, the Federalists Jeremiah Smith, thus bringing three candidates into the field. The Federalists gave their support to the minority candidate, ' William Plumer, Jr. J 819] STRUGGLE FOR TOLERATION. 525 and Parrott wa'? elected. It was understood that the Governor allowed his name to be used to defeat Butler. In Governor Plumer's diary, under date of June 30, occurs the following entry: "The lawyers in the House were unitedly ■opposed to it [the bill exempting the bodies of debtors from arrest on executions issued from justices of the peace]. Second and third rate lawyers, as many of these are, make bad legislators." Governor Plumer exercised a great influence over legislative bod- ies and at the same time preserved his self-respect and indepen- dence. He made his appointments carefully, and was very popular in the State during a public life of nearly thirty years. He retired from office with the respect of all parties and with no fewer personal enemies than a man of decided character and fearless -disposition would ordinarily have. He lived over thirty years at Epping after his retirement, in correspondence with the lead- ing men of the party and nation, until he was the last survivor of his generation. Samuel Bell was elected governor in 18 19. ^ It is doubtful if any race has done more to fix the character of our institutions, to stimulate and direct real progress, and to de- velop the vast resources of the United States, than that portion of our earlier population known as the Scotch-Irish. Their re- markable energy, thrift, staidness, and fixed religious views made their settlements the centres of civilization and improvement, in Colonial times ; that their descendants proved sturdy props of the great cause that ended in the independence of the United States is a matter of history. Of this stock. New Hampshire has chosen three governors, lineal descendants from John Bell. The name of Bell occupies a proud place in the history of New Hampshire. No other single family of our State has wielded for so long a period such an influence in the executive, legislative, and judiciary departments of our State government as the descendants of the emigrant John Bell, who purchased a tract of land in Londonderry, in 1720, about a year after the original settlers purchased the township. His son, John, born in Londonderry in August, 1730, was a man of considerable im- * John Templeton. 526 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [1S19 portance, and held many responsible offices. He married and had five children, two of whom filled the office of governor of New Hampshire. He died in 1825. in the ninety-fifth year of his age. Of John's children, two died young ; the third, Jonathan, en- gaged in trade in Chester, and died in 1808. The fifth son, Samuel, was born in February, 1770. He was a graduate of Dartmouth College, class of 1793. He was one of the most popular public men of his day. In 1805-6 he was speaker of the House of Representatives, president of the Senate in 1807-8, and justice of the Supreme Court from 1816 to 1819. He was elected governor in 18 19, and was three times re- elected without organized opposition. In 1823 he was elected United States senator,^ which office he held till 1S35. He married and had a family of nine children. His death occurred in December, 1850. January and February, 1S19, were very warm, with very little snow ■ — the ground being bare the whole time, and no sledding ; all business and journeys were performed with wagons.^ Bristol was chartered in June, 18 19. It was formed from portions of Bridgewater and New Chester (Hill). By the Act of incorporation James Minot, Ichabod C. Bartlett, and Joseph Flanders, or any two of them, were authorized to call the first annual town meeting in March following. They united in this call, and at the first annual meeting, March 14, 1S20, Joseph Flanders was elected moderator, James Minot clerk, and Joseph Flanders, Moses W. Sleeper, and John Clough selectmen. Ichabod C. Bartlett was chosen treasurer, and James Minot repre- sentative to the General Court. The citizens of the new town seem to have started out with practical unanimity of political sentiment, so far as State affairs were concerned, as upon the vote for governor at this meeting, ninety- one ballots were cast for Samuel Bell, five for John Orr, two for Robert Smith, and one for David Sterret. The same, or even greater, unanimity in this regard was manifested several years later, when, in 1S27, there were one hundred and seven votes cast for Benjamin Pierce, and one for Sherburne Lock. Among the other oflicers elected at this first town meeting were two "tith- ingmen." These were Timothy Eastman and David Truel. Peter Hazelton was chosen constable. The record of the meeting also informs us that it was voted to raise $150, in addition to what the law requires, for the support of > MS. Diary. ]8l9] STRUGGLE KOK TOLKKATION. 527 schools, $600 for the repair of highway, and $350 to defray town charges. It also appears that " the collection o£ taxes was bid off for three cents on a dol- lar, by Walter Sleeper." This would be regarded as a pretty extravagant percentage in these days, but it must be remembered that the amount to be collected was comparatively small.' New Chester, which formerly included Bridgewater (the latter incorporated in 1788), was granted in August, 1759, to John Tolford, Matthew Thornton, and others, hut no settlement was made for several years. In a case in the Hillsborough court, May, 1803, Smith, C. J., by which John Muzzy brought action against Samuel Wilkins and others who acted as assessors for the parish of Amherst in 1795, and by whom Muzzy was imprisoned because he would not pay his tax of seventy-five cents t&ward the settled minister's salary, it was decided that Muz^y, being a Presbyterian, was ex- empt from the tax, since Presbyterians were a different sect under the constitution and the laws from the Congregationalists, and were to be recognized as such. The judge said that the constitution was designed to secure to every man the free enjoy- ment of his own opinion on religious subjects. All denomina- tions were to be equally under the protection of the law, securing to them even safety from persecution. William Plumer was early a prominent " Protestant," and freely a legal helper to those against whom cases were entered. It was necessary to have such a champion, for the collectors of church taxes did not scruple in their methods. Barstow, in his "Plistory of New] Hampshire," tells of a case in which the cow of a poor laborer' was sold at vendue in default of paying; church taxes ; nor was household furniture or even dishes exempted from the stem parish collector. Acts of incorporation would be granted the Congregational church but be denied to other denominations. The advent of Quakers, Freewill Baptists, Methodists, Univer- salists, and other sects was working a revolution. They entered the courts, and could always find in Governor Plumer, at least, able and willing counsel in those legal contests. In the constitutional convention of 1791 he tried hard to carry ' H. H. Metcalf. 528 IHSTOKV OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. ['^'9 a provision giving full liberty to worship God according to the dictates of one's own conscience. But this liberty was not then granted, nor, on the other hand, could the opponents of it carry a provision to tighten the principles of the constitution of 1784. He did succeed in that convention in getting a motion carried to abolish the religious test for office-holders, but this failed in the vote of the people on it. But so great had become the pres- sure from the increase of other persuasions, and the spirit of deeper insight, that the legislature of 1804 granted the right to Freewill Baptists to be considered a distinct religious sect or clenoniination, with all the privileges of such agreeable to the constitution. The next year the Universalists obtained a sim- ilar recognition, and in 1807 the Methodists shared the same favor. ^ In 1 8 16 the legislature passed an Act that the property of ministers, which before had been exempted, should be taxed. The same year Rev. Dan. Young, of Lisbon, a located Methodist minister, having been elected a member of the State Senate, brought in a bill repealing the old obnoxious laws by which a town could vote to settle a minister and then pay his salary by taxes ; and in place of that law offered a bill "by which all per- sons voluntarily associating to build a house of worship, or hire a minister of the Gospel, should be held to the fulfilment of their contract, but no person should be compelled to go into such a contract." That year he was able to secure only three votes besides his own for the bill. The next year the same bill re- ceived exactly one half of the votes of the Senate. The third year it went through by a large majority, but was tied in the House. In 1819, having been sent up again from the Senate, the House by a majority vote carried it, and thus the power was taken from the towns to assess taxes on all to support the min- istry, and relegated to such as voluntarily entered the church or society. Dr. Whipple, of Wentvvorth, in tlie House, seems to have had much to do in framing the bill and in its final success ; so it is known in some authorities as the Whipple bill. By the bill any iSic.] STRUGGLE FOR TOLERATION. 529 one, also, could separate himself from any such society or organ- ization, or from obligations of the town, by leaving a written certificate with tiie clerk of such a purpose, and that he was of another persuasion. Men of the old regime deemed it all a re- peal of the Christian religion, thinking it meant also an abolition of the Bible, and that they might as well burn that book. But experience soon convinced them of the great worth to both state and church to have them separate. Some slight changes were made a few years later in this Act, but none affecting its purpose of completest religious freedom. SQUAM LAKE AND MOUNT CHOCORUA. CHAPTER XVI. ERA OF GOOD- WILL, 1819-1828. Power-Loom at Amoskeai; — Shelbirne — New Hamptom Hurricane — Levi Woodbury — Daviij L. Morril — Great Freshet — Mili- tia — General Lafayette's Visit — The Farmer — Governor Ben- jamin Pierce and F/milv — John Bell — Franklin. IVTO single invention, perhaps, has ever wrought such wonders in the civilized world as the power-loom. Strange to say, it was the work of an English clergyman. Rev. Dr. Cartwright, who invented it in 1787. The use of the power-loom was com- menced at Amoskeag F'alls in 18 19. The Scotch-Irish at Nutfield, afterwards Londonderry, and the English at Penacook, now Concord, pressed their claims for the possession of the falls as a fishing place. No doubt it was a prize worthy of an earnest struggle. Concord claimed it under their grant from Massachusetts ; while the Scotch- Irish founded their claim on the authority of the New Hamp- shire Province. The advantage, however, was on the part of the Irish. Their settlement was nearer, in numbers much larger, and they had possession. The first settlers in the neighborhood came from Londonderry in 1731. No doubt the fishing interest was the principal attraction. The shad, the salmon, and the lam- prey eel, the last of which the late William Stark so poetically eulogized, were the fish there caught. If Stark has not very greatly exceeded even poetical licence, we may realize the mag- nitude of the fishing interest at that day. He says : — " From the eels they formed their food in chief. And eels were called the Derr\ licld heef; It was often said that their onl\ care, iSig] ERA OF GOOD-WILL. 53I And their only wish, and their only prayer, For the present world, and the world to come, Was a string of eels and a jug of rum." If all this could be said of the eel, we leave some future poet to extol the value of the shad and the salmon. Saw and grist mills were built at Amoskeag at a very early date, but the first interest of suiificient importance to demand much notice was the digging of the canal. This was substantially the work of one man, Samuel Blodge t, an officer under Governor Wentworth, a keeper of the King's woods, and collector of duties on spirituous liquors. He came to the neighborhood in 1751, and bought a farm on Black brook, two miles from Amoskeag. He was a man of great versatility of talent : farmer, merchant, manufacturer of potash, lumber-dealer, sutler in the army in the French and Indian war. He went to Europe, and there was engaged in raising sunken ships, and finally, after having accu- mulated quite a fortune for that day, returned, and in May, 1794, when seventy years of age, commenced the great work of his life, what is known in history as the Blodget canal, around Amoskeag Falls. ^ The work, however, was attended with many difficulties, and his whole fortune of thirty or forty thousand dollars was all expended before it was completed. He then solicited assistance from his friends, and applied to the legis- latures of New Hampshire and Massachusetts for grants of lot- teries to raise funds ; but as late as 1803 he wrote : "It is very painful indeed to me to reflect on a ten years' ardent exertione at this stage of my life, sparing no pains in my power, with the utmost stretch of invention to finish this canal, the expense of $60,000 already having been devoted to it, and the work not yet completed." By continued exertions, however, the canal was completed in 1807, about the time of Mr. Blodget's death. This work, when we take into view all the difficulties connected with the prose- cution of a new enterprise, stands almost unrivalled in the his- tory of New England. It is, however, the manufacture of cloth which noiv distin- guishes, and will for a long time to come, Amoskeag. The 532 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. ['819 river here falls fifty feet, and the power is immense. As in the case of the canal, it was a single mind that led the way in the development of this great enterprise. Benjamin Pritchard was here the moving power. We first hear of him as a resident of New Ipswich, and engaged in manufacturing there. Machinery was used in that town for spinning cotton by water power in 1803, and was the first in the State. Mr. Pritchard paid his last tax in New Ipswich in 1807, and in March, 1810, we find his mill in operation at Amoskeag. The property was then owned by a joint-stock company, divided into one hundred shares. At the first meeting fifty-five shares were sold, of which Mr. Pritchard took twenty-five. The building which was then erected was about forty feet square and two stories high. The only machinery placed in it was for spinning, and the only machine then used for that purpose was the jenny. This machine was first put in operation in England in 1767, and was the earliest improvement in spinning after the one- thread wheel, doing its work substantially on the same plan, only instead of one it drew out several threads at the same time. The water to carry this machinery at Amoskeag was taken from the mill-dam of Ephraim and Robert Stevens. They gave bonds to the amount of two thousand dollars, as the obligation reads, to furnish " so much water as shall be sufficient for carry- ing an old-fashioned undershot corn-mill at all seasons of the year and at all days in the year, so long as water is needed for carrying on the manufacturing of cotton and wool at that place." For this, they were to receive ten dollars annually. Five years later twelve dollars per annum were paid for furnish- ing water sufficient to run the Amoskeag cotton and woollen mill. From 1 8 10 to 18 19 spinning was the only work done there. It is interesting to learn how this now simple operation was then performed. After the cotton vvas received, it was given out into families, in lots of from fifty to one hundred pounds, to be picked. This was done by first whipping the cotton in a rude frame. This whijiping machine was a unique article, per- l820] ERA OF GOOD-WILL. 53J haps thirty inches square, across which common cod line was woven at right angles, leaving spaces of half an inch ; on three sides were placed boards, and the whole raised on posts breast high. On this the cotton was placed and whipped with twa sticks like the common ox-gourd. This old whipping machine operated by a boy, has given place to the picker of our day. Some years after the manufacture of yarn was commenced^ perhaps because the market was more than supplied, the com- pany introduced the weaving of cloth. This was done on hand- looms in the neighborhood. The agent of Amoskeag mills, Jotham Gillis, carried out yarn for this purpose. It was before the days of railroads, even before carriages, if we except the old " one-horse shay," and Mr. Gillis, upon horse-back, would ride six miles away, with bundles of yarn tied about his saddle. This order of things continued till 1S19, when the power-loom was introduced, only five years after its introduction into the coun- try. The first was put m operation at Waltham, Mass., by Mr. Adams, the father of Phineas Adams, the late agent of the Stark J^mills. The loom had then been in operation in England from twenty to twenty-five years. ^ In 1S20 Jeremiah Mason was a member of the House of Representatives, and as chairman of the judiciary committee drew and secured the passage of a law changing the judiciary system of the State, abolishing the Court of Common Pleas, transferring most of its jurisdiction to the Superior Court, and constituting a Court of Sessions. Early in the June session Governor Bell received from the governor of Virginia "The Vir- ginia Report and Resolutions on the Missouri Question," which he transmitted to the legislature for their action. They set forth in forcible and earnest language the doctrines as to the sovereignty of the States and the limited powers of Congress. The answer of the New Hampshire legislature was written by Mr. Mason, and was a masterly treatment of j:he constitutional questions involved, ending with the resolution : " That in the opinion of this legislature the Congress of the United States. has by the Constitution the right, in admitting new States into ' Rev. C. W. Wallace. D. D. 5j>4 history of new Hampshire. [1820 the Union, to prescribe tlie proliibition of slavery, as one of tiie conditions on which such State shall be admitted," and that "the existence of slavery within the United States is a great moral as well as political evil, the toleration of which can be justified "by necessity alone, and that the further extension of it ought to be prevented by the due exercise of the power vested in the general government." Hon. Jeremiah Mason was a member of the House of Repre- sentatives in December, 1820, and while standing in the gallery, Judge Nesmith heard him state the proposition that in his ex- perience he knew of no little law cases, that all alike, whatever the amount involved might be, turned upon the same golden binges of justice. And it was sometimes as difficult to ascertain the true merits of a case, or trace the accurate boundaries of right and wrong, where only five dollars might be involved, as where thousands were at stake. The question then pending before the House referred to the amount of litigated claims of which a certain court should by law have jurisdiction. Mr. Mason's personal appearance was very imposing. His height was over six feet and six inches. His weight about two hundred and seventy-five pounds. His uncommon size natur- ally attracted the wonder of beholders. His arguments to the jury were never tedious, ahrays commanding their close atten- tion, being remarkable specimens of plain, clear, direct, compre- hensive, logical reasoning, generally addressed to the understand- ing rather than to the passions of the hearer. He presented clear ideas «/^/)' and forcibly expressed. He managed well an unwilling, untruthful witness. In his quiet and easy way he would turn such a witness inside out without letting him know what he was about. ^ The township of Shelburne, which lies in Coos county, north- east of the White Mountains, was chartered by George III. to Mark Wentworth, and six others. The date of the grant was 1 771, and included Shelburne Addition, now known as Gorham. It was surveyed in the same year by Theodore Atkinson, who spent a number of months in the vicinity of the mountains. * Hon. George W. Nesmith. l820] ERA OF GOOD-WILL. 535 The population in 1820, when it was incorporated, was 205, while in 1870 it was only 250. The first permanent settlers w-ere Hope Austin, Daniel and Benjamin Ingalls, who moved there in 1771. The next year Thomas Wheeler, Nathaniel Porter, and Peter Poor came there, and were afterward killed by the Indians. In 1781 came Moses Messer, Captain Jonathan Rindge, and Jonathan and Simeon Evans. Captain Rindge is well remembered by the old resi- dents in town as one of the most respected of the early settlers. The early history is filled with incidents of toil and hardships which the pioneers were forced to undergo. Mr. Hope Austin, with his family, consisting of a wife and three children, moved into town at a time when the ground was covered with five feet of snow. All the way from Bethel, a distance of twelve miles, they walked, Mr. Austin and two hired men drawing the furniture on hand sleds, while Mrs. Austin carried her youngest child, an infant of nine months, in her arms, with Judith, aged si.x, and James, aged four, trudging b)- her side. When they arrived at their new home they found simply the walls of a log cabin, without roof or f^oor. To shelter them from the rains and snows they cut poles and laid across the walls. On these they laid shingles, covering a space only large enough for a bed. In this they lived until the next June. At the time of the In- dian massacre in August, — spoken of in Segar's narrative, ■ — they fled to Fryeburg, where they remained until the next March. Deacon Daniel Ingalls was well known and highly esteemed throughout the mountain region for his piety and benevolence, and his death was received by all with sadness. His two sons, Moses and Robert, settled in Shelburne. They were both distinguished as being kind-hearted men, and a valu- able addition to the young colony. Moses was brave and dar- ing, and a keen lover of hunting. Robert Fletcher Ingalls was undoubtedly the first temperance reformer in New Hampshire. He formed a band known as the " Cold Water Army," embracing the youth of both sexes, and worked for the cause until the day of his death. On the 4th day 5^6 IlISTOKV OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [l82I of July before he died he took part in the exercises, delivering an address which is remembered to this day. After the unsuccessful attempt against Quebec, in which the gallant and lamented Montgomery lost his life, many of the American soldiers deserted, and endeavored to find their way home through the forests of Canada. Twelve of these soldiers succeeded in finding their way to Shelburne late in the fall of 1776, where they were discovered by a negro in the employ of Captain Rindge, nearly exhausted. After becoming recruited ■ they gave an account of their sufferings from the time they left Quebec. They followed the Chaudiere river for a long distance, crossed the highlands, and came to the Magalloway river, down which they passed to its confluence with Clear Stream, at Errol. Here they left one of their number, named Hall, too weak to proceed farther. Captain Rindge and Moses Ingalls immediately started in quest of him, and after a long search he was found lying across his gun, near where his comrades left him. He had dragged himself to the bank to drink, and, his head hanging over a little descent, he was unable to raise it from weakness, and so drowned. They buried him on the bank, and, as a memorial, changed the river's name from Clear to Hall's Stream. The New Hampton Institution has a model location in a quiet village, amid New Hampshire hills and rural scenery, and among people who fully appreciate the advantages of hav- ing a college or seminary in their midst. It was established in 1 82 1, and soon became widely known as a theological school for divinity students preparing for the Baptist ministry. In 1829 a female department was added. In 1852 the institution came into the hands of the Freewill Baptist denomination ; and for sixteen years, or until it was re- moved to Lewiston, Me., in 1870, it was the seat of a Biblical school. In 1866 a commercial department was added to the school. The hurricane in the Kearsarge region, in September, 1821, was the most destructive tornado of which there is any record as having swept over any portion of New England, and, in pro- 53^ HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [l822 portion to its extent, infinitely more destructive than the "great wind" of September, 1815. ' " About six o'clock, after a warm day, a dark cloud was observed to rise in the north and north-west, illuminated by in- cessant flashes of vivid lightning. Houses and barns, fences and trees, were levelled to the ground and the debris carried long distances. Several lives were lost." The literary fund, for the benefit of the public schools, was established in 182 1, by imposing a tax of one-half of one per cent, upon the banks of the State. In June, 1822, Hon. Samuel Dinsmoor, senior, of Keene, was nominated for governor by the Democrats or Republicans, in the legislature of that year ; candidates for governor and for Congress being then nominated in June by members of the legislature. In the winter before the election Levi Woodbury, then one of the justices of the Superior Court, was nominated for governor by an irregularly constituted assemblage of people in attendance upon a term of court in session at Portsmouth. The Patriot sustained the nomination of the legislative convention, and came out in strong rebuke of this procedure at Portsmouth, which really was an open revolt, by so many Democrats as par- ticipated in the nomination of Judge Woodbury, against the regular nomination of the party the preceding June. But the Portsmouth transaction was countenanced, if not shaped, by the Plumers of Epping, Judge Butler of Deerfield, the North End Democrats in Concord, and other equally conspicuous and in- fluential politicians in various parts of the State. Although the Federal party had been disbanded, yet thousands who were members of it naturally sympathized with any procedure in conflict with the Patriot, and, with nearly one accord, went into the support of Judge Woodbury, who was chosen over General Dinsmoor by 4026 majority in 1823. There were jealousies between North End Democrats and their down-town political brethren so long ago as fifty years. They at the North End regarded those beneath the shadow • N. H. Patriot. 1823] ERA OF GOOD-WILL. 539 of the State House as desirous of giving law to the Democratic party. The last-named men were spoken of as " Parliament- corner politicians," a term which included Isaac Hill, William Low, Joseph Low, Richard Bartlett, Jacob B. Moore, and a few other active and influential men south of the present City Hall. Those North End gentlemen of the same party who were be- coming, if not alienated from, at least jealous of their down- town brethren, and who immediately or more remotely partook of this feeling, were John George, Robert Davis, Samuel Coffin, Abiel Walker, Francis N. Fiske, Charles Walker, Samuel Spar- hawk, and other less conspicuous men. There were also Democrats in other portions of New Hampshire who had be- come jealous of the " Parliament corner " leaders, and this, at first, slight misunderstanding or disaffection culminated in the commencement of the journal known as the Arit/ Hampshire Statesman, January 6, 1823, a paper that is one of the very few which, growing out of a mere feud among local politicians, became a permanent establishment. Luther Roby, then in business at Amherst, moved to Concord, and became printer and publisher of the Statesman, and Amos A. Parker, then in the practice of law at Epping, was engaged to conduct it. The Statesman of course advocated the election of Judge Woodbury; indeed, when it was commenced it was understood that a rebellion was on foot against the nominee of the June convention. But the triumph of the North End gentlemen was transitory, for one of the first important appointments by Gov- ernor Woodbury was that of Hon. Richard H. Ayer, of Hook- sett, to be sheriff of the newly formed county of Merrimack. This was a suitable selection — fitness being the standard — but one which created disappointment, indeed displeasure, through- out the ranks of those 'by whose votes Judge Woodbury was made governor. Mr. Ayer was brother-in-law of Mr. Hill, and exerted all his power to thwart the election of Governor Wood- bury, who, in fact, by this and other procedures, turned his back upon his supporters, and distinctly indicated to them that he should henceforth seek promotion in another quarter. He was governor only one year.^ ' .\sa McFarland. 540 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [1823 Levi Woodbury was the son of the Hon. Peter Woodburv, and was born at Francestown, on the 22d of December, 1789. He was of the oldest Massa- chusetts stock, being descended from John Woodbury, who emigrated from Somersetshire, in England, in the year 1624, and was one of the original set- tlers of Beverly, Mass. Peter Woodbury removed from Beverly to Frances- town in 1773. His son Levi entered Dartmouth College in October, 1S05. After his graduation with honor in 1S09, in September of that year, he began the study of law at Litchfield, Conn., pursuing it at Boston, Exeter, and Francestown; and in September, 1812, commenced practice in his native vil- lage. He soon obtained a high rank at the bar, with an extensive business. His first public service was upon his election as clerk of the Senate of New Hampshire in June, 1816. In December of the same year he received the ap- pointment of judge of the Supreme Court of the State ; and in the discharge of the duties of his position was seen the inherent force of his abilities, aided by his constant and never-ceasing habits of application. In June, 1S19, he married Elizabeth W. Clapp, of Portland, and, re- moving to Portsmouth soon after, except when absent on public duties re- sided in that city. In March, 1823, he was chosen governor of New Hamp- shire, and re-elected in 1S24. In 1825 he was chosen one of the representatives from Portsmouth in the legislature, and elected speaker upon the assembling of the House of Repre- sentatives. This was his first seat in any deliberative assembly; but his knowledge of parliamentary law, aided by his dignity and urbanity of manner, served to enable him to fill the office in a commendable manner. At the same session he was elected a senator in the Congress of the United States. His senatorial term was completed in March, 1S31, and in that month he was chosen State senator from his district; but before the legislature assembled he was, in May, 1831, appointed secretary of the navy, and re- signed the senatorship June 4th of that year, and served till June 30, 1S34, in the secretaryship. In July, 1S34, Governor Woodbury was appointed secretary of the Treas- ury, and served until the election of General Harrison to the Presidency. He was again elected a senator in Congress for the term of six years, com- mencing March 4, 1841. He served until November, 1845. During that year President Polk had tendered Governor Woodbury the embassy to the •court of St. James, but the appointment, for domestic reasons, was declined. Upon the death of Mr. Justice Story, Mr. Woodbury was commissioned an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, and after subse- <}uently entering upon the duties of this high office, continued therein until his death, which occurred September 4, 1851. Judge Woodbury, in the various public positions he was so constantly called to fill, showed himself abundantly capable for the discharge of their ■duties. As a legislator he was painstaking and industrious, as a judge studious and indefatigable in his labors, and as a cabinet minister comprehensive and yet exact in his knowledge of details. His life was one of uninterrupted 1824] ERA OF GOOD-WILL. 54I work, and his death at the age of sixty-one deprived the country of an up- right judge and an eminent public man. Of liis children, his only son is Charles Levi Woodbury, a prominent lawyer in practice in Boston, who re- tains the family mansion at Portsmouth. One daughter married Hon. Montgomery Blair, who was postmaster-general under President Lincoln, and another was the wife of Captain Gustavus V. Fox, formerly of the United States navy, who rendered to the country such signal service by his practical knowledge as assistant secretary during the war.' In 1824 David L. Morril was elected governor by the legisla- ture. He was born in Epping in June, 1772, was educated at Exeter Academy, studied medicine, and entered into practice in Epsom, in 1793. He commenced to study theology in 1800, and was ordained pastor of the church in Goffstown in 1802, but re- signed his charge in 181 1, and again commenced to practise med- icine. In 1808 he was elected representative from Goffstown, and re-elected every year till 1817. In June, 1816, he was chosen speaker of the House, and the same session was chosen to the Senate of the United States for six years. In 1823 he was elected a member of the New Hampshire Senate and was presi- dent of that body. In 1825 he only lacked a few votes of re- election. He settled in Concord in 1S31, where he remained a highly respected and useful citizen until his death in January, 1846. Mr. Mason was a candidate for the United States Senate in 1824. There was a strong desire on the part of his friends that he should resume the place he had formerly filled with so much honor to himself and so much usefulness to the country. Poli- tics were in a transition state, and votes were determined mainly by personal preferences for the four candidates for the presidency, — Mr. Adams, General Jackson, Mr. Crawford, and Mr. Clay, all of whom were members of the old Republican party. All the New England States, New Hampshire included, supported Mr. Adams ; and Mr. Mason, who distinctly preferred him to any of his rivals, once mare found himself on the side of the majority. Eleven of the State senators had been Republicans, and a majority of the House had been of the same party. At the June session Mr. Mason was the strongest candidate, but the election was put off * History of Rockingham County. ^ 542 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [1824 until the November session. In the meantime Mr. Eastman, a State senator and a brother-in-law of Levi Woodbury, had been elected to Congress. The House gave Mr. Mason a two-thirds majority: the Senate voted for William Plumer, Jr. The action of the House was communicated to the Senate in the form of a resolution naming the person chosen. The Senate concurred in passing the House resolution with an amendment striking out the words "Jeremiah Mason" and inserting "William Plumer, Jr." Mr. Mason was standing before the fire in the Representatives' Hall, and when William H. Y. Hackett, assis- tant clerk of the Senate, having delivered the message to the House, went by him Mr. Mason said, " Good morning, Mr. Hackett, I see you propose a trifling amendment." The Senate afterwards voted for John F. Parrott and Samuel Dinsmoor. Late in December a vote was taken in the Senate which was a tie, al- though seven members had pledged themselves to vote for Mr. Mason, and the legislature adjourned without electing anybody to the position. Levi Woodbury was elected senator at the next session of the legislature, but Mr. Eastman, to whom was at- tributed the defeat of Mr. Mason, was not re-elected to Con- gress. Mr. Woodbury was at that time a supporter of Mr. Adams, but soon became a zealous and trusted adherent of General Jackson. 1 The most destructive freshet in the valley of the Merrimack, taking place outside the season when crops were upon the earth, was that of February, 1824. It was a complete demolisher of bridges, from the mountains in northern New Hampshire, and from the sources of the Contoocook river, in the southern portion of the State, on to the sea. The volume of water which passed down the valley in the rise of February, 1824, was vastly less than \\ha.i flowed in any given time in the freshet of 1869 ; but enormous quantities of ice swept all before them. Both the bridges which then spanned the Merrimack in Concord — the "Federal" and the "Lower," as they were called — were de- stroyed, as would have been a dozen others had they stood in the way of the devastating flood. The facts were these : A ■ Life of Mason IX25I ERA OF GOOD-WILI,. 543 warm and copious rainfall set in when the ice had not been at all weakened by any mild days. It was as thick and strong as in January. The warm rain fell upon a great body of snow, and the rain and dissolving snow were suddenly precipitated into the streams. The effect was speedily seen, as it had been appre- hended by men who had long been conversant with freshets. Enormous fields of thick-ribbed ice were broken into great frag- ments and driven with unusual and irresistible velocity down the swollen river. Very few general elections take place when a party does not suffer because of absence from the polls of voters in sympathy with it. In November, 1824, in Concord and Pembroke, men enough remained away from the polls to have elected Ezekiel Webster a member of Congress. The choice was by general ticket, and Mr. Webster needed only about one hundred more votes. In 1825 there were at least seven if not eight military organi- zations in Concord, as follows : One company of cavalry, in which were from sixty to seventy mounted men ; one of artillery, forty to fifty men ; a company of light infantry, about forty men ; and four companies of militia (men dressed in their every-day apparel), with guns, knapsacks, and cartridge-boxes. One of these last named companies was composed of men residing in the centre part of the town ; another, of those in the south-west part and Millville ; a third in West, and a fourth in East, Con- cord. There was a company known as the Borough riflemen, composed of men living in the north-western part of the town, including the neighborhood then known as The Borough ; but whether all the preceding were then in existence the writer is uncertain. The fields of Mars, in Concord and Pembroke, where these troops made manifest the valor they would have displayed if called into the service of the country, are many. The earliest recollection of a militia-muster was upon what was known as- the lower interval, in East Concord, sixty or seventy years ago. It was a notable day. Two companies of cavalry, two of artillery, several of light infantry, and ten to fifteen companies of men 544 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. ['825 with arms, but not dressed in uniform, from Canterbury, Loudon, Concord, Chichester, and Pembroke, and men, women, and chil- dren, upon the ground in numbers greater even than the troops, were assembled. The exhilarating effect of the spectacle, espe- cially upon young folks, can be readily imagined. ^ As the war with England, declared by Congress, June, 1812, became a more and more distant event, the military spirit de- clined, and those full companies of cavalry, artillery, light infan- try, and riflemen, which had made so excellent an appearance from time to time on Main street, began to "languish — and languishing did die," one by one, until the military organization of New Hampshire was virtually dissolved. A part of the visit of General Lafayette to the State shall be described in the words of his youthful companion. Colonel A. A. Parker, aide-de-camp of Governor David L. Morril, lately living at a venerable old age, and in the full possession of his faculties, in Glastonbury, Connecticut. General Lafayette had made a journey through the Southern and Western States, and had received demonstrations of welcome from everybody. At Boston the ceremonies of his reception had been imposing, joined in by all New England ; and he had assisted in laying the corner-stone of Bunker Hill monument, June 17. The governor of Massachusetts had insisted upon escorting the hero to the State line at Methuen, where he was received by Colonel Parker. The party consisted of General the Marquis Gilbert Motier de Lafayette, George Washington Lafayette, his son, Emile Lavo- siur, his private secretary, his servant, who seemed to be a very capable man of all work, the driver, Mr. Nathaniel Walker, and Colonel Parker; the equipage consisted of "three carriages, a barouche drawn by four horses with flags in their headstalls, a four-horse stage-coach, and a two-horse covered carriage for bag- gage." " We found the scenes on the route in Massachusetts repro- duced in New Hampshire ; for at all the hotels, stores, villages, and cross-roads, multitudes had assembled to greet him as he * .\sa McFarland. 1825] ERA OF GOOD-WILL. 545 came. It was in the rosy month of June, and roses were abund- ant, especially in and about our carriage, in the shape of wreaths and bouquets. At times our carriage became so much incum- bered that we had to throw them overboard — in some solitary places. " Our route lay through Suncook village, at the south end of Pembroke. There Major Caleb Stark, son of Major-general John Stark, lived ; and as he had a slight acquaintance with Gen. eral Lafayette in the Revolutionary war, had written to him a request that he would call at his house, as he very much wished to see him and introduce him to his family. We called, and on introducing him to the general, he seized his hand and began an animated speech about Revolutionary times, which did not seem soon to terminate. His family were standing on the opposite side of the room, waiting to be introduced, but he seemed to have forgotten them I was acquainted with the major, but not with his family, and could not introduce them myself. In this Jilemma the spirited Miss Harriet Stark, no longer able to orook delay, came forward, seized General Lafayette's hand, and said : ' Permit me to introduce myself to you as the eldest slaughter of Major Caleb Stark, with whom you are talking, and the grand-daughter of Major-general John Stark, the hero of Bennington ; and now permit me to introduce you to my mother, brothers, and sisters' — which she did, with her usual prompt- ness and energy. " When we were seated in the carriage. General Lafayette said : ' Miss Harriet Stark does indeed inherit all the fire and spirit of her grandfather, and would have been a heroine had she lived in the exciting scenes of the Revolutionary times.' "Near the close of a beautiful summer day (Tuesday, June 21), one of the longest in the year, we entered upon the long main street of Pembroke. The sun, having moved round his long circle in the sky, was resting in crimson robes on the west- ern hills, and soon retired for the night. Not so Pembroke village ; that was wide awake, and gave the general as enthusi- a.stic a welcome as he had received anywhere on the route. Sometimes, it seemed, the less the numbers the greater the zeal. S46 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [1825 " We had used due diligence and had travelled rapidly when not hindered ; but our coming had been so well advertised by the well-knpwn Walker, the stage-driver on the route, that it was known to all people, far and near. And so it was that we were not only detained at villages, hotels, and cross-roads, but even at a single cottage. Our approach seemed to have been watched ; and, at the report of a musket or bugle blast, people would rapidly appear from their lounging places, where none were visible before ; and the general must needs pause a mo- ment, take by the hand those near by, and speak a few words. Infancy and age were alike presented, and the halt and the lame were sitting in easy chairs before the cottage doors; At one of these cottages an invalid old lady, 'cadaverous and pale,' was brought by two men, in her arm-chair, to the carriage ; she seiEcd the general's hand with both of hers, and with tearful eyes exclaimed, ' Bless the Lord ! ' "At Fiske's Hotel, on the main street of Pembroke, five miles from Concord, we rested for the night. A large concourse of people gave the general a hearty welcome, and shook hands with him, and he made a short speech. On my suggesting to the most active men that the general had had a long and fatiguing day, and needed rest, the people promptly retired, and Pembroke village could never have been more quiet. After sup- per the general leaned back in his easy chair and carried on a long and agreeable conversation with his escort before retiring." The next day (June 22, 1825) a committee of the legislature, then in session at Concord, consisting of Hon. Stephen P. Web- ster, of the Senate, and four members of the House, came down in a coach-and-six to escort the general to Concord. Six white horses were attached to the barouche, in which were General Lafayette and Mr. Webster ; and the procession, made up of a long line of carriages, proceeded on their way, being met on the Concord line by twenty independent companies of the New Hampshire militia, under the command of General Bradbury -Bartlett. Lafayette's personal appearance at the time is thus sketched : " He is now about sixty-eight years of age ; with a fresh and i8:5j ^^^ ^^'' GOOD-WILL. 547 vigorous constitution for one of his years — though it was severely tried in the dungeons of Olmutz. He lost all his hair during that confinement, and now wears a wig." The account closes with anecdotes and reminiscences of the general, and is altogether deeply interesting, showing that the journalists of that day were as appreciative of a special occasion, and quite as sure to seize its salient points, as are those of the present day, with all their superior facilities. ORDER OF PROCESSION, On the introduction of General L.\fayette into the Tovjn of Concord, and to the Legislature. [Corrected.] ^"The following shall be the Order of Procession on the introduction of General Lafayette into the Town of Concord, and to the Legislature. The Committee of Arrangements (consisting of Messrs. Webster and Bowers, of the Senate; Messrs. Bradley, Fisk, Peabody of E., Parker of G., March, Hayes, Barrett, Webster of B., Rogers of O., Bellows, Baker, Carey, Flanders of B., Mahurin, and Meserve, of the House), with the Marshals, shall move from the front of the State House at half-past five o'clock on Wednesday morning, June 22d. Shall arrive at Pembroke at 7 o'clock. The Chairman of the Committee will be introduced to the General and Suite by his Excellency's Aides. The Chairman will then address the General, and introduce the members of the Committee and Marshals. Procession shall move from Pembroke at half-past seven, in the following order : — MARSHALS _ Rogers. Perkins. Marston. ^ Com.viittee of Arrange.ments. 2 I ^ ^ Chief Marshal Parker. §• GENERAL LAFAYETTE "j ? And Chairman of the Committee of Arrangements. \ ^ vj [ (In a Barouche.) J § IV/iittetnore. The General's Suite. Darling. (In Carriages.) Aides of His Excellency. Chamberlain. ( Gentlemen of Distinction, Strangers, ^ Chadtuick. \ and Citizens, > Locke. I In Carriages and on Horses. ) Clarke. 548 IlISTOKY OF M:w liAMPSIHRE. [1825 At the line of Concord, the Committee of Arrangements from the citizens of Concord will be introduced to the General by the Marshal, and then take their place in the procession next to the Aides of his Excellency. A national salute will be fired from the military upon the hill beyond the bridge. Procession shall be received at the same place bv the military escort, under the command of General 1J.\rtlett. The band of musick shall follow the military escort, and precede the Com- mittee of Arrangements; and in this form the procession shall move to the north end of Main street, wheel and return down Main street to the General's quarters at Colonel Kent's. The General shall be escorted in the same manner from his quarters, up Main street to opposite the State House, and a national salute shall be fired on the moving of the procession. The military shall then form a line from the front gate to the Capitol, ten feet from each side of the gravel walk. Committee of Arrangements will dismount and form between the barouche and the gate two deep. The General and his suite will alight from their car- riages, the General being supported by Senators Webster and Bowers — they will move to the Capitol, followed by the General's suite and his Excellency's aides. After entering the south door of the Representatives' Chamber, the com- mittee will open, the General shall be announced by the Marshal, and the Legislature shall rise and receive him. He will then be presented by the Marshal to the Governor and Council, Senate, and House of Representatives ; after which the Governor shall make an address to the General, in behalf of the Legislature. The Marshal will then introduce him to the Governor, who will introduce him to the Council. The Governor will introduce him to the President of the Senate, who will introduce him to the Senators. The Governor will intro- duce him to the Speaker of the House of Representatives, who will intro- duce him to the members. When the General shall be introduced into the Representatives' Chamber, the Governor will be seated in the Speaker's chair. — the Council at the right of the Governor in the wall seat — and the Senate on the left of the Speaker's chair. On the right of the Speaker, on the floor, in settees, the Secretary and Treasurer, Adjutant and Commissary General, the Attorney-General, Judges of the Courts, Senators, and Representatives to Congress. The Speaker of the House will be seated in a chair in front of the centre division of the House. The General will be conducted to his seat at the right of the Governor and his suite, to the seat in front of the Council. The General will be escorted in the same way, supported by the Governor, to the area of the Capitol, where the Revolutionary officers and soldiers will be introduced to him by the Marshal. He will be escorted and supported in the same manner by the Governor to the dinner table. 1825] EKA OF GOOD-WILL. 549 From the table he shall be escorted and supported in like manner to his barouche — and accompanied in the barouche hy the Governor to his quar- ters. The military will then be discharged. At seven o'clock the General will hold a levee on the area of the Capitol, for the introduction of ladies and gentlemen. After the levee, the Capitol will be illuminated. Marshals Cartland, French, Bell, and Hum will have charge of the State House and Yard." In 1825 farmers were simply farmers and nothing more. Tiiey raised nearly all the supplies for their own tables, and largely for their clothing, which was manufactured from the raw materials in their homes. Wheat was much more generally grown then than now, but not in sufficient quantities to furnish bread for the household. Flour was rarely bought by the barrel ; and barley, rye, and Indian corn were extensively used. In those earlier days flour bread was, with large numbers of families, dignified with the name of "cake," and considered a lu.xury for use on extra occasions, when company was entertained. A story is told in one of the old Rockingham county towns which illustrates this fact. A high-toned gentleman, known as the " Squire," called at a farm-house one day, on some business, and when he had finished his errand and had remounted at the door, the good housewife, wishing to impress the squire with the dignity and thrift of her family, said to him: "Squire, won't you stop and have some flour bread and butter.' " thinking it now too late for him to accept her invitation. To her chagrin the doughty squire replied : "Thank you, marm, I don't care if I do," and promptly dismounted and entered the house. The poor woman could only explain that to her surprise she found the flour bread all out, and offered him the best she had, some Indian bannock. A string of bannocks, eight or ten in number, would be set upon tins in front of the fire in the broad fireplace, there being room then left in the corner for one to sit and look straight up the chimney into^ the blue heavens. There was very little market for farm pro- tluce in those days, except in the larger towns ; long journeys had to be made, mostly to such as were known as " sea-ports," * Copy of official program. 550 HISTORY OK NEW HAMPSHIRE. [1827 as there were no interior towns of sufficient population to be centres of such trade. Every farmer kept a flock of sheep, and wool constituted a large portion of the clothing. It was carded, Spun, and woven at home, and made into garments for both sexes. The best clothes for men and boys were made of what was called "fulled cloth." This was made at home, of the finest material, and taken to the mills known as "fulling-mills," where it was put through a process of thickening, dyeing, and finishing. The women used to wear gowns of cloth which was called "pressed woollen." This was simply home-made flannel, taken to the mills above-named and pressed so as to present a glossy surface. Every farmer had a small patch of fla.x. This was pulled and spread out in rows on the ground, " rotted " and then " broken " and " swingled," and was prepared for the combing, carding, and the " little wheel," as the machine was called, on which the flax was spun, to distinguish it from the larger machine for spinning wool. It was woven into cloth for table covers, towelling, sheet- ing, and sliirting. The " tow," which was the coarse portion combed out on the "hatchel," was spun into a coarse yarn, of which a cloth was made for summer suits for men and boys. The tow shirt, so commonly worn, was, when new, an instrument of torture to the wearer, as it was full of prickling spines left from the woody part of the stalk. Benjamin Pierce was elected governor in 1827. He was born .n Chelmsford in December, 1757. Two days after the encounter between the patriots and the British soldiers at Lexington, Benjamin Pierce, then eighteen years old, was holding the plough in his uncle's field in- Chelms- ford when the news of that event arrived. He immediately left the plough, took his uncle's gun and equipments, and started for Boston. There he enlisted ; was present at the battle of Bun- ker Hill, remained in the service during the war, and was on the staff of George Washington until the final disbandment of the American army at West Point in 1784. He settled in Hills- borough in 1786, and earnestly engaged in agricultural pursuits. He took great interest in military affairs, holding offices in the 1827] EKx\ Ul' C.OOD-WILL. 551 militia from colonel to general of brigade. In 1798 he refused a colonel's commission in the regular army. He was also called upon to fill many political offices, such as representative, counsellor, and presidential elector. He finally was chosen gov- ernor of New Hampshire in 1827-9. His public services in one capacity and another extended over fifty years. At his death, which took place in April, 1839, ^•"'^ when in his eighty-second year, he was vice-president of the Society of the Cincinnati. He was patriotic, brave, noble-minded, and charitable ; a bene- factor to his country, and a blessing to his State and society, — and no one memory associated with the past history of Hillsbor- ough brings up higher feelings of respect and veneration than that of General Benjamin fierce. 'When high sheriff of Hillsborough county his duties called him at one time to Amherst, where he found, imprisoned in tlie jail, three Revolutionary soldiers. Interesting himself in their behalf he learned the prisoners had served their country well and faithfully — had honorable discharges, but at the close of the Revolution, like hundreds of their comrades, were penniless. They had, after long and weary days of travel, reached their homes, where a merciless creditor secured their arrest and imprisonment for debt. Ascer- taining these facts, he instantly discharged their liability, and, taking the keys from the jailor, unlocked the prison doors, and, leading the old veterans from confinement, pointing to the blue sky above them said: "Go, breathe the free air! There can be no true republican liberty when such men as you are consigned to prison for such a cause." The Pierce mansion in Hillsborough stands in the midst of grounds which in former years were laid out with elegant taste, and embellished with fruit trees and shrubbery. Several handsome, stately trees embower the venerable roof. Around the front side of the building extends a broad and generous piazza. Surely none ever gave a more genial welcome. The founder of this mansion was a great man in his day, and with but one exception was probably the most popular governor ever elected in New Hampshire. Even to-day, after the lapse of forty years, his verv name touches the heart almost to a burst of enthusiasm. His personal appearance, as it has been preserved by the portraits on the walls of the mansion and in the State House at Concord, is indicative of the man. There is something of the look of a Jackson in that face. The jaws have the same lion-like solidity, the lips are firm, and the nose identical with that same feature which we observe in the portrait of the hero of the hermitage, but the eyes have a merry gleam, and the rubicund visage and the thick-set, portly figure tell more plainly than words can of the frank, fearless, good natured, good living, hos- ' Fred Myrrni Colby. 552 HISTOKV OK NEW HAMPSHIRE. ['82/ pitable .squire, whoso name could rallv more \ oters to the polls than that of anv other man in the State, after John T. Gilnian. Grand as the house is, one would hardly think that it had been the scene of so much romance and glory. Yet tliere is no dwelling within our State that can evoke more significant associations than does this rural mansion. Here dwelt the embryo statesman and president, Franklin Pierce, son of Governor Pierce, through all his boyhood days. Out of" these windows looked the eyes that were to gaze on the splendors of the White House, and the varied scenes of foreign lands. In this very yard rang the voice which was to stir listening senates with its tones. Around this place centres all of the associations con- nected with his youthful years. Here was the theatre of his early sports, here his school-d.ays began, here he had his first visions of future eminence, or of the possibility of it. Through this very door he passed with his college honors upon him, the friend of Stowe, of Hawthorne, of Longlellow, and others equally known to fame. Here, also, he came with the trappings of state upon him, surrounded by a galaxy of the noblest Americans. Great 'men, statesmen, writers, divines, and soldiers have been domiciled under this roof. Nearly all of the leading men of New Hampshire, for fifty years, vis- ited at Squire Pierce's house. Isaac Hill, the Athertons, Ebenezer Webster, ^udge Woodbury, John T. Gilman, Samuel Bell, and Governor Steele were "iiore than once guests of the governor. And, afterwards, Hawthorne, Dr. ■\ppleton, the McNiels, and others came to see the young lawyer, their friend, .'ohn McNiel, in particular, was often a visitor there, coming every Sunday night to pay his addresses to a certain staid, beautiful maid, who afterwards became his wife. The school system of the State was entirely reorganized in 1827. The law jDrovided for the election of a superintending school committee, who were required to examine and license teachers, visit and inspect schools, to select school-books, and report in writing upon the condition of the schools at the annual town- meeting. They were empowered to withdraw certificates and dismiss teachers and scholars, and they were allowed pay for ser- vices rendered. District or prudential committees were consti- tuted the legal agency to hire teachers, to provide board for the teacher, fuel, and to repair and take care of the school-house. The inhabitants of a district were authorized to raise money by ta.\ to build and repair the school-houses.^ November 9, 10, 11, 1827, were three of the coldest days ever known at the time of year. The Merrimack river froze over. The election in the year 182S resulted in the choice of John Bell of Chester for governor. He was a brother of Governor ■J"'.>nM. Shirley. 1 828] ERA OF GOOn-^VlLL. 553 Samuel Bell, and the father of Governor Cliarles M. Bell. He was born in July, 1765, was educated in Londonderry, and com- menced business by engaging in the Canadian trade, occasioning frequent journeys to the business centres of that province, which with the slow transit of those days was no light task. Later he established business in Chester, where he continued to reside till his death in 1836. He had an active interest in politics, and in 18 17 was elected a member of the Executive Council, to which he was four times re-elected. In 1823 he was appointed high sheriff of Rockingham county. He was elected governor, in 1828, at a time when the contending political interests took sides with the rival candidates for the presidency, Jackson and Adams, discarding old party ties and names. Mr. Bell was a staunch supporter of Adams. The struggles for supremacy be- tween the adherents of Adams and Jackson were more bitter than those between the old parties, and the factions were so evenly matched in numbers that candidates for office had to be selected with wise discrimination. In the summer of 1828 Mr. Mason was chosen president of the branch bank of the United States at Portsmouth, and insti- tuted many reforms in the management of the institution. The town of Franklin was incorporated December 24, 1828. The territory of the town was formerly in the towns of Salis- bury, Andover, Sanbornton, and Northfield, and, prior to 1823, in the three counties of Hillsborough, Rockingham, and Strafford, which joined near where the Pemigewasset and Winnipiseogee unite to form the Merrimack river, and where the present thriv- ing village of Franklin is located. In the summer of 1748 the first settlement of the town was made in the neighborhood of the Webster place : a fort was built, and occupied four months. Upon the withdrawal of the garri- son to the lower settlements, Philip Call and his son Stephen remained, and thus became the first permanent residents of the_ town. In 1749 ^^'^^ Masonian proprietors granted the town as Stevenstown. Nathaniel Maloon and Sinkler Bean were the first settlers in the western part of the town, residing on the Blackwater, on the South Road, so called. In 1754 the former, 554 HisTOKV 01- m:\v HAMrsniKE. [1828 witl; his wife and three children, were taken captives to Canada by Indians and disposed of to the French, with whom they remained for several years. Call's wife was killed by the Indians in August, 1754. Her husband witnessed the event while hidden, unarmed, in the bushes. Her daughter-in-law, with her grand-child, escaped death by concealment in the chimney. Her descendants are among the residents of the town to this day. Peter and John Bovven settled on the " Bur- leigh place," about 1748. John Webster and Ebenezer Web- ster, cousins, settled in the town, 1759-60; the former was a settler in Boscawen in 1754. The latter was the father of Ezekiel and Daniel Webster. They built a grist-mill on French brook, near the Shaw place. The earliest tombstone preserved in town is in the lower graveyard near the Webster place, and is to commemorate one Ephraim Collins who died in 1767, after a residence in town of at least fifteen years. Jacob Morrill, Tristan Quimby, and Benjamin Sanborn were among the early settlers of the lower village. Aside from the grist-mill and one house there was no settle- ment in the present upper village until after the Revolution. Ebenezer Eastman may be called the father of the village. He came from Concord in the year 1790, at the age of twenty- seven. He possessed property, ability, and enterprise. He built a saw-mill, kept a tavern, conducted a farm, and was exten- sively engaged in lumbering. The " Webster House " was his old homestead. He owned several hundred acres of land in the vicinity. He died in 1833 in the brick house south of Judge Nesmith's. Several families followed Mr. Eastman's lead, and so the village was started. Hon. Geo. W. Nesmith has been identified with the town since 1822. He was born in Antrim, in October, 1800. He pur- sued his preparatory studies with Rev. John M. Whitton, Daniel M. Christie, and Henry Cummings, graduated from Dartmouth College, class of 1820, read law with Parker Noyes of Sal- isburv in the same office where Daniel Webster studied, taught school for a short time in Concord and in Bradford, and was admitted to the bar in 1825. Judge Nesmith has always i828] ERA OF GOOD-WILL. 555 been an honored citizen of Franklin, and has represented the town many years in the legislature. He was for a long time justice of the Supreme Court, and is now a trustee of Dartmouth College. One of the most affable and genial gentlemen of the old school is Judge Nesmith. His years sit lightly upon him. An honor- able man, a just judge, a kindly neighbor, a good citizen, and a ripe scholar, he can calmly sit in his well-appointed libarry, sur- rounded by his well-loved books and mementoes of the past, and review a well-spent life crowned with honors. He is of Scotch- Irish descent. MOUNT CARTER, FROM GORHAM. CHAPTER XVII. TURNPIKES, CANALS, RAILROADS, 1828- 1840. Journey from New Hampshire to Philadelphia — War against Turnpikes — Matthew Harvey — Concord — Canal and River Navi- gation — Samuel Dinsmoor — Visit of Andrew Jackson — Murder IN Pembroke — New Hampshire Asylum for the Insane — William Badger — Nathaniel P. Rogers — ^Parker Pillsbury — Railroads — Isaac Hill — Surplus Revenue — Judge Boswell Stevens — End OF Turnpikes — John Page — Edmund Burke — James Wilson — East- ern Railroad. 'T^HE 1 active business man of the present day scarcely realizes the advances that have been made during the last half century in facilities for travel and transportation. So accustomed has he become to the easy transition, in a single night, by palace car, or by more palatial steamer, from his place of business, in almost any of the southern New Hampshire cities or towns, to the great commercial centres of New York or Philadelphia, that such a magical annihilation of time and space seems to him as much a matter of course as the rising and setting of the sun. In the year 1828 the late Frederick G. Stark resided in Man- chester, and kept a country store near the site of the present city. He was also superintendent of the old Amoskeag Canal. His goods were bought in Boston, and two or three trips a year to the " New England Metropolis " comprised the extent of his customary travel. But occasionally his affairs required a more ex- tended journey, and being a man of method and close observation, he was in the habit of noting down what he saw when travelling out of his usual course. His journal, written during a journey * Gen. George Stark. 1 828] TURNPIKES, CANALS, RAILROADS. 557 from Manchester to the "City of Brotherly Love," before the davs of railroads, has been preserved, and reads as follows : — Saturdav, October 4, 1S2S. Left home at about nine a.m.; passed across the Amoskeag Falls with my brother Charles, who went with me to help carry my trunk; had with me a change of clothing, and just a thousand dollars in money ; went to Amoskeag Hotel and waited for the stage, which came along in about half an hour, and I got on board of it and proceeded to Boston, where I arrived about eight o'clock in the evening. Tuesday, October 7. Took the Providence stage at five o'clock in the morning, and arrived at Providence between eleven and twelve, and went directly on board the steamboat Chancellor Livingston, and soon after twelve left the wharf for Newport and New York. Arrived at Newport about half past three, and took in more passengers, making in all about a hundred; left the wharf in about half an hour, and proceeded on for New York. Wind strong ahead ; at sunset we were in the open sea north-west from Block Island, which was just in sight, and a heavy sea was going, which pitched and rolled the boat so that few of the passengers walk the deck without staggering and stumbling. Wednesday, October S, 1S2S. Got up this morning at six o'clock. Wind blew hard all night, and been in heavy sea all night; the vessel rolled and pitched exceedingly, but the wind has abated some and the water is not so rough, we having got into Long Island Sound. We arrived at New York about nine in the evening. I and two other gentlemen went to a Mrs. John- son's in Pearl street, and put up; had a pretty comfortable night's lodging. Tkursdav, October g, iS>S. Walked out in the morning before breakfast, to take a peep at the famous city of New York, and returned to Mrs. Johnson's to breakfast. After breakfast went to the landing place of the Union line steamboats to engage passage to Philadelphia; wrote a letter to brother John and put it into the post-office; went back to Mrs. Johnson's, paid my bill of entertainment, and got a porter to carry my trunk to the landing, and went on board steamboat Bellona, bound for New Brunswick, where we arrived about four or five o'clock, and took stages for Princeton and Trenton. We arrived at Trenton about nine o'clock, where we took supper and lodging, for which they charged 75 cents, besides paying the boot blacker in the morning. About four o'clock, Friday morning, we were called up to go on board the steamboat for Philadelphia, and arrived at destination about nine o'clock. ^The twenty years after the opening of the fourth New Hamp- shire turnpike wrought a marked change along the line and with the travelling public. Those who had little public spirit, and sought to get along in the world by paying as little as pos- sible, regarded the toll gate as a bar to progress, a restriction upon individual liberty, and a clog upon the inalienable rights of * John M. Shirley. » 55^ HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [1S3O men. The tavern-keepers, with their retainers and dependants, who wielded a great deal of influence, felt that a free road would bring a large increase of public travel and consequent profits to their pockets. The general public felt that the corporation was made up of a few men, some of whom had acquired blocks of stock at low prices and summed up their opposition in the ugly word monopoly. A war was made upon the turnpikes such as afterwards in a more limited form fell upon the toll bridges. The result was that on January 23, 1829, the Grafton turnpike, in law, was made a free road. ^Matthew Harvey was elected governor in 1830, defeating Timothy Upham. He was born in Sutton, in June, 1781. He was a son of Matthew and Hannah (Sargent) Harvey. He pre- pared for college under the tuition of the Rev. Samuel Wood, D. D., of Boscawen. He graduated at Dartmouth College in the class of 1806. He studied law with John Harris, of Hop- kinton, and was admitted to the bar in 1809. He then opened an office in Hopkinton, and began his professional career. Pos- sessed of merit and capacity, he rose to distinction ; endowed with certain temperamental characteristics, he became a promi- nent leader in Republican, or Democratic, politics. In a special sense he became an eminently popular public official. In 1800 the town of Hopkinton was in a prosperous and thriving condition. Its population was increasing. It kept on increasing for at least thirty more years. Hopkinton, during a considerable portion of this time, was a town of public distinc- tion and celebrity. It was a centre of commercial, judicial, po- litical, and social activity and enterprise. Its influence was felt in every department of the Commonwealth. Besides, in 1800, the conditions of political classification in Hopkinton differed in no material respect from those of the rest of the State. Conse- quently, in 1804, when the tide of political favor was turning to- wards Republicanism, the public position of Hopkinton made it a favorable field for the location of some individual of political ambition, who might improve the opportunity of the flooding tide of Republicanism to ride on to fortune. The opportunity ■ C. C. Lord. 1830] TURNPIKES, CANALS, KAILROADS. 559 witnessed the aspirant. The right man appeared. His name was Matthew Harvey. Matthew Harvey was many years in office. He was tfie incumbent of smaller as well as of greater offices. He was moderator of Hopkinton's an- nual town meeting from 1S26 to 1S28; also in 1S33 ^"'^ 1S34.; again in 1840 and 1841; and finally from 1S45 to 1S50. He represented the town in the State legislature from 1S14 to i8;o, and was speaker of the House the last three jears; he was a member of the national House of Representatives from 1S21 to 1-825, and afterwards in the State Senate three 3'ears, being president the last two ; and a member of the New Hampshire executive council in 1828 and 1S29. In politics Matthew Harvey represented the reactive element in govern- ment. In the position of a political leader, it was but natural that he should at times exhibit the tendency to outward indifference to formalism so natural to his political clan. It has been told of him that, being chosen to his fre- quent office of moderator of town meeting, instead of saying to the voters of the town, "You will now please forward your ballots for town clerk," he would sometimes sa}', — "You will now please forward your ballots for Joab Patterson for town clerk." In fact, it was a small perversion of formalities. Joab Patterson was a popular town clerk, and was frequently re-elected. In personal stature Matthew Harvey was of medium height and proportions, and erect. In style he was tidy, dignified, and gentlemanly. In social nature he was generous, kind, and sym- pathetic ; in moral character honest and truthful ; in religious life fervent and liberal. His whole personal identity partook more of the ideal than of the actual, though he was not so ideal as to be impractical. In 1850 Matthew Harvey moved to Concord, where he died m 1866. ^In 1830 Concord contained three thousand seven hundred inhabitants. It was the shire town of the county and capital of the State. A flourishing village was rapidly growing. There were seven printing offices ; three political newspapers pub- lished ; and in the village eight attorneys at law and five physi- cians. The field for a pastor was large and the labor abundant, among a people distinguished for industry and morality. There were three other churches, besides an occasional gathering of "Friends," — the First Baptist, organized in 1818, a Metho- dist, organized in 1828, and the Unitarian, oiganized in 1829. • Rev. F. D. Ayer, S60 IlISTOKV OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [183O Dr. Bouton estimated that the whole number connected with all of them was about one-fourth of the adult population, and one-seventh of the inhabitants, while one-third of the popu- lation attended services on the Sabbath and seven-eighths could be reckoned as church-going. The Old North, built in 1751, was still the rallying point of the town, and the great congrega- tion, averaging about a thousand, thronged it every Sabbath. They came from all directions, long distances, and many on foot. The young pastor, Nathaniel Bouton, had been here just long enough to get fairly at work, and to use the powers of church and parish efficiently. Large as was the church it was united, ready to sustain the efforts and plans of the pastor. Besides preaching on the Sabbath, the pastor appointed weekly lectures in different districts, and instituted four Bible classes. He followed this plan for seven years, going on horseback to all sections of the town, visiting the people and holding the services. The church also was at work, and in 1831 there was connected with the church fourteen parish schools, taught in different districts, and containing four hundred and fifty-five scholars. Protracted meetings of three or four days' duration were also held, in which the pastor was assisted by neighboring pastors. Once or twice a year committees were appointed to visit from house to house, converse and pray with every family. The church frequently made appropriations of money to be spent in purchasing tracts to be distributed and books to be loaned to inquirers. ' From " Regulations relative to the navigation of the Middle- sex Canal," a pamphlet published in 1S30, it appears that boats were required to be not less than forty feet nor more than seventy-five feet in length, and not less than nine feet nor more than nine and a half feet in width. Two men, a driver and steersman, usually made up the working force ; the boats, how- ever, that went up the Merrimack required three men, — one to •ftsteer and two to pole. The Lowell boats carried twenty tons of coal ; fifteen tons were sufficient freight for Concord ; when the water in the Merrimack was low, not more than six or seven ' General George Stark. 1830] TURNPIKES, CANALS, RAILROADS. 561 tons could be taken up the river. About 1830 the boatmen received $ i 5 per month. It is difficult to ascertain the whole number of boats employed at any one time. Many were owned and run by the proprietors of the canal ; and many were constructed and run by private parties who paid the regular tolls for whatever merchandise they transported. Boats belonging to the same parties were conspic- uously numbered, like railway cars to-day. Lumber was transported in rafts — about seventy-five feet long and nine feet wide; and these rafts, not exceeding ten in number, were often united in " bands." A band of seven to ten rafts required the services of five men, including the driver. Boats were drawn by horses, and lumber by oxen; and "lug- gage boats " were required to make two and a half miles an hour, while "passage boats" attained a speed of four miles. Boats of the same class, and going the same way, were not allowed to pass each other, thus making " racing " impossible on the staid waters of the old canal. Whenever a boat approached a lock, the conductor sounded his horn to secure the prompt attention of the lock-tender ; but due regard was paid to the religious sentiment of New England. Travelling on the canal being permitted on Sundays, "in consideration of the distance from home at which those persons using it generally are, it may be reasonably expected that they should not disturb those places of public worship near which they pass, nor occasion any noise to interrupt the tranquillity of the day. Therefore it is estab- lished that no signal-horn shall be used or blown on Sundays." The tariff varied greatly from year to year. In 1827 the rate from Lowell to Boston wss ^2.00 the gross ton ; but many art- icles were carried on much lower terms. On account of liability of damage to the banks of the canal, all navigation ceased at dark ; hence, at every lock, or series of locks, a tavern was established. These were all owned by the corporation, and were often let to the lock-tender, who eked out his income by the accommodation of boatmen and horses. A trip over the canal in the passenger-packet, the " Governor Sullivan," must have been an enjoyable experience. Protected 562 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. ['§30 by iron rules from the dangers of collision ; undaunted by squalls of wind, realizing, should the craft be capsized, that he had nothing to do but walk ashore, the traveller, speeding along at the leisurely pace of four miles per hour, had ample time for observation and reflection. With the accession of business brought by the corporations at Lowell, the prospect for increased dividends in the future was extremely encouraging. The golden age of the canal appeared close at hand ; but the fond hopes of the proprietors were once more destined to disappointment. Even the genius of James Sullivan had not foreseen the railway locomotive. In 1829 a petition was presented to the legislature for the sur- vey of a railroad from Boston to Lowell. The interests of the canal were seriously involved. A committee was promptly chosen to draw up for presentation to the General Court "A Remonstrance of the Proprietors of Middlesex Canal against the grant of a charter to build a Railroad from Boston to Lowell." This remonstrance, signed by William Sullivan, Joseph Coolidge, and George Hallett, bears date of Boston, February 12, 1830, and conclusively shows how little the business men of fifty years ago anticipated the enormous development of our resources consequent upon the application of steam to transportation : — " It is believed no safer or ciieaper mode of conveyance can ever be estab- lished, nor any so well adapted for carrying heavy and bulky articles. To establish therefore a substitute for the canal alongside of it, and in many places within a few rods of it, and to do that which the canal was made to do, seems to be a measure not called for by any exigency, nor one which the legislature can permit, without implicitly declaring that all investments of money in public enterprises must be subjected to the will of any applicants who think that they may benefit themselves without regard to older enter- prises, which have a claim to protection from public authority. The remon- strants would also add that, so far as they know and believe, there never can be a sufficient inducement to extend a railroad from Lowell westwardly and northwestwardly, to the Connecticut, so as to make it the great avenue to and from the interior, but that its termination must be at Lowell, and con- sequently that it is to be a substitute for the modes of transportation now in u.se between that place and Boston, and cannot deserve patronage from the supposition that it is to be more extensively useful. Tlv /?«•>■/.•>« 7'/-«M.v'// of Si-ptemhtr i, 1S30, remarks: "It is not astonish- ing thai so much reUiciaiice exists against ])lunging into doubtful specula- 1S32] TURNPIKES, CANALS, RAILROADS. 563 tions. The public itself is divided as to the practicability of the railroad. If they expect the assistance of capitalists, they must stand ready to guarantee the per centum per annum; without this, all hopes of nailroads are visionary and chimerical." In a report of legislative proceedings published, in the y?o.s/o» Courier, of January 25, 1S30, Mr. Cogswell, of Ipswich, remarked: "Rail- ways, Mr. Speaker, may do well enough in old countries, but will never be the thing for so young a country as this. When you can make the rivers run back, it will be time enough to make a railway." Notwithstanding the pa- thetic remonstrances and strange vaticinations of the canal proprietors, the legislature incorporated the road and refused compensation to the canal. Even while the railroad was in process of construction the canal directors do not seem to have realized the full gravity of the situation. They continued the policy of replacing wood with stone, and made every effort to perfect the service in all its details. The canal dividends had been kept up to their highest mark by the sale of its townships in Maine and other real estate, but now they began to drop. The year the Lowell road went into full operation the receipts of the canal were reduced one-third; and when the Nashua & Lowell read went into full operation, in 1S40, they were reduced another thirJ. The board of directors waged a plucky warfare with the railroads, reducing the tariff on all articles, and almost abolishing it on some, till the e,\penditures of the canal outran its income; but steam came out triumphant. Concord, Piscataquog, Litchfield, and Nashua each had its lines of boats, making in the aggregate quite a little fleet. The broad reaches of the river below Nashua were at times rendered especially picturesque by the bellj ing sails as the boats drove before the wind. This part of the river had also upon it, for three or four years subsequent to 1S34, ^ fair-sized sfeamboat, plying for passengers and freight between Nashua and Lowell. She was commanded one season by Captain Jacob Van- derbilt of Staten Island, New York, brother to the late Commodore Vander- bilt. In the early part of the season, while the water of the river was at its highest stages, it was also thronged with logs and lumber being taken down for market. The first agent appointed by the canal company, " to superintend the said canals, to collect tolls," at Amoskeag, was Saxnuel-E Kidder, who had for many ^'ears been assistant and confidential secretary of Jjjsigfi—Blodgett, the leading proprietor of the Amoskeag Canal. He held the appointment until his decease in 1S22, when Frederick G. Stark, a grandson of General John Stark, was appointed his successor. Mr. Stark held the position continuously about fifteen years until 1S37. During this period his correspondence shows him to have been in active communication with the Boston agents of the proprietors of the Middlesex Canal, who also owned or controlled the river canals, and he appears to have at all times enjoyed their full confidence. The Merrimack river canals were blotted out by the railroads. The open- ing of the railroad to LoweU in 1S35, to Nashua in 1S3S. and to Concord in 1842 were successive steps of destruction to the whole system of river naviga- 564 HISTOKV OF NEW HAMPSHIRK. ['833 tion, and culminated in a total abandonment of the canals soon after the Concord Railroad was put in operation. A hardy race of boatmen, pilots, and raftsmen — men of uncommon strength and" endurance, skilful in their calling but unfamiliar with other labor — were suddenly and permanently thrown out of employment. The wooden dams and locks went to decay, the embankments were cut and ploughed down, and successive spring freshets have hurled their icy batteries against the stone abutments and lock walls until they are nearly obliterated, and the next generation will know not of them. In 1 83 1 Samuel Dinsmoor of Keene was elected governor, defeating Ichabod Bartlett. Hon. Samuel Dinsmoor was a native of Windham, born in July, 1766. He was of the Londonderry Scotch-Irish descent, great-grandson of John Dinsmoor, one of the first settlers, grandson of Robert Dinsmoor, and son of William Dinsmoor. He graduated at Dartmouth College, 1789; read law, and settled in Keene in 1792. As a young man he was especially interested in military affairs, and organized the Keene light infantry — one of the finest drilled and best equipped corps known under the old militia laws. In 1808 he was appointed postmaster. In 181 1 he was elected to Congress, and distinguished himself by favoring the war with Great Britain. On his return he was appointed collector of the direct tax, and afterwards was judge of Probate. In 1821 he was elected a councillor. In 1S23 he was the regular nominee for governor, but was defeated by Levi Woodbury on an independent ticket. He died in March, 1835. Governor Samuel Dinsmoor was re-elected in 1832, again defeating Mr. Ichabod Bartlett. Governor Samuel Dinsmoor was elected for a third term in 1833, defeating the Whig candidate Arthur Livermore. General Andrew Jackson, then president of the United States, visited New Hampshire, by invitation of the legislature. The occasion brought a vast company into Concord, and the 28th of June, 1833, became distinguished as one of the " great days " at the capital of New Hampshire. It was anterior to the construc- tion of railways in the State, hence conveyance thither was by wheel carriages or personal locomotion. The occasion diifered from the visit of General Lafayette to Concord, eight years 1833] TURNPIKES, CANALS, RAILROADS. 565 before, spoken of on a preceding page, in that the former brought out men without regard to any pohtical preferences,, while the visit of President Jackson was during a season of much partisan strife. Nevertheless the number of people in town, June 28, 1S33, was very great, and their demonstrations of delight were of the most emphatic character. To thousands of Democrats it was the happiest day of their lives, if outward appearances be taken as proof of joys within. The day was Friday — the weather of auspicious character. The president was accompanied by the vice-president, Martin Van Buren ; Hon. Lewis Cass, secretary of war ; Hon. Levi Woodbury, secretary of the navy ; the private secretary of the president, Major Donaldson, of Nashville, Tenn., and a few others. He was met on the " river-road," so called, in Bow, being there received by a cavalcade, at the head of which was the town committee, of whom General Robert Davis was chair- man. The military display was of a high order, consisting of eight picked companies, of which was the Keene light infantry,. in command of James Wilson — probably the best disciplined, most effective, largest, and most attractive military company ever seen in New Hampshire. The entire body of troops was- in charge of Colonel Stephen Peabody of Milford. The president rode into town on horseback, preceded by the military, and passed up Main street to the North End, down State street to School, thence to the Eagle Hotel, where he remained during his stay in town. The next day (Saturday) the president reviewed the troops, accompanied by Governor Dinsmoor and Adjutant-general Low, — this spectacle being witnessed on State street, immediately west of the Capitol. Succeeding this was the introduction of the president to the civil government and legislature. The press in the House, the passages, and galleries, was probably never greater than on this occasion, there not being a foot of vacant space in the Repre- sentatives' Hall or galleries. On Saturday the president received the calls of citizens and others, visited the State Prison, and in the evening received a. multitude of ladies and gentlemen in the Doric Hall, or ar-a of 566 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [l833 th'' State House. On Sunday he and his suite attended public worship — in the forenoon at the North church, early in the afternoon at the Unitarian church, and a service at four o'clock at the Baptist church. The president and his suite left on Monday morning for Washington, being accompanied to the town line by the same committee by whom he was received. The youngest of the sons of Hon. Isaac Hill was, with another youth named Andrew Jackson, presented to the presi- dent, who gave to each a United States silver coin, saying, " Here, ray sons, is the eagle of your country, which I have endeavored to honor and defend. Keep it in remembrance of me, and if it is ever assailed by a foreign or domestic foe, rally under its pinions, and defend it to the last." The town of Pembroke was shocked, on Sunday, June 23, by the rapidly spread intelligence that Sally, wife of Chauncey Cochran, had been murdered by Abraham I'rescott, a boy of eighteen, who had been living with the family. Prescott accomoanied Mrs. Cochran into a field near the house to pick strawberries, and struck her the fatal blow, in a secluded spot, with no motive that was ever known. From the testimony at the trial it was evident that he was of weak mind. He was lodged in jail at Hopkinton, and was allowed two trials, in which he was ably defended by Hon. Ichabod Bartlett, of Portsmouth, and Charles H. Peaslee, Esq., of Concord, who firmly believed in his moral irresponsibility ; and prosecuted by the attorney-general, George Sullivan, Esq., and the county solicitor, John Whipple, Esq. The court was held by Chief Jus- tice William M. Richardson, Associate Justice Joel Parker, with the Common Pleas justices, Benjamin Wadleigh and Aaron Whittemore, at the first trial, in September, 1834. The jury brought in a verdict of guilty, and he was sentenced to be hung. His counsel, feeling a positive conviction that he was irrespon- sible for his acts, either through mental impotency or insanity, sought every possible pretext for a new trial. A new trial was 5d8 msTOKV OF ni;\v Hampshire. ['834 granted at the December term of the Superior Court, 1834, and the case came on for trial in September, 1835 ; when Associate Justice Nathaniel G. Upham took the place of Chief Justice Richardson on the bench ; the other justices and the counsel were the same as at the first trial. Prescott was again found guilty, and his sentence confirmed,, to the disappointment of many who did not believe him morally guilty. On the day fixed for the execution a great crowd assembled at Hopkinton village to witness the event, and when informed that a reprieve had been granted, behaved in a most disgraceful man- ner, and by their demonstrations caused the death of a lady from fright. The reprieve was granted for a final hearing before the governor and Council ; but they refused to interfere, and the sen- tence was carried into effect January 6, 1836. One trial was held at the Old North meeting-house, in Con- cord. General Peaslee and Mr. Bartlett managed the case with great learning and ability ; and it was largely due to their in- strumentality that the New Hampshire Asylum for the Insane was afterward established. Prescott was buried in Rumney. One of the most generous benefactors of the Asylum for he Insane was Moody Kent, a resident of Pembroke. The power of the human voice to give force to language vas never more apparent than in the case of George Sulli- van. Probably that one of his productions upon which the greatest labor was bestowed was his argument for the gov- ernment in the case of " Abraham Prescott on an indictment for the murder of Mrs Sally Cochran, of Pembroke, before the Court of Common Pleas, holden in Concord, for the county of Merrimack, September, 1834." This production fills 'wenty-seven pages of the printed Trial, and was attentively listened to, from beginning to close, by a great assembly ; but, read at the present day, it will be found of far less force than the argument of Hon. Ichabod Bartlett, of counsel for the prisoner, made the same or the preceding day. But pub- lic opinion was with the attorney-general, and, therefore, had the merits of the two arnuments been submitted to those who heard l834j TURNPIKES, CANALS, RAILROADS. 569 them to decide by vote, a great preponderance would have been -on the side of SulHvaiL' The spot where Mrs. Cocliran fell is indicated by a granite block about a foot square and three feet high, bearing the figures " 1833." William Badger, of Gilmanton, was elected governor in 1834. Old Gilmanton was formerly one of the largest and most im- portant towns of New Hampshire, and before Belmont was severed from it the value of agricultural products exceeded that of any other town in the State. Among its citizens were num- bered many men of large wealth and usefulness, not a few of whom acquired a name that was known and reverenced beyond the limits of their own neighborhootl. Gilmanton citizens, bearing the proud name of Gilman, Cogswell, and Badger, dur- ing more than one generation exercised active influence in the councils of the State. They were militia officers, sheriffs, judges, senators, and governors.^ To the site of the Badger homestead, in 1784, came General Joseph Badger, jr., one of the brave soldiers of the Revolution. But he was not the first Badger who was eminent in the history of Gilmanton. His father, General Joseph Badger, sen., was one of the earlier settlers, and a prominent man in the town and in the State. In 1773, when Governor Wentworth organized three additional regiments in the militia of the State, he placed as colonel at the head of the tenth — the first one organized — his friend, Joseph B.idger, then a man a little past fifty. His regiment comprised the towns of Gilmanton, Barnstead, Sanbornton, Meredith, and New Hampton. Colonel Badger was in command of his regiment when the war opened, and took an active part in favor of the patriot cause. For many years he represented the town at the General Assembly, and in 17S4 he was councillor for Strafford county. Before the war closed he was appointed brigadier-general of militia, and had a commission signed by Meshech Weare. He was moderator twenty times in twenty-five years, a selectman eleven years, and town treasurer six years. He died in 1S03, at the age of eighty-two years, after living one of the most active and useful lives of his generation. His oldest son, Joseph, jr., followed in the veteran's footsteps. He was a soldier in the Revolution, and fought in several of the battles of that contest. He was a lieutenant of his regiment during the campaign against Burgoyne, and did eminent service under Gates. After the close of the war he returned to Gilmanton, and turned his attention to farming. He owned three hundred acres of land, the nucleus of what became ultimately a magnificent country estate. His residence was a simple, one-story, frame house, but it was the ' Aba McFarland. 2 Fred Myron Colby. 570 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [l834 home of contentment, prosperity, and happiness. The people knew his worth and honored him from time to time with a testimony of their trust. They sent him several successive years to the legislature as the representa- tive of the town. In 1790 he was chosen councillor for the Strafford district, and was re-elected eight times to that important office. He was prominent in the State militia, passing through various grades of office in the tenth regi- ment to its command in 1795- In 1796 he was appointed by Governor Gil" man brigadier-general of the second brigade. He died at the age of sixty- one, January 14, 1S09. Says Judge Chandler E. Potter, in his "Military History of New Hampshire :" " As a brave soldier, earnest patriot, and up- right citizen, few men have better deserved the favor of the public than General Badger." The inheritor of his wealth, his ability, and his popular favor was his son William Badger, who was the third generation of a family to whom honors came by a sort of natural descent. Born in 1779, William was but a boy of five years when his father settled upon the hill. Thus his youth was passed among the charming influences of this unsurpassed location. Much of what he achieved in life must be ascribed to the environs of his boyhood, and thus is exemplified the helpfulness of lofty surroundings. He did not owe all to his ancestry, nor to his training; the fact that he rose higher than his fathers he owed undoubtedly to the exquisite beauty of the landscape he gazed upon, and to the strengthening breezes that blew around his boyhood home. Wil- liam Badger was elected a State senator from district No. 6. He was twice re-elected, and the last year, iSi6, he was president of the Senate. This lat- ter year he was appointed an associate justice of the Court of Common Pleas, an office that he held until 1S20. In May of that year Governor Bell ap- pointed him sheriff of the county of Strafford, and he served in that capacity ten years, retiring in 1S30.' Colonel Badger was a Democrat of the Jefferson and Jackson school, and about this time began to be regarded as a sort of prospective candidate for gubernatorial honors. His large wealth, his noble ancestry, his long and meritorious services brought him before all men's eyes. He had moreover those popular democratic manners that endeared him to the people. In 1831 the elder Samuel Dinsmoor, of Keene, was the nominee of the party, and was three times successfully elected. In 1834 Colonel Badger became the candidate, and received a triumphant election. The ne.xt year he was re-elected. Governor Badger was a very efificient chief magistrate. He possessed strict in- tegrity, his judgment was sound, and when determined upon a course of action he was not to be swerved from it. During the "Indian Stream territory troubles" his duties were of great ■ Fred Myron Colby. 1834] TURNPIKES, CANALS, RAILROADS. 57I responsibility, but he performed them with promptness, and at the same time judiciously. A man with less care and prudence might have greatly increased our border troubles. His course received the hearty commendation of all parties, and doubtless saved us from a war with Great Britain. Governor Badger was a tall, stately man, strong, si.\ feet in height, and at some periods of his life weighed nearly three hundred pounds. He was active and stirring his whole life. Though a man of few words he was remarkably genial. He had a strong will, but his large good sense prevented him from being obstinate. He was generous and hospitable, a friend to the poor, a kind neighbor, and a high-souled, honorable Chris- tian gentleman. He died September 21, 1S52, at the age of seventy-three.^ ^In 1838 Nathaniel P. Rogers removed from Plymouth to Concord, and became the sole editor of the Herald of Frctdoni. He had, from its establishment in 1834, furnished many most trenchant and brilliant articles for its columns. He was born in Plymouth, graduated with honors at Dart- mouth College in 1816, studied law with Richard Fletcher, then settled down to its practice in his native town, and continued there through about twenty quite successful years. As student in books of general literature, especially history and poetry, none were before him. But general reading never detracted in the least from the duties of his profession. At the time of his death, an intimate friend who knew him long and well wrote of him, that "so accurate was his knowledge of law, and so industrious was he in business, that the success of a client was always calculated upon from the moment that his assistance was secured." The great mission of his life, however, was neither literature nor law. He was subsequently ordained and consecrated as a high priest in the great fellowship of humanity, and most divinely did he magnify his office in the last ten years of his life on earth. In 1835 ''>s espoused the cause of the American slave, and marshalled himself by the side of William Lloyd * Fred Myron Colby. ^ Parker Pillsbury. 572 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [l834 ■Garrison and his then hated, hunted, and persecuted discipleship. From that time the anti-slavery enterprise, the temperance and peace causes, and the equal rights of woman had no firmer, braver, and most certainly no abler advocate and champion than was he. New Hampshire politics were at that time almost unanimously democratic. And Democracy meant a diabolical devotion to ■ slavery. Nor was its rival, the Whig party, but little better. And the clergy, with a few honorable exceptions, were still in full sacramental communion with the churches and pulpits of the South. Anti-slavery meetings were everywhere mobbed and broken up. Garrison had been seized in broad day by a mob of " gentle- men in broadcloth" — driven from an anti-slavery concert of prayer, then seized, stripped of most of his clothing, and with a rope about his body, was pulled along some of Boston's princi- pal streets until rescued by the mayor and police and shut in the strongest jail to save his life. In Concord, a meeting attended by George Thompson, of England, John G. Whittier, and other eminent abolitionists, was most ignominiously broken up, and Thompson only missed the tar kettle by being spirited away out of the village and concealed by his friends. Whittier narrowly escaped the baptism of tar and feathers by being mistaken for Thompson by the rioters. A Methodist minister, engaged to give an anti-slavery lecture in Northfield, was arrested as a common brawler, and dragged from his knees and the pulpit as he was opening his meeting with prayer. But such was the popular sentiment towards slavery, when Nathaniel Peabody Rogers, with wife and family of seven young children, removed to Concord and became editor of the Herald of Freedom, .a small, unpretentious sheet, without capital, or many subscribers, but commissioned to speak with voice to be heard round the world and down the ages. Rogers had most unshaken faith in the people, never doubt- ing that, wisely taught and led, they would gladly abolish slavery and cease to oppress and enslave one another. He and his immediate associates relied solely on the power of -.835] TUKNIMKES, CANALS, KAILROADS. 573 moral and spiritual truth. They formed no political party. They abjured the ballot altogether as a reforming agency ; and still more essentially the bullet, the only specie redemption of the ballot. And Rogers lived to see the downfall of that old Democratic dynasty in his native State, and in many other States, and the rending in twain of the Methodist General Conference and some other powerful ecclesiastical associations, and a revolution in ecclesiastical, especially clerical, control and leadership. He died in October, 1846, and was buried in Concord, where no monument commemorates his last resting-place.' Nathaniel P. Rogers, in October. 184^, soon after he entered the lectiu-e field, wrote as follows : — "The abolitionists of the country ought to know Parker Pillsbury better than they do. I know him in all that is noble in soul, and powerful in talent and eloquence. The remote district school-house, in New Hampshire, and the old granite county of Essex, Massachusetts, where he was born, would bear me witness to all I could say. He is one of the strong men of our age. • • ■ • We passed the solitary school-house a few days since, where he was allowed the few weeks' schooling of his childhood ; but thanks they were so few! He was educating all the better for humanity's service on the rugged tarm. He there taught himself to be a man. A great lesson he had effectually learned before he came in contact with seminaries and a priest- hood. These proved unequal, on that account, to overmatch and cower down his homespun nobility of soul. They tied their fetters round his manly limbs, but he snapped them as Samson did the withes, and went out an abol- itionist, carrying off the very theological gates with him upon his manly shoulders." The importance of railroads to the people of New Hamp- shire can hardly be estimated. Probably no section of this country is benefited and its material interests so largely and directly aided in a general manner as this State, while in some localities the development of every important enterprise is al- most entirely dependent upon railroad facilities. At the June session, in 1835, the Nashua and Lowell, Con- cord, and Boston and Maine Railroads were chartered. The Eastern Railroad was chartered in 1S36; the Dover and Winni- pisiogee, in 1839: the Northern, Great Falls, and Conway, Bos- ton, Concord and Montreal, and Cheshire Railroad.s, in 1844; ■ Parker Pillsbury. 574 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. ['836 the Portsmouth, Newmarket, and Concord Railroad, the Frank- lin and Bristol, the Ashuelot, and the Sullivan Raih'oads, in 1846; the Manchester and Lawrence, and the Atlantic and St. Lawrence, in 1847; the Connecticut River Railroad, and the Contoocook Valley Railroad, the Concord and Claremont, the Monadnock, the White Mountains (to Littleton), and the Nash- ua and Epping Railroads, in 1848 ; the Suncook Valley, the Manchester and Candia, in 1849; the Ammonoosuc Railroad (to buy and e.xtend White Mountain Railroad to Lancaster), in 1855 ; the White Mountains Railroad, in 1859; the Dover and Winnipisiogee Railroad, in 1862; the Manchester and Keene Railroad, in 1864; the Portland and Rochester and the Ports- mouth and Dover Railroad, in 1866; the Ogdensburg, in 1867; the Wolfeborough Railroad, in 1S68 ; the Hillsborough and Peterborough Railroad, in 1869; the Nashua, Acton, and Bos- ton Railroad, in 1872; the Pemigewasset Valley Railroad, in 1874; the Farmington and Rochester, in 1877 ; the Profile and Franconia Notch Railroad, the Whitefield and Jefferson Rail- road, and the New Zealand River Railroad, in 1878 ; the Kil- kenny Railroad, in 1879. The Upper Coos Railroad was completed in 1887. In 1836 Isaac Hill was elected governor of the State. Few have rendered their names more conspicuous in the affairs of the town of Concord and of the State of New Hampshire. Born in Cambridge in April, 1788, he was apprenticed to the pub- lisher of the Amherst Cabinet; and in April, 1809, he issued the first numbeV of the Neiv Hampshire Patriot. He was elected to the State Senate in 1820, 1821, 1822, 1827; and in 1828 he was the candidate of his party for United States senator. In 1 829 he was appointed by General Andrew Jackson second compt- roller of the Treasury department. His nomination was rejected by the Senate in April, 1830, when he returned to New Hamp- shire and obtained the election as United States senator, and took his seat in the body which had sought to humble him. He resigned his seat in the Senate, when he was elected governor, and he was re-elected in 1837, and again in 1838. In 1840 he was appointed sub-treasurer at Boston. He exerted great influ- 1836] TUKNPIKES, CANALS, RAILROADS. 575 ence over the people of the State. He possessed great native talent, indomitable energy, industry, and perseverance. As a political editor he had few equals. His reputation extended throughout the country. He was kind and amiable. He died in March, 185 l In the year 1836 Congress voted to distribute about thirty-six millions of dollars of surplus revenue, then lying in the Treasury, among the several States. These millions had accumulated from the sales of public lands, and were still increasing. The national debt had been all paid. General Jackson told his party that this money was a source of danger to the liberties of the country. The Democratic party in those days was hostile to internal improvements, and opposed them everywhere. Rail- roads were built by individual energy ; rivers were obstructed by snags, sawyers, rafts, and sand-bars, and even the harbors of the lakes, and the St. Clair flats, were found pretty much in the condition nature left them. This money was to be distributed in four instalments, — three of which were paid when an angry cloud hovered over our northern borders, threatening war with England, and the fourth instalment of nine millions was re- tained to pay the expenses of transporting troops to Maine, to Niagara, and to the Indian Stream country in northern New Hampshire. The amount paid over to New Hampshire ex- ceeded 3800,000. The legislature votetl to divide the money among the towns in proportion to population. In the fall and winter of 1836 Hon. Boswell Stevens, of Pem- broke, held the ofifice of judge of Probate for Merrimack county. He was an able lawyer, and a popular and upright judge. During the session of the legislature of that year he was struck with a paralysis, entirely disabling him from ability to discharge the duties of his office. His case came before the legislature at their fall session. The evidence of able physicians was received that there was no reasonable prospect of his recovery. Accord- ingly, both branches of the legislature united in an address to the governor, requesting his removal from office. The place of the judge was soon occupied by his successor. Judge Stevens died in January of the next year. 576 HISTORY OF NEW IIAMP.SHIKE. [1838 After protracted litigation the proprietors of the fourth turnpike were victorious over their enemies. The Court of Common Pleas, at the first term, 1837, obeyed the mandate of the higher court. The corporation, standing upon the thin edge of a technicality, had won a barren victory which presaged ulti- mate defeat. The whole community, with the tavern keepers and stage proprietors and drivers on the lead, united for free roads. On July 2, 183S, they carried through the legislature an Act authorizing selectmen and the court to take the franchise and other rights of corpora- tions for public highways in the same manner as they took the land of indi- vidual.'^. The assault soon commenced all along the line. A monster petition, headed by Reuben G. Johnson, to free the turnpike from West Andover to its Boscawen terminus was filed in the Court of Common Pleas for Merrimack county, February 11, 1S39. At the term of that court commencing on the third Tuesday of March, 1839, Simeon P. Colby, Jesse Carr, and Stephen Sibley were appointed a court's committee thereon. At the September term, 1S39, Moses Norris, jr., of Pitts- field, and Nathaniel S. Berry, of Hebron, were substituted for Carr and Sibley. The hearing was had at Johnson's tavern — the Bonney place — in Boscawen, October 28, 1S39, and lasted seven days. They freed the turnpike, and ordered that Andover should pay $566, Salis- bury, $600, and Boscawen, $534, for the benefit of the stock-holders of the turnpike. The report was accepted at the March term, 1S40. Upon similar petitions the turnpike had been freed from the other termini to Grafton line. The great highway thereafter swarmed with travel as it never had done before. But in 1S46-7-S, by successive steps, the Northern Railroad was put through from Concord to White River. A great revolution had thus been wrought. The thoroughfare, with its long lines of pod, gimlet, and big teams, and its whirring stage coaches teeming with life and animation, became almost as silent as a deserted grave-yard. The taverns which dotted almost every mile were silent, too, and the great stables at the stage stations and elsewhere, filled with emptiness, looked like the spared monuments of another period Railroads have taken the place of canals and turnpike roads. The foregoing account of the fourth New Hampshire turn- pike is taken from an extended account written by John M. Shirley and published in the Granite Monthly. The other turn- pikes of the State suffered the same or similar fate. Like the toll bridges they became the property of the town, or the county, or were disused. I839I TUKXI'IKF.S. CANALS, RAII.KOAnS. 57/ John Page, jr., was elected governor in 1839, and re-elected in 1840 and in 1841. He was a native of Haverhill, born in 1787, and son of John Page, the first white man that wintered in the town. He served on the northern frontier in the 18 12 war, fre- quently represented Haverhill in the legislature, was register of deeds of Grafton county in 1827, and again from 1829 to 1835, when he was elected United States senator to serve the unex- pired term of Governor Isaac Hill. He was interested in agriculture, and promoted Dr. Jackson's geological survey of the State. He died in 1865.1 In March, 1839, Edmund Burke of Newport was elected to Congress. Mr. Burke was born in Westminster, Vt., in January, 1809, studied Latin with Hon. Henry A. Bellows, afterwards chief justice of New Hampshire, and read law. -At the close of his Congressional labors, March 4, 1S45, Mr. Burke entered upon the duties of the office of commissioner of patents, to which he was appointed without solicitation on his part hy his friend Mr. Polk. In the summer of 1850 Mr. Burke returned to his home in Newport, and resumed the active practice of his profession as a lawyer, which he steadily pursued with great success forever thirty years, attaining a position at the bar second to that of no lawyer in the State. He was prominent in the Democratic councils in the State, and ever after the period of his Congressional service was regarded, throughout the country, as one of the foremost representatives of the New Hampshire Democracy. In the conventions of his party, State and national, he took a conspicuous part. He presided at the Democratic State convention in Concord in the summer of 1S53, and again in the winter of 1S66-7. He was a delegate from New Hamp- shire to the national Democratic convention in Baltimore, in 1S44, which nominated James K. Polk for president, and to the convention holden in the same city in 1S52, in which Franklin Pierce received the presidential nomina- tion. It may here properly be remarked that to the strong influence of Mr. Burke, properly exercised through his extended acquaintance and iiigh stand- ing with leading men of the party from different sections in the convention, more than to the efforts of any other individual, the choice of the convention was ultimately bestowed upon the then favorite son of the Granite State. Mr. Burke died in 1883. ■^The year 1840 was a notable year in the history of this country. No political campaign ever exceeded this in inter- est and excitement. The Democrats had nominated Martin ' .^djutant-generars Report, iS6S, part 2, page 20. 2 j^_ h. Metcalf. ^ Rev. J. I-. Seward. 5/8 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [ 1 84O Van Buren for a second term, and the Whigs had nominated General W. H. Harrison. The shouts for "Tippecanoe and Tyler too," the long processions in which were the log cabins and barrels of hard cider, and the excited political debates and stump speeches, will never be forgotten by any one who participated in the eventful campaign. General James Wilson, of Keene, remarkably distinguished himself in this exciting struggle, delivering stump speeches in all parts of the country, and contributing largely to the success won by the Whig party. General James Wilson was the son of Hon. James Wilson (born in Peter- borough in August, 1766, graduated at Harvard College in 17S9, representa- tive to Congress from 1S09 to iSii, an able lawyer and a firm Federalist, died in January, 1839; and Elizabeth (Steele) Wilson, and inherited not only the practice but the great talents of his honored father; he was born in Peterborough, March 18, 1797. His early years were passed in his native town. His educational advantages were such as were obtainable in a country town at that time. He studied at Phillips Exeter ,\cademy, graduated at Mid- dlebury College in 1S20, read law with his father and took his practice. In the military service of his State, General Wilson was deservedly popular. He was appointed captain of the Keene light infantry, January i, 1821, and rose through all the various ranks until he was made major-general of the Third Division of the New Hampshire militia. In 1S25 he was chosen as one of the two representatives to the General Court from the town of Keene. In iS:;S he was elected speaker of the House. In the legislature at that time were Hon. Ezekiel Webster, Hon. U. M. Farley, Hon. Joseph Bell, Hon. P. Noyes, and other noted men. From the year 1825 to the year 1S40 inclusive. General Wilson represented Keene in the Stale legislature, excepting the years 1833, 1S3S, and 1839. In the last two of the years just named he was Whig candidate for governor, but was de- feated by his Democratic opponent. He had been famous as an orator and advocate before, but his rhetorical triumphs, at this time, extended his reputation to all parts of the land. His presence was unusually impressive. He was six feet four inches in height, straight, well-built, with black curling hair and bright blue eyes, as fine a set of white, sound teeth as was ever seen, of a stern and determined, yet fascinating and impressive countenance. He delighted to joke about his personal appearance, and would describe himself as a " rough-hewn block from the Granite State." His friends spoke of him familiarly as "Long Jim," "Gen. Jim," etc. 1S40] TURNPIKES, CANALS, RAILROADS. 579 He had all the qualifications of a first-class orator, lie was a logical think- er, and arranged the subjects ol'his thought methodically. He was well read in history and the Bible, and was ready with a good illustration to enforce his points. He was a capital story teller, and knew just when and where to tell one. He could laugh or cry at will, and could produce either effect upon his auditors at pleasure. Nor was this done wholly for effect. He was a sincere man. He had fine feelings and instincts and was remarkably humane; and, whenever he spoke, he was tremendously in earnest. He was no hypocrite. His political principles were based on study, reflection, and sound arguments. He had a powerful voice, and could be distinctly heard for many yards in an open field. He had a marvellous command of language and an inexhaustible fund of wit. He was a keen, shrewd observer and a good reader of human nature; hence he knew how to adapt himself to his audience. Possessing all of these manifold qualifications of a first-class orator, it is no wonder that he gained a hearing in the famous canvass of 1S40. Men of every shade of poli- tical opinion flocked to hear him. A curious anecdote of the time is preserved. One day he was making a stump speech in some place, and, in another part ot the same field, some distance away, some one was addressing a Democratic assemblage. Some stray auditors from the Democratic fold found their way to the side of the field where Wilson was speaking. They returned with a glowing account of his eloquence. One by one the Democrats went to the other side of the field to hear the famous Whig orator, till finally not a list- ener was left for the Democratic speakers. The Whigs were victorious, but General Harrison enjoyed his victory only a single month. The visit of General Wilson to Keene, in 1861, after an ab- sence of more than a decade, was a memorable one. Soon after his arrival, the shot was fired at Sumter, and the regiments be- gan to be formed ready to march to the conflict. One memorable occasion will never be forgotten by those who witnessed it. It was on the 22nd of April, 1861. A mass meeting was announced to be holden in the public square on the morning of that day. General Wilson accepted an invitation to address the meeting. The knowledge of this fact was conveyed to the adjoining towns. An immense aud- ience assembled, filling the square. It was the general's first public appearance since his arrival. As the hour for the speak- ing drew near, a band proceeded to the general's residence and escorted his carriage to the grand stand. When the door was opened, and the familiar form of the old hero was seen mounting the rostrum, such a tumultuous applause was heard as was never known in Keene before. Old friends from Keene jSO IIISTOKV OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [ 1 84O and the adjoining towns were there in great numbers, repre- senting all occupations and professions. When he began to speak, all voices were hushed. It was the same grand old voice, with its familiar ring, the same telling and forcible gestures, the same oratorical power, with fun and anecdote alternating with the most solemn and pathetic passages, the same earnestness, and the same persuasive and convincing eloquence which so many had heard in former days from the same lips. It was a scene never to be forgotten by those who were pres- ent ; and it did much good, the immediate effect being to add many names to the roll of enlistments. General Wilson died in Keene in May, i8Si.' * A charter was obtained from the legislature of New Hampshire in 1S36, shortly after the incorporation of the Eastern Railroad in Massachusetts, establishing a company for the purpose of continuing the railroad from the Massachusetts line to Portsmouth. A company was then formed, and a sur- vey and location of the route were made by Mr. Barney, but the stock was not wholly taken up, and no measures were taken for the prosecution of the work, until 1839. ■'^" additional Act was then obtained authorizing a new location, with a limitation as to its termination in Portsmouth, and the company was reorganized and the subscription completed. The new company was com- posed in part of individuals who were proprietors in the Massachusetts com- pany, and a majority' of the directors chosen were also directors of the latter companj'. Colonel Fessenden was appointed engineer, and under his direc- tion new surveys of the route were made. He made a report to the directors on two lines, an eastern and western. The western line, although a little longer than the other, was recommended by him as entitled to the preference, as having fewer curves, a less extent of bridges, and not crossing any naviga- ble streams. It also passes near a greater amount of population. This route was adopted by the directors, and the grading of the line was soon after contracted for. After leaving the Merrimack river at Newburyport bridge, the line passes west of the old Salisbury village; after reaching Hampton Falls, leaves the village a third of a mile at the west, and the landing on the east, passes a little west of Old Hampton village to Cedar Swamp in Green- land, and after crossing the Greenland road above the plains proceeds to Portsmouth. The termination was originally fi.xed near the Universalist meeting-house, but by authority of a new Act of the legislature passed in 1S40, and with the consent of the inhabitants of Portsmouth by vote in town meet- ing, it is changed to a point in the northerly part of the town, where it may be extended, if it should hereafter be determined so to do, by a bridge over Piscataqua river. The length of the line thus located in New Hampshire is fifteen miles and two thousand five hundred and seventy feet, and from Mer- ' Rev. J. !.. Seward. " l.'ontcnipnrarv Magazine Article. TURNPIKES, CANALS, RAILROADS. 581 rimack river nineteen miles one tliousand and eigiity feet. Of this distance, eigliteen and a third miles are straight, and the residue curved on a radius not less than a mile. About five miles of the distance are level, and the gra- dients for the residue vary from fifteen to thirty-five feet per mile; the greatest elevation being about ninety feet above the marsh level. The whole length of the raih'oad from East Boston to Portsmouth is thus fifty-three miles two thousand three hundred and ninety feet. The remaining portion of the Eastern Railroad in Massachusetts, interven- ing between Newburyport and the New Hampshire line, was put under con- tract for grading, as was also the erection of the bridge over the Merrimack river at Newburyport, in the summer of 1S39, to be completed in the follow- ing summer. These two portions of this railroad were opened in 1840. CHAPTER XVIII ANTI-SLA VER Y AGITA TIOX, 1841-1860. Stephen S. Foster — Harry Hubbard — Pittsburg — Indian Stream War — ^JoHN H. Steele — John P. Hale — Anthony Colby — Man- chester — Jared W. Williams — Samuel Dinsmoor, Jr. — Dr. Noah Martin — Franklin Pierce — Kansas — Countess Rumford — Na- thaniel B. Baker — Ralph Metcalf — Daniel Clark — William W. Haile — Ichabod Goodwin — Reminiscences. TV/TR. STEPHEN S. FOSTER,^ the zealous abolitionist, faith- ful to the enslaved and to his own solemn convictions, con- ceived the idea of entering the meeting-houses on Sunday, and at the hour of sermon respectfully rising and claiming the right to be heard then and there on the duties and obligations of the church to those who were in bonds at the South. This measure he first adopted in the Old North church, at Concord, in Sep- tember, 1841. He was immediately seized by "three young gentlemen, one a Southerner from Alabama, and the other two guards at the State Prison, thrust along the broad aisle and violently pushed out of the house." A full account of the transaction was published in the Herald of Freedom on the following Friday. 17th of the same month. But Mr. Foster could not be deterred iVom his purpose. And the measure proved so effective as a means of awakening the public attention to the importance of the anti-slavery enter- prise, that others were led to adopt it. Of course it led to persecution,, and some were imprisoned for the offence, — Mr. Foster as many as ten or twelve times, in New Hampshire and Massachusetts. Perhaps his most memorable experience at the hands of the civil law, at the time, was in Concord, in June, 1S42. On Sunday, the twelfth of that month, being in Concord, he went in the afternoon to the South church, and at the time of sermon lie rose in a pew at the side of the pulpit, and commenced speaking in his usual solemn and deeply impressive manner. He evidently would have been heard, and with deep attention, too, for many in the house not only knew him well, but ' I'arker Pillsbury. 1841] ANTI-SLAVERY AGITATION. 5S3 knew that this was a course not unusual with him, and one in the rightful- ness of which he conscientiously believed, and, besides, was sometimes able to make most useful and effective. Even the Unitarian society, one Sunday, gave him respectful hearing; the minister, Rev. Mr. Tilden, even inviting him to speak. But not just so the South church; there he was immediately seized and rushed with great violence to the door, and then pitched headlong down the rough stone steps to the street, injuring him so severely that he had to be helped to his lodgings, and a surgeon was called immediately to attend him. Fortunately no bones were broken nor dislocated, but bruises and sprains compelled his walking with a cane for several days. But that was not all. On Monday he was arrested by leading members of the church '• for disturb- ing public worship," and carried before a magistrate for trial. Perhaps no justice's court in Concord ever excited profounder interest than did this. But Foster came most triumphantly out of it. Even the small fine imposed as matter of form was paid, and nearly doubly paid, by the throng that crowded the room, tossing their quarter and half dollars on to the lable. The kind- hearted magistrate, seeing that he would be sustained, remitted the fine and the costs, and Mr. Foster was discharged, amid the acclamations of the mul- titude that filled the court room, and then, with louder cheers, demanded that all the money be taken from the table and handed over to Mr. Foster. And it was done. Stephen S. Foster was a native of New Hampshire. Long before slavery was abolished, or had appealed to the arbitrament of war as a forlorn hope, he had seen and demonstrated that his native State had profounder interests in it than any of its wisest sages, statesmen, clergymen, or churchmen had ever dreamed. Though among the least of her sister States, the war of the Rebellion drew away from her noblest, bravest, strongest sons more than thirty thousand ; and over four thousand perished in battle, or by disease and exposure inseparable from war, so often more dreadful than death at the cannon's mouth ! All this, not to speak of other thousands who escaped death, but pruned of limbs, plucked of eyes, and scarred and disabled for life by the iron hail-stones of the bloody field. All this, not counting the sighs and tears, bereavements and losses of mothers, sisters, widows, and orphans. All this, not reckoning financial, moral, nor spiritual impoverishment and desolation, not to be restored even by the incoming generation ! And so slavery became a New Hampshire institution after all ; and Stephen Foster, being native to the State, and superemi- 584 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [184I nently an anti-slavery man, had intellectual and moral gifts and graces of which any State might be proud. Stephen Symonds Foster was born in Canterbury, in November, 1809. His father was Colonel Asa Foster, of Revolutionary memory, and of most amiable and excellent qualities and endowments. Mrs. Foster, too, was re- markable for sweetness of disposition and fine culture for her time, joined to elegance and beauty of person, lasting to great age; both herself and husband almost completing a century. The old homestead is in the north part o!' Canterbury, on a beautiful hillside, overlooking a long stretch of the Merri- mack river valley, including Concord, and a wide view, east and west, as well as south. His parents were most devout and exemplary members of the Congrega- tional church, to which he also was joined in youthful years. At that time, the call for ministers and missionaries, especially to occupy the new opening field at the West, called then " the great valley of the Mississippi," was loud and earnest. At twenty-two he heard and heeded it, and immediately entered on a course of collegiate study to that end. and it is only just to say that a more consistent, conscientious, divinely consecrated spirit never set itself to prepare for that then counted holiest of callings. With him "Love your enemies" was more than words, and " Resist not evil" was not returning evil, nor inflicting penalties under human enact- ments. In Dartmouth College he was called to perform military service. On Christian principles he declined, and was arrested and dragged away to jail. So bad were the roads that a part of the way the sheriff was compelled to ask him to leave the carriage and walk. He would cheerfully have walked all the way, as once did George Fox, good naturedly telling the officer. "Thee need not go thyself; send thy boy. I know the way." For Foster feared no prison cells. He had earnest work in hand, which led through many of them in subsequent years. Eternal Goodness might have had objects in view in sending him to Haver- hill, for he found the jail in a condition to demand the hand of a Hercules, as in the " Augean" stables, for its cleansing. His companions there were poor debtors, as well as thieves, murderers, and lesser felons. One man so gained his confidence as to whisper in his ear that on his hands was the blood of murder, though none knew it but himself. Another poor wretch h.id been so long confined by illness to his miserable bed. that it literally swarmed with vermin. Foster wrote and sent to the world such a letter as few but he could write, and wakened general horror and indignation wherever it was read; and a cleansing operation was forthwith instituted. And the filth on the floor was found so deep., and so hard trodden, that strong men had to come with pick- axes and dig it up. And that jail was not only revolutionized, but the whole prison system of the State, from that time, began to be reformed ; and im- prisonment for debt was soon heard of here no more. I84-J ANTI-SI, AVEKV ACITAI'ION. 585 His college studies closed, ho entered for a theological course tlu- Union Seminary in New York. In 1839 Mr. Foster abandoned all hope of the Congregational ministry, and entered the anti-slavery service, side by side with Garrison of the Boston [liberator., and Nathaniel Peabody Rogers of the New Hampshire Ileru/d oj Freedom. And from that time onward till slavery was abolished, and indeed to the day of his death, the cause of freedom and humanity, justice and truth, had no more faithful, few if any more able champions. Mr. Foster, having adopted and proved the great utility of his new method, Persisted in it until it was demonstrated that no other had ever subserved so good a purpose in arousing the whole nation to its duty and danger. Noth- ing like or unlike it, before or afterward, so stirred the whole people, until John Brown, with his twenty heroes, marched on Harper's Ferry and chal- lenged the supporters of slavery to mortal combat. To-day neither John Brown nor Stephen Symonds Foster need apology or defence. Though their mortal bodies lie mouldering in the dust, their spirits inarch on in glory and victory for evermore. Probably he encountered more mob opposition and violence than any other agent ever in the anti-slavery lecturing field, and almost always he would in some way obtain control of his opponents. He died in September. 18S1, at the age of seventy-two. The election in 1S42 resulted in the choice of Henry Hubbard for governor. He was son of Hon. John Hubbard, born in May, 1784, in Charlestown ; graduated at Dartmouth College in 1803; read law with Hon. Jeremiah Mason; and settled in Charlestown. In 18 10 he was chosen moderator, which office he held, in all, sixteen times. He was first selectman in the years 18 19, 1820, and 1828, in which last year he was also moderator and town clerk. He represented the town in the legislature eleven times in all between 1812 and 1827. In June, 1825, he was chosen speaker of the House of Repre- sentatives, in place of Hon. Levi Woodbury, who had been elected to a seat in the United States Senate. He was also chosen to the same office in the years 1826 and 1827. In 1823 he was appointed solicitor for Cheshire county, in which capacity, exhibiting rare qualities as an advocate, he served the term of five years. On the incorporation of Sullivan county he was appointed judge of Probate, the duties of which office he con- tinued to discharge until 1S29, when he was chosen a represen- tative to Congress. In Congress, to employ the language of Chief Justice Gilchrist, " He at once distinguished himself by 586 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIKK. ['^43 the possession of those qualities which characterized him through Ht'e. Always willing to labor ; never disposed to throw upon others what belonged to himself; indefatigable in the transaction of all business intrusted to him ; an ardent political friend, but a courteous antagonist ; he had the entire confidence of General Jackson and the kindly regard of his opponents. He was an active member of the Committee of Claims, upon whose deci- sion such important interests depended, and signalized himself by his untiring support of the Pension Act of 1832, which gave their long-delayed recompense to the soldiers of the Revolution. In 1834 he was elected to the Senate, where, for the period of six years, he had the implicit confidence of the administration, and the Democratic party. . . In 1842 and 1843 he was elected governor of New Hampshire. With this ofifice his polit- ical career closed, although at every successive election no one in the State rendered more efificient service to the Democratic cause." It may be added to the above, that soon after leaving the gubernatorial chair he was appointed sub-treasurer at Boston, to which city he for a time removed. Politically, the life of Governor Hubbard must be divided into two eras : the first, in which he earnestly supported the Federal- istic or Whig party ; the second, in which he earnestly sustained the Democracy. He died on June 5, 1857. Most of his life was passed in Charlestown, and he died in the house in which he was born.' ^The town of Pittsburg, which, prior to its incorporation in 1843, was known as the Indian Stream territory, forms the ex- treme northern portion of the State, lying north of the forty-fifth parallel of north latitude, and is a portion of the tract claimed respectively by the governments of Great Britain and the United States ; the question of jurisdiction being settled by the Webster and Ashburton treaty in 1842. About the year 1790, some twelve or fifteen hardy pioneers from Grafton county, attracted by the marvellous stories told by two explorers who had followed the course of the river through ' History of Charlestown. - David Blanchard. 1843] ANTI-SLAVERV AGITATION. 587 to Canada, of the wonderful fertility of the soil in the valley of the upper Connecticut, made their way through the forests, and commenced a settlement on the river and in the valley of the Indian Stream. They were mostly driven away by hostile bands of Indians during the war of 1812. Some of these returned after the close of the war, bringing others with them ; and in 1820 there were probably about forty families settled along the north bank of the river, the settlement extending about eight miles north and east from the mouth of Indian Stream. In 1820-22 surveys were made along the Connecticut, and some ten thousand acres of land marked out in lots of one and two hundred acres each, by Moses Davis and Jonathan Eastman, for an association of proprietors who claimed to derive their title to these lands by deed from one Philip, a chief of the St. Francis tribe of Indians. These lands were offered to settlers by the proprietors, in alternate lots, on condition of making stipulated improvements thereon within a given period, and working on roads, or in other words doing settlers' duty, as it was termed. In 1824, at the June session of the New Hampshire legisla- ture, the attention of the State government was called to the encroachments of these settlers on lands north of the parallel of forty-five degrees north latitude, which it claimed as part of its public domain ; and a committee was accordingl}' appointed to proceed to the territory, make the necessary investigations, and report the fact at the November session. The committee reported some fifty-eight settlers on the lands. The State repudiated the Indian or proprietary title, but in view of the hardships endured by these pioneers, and their having entered upon their lands in good faith, quieted them in their title to the lands in their possession, to the amount of two hun- dred acres each, excepting Jeremiah Tabor, who was quieted in the amount of five hundred acres, and Nathaniel Perkins in the amount of seven hundred acres. Among the early settlers. 1816-1824, in the town were Nath- aniel Perkins, from New Hampton, John Haynes, from I "sbon, 58S IIISTOKY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 1 1 '^^43 Richard I. Blanchard, from Haverhill, Ebenezer Fletcher, from Charlcstown (No. 4), father of Hiram Adams Fletcher, for a long period a prominent member of the Coos bar, and who died at Lancaster in 1880, Kimball B. Fletcher, a prominent citizen of Lancaster (Mr. Fletcher brought considerable money with him from Charlestown ; erected a large saw and grist mill ; in tS26 a large barn, and cleared up an extensive farm, and finally moved to Colebrook, where he died about i860). General Moody Bedel, and General John Bedel of the Mexican war and the Rebellion, were among the early settlers, removing from Haverhill in 1816. General Bedel rendered very efficient service in the war of 1812, commaniling a regiment at Ticonderoga and at Lundy's Lane. But little attention was paid by the State to this section for some twelve years subsequent to this period ; the citizens in the mean time having for their mutual protection formed a gov- ernment of their own, very democratic in form, having a written constitution and code of laws ; the supreme power vested in a council of five, annually chosen ; a judiciary system for the col- lection of debts and the prevention and punishment of crime ; a military company duly organized and equipped — probably more as a police force than for offensive or defensive purposes. This government continued till 1836, when the governments of Lower Canada and of New Hampshire each endeavored to ex- ercise jurisdiction over the territory, resulting in the arrest and carrying off across the border, by an armed force of twelve men from Canada, Richard L Blanchard, a deputy sheriff, for the discharge of his duty as such under the laws of New Hampshire, and his rescue, on Canadian soil, on the same day by a party of mounted men, some sixty in number, from the adjoining towns in Vermont and New Hampshire. Two of the Canadian party were severely wounded in the melee — one by a pistol shot in the groin, the other by a sabre cut in the head. This was immediately followed by what is known as the Indian Stream war. The 5th company infantry, 24th regiment New Hampshire militia, under the old military organization, under command of Captain James Mooney, was called out by Adjutant 1843] ANTI-SLAVERY AGITATION. 589 General Low and stationed at Fletcher's Mills, to protect the inhabitants against the encroachments of the Canadian author- ities. The whole difficulty was happily terminated by the treaty before referred to. From its incorporation in 1843, to i860, the increase in pop- ulation was only about fifty. At the commencement of the Rebellion the town contained four hundred and fifty inhabi- tants, — yet this small number furnished seventy men to aid our country in the hour of its peril, being largely represented in the 2nd and 13th New Hampshire regiments. Amos and Simon Merrill were the first to enlist at the first call for three months, and re-enlisted, before the expiration of their term, for three years, or during the war. The former was shot dead on the field at the first battle of Bull Run. The last mentioned, after having been engaged in thirteen regular battles, lost a leg at Gettysburg, and was lately doing good manual labor in clear- ing up a new farm in the town. A fearful fatality seemed to decimate the ranks of the Pittsburg soldiers, — -shown by desolate homes and the mutilated and scarred veterans who returned. From the close of the war of the Rebellion, Pittsburg has slowly but steadily gained in population and material prosperity. At a special convention of the Protestant Episcopal churches of New Hampshire, held October 4, 1843, after the death of Bishop Griswold of the Eastern Diocese, a motion to elect a separate bishop barely prevailed, and Rev. Carlton Chase, of Bellows Falls, Vermont, was chosen. A church and parsonage had been built at Strawberry Bank, in 163S, and fifty acres of land had been given as endowment soon afterwards. Rev. Ricliard Gibson was called as rector, but was banished from the colony in 1642, by Massachusetts authority. Ninety years afterward, in 1732, a parish was organized at Portsmouth, and (^leen's Chapel begun. Rev. Arthur Browne was rector. Of six hundred families in Portsmouth in 1741, less than sixty conformed to the Episcopal Church, but all the Churchmen in New Hampshire were his parishioners, and he administered the charge with faith- ful diligence from 1736 till his death in 1773. He was helped in the itineracy by his son Marmaduke, from 1755 to 1762, and by Rev. Moses Badger trom 1767 to 1774. In 176S there were eleven hundred and thirty-two souls under his care. 59° HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [^^43 A second parish was organized in 1773, at Claremont, by Churchmen from Connecticut. The building tlien erected still stands in the western part ot" the town. Rev. Ranna Cossit was rector from 1773 to 1785. The third parish was formed at Holderness. During the Revolution the Church of England in New Hampshire was- abolished. The war over, the need of organization began to be much felt. Valuable property was at stake, over forty thousand acres of land having been reserved for the endowment of future parishes by Governor Benning Went- worth. Unfortunately the larger part of the land endowment was ultimately lost, a small amount only having been saved to help the diocesan work. In 1789 New Hampshire was represented at a meeting of six clergymen in •Salem, Massachusetts, when Dr. Bass was elected bishop of the two States. Rev. John C. Ogden was rector at Portsmouth from 17S6 to 1793. Rev. Robert Fowle was rector at Holderness from 1789 '.o 1847. A fourth parish was or- ganized at Cornish, in 1793, through the efforts of a Daitmouth student. Philander Chase, the future missionary bishop. The diocesan history begins with the meeting at Concord, in August, 1S02, of the first convention, at which were present the rectors of Portsmouth, Claremont, and Holderness, and two lay delegates each from Portsmouth, Holderness, and Cornish. Rev. Joseph Willard, of Portsmouth, presided: Rev. Daniel Barber, of Claremont, a " remarkable man, able, ambitious, un- wise," would not consent to the proposed union, but advocated a union with the Vermont churches. Mr. Barber was in harmony witli the diocese in 1809. Hopkinton became a parish in 1803; Plainfield in 1S04. To these were soon joined Drewsville (Walpole), Charlestown, Concord, Dover, and Man- chester. In 1810 there were 151 communicants; in 1820, 198; in 1840, 394. From 1812, for thirty years, the Episcopal Church of New Hampshire en- joyed the superintendence of Bishop Griswold. Bishop Chase was consecrated in October, 1844, and served the diocese faithfully and wisely until his death in January, 1870. He left twenty-three parishes where he had found twelve ; twenty-one clergymen instead of eleven ; 1350 commu- nicants instead of 500. In May, 1870, the convention elected, as successor to Bishop Chase, Rev. William W. Niles, D. i)., ^ professor of Latin in Trinity College, Hartford ; and he was consecrated at Concord the following September. There were, in 1887, twenty-two parishes, thirteen missions, thirty-seven clergymen, and 2635 communicants. Among the prominent clergymen of the Protestant Epis- ■ Right Reverend William W. Niles, D. D., son of Daniel L. and Delia (Woodruff) Niles, was bom in Hatley, Province of Quebec, May 24, 1832; graduated at Trinity College in 1851 ; and received the degree of Doctor of Divinity both from Trinity College and from Dartmouth College. 1844] AXTISLAVERY AGITATION. 59I copal church of New Hampshire have been Rev. Dr. Isaac G. Hubbard, of Clareinont, Rev. Dr. James H. Eames, of Concord, Rev. Dr. M. A. Herrick, of Tilton, famed for his scholarship, and Rev. Dr. Burroughs, of Portsmouth. John H. Steele was elected governor in 1844. Governor Steele was born in Salisbury, North Carolina, in January, 1789, and was of Scotch-Irish stock. He settled in Pet- erborough in 181 1, without funds and without friends, and went to work at his trade of making chairs and gigs. He had me- chanical skill and genius. He was soon a manufacturer himself, instead of laboring for others; and he put in operation the first power-loom in the State and built and superintended a large cotton mill in West Peterborough. He represented Peter- borough in 1S29; was councillor in 1840 and 1841. He was re- elected governor in 1845. After retiring from office he led a quiet life on his farm and in the village, and had great influence in the town, exercised for its best interests and welfare. Hi died in July, 1865. In 1845 happened the memorable contest between John P. Hah and Franklin Pierce. Mr. Hale, a native of Rochester, a grad uate of Bowdoin College, 1827, had entered the political field in 1832, when he was sent to the legislature and became one of the most able and eloquent supporters of the Democratic party, receiving the election to Congress in 1843. There he soon be- came prominent from his anti-slavery sentiments, and took a leading part in the presidential campaign of 1844. He differed from the accepted sentiments of his party, which had for sixteen years had an unbroken sway and remorselessly cut down every man who dared to oppose its declared will. The legislature in session the previous year had instructed the New Hampshire delegation to favor the admission of Texas as a slave State. Mr. Hale met these resolutions with defiance. He stood by his record he had made against any further strengthening" of the slave power. ' Few men have sliown such g,-ealness of soul and loyalty to convictions under such temptations. While most men would have vielded, Mr. Hale did 'J, H Lla, 592 HISTORV OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [1845 not falter; but at once wrote his celebrated letter to the people of New Hamp- shire, against the action of the legislature in its resolutions, in which, after setting forth the aims and purposes of annexation, and the reasons given bv the advocates and supporters of the measure, he declared them to be " emi- nently calculated to provoke the scorn of earth and the judgment of Heaven." He said he would never consent by any agency of his to place the country in the attitude of annexing a foreign nation for the avowed purpose of sustain- ing and perpetuating human slavery; and if they were favorable to such a measure, they must choose another representative to carry out their wishes. The Democratic State Committee immediately issued a call for the re-as- sembling of the Democratic Convention at Concord, on the 12th of February, 1845, and every Democratic paper which could be prevailed upon to do so opened its battery of denunciation, calling upon tlie convention to rebuke and silence Mr. Hale. To show what efforts were made to crush him it need only be said that such leaders of the party as Franklin Pierce, who had been his warm friend ever since they were fellow students in college, went forth over the State to organize the opposition. At Dover he called in the leaders of the party, and the editor of the Dover Gazette, who had taken such strong ground against annexation, and under their influence the Inizettc changed sides and went over to Mr. Hale's enemies. He then went to Portsmouth and brought over the leaders there, with ihi exception of John L. Hayes, then clerk of the United States Court. The same result followed at Exeter, with the exception of Hon. Amos Tuck. In th's ■way the convention was prepared to throw overboard Mr. Hale and put another name on the ticket in place of his. Expecting no other fate when he wrote his letter, Mr. Hale remained at his post in Congress, and only assisted his friends from that point, making arrangements at the same time to enter upon the practice of law in New York city upon the close of his term. But resolute friends who believed with him rose up in all parts of the State to defeat the election of John Woodbury, who had been nominated in the place of Mr. Hale. Prominent among these, in addition to those named above, were Nathaniel D. Wetmore of Rochester, John Dow of Epping, George G. Fogg, then of Gilmanton, James M. Gates of Claremont, James Peverly of Concord, John Brown of Ossipee, George W. Stevens of Meredith, John A. Rollins of Moultonborough, James W. James of Deerfield, N. P. Cram of Hampton Falls, and Samuel B. Parsons of Colebrook, with others of like stamp, who organized the first successful revolt against the demands of the slave power, which, until then, had been invincible. Through their efll'orts Woodbury, the nominee of the convention, failed to secure the majority over all others needed to elect him, and another election was called to fill the va- cancy. Great excitement pervaded the State during the canvass, into which Mr. Hale entered with spirit, giving full play to all those characteristics which made him the foremost orator of the State before the people, as he had been before juries. The canvass opened in Concord in June, on the week for the assembling of the legislature, in the Old North church. To break the force and effect of 1 8451 ANTI-SLAVERY AGITATION. 593 Mr. Hale's speech there, the Democratic leaders determined that it should be answered upon the spot, and selected Franklin Pierce for the work. On his way up to the church, Mr. llale saw no people in the streets, and he began to fear there might be a failure in the expected numbers in attendance, as there had been oi.ce before in the same place in 1S40, when he and other leaders of the partv were to address a mass meeting; but when he reached the old church, he saw why the streets were vacant : the people had all gone early to be sure of getting in, and the house was full to overflowing. Aware that he was addressing not only the citizens of Concord and adjoining towns, and members of the legislature, but the religious, benevolent, and other or- ganizations which always met in Concord on election week, he spoke with more than his usual calmness and dignity. He created a profound impres- sion, and made all feel, whether agreeing with him or not, that he had acted from a high sense of public duty and conviction. Mr. Pierce, who had few equals as a speaker, saw the marked effect of Mr. Hale's address, and spoke under great excitement. He was bitter and sarcas- tic in tone and matter, and domineering and arrogant in his manner, if not personally insulting. The convention was wrought up to the highest pitch of excitement when Mr. Hale rose to reply. He spoke briefly, but effectively, and closed by saying : — " I expected to be called ambitious, to have my name cast out as evil, to be traduced and misrepresented. I have not been disappointed ; but if things have come to this condition, that conscience and a sacred regard for truth and duty are to be publicly held up to ridicule, and scouted without rebuke, as has just been done here, it matters little whether we are annexed to Texas, or Texas is annexed to us. I may be permitted to say that the measure of my ambition will be full, if when my earthly career shall be finished and my bones be laid beneath the soil of New Hampshire, when my wife and chil- dren shall repair to my grave to drop the tear o£ affection to my memory, they may read on my tombstone, ' He who lies beneath surrendered office, place, and power, rather than bow down and worship slavery.'" The scene which followed can be imagined, but not described, as round after round of applause greeted this close. At the end of the canvass, in September, with three candidates in the field, there was again no election. A second effort in November ended with a like result. No other attempt was made until the annual March election of 1S46, when full tickets were placed in the field by the Democrats, Whigs, Free-Soilers, and Independent Demo- crats. The issue of no more slave territory was distinctly made ; and a canvass such as the State had never known before, in which Mr. Hale took the leading part, resulted in a triumphant vindication of his course, and the complete overthrow of the Democratic party, which was beaten at all points. Mr. Hale was elected to the House, from Dover, on the Independent ticket, and on the opening of the session was made speaker of the House of Repre- sentatives, and during the session was elected United States Senator for the full term of six years. During this session of the legislature an incident took place which ex- hibited the independent spirit of the man. Dr. Low, a member from Dover, 594 msTOKV ov new Hampshire. [1846 introduced resolutions upon the tariff, slavery, and annexation, taking the ultra-Whig view of the tariff question, and intended to bring Mr. Hale and his friends to their support as the condition upon which he could have the vote of a considerable portion of the Whig party. But instead of yielding his convictions for the consideration of their support, he and his friends declared they would submit to no shackles; they had fought successfully against the tyranny of one political organization, and no allurements of a senatorship should stifle their convictions and bind their judgment to the dictations of another. Much excitement followed, but the counsels of the liberal Whigs prevailed. The resolutions were not called up until after the senatorial elec- tion, when Mr. Hale left the speaker's chair and offered amendments which were adopted after a strong speech by him in their favor. He was supported by his old friend and instructor, Daniel M. Christie of Dover, also a member of the House, who had done much to quiet the opposition and induce it to vote for Mr. Hale. Mr. Hale was nominated as the Free-Soil candidate for the presidency in 1847, but declined it ; and again the honor was tendered to him in 1852, when he received 155,850 votes. In 1855 he was again elected to the Senate to fill vacancy caused by death of Charles G. Atherton, and was re-elected in 1858 for a full term. After his retirement from the Senate he was minister to Spain for four years. He died in 1873. Anthony Colby was elected governor in 1846. Anthony Colby is known in his native State as a typical " New Hampshire man." Born and bred among the granite hills, he seemed assimilated to them, and to illustrate in his noble, cheerful life the effects of their companionship. His great heart, sparkling wit, fine physical vigor, and merry laugh made his presence a joy at all times, and welcome everywhere. His ancestry on his father's side was of English, and on his mother's of Scotch-Irish, origin. During the last century his father, Joseph Colby, bought a portion of land under the " Masonian grant " from Mr. Minot, and settled in New London, where Anthony Colby was born in 1795. Then the restriction of ownership in the State was that "all the white-pine trees be reserved for masting the ships of His Majesty's royal navy." Each town was required to set apart a portion of land for a meeting-house, and the support of the gospel ministry ; for a school-house and the support of a school, as well as a military parade ground. ^^ ^^?^^^^^i-<" HOIT. JOHFPEALE 1840] ANTI-SLAVEKV AGITATION. 595 In politics, Mr. Colby was always conservative. He was first elected a member of the New Hampshire legislature in 1828, and afterwards held nearly every higher office of trust in the State. Daniel Webster was his personal friend. Their fathers, who lived in the same county, only about twenty miles apart, were many years associated in the legislature of which they were members, from Salisbury and New London. The friend- ship between himself, Judge Nesmith, of Franklin, and General James Wilson, of Keene, was more than simple friendship, — they were delightful companions ; of essentially different cha- racteristics, the combination was perfect. Daniel Webster was their political chief, and his tacation sometimes found these men together at the Franklin " farm-house," and at the chowder parties up at the " pond." The Pheni.x Hotel, under the charge of Colonel Abel and Major Ephraim Hutchins, was the central rendezvous, where a great deal of projected statesmanship, a great deal of story telling and fruitless caucusing were indulged in, down to the revolution of 1846, when the Democrats lost their supremacy by the admission of Texas as a slave State, when John P. Hale went into the Senate. When Mr. Colby was elected governor, Mr. Webster wrote him earnest congratu- lations. No Whig had held the office of governor, until the election of Anthony Colby, since the election of Governor Bell, an interim of seventeen years. Governor Colby being rallied upon his one-term office, said he considered his administration the most remarkable the State ever had. "Why so.'" was asked ; when with assumed gravity he answered : " Because / have satisfied the people in o>ie j/ear, and no other governor ever did that." The city of Manchester was incorporated in 1846. The rise, growth and prosperity of this, the largest city in the State, has been almost wholly dependent upon its great manufacturing interests. There are now in the city five large corporations, with an aggregate capital of many million dollars, besides many •other manufacturing establishments of less importance. In 1830 an examination of the territory bordering on the east 596 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [1846 bank of the river, a short distance below the falls, developed the fact that there were splendid sites for mills at that point. A large number of Boston capitalists united and resolved to lay the foundations of a great manufacturing town. Accord- ingly, in the year 183 1, the Amoskeag Manufacturing Company was incorporated. The Company secured a title to all the water power upon the Merrimack at Manchester, Hooksett, and at Garvin's Falls, below Concord. Upwards of fifteen hundred acres of land on the east side of the river at Manchester were purchased. Those lands extended from the falls south for a distance of about a mile and a half, and a mile in an easterly direction. A new town was laid out, the streets crossing each other at right angles. A new stone dam and two canals with guard locks were also constructed. It was the plan of the company to furnish other companies with sites and power for mills, and to erect such mills to be op- erated on their own account, and at the same time to sell their lands for stores, dwelling-houses, etc. The first mill in the new town was erected by the Amoskeag Company for the Stark Cor- poration in 1838. The Amoskeag Company also built a machine shop and foundry the same year, and in 1839 the company built two mills on their own account. In 1843 the company erected another mill. These were followed by others at various times, until now the company is said to be the largest in the world. The Stark Mills Company was incorporated in 1838. The Manchester Mills enterprise was originally incorporated in 1839 by the name of the Merrimack Mills. In 1849 its name was changed to the Manchester Print Works. During the war, and a few years succeeding, this company was very successful, and very high dividends were paid. But in a year or two later misfortunes overtook the company, until finally the whole prop- erty was sold to pay the debts, and a new company which was incorporated purchased the property and commenced great im- provements. The Langdon Mills Company was incorporated in 1857 and 1846] ANTI-SLAVERY AGITATION. 59/ commenced operation in iS6o. The success of the company for several years during and succeeding the war was very re- markable. About the year 1865 an annual dividend of fifty per cent, upon the capital stock was paid. Among the other manufacturing interests at Manchester are the Manchester Locomotive Works, managed by Hon. Aretas Blood, in which as many as seven hundred hands have been employed, and Hon. A. P. Olzendam's Hosiery Mill, which employs three hundred hands. Abraham P.Olzendam was born in Barmen, Prussia, October lo, iSii. His father was a chemist. At the age of eighteen he was initiated into the mys- teries of his father's business; proved an apt scholar; and soon became an expert in the application of scientific principles to the mixing of colors and the dyeing of fabrics. His active mind found congenial study in political econ- omy. The demands of his countrymen for liberty were seconded by him, and with the enthusiasm of youth he entered heartily into the plans of his fellow patriots for the amelioration of liis country. Hopeless of accomplishing the herculean task of freeing his people, despairing of gaining at home that place among his fellows which his inborn ability warranted him in demanding, he quietly bade farewell to his fatherland, and embarked for America at the age of twenty-seven. The good ship, " General Washington," brought him over, and he landed in New York. June 13, 1S48, hastening at once to the consti- tuted authorities to signify his intention of becoming a citizen of the United States. His skill as a dyer readily gave him employment in the neighborhood of Boston. Within a few months he launched his own commercial bark, enter- ing into business on his own account. Various fortunes attended his efforts for the next ten years. In 1S5S he became a citizen of Manchester, at first accepting employment in the Manchester Mills, afterward in the Amoskeag Mills, until 1S63, when he commenced the manufacture of hosiery by the use of machinery. From a small beginning he has built up a very extensive business, employing more than three hundred operatives at the mill, and affording pin money for a thousand women for miles around, using nearly a thousand tons of wool every year, and preparing for the market about one hundred thousand pairs of stockings each month. In iSSS he purchased the Namaska Mill, in which he carries on his exten- »ive manufacturing operations. Such mechanical skill and business capacity as his was sure to win for him a foremost place in commercial pursuits. Mr. Olzendam cast his first vote for Franklin Pierce. Since then he has been a Republican, joining the party at its very outset, and ever being a quiet worker for its interests. In 1S73 and 1874 he was elected to represent Manchester in the legislature. In 18S5 he was a member of the State Senate, but has never sought political preferment. 59S HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [1847 For many years he has been identified with the First Unitarian Church of Manchester, having served several terms as director, and frequently acting on important committees when executive action was demanded. In 186; Mr. Olzendam became an Odd Fellow, and a few years later was initiated into the mysteries of Masonry, and now gracefully wears the title of Sir Knight. Since its organization, in 1S74, he has been a trustee of the People's Savings Bank. October i, 1851, he was married to Theresa Lohrer, of Dresden, Saxony. They were the parents of eight children, of whom Clementine Olzendam, Alexander H. Olzendam, Gustavus Olzendam, Sidonia Olzendam, and Louis Olzendam survive and reside at home. After the death of the mother of these children Mr. Olzendam was joined in marriage to Mrs. Susie J. Carling. The family occupy a spacious residence in the northeast part of Manchester, surrounded by grounds carefully cultivated. "Mr. Olzendam has risen to a very honorable position in Manchester, pri- marily by closely attending to his business as a manufacturer, and since then, in addition, by showing himself an excellent citizen, liberal, high-minded, ■disposed to do what he can to aid every benevolent object and to further the growth and prosperity of the city. Manchester is better for his coming and his staying. A genial gentleman, he enjoys the acquaintance and confidence of a large number of warm personal friends. Many men, as fortune favors them, withdraw more and more from societ}', and give out less and less towards it, but society feels his prosperity and enjoys with him his success."' Such is the welcome which New Hampshire extends to men of foreign birth who settle in the State. In 1847 J. W. Williams was elected governor. Hon. Jared Warner Williams was born in West Woodstock, Conn., in 1796. He was graduated at Brown University in 1818 ; read law at the Litchfield (Conn.) Law School ; and came to Lancaster in 1822, where he commenced the practice of his profession, and was a resident until his death. Mr. Williams was elected representative of Lancaster in 1830-31 ; was register of Probate from 1832 to 1837; in 1833 he was chosen to the State Senate; in 1834 and 1835 he was president of that body ; in 1837 he entered Congress from the "Sixth District," and served four years. He was governor of the State in 1847-48 ; in 1852 was made judge of Probate ; in 1853 he filled the vacancy in the United States Senate occasioned by the death of Hon. C. G. Atherton ; in 1S64 he was a delegate to the Chicago convention. In addition to these political distinc- tions, Governor Williams received the degree of A. M. from ' Clark's History of Manchester. 1849] ANTI-SLAVERV AGITATION. 599 Dartmouth College in 1825 ; and that of LL. D. from Brown Uni- versity in 1852. He died in September, 1864, aged sixty-eight years. He was a gentleman of the highest type of character, winning social qualities, and rare abilities. His various honors sat easy upon him, and vanity did not manifest itself. The Mexican war commenced in the spring of 1846. General Zachary Taylor soon after led an expedition into Mexico and won the battles of Palo Alto, Monterey, and Buena Vista. Among his officers were Lieutenant Joseph H. Potter and Major W. W. S. Bliss. In General Winfield Scott's successful invasion of the country the following year, many New Hampshire men won distinction : Colonel Franklin Pierce, Dr. John D. Walker, Captains T. ¥. Rowe, E. A. Kimball, J. W. Thompson, and Daniel Batchelder, Lieutenants George Bowers, John H. Jackson, Thomas J. Whipple, Daniel H. Cram, Thomas P. Pierce, John Bedel, and most of the non-commissioned officers and privates of companies C a!id H of the 9th regiment United States army. The Mexican war having resulted in large acquisition of ter- ritory by the United States, and gold having been discovered on the Pacific Slope, a great drain was made on the energetic young men of the State, who rushed to California to better their for- tunes. For fifty years the fertile prairies of the West had also been steadily alluring not only the young men but whole families from their hillside and valley farms. Samuel Dinsmoor, jr., was elected governor in 1849. Samuel Dinsmoor, jr., v/as admitted to the bar in 18 19, but was not enrolled as an attorney at Keene until 1823. He was the son of Governor Samuel Dinsmoor; born May 8, 1799; grad- uated at Dartmouth College in 181 5 ; and was associated with General James Miller in the practice of law in Arkansas. In 1826 and 1827, and in 1829 and 1830, he was clerk of the Sen- ate ; for several years he was postmaster ; the cashier of Ash- uelot Bank, later its president ; in 1849, i^SO. ^i^tl 185 i gover- nor of New Hampshire. He died February 24, 1869. In 1850 the expenses of the legislative, executive, and judi- ciary departments of the State amounted to $36,142. 600 IlISTOKV OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [1S5O There were three trains daily each way between Concord and Boston, both by way of the Concord Railroad and of the Man- chester and Lawrence. Passengers taking the ten a. m. train from Concord arrived in Boston in time to take the four p. ^r. steamboat train for New York. By the Northern Railroad one could reach Montpelier and Wells River; by the Contoocook, Hillsborough ; by the Boston, Concord and Montreal, Lake Winnipiseogee, by way of Meredith Bridge. In the United States at that time there were seven thousand si.\ hundred and seventy-seven miles in operation. Nathaniel White and Benja- min P. Cheney had charge of the express business over most of the New Hampshire Railroads. John Gibson conducted the Eagle Coffee House, and John Gass the American House. A constitutional convention met in Concord early in Novem- ber, 1850. Of the two hundred and ninety members, one hun- dred and fifty-seven were farmers, twenty-nine lawyers, and thirty merchants. Franklin Pierce was chosen president, re- ceiving two hundred and fifty-seven votes out of tvi-o hundred and si.xty-four cast ; and Thomas J. Whipple was chosen secretary almost as unanimous!)-. Among the delegates were — Willi.Tm Plumei'. Jr. Joel Eastman. Gilman Marston. Cyrus Barton. Uri Lamprey. George Minot. Bradbury Bartlett. Jonatlian Eastman. Levi Woodbury, Henry Putney. Ichabod Bartlett. George W. Nesmith. Icbabod Goodwin. Jesse Gault, Jr. Thomas E. Sawyer. Asa P. Gate. Benning W. Jenness. Aaron Whittemore. James Bell. Andrew Wallace. N. G. Upham. Isaac Spaulding. L. W. Noyes. Charles G. Atherton. George W. Hammond. William Ilai'.e. Levi Chamberlain. Dyer H. Sanborn. Ira Whitcher. William P. Weeks. Edwin D. Sanborn. Hazen Bedel. The State was strongly Democratic at that time, the State Senate that year having only one in the opposition. After a session of about fifty days a new constitution was agreed upon 1852] ANTI-SLAVEKV AGITATION. 60I and submitted to the jieople ; but it found no favor witli tlie Whigs, and was rejected. The Democratic State convention met at Concord during the session of the legislature and nominated John Atwood, of New Boston, as their candidate for governor. From some injudicious statements of their candidate, he was repudiated by the party, led by the Cheshire Republican, Nezvport Argus, Dover GaactU, and Concord Patriot, and upon the reassembling of the conventio'. in 1851 he received only three of the two hundred and five votes cast. A serious bolt was the consequence, and Samuel Din.s moor, jr., the Democratic candidate, lacked several thousan;'' votes of a majority. In the nomination of 1S51 the Democratic party at lirst mad'=' choice of Luke \\'oodbury, of Antrim, for their standard beare: the following year, but he "was gathered to his fathers" la August. Dr. Noah Martin was elected governor in 1852. Dr. Martin was a descendant of the Scotch-Irish settlers of Londonderry He was born in Epsom in July, 1801, graduated at the Dar'c mouth Medical College in 1824, and the next year settled in Great Falls. In 1834 he settled in Dover. He was represer. tative in 1830, 1832, and 1837, and State senator in 1835 and 1836. He was re-elected governor in 1853. He died in Dover in June, 1880. He was a Democrat, well read on a great variety of subjects, proficient in law as well as medicine, and a states- man from his native good sense and judgment. ^The result of the fall elections of 1852 was that Franklin Pierce of New Hampshire was elected president, having carried twenty-seven States, choosing two hundred and fifty-four elec- tors ; General Scott, the Whig candidate, having carried only four States — Massachusetts, Vermont, Kentucky, and Teii- nessee, choosing forty-two electors. President Fr.inklia Pierce, son of Governor Benjamin Pierce, was born in Hillsborougli in November, 1S04; graduated from Bowdoin College in 1SJ4; studied law with Judge Woodbury and Judge Parker; was a zealous Demo- crat; elected to represent Hillsborough in 1S29; speaker of the House in 1S32 ai d 1S33 ; elected to Congress in 1S33, to ^^^ Senate in 1837, resigning in 1S42. ' W. D. Northend. 602 HISTOUY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. ['853 lie declined the position of attorney-general of the United States in 1S46. He volunteered in a Concord comjiany for the Mexican war; was appointed colonel of the yth Regiment United States army; brigadier-general in March, 1S47; was wounded at battle of Contreras in August; resigned in December at the close of the war. In 1S50 he was president of the convention for revising the constitution of the State. " The special feature of his inau- gural address was the support of slavery in the United States, and the an- nouncement of his determination that the Fugitive Slave Act should be strictly enforced. This was the keynote of his administration, and pregnant witli vital consequences to the country. From it came during his term the Ostend conference and ' manifesto,' the repeal of the Missouri compromise, and the troubles in Kansas and Nebraska, which crystallized the opposing- forces into the Republican party, and led later to the great Rebellion." ' He died in October, 1S69. - The countess of Rumford died in December, 1852, at the age of seventy- eight. The Roll'e-Rumford house occupies a very pleasant site but a few rods- from the Merrimack river, on a slight eminence that overlooks that stream. Her home, the Rolfe-Rumford house, was built in 1764 by Colonel Ben- jamin Rolfe. Colonel Rolfe was a great man in the colony in ante-Revolu- tionary days, the son of Henry Rolfe, one of the original grantees of Pena- cook. He was a man of scholarly attainments, having graduated at Harvard in 172S. Able, wealthy, and enterprising, he was a man of authority, holding' the highest offices of the settlement. He was the town clerk of Rumford for many years, and was the first one chosen to represent the town in the Gen- eral Assembly of New Hampshire. In 1745 he held the commission of colo- nel in the province under Governor Benning Wentworth, By inheritance and his own industry he acquired a large property, and was by far the \vealth- iest person in Concord. He lived according to his means, alter the fashion of the day. His large estate was worked by slaves and servants to the num- ber of a dozen. He purchased and owned the first chaise ever used in Con- cord, in 1767. It had, says Dr. Bouton, a standing canvas top, and probably cost about $60, which would be about equal to the sum of $240 in these days. This old-time magnate lived a bachelor until he was nearly sixty. At that age he lost his heart to Miss Sarah Walker, the oldest daughter of Rev. Tim- othy Walker, who was thirty years his junior. Miss Walker was beautiful and accomplished. The Rolfes at the " South End," and the Walkers at the ■'North End," with the Collins, Eastmans, Bradleys, and Stickneys between, were the aristocracy of old Rumford. They lived differently from the other people, usurped most of the offices, and controlled the business and social interests of the town. The marriage, therefore, of Colonel Rolfe and Miss Walker must have been one of the grand events of the colony. It occurred in the year 1769. That this union of May and December was otherwise than a happy one we have no reas jn for believing, but it was very short. In Dec- ember, 1771, Colonel Rolfe died, leaving his widow the wealthiest person in the settlement. ^ Encyclopitlia T^rilannica. - Fred Myron Colby. 1853] ANTI-SLAVERY AGITATION. 605 About this time there came to Concord, from Woburn. Mass., a young man by the name of Benjamin Thompson. Though a mere youtli in years, he was wondertully matured in mind. He was a good scholar, and developed hand- somely in personal appearance. He was engaged at once as the teacher of Rum ford Academy. Thompson was a philosopher by nature, and nothing could divert him from his philosophical researches and mechanical pursuits. Handy with tools and full of inventive genius, he spent his spare time in all sorts of ex- periments on subjects suggested by his reading. Naturally gay and fond of society, he entered into all the manly sports of the time while at Concord. He was the most expert skater and swimmer among the young men. At the social evening parties he was a favorite. With his experiments in chemistry and philosophy, his feats of swimming and skating upon the Merrimack and Horse-shoe Pond, his genial and engaging manners at all times and places, he lor a time was very popular among old and young at Rumford. At Mr. Walker's Thompson often met the young widow, Mrs. Rolfe. They married sometime before January, 1773, at Parson Walker's house, and the poor schoolmaster became the richest man in Rumford. Mr. and Mrs. Thompson inaugurated a style of living at the Rumford house that completely threw in the shade anything of the kind previously. While attending a military review at Dover, Thompson attracted the atten- tion of Governor Wentworth. The distinguished friendship of the royal governor won for Thompson the appointment of major in the nth regiment of the New Hampshire militia, •over the heads of all the old officers." This gained for him the enmity of all his superseded rivals, and of some others who envied him his good fortune. In the family mansion was born their daughter, Sarah, the afterward benevolent countess of Ramford, October iS, 1774. A few happy, prosper- ous months went by. Blest in his fiimily relations, honored for his position and his culture, the intimate friend of Wentworth, of Wheelock, the president of Dartmouth College, of Parson Walker, and other eminent and learned men. Benjamin Thompson seemed riding on the highest wave of prosperity and happiness. Upon this brilliant day burst the storm of the Revolution. Benjamin Thompson was as yet but twenty-two years of age. His sudden rise, his unvarying prosperity, and, more than all, the governor's fiivor, had made him enemies, and a grand combination was made to crush him. Though inclined to the patriot cause, he was denounced as a Tory. Even the influence of the Walkers, who were ardent patriots, and known as such, could not save him. Fearing violence from a mob of village patriots, if he remained, young Thompson fled from his home in the night. The jealous officers con- tinued to malign him, and the rumors spread through the American anny. Suspected without cause, and wishing to obtain a commission in the patriot army, he demanded an inquiry. It resulted in a drawn verdict. After vainly trying to live down the ill odor by zealous army work on the American side, and finding himself still in danger from suspicion and hostility, he gave up' the patriot cause in disgust, and fled to the British in Boston. 604 HISTOKV OF NEW HAMPSHIKE. ['854 Going to England at the close of the Revolution, he obtained service under the elector of Bavaria, and upon his departure was knighted, by which he became Sir Benjamin Thompson. In the public garden of Bavaria his statue stands, of heroic size, as the patron genius of the place. The elector also honored him by conferring upon him several of the highest offices in the empire. He was a member of the Council of State; major-general; knight of Poland; commander-in-chief of the army; minister of war; chief of the regency in the elector's absence; and count of the Holy Roman Empire. To this latter title he added Rumford, in honor of his old home in America. He left Bavaria only as minister plenipotentiary and envoy extraordinary to the court of St. James, with a pension for life. Count Rumford had never ceased his interest in philosophical investigations, and while in England engaged in experiments whose fruits came home to every man's kitchen and fireside. Lady Sarah Thompson, his wife, died in 1792. Mrs. Thompson's son by her first marriage, Paul Rolfe, by inheritance became the owner of the house and estate in Concord, and died in July, 1S19, and his half sister became his heiress. She saw life as few saw it. She was a queen of society. She was never married. Tired of courts and their flatteries, after her return to Amer- ica, in 1S45, she spent the remainder of her life in a quiet circle of society, aloof from the stir of city life, with an adopted daughter for her companion. Governor Nathaniel B. Baker, the son of Lieutenant Abel Baker, of Concord, was born in Henniker, Sept. 29, 1819. He graduated at Harvard College in the class of 1839; read law with Messrs. Pierce and Fowler ; and, from 1841 to 1845, ^^^s one of the proprietors and editors of the New Hainpshire Pat- riot. In 1841 he was quartermaster of the Eleventh regiment; was appointed adjutant of the same in 1842, and held the office the following year. In 1844 and 1845 ^^ was aide to Governor Steele, with rank of colonel. In 1846 he was appointed clerk of the Court of Common Pleas, and of the Superior Court for the county of Merrimack. He was representative from Concord, and speaker of the House of Representatives, in 1850 and 1851, and elector of president and vice-president in 1852. In 1854 he was elected governor of New Hampshire, and served as chief magistrate one year. Subsequently he took up his residence in Clinton, Iowa, having an appointment as attorney for the railroad in that vicinity. At the commencement of the war he was appointed adjutant-general of Iowa, and held that office, having performed its duties during the trials of the Rebellion with his usual promptness and energy, until the close of the war.^ ' AdjuLlnt-generars Report. iSSS] AXTI-SLAVERV AGITATION. 605 In 1852 the Democratic party seemed strongly intrenched in power in New Hampshire, and were arrogant and overbearing. The Know-Nothing movement was introduced to break their solid front : and well it succeeded. At the spring election in 1855 Ralph Metcalf was elected governor by the Know-Nothing party. Governor Metcalf was born in Charlestown in November, 1798, passed his youth on the farm of his father, who was a veteran of the Revolution, gradu- ated at Dartmouth College in 1823, read law, and settled in New- port and later in Claremont. In 1831 he was elected secretary of state, moved to Concord, and held the office until 1838- He declined the office of attorney-general while he was secretary, and during a temporary residence in Washington refused the place of editor of one of the leading journals of that city. In 1S45 he was living at Newport, when he was appointed register of Probate for the county of Sullivan. He was a representative in 1852 and in 1853, the latter year serving on the committee for codifying the laws. He was re-elected in 1856. He died at Claremont in August, 1S58. Governor Metcalf was a great lover of romance, read and reread the standard authors, and wielded a ready and humorous pen. He was fond of social life, and contributed freely to its promotion. ^ In 1855 the legislature was called upon to elect two United States senators. For the first time in a quarter of a century, with a single exception, the Democratic party was in a minority. The opposition was composed of the Whig party, then on the point of dissolving, the American party, commonly known as the " Know-Nothing " party, and the Free-Soil party. These elements, a year later, were fused in the Republican party. By common consent Hon. John P. Hale was nominated for the short term, and the contest for the long term was between Mr. • Clark and the Hon. James Bell. In the senatorial caucus the latter was nominated and subsequently elected by the legisla- ture. The contest, although warm, was a friendly one, so that when, two years later, in 1857, the legislature was called to fill the vacancy in the office occasioned by the death of Senator •Judge 1 W. Smith. 6o6 HISTORY OK NEW HAMPSHIRE. [l8S'> Bell, in obedience to the common wishes of their constituents the Republican members nominated and the legislature elected Mr. Clark. Upon the expiration of his term he was re-elected in i860 with little opposition. The ten years spent by Senator Clark in Congress constituted the most eventful period in the history of the Republic. Me witnessed the rise, progress, and overthrow of the Rebellion. He was a firm supporter of the various war measures adopted for the suppression of the Rebel- lion, and had the confidence of President Lincoln and Secretary Stanton. He failed of a re-election in 1866, as his colleague. Senator Hale, had done two years before, not from any lack of ap- preciation of the invaluable services they had rendered the coun- try, nor of the honor they had conferred upon the State by their course in Congress, but because the rule of rotation in office had become so thoroughly ingrafted into the practice of the Republi- can party in the State that a departure from it was not deemed wise, even in the persons of these eminent statesmen. In the summer of i866 a vacancy occurred in the office of district judge of the United States District Court for the district of New Hampshire, and Sena- tor Clark was nominated for the position by President Johnson, and unani- mously confirmed liy tlie Senate. He tliereupon resigned liis seat in tl'.e Senate and entered upon the discharge of his judicial duties. The wisdom of his selection has been justified by his career upon the bench. Tlie office of district judge does not afford such opportunity for public distinction as the bench of some other courts, the jurisdiction of the court being principally limited to cases arising under the constitution and laws of the United States. New Hampshire, from its size, location, and business relations, furnishes only a small amount of business for the federal courts, and not much of that generally of public interest. In addition to holding his own court, Judge Clark has frequently been called to hold the federal courts in other States in the first circuit. He has brought to the discharge of his judicial duties the same learning, industry, and interest that characterized his labors at the bar and in the Senate. His decisions have commended themselves to the profes- sion for their soundness and fairness. Daniel Clark was born in Stratham, October 24, 1809, and graduated at Dartmouth College in 1834. St. Paul's school, at Concord, was opened in April, 1856, for the admission of pupils, having been incorporated the previous year. Under the direction of Rev. Dr. Henry A. Coit, the school has 1857] ANTI-SLAVERY AGITATION. 607 increased from five pupils in 1856 to three hundred pupils iit 1888. The school is located on a domain of six hundred acres pleasantly situated in the valley of Turkey river, two miles west of the State House. The buildings erected from time to time to meet the wants of the growing school are architecturally pleasing to the eye and are charmingly grouped. The chapel, not complete in 1888, cost over $100,000, and is said to be the finest of its class in the United States. The founder of the school, a Boston physician, was desirous of endowing a school of the highest class, for boys, "in which they may obtain an education which shall fit them for college or business, including thorough intellectual training in the various branches of learning ; gymnas- tic and manly exercises adapted to preserve health and strengthen the physical condition ; such aesthetic culture and accomplish- ments as shall tend to refine the manners and elevate the taste; together with careful moral and religious instruction." The full course of instruction is designed to cover seven years and to prepare for admission to the freshman or sophomore class in any American college. The school gathers most of its pupils from other States ; and its high success has won honor for the Episcopal Church which it represents. Adjoining the grounds of St. Paul's school, and intimately connected with it, is the Diocesan Orphans' Home, the first refuge of the kind opened in the State, and always full of chil- dren. In 1S57, William Haile of Hinsdale was elected governor of the State. Governor Haile was the standard bearer of the newly or- ganized Republican party, whose first national campaign had been led by John C. Fremont. The party drew to itself Whigs, Free-Soil Democrats, Abolitionists, and all those in opposition to the Democratic party. Governor Haile was born in Putney, Vermont, in 1807, passed his boyhood and early manhood in Chesterfield, and in 1834 embarked in business in a country store in Hinsdale, with small capital but good credit. In 1847 he undertook manufac- 6o8 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [1859 turing, and was as successful as he had been in trade. His honesty and untiring devotion to business insured success. He took an active and prominent part in church affairs, and belonged to a number of benevolent societies. Though extensively en- gaged in business he took a prominent part in political affairs. With the exception of two years he represented Hinsdale in the legislature from 1846 to 1854. In 1854 and 1855 he was a mem- ber of the Senate, being chosen president of that body the latter year, and was elected as representative in 1856. He was the first successful standard bearer of the Republican party for the office of governor. He was re-elected in the year 1858. In 1873 he removed to Keene, built a fine residence, and took an active part in business till his death in July, 1876. The panic of 1857 came upon the country with crushing and disastrous effect. Every interest was' prostrated ; and the president was compelled in his message to Congress to portray the disastrous condition of the country in strong colors. Mr. Buchanan said : — With unsurpassed plenty in all the elements of national wealth, our manu- facturers have suspended, our public works are retarded, our private enter- prises of different kinds are abandoned, and thousands of useful laborers are thrown out of employment and reduced to want. Following the panic of 1857 there were four years of "hard times." Money was scarce, specie payment was maintained by the banks with great difficulty, as the gold from the California mines had largely been shipped to Europe to pay adverse bal- ances, and new enterprises were few in number and unprofitable in result.^ Ichabod Goodwin was chosen the governor of New Hamp- shire, as the Republican candidate, in the year 1859, and was re-elected by the same party in the following year, his second term of office having expired June 5, 1861. Born at the close of the last century in North Berwick, Maine, he was a ship- master for a number of years; settled in Portsmouth, in 1832, and established himself as a merchant. He served in the legis- ' James G. Blaine. i l86o] ANTI-SLAVEKV AGITATION. 609 lature of New Hampshire as a member of the Whig party for a number of years. He was also a delegate at large from the State to the conventions at which Clay, Taylor, and Scott were nominated by the Whigs for the presidency, and was a vice- president at the two first-named conventions; and he twice served in the constitutional conventions of New Hampshire. He was the candidate of the Whigs for Congress at several elections before the State was divided into Congressional districts. New Hampshire was in those days one of the most powerful strong- holds of the Democratic party in the country. During his administration the war of the Rebellion was com- menced. The military spirit of the people of New Hampshire had become dormant, and the militia system of the State had fallen pretty much to decay, long before the first election of Mr. Goodwin to the ofifice of governor. A slight revival of that spirit, perhaps, is marked by the organization in his honor, in January, i860, of "The Governor's Horse Guards," a regiment of cavalry in brilliant uniform, designed to do escort duty to the governor, as well as by a field muster of several voluntary organ- izations of troops which went into camp at Nashua in the same year. But when the call of President Lincoln for troops was made in the spring of 1861, the very foundation of a military system required to be established. The nucleus itself required to be formed. The legislature was not in session and would not convene, except under a special call, until the following June. There were no funds in the treasury which could be devoted to the expense of the organization and equipment of troops, as all the available funds were needed to meet the ordinary State ex- penditures. The great confidence of the people of New Hamp- shire in the wisdom and integrity of Mr. Gocdwin found in this emergency full expression. Without requiring time to convene the legislature so as to obtain the security of the State for the loan, the banking institutions and citizens of the State tendered him the sum of §680,000 for the purpose of enabling him to raise and equip for the field New Hampshire's quota of troops. This offer he gladly accepted ; and averting delay in the proceed- ings by refraining from convening the legislature, he, upon his 6io HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [i860 own responsibility, proceeded to organize and equip troops for the field ; and in less than two months he had dispatched to the army, near Washington, two well-equipped and well-officered regiments. Of this sum of $680,000 only' about $100,000 was expended. On the assembling of the legislature that body unanimously passed the " Enabling Act," under which all his proceedings as governor were ratified, and the State made to assume the responsibility. VIEW NEAR MEREDITH VILLAGE. CHAPTER XIX. WAR OF THE REBELLION, 1861-1865.1 Election of Abraham Lincoln — Seceding States — Firing on Sumter — First Regiment — Mason W. Tappan — Old Militia — Governor's Horse Guards — Thomas L. Tullock — Second Regi.ment — Gilman Marston — J. N. Patterson — Nathaniel S. Berry — Third Reg- iment — Enoch Q^ Fellows — John H. Jackson — John Bedel — Fourth Regiment — Thomas J. Whipple — Louis Bell — Fifth Reg- iment — Edw.vrd E. Cross — Charles E. Hapgood — Edward E. Sturtevant — Sixth Regiment — Simon G. Griffin — Henry H. Pearson — Seventh, Eighth, Ninth, Tenth, Eleventh, Twelfth, Thirteenth, Fourteenth, Fifteenth, Sixteenth, and Seventeenth Regiments — Colonel Henry O. Kent — Joseph A. Gilmore — Eigh- teenth Regiment — Cavalry, Artillery, and Sharpshooters — Summary of Number of Volunteers — E. H. Durell — George Ham- ilton Perkins. TN the fall election of i860 the Republican party was success- ful. Abraham Lincoln, of Illinois, received one hundred and eighty electoral votes for president ; John C. Breckinridge, seventy-two ; John Bell, thirty-nine ; Stephen A. Douglas, twelve; — and Abraham Lincoln, the Republican candidate, pledged to resist the extension of slavery into the Territories, when the votes were counted in the United States Senate, was declared elected president of the United States. December 20, i860, the State of South Carolina, through a popular convention, passed an ordinance of secession from the Union In January, 1861, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, and North Carolina followed, and adopted similar acts of secession. Abraham Lincoln was inaugurated March 4, 1861, and imme- diately called to his cabinet William H. Seward, as secretary of state; Salmon P. Chase, as secretary of the Treasury; Simon ' The facts in this chapter are largely derived from tlie Adjutant-General's Reports. 6l2 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [ 1 86 1 Cameron, as secretary of war ; and Gideon Wells, as secretary of the navy. Early in February forty-two delegates, representing the seven seceded States, had assembled at Montgomery, Alabama, and organized a Southern Confederacy. Jefferson Davis was elected president, and Alexander H. Stevens, vice-president, of the new government. April 12, 1861, the Confederate forces opened fire on Fort Sumter, in Charleston Harbor, which was held by a small garrison of loyal men, under command of Major Robert Anderson. The news of the attack was flashed over the wires north and west. The whole American people were roused as never before. The president immediately issued a proclamation calling for seventy- five thousand volunteers. The secretary of war made a requisi- tion on the State of New Hampshire for one regiment of infan- try for three months' service. Governor Goodwin directed Adjutant-general Joseph C. Abbott to issue the necessary orders calling for the required number of volunteers ; and in less than ten days a thousand eager recruits were assembled at Concord. Mason W. Tappan was com- missioned colonel, Thomas J. Whipple, lieutenant-colonel, and Aaron F. Stevens, major. After a month of drill on the fair grounds, about a mile east of the State House, the First regiment embarked May 25, 1861, and proceeded to Washington. Active hostilities were opened between the opposing forces of the North and South at the battle of Bull Run, July 21 ; a battle which was destined to open the greatest struggle of modern times, if not the greatest in the history of the world. The First formed a part of the Union line, but was many miles away from the active operations of that eventful day. The regiment was mustered out August 9, 1861. Connected with the First regiment were Adjutant Enoch Q. Fellows, Quartermaster Richard N. Batchelder, Surgeon Alpheus B. Crosby, Captain Louis Bell, Captain Ira McL. Barton, Cap- tain Edward E. Sturtevant, Lieutenant Henry W. Fuller, Ser- geant-major George Y. Sawyer, Sergeant Daniel B. Newhall, and many others who afterward won honor in the service. l86l] WAR OF THE REGELLION. 613 Colonel Mason W. Tappan, who led the First regiment of New Hampshire volunteers to the field of battle to help the president maintain the integrity of the Union and resist the attacks of those rebelling against the government, was a native of Newport, and a resident of Bradford. He was born October 20, 1817; studied law with Hon. George W. Nesmith ; was in the legisla- ture in 1853, 1S54, and 1855, and was elected a member of Con- gress the latter year. He served in all six years, and was a fear- less defender of Union principles. After his return with the First, he was appointed colonel of the Fourth and of the Six- teenth regiments, but decided to let younger men take the com- mand. He was appointed attorney-general in 1876, and served until his death, October 25, 18S6. He was an able lawyer and an eloquent public speaker. At the breaking out of the war, Ichabod Goodwin was gov- ernor of the State ; Moody Currier was a member of the Council, Thomas L. Tullock was secretary of state, Allen Tenney was deputy secretary, Peter Sanborn was State treasurer, and Asa McFarland was State printer ; Daniel Clark and John P. Hale were United States senators ; and Gil man Marston, Mason W. Tappan, and Thomas M. Edwards, members of Congress. The militia consisted of 34,569 men, divided into three divi- sions, six brigades, and one regiment. The only really effective military organizations at the time were the Amoskeag Veterans and the Governor's Horse Guards. Of the latter, George Stark was colonel, A. Herbert Bellows, lieutenant-colonel, Henry O. Kent, major, Thomas J. Whipple, adjutant. Chandler E. Potter, judge advocate, Joseph Wentworth, quartermaster, Charles P. Gage, surgeon, J. C. Eastman, assistant surgeon, Henry E. Par- ker, assistant chaplain, Frank S. Fiske, sergeant-major, Charles A. Tufts, quartermaster-sergeant, Natt Head, chief bugler, Stebbins H. Dumas, commissary. True Garland, standard bearer. John H. George and Cyrus Eastman were captains ; and Edward H. Rollins, Benjamin Grover, Bainbridge Wadleigh, and Micajah C. Burleigh, were lieutenants. The secretary of state, Thomas L. Tullock, was a native of Portsmouth. He was very efficient in aiding Governor Goodwin 6l4 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [186I in arming and equipping the first troops sent from the State to suppress the Rebellion. At the expiration of his term of office he was appointed navy agent at Portsmouth. At the navy yard several thousand workmen were employed, and an immense amount of material was jsurchased for the construction of ships of war. Among the number launched at the yard during the war, or while Mr. Tullock was agent, were the Kearsarge, Franklin, Ossipee, Sacramento, Sebago, Mahoska, Sonoma, Conemaugh, Pavvtucket, Nipsic, Shawmut, Sassacus, and Agamenticus. Mr. Tullock was instrumental in forming the nucleus of the very perfect collection of portraits of governors and statesmen which adorn the State House. He was afterwards postmaster of the city of Washington. He was a student of historical subjects and a graceful writer on historical and antiquarian themes. Thomas Logan Tullock, son of Captain William and Mary (Neal) Tullock, was born in Portsmouth, February 11, 1S20. He received his education at the Portsmouth High School, and in early youth embarked in commercial pursuits. In 1S49 he was appointed postmaster of Portsmouth, and held the office four years. In 1S5S he was elected by the legislature secretary of state, and held the office until June, 1S61, when he was appointed navy agent. He resigned the latter office in August, 1S65, and accepted the office of secretary of the Union Republican Congressional Committee, with headquarters at Washington. Upon the election o£ General Grant, Mr. Tullock was appointed chief of the appointment division of the Treasury department, and later collector of internal revenue for the District of Columbia. He held the office until 1876. The next year he was appointed assistant postmaster of Washing- ton. In 1SS2 he was appointed postmaster of Washington. He died June 20, 1883. Mr. Tullock was twice married; first, August 29, 1S44, to Emily Estell Rogers; second, January 10, 1S66, to Miranda Barney Swain, a native of New Hampshire, " whose devotion to our wounded soldiers during the war of the Rebellion is gratefully remembered throughout the State." Of his children by his first wife, Thomas L. Tullock, jr., paymaster U. S. Navy, was lost on the steamer Oneida, in Yokohama, Japan, January 24, 1870; and Seymour M. Tullock settled in Washington. By his second marriage he left one son, Henry Vanderbilt Tullock. Mr. Tullock was an active member of the Methodist church, and was a Mason of high degree. Upon the first call for troops so many volunteers assembled that a camp was established at Portsmouth, and enough enlisted to form another regiment. The call came for three hundred J^y-o^J^i^.^-^- lS6l] WAR OF THE KEUELLIUN. 615 thousand troops to serve three years ; and most of the men re- enlisted. Colonel Thomas P. Pierce, a veteran of the Mexican war, resigned ; and the Second regiment was organized, with Hon. Oilman Marston as colonel ; Frank S. Fiske, of Keene, as lieutenant-colonel ; and Josiah Stevens, Jr., of Concord, as major. The regiment left Portsmouth for the seat of war June 20, 1 86 1. A month later, July 2i, they took pa/t in the battle of Bull Run. Early in the fight, Colonel Marston was severely wounded, but having had his wound dressed, came again upon the field to lead his men. The Second behaved like a veteran regiment, but shared in the panic which seized the Northern army. The loss of the regiment was seven killed, fifty-six wounded, and forty-six prisoners. While in winter quarters the commander of the brigade had noticed the guard-house of the Second, and considered it altogether too comfortable quarters for the prisoners confined there. Accordingly he ordered Col- onel Marston to build a dungeon, without so much as a crack or an opening anywhere, so that it should be perfectly dark. The dungeon was built, and one day General Neaglee went over to inspect it. " Where is the entrance," said he ; " and how do you get any- body into it ? " " Oh ! " said Colonel Marston ; " that's not my lookout. I obeyed orders to the letter ! How do you like it .' " In April, 1862, the Second joined the main army of the Poto- mac at Yorktown, and took part in the siege, and in the attack on Fort Magruder during the advance on Williamsburg. The regiment lost in the battle eighteen killed, sixty-six wounded, and twenty-three missing. Captain Leonard Drown was killed. Capt:iiii Evarts W. Farr lost an arm, and Captain Edward L. Baiicy and Lieutenant Samuel O. Burnham were wounded. At the battle of Fair Oaks, one company of the Second lost twenty- two killed and wounded out of forty-two taken into the fight. The Second took part in the Seven Days' Fight and in the retreat to the James River, and in nearly all the actions of the famous Peninsular Campaign. Having joined Pope's army, the Second formed a part of the 6l6 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [1861 Union army at the second battle of Bull Run in August, 1862, and lost sixteen killed, eighty-seven wounded, and twenty-nine missing, out of three humlred and thirty-two men engaged. In the spring of 1863 the regiment returned on a furlough to Concord. Colonel Marston was appointed brigadier-general, and Edward L. Bailey, colonel of the Second. In May they returned to the front, having received into their ranks the recruits of the Seventeenth, and took part in the battle of Gettysburg, fighting in the Peach Orchard. Of the twenty-four officers and three hundred and thirty men taken into the fight, nineteen had been shot dead, one hundred and thirty-six were wounded, and thirty- eight were missing, dead or wounded on the field or prisoners in the hands of the enemy — -three-fifths of the whole number engaged. Early in August, 1863, the Second, in a brigade commanded by General Marston, were stationed at Point Lookout to guard a depot for prisoners of war, and remained at that post until the spring of 1864. In the latter part of April the regiment joined the army of the Potomac, and took part in the battle of Cold Harbor, losing seventy in killed and wounded. This was the last battle of the original Second, the men who had not re-enlisted soon after de- parting for New Hampshire, where they were mustered out June 21, 1864. There remained two hundred and fifty men, veterans and recruits, under command of Captain J. N. Patterson. In the army of the James and in the army of the Potomac for the next year, the Second did good service in battle and siege, and were mustered out in November, 1865. To the Second belonged Corporal Thomas E. Barker, after- ward colonel of the Twelfth ; Adjutant S. G. Langley, lieuten- ant-colonel of the Fourth ; Captain T. A. Barker, lieutenant- colonel of the Fourteenth ; Lieutenant H. B. Titus, colonel of thfe Ninth ; Captain S. G. Griffin, brevet major-general; Lieuten- ant A. B. Thompson, captain U. S. army and secretary of state ; Lieutenant W. H. Prescott ; Captain W. O. Sides, the first volunteer of New Hampshire ; Private Orrin N. Head, ad- jutant of the Eighth ; Sergeant Welcome A. Crafts, colonel of l86l] WAR OF THE REBELLION. 61/ the Fifth ; Private Martin A. Hayncs, member of Congress ; Chaplain Henrv E. Parker, professor at Dartmouth College. Miss Harriet P. Dame attended the regiment as a voluntary hospital nurse. General Oilman Marston was very popular as commander of the Second, and as brigade commander. He descended from Thomas Marston, one of the first settlers of Hampton, and was born in Orford, August 20, 181 1. He graduated at Dartmouth College in 1837, and four years later, having been admitted to the bar, he settled in E.xeter. He was frequently elected to the legislature, and in 1859 he was elected a member of Congress. He was re-elected in 1861, and again in 1865. After the war he was frequently elected to the legislature, and " is one of the ablest and most distinguished lawyers of the New Hampshire bar."i Joab N. Patterson, a graduate of Dartmouth College, in i860, was appointed colonel of the Second, and brevet brigadier-gen- eral for " bravery in battle, and general good conduct throughout the war." He was never absent from march, drill, or skirmish. After the war he was for many years United States marshal, and made his home in Concord. He was born in Hopkinton, January 20, 1835. Nathaniel S. Berry, of Hebron, was elected governor in March, 1861, and was inaugurated the following June. He became chief magistrate at the most trying time in the history of the State. In all he did he was influenced by pure and patriotic motives ; his official acts were characterized with care and pru- dence, and liis State papers were brief, clear, and wise. He was re-elected in 1862, and when he retired from ofifice in June, 1863, he carried with him the respect and good wishes of all. During his administration all the regiments except the First were sent to the front. N.ithaniel S. Berry was born in Bath, Maine, September i, 1796; was brought in childhood to Lisbon, learned the tanner's trade, and settled in Bristol. He was a representative in 1S2S, 1S33, 1S34, 1S37, and 1S54: a State senator in 1S35 and 1S36; judge of the Court of Common Pleas in 1S41 ; judge of Probate in 1S56. In 1S40 he settled in Hebron. ^ Marston Genealogy*. 6l8 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [lS6l The Third reghnent was recruited throughout the State, and was organized at Concord early in August, 1861, and mus- tered into the service the last part of the month. So many volunteers offered that there was a surplus of two hundred, who formed the nucleus of the Fourth. Enoch Q. Fellows, of Sand- wich, was commissioned colonel, John H. Jackson, lieutenant- colonel, and John Bedel, major. The colonel was a graduate of West Point, class of 1844, and a native of Sandwich, where he was born June 20, 1825. At the outbreak of the Rebellion he was a brigadier-general of the State militia. He commanded the Third for about a year. He was afterwards colonel of the Ninth, and led that regiment into the battle of Antietam. On account of poor health he was soon after obliged to resign. He is said to have been "one of the most capable ofificers in the army from New Hampshire " during the war. He was faithful and attentive to duty, and cool and skilful in action.. He was in the legislature in 1868 and 1869. Colonel John H. Jackson was a native of Portsmouth, born October 20, 18 14. Served through the Mexican war with honor, and was in command of the Third for two years. John Bedel, of Bath, was also a veteran of the Mexican war, a son of Gen- eral Moody Bedel, of the war of 1812, and grandson of General Timothy Bedel, of the Revolutionary army. He was born July 8, 1822, in Indian Stream Territory; was admitted to the bar; was in the legislature in 1868 and 1869, and Democratic candi- date for governor in 1869 and 1870. He died February 26, 1875. The Third left the State early in September, 1861, and took part in the expedition against Port Royal, on the coast of South Carolina. At Hilton Head Island they did garrison duty through the winter. In June, 1862, the regiment was sent to James Island, and on the i6th, at Secessionville, received its first bap- tism in blood. It had previously lost about a fifth of its number by sickness. The regiment went into the fight with twenty-si.x officers and five hundred and ninety-seven men, of whom one hundred and four were killed and wounded. In October the Third took part in the battle of Pocataligo. In the summer of 1863 the Third formed a part of the investing force about l86l] WAR OF THE REBELLION. 619 Charleston. At the battle of Alorris Island its loss was nine killed and thirty-one wounded ; in the assault on Fort Wagner the regiment lost fifty-five killed, wounded, and missing, Lieu- tenant Colonel John Bedel among the number. For the next six months the Third was occupying trenches on Morris Island, losing thirty-two killed and wounded. In April, 1864, the Third was engaged in an expedition to Florida, and late in the nmnth joined the army of the James. The next year was one of con- stant battle, skirmish, or march. The regiment was in the battle of Drury's Bluff, the capture of Fort Fisher, the siege of Petersburg, and at taking of Wilmington, N. C. The regiment was mustered out July 20, 1865. To the Third belonged Lieutenant-colonel Josiah I. Plimpton, killed at Deep Run, Va. ; Lieutenant-colonel James F. Randlett. Adjutant Elbridge J. Copp, Surgeon Albert A. Moulton, Captaii, Michael T. Donohoe, Captain Richard Ela, killed at Drury'.-' Bluff, and Perry Kittredge, D. A. Brown, J. A. Dadmun, S. F Brown, George L. Lovejoy, Nathan W. Gove, John C. Linehan^ and John W. Odlin, of Concord. The Fourth regiment was organized at Manchester, and mus- tered into the service September 18, 1861, and a few days later left the State for Washington. Thomas J. Wliipple, of Laconia was commissioned colonel ; Louis Bell, of P'armington, lieu, tenant-colonel ; and Jeremiah D. Drew, of Salem, major. The regiment took part in the expedition against Port Royal, and occupied Hilton Head Island. During the winter the Fourth went to Florida. Colonel Whipple resigned in March, 1862. During the summer of 1862 a part of the Fourth occupied St. Augustine, and put Fort Marion in good repair. They were relieved by the Seventh, in September, and joined the rest of the regiment at Beaufort, in season to take part in the battle of Pocotaligo, losing three killed and twenty-five wounded. The regiment wintered at Beaufort. In the spring of 1863, the Fourth took part in the unsuccessful attack on Charleston, and in the siege of Fort Wagner, which lasted through the summer. In January, 1864, the Fourth was ordered to Beaufort, and the next month to Jacksonville, Florida, thence back to Beaufort. 620 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [1861 The re-enlisted veterans, to the number of three hundred and eighty-eight, received a furlough of thirty days to revisit New Hampshire under Colonel Bell ; and at the expiration of their leave in April they were joined to the army of the James. Then followed months of severe fighting to crush the Rebellion. At one time only one captain was left for duty in the Fourth, and the brigade was in command of a captain. In the attack on Fort Gilman only forty men could be mustered for the fight. In the successful attack on Fort Fisher Colonel Bell fell mor- tally wounded while leading a brigade ; but the fortress, defended by a superior force of the enemy, was captured. Then came the occupation of Wilmington. The I'^ourth was mustered out and arrived home August 27, 1865. To the Fourth regiment belonged Colonel William Badger, Quartermaster William K. Norton, Lieutenant Henry A. Mann, and Captain Frederick A. Kendall. Colonel Thomas J. Whipple was born in Wentworth, January 30, 1S16; was educated at New Hampton and at Norwich University, read law, and was admitted to the bar in 1S40. He served in the Mexican war as adjutant of Colonel Franklin Pierce's regiment, and was taken prisoner at Vera Cruz. After resigning from the Fourth he was chosen colonel of the Twelfth. He was a member of the constitutional convention of 1S76, and has built up a large law practice. He is an able lawyer and a powerful advocate. General Louis Bell, son of Governor Samuel Bell, was born March S, 1837, graduated at Brown University in 1855, was admitted to the bar in 1857, and settled in Farmington. He was breveted brigadier-general, January 15, 1S65, the day he was mortally wounded. The Fifth regiment was mustered into service in October, 1861, and left Concord the last of the month for the seat of war, under command of Colonel Edward E. Cross, of Lancaster, Lieu- tenant-colonel Samuel G. Langley, of Manchester, and Major William W. Cook, of Derry. Dr. Luther M. Knight, of Franklin, was surgeon, and Rev. Elijah R. Wilkins, chaplain. In April, 1862, the regiment took part in the siege of Yorktown and the advance on Williamsburg ; and early in June fought at Fair Oaks. In the last battle the Fifth lost one hundred and eighty- six killed and wounded. Colonel Cross and Major Cook among the latter. Then followed the Seven Days' Battle in the retreat l86l] WAR OF THE REBELLION. 62 1 to Harrison's Landing', in which the Fifth lost over one hundred officers and men. By the middle of August the regiment num- bered only three hundred and fifty fit for duty. At Antietara, ■of the three hundred and nineteen officers and men who entered the fight, one hundred and eight were killed and wounded. On that day it won the title of the " Fighting Fifth." During its first year of service the Fifth lost three hundred and thirty- five in killed and wounded, besides si.'ity-nine who died of tlisease. In December, 1862, the Fifth was in Hancock's tlivision which charged the enemy at Marye's Heights, opposite Fredericksburg, where Major Sturtevant was mortally wounded. The regiment lost in the charge one hundred and eighty-si.x •officers and men, — victims of a blunder. In May, 1863, the Fifth took part in the battle of Chancellors- ville, losing forty ofificers and men ; and in July was engaged in the battle of Gettysburg, where Colonel Cro.ss, leading a brigade, was mortally wounded. In the three days' battle the Fifth lost four officers and eighty-two men killed and wounded, out of one hundred and si.xty-five men who went into the fight. Near the last of July, 1S63, the regiment returned to Concord to recruit its shattered ranks. During a stay of nearly three months the Fifth was recr-uited to the minimum strength; and Charles E. Hapgood, of Amherst, was commissioned colo- nel, Richard E. Cross, of Lancaster, lieutenant-colonel, and James E. Larkin, of Concord, major. Early in November the regiment started for the front, and was brigaded with the Sec- ond and the Twelfth at Point Lookout, under command of Gen- eral Marston. In May, 1864, the Fifth joined the army of the Potomac in its grand campaign from the Rapidan to the James under Grant, and fought at the battle of Cold Harbor, losing two hundred and two ofificers and men killed and wounded. In the attack on Petersburg, June 16, the Fifth lost thirty ofificers and men killed and wounded, Colonel Hapgood among the latter. The command of the regiment devolved on Major Larkin. June 17 the regiment lost twenty-nine killed and wounded ; June 18, seven men. The regiment was in action at Deep Run. At Reams Station the Fifth lost thirty-three of its 622 mSTOKY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [1861 number. For months during the summer and fall of 1864 the regiment lay in the trenches before Petersburg and took part in the closing struggle of the Rebellion. The original Fifth was mustered out of service October 12, 1864; the re-enlisted veterans were under command of Major, and later Lieutenant- colonel, Welcome A. Crafts. The regiment marched in the grand review at Washington, and was mustered out of the service of the United States July 8, 1865. To the Fifth belonged Major Thomas L. Livermore, Colonel .of the Eighteenth ; Lieutenant George W. Ballock ; Ira. McL. Barton, Charles H. Long, and Isaac W. Hammond. The Fifth lost more in killed and wountlcd than any other regiment in the Union army. Colonel Edward E. Cross w.is born at Lancaster, April 22, 1S32, received a common-school education, and learned the printer's trade. He became a news- paper correspondent and made many journeys into the Indian country, lead- ing a life of adventure and peril. At the breaking out of the war he was in command of a military force in Mexico. He was a man of cool courage, fearless of danger. Colonel Charles E. Hapgood was born in Shrewsbury, Mass., Dec. 11, 1S30. In 1S5S he was in trade in Amherst. After the war he went into business in Boston. Major Edward E. Sturtevant was born in Keene, August 7, 1826, was a printer by trade, and settled at Concord, and was on the police force at the breaking out of the war. The Si.\th regiment was organized at Keene, and mustered into the service the last of November, 1861. Nelson Converse, of Marlborough, was ajspointed colonel, Simon G. Grififin, of Keene, lieutenant-colonel, and Charles Scott, of Peterborough, major. O. G. Dort was a captain ; Alonzo Nute, of Farming- ton, was quartermaster; Thomas P. Cheney, of Holderness, a lieutenant. The regiment left the State about Christmas time, and joined General Burnside's expedition into North Carolina. It was engaged in the battle of Camden, in April, 1862, led by Colonel Griffin; Colonel Converse having resigned in March, antl Capt. O. G. Dort having been appointed major to fill vacancy caused by promotion. In August the Si.xth joined the army of General Pope at Culpeper Court House, and took part in the disastrous campaign which followed. At the second battle of Bull Run, August 29, 1862, the regiment lost thirty-two killed. lS6l] WAR OF THE REBELLION. 62 J one hundred and ten wounded, and sixty-eight missing, or nearly one half the number engaged. Nearly all the missing were killed or wounded, and the woundeil were all captured. Of twenty oflficers, five were killed, si.v wounded, and two captured. The shattered Si.xth took part in the battle of Chantilly and in the battle of Antietam. In December the Sixth was in the fight at Fredericksburg. In the spring of 1863, the Sixth was transferred to Kentucky, where in May Colonel Grififin was given command of the brigade which included the Sixth and Ninth, and was sent with his brigade to heljj General Grant invest Vicksburg. At the battle of Jackson Colonel Grififin com- manded the Ninth corps. In January, 1864, the re-enlisted vet- erans enjoyed a furlough of thirty days in New Hampshire. In March the Sixth, Ninth, and Eleventh were brigaded, and stationed at Annapolis, under command of Colonel Griffin, and in April joined the army of the Potomac under General Grant at the Rapidan. Immediately the brigade was brought into action, and nobly acquitted itself in the battle of the Wilderness. At Spottsylvania the Sixth lost sixty-eight killed and wounded, and Colonel Griffin won his star. Lieutenant-colonel Henry H. Pearson lost his life May 26, 1S64; and Phin P. Bixby was pro- moted to the command. The history of the .Sixth, and of Gen- eral Griffin's brigade, from this time on to the close of the war is inseparably connected with 'that of the army of the Potomac. They took part in the battles of North Anna River, Tolopotomy Creek, Cold Harbor, Petersburg, Weldon Railroad, Poplar Spring Church, Hatcher's Run, and the final assault on Petersburg. The regiment was mustered out July 17, 1S65. Gener.il Simon G. Griffin was born in Nelson, August 9, iS:!4. He received a thorough .icademical education, engaged in teacliing, represented Nelson int the legislature two years, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in Merri- mack county in the fall of 1S60. He commanded company B of the Second at the battle of Bull Run. He was commissioned colonel of the Sixth April 22, 1S62. He was commissioned brigadier-general May 12, 1S64, for judgment displa^'ed a: the battle of Spottsylvania. He was breveted m.njor-general for " gallant conduct " at the attack on Petersburg, April 2, 1S65, while leading a division. He was mustered out of the service in September, 1S65, and settled in Keene. He represented Keene in the legislature in 1S66, 1S67, and 1S6S, being chosen speaker his last two terms. He was nominated for Congress ia 1S71, and again in 1S73, but was defeated. 624 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [ 1 86 £ Lieutenant-colonel Henrv II Pearson was a student at Phillips Exeter Academy at the breaking out of the war. He was born in Illinois, February 26, 1840. Fired with military and patriotic ardor he volunteered among the first, and afterwards returned to Exeter and raised a company, and joined the Sixth. He was a young man ot commanding figure and manner, kind and attentive to the wants of his men, while his coolness and bravery gained for him the love and respect of all. The Seventh regiment was organized at Manchester in De- cember, 1861. It was raised through the efforts of Adjutant- general Joseph C. Abbott, of Concord, who was appointed Heu- tenant-colonel. The command of the regiment was given to Colonel H. S. Putnam, a native of Cornish, born in 1835, and a graduate of West Point in 1857. Daniel Smith, of Dover, was commissioned major, and Andrew H. Young, quartermaster. The Seventh left the State about the middle of January, 1862, and for the rest of the winter was at Dry Tortugas. In June it was transferred to Port Royal, and some time later to St. Augus- tine. In June, 1863, the regiment took part in the siege of Charleston, and in the assault on Fort Wagner. There they lost, in a brief charge, two hundred and eighteen killed, wounded, and missing ; Colonel Putnam among the former. At the battle of Olustee, Florida, in February, 1864, the regi- ment lost two hundred and nine killed, wounded, and miss- ing. In April the Seventh joined the army of the James, and for the next year participated in the* siege of Petersburg and the great battles in that neighborhood, including the capture of Fort Fisher. The regiment was mustered out in June, 1865. At that time there were less than one hundred men of the original force. Colonel Abbott was born in Concord, July 15, 1S25. After the war he was U. S. senator from North Carolina. Lieutenant Samuel H. Henderson, of Dover, killed at Deep Run, August 16, 1S64, was born in December, 1833. Grovenor A. Curtice, of Hopkinton, was captain of company D of the Seventh. The Eighth regiment was organized at Manchester, and was mustered into the service December 23, 1861, with Hawkes Fearing as colonel, O W. Lull, of Milford, lieutenant-colonel, Morrill B. Smith, of Concord, major, and Dr. S. G. Dearborn, of Milford, surgeon. In March, 1862, the Eighth joined the lS62] WAR OF THE REBELLION. 625 army of the Gulf, under General B. F. Butler. In May and June, 1863, the Eighth was in the engagement at Port Hudson. In their first assault, out of three hundred engaged, one hundred and twenty-four were killed or wounded. Lieutenant-colonel Lull among the former. In April and May, 1864, the Eighth, mounted, took part in the Red River campaign. In December, the remnant of the regiment who had not re-enlisted passed up the Mississippi river, which they had helped to open, on their way home. The re-enlisted veterans, to the number of three hundred and five, remained, the battalion under command of Captain James H. Landers, of Concord, and did duty in the neighbor- hood of Natchez until the collapse of the Rebellion. Among their number was Captain Dana W. King, of Nashua. Colonel Fearing was a merchant of Manchester. Lieutenant-colonel Lull, a native of Weare, was born January 14, 1826, studied law, and settled in Milford. The Ninth regiment was organized at Concord during the summer of 1862, and left the State near the end of August, under command of Colonel E. O. Fellows, to join the army of the Potomac. In twenty days they took part in the battles of South Mountain and Antietam, losing ten killed and over one hundred wounded, Lieutenant-colonel Herbert B. Titus among the latter. In December the Ninth was engaged in the disas- trous battle of Fredericksburg, led by Colonel Titus and Lieu- tenant-colonel John W. Babbitt. In 1863 they were in Ken- tucky, and later at Vicksburg, and then in Kentucky and Ten- nessee. In May, 1864, the regiment again joined the army of the Potomac, fought at Spottsylvania, in the trenches before Petersburg, and in the great military movement which crushed General Lee and his army. It joined in the grand review at Washington, and was mustered out in June, 1865. Of the Ninth regiment were Majors George W. Everett and George H. Chandler, Adjutants William N. Cook and William I. Brown, Quartermaster William Pitt Moses, and Captain L. H. Pillsbury and Lieutenant W. S. Pillsbury, of Londonderry. The Tenth rejriment was organized at Manchester in the 636 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [1S62 summer of 1862. It was composed mostly of men of Irish birth or descent, and left for the front under command of Colonel Michael T. Donohoe, Lieutenant-colonel John Coughlin, and Major Jesse F. Angell. It was joined to the army of the Poto- mac. Wm. H. D. Cochran was a first lieutenant. Colonel Donohoe, who was breveted brigadier-general for gallant conduct in the field, was born in Lowell, Mass., November 22, 1838, and was educated at the College of the Holy Cross, Worcester, Mass. For the last two years of the war he was in command of a brigade. The Tenth took part in the battle of Fredericks- burg, in December, 1862. During 1863 the regiment was serving in the neighborhood of Norfolk. In 1864 it joined the army of the Potomac, and took part in the battle of Cold Harbor. Most of its service was with the army of the James. The Tenth showed splendid qualities at the assault on Fort Harrison. The regiment rendered efficient service to the Union cause, and dis- played coolness and bravery on many a battle-field. It was mustered out in June, 1865. The Eleventh regiment was organized at Concord in the sum- mer of 1862, and was mustered into service early in September, under command of Colonel Walter Harriman. Major Moses A. Collins, Adjutant Charles R. Morrison, and Quartermaster James F. Briggs went out with the regiment. It joined the army of the Potomac in time to take part in the battle of Fredericksburg. In 1863 it served in Kentucky, and formed part of the force investing Vicksburg, Mississippi. In the fall the regiment formed a part of the garrison which defended Kno.xville. In 1S64 the Eleventh was in the battle of the Wilderness, when Colonel Harriman was captured, and Lieu- tenant-colonel Moses N. Collins was killed ; at Spottsylvania ; at Cold Harbor ; in the trenches before Petersburg ; at Hatcher's Run ; and in the final struggle before Richmond and Peters- burg. Colonel Harriman, afterwards governor of New Hamp- shire, was breveted brigadier-general. Leander W. Cogswell was appointed lieutenant-colonel, and Evarts W. Farr, major. The Eleventh was discharged in June, 1865. The Twelfth regiment was raised mainly from Belknap and 1862] WAR OF THE REBELLION-. 62/ Carroll counties in August, 1862, and was entrusted to the command of Colonel Joseph H. Potter, a native of Concord and a graduate of West Point, class of 1843. John F. Marsh was lieutenant-colonel and George D. Savage, major. The regiment left for the front the last of September, and was in the battle of Fredericksburg, as part of the reserve. In May, 1863, it was engaged in the battle of Chancellorsville, and in July was brigaded with the Second at Point Lookout. In 1864 it joined the army of the James and fought at Drury's Bluff and Cold Harbor, and formed a part of the line investing Richmond. The Twelfth was mustered out in July, 1865. Colonel Potter was appointed brigadier-general, and Thomas E. Barker, colonel. J. Ware Butterfield went out as captain ; Ira C. Evans as musician. The Thirteenth regiment was organized in Concord, in the fall of 1862, and mustered into service near the end of Septem- ber. Aaron F. Stevens was appointed colonel, George Bowers, a veteran of the Mexican war, lieutenant-colonel, and Jacob Storer, major. It went to the front early in October, and took part in the battle of Fredericksburg. In 1863 the regiment served in the neighborhood of Norfolk. In 1864 the Thirteenth was in the attack on the Walthal Railroad, at the battles of Swift Creek, Kingsland Creek, Drury's Bluff, and Cold Har- bor, in the trenches before Petersburg, and in many of the skirmishes and battles of the last year of the war, with the army of the James. It was mustered out of the service in June, 1865. Colonel Stevens was appointed brigadier-general by brevet. In the regiment was Person C. Cheney, afterwards governor of New Hampshire, Mortier L. Morrison, George B. Twitchell, John Sullivan, Jr., Charles B. Gafney, Henry Churchill, Rufus P. Staniels, George Farr, and Oliver M. Sawyer. The Fourteenth was the last of the three years' regiments raised in New Hampshire. It was organized at Concord in the fall of 1862. Mustered into service September 24, and left the State for Washington the latter part of October, and for over a year did duty in guarding the city of Washington. In February, 1864, the regiment was sent to the department of the Gulf, and served in the neighborhood of New Orleans until midsummer. 628 IIISTORV OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [1862 when it joined General Sheridan and the army of West Virginia, and fought with him in the valley of the Shenandoah, at Win- chester and elsewhere. In January, 1865, the Fourteenth were ordered to Savannah, Georgia. The regiment was discharged the last of July, 1865. Among the officers of the Fourteenth were Colonels Robert Wilson, Alexander Gardiner, Carroll D. Wright, Theodore A. Ripley, and Tileston A. Barker ; Dr. Wil- liam H. Thayer, John W. Sturtevant, Solon A. Carter, Samuel A. Duncan, and Stark Fellows. The Fifteenth regiment, of nine months' men, was organized in Concord in the fall of 1862, and arrived at New Orleans and joined the army late in December. In the summer of 1863 the regiment took part in the assault on Port Hudson and the siege which led to the capture of that stronghold. The regiment was mustered out in August. John W. Kingman, of Durham, was colonel. Among the officers were Lieutenant-colonel Henry W. Blair, and Thomas Cogswell, jr. The Sixteenth regiment, of nine months' men, was mustered into the service about the middle of October, 1862, and started for the front in December, with James Pike, colonel, Henry W. Fuller, lieutenant-colonel, and Samuel Davis, Jr., major. Their destination was the department of the Gulf, where on their ar- rival they joined the "Banks expedition," and were present at the fall of Port Hudson. On their return North their route was up the Mississippi river. The Seventeenth regiment, of three months' men, was raised in the Third Congressional District, and Henry O. Kent, of Lancaster, was appointed colonel. Seven hundred and ninety- one men were enlisted ; and the regiment assembled in Concord in November, 1862. It received a furlough from December until April, 1863, when upon reassembling it was decided by the authorities to consolidate the Seventeenth with the veteran Second. Colonel Henry O. Kent, son of Richard Peabody and Emily Mann (Oakes) Kent, was born in Lancaster, February 7, 1834, graduated at Norwich Military University in 1854, read law, and was admitted to the bar in 1858. Soon after he became editor C&ha^ Co, f%2..i^ 1S63] WAR OF THE KEliELLION. 629 of tlie Coos Republican. His editorials were strong, vigorous, and earnest ; and his paper became a power in the councils of his party. After the war, in 1870, he sold his interest in the paper and afterwards devoted himself to banking. In 1857 he was clerk of the House of Representatives, and a member in 1862, 1868, and 1869. He was a supporter of Horace Greeley for the presidency, in 1872, and thereafterwards was a member of the Democratic party. He was accorded the Congressional nomination in the Third District in 1875, 1877, and 187S. He succeeded Colonel Daniel Hall in the naval office at Boston upon the election of President Cleveland. Joseph A. Gilmore received the Republican nomination for governor in 1863, and was elected ; and was re-elected in 1864. He was a man of wonderful activity and energy, pushing to completion any work left to his care. His messages were full of patriotic expressions and suggestions. He promptly furnished all troops demanded by the War Department, and was untiring in his attention to the soldiers in the field and in the hospitals.' J. A. Gilmore was born in Weston, Vermont, in iSii, settled in Concord in early manhood, was engaged in heavy mercantile business, and was super- intendent of the Concord Railroad. He was a member of the State Senate in 1S5S and 1S59. He died April 17, 1S67. The Eighteenth regiment was raised in the summer of 1864, and went to the front under command of Colonel Thomas L. Liv- ermore. Joseph M. Clough was lieutenant-colonel, and Wil- liam I. Brown, major. The regiment did good service in the closing campaign of the war, and was mustered out in June and July, 1865. The First regiment of New Hampshire Cavalry was raised in the spring of 1864, and did good service for the Union cause. The State also sent to the front the First Light Battery, a regiment of Heavy Artillery and several companies of Sharp- shooters, — the latter were in thirty battles, — and several com- panies to the First New England Cavalry. During the Rebellion the State sent out 31,426 volunteers: In the First, 765 ; Second, 2645; Third, 2013; Fourth, 1749; > O. F, R. Waite's New Hampshire in the Rebellion. 630 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [1865 Fifth, 2547; Sixth, 2531 ; Seventh, 17 19; Eighth, 15S6; Ninth, 1820; Tenth, 1293; Eleventh, 1622; Twelfth, 1417; Thirteenth, 1227; Fourteenth, 1346; Fifteenth, 876; Sixteenth, 874; Sev. enteenth, 203 ; Eighteenth, 951; New England Cavalry, 419; Light Battery, 163 ; Sharpshooters, 345 ; First Cavalry, 1491 ; Heavy Artillery, 1824. Of these, 1538 were killed or died of wounds ; 2541 died of disease ; and 285 were missing in action. 1613 re-enli.sted. The State was honorably represented in the navy during the struggle to suppress the Rebellion. Among those who espe- cially distinguished themselves were Captain George E. Belknap and Captain George Hamilton Perkins.^ The latter, a son of Hon. Hamilton E. Perkins, of Concord, commanded an ironclad monitor in the attack on the defences of Mobile Bay, and op- erated his vessel from a position on top of the turret. During the Rebellion the country and the Union cause was served by men of New Hampshire birth who had removed to other States. Among these were Benjamin F. Butler, John A. Dix, William Pitt Fessenden, Salmon P. Chase, Henry Wilson, Horace Greeley, and Edward Henry Durell, beside a multitude of others in less conspicuous positions. Hon. E. H. Durell, a Union man, and an eminent lawyer of New Orleans, was appointed by President Lincoln, in 1863, judge of the United States District Court for the eastern district of Louisiana. During the occupation of that city by the Union army, he was a friend to all Northern soldiers, especially those from his native State. He resigned his office late in the year 1874. Judge Durell was offered the Austrian mission, and the office of governor of Louisiana, both of which he declined ; and was the leading candidate of Southern Republicans for the vice-presidency in 1886. He died in Schoharie, N. Y., March 29, 1887. * George H. Perkins was bom October 20, 1836, was appointed cadet midshipman in 1S51, and was noted through the war for his coolness and bravery. ^ /Vshire. [1865 families ; and in Gilmanton were Magoon, Malone, Mooney, Casey, and Connor. In Goffstown one of the great Irish clans had a representative in John O'Neil, in 1783, and Richard Coughlan represented another in Chesterfield, in 1777. In Hoklerness was quite a collection of Celts in 1789 — Hogan, Mooney, Dwyer, Connor and McSweeny ; in Hopkinton, Connor and McLaughlan ; in Nottingham, Thomas Barry ; and in Londonderry, among the names of others, are those of Donahoe, O'Neil, Donavan, Kelly, Callahan, Murphy, McLaughlan, and Haley ; in Merrimack, McConihie, McCormick, and Griffin ; in Dunstable, 1762, Donally and Lonergan ; in New Boston, 1775, McLaughlan, Rowan, Donavan, Quigley, Butler, and McGinnis ; in New Castle, Malone, Neal, and Shannon ; m Newmarket, ' Fitzgerald, Malone, and Driscol. There is no doubt but that Irish blood was well mixed with that of the English set- tlers in New Hampshire previous to the Revolution; and that contest proved there was no deterioration from the intermixture; for the names of Sullivan and Stark will go down to posterity beside those of Poor and Cilley, as gallant defenders of the liberties of the people of the States. One illustration will prove the presence of those of Irish blood here before the Revolution. The expedition against the Six Nations, in 1777, was under the command of Major-general John Sullivan, theson of Irish parents. The division was made up of three brigades ; and two of the bri- gade commanders. Generals William Maxwell and Edward Hand, were natives of Ireland ; and at least two of the regimental com- manders, Colonel William Butler and Colonel Thomas Proctor, were from the same country. Of the part taken by the Irish in New Hampshire in the struggle for independence, her rolls of the killed and wounded bear witness, from Bunker Hill to Yorktown. The Mac's and the O's were generally in the thickest of the fray, and their record in the new world for bravery and deter- mination equalled their best efforts in Europe. The outbreak of the French Revolution, the long wars that followed, ending only at Waterloo, and the brief period of pros- perity that resulted from that contest to the people of Ireland, in an increased demand for her agiicultural products at an 1865] IRISH IN NEW HAMPSHIRE. 635, enhanced value, checked for the time being the tide of emigra- tion from that country. For the first time for centuries the people there had a compara- tive peace. No outbreak had taken place since the rebellion of 1 798. The population of the country had rapidly increased, so that in 1840 it was over eight millions of souls. Up to this year very few of the Irish people had sailed for America since the year 1800; scarcely any to New England. The result was that when the dreadful famine broke out between 1840 and 1850, and the exodus to America began, the Irish people were strangers to those of their kindred in New Hampshire whose ancestors had left Ireland more than a century before. And to add to the feel- ing of estrangement, the difference in religion made itself felt, as the great bulk of the new emigrants were Catholics. The outlook then for the poor Irish Catholic, whom poverty or misfortune had driven to the United States during the period between 1S35 and 1S55, was anything but pleasing, especially in New England ; while the fearful stories told of the dreadful scenes on shipboard, the deaths from the famine fever, and the consequent fear of infection, made their presence both undesir- able and unwelcome. The native American riots in Philadelphia and New York ; the burning of the convent in Charlestown, Mass. ; the blood-curdling stories circulated by Maria Monk ; and the brutal and false harangues of the apostate priests — Hogan, Chiniquy, and Gavazzi, — aided by the insensate ravings of the fanatic madman, the " Angel Gabriel," influenced public sentiment, which had already been deeply prejudiced against anything Catholic by early teachings, strengthened by the liter- ature of the day. What the Irish Catholics suffered in those sad days the present generation can form no conception of. Starv- ing and dying at home, those, who were fortunate enough to have the means, left their native land in despair; and, turning their faces to the west, resolved to seek their fortunes in America, where they could earn an honest livelihood, and give their fami- lies a decent maintenance. The emigration first inclined towards Canada, from whence it overflowed into the States. It was but natural that the terrible disease which they brought across the 636 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. ['865 ocean with thcni inspired terror and deepened the prejudice, already strong enough, against them, although their sufferings :uid misery appealed strongly to the best sympathies of the human heart. The first of the fever-smitten ships to enter the St. Lawrence was the "Urania" from Cork, with several hun- dred emigrants, a large proportion of them sick and dying from the awful plague, on May 8, 1847; and before the first week of June following eighty-four ships of various tonnage were quar- antined at Grosse Island, Quebec, not one of which was free from the taint of malignant typhus, the offspring of famine and of the foul ship-hold. This fleet of vessels literally reeked with pestilence. All sailing vessels, the merciful speed of the well- appointed steamer being unknown to the emigrants of those days, — a tolerably quick passage lasted from six to eight weeks, while passages of ten or twelve weeks, and even a longer time, were not considered at all extraordinary at a period when craft of every kind the most unsuited, as well as the least sea- worthy, were pressed into the service of human deportation. Who can imagine the horrors of even the shortest passage in an emigrant ship crowded beyond its utmost capacity of stowage with unhap]:>y beings of all ages, with fever raging in their midst. Under the most favorable circumstances it is impossible to maintain perfect purity of atmosphere between decks, even when ports are open and every device is adopted to secure the greatest amount of ventilation. But a crowded emigrant ship of forty years since, with fever aboard! — the crew sullen or brutal from very desperation, or paralysed from terror of the plague ; the miserable passengers unable to help themselves, or afford the least relief to each other ; one-fourth or one-third or one- half of the entire number in different stages of the disease ; many dying, some dead ; the fatal poison intensified by the in- describable foulness of the air breathed and rebreathed by the gasping sufferers ; the wails of children, the ravings of the delirious, the cries and groans of those in mortal agony ! Of the eighty-four vessels anchored at Grosse Isle, in the summer of 1847, there was not a single one to which this description might not rightly apply. Sheds were built for the unfortunate 1865] IRISH IN NEW HAMPSHIRE. 637 people, sick and dying ; and round tlieir walls lay groups of half- naked men, women, and children. Hundreds were literally flung on the beach, left amid the mud and stones to crawl on the dry land how they could. A priest who was an eye-witness of these distressing scenes said he had seen, one day, thirty-seven people lying on the beach, crawling on the mud and dying like fish out of water. Many of these, and many more besides, gasped out their last breath on that fatal shore, not able to drag themselves from the slime in which they lay. The mortality was frightful, and on that barren isle the dust of more than twelve thousand human beings, the victims of famine and plague, mingle with the soil of the " land of promise." Of this number full five thousand were simply described as un- known. Several priests — a few Irish, the majority French Can- adian — caught the infection, and out of twenty-five who were attacked seven paid with their lives the penalty of their devo- tion. Not a few were professors in colleges, but at the appeal of the archbishop they left their classes and their studies for the horrors and perils of the fever sheds. This deplorable havoc of human life left hundreds of orphans dependent on the charity of the public ; and nobly did the French Canadians respond to the unconscious appeal of this multitude of little ones. From the loss of the parents it was hard to determine the relationship between the unfortunate waifs. It was only by patiently observ- ing the little creatures when they found strength to play, and one infant ran to meet another, or caught its hand, or smiled at it, or kissed it, or showed pleasure in its society, that a clue was found, and many children of the same parents thus preserved ; but many more were separated forever, and both name and iden- tity lost. Thousands were in this way adopted and brought up by their kind protectors, but lost to their tongue and name. Sunday after Sunday, as the children got well enough, they were e.xposed at the churches after mass by the good priests, who made touching appeals to those who could provide them with homes ; and these appeals were not in vain, for all found shelter and pro- tection from the kind-hearted French farmers. But it was not alone at Quebec that such dreadful scenes were witnessed, as 638 HISTOKY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [J865 Montreal, farther up the river, had their counterpart — over six thousand dying at the east banl< of the river, at a point not far from the terminus of the Victoria Bridge. As at Quebec, the priests and nuns were unwearied in their care of the afflicted, and thirteen out of thirty of the Grey nuns who were stricken gave their lives a sacrifice for the poor and lowly. With one exception, every priest in the city was down with the plague, and eight of them went to their graves. From Bishop Bourget down to the lowest secular priest all were equally exposed, and faced death to relieve the wants of those unable to help themselves. Among the first to fall a victim was Father Richards, a venerable man long past the time of active service. A convert from Methodism in early life, he had specially devoted himself to the Irish, who were then but a very small portion of the population. Not only did he mainly provide for the safety of the hundreds of orphan children, but, in spite of his great age, he labored in the fever sheds with a zeal which could not be excelled. " Father Richards wants fresh straw for the beds;" said a messenger to the mayor. " Certainly he shall have it. I wish it was gold, for his sake ;" said the mayor. A few days after the Protestant mayor and Catholic priest were martyrs of charity. Only a few days before stricken down. Father Richards preached on Sunday in St. Patrick's, and those who heard him on that occasion never forgot the venerable appearance and im- pressive words of that noble servant of God. Addressing a hushed and sorrow-stricken audience, as the tears rolled down his aged cheeks, he thus spoke of the faith and sufferings of the Irish : — " Oh my beloved brethren, grieve not, I beseech you, for the sufferings and death of so many of your race, perchance your kindred, who have fallen, and are still to fall, victims to this dreadful pestilence. Their patience, their faith, have edified all whose privilege it was to witness it. Their faith, their resigna- tion to the will of God under such unprecedented misery, is something so extraordinary that, to realize it, it requires to be seen. Oh my brethren, grieve not for them ; they did but pass IS65] IRISH IN XEW IIAMPSIHRE. 639 from earth to the glory of heaven. True, they were cast in heaps into the earth, their place of sepulture marked by no name or epitaph ; but I tell you, my dearly beloved brethren, that from their ashes will spring up the faith along the St. Lawrence, for they died martyrs, as they lived confessors, to the faith." How prophetic the words of this good man were, the innumerable spires, surmounted by the cross, from the St. Lawrence to the Golden Gate, bear witness. There, as at Quebec, the orphan chil- (.Iren were provided with homes among the generous Canadians and their own loving kindred, the Irish of Montreal. For years no stone or epitaph marked the last resting-place of the bodies but will be found engraved with the names of many men or bovs of Irish birth or lineage, who gave all that was dear for the land they loved. In the Third regiment, company C, Captain M. T. Donahoe, were one hundred of the old race, and scattered through the other companies of the regiment were more than double that number. Company G, Captain M. O. Flynn, of the Fourth, were of the same stock. Two companies in the Eighth, under Captains Connelly and Healey, and nearly one full regiment, the Tenth, Colonel Michael T. Donahoe, proved the loyalty of the Irish to their adopted country. Not a regimental organiza- tion that left the State, from the First to the Eighteenth, the cavalry, light battery, and the United States navy and marine corps, but what had representatives of the race in their ranks ; and it can be said to their eternal honor that the great majority of them, or of those in the regiments named, volunteered be- fore the government offered bounties as an inducement to enlist. During their four years of service, either in camp, on the march, on the battlefield, on picket, in the hospital, or in the prison pen, the question of nationality or creed was never touched upon ; the blue jacket made Americans of them, and the question of loyalty was then and there forever settled. The children of the men who toiled on the railroad, and who served in building, hewing, cutting, digging, and trenching, thirty and forty years ago, are to-day many of them skilled mechanics, business and professional men, and making their mark in the State. The great body of them are honest, industrious, law-abiding people, willing to earn an honorable living, pay their just obligations, and live in peace with their neighbors. Their clergymen are beloved by their parishioners, and esteemed by their fellow citizens generally. The present generation, nor the one following, cannot forget the labors of Father McDonald in Manchester, Father O'Donnell in Nashua, Father Murphy in Dover, and Father Barry in Concord. 1865] IRISH IN NEW HAJIPSHIKIC. 645 The first two have gone to reap the reward of tlieir labors ; the last two still remain, loved and honored by all who know them ;' and in the State the church is presided over by a prelate^ whose genial presence and loving devotion to the spiritual interests of his flock are a benison to all with whom he comes in contact. Realizing, then, the full significance of the events of the past forty-eight years, the American in New Hampshire of Irish birth or origin can in a few years pass between the gates of the old and new centuries, conscious that he has fulfilled the duties, of the one, and stands ready to assume the responsibilities of the other. * Rev. Michael Lucey, of Exeter, died in 1S73, aged nearly 67 years; and Rev. Father Drummond, of Dover, died in 1883, aged 75 years: both full of years and honors. To them is much credit due for the growth of the Catholic church in New Hampshire. - Right Reverend Dennis M. Bradley, bishop of Manchester, was born in Castle Island, County Kerry, Ireland, February ^5, 1S46. His father died in 1S53, and his mother, with six children, came to America the following year aud settled in Manchester. He graduated at the College of the Holy Cross, at Worcester, Mass., in 1S67 ; studied theology at St. Joseph's Provincial Theological Seininary, at Troy. N. Y. ; was ordained in June, 1S71 ; and for nine years was with Bishop Bacon and Bishop Healy, at Portland. In iSSa he was chosen pastor of St. Joseph's church, Manchester. June 11, 1SS4, he was consecrated first bishop of the new see of Manchester (New Hampshire having been created a diocese), being at the time the youngest bishop of the Roman Catholic Church in the United States. In iSSS Bishop Bradley had under his jurisdiction about eighty-five thousand Catholics under the spiritual rare of fifty-six priests, forty-four churches, aside from two building, thirtv- four parochial schools — seventeen for boys, and seventeen for girls, only four of each conducted by lay teachers — four academies for girls, four orphan asylums, one hospital, one home for aged women, and a Catholic high school at Manchester under the care of si.K " Christian Brothers." St. Joseph's Cathedral and the episcopal residence at Manchester cost over $125,000. CHAPTER XXI. SINCE THE REBELLION, 1 865-1 888. Frederick Smyth — Sylvester Marsh — Provincial Papers — Rev. Dr. BouTON — Walter Harriman — Plblic Instruction — Academies and High Schools— John B. Clark— J. C. Moore — People — Newspa- pers — Onslow Stearns — James A. Weston — Bishop Baker — E. A. Straw — Asa Fowler — J. E. Sargent — Charles H. Burns — P. C. Cheney — Phillips Exeter Academy — Constitutional Con- vention — B. F. Prescott — J. F. Briggs — White Mountains — Natt Head— Charles H. Bell — Frank Jones — Ossian Ray — S. W. Hale — C. H. Bartlett — J. H. Gallinger — Moody Currier — C. H. Sawyer — Jonathan Sawyer — Joseph Wentworth — Jonathan Kittredge — W. E. Chandler — Harry Bingham — Railroads — Summer Resorts — Manufacturing. TN the Republican convention of January, 1865, Frederick Smyth, of Manchester, received two-thirds of an informal ballot, which was then made unanimous by acclamation. 'Frederick Smyth was born in Candia in iSig, and in early manhood was in Inisiness in Manchester. He soon became interested in municipal atTairs, and •was twice elected city clerk. His manifest efficiency in cit^' affairs, and the thoroughness with which he mastered every detail, suggested his fitness for •mayor, and he was accordingly nominated and elected to that office in March, 1S52. He was re-elected for two successive years thereafter, and again at a time of peculiar importance in municipal affairs in 1S64. A distinguishing mark of his first year's administration will ever remain in the trees which adorn the parks and streets of Manchester. In July and in October of Mayor Smyth's first year, the Whig party lost its two great leaders, — Henry Clay and Daniel Webster, — and the attention of the citizens was called to some fitting expres- sion of feeling in both cases by a brief message from the mayor. His first election was by Whig votes over the opposition of Democrats and Free-Soilers ; his second by Whig and Free-Soil votes; his third with very little oppo- sition, and his fourth with virtually none at all. During his second year the • F. B. Eaton. A %. ^^c-e-z-L-o^/ G0VKB,NOR or NEW HAMF"; 1865] SINCE TIIK KKIU-.I.I.IOX. 647 Amoskeag F"alls biidgewas rebuilt, and parts of Gofistowii ai.^. Bedford were annexed to the city. The most lionorable monument, however, which will stand to his name is the part he took in the foundation of a free public library. In 1855 he was appointed by Governor Metcalf and council, chairman of commissioners to locate and build a House of Reformation for juvenile oflonders. It was dedicated in 1S5S. In the year 1S57 and 1S5S Mr. Smyth was a mem- ber of the State legVslature, and was also made treasurer of the Reform school. In the convention which nominated Ichabod Goodwin, in 1859, ^^ stood fourth on the list of candidates. In 1S60 he was president of the State Republican Convention, and was soon after appointed by Secretary Cha.se one of the agents to obtain subscriptions to the national loan. In tS6i he was appointed as one of the agents on the part of the United States to the International Exhibition at London, where Her Majesty's commissioners made liim a juror. Early in the war of the Rebellion he was cashier and principal iinancial manager of the Merrimack River Bank, and also of the Merrimack River Savings Bank. His faith in the government led him to invest largely in bonds and to accept the charter for the bank of discount, which tlienceforth became the First National Bank of Manchester. At that time few men or banks cared to follow his example, but the event justified his sagacity. ^ He was elected by a majority of over six thousand, the largest majority given to any governor for twenty-four years. He entered upon no easy task. The State was beginning to feel severely the stress of the time. Gradually a great debt had accumulated. Regiment after regiment had been promptly equipped and sent into the field, and the banks had advanced money quite to the extent of their courage, and nearly to that of their ability. In the open market were met the gold bonds of the government, free from taxes. The same trouble pulsed through all the arteries of the body politic ; and the people of a State always careful and conservative in all its expenditures beheld with something like dismay this mountain of obligation swollen into millions. It was almost impossible to get money for current expenses. A previous legislature had authorized the issue of three and one-half millions of six per cent. State bonds, payable in currency, only $424,000 of which had been taken. Governor Smyth, in his first message, recommended the issue of bonds better calculated to meet the exigencies of the case, and that current expenses be provided for by taxation. As a matter of interest to capitalists, he took care to set forth the resources of the State, its prudent habit in expenditures, and the hostility to ' F. B. Eaton. 64S IlISTOKY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. ['865 repudiation in every form which our people had inherited from a frugal, patriotic, and God-fearing ancestry. "We must," he said, "now observe the most rigid economy in expenditure, and bring the expenses to a peace basis as soon as possible. Our people are naturally economical, and hold sacred all pecuniary obligations." He compared, in a very effective manner, the agricultural products of a State vi^hich had hitherto borne the reputation of producing only men, with those of some of the more fertile members of the Union, to our decided advantage. He called to mind the unrivalled water-power with its present and prospective improvement, and urged that attention to the latent wealth of the State which due regard to our prosperity demanded. In the first three months of his administration he raised over one million of dollars on favorable terms, a large amount of which was obtained in Manchester. From that time forward the financial affairs of the State received the most scrupulous attention. In the haste and waste of war, unavoidable confusion at times arose in accounts between the several States and the general govern- ment, and it was not only then impossible to pay our debts, but equally so to get our dues. Governor Smjth's large acquaintance with men gave him influence at headquarters, and he suffered no opportunity to pass to advocate the claims of his State. At the close of the war. Governor Smyth found the suspended and disallowed accounts of the State against the general govern- ment of over one million of dollars. These disallowances and suspensions were mainly in the expenditures growing out of earlier military operations previous to his accession to office. Governor Smyth did not busy himself to fix charges of petty larceny against one officer, or of wholesale robbery against others. He did not assume that every man who was charged with fitting out the first regiment sent from the State had stolen all that he couldn't duplicate vouchers for on official paper. On the contrary, he urged upon the accounting officers, at Wash- ington, the impetuous zeal with which the State had responded to the call of the government, and represented the impossibility of complete exactness in the accounts. Under such circum- 1 866] SINCE THE KEBELLIOX. 649 stances he exerted himself to obtain vouchers wlierc his prede- cessor had omitted to secure them, and to explain their absence when they could not be procured. In this way he saved hun- dreds of thousands of dollars to the treasury of the State, and put no stain on its fair fame. At the end of his first year, his nomination for a second term followed as a matter of course, and he was re-elected in 1866 by a large majority. The second year of Governor Smyth's administration was in all respects as satisfactory as the first. The State debt was funded at a lower rate of interest than was offered by the gen- eral government. The revision of the statutes, the reorganiza- tion of the militia, measures looking to the restoration of fish to our waters, and the publication of ancient State papers, are among some of the matters of general interest. Said the Boston Jotirnal. on his retirement at the close of the second term : "Governor Smvth's administration lias been highly successful, not only in a financial point of view, which is demonstrated by statistics, but in all other respects." Said the Comtnercial Bulletin: "He has been as vigorous and careful of the interests of the people as if those concerns were personal to himself, and successfully sought so to manage the financial affairs of the State that its credit stands as well as any other commonwealth." Said the Daily Monitor: " To-daj' Governor Smyth resigns his trust with the proud con- sciousness of leaving nothing uncertain or unsettled which diligence, busi- ■ ness tact, and untiring zeal could close up and arrange; nor has Governor Smyth's administration been merely a financial success ; he has neglected no single public interest; himself a practical example of all the virtues which constitute a good citizen, he has interested himself in every movement which looked to the welfare of the community and the promotion of industry, tem- perance, and good morals among the people." It is a significant fact, that in a time of much party feeling the governor was able to sav in his valedictory, "Whatever may have been the difterence of opinion among us, there has been no factious opposition from any source to measures necessary for the public good, but I have been uniformly receiv- ing the hearty co-operation of all parties in this difficult work." Only once during his two years' administration did he consider it necessary to interpose his veto, and the House sustained him 132 to 6. So successful was the administration that, contrary to precedent, many of the most influential and respectable journals of the State advocated his nom- ination for a third term.' 2While on a visit to his native State in 1852, Mr. Sylvester I F. B. Eaton. = C. C. CofBn. 650 IlISTOKV OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [1866 ^lai'sh ascended Mount Washington, accompanied by Rev. A. C. Tliompson, pastor of tiie Eliot Church, Roxlnii y, and while struggling up the steep ascent, the idea came to him that a rail- road to the summit was feasible, and that it could be made a profitable enterprise. He obtained a charter for such a road in 1858, but the breaking out of the war postponed action till 1866, when a company was formed and the enterprise successfully in- augurated and completed. ^10U\T WASHINGTON RA LROAD. The subject, referred to by Governor Smyth in his message to the legislature in June, 1866, of preserving the documents and early archives of the Province and State, met with the ap- proval of the legislature, and led to the appointment of Rev. Nathaniel Bouton, D. D., as "editor and compiler of Provincial Records." Dr. Bouton was at the time corresponding secretary of the New Hampshire Historical Society. This society was organized and incorporated in the summer of 1823 by William Plumer, Levi Woodbury, Nathaniel A. Haven, George Kent, Jacob B. Moore, Nathaniel Adams, Parker Nnves, Jolm Farmer, 1867] SINCE THE REBELLION. 651 Ichabod Bartlett, Timothy Upham, Andrew Peirce, Samuel Dana Bell, Richard Bartlett, and others. William Plunier was the first president ; and lie was succeeded in office by Levi Woodbury, Ichabod Bartlett, Salma Hale, Matthew Harvey, Charles H. Atherton, Joel Parker, Nathaniel Bouton, Nathaniel . G. (Jphani, Samuel D. Bell, Charles Burroughs, Levi Chamber- lain, William Plumer, jr., Chandler E. Potter, PIdwin D. Sanborn, Joseph Dow, William H. Y. Plackett, Charles H. Bell, and, in 1S87, by J. Everett Sargent. The society published, in 1824, their first volume; in 1866, their eighth volume; in 1888, the first volume of "Proceedings." Dr. Bouton ' resigned his pastorate of the North Church, in Concord, which he had held since 1825, devoted his time and energy to the work, and edited ten volumes of "Provincial and State Papers." After Dr. Bouton's death, the work was carried on by Isaac W. Hammond, who in 188S had published six addi- tional volumes. In 1867 General Walter Harriman received and accepted the nomination of the Republican party for governor, and after a most exciting campaign, during which he engaged in a joint canvass with Hon. John G. Sinclair, the Democratic candidate, he was elected to the chief magistracy of the State, and was re- elected in 1 868, after another hard-fought campaign, by a larger vote tiian had ever been cast for a gubernatorial candidate up to that time. "Walter H.Tniman, of old Massachusetts colonial stock, was born in War- ner, in 1S17. He was a forcible and eloquent orator, for some jears in early manhood in the ministry; but afterwards he engaged in commercial pursuits, and became prominent in military and political affairs. He was chosen to the House of Representatives in 1849, and again in 1850, from his native town. In 1853 he was elected State treasurer. In 185S he was again elected to the legislature by the people of Warner, and was the Democratic candidate for speaker. In 1859 he was elected to the State Senate, and was re-elected the following year, occupying each year a leading position in that bod3'. From his entry into political life he had been an active champion of the prin- ciples of his party upon the stump, and soon came to be regarded as one of the most effective campaign speakers in the State, so that his services in this ^ Nathaniel b,,uiuii was born in Noiwalk, Conn., June 20, 1700; graduated at Ya!e Colleje in 1821 ; wa3 ordained at Concord, March 23, 1825 ; resigned March 23, 1S67; died June 6, 137S. -Rev. S- c. Beane. 652 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [1867 direction were most eagerly sought whenever political issues were occupying the public mind. In the spring of 1S61 he became editor and joint proprietor of the Union Dimocrat at Manchester. Regarding all other political considerations as of secondary moment, in the great emergency when the perpetuity of the federal Union and the supremacy of the constitution were threatened by armed re- bellion, he unreservedly sustained, individually and in his editorial capacity, the administration of President Lincoln in the measures adopted for the pros- ecution of the war against Rebellion, thereby taking issue with the great ma- jority of his party, who, while they believed in maintaining the Union invio- late, persisted in their right to criticize the policy of the administration, and to oppose such measures as they believed inappropriate to the legitimate end in view. Hence he found himself acting with those distinctively known as "War Democrats," and continued to urge the surrender of all partisan issues, in view of the great contest in which the country was involved. In August. 1S62. he was made colonel of the Eleventh. He led this regi- ment to the field, and was at its head most of the time until the close of the war, except the four months, from May to September, 1864, when he was an inmate of Confederate prisons. With some other captured Union officers, he was, for seven weeks of this time, imprisoned in that part of Charleston, S. C, which was most exposed to the fire of the Union guns from Morris Island, but providentially, though that part of the doomed city was destroyed, no harm came to him from the guns of his fellow-loyalists. The first set battle in which the Eleventh bore a part was that of Fredericks- burg, in December, 1S62, when, with unflinching courage. Col. Harriman and his men faced the dreadful carnage of that long day before Marye's Height, less than three months after their arrival in the field. The loss of the regi- ment in this engagement was terrific. The Eleventh, under their colonel, at the front, was in the battle of the Wilderness, May 6, 1S64, when they made a daring and stubborn onset on the Confederate intrenchments, carrying be- fore them two successive lines of the enemy's works. But among the five thousand Union men that were captured in that bloody engagement, the com- mander of the Eleventh was included. Colonel Harriman and the survivors of the charge were present at the final grapple of the war before Petersburg, and on the 3d day of April, 1865, he led a brigade of nine large regiments, a force three times as great as the whole American army at Bunker Hill, into that fated city, on the heels of Lee's fleeing command. Colonel Harriman -vvas appointed brigadier-general, U. S. V., by brevet, "for gallant conduct during the war," to date from March 13, 1865. On his arrival home, at the close of the war. General Harriman was elected to the office of secretary of state, by the legislature then in session, and he at once entered upon the duties of the office, which he held two years, and until his promotion to the gubernatorial chair. He was distinguished as a platform speaker. His delivery was fine, his logic clear as crystal, his manner easy and natural, and his physical force tremendous. With a voice clear and distinct as a trumpet, of immense com- 1867] SINCE THE KEIiEM.ION. gri lass, volume, and power, his infliience over an andience was complete, lie iftected nothing, but proceeded at once to the work in liand, and from the ^ery outset carried his hearers with hhn, rising, at times, with the inspira- ion of his theme, to the loftiest flights of eloquence. During the presidential campaign of 1S6S, Governor Ilarriman engaged ctively in the canvass, inaking an extended tour through the Middle and Vestern States in advocacy of the election of General Grant, the Republican lominee, by whom, upon his accession to the presidency the following spring, iie was appointed to the position of naval olUcer at the port of Boston, which office he continued to hold during the entire eight years of General Grant's administration, retiring therefrom in 1S77. His voice has been often heard in many of the States of the Union, and be was widely known as an able and ■eftective political debater. General Ilarriman retained his home in Warner until tlie spring of 1S7J, ■when he removed to Concord, where he died July 25, iS8^. In 1867 a State superintendent of public in.struclion was appointed. At first he co-operated with a board consisting of the governor and Council; but later he acted alone. His duties were to cultivate an interest in the public schools and to raise the standard of their efficiency. Amos Iladley was the first to fill the office. Ex-senator James W. Patterson was appointed in 1880. The present system took the place of a county system of supervision called a Board of Education, which had its secretary and went into effect in 1851. The first effort to organize a State supervision of schools was made in 1846 by the appointment of a commissioner. The first incumbent of the office was Charles B. Haddock, who made the first State report. In 1885 the towns, by law, were made school districts, and the schools were placed under the direction of a board of education consisting of three members directly tinder the government of the town. In the larger towns there \as been for many years a system of graded schools at which he children of the State have been afforded good educational acilities. The New Hampshire State Normal School was stablished in 1871, at Plymouth, for the education of teachers, nd is controlled by a board of trustees. Previously and since, eachers' institutes have been maintained for the purpose of mproving methods of instruction in the State. Besides Dartmouth College and Phillips Exeter Academy here are seminaries, schools, and academies scattered throughout 6S4 HISTOKV OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [1867 the State. St. Paul school at Concord, under the direction of Dr. Henry A. Coit, has become one of the most celebrated schools of America. There is the normal school at Plymouth, the Holderness school for boys ; the Colby academy, at New Lon- don ; the seminary, at Tilton ; the institution, at New Hamp- ton (1821); Appleton academy (1789), at New Ipswich; Pink- erton academy ( 1 8 14), and Adams female academy at Derry ; Rob- inson female seminary, at E.xeter ; Brackett academy, at Green- land ; Valley academy, at Hillsborough ; McGaw normal institute, at Merrimack ; classical institute, at Milton ; McCollom institute, Mont Vernon; Kimball union academy (18 13), at Meriden ; Dearborn academy, at Seabrook ; Barnard school, at South Hampton ; and Austin academy, at Strafford. There are acad- emies at Andover, Atkinson (1791), Boscawen, Bath, Canaan, Chester, Colebrook,Contoocook, Penacook, North Conway, Dcer- ing, Epping, Francestown (1819), Gilmantown (1794), Hampton, Haverhill (1794), Henniker, Hopkinton, Kingston, Marlow, North- wood, Orford, Pembroke (18 18), Pittsfield, Portsmouth, (1808), Sandwich, Salisbury, Washington, and Wolfeborough. There are high schools at Bristol, Charlestown, Claremont, Concord, Dover, Dunbarton, P'armington, Exeter, Franklin, Freedom, Hampstead, Hancock, Hinsdale, Jaffrey, Keene, Laconia, Lake Village, Lancaster, Lebanon, Littleton, Manchester, Marlbor- ough, Milford, Nashua, Newport, Petersborough, Portsmouth, Raymond, Rochester, Rollinsford, Great Falls, Troy, Walpole, Warren, Weare, and Winchester. The State industrial school, situated on the farm of General John Stark, was chartered in 1855, and opened in 1858. Col. John B. Clarke, of Manchester, was elected State printer in 1S67. He was re-elected in 1868, 1869, 1877, 1878,1879, 1885, and 1887. John Badger Clarke, son of Greanleaf and Julia (Cogswell) Clarke, was born in Atkinson, January 30, 1820; graduated at Dartmouth College in 1843 ; studied law ; and in 1852 became proprietor of the Mirror and American, and the Mirror and Farmer. His life's work has been the building of these great newspapers from a small beginning to a most influ- ential place among New England journals. In 1888 the Mirror /.A C 7^^ lS6S] SINCE THE KEI!EM.IOX. 655 was welcomed in about thirty tliousand households, its influence felt far beyond the frontiers of the State. Under the manatee, ment of the "genial, liberal, enterprising, and able" editor, the Mirror has become a power. Colonel Clarke has been aided in liis editorial work by James O. Adams and Henry M. Putney. It has always represented the most aggressive Republican ideas. Its Democratic rival in Manchester is the Univn, established in 1S51, the daily edition of which reaches nearly fourteen thousand, while of the Weekly Union seventeen thousand are issued. The success of the Union has also largely been due to the efforts of one man, Hon. Joseph C. Moore, M. D. Joseph Clifford Moore, son of Dr. F. and Frances F. Moore, was born in Loudon, August 23, 1845; received a common-school education; attended the New York Medical College ; and commenced to practise with his father at Lake Village, in 1866. In 1879 he became interested in building up the Union, and splendidly succeeded, soon making it a widely read and influential morning newspaper. In 1884 Dartmouth College conferred upon him the degree of A. M. • He was one of the prime movers in organizing the popular New Hampshire Club, and served as its president. A State news department, arranged by counties, was first started in the People, at Concord, in 1868, by Henry H. Metcalf. In 1877 he started the Granite Monthly, at Dover; and in 1879 issued it at Concord. From the burden of his editorial work he was obliged to relinquish his interest in the magazine to John N. McClintock, who afterwards carried it on, until, in 1888 eleven volumes had been published, devoted chiefly to historical and biographical matters. Of the one hundred and seven publications issued in New Hampshire, the Gazette oi Portsmouth was established in 1756, XhQ Journal in 1793 ; the Cheshire Republican in 1793 ; the Sen- tinel in 1799, both of Keene ; the Amherst Cabinet in 1802 ; the People and Patriot in 1809, the Statesman in 1823, both of Con- cord ; the Argus and Spectator, of Newport, in 1823 ; the Dover Enquirer and Nashua Gazette in 1827 ; the Exeter News Letter in 183 1 ; the Nashua Telegraph in 1832. The Manchester Union and the People and Patriot claim to be the leading Democratic 656 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. ['S/O journals. Tlie two leading Republican papers are the Statesman and the Manchester Mhivr and Ajncrkan. In the Republican State convention of 1869 no name but that of Onslow Stearns was presented for the gubernatorial nom- ination, which was conferred upon him by acclamation, a cir- cumstance of rare occurrence in the case of a first nomination. He was elected, by a decided majority over Gen. John Bedel, the Democratic candidate, and was renominated the following year. He sent a letter to the convention, declining the renom- ination, on account of the state of his health and the pressure of business cares, but the convention refused to accept the decli- nation, and a committee was appointed to wait upon him and urge its withdrawal, which was finally successful in its efforts. His re-election followed, and for another year he devoted nc small share of his attention to the interests of the State, not. withstanding the varied demands of the extensive corporate interests under his management. To the financial affairs of the State his care was especially directed, and during his administra- tion the State debt was reduced nearly one-third, while the State tax was also reduced in still greater proportion. He also took a lively interest in the management of the State Prison, and was instrumental in effecting great changes therein, securing more thorough discipline and putting the institution upon a paying basis, whereas it had long been run at a pecuniary loss to the State. In the discharge of all his public duties, Mr. Stearns always sought to treat the matter in hand in a thoroughly practical and business-like manner, exercising the same judgment and dis- crimination as in the management of his private and business affairs. Although firmly attached to his party, he was less a partisan in the exercise of his official functions than many of his predecessors had been, and was the first Republican gover- nor of New Hampshire to nominate a Democrat to a position upon the supreme bench, which he did in 1870, when Hon- Wm. S. Ladd of Lancaster was made an associate justice of the Supreme Judicial Court to fill the vacancy caused by the re- tirement of Judge George W. Nesmith. {jL^^^c^Jzr^^. 'coT^in-f^ >^n: /v^ztff'H^ '871] SINCE TilE KEIiEI.LION. (3^7 Governor Stearns was born in Billerica, August 10, iSio; settled in Con- cord in 1S45, where lie was largely interested in the railroad enterprises of New England; and died December 29, 187S. He was a public spirited and generous man, contributing liberally to all that was calculated to advance the interests of his adopted city. The long and arduous labor of his life was not without its substantial re- ward, and he became the possessor of an ample fortune, enabling him to dispense a liberal hospitality. Among the many distinguished persons enter- tained in his elegant mansion were two incumbents of the chief magistracy ofthe United States — General Grant and Mr. Hayes, each of whom became his guest when visiting Concord. In 1S71 James A. Weston was chosen governor. 'James Adams Weston was born in Manchester, August 27, 1827, and was descended from John Weston, one of the founders of Weymouth, Massachu- setts, and James Wilson, one ofthe Londonderry colonists. As a civil engineer, he occupies a place in the front rank in his profession in New England ; and his services have been in demand far beyond his ability to respond, in making surveys for proposed railways and water-works. In his political convictions and associations, Mr. Weston has been a Dem- ocrat from youth. A devoted supporter ofthe principles and policy of his party, he has won and held the personal respect of both friends and opponents in political affairs; so that, when a candidate for public office, he has never failed of strong popular support, measurably exceeding that of his party strength alone. In 1861 he was persuaded to accept the Democratic nomination for mayor of Manchester. Again, in 1S67, Mr. Weston was pressed into service by his party associates in the city, as a mayoralty candidate against Hon. Joseph H. Clark, then mayor, and Republican candidate for re-election. This canvass resulted in his election. At the next election the Republicans made a strong and determined effort to regain their ascendency in the city ; the returns gave Mayor Weston a majority of seven votes over his Republican opponent, Hon. Isaac W. Smith. The " revising" process was resorted to, however, and the latter declared elected by twenty-three majority. In 1S69 Mr. Weston defeated Mayor Smith by a good majority, and was re-elected the following year. Mayor Weston's remarkable success as the standard-bearer of his party in the city of Manchester, and the increased popularity he had secured by wise and efficient administration of municipal affairs in that large and prosperous community, suggested him to the Democracy of the State at large as a most fit and available candidate for the gubernatorial nomination ; and at the State convention, in January, 1S7:, he was made the nominee ofthe party for gov- ernor. The election resulted in no choice of governor by the people, 'H. H. lletcalf. 658 HISTOKV OF NEW II.\ M PS!! IRE. ['S/I though Mr. Weston received a decided plurality of the votes cast, and was chosen governor by the legislature in June follow- ing, — the Republicans thus losing control of the State govern- ment for the first time since their advent to power in 1855- Determined to retrieve their fallen fortunes, the Republican leaders, in 1 872, brought to the front, as their standard-bearer and gubernatorial nominee, Hon. Ezekiel A. Straw, agent of the Amoskeag Manufacturing Company, a man of great resources and unparalleled influence in manufacturing circles, not only in Manchester, but throughout the State. His defeat of Governor Weston in the following canvass was a matter of no surprise to either party ; and his re-election the subsequent year naturally resulted. The Democracy, however, insisted on continuing Mr. Weston as their candidate ; and in 1874 he secured a handsome plurality, and was again elected governor by the legislatuie. In December previous he had received the unusual distinction of a fourth election as mayor of the city, being chosen by a majority much larger than he had ever before received, reaching some six hundred votes. Although there was great partisan excitement in the State during Mr. Weston's second administration, his official integrity and thorough devotion to the welfare of the State were conceded even by his most determined political oppo- nents; and no man holds in fuller measure the respect and esteem of the people, regardless of party, than does James A. Weston, the only living Democrat who ever occupied that position. Other men in New Hampshire have attained greater wealth and more varied public honors; but when all the elements of substantial success are considered, there are none, certainly, who outrank James A. Weston. Cau- tious, sagacious, and methodical ; with a well-balanced mind, and executive ability of a high order; scrupulously exact in the performance of every duty and the discharge of every trust, public or private; uniformly courteous in his intercourse with others, and mindful of every obligation to society and humanity, — the ample measure of success he has attained, and the general esteem in which he is held, are but the legitimate outcome of his life and conduct.' Bishop Baker died in Concord, December 20, 1S71. Right Rev. Osmand Cleander Baker, son of Dr. Isaac and Abigail ' n. H, Mctcalf. «872| SIN-CE Till.; KEUKI.LIO.N. g^ (Kidder) Baker, was born in Mario w, July 30, 1S12. Entered Middletown University in 1S30, and left at the'end of his junior year on account of sickness. He was consecrated bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church in 1852. In 1872, the Republican party, after the defeat of the previous year, selected as their standard bearer Hon. lizekiel A. Straw of Manchester, the agent of the Amoskeag corporation, and elected him. Governor Straw was born in December, iSiy, in Salisbury; was educated at the Phillips Exeter Academy, and became a civil engineer. He received emplovment in July, 1S3S, from the Amoskeag company, and continued in their employ until his death. He was in the company's service as engineer lor thirteen years. In 1S51 Mr. Straw was appointed lo the position of agent of the land and water-power department of the company. Five years later the machine shops were also put in his charge, and in 185S the mills were added; so that he became the active manager of the entire business of the company. He was representative from 1S59 to iSf.3 inclusive, and served efficiently for the last three years as chairman of the Committee on Finance, at that time — the war period — one of the most important of the legislative committees. In 1864 he was chosen a senator. In the oflice of chief magistrate of the State, which he filled for two years, being re-elected in 1873, Mr. Straw maintained his independence of character, and acted throughout as his own judgment dictated, looking only to the best interests of the people as viewed from his standpoint. No governor ever brought to the position a higher degree of executive ability and practical knowledge of affairs, or was more universally governed in the performance of his duties by his own convictions of right. After Tie retired from the ofTice of governor, Mr. Straw was not engaged in public service until his death. Asa Fowler was speaker of the House of Representatives in 1872. Asa Fowler was born in Pembroke, February 23, 181 1; graduated at Dartmouth College in 1833 ; studied law, and settled in Concord. In 1855 he was nominated by the Independent Democrats, or Free-Soilers, as their candidate for governor, and the same year he accepted the position of associate justice of the Supreme Court. He resigned in 1861. He died April 26, 1885. 66o mSTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [1873 Judge Fowler was one of the most diligent, laborious, and successful lawyers in the State, and for many years he had the largest practice. At different times he was associated with Franklin Pierce, John Y. Mugridge, and William E. Chandler. He drafted more bills for the legislature than any other man. The beautiful Fowler Library, presented in 1888 as a gift to the city of Concord by his children, may be considered a monu- ment to his memory. In March, 1873, upon the death of Chief Justice Bellows,. Judge J. Everett Sargent was appointed chief justice of the State, which place he held until August, 1874, when the court was overturned. Chief Justice Sargent, at the time of his ap- pointment as chief justice, had become the oldest judge upon the bench, both in age and date of commission, so frequent had been the changes in its members since his appointment to that bench, less than fourteen years before. Jonathan Everett Sargent was born at New London, October 23, 1816. He lived at home, working upon the farm until he was seventeen years of age. He studied at Hopkinton and Kimball Union acidemies, Entered Dart- mouth College and graduated in 1S40. He studied law with Hon. W. P. Weeks, of Canaan, and on a visit to Washington was admitted to the bar in 1842. After returning home, he continued his legal studies with Mr. Weeks until the July law term, in Sullivan county, in 1S43, when he was admitted to the bar. He then went into company with Mr Weeks at Canaan, where he re- mained till 1S47, when he removed to Wentworth and opened an office there- He had been appointed solicitor for Grafton county in November, 1844, ■while at Canaan, and he at once commenced a lucrative business at Went- worth; was reappointed solicitor in 1S49 '°'' ^^^ years more, thus holding the office for ten years, to 1S54, performing the duties to the entire acceptance of the county and the people. He declined a reappointment. In 1S51 he was first elected a member of the legislature from Wentworth and served as chairman of the committee on incorporations. The next year he was re-elected, and was made chairman of the judiciary committee, and in 1853 he was again a member, and was nominated with great unanimity and elected as speaker of the House of Representatives. He served with ability and impartiality and to the general acceptance of all parties. The next winter a new man was to be selected as a candidate for senator in his district, and at the' convention he was nominated with great unanimity, and was elected in March, in a close district, by about three hundred major- ity. When the Senate met in June, there was some discussion as to a candi- date for president, but at the caucus he was nominated upon the first ballot. CyVh^a/y-tj^ y^VTl U{ LA^yt-T^ 1873] SINCE THE KEr.ELl.lON. ,„,, and was diil.v elected as president of the Senate in 1S51. He was renominated in the spring of 1S55, but the Know-Nothing nujveniLiU Ihat year carried everything before it, and he was defeated, with nearly all the other Demo- cratic nominees in the State. On the 2d d.iy of April he was appointed a cir- cuit justice of the Court of Common Pleas for the State. But in June of that year, the old courts were abolished and new ones organized. Jud<'e Sar"enl was making his arrangements to go into practice again at the bar when he received a request from Governor Metcalf that he would accept the second place on the bench of the new Court of Common Pleas. This offer was ac cepted, anil Judge Sargent was appointed as an associate justice of the Court of Common Pleas. After the repeal of the Missouri compromise and the passage of the Kansas- Nebraska Act in 1S54, the great question between the political parties for sev- eral years, during the contests in Kansas that followed, was as to whether slavery should be allowed in the Territories, or whether they should be free. In the mind ofjudge Sargent there could be but one answer to this question, and in acting according to his convictions of right in that matter he was compelled to oppose the party with which he had hitherto acted ; and in car- rying out liis convictions consistently he could do no other way than to go with the Republican party. lie acted as judge of the new Court of Conitnon I'leas for four years, until 1S59, when, by a statute of that year, that court was abolished, and the Su- preme Judicial Court was to do the work of that court in addition to its own, and one new judge was to be added to that court, making the number of Su- preiTie Court judges six instead of five, as before. Judge Sargent was at once appointed to that place on the supreme bench. He was then the youngest member of the court in age, as well as in the date of his commission. He remained upon the bench of that court just fifteen years, from 1S59 to 1S74. He was distinguished for his laborious industry, his impartiality, and his ability. His written opinions are contained in the sixteen volumes of the New Hampshire Reports, from the 39th to the 54th inclusive, numbering about three hundred in all. Many of these are leading opinions upon various subjects, and show great learning and research. Since 1869 Judge Sargent has resided in Concord, devoting his attention at first to law, and later to finances and historical studies. He succeeded Hon. Charles H. Bell as pres- ident of the New Hampshire Historical Society in 1887. In 1873, Charles H. Burns, of Wilton, one of the ablest law- yers and one of the most eloquent orators of New Hampshire, was elected to the State Senate. Charles H. Burns, son of Charles A. and Elizabeth (Hutchinson) Burns, and a descendant of John Burns, the pioneer Scotch-Irish settler, who settled in Milford in 1746, was born in Milford, January 19, 1835. He re- ceived a hic,'h-school education, read law with Col. O. W. Lull, graduated at the Har^'ard Law School in 1858, and was soon 662 HISTORY OF NEW HAMI'SHIRE. [iS/S after admitted to the bar. He settled in Wilton, although his business grew to require an office at Nashua. In 1876 he was appointed county solicitor of Hillsborough county, and served seven years. He was re-elected to the Senate in 1879. In 1881 he was appointed United States district attorney for New Hampshire and re-appointed in 1885. In 1883 his many friends desired to elect him to the United States Senate. During Governor James A. Weston's second term in office, in 1874, he was supported by a Democratic majority in the Senate and House of Representatives. There was a complete overturn in all State offices. 1 In 187s, under peculiar circumstances, Person C. Cheney be- came the Republican candidate for governor. In 1874 the Re- publicans had lost the State for causes which it would not be useful to recite ; and the Democrats, having control of every branch of legislation, had used their power to fortify themselves in the possession of the State government, by making new ward divisions in the city of Manchester, and redistricting for coun- cillors and senators, in such a manner as to put their adversaries at great disadvantage, and render it almost impossible to recover the State. Under such circumstances it became absolutely necessary for them to place at the head of the ticket a name of the greatest personal popularity. Such were the prestige of Mr. Cheney, gained by his successful administration as mayor of Manchester, his personal magnetism among those who knew him, and his well-known energy as a canvasser, that, unexpect- edly to himself, he was selected as the standard bearer of his party, and the result proved how wisely. The hottest campaign ever known in a State proverbial for the violence of its political contests ensued, and there was no choice of governor by the people ; but Mr. Cheney had a plurality of the votes cast, al- though Judge Roberts, his competitor, received the heaviest vote his party had ever polled in New Hampshire. The Repub- licans secured a majority in the legislature, which elected Mr. Cheney governor. In 1876 Governor Cheney was again a can- didate, and after a canvass which exceeded in intensity even that ' Daniel Hall. J ^ ')^A 1876] siNCK Tiir. kl:i;ici.lk)n. (-,f-,, of 1S75, he was rc-clcctcd l)y a flattcrin;^- majority of Iho popular vote, which was heavier than liad ever before been cast in New Hampshire. Mr. Cheney brought to the office of governor a jjatriotic love for the State and solicitude for her good name, a clear insight, great executive ability, thorough business habits, and personal dignity, urbanity, and tact of a high order. These •qualities, combined with his undoubted integrity and earnest- ness of purpose, enabled him to give the State a most prudent and successful administration of its affairs. The retrenchment of expenses, so much needed in a period of financial depression following years of sharp distress, was kept steadily in view, and a thorough business system inaugurated in all branches of tiie government ; the affairs of the adjutant-general's office were re- deemed from years of neglect and confusion ; the State debt was materially reduced ; at his suggestion a law was passed requiring vouchers to be filed for all disbursements from the governor's contingent fund ; and the finances of the State were left in all respects upon a sound and stable basis. The prominent part of New Hampshire in the Centennial Exposition was due largely to his foresight, his faith in its benefits, and his untiring efforts in its behalf. None who participated in them will ever forget the brilliant success of "New Hampshire Day" at Philadelphia, or the reception of Governor and Mrs. Cheney, during his term of office, to the members of the legislature and the citizens of the State, at White's Opera House, which was a memorable social event. Governor Cheney retired from office with the universal respect and esteem of men of all parties, and has since devoted himself closely to business. Person C. Cheney was born in th.at part of lloklerness which is now Ash- land, February 25, iSjS. The square, olj-fashioned New England house, where the family resided, is still to be seen. It stands in the picturesque village of Ashland, overlooking the valley below, and commandini; a view of lofty hills and beautiful scenery. His boyhood and early manhood were passed at Peterborough. Mr. Cheney took an early interest in politics, and represented the town of Peterborough in the legislature in 1853 and 1854. He entered ardently into the memorable events of 1S60 and 1861. and zealously aided and promoted the preparation of the State for the great struggle to maintain the fnion. In due 664 IIISTOKV OV NEW HAMPSHIRE. ['876 time he oftered his personal services, and in August. 1S62, was appointed quartermaster of the Thirteenth regiment, and proceeded with the regiment to the seat of" war. Joining the army of the Potomac, he rendered faithful service to the regiment and the country, until exposure and overwork in the campaign before Fredericksburg brought on a long and dangerous sickness. Barely escaping with his life, he was compelled to resign and return home. He received an honorable discharge in August, 1S63. In 1S64 he was chosen railroad commissioner for New Hampshire. In 1866 Mr. Cheney removed to Manchester. Mr. Chenev, upon becoming a resident of Manchester, became at once thoroughly and prominently identified with the development and prosperity of that rapidly growing city; and very soon his business capacity and in- tegritv, his liberal spirit and engaging manners, attracted attention to him as a man not onlv highly fitted for public honors, but as pre-eminently capable of commanding them at the hands of the people. He was brought forward as a candidate for mayor of Manchester in 1S71, and elected by a larger ma- jority than any candidate had received since 1S63. He performed the duties intelligently and to general acceptance, but declined a re-election. Mr. Cheney for many years has been extensively interested in manufacturing en- terprises and in banking. During Governor Currier's administration, a vacancy occurring in the United States Senate by the death of Hon. Austin F. Pike, Mr. Cheney was appointed bv the governor to act as senator until the meeting of the legisla- ture the following June, which position he accepted and filled, but declined to be a candidate for an election by that body. ' A brave, true, and honest man, a sincere and warm-hearted friend, of positive convictions, of unflinching devotion to principle, and fitted for any station ; his useful service, his honorable and upright character, and his high and unselfish aims, have made him a power in the State. Having considered Exeter in 1776, a glance at the town a cen- tury later maybe of interest. It chief object of interest at the latter date is Phillips Exeter Academy. 2 This venerable institution is one of the oldest nurseries of classical education in America. It was founded in 1783 by Dr. John Phillips, a merchant of Exeter, in the days when that town was a business centre and the shipment of heavy goods was by water, in vessels of a few hundred tons burden. Dr. Phillips hav- ing amassed a considerable fortune, seems to have determined on the perpetuation of the family name, not especially to satisfy family pride, but to confer a lasting blessing on a posterity ever ready to acknowledge its obligations to the world's benefactors. Exeter of 1888 only contains double the number of inhabi- ■ n.miel Hall. - H. H. Metcalf. '^76] SINCE THE KEIiELLlOX rr 005 tants it (lid in i--r'i ^'^^^ ;t., .,„i-..,.,.i 1 . ' iK-iut) icmims xlmost im disturbed. The Squamscott river is as placid and the falls above It awaken scarcely a new echo, while manv of those incident to 666 IIISTOKV OF .\i;\V HAMPSHIRE. [l^7(> shipping died along its banks forty or fifty years since. A cot- ton-mill by the river side and a machine-shop and foundry near the depot, are the princijjal manufactories, and occupy the place of corn-mills, saw-mills, and a few tanneries. The latter, in active operation, with shipping, ship-building, and country trade, were the foundation of prosperity and wealth one hundred years ago. It was the fortune of Dr. Phillips to endow an in- stitution more lasting than all of these, and the fortune of pos- terity to reap the manifold results of such a beneficent endow- ment. It appears by the catalogue of 1783 that 56 students attended, and of these, 38 belonged to Exeter. As early as 1785 there was one student from the West Indies. Before the year 1800 a dozen had attended from the West Indies; and other States besides New Hampshire were well represented. The number attending to April, 1869, was 3855. This number must have increased to nearly five thousand. The list of principals is wonderfully short. Only four names appear. Dr. Benjamin Abbott, Dr. Gideon L. Soule, Albert C. Perkins, and W. O. Scott. The labors of Dr. Abbott and Dr. Soule cover more than three-fourths of a century of indefatiga- ble toil and unremitting aid to those climbing the hill of science. Dr. Abbott was principal of the academy from 1788 to 1838, — just half a century. Dr. Soule, having been already associated with Dr. Abbott for about seventeen years, was elected princi- pal in 1838, and held the position until 1873. The success, the fame, and the lasting reputation of the school is largely attribu- table to the efforts of these venerable instructors. Among the pupils of E.xeter were Lewis Cass, Daniel Web- ster, Leverett Saltonstall, Joseph G. Coggswell, Edward Everett, John A. Dix, John G. Palfrey, Jared Sparks, George Bancroft, and others eminent in learning and statesmanship. The academy building being destroyed by fire in December, 1870, donations for the new building delicately and modestly dropped into the trustee's hands from members of the alumni, until (with contributions from other beneficent sources) the sum swelled to $50,000, or enough to complete the new academy buildin"-. (^Bdt^^J/CCwyt^Zi^ 1^76] SINCE THE REBELLION. ^^,7 The academy building destroyed in 1870 was erected in 1794 with the exception of the " wings," which were afterwards addeil.' In 1876 a constitutional convention was held at Concord' As a result of its* deliberations, the religious qualification of office-holders was removed; biennial elections were decided upon ; but the work was so poorly done that another convention was soon demanded. In 1876, December 8, there died in Dover Daniel M. Chri.stie, who for half a century was one of the leaders of the New Hampshire bar. Daniel Miltimore Christie was of Scotch- Irish stock. He was born in Antrim, October 15, 1790; o-rad- uated at Dartmouth College, in 18 15, at the head of his class ; read law in Peterborough ; and settled at first in York, Maine. In 1823 he moved to Dover. He was first elected to the leg- islature in 1826 and was re-elected eleven times. Daniel M. Christie, LL.D., was a man of extraordinary endowments, un. remitting in his labors and his diligence. He became a great man, not at a bound, but slowly and steadily. In his prime he was the contemporary and peer of Daniel Webster, Jeremiah Smith, Jeremiah Mason, George Sullivan, and Ichabod Bartlett. He married Mrs. Dorothy Dix Woodman, daughter of John Wheeler, Esq., and widow of Hon. Charles Woodman. In his home life he was a model father and husband, kind, considerate, and indulgent. They were the parents of six daughters. At the spring election in 1877 the Republican party elected its candidate, Benjamin F. Prescott, of Epping. His Demo- cratic competitor was Hon. Daniel Marcy, of Portsmouth. Mr. Prescott, a descendanj of Captain Jonathan Prescott. who fought with Pepperrell at the siege of Louisburg, was born in Epping, February 26, :Si;i; graduated at Dartmouth College in 1856, was admitted to the bar in 1859, was associate editor with Amos Hadleyon the Independent Democrat WW 1S66. In 1872 he was elected secretary of state, and was re-elected in 187,3, 'S75, and 1876. To him, while secretary of state and governor, and since, is chiefly due the unequalled collection of historic portraits at the State House, Dart- mouth College, and at Phillips Exeter Academy. As early as 1876 he was made a member of the Royal Historical Society of London. Under Governor Prescott's administration the laws of the State were revised, the new prison constructed, the militia reor- 668 HISTORV OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [1877 ganized, and judicial apjjointmeiits made. The prison was built within the appropriation. In all his official acts, Governor I'res- cott was animated by a purpose single to the welfare of the State, and upon his retirement to private life, at the end of his term, he took with him the respect of its people, irrespective of party or sect. While governor he wa.s frequently called upon to address pub- lic and private gatherings, and he seldom failed to respond. His first address was at Epping, on the occasion of a public recep- tion given him by the citizens of the town, without distinction of party, on the day after his inauguration. He was present at the inauguration of Rev. Samuel C. Bartlett, D.D., LL.D., as president of Dartmouth College, and gave an address of welcome to that eminent scholar. The governor visited, with a large de- tachment of the State militia and distinguished citizens of the State, the centennial celebration of the battle of Bennington, Vt., and spoke there for the State at the banquet on that mem- orable occasion. He was also at State and town fairs and meet- ings of various kinds. In 1877 James F. Briggs, of Manchester, was elected a mem- ber of Congress, and was re-elected in 1879 and in 1881. James F. Briggs, son of John and Nancy (Franklin) Briggs, was born at Bury, Lancashire, England, October 23, 1827, and in infancy was brought by his parents to the United States. In 1836 the family settled in Ashland, where the father commenced the manufacture of woollen cloth. Here the son served his ap- prenticeship, educated himself, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 185 1. He at finst settled at Hillsborough Bridge, representing the town in 1856, 1857, and 1858. During the Re- bellion he served as quartermaster of the Eleventh. In 1871 he established himself at Manchester, where he was appointed city solicitor. He was soon elected to the State Senate, and was a member of the constitutional convention. During his term in Congress he was a faithful, hard-working member, wielding a great influence, and commanding the confidence of his associ- ates. A ready writer and an able speaker, he fairly won his success at the bar and his influence in lesfislativC assemblies. 0~l ^\] U LLLlu 1877] SINCE THE REBELLION. 669 From A>mwo- the Clouds, a newspaper published on the summit of Mount Washington, and established in 1876 the following summary of leading events in White Mountain history has been selected. The Indian name of the White Mountains was Waumbek Methna ; of Mount Washington, Agiochook. The first ascent ECHO LAKE, FRAHCONIA MOTC of Mount Washington was by Darby Field. The first account of the mountains was published in John Josselyn's "New England Rarities Discovered," 1672. Conway was settled in 1764. The White Mountain Notch was discovered by Nash and Sawyer, 1771. Franconia was settled in 1774; Bartlett about 1777: and Jackson (formerly Adams), about 1778. Mount Washington was named in 1784. Bethlehem was settled in 1790. The first settlement at site of P'abyan House was by^ 670 JIISTOKV OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [1877 Captain Eleazer Rosebiook in 1792. Abel Crawford, the "Patri- arch of the Mountains," Roscbrook's son-in-law, settled near Bemis Station, about 1793. The first house for visitors was built by Capt. Rosebrook in 1803. Ethan Allen Crawford, Abel's son, who was born at Guildhall, Vt., 1792, and died at Fabyan's, 1848, took Rosebrook's house, in 1817. He opened the first foot-path to the summit of Mount Washington in 18 19, and built a stone cabin near the Summit soon afterwards. CASTELLATED RIDGE OF MOUNT JEFFERSON. A. N. Brackett, J. W. Weeks, and five others, from Lancaster, went over the entire White Mountain range, with E. A. Craw- ford as guide, in July, 1820, and named Mounts Madison, Adams, Jefferson, Monroe, Franklin, and Pleasant. They were the first to spend the night on Mount Washington. The first ladies to ascend Mount Washington were three Misses Austens of Portsmouth. The family of James Willcy, jr., was destroyed by a land- slide in White Mountain Notch, August 28, 1826. The first bridle-path to the summit was opened in 1840, by Thomas J. 1878] SINCE THE REBELLION. (5-j Crawford, brother of Kthan. His father, Abel Crawford, tlien seventy-five years old, rode the first horse that cHmbcd the mountain. The old Summit Ifouse was built by J. S. Hall and L. M Rosebrook, in 1852. The old Tip-top House was built by Sam- uel F. Spaulding & Co., in 1853. The carriage road was begun in 1855, and finished in 1861 ; the engineers were D. O. Macomber and C. H. V. Cavis. The railway was projected by Sylvester Marsh, of Littleton ; it was chartered in 1858 ; work was begun in 1866 ; the road was opened to the public when built to Jacob's Ladder, August 24, 1868 ; and finished in July, 1869. The depot was built at Summit in fall of 1870; it was blown down iii spring of 1876. The Summit House was built by John E. Lyon and Walter Aiken in 1872. The signal station was built in 1874. The Glen stage ofifice was built in 1878. The Tower was built in 1880. The first winter ascent of mountain was made by the sheriff of Coos county and B. F. Osgood of the Glen House, December 7, 1858. The first party spent a night on the mountain in winter, February 19, 1862. The signal station was established in 1870. Private William Stevens died at the station, February 26, 1872. Frederick Strickland, an Englishman, perished in the Am- monoosuc Ravine, October, 185 1. Miss Lizzie Bourne, of Ken- nebunk, Me., perished on the Glen bridle-path, near the Sum- mit, on the night of September 14, 1855. Mr. B. L. Ball, of ]5oston, was lost on Mount Washington, in October, 1855, in a snowstorm, but was rescued after two days' and nights' expo- sure without food or sleep. Benjamin Chandler, of Delaware, perished near Chandler's Peak, August 7, 1856, in a storm, and his remains were not discovered for nearly a year. Harry W. Hunter, of Pittsburg, Pa., perished on the Crawford bridle-path, September 3, 1874, a mile from the Summit. The remains were discovered July 14, 1880. In the election of 1878 Governor Prcscott was the successful candidate against Hon. Frank A. McKean, of Nashua. The amended constitution was to go into effect in June, 1879, the election of governor and members of the legislature taking place in November instead of March as formerly. 6/2 HISTORY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. [1S78 At the convention in September, 1878, which was the first to select candidates for a biennial term, Natt Head was nominated upon the first ballot by a decided majority. By reason of the third party or " Greenback " movement, it was not expected by his most sanguine supporters that he would be elected on the popular vote, yet the result was that he was chosen over all bv a large majority. Governor Natt Head was descended from Welsh and Scotch ancestrv, and was born in Ilooksett, May 20, 1S28. His great-grandfather, Colonel James Head, had command of a garrison in " Suncook" during the French war and was killed at the battle of Bennington. Colonel Head had three sons, of whom Nathaniel, born in Bradford, in 1754. was the grandfather of Governor Natt Head. When a young man the son paid his addresses to Miss Anna Knox, daughter of Timothy Knox, of Pembroke. She was of Scotch-Irish blood, and one day, as the father and son were plowing, the former remarked, " Nathaniel, do you intend to marry that Irish girl.'" The son respectfullv but emphatically answered in the affirmative ; whereupon the father added, "Then, understand, you can never share in my property." Young Nathan- iel's answer was ; "Very well; I will take care of myself." And in accordance with his declaration he dropped the goad-stick, and in a few hours left the paternal roof to take up a farm in the wilderness and build a home. The father made good his threat, and at his death Nathaniel received one dollar and his brothers the remainder of the property. Nathaniel located in that portion of Chester now Hooksett, and, building a log-house, carried to it Anna Knox, his wife. The site o£ the primitive cabin was the identical spot where Governor Head's residence now stands. The appointment which brought Governor Natt Head most conspicuously before the public was that of adjutant, inspector, and quartermaster-general of the State, which he received from Governor Gilmore, in March, 1S64. He was called to that office at a period when the Republic was in one of the most serious crises of the great civil war, and when the loyal people of New Hampshire were putting forth every effort to enlist the men called for under the president's proclamation of the preceding month. The reports issued during General Head's administration not only give the name and history of every oflicerand soldier who went into the service from the State, but they embrace biographical sketches of all the field officers who fell in battle or who died of disease during the war, together with a brief history of all the organizations, giving their principal movements from their departure to their return home. These books also include the military his- tory of New Hampshire from 1623 to 1S61, the data for which were gathered with great perseverance and under many discouragements from various sources in this and other States, and from the rolls in the War Department at Washington, thus making the united reports a work of inestimable value to the present and coming generations, and, at the same time, constituting an '•"^79] SINCK TUK KKBEI.I.ION. /->--. invaluable contribution to the martial history of the nation. He was the lirst adjutant-general in our country who conceived the idea of having "hand- somely engraved on steel, with attractive and appropriate symbols, and o( a size adapted to framing, a memorial certificate to be presented to all 'survivint; officers and soldiers from the State, and to the widows or nearest relatives of those who gave their lives in the great struggle for the preservation of the Republic. His gubernatorial administration wa.s tliroughout emincntlv successftil, creditable alike to his own ability and fidelity and to the fair fame of the State which he so honorably scrveil. During his term of office there arose many important measures and questions whose consideration demanded practical good sense, wisdom, and impartial judgment. The well-known Ikiz- zell murder case, which finally became one of the most celebrated in the criminal records of the world, had been twice tried wiicn Governor Head entered the executive chair. Buzzell was then awaiting execution, and thousands had petitioned for a commu- tation of his sentence. His Excellency and his official advisers gave a long and patient hearing to counsel for the State and for the defence, and to all others who desired to be heard, and then, after mature deliberation, refused the prayer on the ground that no new evidence had been presented that would warrant the changing of the decision of the court. Buzzell suffered the ex- treme penalty of the law, and the conclusion in his case was sus- tained by legal and public opinion. The project of a new State Prison, which had been successfully inaugurated under his prede- cessor, was carried forward to its completion. The commissioners selected to superintend the work consulted with the governor at every step, and without even a whisper of extravagance or job- bery the building was finished, dedicated, and opened for use, and stands to-day, in thoroughness of structure and excellence of arrangement, second to no other penitentiary in the country. There came before Governor Head many judicial and other ap- pointments, .all of which were made with the single aim of serv- ing the highest interest of the State. His administration took its rank in history as one of the purest, wisest, and best that New Hampshire has ever had. The " Holderness School for Boys " was opened in 1879 as a 674 HISTOKV OF \E\V ]1 A MP.SII I KE. [ I 8So diocesan school in tlie old mansion of the Livermores, and the venerable church served as its chapel until the erection of a beau- tiful Gothic chapel was demanded. Destroyed by fire in March, 1882, the historic homestead has given place to new buildings specially adapted to the school work. Rev. Frank C. Coolbaugh is the rector of the school, and also of Trinity church in the town of Holderness. St. Man's school for girls, in Concord, was opened seven j-ears later, or in 18S6, in the mansion occupied by Hall Burgin, Governor Gilmore, and Judge Asa Fowler. The Chase Home for Children, an orphanage under episcopal patronage, was opened in Portsmouth in 1879. In 1880 Aretas Blood, of Manchester, was chairman of the electors who cast the vote of New Hampshire for James A. Garfield for president of the United States. Aretas Blood, a descendant of James Blood, an early settler of Concord, Mass., was born October 8, 1816, in Weathersfield, Vt. Having learned the trade of a blacksmith and machinist, Mr. Blood, after having visited the West, settled in Man- chester in 1853, and established the next year the Manchester Locomotive Works. In 1857 he became the agent and manager of the company. Here his mechanical skill, executive ability, and judgment in financial affairs have had full scope for their exercise ; and he has built up one of the largest manufacturing- establishments in the State. The works can turn out one hundred and fifty locomotives and fifty steam fire engines every year, and give employment to seven hundred skilled workmen. Over thirteen hundred of these locomotives are now in use. Mr. Blood's financial ability has been called into the service of several manufacturing enterprises and banks. Mr. Blood has been very successful in business ; and his success in life may be attributed to his stubborn perseverance, as well as his good judgment and remarkable common sense. Mr. Blood was married September 4, 1845, to Lavina K. Kendall. His daughter Nora married Frank P. Carpenter; his daughter Emma married ih: L. M. French. Hon. Charles H. Bell, of Exeter, the Republican candidate for governor, elected in the fall of 1S80, was inaugurated ir. /"i^UZi/ /JU^^' 5I] SINCE TIIK I^7 one of the counsel to prepare the case siibmiited by the Repub- lican side to the electoral commission. Mr. Chandler afterward became an especially outspoken opponent of the Southern policy of the Hayes administration. In i8So he was a delegate to the Republican national convention, and served as a member of the committee on credentials, in which place he was active in secur- ing the report in favor of district representation, which was adopted by the convention. During the subsequent campaign he was a member of the national committee. On March 23, 1881, he was nominated for United States solicitor-general, but the Senate refused to confirm, the vote being nearly upon party lines. In that year he was again a member of the New Hamp- shire legislature. On 7th April, 1882, he was appointed secre- tary of the navy. Among the important measures carried out by him were the simplification and reduction of the unwieldy navy-yard establishment ; the limitation of the number of annual appointments to the actual wants of the naval service ; the dis- continuance of the extravagant policy of repairing worthless vessels ; and the beginning of a modern navy in the construction of the four new cruisers recommended by the advisory board. The organization and successful voyage of the Greely relief ex- pedition in 1884 were largely due to his personal efforts. Mr. Chandler was a strenuous advocate of uniting with the navy the other nautical branches of the federal administration, including the light-house establishment, the coast survey, and the revenue marine, upon the principle, first distinctly set forth by him, that ' the officers and seamen of the navy should be employed to per- form all the work of the national government upon or in direct" connection with the ocean.' " Mr. Chandler has been twice married, — in 1859 to a daughter of Governor Joseph A. Gilmore, and in 1874 to a daughter of Hon. John P. Hale. Since the days of Franklin Pierce and Isaac Hill, the Demo- cratic party has had many and able leaders, prominent among whom have been Colonel John H. George, Hon. Josiah Minot, Hon. Daniel Marcy, Hon. Harry Bingham, Hon. Frank Jones, Hon. A. W. Sullowav, Hon. fames A. Weston, Colonel Thomas ^ '^-tyl^-^^^^yT^l ^?7t,. 1887J SINXK THK KKliKI.LlON. (iSg Cogswell, John M. Hill. Hon. llosca VV, Parker, Hon. Kdimind Burke, John H. Pearson, and Charles F. Stone. Hon. Harry Bingham, born Mareh 30, 1821, in Concord, Vl., of New Hampshire stock ; was brought up on a farm ; educated at Lynilon (Vt.) Academy ; graduated at Dartmouth College in 1843 ; studied law with George C. Cahoon, David Hibbard, and Hon. Harry Hibbard ; taught school while a student ; was a7 41,595 Sullivan, . 18,162 18,058 19.042 ■9.375 20,340 19,669 — — Total, .147,3" 318,300 326,073 317,976 284,574 269,32s 244,022 214,46" I N D H X. Abbott 307. Benj. 433 666. Ephraim 132. T. C. 612624. :?. c. A. 23 ,33. J. Stephens 693. Joshua 339 341. Abenakis 306. Abercrombie, Gen. 236 24 5 246 2 Aberdeen, Scotland 362. Abigail, Squaw 141. Abolitionist 607. Acadie 79 117. Ackland, Major 3S;. ACWORTH2S1, 333 .(,?; 390. Adams 276 657 669 670. Academy 654. Ephraim 40S. Hugh 176. James a 655- John 142, 176353. John 4S1 507 541. John Q 491. Joseph 135. Nathaniel 650. Phlnehas 533 542 553. Samuel 303 305 334 371. Winbom 3S7. Adjutant-Gen, 335 495 496 611- Admiralty Court 300. Advent 642. Africa 520. African 420. Agamenticus Mt. 40. (ship) 614. AgiQchook 669. A^caltural Coll. 525. Aiken, Andrew 339, ' Aiken, Jam« ,42 2,2. John 145 147 14S. Nathaniel 142. Walter 671. Aix la Chapelle 230. Alabama 582 611. Albany 281. Albany, N. Y. 63 162 231 233 241 34S 365 3S1 3S9 443 Albee, John 3S 125. Aldrich 276. Ueorge 334. Alexander Col. 3v-- James 142. John 633. Randel 142. Algonquin 21. Allen, C. W. 212. Daniel 132. John 132. Josiah ,37. Samuel 107 121 12', 12S 13^ 1 Stephen 212. Thomas 133. William 1,1. "■' ' '" '■*> i.i",ii7 4S" Aliin, Kdward .,9. ""' Allison, Samuel 142. Almonie, Robert 100. AusTKAU 261 27, 290 334 3S7. Centre 261. Amazeen 128. Ambrose, Alice 61. Henry 4S. Anicnca So 103 140 152 ,75 .q, 200 219 239 24S 250 252 29s 344 348 354 36S 39S 402 419 4:4 471 4S3 4SS 501 507 597 604 631 635 636 640 641 645 664. Amencan 201 203 205 227 233 250 252 291 299 31S 320 321 322 325-327 328 331 339 340 346 35S, 360 364 378 3S1 3S3 406 423 453 48S 491 501 507 535 552 571 605 612 63s 636 640 642643644645652. Academy of Arts 29S 375. Army 2S9 3S5, I Colonies 2 (O 240. I Palu„l4-~o. I Amcsbuiy, Mass. 113 146 422 42S I 677 6S1. I Amhkrst 66 70 167 176 206264 { 453462499527539621622623. Cabinet 4.S0 50S 574 655. (ieneral 246 247 291. Ammonoosuc R. U. 574. "ver 233 332 333 335 33S 33940S. Among the Clouds 669. Amoskeag 149 208 233 39S 476 477 ] 530 531 532 533 553 563 596 j 597- ' Falls 89 .39 557 647. Hotel 557. Manuf. Co. 65S. Veterans 613. Amran, Rev. S. 148. j Anabaptist 41 49 54. !36 I Anasagunticook 307. f7i ] -Anderson, Allen 142. 1 ,. James 142. John 142. Robert 612. Ani)dveR454 52o576. Mass. 145 156 159 164 167 197 Andre, Major 392. -\ndrew8689. .Sergt. 338. .\ndros. Sir Edmund 79 90 103 106 107 110 123. -Androscoggin iS .S7 117. Angel Gabriel 635. ■5. -Annals of I-ynn 195. Annapolis, I\'Id. 623. I -Antietam 618 621 623 625. I Antifederalist 416 417. Compiled by .lolin T- iin.l ll'hvnnl V. McClint Anluiomi,«iS40 4i49, Antrim loS 182 462 554 6ai 6jj Apollo 359. '■ Apostles 52J. Appeal to kmg 65. Applcbce 276. -Appledore 60. Appleton, Dr. 552. Academy 654. Jesse 70. Ap|)lelon's Cyclopedia 686. Appomatox 643. Ai'Tl(OR|.279 3o2 304414. .Atiuadahian 55. Ailjuckel, Robert 142. -Arcadians 231. j -Archibald, John 142 196. Ardell, Wm. 130, j Ardra, Ireland 356. ; Argus and Spectator 655. ' Arlington 219. " .Armenia, Turkey 520. .Armour, Andrew 196. AinistrouE, John 196. Army of the Gull 625-627-628. of the James 6t6 619 620 624 626 *27- of the Potomac 616 621 623 626. of the United States 346. Aniold, Benedict 345 365 386 39c . 3<)2. Articles of Confederation 4"S. Ash 276. -Ashburton Trtiaty sR'>. Ashland 663 66S. .AsIjIcv, Sam. 279 2^. -Ashuelot Bank 599 R R. 574. River 391. Assembly 95-97 101 104 117 12S- 132 134 "37 mS 162 17s 176 iSo 182 189 198 204 211 252 253 267 26S 291 300 301 342 346 349-35" 363 37S 420 428 5'»l- Asten, Abiel 156 159. Athenian 381. Athens 344. Atherlon 441. Charles 394. Charles G. 594 598 600. Charles H. 467651. loshua 417 552. Bill 601. Atkin.son 2S7 373 406 654. Academy 461. George 403 407. Samuel 339. Theodore 125 126 12S 130 1 ■.• '74 "75 205 2" 355 .3'" i''i 423 424 425 426 554 \tlantic 18 20 1S4 185 230 266 55') & St. I-awrencc R. R. 574- 642 Attorney-General 300. Atwood, John 6oj. Auburn 145 149 267. Aulb, John 47. Austin Academy 654. Hope 535. Joseph 4S. Misses 670. Austria 487. Austrian Mission 630. Austyn, Theo. 99. Avery, Daniel 258. Averytown 257. Aver, Ebenezer 156 159 215, F. D. 164 167 559. R. H. 509. Babbett, Geo. M. 473. J. W. 625. Bacon, Bishop 645. Badger 654. Joseph 406 417 4511 <^(Kf. Wm. 569 570 571 t>2o. Bailey 276 390. E. U 615 616. Jonathan 302. Bahamas 501. Baker, Abel 604. Abigail 658. Ja lohn 76, Joseph 4S3. Mark 97. Moses 270 409. Nalh'l B. 604. O. C. 658 1.59 Samuel 389. Wm. 262. Baker's Corner 260 262, Pond 228. River 226 22S 398. Balch, John 42S. Baldwin, Mr. 273. Col. 469 510. Henry 47. Isaac 2S9 33S. Thomas 263. Ball, Capt. 387 -ioo. B. L. 571. Peter 100. Ballard, Ebenezer 275. John 207. Joseph 275. Ballock, n. W. 622. Baltimore 577 643. Bancroft, Geo. 320329383 399 66f). Bandfield, Jno.'ioo. Bannister, Warner 261. Baptist 71 J95 197 260 261 364 277 4SS 490 505 522 523 530 559 Barbadoes 61 64 105 287. Barclay, Capt. 317 350. Berber, Daniel 281. Barefoote, Walter 5i 96 i Barker, T. E. 616 627. T. A. 628. Barnard, Jeremiah 176. Barlow, Geo. 48. Barnett, John 142. 566. Mo ■ 142. Barney, Humphrey 99. Barnstable 41 195. Barnstead 173 211 569633. Barnum, P. T. 262. Baron de St. Castine 1 10. Dieskan 233. Barr, John 142. Barr, Samuel 142. Barrett 276. KARElNCiTON 143 149211 251 537. Barron, Ellas 156 159 160. Micah 464. Barry, J. E. 644. Thorn. 634. Barstow, Geo. 516 527. Bakti.ett, 433. Bradbury 502 514 515 546 fjoo. C'harles H. 678 679. Ichabod, 564 566 56S too r.^i John 100. J. C. 526. lane 67S. John 67S. Josiah 367 381 393 394 403 417 419 42S 429430431 432 434 444 446 448. Richard 539 651 67S. Samuel C. 516 668. 'I'homas 344 345 3O7 407. Bartlett's Dictionary 310. Barton, Cyrus 600. Goodwile 57. I. McL. 612 622 Josiah 334. Basques 20. Batchelder, Benjamin 133. J-)an!el ti99. Elijah 45S. 1290. lohn 2c> N.',than Si 133 408. N.Uhai.icl 97. R. N, 612. .Stephen 42 48 53 69. Bates, Dexter 261. Bath 263 409 61S 654. Me. 617. Bayard, J. A. 471 472. Bay Colony 32 44 45 47 6S 72 Magistratis 46. State 454. of Fundy 231. Bayley, Josiah 133. Beal, Capt. Hezekiah 3.Si). Josejih 47. Beaman, John 207. Bean, John 98 207. Jonathan 270. Joseph 286. I.ieut. 286. S. C. 651. .Sinclair 553. Beard, Joseph 99. Wm. 85. Robert 208. Bell, Charles H. 366 376 378 450 553 651 661 674-676684. Ensign 3S7. Fred 3S7. James 257 600 605 606, John 142 450611 675. Jonathan 526. Joseph 57S. Louis 6i2 619 620. Persis T. 675. Samuel 448 511 514 515 s.-i 525 5=6 533 553 570 595 6.-0 675. Samuel Dana 651 675. & Tuck 675 6S2. Belletre, Mons. 248. Bellingham, Rich. 54 74. Bellona 557. Bellows, Benjamin 219 417. 1 Herbert A. 613. Chief Justice Henry A. 577 Falls 462. Belmont 256 257 569. Belvidere 83. Bemis Hciiihts 346 388. Station 661. 274. Tho *47- Beaver River 196. Beaufort 619. Beckwith, Eben 260. Bedel, Haien 600 John 588 59961S619 656. ^Ioody 4S9 494 505 5S8 61S. Timothy 378 409 61S. Bedford 2 14 239 240 241 337 633. Beede, Daniel 459. Belcher, Jonathan 173 174 175 176 17S1S3 1S4 1S7 188423. Belfast, Me. 356. Belknap, Jeremy 21 23 24 25 26 36 3738.3905 "57 "58 "75 "99 2"4 268-303 363 379 430 432. Co. 626 . Geo. E. 630. William 276. Bell, 128. Vt. 372 382 383 384 391 407 412 419481 545 668672. Benton 279. Jacob 678. James 408. Behi.in 287 288 483 48?;. Bermuda 501. Berry, James 132. Joseph 132 163. Nathaniel 132. Nathaniel S. 576 617. William 47. Berwick, Me. Imiiel2i3. Bishop 27b. Elder 263. Thomas 323. Bixby, Phin. P. 623. Black, Israel 133. Brook 531. Point 89 iiS. Rocks 85. Blackbourne 293. Blackstone 453. Blackwater River 553. Blaine, J. G. 60S. Blair, H. W. 409 628. 142. John 142. Montgomery 541. Blake, Amos J. 290 342 365. John 97. Moses 133 304. Nathan, 207. Blake, Philip 133 Timothy 1:^4 Blake's Pond ^^04 Blanchard, Abel, 522 Colonel 213 253 =34 297 David 5S6 Jonathan 167403 ^19 421 Joseph 14S Richard A. 57S Tho 154 Blind Will 89 Bliss 276 W. W. S. 599 Blodgett2i2 Newcomb 278, 551 Samuel 477 56^ Blood 213 Aretas 593 674 Caleb 260 Ebenezer 335 Ephraim 340 Francis 403 4o(> James 674 Joseph 335 Nathan 340 Bloody Point 46 72 135 234 Blunt, John 125 Board of Assistants 50 of Trade loi 105 1S3 Boardman, Joseph 367 Boating Company 475 Bohonnon, Andrew 177 Boiling Rock 73 Bologna 219 Bolton, Conn. 276 Bon Secour 639 Bonny Place 576 Boott's Spur 37 Borough 543 BoscAWEN 169 176 206 264 2S5 33S 339 454 464 473 499 554 55S 576 . , . , 654 679 Admiral 177 192 194 Boston 37 39-43 50 54 60 62 63 65 69 ~73 79 Si SS 103 104 106 107 1 1 1 i:S 123 129 134 13S 139 150 1S2 183 201 204 210 217 236 261 2S0 2S7 293 297 302 316-322 326 329 333 335 33S 339 342 344 345 355 353 360 363 364 3S1 391 40S 414 419 424 426449450457 45S462 467-469 475 47S 499 50^ - S'o 540 541 544 55° 556 537 5^1 562 572 575 586596 597600607 622 671 Boston Common 327 455 Concord & Mont. R. R. 573600 Courier 563 Journal 649 Liberator 5S5 & Lowell R. R. 46$ 469 & Maine R. R. 573 Neck 364 News Letter 194 Pilot 642 Post Boy 194 Bolta 329 Boulter, Nathaniel 97 Boundaries iS Boundan'-line Com'n iSi 1S2 1S5 Bourget, Bishop 636 Bourne, Lizzie 671 Bouton, Nathaniel 34 51 155 167 214267268335 337559650651 Boutwell, James 197 Bow 157 161 171 173 176 195 211 214 215 221 222 224 225234 235 265 266 330 33S 461 477 510525 564 Act 224 235 College 70 591 ' lohn 554 Bow I rs, 164 Gcaree599 627 P'vH N.. than 337 I.vttht:W53 Ulcof482 ' ' ■ •■ 11)11, Jacob 340 liiackctt i(>3 Academy 654 Anthony 47 A. N. 670 Joshua 431 William 47 Braddock, General 231 235 Bradfokd 33S 4O4 554 (Historian) sS Mass. »6 146 672 Captain 273 Bradley, Dennis M. 645 Jonathan 207 Samuel 207 Sarah 524 Bradstreet, Dorothy 69 Nathan 147 Simon 52 69 74 107 Braintree, Mass. 41 Brakin, Wm. 47 Bramen 597 Bramhall, George 100 Brandy wine 340 354 Brant 355 Brassv 639 BratzJ Mons. du S2 Breakfast Hill 114 Breckenridgt;, I. C. 611 Breed's Hill, 31S 321 323 328 363 Brentwood 197 388 Brewer, Colonel 324 331 Ensign 241 Brewster 428 C. W. 95 Nero 395 Brewster's Rambles 268 Breyman, Col. 3S7 Bridge, Ebenezer 332 332 Bridgewater 2S1 458 526 527 Bridgemau's Fort 207 208 Briggs, J. F. 626 668 John 668 Nancy F. 66S Nathan 38S Brigham, David 277 Bristol 526 617 Eng. 22 24 46 R. !. 82 British 174 192 231 232 239 240 245 24S 250 295 29S 299 314 3>S- 32732933' 339340342343350 353 354 359 3*3-365 3*9 3S2 383 3S5 3S7 39>-393 396 398 425 448 4S8 491 301 502 505507550631 640 Brittany 20 Broadhead, John 459 Broderick, 633 J- ■"'.. <, Broeck, Ten 387 Brookin, William 100 Brookunk 2S7 337 Brooks, Major 323 General 3S7 Brown, Arthur 17S 249 589 Colonel 290 D. A. 6i9 Elizabeth 249 Francis ;6i 5.8 John 4» ,00 133 S9» Joseph 70 S. V. 6iq Timothy 207 William iti William I...;, University ^„^ ; „ ,.:o Brunswick, .V.c ;„ Bij-.mt, John .3; koberl 132 Walter 157 iSS Buchanan, James ;oi , 608 Buckminstcr, Joseph 71 Lieut. Cul. 324 Buckstreet 171 235 Bucna Vista $\^f Buffce, I'honias 334 Bulklev, Peter 67 Bull, llixy ,7 Run (.12 615616622 (..•! BullRar, Richard 48 5,1 Huuncompai;ni, Hurojk) Btmkcr Hill 257 274 2V,» 299 316 318321323325327.110,31-355 33633'r346 363 3/0 408 550634 6ja Burbank Muses 177 Samuel 207 Bureau of Education 520 Burke, Edmund 577 689 Burleigh, M. C. 613 IMacc 554 Burlington 49.1 Burnap, Jacob 212 Burnet, William 152 173 Burnham, Abraham 459 Abraham W. 522 Elizabeth 153 S. O. 615 Bums 143 Charles A. «)i Charles H. 661 662 Elizabeth H. 601 John 303-i Bumside. Gen. 622 Burpee, Nathaniel 262 Burr, Aaron 449 Burt 276 Burroughs, Dr. 591 Charles 551 Joseph 65 Burton 2S1 Burv, Eng. 668 Butfer 499 Benj. F. 345 625 630 681 Henry 345-49" John 212 Ju MS 439 Robert 14S Cahoon, G. C. 6.S9 California 59<-, (xvS Calisto. Marie 2l>i 262 Call, Philip 5-,; 554 Stephen 2S5 553 633-634 Cambridge, ling. 49 Cambridge Collifge, Eng. 70 71 Cambridge, Mass. 201 274 3'4 3== . 33 ' 332 34° 342 343 344 363 380 447 574 Camden. N. C. 622 Cameron, Simon 611 612 Cammct, Silas 269 Campbell, Daniel Heui7 ig6 James 142 John uj6 Cami'Ton 409 287 300 Canaan 263 45S 654 660 685 Canada 24 86 S9 no ni 112 iM 115 u8 119 152 154 >57 '62 1 205 207 2oS 210 211 212 230 I 245 246 255 271 275 =7S =»° i 306 307 345 346 365 37S 379 396 398 433 469 536 554 58; i 588 635 Canadians 636 Canal Company 475 Canaugh, Jeremy 98 Candia 145 '46 148 149 267 279 333 405 646 Canie, Joseph 99 Canney, Tliomas 47 Canning, Thomas 135 Cansean, 199205 317 CASTEunrKY 173 207208 211 256 302 388 395 408 421 545 583 584 633 t.artby 632 Cape Ann 23 39 Breton 19S 199 280 289 (>32 Cod 21 Capitol ^( 569 57° 57' John 70 2S4 Joseph 594 595 Rev. 148 Simeon P. 576 Colchester 279 Colcord, Edward 48 52 76 97 Peter 153 Samuel 97 12S Cold Friday 4S5 Harbor 6i5 621 623 621] NVater Anny 535 Cole 276 Abraham 98 Eunice Go ls.iac 98 John 334 Matthew 47 Samuel 2S0 C01.EBKOOK 588 592 654 Cole , Ann Jabe,. ... .„ William 452 Collins Ephraim 5^4 John 286 Moses A, 626 Thomas 337 Colmer, Abraham 25 Colonial Confederation 231 Lavv-s 308309310311312 3,3 Colonies 252 370 Colorado 631 Colt, Captain 330 Colton, Chester 197 Columbus 30 Comach, Thomas 47 Combination 42 ^ of N, E. Colonies 77 Connncrcial Bulletin 649 Commissioners 1S5 Connmttee on Claims 585 ..uFinance659 7» 678 County Bar 5SS Republican 629 Coosauk 304 Coo^aukes 307 Copley 294 Copp, E. J. 619 Copp's Hill 195 323 329 Cork 635 642 Corlis. Jon. 337 Conielius 633 Cornish 279 335 406 624 Convention 43c Cornwallis, Lord 346 347 395 396 449 Cossit, Ranna 2S1 590 Cotton Seaborn 69 104 Theodore 133 1 Ward 69 William 100 Couch, Robert 59 Coughlan, John 626 634 Council 180 181 268347349363409 423 424 453 467 490505 5065" 553 5<>» <»3 653 680 Room 192 193 of New England 25 45 of Nice 219 of Safety 107 of Trade 78 Count de Frontennc 112 114 Rumford 165 396 445 603 604 Countess Rumford 165 604 Courier, Boston 563 Court of Appeals 391 of Assocntcs 50 95 Court of Common Pleas 174 2 2S7345 350371 406407 40S4 42M29 45S49S52'S33 5'*6 5 570 576604 617 661 684 6 of St. James iSi of Sessions 469 533 Covenanters, Scotch 140 1S6 Cox, Jno. 99 Moses 48 97 Cradock, Matthew 30 Crafts, WUliam 100 W, A. 616622 Ci.ii-e, John 142 Alexander 147 Hugh 143 Cram, Asa 335 Benjamin 98 134 Daniel H. 599 Jonathan 2S6 John 134 408 N. i>. 592 Thomas 9S 134 Crame, John 4S Cranfield, Edward 71 97 100 i 103 104 105 III 125 3 Crawford 541 671 Abel 670^71 Ethan A. 670 John 389 Tliomas J. 670 William 147 Crawley, Thomas 48 Crichitt, Elias 98 Cromav, John 142 Crombie, James 388 Cromwell, John 212 Oliver 41 51 64 69 139 196 631 Phillips 99 Thomas 48 Cromwell's Falls 476 Cross, E. E. 620621 622 John 48 52 74 Mr. 212263 Nathan 154 Richard E. 621 William 285 Crosby, Alphens 13. 6ia Jaazamiah 177 Josiah 333 Crossfield, John 389 Crow-bill 484 Crown Point 162 229 230 231 2 234 236 237 241 242 245 246 2 3654 Crowther, John 47 Crystal Hills 36 Culpeper Court Cumberland County 300 Cummings 212 213 Abrani 289 Henry 554 William 155 Cunningham 143 633 furrier. Hannah 2S3 Joseph 270 Moody O13 664 679 680 Sargeant 414 Curtice, G. A. 624 Ctirtiss, John P. 380 Curwen's Journal 201 Cushing, Joseph 480 Cushman 276 Cutt or Cutts C^.^rles 484 Kknor 100 Hannah 94 John 73 76 93 94 95 97 423 622 Cutt or Cutts, Mary 100 Otsella 100 Richard 66 73 76 94 Robert 94 Ursula 94 n4 Cutter, Robert 195 Seth 337 Cuyahoga 247 Cypher, John 337 IDadman. J. A. O19 Dale, John 272 Dalton 228302 304414 Calel) 338 Philemon 48 53 Samuel 74 94 97 98 Timothy 42 69 Tristram 302 Dam, John 99 Wildram 99 Dame, Charles 197 Harriet P. 617 L. L. 468 Dana, Sylvester 263 William 264 Dane 34 Danforth, Nath. 177 Samuel 36 Daniell or Daniells 143 281 Samuel 40S Thomas 76 94 100 101 103 Danvers, Mass. 272 Danville 264 45S Darby 633 Darley 276 Darn, John 48 Dartmouth 279 305 College 70 176 254 264 2S0 351 352 406 435 448 482 499 508 510 512 514-516518-521 526540554 555 55S 564 571 584 585 590 599 601 605 606 61 7 653 654 655 659 660 667 668 675 680 6S9 Medical College 521 Davis, Abel 2S5 Aquila 494 Benjamin 264 Daniel 132 Eleazer 156 15.) lOo 161 Francis 408 464 James 48 52 74 loS John 334 Josiah 156 1 58 Jefferson 612 Marj' 285 Moses 153 587 Robert 57 539 560 Samuel 132 3O5 62S Timothy 100 117 Day, P. B. 212 Deane, Charles 25 Dearborn Academy 654 Ebenezer 145 146 Ceorge W. 372 Godfrey 48 Henry 97 195 337 344 345 346 368 385 387 3S9 390 John 97 Samuel 12S 33S 339 S. G. 624^ Debeline, Capt. 209 210 DeChamplain2i Declaration Independence 195 303 305 377 37S 3S1 401 407 420 424 429 Deep Run 619 621 624 Deekfielu 177 209 26S 281 336338 344 388 389 408 538 592 Deekinc; 462 654 Deer-keepers 312 Deer Neck 454 Delaware 470 471 472 671 Demerit, Joseph 290 Democrat 402 412 416 419 421 422 474 485 490 500 508 53S 539 558 565 570 572 573 575 577 57S 579 586591 592 S93 595 600601 60s 607 6og 646 651 659 667 Denham, Alexander 97 Denison, General 67 Denmark 262 483 Dennet Alexander roo John 99 Dennis 633 John 177 Derby 376 Dermont 632 Derrv 141 144 187 336 620 654 James 99 John 99 Derrj'field 218 337 398 405 530 D'Estaing 354 Detroit 230 24S 249 491 501 Devens, Richard 323 Devon 22 Devonshire 302 Dewey 276 Dexter 276 Dickerson, Castro 249 Sylvia 249 Dickey, Matthew 336 Dinsmoor, Robert 564 565 Samuel 489 53S 542 564 570 59^ 601 William 564. Dinsmore, John 142 196 564 District Coiumbia 614 Court U. S. 630 Dix, John A. 630666 Docom, John 132 Dodge 307 Col. 323 L. W. 301 307 Doe, Charles 482 Dolhoff, Christian 98 Donaldson, Major 565 Donally 634 Donavan 634 Donnell 633 Donohoe 634 M. T. 6)9626644 Patrick 642 Doolittle, Cnl. ^35 Door, Jonatlian 207 Richard 100 Dorchester 2S1 633 Mass. 195 319 320 Ens. 24 Heights 364 Dort, O. (;. 622 Douelas, l*atrick 142 S. A. 611 Dow, Daniel 98 Henry 74 <^tS 130 Jonathan 417 John 592 Joseph 98 651 Moses 403 407 Reuben 340 341 Downer, William 264 ^ Downing, Emanuel 54 Louis 693 Downs, Ebenezer 153 Gershom 207 Thomas 99 Dover 24 25 26 33 38 40 41 42 43 47 48 50 53 54 55 56 61 62 65 6669 7071 72 73 76 84 85 87 93 94 95 96 97 'O' ^03 107 108 Dover Cotitiiwfd III 113 115 11^119138153162 171 176175211:2938740(1420 466 482 503 592 593 594 601 624 644 645 654 655 067 6S1 693 Dover named 53 Dover Gazette 592 59S 601 Neck 30 34 40 44 Point 21 24 272S & Wiunipiseogee R. R. 573 574 Doyne, Francis 169 I>rake, Abraham 97 Diaper 281 Dresden 598 Dresham 274 Drew, Irving W. 678 John 118 I.D. 619 1 iiisco, Tege 98 I Inscoll 632 633 Drown, John 134 Leonard 615 Drummond, I'r. 645 Driiry's Bluff 619 627 Dry Tortugas 624 Dublin 633 67S Dudley, Ann 119 John 3S0 Joseph 105 121 130 136 Mary 1 ig Samuel 53 54 70 98 1 19 Stephen 144 Theof 98 Thomas 70 74 105 117 iiS 132 134 135 '36 Duggan or Duggin 632 633 Daniel 100 Duke of York 90 Duke's Province 79 ,s. S. H Du , Wn ■52 Dunbar, David 174 176 19S DUNBARTON 149 214 215 217229 234 3Si 39S 399 400 654 Duncan, John 40S 439 S. A. 62S Dunkirk 200 Dnnlap, Alex. 196 James 1,6 Dunstable 66 iiS 131 155 156 160 167208210211 212 213272304 334 335 3S7 634 Durell, Edward H. 294 630 Durham ioS 113 176 178 299 357 35S359361 3863874=0455469 628 633 Dustin, Hannah 115 116 120 Paul 261 Dutch 41 51 79 93 130 Duxbury 453 633 Dwight, Rev. Dr. 351 Dvv r634 . Slichael 633 Dyer O34 Mary 521 Joseph 522 Eagle Coffee House 600 Hotel 565 Eames, Capt. 304 Daniel 2S3 David 435 James H. 591 Jonathan 2S3 Earl of Belmont izg 130 Halifax 426 Earle, William 100 East Boston 5S5 Concord 22 140 i66 339 i;.ist Dcrry iS; ^lilin.nit.m 257 titt-'enwicU 391 India 292 lndi:i Company 17S East Kingston 186 2S1 Lebanon 435 r.asU:rn K. k. 573 5S0 581 I'.asiern Diocese 589 Eastman 276 Abigail 2 84 Amos 213 226 227 398 Cyrus 613 Kben 163 Kbenezer 229 33S 554 Edward 2S6 Ira A. 257 Jeremiah 40S Joel 600 Jonathan 494 587 600 J.C. 6.3 S. C. 6S9 Timothy 526 542 Eaton 2S1 Collins 389 F. B. 267 647 649 John 134 Samuel 301 Eayers, Edward 99 P^avrs, Wm. 142 Edkerley, I\I. j. B. 678 Thos. 107 259 I'^dniunds, T. M. 613 Eighteenth Regt. 622 630 644 ICishth Rugl. 616 625 630644 Ela2 76 Eh, J.H. 591 Richard 619 I'^ldvidge, Erasmus 70 Eleventh Regt. 623 626 630 652 Elizabeth. Queen 23 Elkins, Eieazer 9S Gershom 97 12S Henry 48 Moses 117 EH. Walter roo Ellins, Anthony 47 Elliot S3 Church 83 650 Deborah 524 Jacob 339 Robert 95 100 104 107 Ellis, Caleb 498 Francis D. 262 Jno. 9S Joshua 334 River 37 ElmendorE 471 Elmira, N. Y. 355 Elms, Anthony 99 Farm 285 Emanuel College 71 Embur>'. Philip 458 Emerald Isle 631 Emerson, Amos 333 Benjamin 257 Daniel 212 213 40S Jonathan 146 3S7 John 125 146 Matthew 146 Nath. 270408 Samuel 146 269 Emer>' 276 Anthony 693 Edward 177 George H. 693-694- Ichabod 693 James 693 668 Emt-ry, Job 69^ .lohn ,67 •.mmnns, Jo«pK .J4 Lnablin>; Act 610 Endicntt, John 38 54 55 74 i6j Koch 55 •,snBi.i>263 473 Lnglaii(l2o23 27-jo 3 J 383940- 42 46 49 5' 63 64 67-69 71 81 S2 9697 103-107 lis 117 "' 125 12S-130 13S 152 165 175 17S 179 iSi 194 198201211119 220 223 225 230 215219250251 262 26s 272 251 2.'i2 2S<, 2.>S 347 35' 352 356409424441 457469 4S04S3 4S7 4»S4<;o 507 519 S3J 535 544 572 575604631 66!i English 20 31 67 79 S0-.S4 88 8q n5 117 uS 129 132 133 152 15J158 159 161 197 19S 203 205223236 . 229231 235 241-244 247 248151 252289298326358376378380 392 452 454 4»» 517 521 530594 William 48 74 Turnpike Act 462 463 Englishman 79 82 88 363 426 639 67. Enms633 Episcopacy 71 280607 Kpjscopal_5Si> Episcopalian 139 281 457 EiMiNG 195 394 485 49° 5=' 51S 5.39541 592 654 667 66S Ei'soM 140 164 173 206211 336337 338406455494601635 Erie, Fort 501 505 Ekrol 536 Es,^ex 106 573 Co. 66 176324 Institute 202 Established Church 32 43 49 139 140 17S 186 26c Esterbrook 207 Estow, Wm. 48 74 Eastwich 1 28 Phesant 423 Europe 20 21 31 68 173 191 198 383456507531608 European 82 Executive Council 419-422 EXETBR 38 41 42 43 45 49 5° 53 54 55656669 70 76 84 8s 9J 94 95 100 102 107 108 113-11S 117 11912914417117217417s 195 197211 255256268286312 314 316337342343347349350 358 361 366 367 368 369 371 371 373 375 376 377 381 387 3S8 394 412413 416418421422428431 433 4.38 444 445446447448450 456 466 481 482 501 512 540541 592 617 633 545 664 666 674 676 693 Academv 624 653 664 665 667 England 22 24 News letter 655 River 72 Evans, Benjamin 162 Edward 263 Goodwifc 57 Ira C. 627 Israel 167 Jonathan John 99 162 535 Judge 4S6 Robert 99 Simeon 535 William 161 Fabitis, George 99 Jno. 99 Fabyan 669 670 Factory Village 257 Fairclnld, Joy H. 70 -- Fairfield, Walter 263 Fair Uaks 615 620 Falconi (ship) 324 Farley 213 262 51S 632 Farmer, John 21 33 95 ii.| 142 263 264 208 650 Farmer's Magazine 25S Farmiiigtou 279 302 619 620 632 O54 693 & Rochester R. R. 574 Farnsworth 177 2^1 J. D. 263 Stephen 207 Farr, E. W. 615 626 678 George 627 Farrar, Jacob i$(> 159 Joseph 156 Stephen 275 Timothy 514 Farwell2i3 2S0 :335 Joseph 156 158 15., 161 335 Josiali 154 Fast 498 505 Mail 217 Fay, Joseph 3S7 Solomon Paysoil 70 Fayes, John 135 Fearing, Hawkes 624 Febiger 330 Federal Constitution 165 Federalist 407 412 416 421 422 429 447 452 45'> 4'>5 466 470 474 479 481 484 485 4S8 490-492 49S-500 505 507 508 510511 521 524538 586 Fellows, E. Q. 61S tz'i :435 Stark 62S Fenton, John 350 Fernald, John 204 Renald 47 53 58 70 Fesscnden. Col. 5S., William P. 630 Field 22ft of Mars. 543 narl.y 30 37 48 632 ("("J Fieid-d'rivers 309 Fields, lames T. 204 Fifield 464 Beiij. 97 134 lonn 133 285 Sterhen 3S8 William is 97 Fifth Re'jt, 617 620 621 622 630 Fifteenth Regt. 628 630 FichtinK Fifth 621 Filbrook, Tno. 133 Fininff Indians So First Bap. Ch. Concord 259 526 Battery 619 630 N. E.'Cav. 629 630 Re'jt. ''■•29 630 644 Fish.'Elijah 277 Fisher, Jabez 212 John 143 206 Fisher's Island 194 Fishkill 393 Fisk, Francis N. 539 Frank S. 613 615 Fisk, Wilbur 45S Fisk's Hotel 540 Fitch 297 John 71 Fitchburg, Mass. 366 678 Kitts, Abraham 270 Fitzgerald, 632 633 F1TZWILLIA.M 290291 332 334 342 — 366 Five Nations 348 Flagg, Eben 147 James 3S9 Lieut. 113 Flanders, David 341 Jacob 388 Joseph 526 Fletcher, Ebenezer 588 i;eneral 436 Hiram Adams 58S Jno. 100 Kimball B. 588 Wllli,,m 57. Flint, Klienezer 197 Klnod ,,32 Ploricia 230 2O2 611 619 624 Floyd, Capt. 113 Flynn, Jacob 633 M. O. 644 Fogg, Geo. G. 592 Jeremiah 181 Samuel c}j FoUett, Nicholas 107 Folsom or FoUsham, Deborah 447 Ephraim 98 John 98 208 Nat 98 Nathaniel 316 333 342 352 353 367 368 370 37' 372 377 3S1 418 419447 Peter 98 Peter L. 25S Samuel 98 372 375 Fort Ann 289 Dummer 206 207 220 Duqiiesne 230 231 236 245 Edivard 233 234 243 424 Fisiher 619 620 624 George 346 Gilman 620 Ha 1626 Hill S3 MaLTuder 615 Marion 619 McClary 491 504 Point 293 Sullivan 316 Sumter 692 Wagner 619 Washington 316 Wentworth 234 William and Mary 297 298 316 34' 353 359 3*7 4i2 William Henry 237 239 241 244 Foster 307 308 389 Abiel 403 421 439 John 108 John G. 307 692 =45 Mo 5 235 Obediah Perley 307 Robert 303 Stephen S. 5S2 583 584 5S5 Founds, Phil 100 Fourteenth Regt. 616 627 630 Fourth Regt. 616 6iS 619 620 629 636 644 Turnpike 576 Fowler, Asa 659 660 674 Library 660 Fowler, Ludwig 100 Fox 293 Daniel 433 G. B. 541 5S4 G. V. 68: John 259 301 Point. 1 13 Foy, John 632 France 20 64 80 no 19S 200 205 211 220 230 248 281 402 497 49S 301 Franxestown 540 633 654 Franconia 18 279 669 Franklix 228 234 284 285 35S 553 . , 555 595 620 654 679 693 Franklin (ship) 614 Benjamin 425 & Bristol K. R. 574 Dr. 425 Mountain 670 Frayser, William 135 Frazer,_ General 387 Frederick of Prussia 353 Fredericksburg 621 623 625 627664 Free Baptist 290 393 527 528 536 Freedland 487 Freedom 654 Freeman, Edmund 264 Edward 494 Frederick 389 Russell 456 462 Fremont 197 279 J C. 607 Free Soilers 593 594 605 607 646 659 Freetown 144 148 149 French 172022 7989 log 115 117 118 136 139 152 153 162 171 173 199 200 202 205 208210212 215 223 225 228 239 241 245 247 248 251 252 2542S02S428828933S 348 354 396 408 413 455 487 48S 5°7 53' 554567633 Canadian 637 Revolution 456 634 D. L. 212 213 John 133 154 Joseph 413 Nathan 210 Nicholas 269 Frenchman, Jno. 100 Frlsbie, Levi 51S Frontenac 230 245 Frost 68; Capt. 88 George 420 Jno. 99128210 Frothmgham 322 32S 339 Foye, Caleb 167 James 159322 331 34034' Jonathan 156 Fryeburg 157 535 Fryer, Nathaniel 76 104 107 loS 122 .2S 129 Fullam, Jacob 156 158 Major 15S Fuller, Giles 48 Heniy W. 612 628 Jonathan 3S8 John 97 Wilhnm 48 74 97 Fullerton, J. E. 255 457 Furber, Anthony 100 John 290 William 4S 76 99 loS Fumess 613 Furrall, Thos. 47 Fursen, Thomas 135 Gaffney, C. B. 627 Gage, Abner 337 Gaje, Charles P. 613 Genera! 293 319320 Gams, George 407 GalL', Amos 251 Kliplialet 285 John C. 236 Gallinger, Jacob H. 671) 6S1 Gardiner 330 332 Alexander 62S Bay 501 (Garfield, James A. O74 Garland, Jacob laS Jon. 97 Trne 613 Garrison House S5 112 W. L. 572 SSS Garvin's Kails 169 5/) Gass, lohn Goo Gataiibis 248 Gales, James M. 592 General 345 3S5 3S6 390 391 3 Gaiuly 436 Gaiilt. Jesse 600 Patrick 632 Gava/.zi Kr, 635 Gay House 473 Gavles, Mark 99 Gaz.ette, N. H. 395 General Court, Mass. 50 5" 52 54 5^^ 59 ('o 62 64 65 66 71 74 76 81 163 16S iSo 222 3 27' 372 ; of N. H. 95 iSo 197 211 231 ; 308311 312 313 394 404^05^ 414 415 441 453 4S'>459 5" i George 11. 111. I 2S1 .352 516 519 534 578 David 462 John 539 John H. 613 6S7 Germantown 354 tJermany 68 4S7 Geriish, Capt. 302-304 3,30 33= Jiio. 99 107 loS 122 130 -Stephen 177 William 74 Place 454 Gerrv 426 Gettysburg 6i6 621 5hent Treaty 505 Gibbons 632 ^ Ambrose 35 47 52 53 76 ^ibralter 199 Gibson 143 Kliiabeth 2S9 John 600 j. B. 524 Richard 5S9 Samuel 2S7 2.S9 *;iddings, Eliphalet 375 GIflord, William 99 Gilbert, I. 464 Samuel 276 Gilchnst, Justice 5S5 :56 25S t Ho 5340 Gill, Tho Oillis, Jotham 533 Giliinor, lames 142 Gilman 484 685 Robert 142 Daniel 445 .146 449 450 Dilia 677 Kdward 98 444 Emerson 677 I'orl 620 Gilman, General 345 421 444 .145 Harriet L. 67S John 66 94 9S , John Taylor 17- 433 444446 41, 4904964984)1511, 5,,; , . ; ,< , , 552 S^> 5;o Joseph 371 373 375 400 Joshua 74 256 Moses 98 677 Nathaniel 433 446 447 44,, Nicholasi 176 361 369 370377 iSi 422 433 44 :. 4(6 1 1 1 1 ,-4 Pete 445 Thom.as 367 v - Tristram'270 Virgil C. 677 25S 26G 407 445 454 45>, 5,. 634 (,5, OS, Academy 257-259 Corner 257 480 569 CJazette 253 Gilmore, James 196 Joseph A. 629 672 674 687 Gilson, John 208 20.J Josepli 156 159 Gii.suM 276 277 279 3S8 391 Glas:.;ow, Scotland 393 (Ship) 323 Glastonbury, Conn. 276 544 Gledon, Charles 98 Glocester, M.ass. 144 (Mover, Henry 337 Goddard, John 47 135 455 456 465 47" 499 Godfrey, Edward 35 Most ; 97 128 i 290 William 12S Godfree, Isaai Jon. 97 Thomas 97 Goe, Henry 47 Kalph 47 (joffe, .\ntliony 98 99 Jolin 63 1.^2 229 305 Goff's I'alls 476 504 GOFFSTOWN 2t6 263 264 33S 3S6 541 634 647 Golden Gate 639 tJoodell, David 414 520 Goodhue 2i2 Goodwin, Ichabod Goo 60S 609 612 613 647 Gookin S3 Daniel 504 Nathaniel 69 Gordon 279 32? Alexander 98 Matthew D. 212 Gore Hall 201 Gorges, Sir Ferdinand 23 24 26 29 33 34 37 39 5" 6367 "23 Thomas 37 GoKHAM 534 Nathaniel 399 Gosport 211 Goss, Richard 388 Robert 132 Gotham 306 Gould 276 James 387 Gove, Ebenezer 133 283 38S Edward 95 97 101 io2 103 io8 lohn 1-,! iraliam. Hu|;h 1,/. John 3J6 Uoht. ,47 Willi.uii 147 .-.raiiilc .Monthly SS ]i«S;*''S5M -r "'* .lai.t. (. .,1. 247 249 Daniel 3SS U. S. 3^5 014 621 623053657 .ray, Harrison 449 Ion. 315 Mary 1.. 449 Nuns 638 William tyq '.R.\NT11AM 263 458 t irciiil 261 ;r.ucs. S.miuel ,42 .1^.11 li.iy 173.324572 115 ij6 Hride.e 391 Unlaiii 1 78 197 299 318 349 373376377 1 Falls 2o6 219 57^ uv'i '1 1 '7s ■- House 34 House Patent 73 Island 35 66 (>8 93 9.1 104 105 loS „ . "25. '34 3'7 Metiaow 206 207 214 221 Se.ll93 Spirit 83 Greelev 211 Dr. hs Horace 520 629 630 Joseph 335 Snmucl 272 S. S. N. 250 C.reely Kxpedition 687 Green, Abraham 97 Henrv 97 122 Housi 524 Is.aac .33 Jiidee 461 Matlian .33 Mountains 399 436 Peter 405 Thomas 336 Greenfield, Samuel 48 53 Grp-bsi-and 45 S9 125 131 132 163 404 -tSS 504 5^0 Greenleaf, Capt. 1 13 Grcjij;. Andrew u/> David 195 Hugh 265 James 142 John 142 195 Gregorian Calendar J19 120 Rule 219220 Greing 633 Gridley, Richard 332 323 331 Griffin 634 Mrs. 261 S. G. W)! 622 623 Griffin's Falls 476 (Jriffith, David 100 Griswold 472 Bishop 5S9 590 Grosse Island 63O Groton 387 Mass. 1^6 177 Grout. Eh)ah 408 Grovcr, Beniamiti6i3 Gubbtail, Thos. loo Guinlon 633 Gulf of Mexico 230 Gunnison, John 197 GuDstock, Hrook 258 Gunthwait 275 Gurnsey 276 Gustine, Jolin 259 Samuel 259 260 Hackett, James 373 W. H. y. 542 651 Hadley 177 Amos 653 O67 Haddock, C. B. 653 Hadduck, William 284 2S5 Hagkins 110 Haile, William 600 607 Haines 276 Matthew 132 William 132 Hale 455 Enoch 407 436 John 4S 7(, 338 3% 455 John P. $i/i 595 605 606 613 687 Moses 140 147 Ralph 48 9S 98 Riclmrd 275 Salma ^60 b^i Samuel W. 67S William 4SS 524 Hale's Bridge 454 Haley 634 Thomas 632 Hall, Councillor 490 536 Daniel 629 664 Hen 146 Jolin 99 146 Joseph 99 lot J. S. 071 Kinsley 98 129 Nathan 99 Kathaniel 146 Ralph 98 Rev. 270 Samuel 9S Hall's Stream 18 Tav 1 301 Hallet, George 562 Halif.ix 23S 292 293 335 35= 50' Hallowell, Me. Robt 424 Ham. Jn ,, John 257 Joseph 153 William too Hamilton, Alexander 452 = 452 Hammond, G. W. 600 Isaac W. 395 459622 651 Hampshire, Eng. 23 79 100 Grants 220 Hampstead 213 269 333 413 654 Hampton 38 42 48 49 50 52-54 56 59 (xS 61 66 69 70 74 84 89 93 94 95-97 101-104 107 108 117 iiS 128 129 133 143 146 147 163 17S i8oi8i2ir 268 2S4 345 348 388 457466617 Falls 133 144 146 17S iSo 29S 347 348 379 382 422 446 5S0 592 Marsh 53 River 60 61 Hancock 654 John 377 426429469 W. S. 62t Hanoveh 250 254 263 264 454 4SS 464517 519 Hanson, Isaac 98 John 155 Hanson, Thomas 99 Timotliy 99 Tobias 99 113 Widow 98 Hapi;ood, Charles E. 621 622 Hardy 213 Jno. .00 Thomas 337 Harford Will 99 Harkness, John 334 Harriman 464 John 263 Walter 433 626 651 652 653 Harper, John A. 489 William 142 Harper's Ferry 585 Harris 276 George 263 Joshua 263 Judge 464 558 Nicholas 99 Sarah 291 Silas 435 Harrison, W. H. 540 57S Harrison's Landing 621 Harrytown 149 Hart 633 Oliver 524 Hartford, Conn. 447 506 507 Harvard College 54 55 67 7087 127 ■33 "47 '59 "64 17- 297 300 322 34S 35' 352 359 360 420470 4S1 515 604 6S5 Law School 661 686 Harvey, Hannah S. 55S James 142 John 142 Matthew 558 559 657 Peter 100 Thomas 100 Harwood, John 156 158 Hassell2i2 Hastings 177 James 389 Hatcher's Run 623 626 Hatfield 177 H.athorne, Wm. 54 57 Hatteras 20 Havekhill 277 278 279 396 407 42S 450 461 491 523 577 587 588 654 Mass. 505366 115 133 144 145- 147 156 iSi 197 216 227 263 275 340 461 Haven, N. A. 650 Hawke 264 285 389 458 Hawkins, James 99 Hawthorne, Nathaniel 640 Hawaiian 520 Hayes John L. 592 R. B. 657 678 6S5 687 Havnes, John 587 M. A. 617 Hayward, Sylvanus 276 391 William 48 52 53 74 Hazen Bill 691 Richard iSS Hazelton, Ephraim 146 John 146 Peter 526 Richard 146 Tho 146 Hazzard 2 Head, James 672 Nathaniel 439 Natt 613 672 673 O. N. 616 Healey 632 Captain 644 Samuel 134 Healey, William 146 Healy, Bishop 645 Heard, John 48 99 111 Joseph 207 '53 Heath 473 General 364 Nehemiah 134 Willi,im 75 Heavy Artillery 629 630 Hebron 576617 Conn. 276 279 280 519 Hedding, Elijah 458 Heights of Abraham 404 Helm, Christopher 48 Hemphill, Nathaniel 196 Heiideison, S H. 624 William 99 Hendrick, Laniel 48 Hennikee 285 287 337 338 408 604 654 iryVIII. 2068 aid of Freedom 572 582 5S5 Herd, Benjai Thomas 47 Herrick, M. A. 591 Herron, John 301 Hessian 553 554 Hibbard, David 689 Harry 686 Jedidiah 264 Hieringen 553 Hiland, T. 383 Hildreth 276 Hill 526 Benjamin 146 147 290 Charles 264 George 473 Isaac 4S0 511 539552 566574 5 t James R. 693 John 2S7 458 John M. 689 Parker 333 Valentine 54 56 76 HlLI-SBOROUGH 167x762542873 332 338 3S7 388 40S 4 1 1 420 4 494 499 5o55'9 527 55° 552 5 600 654 £ Bridge 288 668 County 285 287 & Peterborough R. R. 574 Hilton, Edward 24-29 31 34 35 4 48 52 76 98 I Grant 45 71 73 Head Island 61S 619 House 113 Joseph 388 Martha 192 Patent 4043 4546 71-74 Samuel 98 William 24-29 31 48 52 76 98 Winthrop 117-119 174445 Hilton's Mill 98 Point 26 29 44 .46 73 74 Hilyard, Benjamin 134 Timothy 97 Hinckes or Hincks, John 104 i 106 122 128 1 Hinds, Jacob 334 Hinesburg, Vt. 678 Hinsdale 206 208 210 211 220 3 607 60S 6 Historical Society650 Hitchcock. C. H. 20235 Rnswell D. 70 Hobbs, Capl. 210 Harvey 99 j.y/)/:.\: Hobbs, Jonathan 97 M Neh. Hobart 333 Isaac 340 Hodge, Wiliiam 132 Hodgcdon, John 210 Hogan 634 635 Hos-constabk-S3ii Hos-,.:eves3„3,2 Hcsc. John 216217 William 142 II<.ii2,,o C. N. l)7S liphraim 134 SlupheiujS Udl-DnRNESs 263 299-301 393 394 4(>o 6" 633 634 654 663 673 <'74 Kdvvard 100 Stephen 372 Max 235 Hoi.l,ts 5766112 167 212 340 34; athar 142 Samuel 1^2 Hoh's Rocic 144 Holy Cross College 626 645 Hook, Jacob 264 HooKsiLTT 145 216 477 510 339 596 671 OSS Falls ,39 Hooper, iohn 334 WiilLim 471 Hopkins, John 142 ig6 197 Solomon 142 HOPKINTON 206 207 215 216 2S0 33S 464 465 4S6 55S 559 568 617 624 634 654 660 6S5 Horn, William 99 Homer, Thos. 142 Horse Hill 141 Horse Shoe Pond 154 396 464 Hou^b, George 444. HouSe of Correction 312 of Representatives 347-349 363 376 37S 395 401 403 407 4'3- 417 419-421 432 437-439 441 449 462 465 466 470 471 526 528 534 546 559 S^iS 577 585 651 Houston, John 239 241 Samuel 142 How, Daniel 207 Nehemiah 207 Howe, B. 3S7 Generaj_250 3.8 320 325 329 335 Howland 276 Howlet, Davis 391 Hoyt, John 524 Hubbard 24 26 27 28 30 Henry 5S5 5S6 Isaac 0. 599 Iohn 585 Hubbarton, N. Y. 386 3S9 Huckins, Jno, ,00. HunsoN 66 141 211 212 334 335 River4i 64233 3'4 3S7 473 Iohn 99 Husen. Nathaniel 132 Hu-er -172 Huqsins. Iohn 4S Hushes. John 424 Hull. Reuben 100 Humphrey, William 142 Hunckins, Francis 100 Mark 100112 Hunking, Mark 96 l_luiil, George 99 Thomas 23 Hunter, David 142 Huntington, J. H. 229 Huntley, C.alista M. 261 lOislia 262 Nathan 259 260 Russell M. 262 lluntoon276 Josel>h 3SS Huvd, Isaac 70 Samuel 264 Hussey, Christopher 48 69 74 94 John 97 Huske. Iillis424 llutchins, .Abel 59 Kphrai,,, 595 .orclon 337 llezekuh 333 95 ■34 Huttiunson, James 334 I homas 1S2 Hyde, Levi 264 Illh s6ii 6S5 linb luce Jonallian''w 115 ludepeiuleuce Mount 365 Independjut D 667 '" 354 355 357 383 396 398 399 435 445 49' 5"7 519520531 535 ^, . . 554 570 575 587 tos 632 Christians S3 praving Si Stream 570 575 586 588 618 War 110 122 125 212 221 Inferior Court .3_5o 498 Ingalls, Benjamni 535 Daniel SSS Mehitable 143 Moses 536 Robert F. 535 .Samuel 144-146 148 Insane Asylum 56S Ipswich, JVIass. 49 52 195 215 Ireland 96 138 140 147 17S 187 195 196 215 229262 2S1 287 295 356 35S 408 419 457 481 631-633 , . . „ 655 '^40 Insh 138 139 140 229 356 35S 626 633 634 638 640 641 643 645 Catholic 635 640 642 Cehs 1 38 in N. H. 631-645 Irishman 358 Iron Works 257 259 Ironsides 139 Iroquois 34 Isle of M, 247 Isles of Shoals 21 34 60 94 351 Israel's River 22S 305 lt,alians2o llalv 262 4S7 Jackman, Michael yr, JACKSON 669 Jackson 128 Andrew 330 335 501 508 S41 55 5SJ 5''4 5". S70 574 575 ,i C»l 330335501 508541 -Hall 43, John 30 ,00 I. H. .„s )Pl>i 023 M .I'^l;^ ., Jacob, lluiij. 97 Iohn 97 Peter 301 Thomas 97 jAiFKEV334 4o8 46a654 128 James 1. 22 23 29 33 I. ,05,10467631 rra,icis ,44 Hugh 47 Island 6,8 ]ames W. 592 Klver6,5 62i Jameson 276 William ,91. Jamaica 105 354 Japan 514 jii Jarvis' Hill 28, .lefferds. Forest ,95 jKKraHsoN 279305346 Mt, 670 , Jhom.as 419 470 474 479 541 lefts, John 156 ,58 Jenness, H. W. 600 Francis 97 Jon. 290 John S. 26 30 43 71 163 Jerry's Point 317 Jessiiman, 276 Jesuit 152 Jesuitical .So Icsus College 71 Jewell, Joseph 100 Jewett 113 276 Samuel 257 270 273 Jilley, Paul 433 Jocclyn 35 Henry 37 39 47 John 37 Andrew 606 Ebenezer 132 Edmund 48 Edward 54 56 Ichabod 156 15S James 47 97 132 135 Jesse 263 John 132 Josi.lh 156 Mrs. 557 Noah ,56 159 198 Reuben 0. 576 577 Samuel 290 Thomas 48 William ,87 231 233 234 John's River 22S 305 307 Jonathan (Ship) 25 27 Jones, Alexander 47 Frank 676 677 687 Francis 100 12S George 98 Ja. loo John 47 100 Josiali i5C» 159 161 Jones, Makiii 99 Mary Priest 676 Pclatiah 676 Samuel 263 Sarah P. 0S5 Stephen loS Thomas 48 207 280 676 William 47 -35 Jordan 128 Chester B. 67S Jose, Jean .00 Richard 100 126 130 Josselyn, John 069 Jonrdain 63 Journaman, Ditto icxj Joy, J. F. 6,2 Judd 276 Jiidkiiis, Joel 98 Leonard 286 Julian Calendar 219 220 Kane 632 Kansas 661 Kay 276 Kearsarge 536 614 Keenborough 197 KeENE206'220 22I 262 334 38S 389 391 392 4o3 409 41 1 428 462 53S 554 565 570 578 579580595 599 6gS 615 622 623 654678679693 Annals 366 392 Raid 391 Sentinel 5m Keep, John 212 KeiUy 632 Kelly or Kelley 632 63-^ 634 P.. 2,,7 Daniel 632 Darby 633 Ephraim 337 ^: 264 Kclf-cy, Alexander 142 Kemp, Reuben 338 339 Keiithick2i3 Kendall, F. A. 620 L. K. 674 Kene, Nathaniel 99 Kenilworth 191 Keniston, Tohn So Kennebec River 87 89 114 ; Kennebunk, Me, 671 Kennedy, I.ieut.241 Nathaniel 181 Robert 142 Kenney 633 Joseph 435 Kl-NSINCTON iSi 38S 408 Kent, Chancellor 483 Emily M. 628 George 650 Henry 0. 613 628 Moody 56S Richard P. 62S ■ WiUiam 461 548 Kentucky 623 625 626 643 Kerch, Heniy 100 Kerry Conntv 645 K,"-ves, Solomon 156 t6o KVi, James gS Kidder, Benjamin 142 155 Joseph 213 Reuben 274 S. P. 5^3 Kilbnrn 276 Kilkenny R. R. 574 Killev M-^ Kim.' William 99 "■ ball 276 Kimball, Abraham 33S Daniel 264 E. A. 599 Josepli 303 Obediah 3S9 Thomas 86 Union Academy =64 654 660 Kimball's Comer 144 King of England 175 iSo 1S3 185 iSS r«9 198222233238241253 265 516 Philip 5S7 Philip's War 107 109 117 William 103 104 129 130 139 143 in Council King Roger 48 ■ Samuel 271 409 Kingman, J. W. 628 King's Com mission el's 61 65 Council 221 223 467 Bench 265 Bridge 393 Surveyors 21S trees 217 352 531 woods 177 Kingsland Creek 627 Kingston 117 ug 12S 144 154 171 1782112642S1 3SS42S45045S 640 654 Kinliead, Samuel 196 Kinneston 276 Kinsman 33S Kirk 139 Kittery, Me. 42 66 76 88 94 135 u)9 202 203 420 445 Navy Yard 491 504 Point 420 Kittridge Apphia 685 Jonathan 156 158 172 6S5 Perry 619 Knapp 276 Knight, John 99 L. M.'62o Roger 47 Knollys, Hansard 41 46 48 71 Knowles, John 07 Sir Charles 192 201 210 Knowlton 290 Thomas 322 324 Know Nothing 605 661 Knox 143 Anna 672 Harr>' 399 426 Timothy O72 Knoxville, Kv. 626 Kyle, John 196 Laconia 34 35 38 256 616 6s4 693 694 Company, 29 44 Grant 26 Patent 26 45 Ladbrooke, Thomas 100 Ladd, Ann 445 Capt. 229 Nad gS Nathaniel 444 William 445 W. S. 656 678 Lafayette 353 426 544-548 5^4 George W. 574 Lake Champlain 230 233 234 237 242 436 505 Company 55 George 233 234 236-23S 241 242 244 245 445 Sunapee 469 Village 55 258 654 655 693 Lakin, Isaac 156 159 Lamper-eel River 55 Lamphier 262 Lamprey, Daniel 97 Un 600 River 87. .3 .7 155 Lampson, Samuel 176 Lancashire, Jung. 667 Lancaster 228 277-279 419 444 574 5^ 59S 620622 628 654 656 670 678 Mass. 324 Daniel 258 259 270 Landaff 458 Lander, John 47 Landers, J. H. 625 Lane, John 146 Sampson 47 Lang, Robert 100 Langdon House 677 James 71 135 John 262 297 29S 353 368-372 379 3S1 395 403 407 412 417- 419421 447448 465 46647' 474 484 4S8 490 502 677 Mills 596 Samuel 71 133 297 298 322 349 Tobias loS William 358 Woodbur>' 303 406 419 432 456 Langley, S. G. 616 620 Langmaid 12S Larcy, Cornelius 98 633 Larkham, Thomas 41 4648 Larkin, James E. 621 Liirnard, Col. 386 3S7 390 Samuel 414 Latimer, Col. 387 Latitude of State i3 Lavosiur 544 Lawrence. David 98 Lawson, Chris. 4S Samuel 213 Layton, Thos. 48 Leach 12S Leadder, Richard 50 Lear 128 Leary 632 John 632 Leavitt, DmUcv 480 J. A. .00 Moses «S 407 .; ;9 Nathaniel 33,^ Samuel 98 107 i.:S Thomas 48 455 Lebanon 203 264 t35 436 464 493 495 517 654 Lecross, Edward 323 Lee it? 281 346347433 Abraham in Jason 458 Jesse 444 R. E. 625 652 Leer, Hugh 100 Legatt, John 53 76 Legislature 93 Leiehtim (SS5 Lempsthr 263 462 Leonard. lohn 489 Leslie, James 142 Leverett, John 74 Leveridge, Wilham 40 48 Lewis 95 135 195 262 Lewislon, Me. 536 Lexington, Mass. 314 315 3iS34o- 342 363 550 libby, Jeremiah 425 Lieman, Ensign 388 Light, Jno. 100 Limerick, Ire. 356 Lincoln, Abrahai: 541 606 609 61 1 630652 684 r.incolnshire, Eii;^ Lindsey, James 142 l.incham, J. C. 619 631 LingfiL'Id, Edward 156 159 I.inkfield, ICdward 142 Linn, Ephralni 100 Linzee, Capt. 323 Lisbon 275 276 287 527 5S7 617 Listen, Nicholas 9S Litchfield 141 loS 313 289 Conn. 540 563 598 Little, E. G. 212 302 324 331 333 Harbor 21 24 26 27 29 30 35 •n 45 57 '25 '9" '93 446 490 498 504 695 Littlefield, Edmund 4S Gulf Brook 167 Littleton 302 414 654 O93 Lively (ship) 323 LiVERMORE 467 Livemiore 143 Arthur 455 4S6 49S 564 674 Daniel 337 349 3SS Ed. St. Loe 439 456 House 674 Jonathan 273 274 349 421 John 299 Livermore, Mrs. S. 301 Samuel 299 301 355 357 393 394 403 4"7,4iS 421 439446451 674 Thomas L. 622 62 1) Livingstone, Chancellor 557 Livius, Peter 345 Locke 163 Sherburne 526 Lock Street 154 Lohrer, Theresa 59S London, Eng. 22-24 27 3S 94 133 175 201 202289351353453517 647 Bishop of 2S1 Londonderry 66 13S-143 145 149 175 17S 187 195 19620621 1 21S 226 229 239 265 300 301 336 386 398 405 407 40S 4194S2 525530 553 564 600 625 632 634 657 Lonergan 634 LonE„ C. H. 622 Ed. J. 502 504 Piarce 371 375 403 422 425 Island 70 194 353 354 501 Island Sound 195 557 Meadows 145 14S 149 267 Longfellow 192 552 Longitude of State iS Longstaff, Henry 4799 135 Lord 21 176 260 558 Chatham 360 Halifa.t 202 Loudon 192 194 236 238 239 241 245 Lossing 52S Loudon 256 3S9 40S 458 544 654 Lougee's Pond 257 Louis XIV. no 117 Louisburg 199-204 211 230 23S 245 Louisiana 297 424 519 611 630 632 667 Louisville, Ky. 643 Love, John 122 Lovejoy 334 619 Lovers, George 100 Lovewell, John 149 151 152 154 156-158 161 167-169 234 306 398 Lovewell, N.licnii.ih joS- Z.ichcus 228 Lovcweirsfinvn^li: <97 Low 539 565 593 J.nn« K. ,,<, Losvell, M.i..,. ..3 .,,> .,„, 3,,,.j,3 I , , , 626 077 (.82 l.oivi-r .Aslui. I..1 j:o6 207 220 221 t.:aii:ul.i 5,vx Loyalist 201 ;So Lubberlaud 115 Lucey, I- r (.15 Lufkins, Peter 207 Lund 213 2S3 324 Lundy*s Lane 505 5HS Lunenburj, Mass. 177265 Lull, O. N. 624 625 661 Luther, Martin 68 Lvford, Stephen 55 Lv.MAN 263 50& Lv.ME 263 Eng. 4". Lynch 633 Lyndc, David 279 Lyni>eboroigh 271-273 279 334 462 Lyndon, Vt. 689 Lynn, Mass. 69 163 261 685 Lyon, James 2S7 Macaulav, T B. 454 Mack 262 391 392 Macoy, Alexander 106 Maddon 633 Madison, )ames 4SS 491 Mount 670 MagaUoway 536 Magna Charta 363 Magoon 9S ?S8'634 Magrogor, Da.id 239 .Magruder, Fo,t6i5 Maliurin, Ephraim 4S9 495 Mahoska (ship) 614 Main Street, Concord 249 Maine 18 24 26 34 51 5i 62 66 77 79 85 .89 90 105 1 10 1 13 ii8 123 '53 '62 199 202 203 251 3003.37 3'5 346 356 393 466491 519 563 5'5 6i7 643 Majesty s Council 265 266 Mailune, Luke 99 Malone 632 634 Maloon, NnfhanicI 553 Maltby, William 323 Mamaronec 250 Manahan 633 JlANtHESTER '4I I49 398 477 553 557 595-597 59S 600 619 620 624 625 643-645 648 652 654 655 659 662 668 674 678-680 693 694 Mann 70 143 263 335 340 341 40S Mansfield, Mass. 453 Mansfield 70 225 265 Manual, John 338 Maquot Indians 79 Marblehead, Mass 70 March 132 213 Marcy 335 667 687 M.irian, Jon. 98 Mariana 23 33 3S Market-day ,^6 Marks, David 290 335 342 .3S7 3''9 462 622 654 Ma . 6S1 Martin or Marlyn 73 76 91 . ii;hl.rai6s.. ., '-'ke 434 437 .Mas,.n ^S7 335 4oS 17 24 39 30 jS 42 45 50 541.,.,, Jereini.ih 450-452 4:; r 500511 514 51,, ; John 23 24 26 29 V 8 70-74 77-81 S2 »s 89 ^2 9(. 104 105 107 108 113 117122123 ^30 '3' '37 '38 '40 141 143 '44 '5i- '57 '62 165172 '73 '75-'77'^o 1S1-1S3 iS4-iS<. iSS 198 199 204 205 208201313 rift 2n-?2i 22.1-225250 252 2.5 262 2'.5 2'<. 26S 2742872.^9 2.,'-- 2/,| io.' JlO 320 332 333 3,;53;S3.,o3ii-;,, 35S360372 37"3Sj.3K'3>i- jV' 411 4'9 420 422 423 4'*.5l .55 458 466 4f.9 475 4,-9 491 502 rrt, 515 5'8 519 5JO 5:3 510 S11 573 5So-5''2 60' 64363' Masson 98 09 Matthews, Francis .j? 48 Matton, Hiirbeilus 100 Maud, n.T iel6i 10, Sir Wni. 287 ,esl.OTOU-_-h 287 leld, David 2S3 ell, Capt. 323 Mn Tin McAdan'is, William 196 McAllister 143 336 McCarrill 63, McCartv, John 3S9 McCarthy A32 633 McC:Iaira'tha:i 633 McClary 336 337 345 388 403 406 439 <89 632 633 Fort 491 504 McClure 267 2S7 517 McClintock 132 143 404 655 McClennen 633 McCollcy 2S7 2S8 289 McCollnm Inst. 654 McConiihic 633 634 McCormack 'S2 634 McCrillis. William 337 McDonald 643 644 McDonnell 6;3 McDufTee 142 '44*32 Mcl'arland 142 167 19S 439 480 50S 544 569 61J McGaffev, Andrew 337 McOaw 'nslilule 654 McGec2i3 633 McC.innis 632 McOowan 632 633 Mclirath, Danic-l 339 McGregiire 141 142 239 Mclntire 276 McKeen 138 142 671 McKenney or McKinney 207 6S0 McKcon 633 McLaughlan 337 632 634 McLenechan, James 632 McLeod, George 336 McMalion 632 633 McMasler, John 303 McMillan 33S 339 63= ^33 y 142 148 r McNeil 142 218 338494 505 552 632 McNee 633 McSweeney, Bryan 633 Meacliani, Samuel 263 Mead, Joseph 9S Meader, John 99 Means 70 408 499 633 Medford, Mass. 134 250 333 339 341-344 468 469 Medical College 601 Mcuilerianean 26S Metcha 100 134 Meloon 128 Melvin 156 159335 Wenzies, James 133 Mercer, francis 100 MCREDITH 407 Bridge 155 Neck 459 Village 257 2S7 407 569 592 600 Meriden 264 654 M^croney 633 Merrill 163 177 212 589 693 Merrill's Falls 476 Merrimack, Town, River, and Coimty 17 18 21-24 26 33 34 36 39 5° 54 57 64-66 119 139 143 144 152 154 183 184 185206208 209211 212 223 228 229 234 235 254 265 266 335 455 468 469 476 478 479 508 510 542 553 560 563 56S 575 576 5S0 581 584 596 603 623 634 647 690 Merritt, F.henezer 264 Merrv Mount 28 32 Mess'er, Moses 535 Mesandowit 1 1 1 Meservy or Meserve 211 252 297 424 Metcalf, Heniy H. 414427 577655 657 664 676 6S9 Ralph 605 647 66r Methodist 165 2C0261 277 302 457 45S 490 505 527 528 559 572 573 638-659 681 Melhuen, Mass. 544 Mexico 599 622 " ■ 1 War 581 599 615 618 620 Millvilie 207 543 Milton 445 654 , Tho Mi! :24s Mich Michilimackinac 248 Middlebin-v College 578 Mirklleham 191 Middleton, Conn. 459 659 681 Middlesex 66 106 299 324 46S 469 476477510 560562 Mil 19 28 MlLHORU 66 176 209 272 334 360 452 453 565 624 625 654 661 Miliken, Samuel 337 -., -263 Mingay, Jeoffrey 48 74 Minot, Maine 70 Minot 303 524 594 600 6S7 Missisquo) Hay 246 Mississippi River 185 230584611 625 62S Missouri Compromise 513 661 Mitchell 99 142 181 183 185 188267 339 471 Mobile Bay 630 Moderator 308 Moffat 207 211 Mogg 88 Mohawks 22 79 83 89 IIS I'S 154 Molloy 633 Molony 632 633 Monadnoc 290 291 R. R. 534 Moncton, Col. 231 Monhegan 21 Monmouth 345 346 359 390 Monroe, James 507 522 Mount 670 MoNSON 57 452 453 Richard 100 Montcalm, Gen. 236 239 241 245 Montelony 229 Monterey 599 Mont Vernon 176 334 446462 654 Montgomery, Alabama 612 Montgomery 142 336 401 504 535 Montpelier & W. R. R. R. 600 Montreal 162 210 230 241 243 247 249 254 348 501 638 639 Moody 59 70 73 95 100 104 106 125 212 257 Mooney 5S8 633 Moore 47 98 107 loS 142 145 171 173 204 211 268-269 271 324 332 336 337 345 476 539 632 ;, Joseph C. 655 ; Meadows 228 650 655 Morey, Israel 263 Morgan 98 385 3S6 Morginn, John 134 Mormon 277 Morril, David L. 541 544 Morrill 177 214 333 554 Amos 337 Morris Island 619 Morris 48 370 446 619 Morrisania 393 Morrison 142 196 265 481 627 Morristown 349 354 365 392 Morrow, John 196 Morton, Thomas 27 28 32 33 Morton's Hill 321 Mosaic Code 467 Moses, \V. P. 625 Morse or Moss 100 146 148 212 Mott 471 Moulton 48 98 100 128 459 619 Moulton's Point 321 Moultonborough 459 592 Mount Hope 80 Meri7 28 32 WoUaston 32 Washington 20 37 Mountalonasis Moylan 633 Muchmore, Jno. 100 Mudgett 257 Mugridge. J. T. 660 Murphy 632 633 645 644 Murrey 223 265 633 Musters 54 543 Muzzy, John 527 Mystic Beach 341 River 321 322 324 325 342 343 509 Namaska Mills 597 Narraganset 106 176 Narrows 316 Nash 264 303 305 669 Nashua 65 66 131 154 167 173 208 340 47S 563 573 609644 654 655 662 671 677678 692 693 Nashville, Tenn. 565 Nassau Hall 299 Nasson, Richard 98 Natick, Mass. 80 89 Native Cattle 34 Naumkeag 23 Neaglee, Gen. 615 Neal 132 4S9 632 634 Walter 29 35-38 43 46 108 Nebraska 661 Needham, Nicholas 48 Nelson 623 Matthew 100 Napoleon 487 48S 493 503 Nesmilh, G. W. 284 332 341 385 470 472 475 4S6 534 554 555 595 613 630 656 James 142 Netherlands 40 Nevada 631 Nevers, Phinehas 340 Nevin, Jas. 424 New Boston 279 338 339 411 601 634 New Brunswick 114-557 640 Newbukv 271 302 405 Mass. 70 132 144 146 147 175 177 678 Newburyport, Mass. 271 303 420 4S5 580 581 Newcastle 38 45 102 108 125-127 ■ 32 133 '74 177297381387393 404 420 423 677 Duke of 201 New Chester 526 527 New Durham 3S9 393 England 18-633 England Conference 261 lingland Indians 109 New Hampshire 16-6S8 Club 655 Gazetteer 268 Hist. Soc. 55 Med. Soc. 429 431 432 444 Named 34 Patriot 480 484 503 53S 574 601 Hampton 460 536 569 587 620 685 Holderness 459 Ipswich 278 334 408 532 654 Jersey 180 181 238 334 392 408 481 532 London 194 195 338 594 595 666 Orleans 230 293 505 O27 628 630 643 Plymouth 81 Windsor 393 York 51 79 90 106 129 130 141 173 180 192 195 230 231 239241 24S 250251 253 342 344 346 355 364 378 386 3S7 390 393 395 396 399 412417457473 5"3 55655758s 592 593 600 635 York Evening Post 452 York Med. Coll. 655 New, Zealand R, R. 574 Newcomb, Daniel 439 Gideon 67S Sarah L. 678 Newfoundland 20 23 Newhall, D. B. 612 Newickawannock 34 35 -44 So 55 84 Kewinc;toN45 "i 135279407470 Newman, Agent 162 Newmakkk't .73 588676693 P1KVVPORT263 =64 557 577601 605 „ , 654655693 , R- 1- 354 392 ■3 52 ■53 "54 Sir John 355 Newtown, Pa. 365 Jj!'''p™,',3o =3' 236 245 346 504 Nichol, Col. 407 Nicholson 471 472 Nickels, Alex. 142 Nickson, Col. 324 332 391 Niles, Daniel L. 590 Delia \V. vjo William \\>. 590 Ninth Regiment 616 6iS 623-625 630 Nipsic (ship) 614 Nisitissit 312 Nixon, General 387 Noble, Oliver 125 263 Nock, James 153 Nonconformists 104 Nooks Hill 364 Norfolk Connty 43 50 53 54 66 Va" 626 627 Normal School 651 Normaiv Capt. 2.,; Nonn.n\jo Norn4uS576 NoiTldgewock II North, Lord 317 Thomas 99 America 230 235 236 245 247 250 352 501 520 American Colonies 2S9 Anna River 623 Berwick, Me. 6o5 Carolina 591 611 622 624 CONWAV 654 End 512 of Ireland 229 Pembroke i6g Stream 272 Virsinia 22 Northampton, Mass. 177 197 289 409 Northern rvoiitier 233 R. R. 573 i;76 600 States 522 " Northers 276 NOKTHFIKLD 222 356 395 45S 553 572 Northumberland 228 229 northwood 2s9 290 344 455 654 Norton 42 47 134 620 Norwalk, Conn. 651 Norway 262 Norwich University 620 62S Conn. 519 Nott, Handel 213 Nottingham 143 149 20S 211 272 290 337 344-346 386 407 455 491 502 634 West 212 Notch uf White Mts. 669 670 Nova Scotia 180 199 205 352 259 276 504 S7S (XX, 650 Number I'our 206-211 221 278 Two 221 Numphoii 83 Nute 47 48 622 Nutiield 153 156 530 Nutt 99 Mutter 48 76 95 97 99 104 Nutting, Capt. 323 Odlin 70 449 619 Odiorne27 12S 1S4211 316 O'Donnell, I'r. 644 ORden 590 ORdensburg R. R 574 Ohio 230 371 501 Olcott, Bulklcy 177 General 436 S,amuel 474 Simeon 407 Old Colony Club 360 Bay Colony 267 Belknap 55 256 Gilmanton 569 Hamilton ViU.lge 5S0 Hundred 145 North Cll. Concord 165 404 461 ^, , ^ ,_ ,^.?'' 523 559 566 568 592 Old South Church 5S2 583 Olicott General 436 Olive Street Ct. 213 Olmut?. 547 Olustee 624 (^Izendam, Abram P. ^a-j znS O'Neal 632 Oneida (ship) 614 O'Neil 633 634 '435 Orders in Council 4SS 507 Ordway, Dr. 430 James 48 Orford 263 2S1 388 475 6'7 654 Orphan's Home 607 Orr, John 526 Orthodox 71 172 Osgood, John 4S Osgoi^'s Mills 485 OssiPEE S5 86 8» 155 160 592 (ship) 614 O'Sullivan, Philip ^56 Oswe.!;o 236 Ottawas 248 Ottisgg III Overseers of Poor, 309 Oxford, Eng. 49 351 Oyster River 66 71 8485 108 112- 114 117-119 153 176 358 Packer, Thomas 132 211 Pacific 230 599 Paddleford, Jonathan 263 Page 48 97 98 228 241 264 276 278 339 399 43 ■ 44 1 489 577 685 Paige 216 282283 2S4 Palo Alto 599 Palmer 47 48 97 98 268 270 276 Palfrey 23 24 666 Panaway 43 Panic of 1S57 60S Parker 76 12S 143 177 207 264 276 334 335 376 417 43 1 439 474 475 482 4S4 524 539 544 566 613 617 651 689 Parent's Magazine 25S Paris 402 '■'■"""■'"■'> J3 Si 84 1 .men ..iv ,35 '•',"""'" "°. "2 337 3»6 3S7 55, James W. 653 Jo.lb N. 616617 Paugns 155 '6l rAll|.SIIOI<(IUUII 287 Paupers 309 Pawluckct Kails 34 83 s^ iS4 186 188 26c (.Ship) 614 Payne or Paine 53 99 403 434 437 Peabody ^8 333 407 412 433 565 Natlianiel373 406413 417418421 „ , „ , , 422 431 439441 Peach Orchard 616 Pearl Street Ch. 213 Pease 276 Pearson 623 624 689 Peaslee, Charles H. 5W 568 Pciice or Pierce 70 132 143 175 211 .221 287499502 5.W61S Denjamin 439 526 550 551 I'Vanklin 70 552 577 591-593 597 S99-601-620 660 637 Pcavcy, Edward 3S9 PE1.HAM 141211212337389 Peniaquid 21 23 37 89 90 114 117 *74 »77 Pembroke 156 161 169 172 178 179 206 235 255 267 336 387 388 408 413 450 453 458 484 522 543 544 546 566 568 575 654 659 672 675 Pemigewasset 228 436 553 Penacook 23 81 .86 SS no 5 117 139 140 162-164 169206222 229 266 330 654 Pendergast 632 633 Pendexter, John 433 Penhallow J. loS 132 137 153 423 Pendleton, Brian 54 58 73 77 Penn, Wil'.iam 632 Pennichuck 57 65 167 Peninsular Campaign 615 Pennsylvania 355 360 383 393 632 Penobscot 21 88 91 no 113 117 Pennit» Peter 144 Pension Act 586 People 655 Pepperrell, William 139 194 196 199 200 203 204 355 360 383 392 419 420 .159 471 491 Pepperill, Mass. 322 Pequod war 40 77 Percy, General 319 Perkins 48 97 98 132 134 464 587 630666 George H. 630 Perrv 212 274 501 4S7 520 Pen s82 Pest Ho Peterborough 264 265 334-336 387 408 481 578 591 622 633 654 663 667 69} Petersburg 619621-625 627 Peter 86 89 the Great 353 Peters 47 207 369 Pets 639 Pet-Webster Place 473 Petlingill 285 286 335 475 I'l tiii. Thomas 48 IVverly47 592 Phunix Hotel 595 J'liiladelphia 292 298 314 383 393 41S 419 421 422 425 449452 SSI) 557 035 Philbrick or Philbrook 48 97 98 117 12S 132 433 473 Philip. Sachem 79 So 81 Sz 84 86 Philip's war 7b 77 S3 95 Phillippe, Louis 426 Phillips Academy 44S 482 578 665 675 Phillips 56 207 372 664-666 Phipps, Sir William 203 ,206 Piccioli, Gerouomo 262 Pickering 47 95 100 107 loS 129 133 417 439 47° 472 Pidgin, William 70 P1EKMONT228 279 Pi^iiot, General 325 329 Pi!;wachel 85 86 110 117 155 168306 I'ike 69 71 264 340 628 664 679 Piisrinis 44 68 74 139360 Pillsbur;-, Edmund 2S3 290484571 573 582 625 Pinkerlon 143 654 Piiikham 48 99 Piper, William 301 Pipping, Bartholomew 98 Piscataqua 17 18 20 21 24-30 32-34 37 43-47 50-54 57-61-63 65-67 71-74 84 85 8; 94 129 17S 423 424 426 448 453 456 502 504 563 5S0 Indians 40 Patent 73 426 Pi«ritaqiioa; 478 Pi:r .an, William 100 P— rsBUKG5S6 589 67i Pi . 'FIELD 576 654 692 695 . 5; 9 Plansawa ifiq Pleasant. Mount 670 Plimpton, I. 1. 619 Plowden 452 Piumer, William 195 394 401 402 411-413 416-418 422-423 432 433 437 439 442 447 448 455 465 466 470-472 474 482 484-486 4S9-491 49S 499 5°4-5°7 51° 512 520-522 524 525 527 52S 53S 542 600 650 651 Plutarch 358 Plymouth 156 228279300301 350 428 571 653 654 693 Plvmouth, Mass. 27 29 32 33 74 iSS Eng. 22-25 Colony 40 63 81 83 loG Council 23 24 29 33 34 39 Pocotaligo 618 6ig Point Lookout 616 621 627 St. Charles, P. Q., 639 Pnllard2i2 Polk, James K. S40 577 Poll Tax 309 Pomfret, William 48 56 76 Pomp 249 Pomroy, Leonard 25 Ponliac 248 Poor 316 332 337 340 346 359 368 370 3S5 3S6 388 3S9 520 535 634 Pope 68 GiegorvXnL2i9 Pope. General 622 Pope's Army 615 I'opery 101 139 Poplar Springs 623 PUH 279 Porinol, Philemon 48 Port Hudson 625 628 koyal 118 119618619624 Porter 163 264 301 535 Portland, Me. 21 70 300 540 645 Portsmouth 25 45 56 59 62 65 66 68 71 72 76 85 89 93 97 101 102 104 107 108 113 114 119 125 12S 129 131 137 141 143 146 162 163 175 178 179 183 184 193 197202 204 211 214289-291 293 298299 300302 305 314 316 3'7 345 35° 357 364 366 367 373 376 37S 3*0 3S9 394 395 403 405 407 412 419 420 422-426 428 433 438 444 44S 450 453 459-458464-466 47047. 4S9491 496499 501-504 5'o 5"5 522 538540541 553 566 580 5S5 591 592 ooS 013 615 618 654 055 667 674 676 677-693 Eng. 23 Portugal 20 178 346 Portuguese 20 Potter 36 73 228 264 389 464 570 599613 627 651 Potomac 614 616 625 663 Poughkeepsie 458 Pounds 310 Powell, Robert 98 Powers 212 228 229 304 340409633 Pratt. Thomas 340 Presbyterian 70 138 140 147 17' i -? 186 239 264265 267 2S7 5ii :-'- Prescott 128-134 195 2S4 ;.j_' ,_i 326330-3323403414565'-;.,, I Prentice 143 213 290 300 466 Presson, John too Pretender 117 Priest 276 Primer 171 Prince .Albert 345 of Wales 202 Princeton, N. J. 239 299 354 371 45' 557 Prinp:, Martin 20 Piitchard 532 693 Probate Court 376 585 598 Proctor 143 213 634 Prospect Hill 331 Protestant 219 402 640 Provincial Laws 30S-313 Papers 38 51 268 651 ^' T, T -5735, jg, 523 557 Providence, R. I. (ship) 25 27 Puddington, Robert 47 58 100 Pulpit Rock 94 1 14 Punch Brook 2S5 Puritans 32 41 46 49 68 69 71 72 140 170 488 Puritan 45 47 70 73 74 163 Puritanism 2S7 Puritan Historians 44 74 Putney J. 215 216 600 656 Vt. 607 Putnam 71 207 214 272 322-324327 330 33' 353 354 624 Quakers 49 59 60 63 67 So 82 103 "7 "53 195 527 Qualification of Voters 313 Quampegan Falls 44 45 Quebec 18 230 246 247 330 345 535 636-639 Queen Anne 117 130-134 174 445 College 481 street 626 Q"',?i'--y 196 633 634 Qulmby 276 554 RoHv 337 453 Radchtt, Aiiiie 191 Kailroaids 574 Raleigh, Sir Walter 23 38 (Frigate) 378 Ralle, Fr. 152 153 Rambler 95 Ramsay 328 Ramsey, Hugh 142 216 Rand 47 128 163 334 Randall 128 393 Randelt, Alexander 142 Randlett, J. F. 619 Randolph of Virginia 471 Edward 67 79 95 96 101 103 .95 104 423 ■; Rogers 231-234 236-239 241-248 250278280302 304363 399412 Rankin, James 414 633 Rano. Elias 339 Kapidan 621 623 Rawlins 99 153 Rawbon 53 207 Rawbone, George 48 Ray, Ossian 678 Raymond 144-146 148 149 26S 279 281 333 3S0 654 William 47 I; r. :.-!-. lohn7i ll' iMi's Station 621 1; I'Lllion 18 277 491 5S3 604 606 609 1.11 630643 647652668680 Record Office iSi Redman, John 97 Red River 625 Reed 133 290 387 James 290 291 316 323 325 330 332 333 335-337 341-343 359 365-367 370 389 Reform School 647 Regular Army 494 Rcid 48 142 336 386-389 395 Renkin 142 Repository', N. H. 25S Representatives 572 Republican 412 416447 465 470474 479 484 49° 498 499 505-50S 510 511 524 538 558 597 605- 608 611 614 674 676 Republic 364 672 Republican Convention 646 647 Revere, Paul 298 Revolution 38 68 iSi 199 201 202 204 254 255 271 272 274-278 280 286 288 291 299 301 302 306 308 313 314 400 401 406-409 413 414 416 418-422 433 446 447449451 457 467 481 4S9 496 505 511 519545551569586604 605 61S 630 Rhine Confederation 487 Rhode Island 61 63 i8o 345 354 373 375 391 407 4oS 47° 5°* Rice 261 264 339 Rich, Rich. 99 Richards, Francis 100 177 207 338 638 Richardson, Caleb 146 156 159210 212 262 269 276 Richardson, Chief -Justice, \Vm Richmond iiv, 334 339 335 Richmond IsKind 37 Ricker 99 Ridge Hill 167 Riedsell, Baroness 3S3 RlNDCE 287 334 3SS 407 Rjndge.7SS35 536 Ripley, T. A. 62S Ri.shvorth, Kdward iS Ritchie, Alexander 196 Rivers of N. H. iS Robbe, Wra. 365 Robbiiis 156 15S 159 207 Roberts 27 41 48 94 99 loo 107 207 Robeval 20 Robie 117-132270 Kobins 276 Robinson 84 98 125 146 3,6 33S 339 371 3S7 460 524 654 Roby 48 97 335 539 Roche 633 Rochester 143 148 203 207 210 211 251 388 591 592 633 654 n , . , 676 603 Rockingham Co. ,44 234 2S9 333 303 39S 406 412421 42945<)4So 4S1 4S3 4S5 499 514522 541 549 D 1 V £ urn- 553 675 677 Rockhef, William 100 Rockwell, Charles 212 Rockwood, Ebenezer 431 Rodgers 142 167 Roe, Richard 99 Rogers 70 71 142 214-216 229 249 Nathaniel P. 571-573''^' ''^'' "'■* Robert 215 229 231-234 235 2,7 23S 241-243 245 24S 250 2S0 Roiley, Philip 633 302304396 Koife 198 214 222 225 265 604 Rollins 199 2S3 3SS 389 430592 613 Kolunsford 654 Rood, Henman 25S 259 Roper, Walter 48 Rope-walk, South 504 1 82 219 359 645 A\7JA.\-. Rural -Museum 258 Russell, Eleater 425 428 John 264 Russ. John 176 Russia 220 4S7 Rut, John 20 KutKers College 481 Rutland, Vl. T77 Ru:ledi;e 426 &,,l;J«"i3.i5i2o,4< {<>i-satc 464 Ryswick 117 S■■'JH■■"^*I?7=55 3■0 3 bchool Advocate -^50 Sachem, Philip 79-Si Saco 18 82 ,57 ,58 ,6, 202 306 433 -Sacremento, ship 614 Safiord, C. G. 259 Sagadock 24 26 Sagamore's Creek 114 Salem 337 38S 619 Canada 271 272 Mass. 2352 ,4,20221421651,, SauSBURV 284 285 339 464 473 475 cv 1 ,,524 553 554 576 1)54 Salisbury Mass. 50 54 60 61 1% 105,4, 1802,3281-283 Fort 234 430 '39 •«. 187 19<' 19? .-IS "9 59J 35' 424 6JJ I Sclt 205 JJ4-JJ6 387 S99 6ai to, ' bll C33 666 991 VKcnciblcn 496 .VllKOOK 103 281287 ,47 ,4X588 ,k™.,.,, "» M.l>ai!o (ship) 614 *clwtis 16*) v.:es.sioilvllle 61S --r..nd chuich oi Kxeter 70 Kv-Simcnt O15-617 hji 623 6ji, tbiu k04 N. C. 59 Village 580 5,5 Salmon Brook 131 154 Falls iS ,13 35S Salter, Titus 364 Samuel 83 .Saltonstall, Levcrctl 666 Sanborn or Sanbounre 97 98 117 ■28 133 134 264 285 3S8 40S 494 554 (xx>oi3 (.51 .^ANBORNTOX 141 2S7 3SS-40S it! Sanders 48 99 '35 Ron ;2,9 Romer, Col. 130 Rosebrook 670 671 Roswell, Sir Henr>- 33 Roundheads 74 Rousley, Robert 99 Rowau 633 634 Row 47 97 Rowe 269 475 599 Rowland, William F. 70 Rowley, Mass. 26S Rowlens 99 Roxbury, Mass. 346 650 67S Royal Commissioners 73 I' usilliers 340 341 George 32S Navy 282 594 597 Province 67 73 92 93 ,63 Royalists 46 49 74 Royalton 464 Royce 259 260 262 433 Ruggs, David 207 Rumford 161 164 177 179 207 214 215221-225235249250265 266 Academy 603 Rl-m.vev 226 281 2S7 398 459 568 Kump Tax 260 Runners Runnels, Daniel 407 J39 2S7 333 337 45,, Sandwich 654 6S5 Sandy Beach 113 1,4 125 163 Saratoga 345 346 388 399 Sargent 48 128 145 1,(6 332 J. Everett 220 651 660 661 Sartwell, 0bediah2ii Sartwill 177 Sarsacuss 6,4 Saunders, William 48 Saunderson, Robert 48 Savage 100276283 627 Savannah, Ga. 628 Savings Bank 598 Sautelie 213 Sawyer 263 264 305 340 341 600612 „. 627 681 682 Charles H. 681-6S4 Jonathan 681 682 Saxon 138 race 92 Saxony 598 Scammel, Alexander 345 346 359 360 36S 386-3S9 395 Scammon, Col. 33, Scamon, Richard 98 Scarborough 89 350 (ship) 317 Scheme of History 17 Schoharie, N. Y. 630 School 67 309 Scoffield, John 263 Scotch 27 138 ,39 ,86 195 196 631 I Sinckler, , 671 Sinclair 301 65 -Insh 17 138-142 147 163 170239 Sisvphus474 39S 439 467 481 525 530 555 564 Six Nations ■., . . 591 594 601 661 C67 I Sixteenth Uej'iiiicnt 628630 Seu.ir-s Narrative 535 ^■-iwCtinaii 3ot, >^."tcr, Joseph 460 >cveii days tiuht 01s 020 .■li.iy's Rebellion 411 .•-heale, James 394 423 465 485 510 I e 5" 1 Sampson 227 229 230 423 Shelbukm' 534-536 Sluller. Willfamlio slu-nandoah 62S Sheparxi, Samuel 195 197 Shippard, John 301 mk 272 Sherborn, Samuel 97 Sherburne 47 53 54 58 76 loS 113 ,., . , _ , 'S4 43= 437 465 Shendan, General 628 Sherman 50 54 276 Sherlock, James 104 Sherwill, Nichol.is 25 Shields, John 142 Shillaber, B. P. 31 Shippcrd, William ,34 Shipway, John 100 Shirley, 147 148 ,88 192 199 204 =M ■ 1 , . w 5 209 233 136 23.S Shirley, John M. 453 .02 4664;- SI f:',S°Ss'.''S'i:S'6552S5757" Shortndge, Richard ,00 Shrewsbury, M.iss. 24 73 622 Shurtlcff, William 125 Shnte 134 ,37 ,38 141 143 "52 '74 633 Siblcv. Stephen 576 Sides, William O. 616 Sieur dc Villieu 114 Silver, Dr. 257 Simon 86 89 Simonds 14 Simpson 195 20S 345 337 38S Sixth Regiment 622 625 630 Skillan, Benjamin 132 SkuUard, Samuel 4S Slavery discontinued 53 Sleeper 98 117 526 527 Sloane 263 Smart 98 339 Smibert (artist) 202 Smilie, Francis 196 Smiley, William 408 Smith 21 23 3S 4S 53 54 7" 76 97 98 129 146 153 212 213 25S 264 268 276 284 286 301 38S 407 439 460 472 481 523 526 624 Isaac W. 605 657 Jeremiah 394 432 447 466 46S 4S0-484 490 498 499 514 524 527 067 WUliam Smith's Lake 352 Smollett 201 Smyth, Frederick 646-650 Snell, George 100 Snow, Daniel 388 Society for Propagating Gospel 17*^302 of Cincinnati 555 Sokokies 306 Solomon 102 Somerset (ship) 323 Somersetshire, Eng. 95 540 Somersworth 40S 421 Sonoma (ship) 614 Sons of Liberty 252 253 Soper, Joseph 337 Sonl 365 Sorrell, Edward 98 Soucook 179 Souhegan, East 206 452 453 Ri\ West 167 176 206 212453 Soule, Gideon L. 666 South Carolina 248 61 ! 618 Church, Concord 166 Hampton 197 281 654 Mountain 625 Newmarket 459 Road, Salisbury 553 Virginia 22 Woods, Chester 144 Southern States 544 Southerners 5S2 Soward, Robert 48 Soweli, Edward 98 Spafford or Spoflford 181 183 185 186 197 207 258 279 280 Spain 20 64 198 267 594 Spanish 153 197 198487 Spalding or Spauldmg 143 334 337 600 68 1 693 Edward 693 Sparhawk 446 539 Sparks Jared 666 Spencer, Thomas 47 Sperry, Ebenezer 213 Spikeman, Captain 241 243-245 Spooner 276 Spottsylvania623 625 626 Springfield 392 473 Spruce Creek 66 Squamscott 29 41 665 Falls 72 73 Patent 72-74 Squando 82-84 9° Augustine, Fla. 619 624 St. Clair Flats 575 General 392 Croix 1 1 7 Francis 84 118 169 227 229 245 277 398 587 St. GeorjiL- =48 -nS Helena 17S Jamc-. >u. 540 Johns 20 114 194 249365 Johns, N. B. 640 Joseph Seminary 645 230 246 247 469 636 639 640 Mary's School 674 Patrick 634 Paul School 601 606 607 654 Stagpoll, James 99 Stamp Act 252 253 332 424 Standish, Miles 38 Staniels, Rufus P. 627 Stanstead, P. Q. 284 Stanton, Secretary 606 Stanyan 53 74 95 97 133 1S2 1S3 Starbuck, Edward 54 76 Stark 281 Stark 142 216 398 400 433 439 484 530 545 5(>3 596 George 243 341 364 3S2 39S 476 556 560 613 John 217 226-22S 231 237 241- 245 289 302 304 316 322-325 329-332 335 336 338-343 345 346349352 353 364365 36S370 372 382 3S3 385 390-393 396- 400 412 419 447 4S4 533 545 „ . , „ 556 563 654 Stark's River 22S Starkstown 398 State Constitution 165 486 Council 372 * House 512 539 551 566 612 614 Line, Mass. 141 Paper Office 103 Piison 489 494 565 582 656 673 Senate 415-418402 420-422 438 462 465 466472 4S4485 501 520 528 546 574 597 598608651 668 Treasurer 651 Staten Island 354 302 393 563 Statesman, Concord 539 655 Stavers, Barthol 426 John 426 Steadman 328 Stearns, Onslow 656 657 Steele, John H. 552 591 Thomas 142 Sterret, David 526 Sterrett 142 Stevens or Stephens 99 100 153 163 177 181 195 207-211 275284 532 575 591 612615C27 Stevenstown 228 284 285 489 495 Stewart 98 142 196 [553 Stewartstown 489495 Stickney 207 214 3S3 Stillman 76 94 100 loi 104 loS 12S Stillwater 345 Stinson 216 117 265 398 Stockbridge, Mass. 519 Stockwell, Emmons 278 Stoddard 209 Colonel 177 Stokes, Isaac 99 Stone 262 334 3S8 417 689 Stone's Pond 262 Stoney Brook 272 Point 330 346 Stoors, Constant 462 Storer 4S5 627 Slorre, Augustus 48 Story 129 130 133 514 540 Stoughton 52 66 67 Strafford 654 County 254 257 358 420 421 499 55i Strafon 632 Stratfokd 279 422 Conn. 194 Stratham 146 606 Straw, E. A. 658659681 Strawberry Bank 34 35 42 43 46 47 50 53-56 7»-74 76 94 Streeter 276 Strickland, Fred 671 Strong, Governor 506 Strongman, Henry 633 Stuart, John Sturtevant 612 620 622 628 Sudbury 338 Suffolk 1^ Suffolk County 67 Sullivan 276 356 361 562 574 632 633 634 County 585 605 Fort 496 504 George 504 514 569 633 667 James 356 469 510 561 562 John 262 297-299 334 344 346 352-359 364 365 367 368 37S 381 391 394403 409410412413 416 418 419 426428432 566 568 SuUoway A. W. 687 627 Sumner 276 280 464 Sumter, Fort 579 612 692 Suncook 139 140 168 169 170 172 176 178 179 198206208265266 267 4S4 545 574 Sunderland, Mass. 177 Superior Courts 348 393 407 409 420 423 455 482 498 533 538 568 Supreme Court 406 422 419 436450 451 456469 47' 486498499512 5'3 516 521 526 540550 ''56 659 677 Surplus Revenue 575 SUKKV 276287 359462 Sutherland, David 263 264 Si/TTON 558 Swain 348 523 524 614 SwaJne, William 98 Swan, Josiah 213 SWANZEV 206220 221 .^34 336 Swayn 133 Swayne, Richard 4S Sweden 262 4S1 Sweeney, Brj-ant _^oi 633 Sweet, Joseph 133 134 Swete, George 9S Swett 89 97 Swift Creek 627 Swine 31. Switzerland 20 Syll, Joseph S7 Symmes, Thomas 155 Symmetry (ship) 323 Symonds 47 52 Syria 520 Tabor, Jeremiah 583 Tapgart 142 335 3.S8 Talbot, William K. 212 Taler, Henr>' 47 Tales of Wavside Inu 192 Talford, John 147 Tallant, James 4S4 John Tamworth 15s Tappan iiS 164 612 613 Tarhon 12S Tasket, William 99 Taxes 313 Taylor or Tayler 48 97 98 99 "43 276 2S0 285 442 445 520 524 599 609 Tea 292 Teachers 100 Tebbets, N. C. 35, lBMPLB.;2 28733,33,38,^^ John 424 ■"' S05 525 Tli'm'.'^''?"' "^ '-5 I ei.th Regiment 625 630 644 Terrel>„„ Dover Cfuuxh 65 1 exas 59, 5,3 5,5 1 lanksgiving 498 50s Ihayer 59-1,8628 School 521 Thorn ,43-,96 337 3 1 homas 9S 334 36s 387 rhomhnson ,75 ,7, ',s„ ,s^ ,5^ Thompson 24-30 43 9,,, s;,t?64 . /"rnbuji, Joumh", 34, 1 lAs, Joseph 259 2to" 1 "Cke, Robert 48 ^ 1 ucker 55 ,00 128 I uckerrnan. E. 37 luctoii23o Tnflon Robert 50 ,, ItiftoliborouEh jtS .];"f<^'.a.arleTA'.'^„ Jiillock6i4 T,;rl;™'^'--"3^M6.5 River 607 urncr MS 267 268 TS'lof"^" Sfihfcl? '?!''? ■OS T>i,.|fi'l, u •'' "'"^ ""S Villieii ' l«Uf.h Regiment 6.662062. 6,6 vlll;^ 37 ■^ ■ *=? 630 Virsiii, Eb.ncj XI." Varnum, John ,3, Vaurtrenil, M„„'»,, Veaxey, H^„V);',4'""^"'"J' Venii.ird 128 "^ Vera Cnn (,jo verauaiio 20 Vennoiil .8 m in, ,,« 28n«.>?, ,'"•*'"" .X V* ^ > i'l°i'IHl2 41c 4ih Vernon 210 '"' via,%''.f'" Villien,Slour"" '» '■» M2 .64 ■94 .9630. 33436. 365 377 3„6 T.mt'?;'^'' \^5 572 599 604 6'.6 650 1HOK.NTON, Malthew,43 2,, J Thurs,or,"ffie\%y'^°'^''S=7 lliiirhen, rhonias 97 Tlbbetts, Jeremiah 99 widow 99 Ticonderosa 230 236 237 24 244-24629134836538242 Tw.lchell, c;. B. 627 Iwoniley, Ralph 99' Tyler 578 Tyng .6. 2.3 Tyng's Island 4,1, lyiige, William 52 iyngsborougb 510 V.-i..ua 2, 3, 64 252 jfio 3,0 3,5 4'7 47i47»5JJ Underbill 40 4 Union 165 4.2 Tulman. Thomas 98 ^^^ Tdden Rev. 5S3 T.U,t Peace of 487 TlLTON 5„ 654 11110097,3443, llngsborough 5,0 Tippecanoe 578 Tippen, Bartholomew or Titi.s H. B. 5,6 62s Tobin 633 ^ Toby ,55 Todd ,5= Toleialion 69 Tolford, Joh|^a7 t clopotomy 613 Torn, Captain 81 Tombs, Rev. S. ,73 Tomk,ns, Mary 6, Toppan 403 4oS 439 Topsfield 2,5 Tones 276 280 344 345 355 3^3 391 Toronto, Ont. 640 '''' ''» =' Tower of London ,03 ^""'^97.28.46489 I own Marks 54 Towns, Ezra 334 336 lownsend, Charles 297 Tracy, Uriah 474 Trafalgar 487 Trail. Robert 424 Transcript, Boston 562 Trask, Nathaniel 197 Treasury Dept. 575 6.4 1 ifcothick, Bartow 21:1 Tr-fethen .28 Trewo-i.^fa^''"'"' Triminingk 57 58 .35 Incklt 99 ,15 Trinity College J90 I rowbndue, Edward 299 1 me Jacob 286 True], David 526 W.iddcll, John .0, Wadleigh-i4 6.r46 Wadley, Robert 9.s,„7,„8 W.i(,.ncr, Ion 6.9 524 46.45408677 willr.^f^^t^' •■4 479 557 6"5,3 W.aLV;:^""^'' "nw:;f£;r"S^M8 74 wa!:i^t'3'^r34''^ WaWro., 47 48 52-54 56 6. 66 67 76 87-S, 94-,^ ,„o.,„3 ,^7 ■03 ..o ... .,j ,„ iis.ijj Waldron's Mill '"439 455 Wales 94 w"!I.°"' t' 57 59 .21 .21! VV.alker48.o9.,3,4,,,6,35,^ Joseph B. 229 J39 J50 Innolhy .64.66222-22425026, Wall 47 48 Manchester 665 Armv 5.2 6.5 lianli 466 democrat 652 Locks 5.0 Seminary 5,85 United Colonics 376 United States ,65 394 396 399 ,- 4074.24.54, 7419 422 423 425 l-^:jJ'-'5° 45- 466472474480 4». 489493 49450, 505 S06 tio 5'3-5"5520 524-526533 ,4, U. 565 577 586 597 599 &4 6,'. sVa Bank 438 *■"■ '''■' Cabinet 520 Court 293 48. Navy 6,3 630 Senate ,96 429 465 466 474 4S4 485 499S74SSssS6 594(x>5 6o5 .»' 6,. 5.3 676 Treasury 575 ^ ' Unitarians 462 559 566 59S Umtv 279 462 677 Umversalist 260 26. 264 429 527 U|^jversity of Aberdeen 298^^^ '* Uph.™ 4S9-4^''5o"5'o!5".. 558568 I W.'ijh!; Upper Ashuelot 206 207 220 «.^^' Snh'tJV"' "' "'' "* "•* 1 1"'^',.''' *3 "* Ammonoosuc 234 wf {''•■Pa'"'"'<="' 672 Urania 5,6 ^* w j",?^"^' ^52 Usher, John .07 ..9 .2, ,„ ,,8. lv^'f\*^ 53 .34 ,J5 3^ ""* ■'^ "" '9' "' 322 323 325 Wallace .43 239 285 337 40S 5,3 Wallaston, Mount ,2 '^ Wallingtord, Thomas 2.. VV.-,,lisorWallcs.28.42,53 Walhng's Map 235 ' Walnut Hill ^4, f=(, WaLPOLE 206 2.9 3,5 387 407 4,0 W.-,llpoleR.R'V2r '"'"'"''' Waltham, Mass. 333 Walton 47 48 .08 1.9 ,28 .53 ,75 r, , '32 134 .36 .18 ^Robert .56.58.59 ^ 277 •ciit I Valentine, John .33 Valley Academy 650 Valley Forge 1.(5 349 )^a„J.,ren,Ma,tin565 577S78 iderbili, Commodore 563 W,arning,0n..3„, "°"l'" Warn-hr 33849465- 653 Harncrton Thomas 35 47 52 ;6 \VAR.iKN28. 27928340S654 VVarren 200 20. 326 330 38S W.xs.i.NCTON 565 654 W.ashington, D. C. 4.3 500 504 605 5.0 6.2 6.4 6.9 622 643 64S Hn e ort 404 496 George .93 .94 233 250 ,86 J87 304 343 346 J49 353-355 35* ■Oa T' Washington, George Continued. 359 3<>3-3'>6 372 373 380 383 3.;o-392 396 399 412 420 422- 425 426 435 447-449 46" 462 470481 500522 550597619650 669 670671 Mount 303 305 Watanic 131 Walerhouse, Richard 100 Waterloo 634 Waterman, Silas 264 Watertown, Mass. 54 299 459 682 Watson 99 132 432 Watts, Kicharci 100 Waiigh, Joseph 196 Waumbech, Methna 269 Waunalancet 83 88 89 1 10 WEARE279337338654 Weare 101 129 134 142 348 379 381 3S9 Meshech 301 347-349 368 370 372 377379388-390403 408412 425 445 446 569 Nathaniel 97 98 loi 104 105 122 134 162 347 348 420 Wearing long hair 80 Weathersfield, Vt. 674 Webber, Richard 100 Webster 70 97 117 118 128 146 270 284 2S8 310 388 430 467 546 553 554 Daniel 117284 285 481 483 485 496499 500 510 511 514515521 554 586 595 646 666 667 Ebenezer 117 128 284-287552553 Ezekiel 239 2?7 449 464 543 55' 57S Place 553 554 Wecanacohunt 44 Wedgewood 48 98 107 Weeks 132 259 272 279 368 458 494 600 660 670 Weirs 55 256 Weir, Robert 138 142 Weld 213 Weldon R. R. 623 Wellman, Jesse 334 Wells 261 262 276 358 Maine 42 69 70 117 Welman 437 Welsh 94 171 672 Welch 98 197 6^2 633 Wenboum, William 48 53 Wentworth 660 679 281-283 620 Wentworth 48 99 iii 131 189 191 192 194 207 228 2S7 293-295 334 352 380 408 420 421 534 684 685 Eenning 174 175 176183 184 1S8 189 194 197 198204205211228 234 249 253 259 268 281 282 352 448 602 684 John 137 147 152 194 207211 253 291 293 207 300 302 305 317 350-352 366 369 380 406 420 421 424 428 433 445 446 519 531 569 684 685 Joseph 613 681 684 Wesley, John 457 458 522 Weslevan University 459 682 West '45 1 Andover 473 475 576 Concord 166 Dunstable 57 167 West India 178 200 202 252 295 473 478 631 666 Peterborough 591 Point 345 392 393 407 520 521 550 618 624 627 Riding 453 River 211 Virginia 628 Woodstock 598 Westbrook 15^ 165 Westcot, Daniel 100 Western Brigade 491 States 544 Westmoreland 306 221 334 462 499 Westminster, Vt. 577 Wetmore, Nath. D. 592 Weston 156-158 James A. 657 658 662 687 Weymouth, Mass. 657 _ Weymouth, Capt 23. Whalley, Col. 63 Wheat, Thomas 340 Wheaton, George 281 Wheeler 118483 555667 Wheelock, Eleazer 264 280 516 5.85.9 General 50S 5.0 5.6 Wheelwright, John 40-42 48 53 69 70 141 Pond 1.3 Whldden .00 Whig 280 505 50S 564 572 577 579 586 595 596 601 605 607 609 646 Whipping Indians 80 Whipple 276 305 388 389 420 424 566 599 612 6.3 619 620 Joseph 133 279 305-307 328 345 368 389 420 Whitcher 318-600 Whitcomb 276 324 332 334 385 — White 100 128 147 .95 274 283 302 421 439 472 600 663 6S5 692 Hills 35-37 House 552 Jeremiah W. 692 693 Mountains 18 19 36 414 632 669 Mountain Notch 304 306 534 River Vt. 576 Whitefield 301-305 George 70 192 204 302 303 522 523 Whitehall 182 20. Whitehouse 99 676 Whittier, John G. 60 572 Whiting 156 157 159275276 Whitelaw-James 464 Whitney 277 524 Whittlemore, Aaron 172 267 566 Whitton 150 554 Wibird, Richard 211 423 Wicasie Falls 476 5.0 Wiccarsee Locks 5.0 Wiggin 29 35 3840 43 45 46 48 52- 54 59 73 76 85 97 98 105 Wilbraham 682 Wilcox 264 276 Wilder 279 286 Wilderness, Battle of 623 626 652 Wilkins 134 176 333 527 620 Wilkinson 3S5 388 WiUard 54 56 57 65 207 279 WiUey 99 433 524 670 William & Mary 110 Wjlliam of Orange 107 139 631 - Williams 39 41 43 46 47 52 53 70 76. 100 387 4.4 sg8 Williamsburg 360 614 620 Williss, Mrs. 54 Wilson 48 98 142 147 Wilmington, N. C. 6ig 620 WiLMoT 473 475 Wilson 142 145 147 148 52862S630 James 565 578 579 5S0 595 657 W ILTON 209 271 272 274 661 662 Wiltshire 272 WlN-CHESTER 207 219 388 392 654 Va. 62 8 Wincot, Captain loi Wiiigate 103 .33 394 40S 418 5^2 Windham 141 187 195 196 262 337 408 564 Windicott, Jno. 99 Windsor, Vt. 465 Winfield 145^ Winford, Ezekiel 99 Winn 212 339 Winnipiseogee 20 22 51 55 111 143 155185205256300509553600 Wmnichaunet 24 Winnicumeh 42 Winslow, Governor 53 64 81 Winter Hill 343 345 353 407 Winthrop 25 38 40 45-47 74-76 119 Wiscasset, Me. 4.9 Witch Brook Valley 57 167 Witchcraft 57 Withers, Thomas 47 Wobum, Mass. 56 147 .56 164 289 468603 Wood .77259340 558 Woods 156 158 172 174 17s Woodbridge, Col. 331 Woodbury 337 540 592 605 Charles Levi 20 24 Levi 511 515 538-542 552 565 585 600650 651 Woodman 108 130 172 667 6S5 Woodstock 279 _ Woodwell 207 Wooster, Lydia 358 WOLFEEOROUGH 253 30O 352 654 Women's Dress 80 Worcester 213 308 310 348 419 626 Mass. 645 % County 324 Worthen, Ezekiel 351 Wright 4898 177628 Wriswall, Captain 113 Wrisley, Mary 283 Wyman .56-159 375 Yale College 280 435 499 651 Yankee 38. Yarmouth, Eng. 40 70 Yeaton 128 Yerrington, William gg Yokohama, Japan 6.4 York2i 113-1153463S34.9667 County, Me. 300 Yorkshire, Eng. 453 Me. 66 Yorktown 346 347 359 360 449 615 620 634 Scammel 360 Young 98 99 209 275 414 520 624 Youngraen, Ebenezer 340 { LftBOTQ