't:,k ENGLISH MILES 2i 50 iOO 200 SUitc Cajiitals . IQj Longitude West 100 Si Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2010 with funding from The Library of Congress http://www.archive.org/details/appletonsguideto01conk APPLETONS' GUIDE TO MEXICO, INCLUDING A CHAPTER ON GUATEMALA AND AN ENGLISH^ SPANISH YOOABULAEY. ALFRED R. CONKLING, LL. B., Ph. B., UEHBEB OF THE NEW TOEK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES AND FOBMEELY UNITED STATES GEOLOGIST. WITH A RAILWAY MAP ABB ILLUSTRATIONS. ]NlW YORK: D. APPLETON AND COMPANY, 1, 3, AND 5 BOND 8TBEET. 1891. Y'A Copyright, 1883, 1891, By D. APPLETON AND COMPANY. ^^^1. -i^W^" ^^X^-_ -.^^^^^---c. y^,.*,,,^^. t-^^-i^ ^<^-,S^^ ^^ '2-=^-^C-._^c *^g^..jc^ PEE FACE. Since the year 1880, a large amount of capital has been invested in Mexico by citizens of the United States. Within that period an luiprecedented nmnber of the Eng- lish-speaking races have visited that country either as tourists, or as explorers with a view to an actual settle- ment and a permanent residence. During a professional visit to the Mexican Kepubhc, in the winter and spring of this year, the author experi- enced from day to day, and frequently from hour to hour, the want of a compendious guide-book. While many volumes of history and of general observation and travel relating to Mexico have, from time to time, been pub- lished, no l^ook of this description is known to exist. Believing that our sister Republic will in future, to a far greater extent than ever before, be the resort of the capitalist, the speculator, the artist, the archaeologist, the valetudinarian, and the pleasure-seeker, as well as of the intelligent and enterprising man of business, the author has endeavored to render each and all an acceptable ser- vice by the preparation of this manual. It has been his iv PREFACE. constant aim to use tlie shortest words, and to adopt tlie most compact and abbreviated forms of expression con- sistent witb perspicuity. In tbe spelling of both proper names and places he has, for the most part, followed the orthography of the best maps and of the standard works on Mexico, except where changes have been introduced by common usage. For instance, the name of President Santa Anna, although correctly spelled with a single let- ter " n" has so long been spelled with a double " n" that the change may be said to be sanctioned by universal usage. The vocabulary of Spanish words, together with the collection of colloquial phrases, has been made as complete as the limited space devoted to it would permit. At present every new-comer, unless a Spaniard or a Spanish scholar, is obhged to purchase a dictionary immediately on his arrival in the country. It is believed that this want will be in a great measure supphed by this volume. One half of this work is in the form of a compendium of general information for the use of tom'ists as well as of settlers. In the itinerary, all names of places are italicized for the convenience of the reader. It is to be borne in mind that Mexico is at present in a transition state. The beard may be said to have grown during the shaving. It has accordingly been found neces- sary to revise the proof-sheets of Sections lY and Y up to the moment of going to press. The author desires to express his great obHgation to General U. S. Grant; General Manuel Gonzalez, the PREFACE, . V President of Mexico ; SeBores Matias and Cayetano Eo- mero, of the Mexican Legation at "Washington ; Don Igna- cio Mariscal, ex-Secretary of Foreign Affairs of the Mexi- can Republic ; Hon. P. H. Morgan, United States Min- ister at Mexico ; Hon. D. H. Strother, Consnl-General of the IJnited States ; Hon. W. P. Sutton and Hon. A. Wil- lard, Consuls at Matamoros and Guaymas respectively; Mr. Simon Stevens; Thomas Mckerson, Esq., Eudolph Fink, Esq., and D. B. Robinson, Esq., of the Mexican Central Railway Company; and to Messrs. Spackman, Gardner, and Kevin, of the Mexican ^National Railway Company, for much valuable information and assistance in the preparation of these pages. New York, November i, 1883. PREFACE TO THE FOURTH EDITION. In preparing a fourtli edition the author desires to state that the book has been carefully revised, and many pages of new matter have been inserted. The railways described in Sections YII, YIII, IX, XI and XIY are still in course of construction. When the lines are completed, these chapters will, of course, be rewritten. The chief industry of Mexico is mining, and it may be said that railway construction and operation come next in importance. In the development of the Re- public the world will watch chiefly the mines, the rail- roads and the tropical products. This remark is espe- cially applicable to American investors. Many mines have long been idle on account of the expense of exploitation and the cost of treating the ores. There are deposits of low-grade silver-lead and silver- iron ores which have never been worked until within the past year. The silver-lead-ore ruHngs of the United States Treasury Department in 1889, and the new tariff law of October 1, 1890, have caused the erection of PREFACE TO THE FOURTH EDITION. vii smelting-works in various portions of Mexico. Tlie low- grade ores will thus be profitably treated and the output of silver will be increased. Referring to railroads, many miles have been built during the years 1890-91, and several lines will be com- pleted before January 1, 1892. Of these the most important are : 1. The Interoceanic {Morelos) Railway, from the capital to Yera Cruz via Jalapa, which will be a for- midable rival to the English line from Vera Cruz to Mexico. 2. The Monterey and Mexican Gulf Railroad, from Yenadito to Tampico. 3. The Tehuantepec Railroad. It may be added that about one hundred miles of the Mexican Southern Railroad were built during the past year, and the companies in Yucatan extended their several lines. The western branch of the Mexican National Railroad will soon be finished. The comple- tion of the eastern division of the Mexican Central Railway (406 miles) in March, 1890, was, of course, an epoch in the history of the Republic. The Credit Fonder Company has taken the contract to construct and to lease the Mexican Western Railroad, from Topolobampo Harbor to Galveston, Texas, 1,100 miles, with branch lines in Mexico of 310 miles. It is interesting to trace the growth of Mexican railways. In 1879 the number of miles of railroad in operation was 372; in 1886 it was 3,725 ; and in 1891 viii PREFACE TO THE FOURTH EDITION. it is 6,000, with about 1,800 miles in course of construc- tion. All tlie lines are subsidized, except the Inter- national Railroad, from Ciudad Porfirio Diaz to Tor- reon, 384 miles. The concessions to American capitalists include nearly 13,000 miles. Some of them have been forfeited for non-compliance with the stipulations of the contract. The American companies have built, in round numbers, 4,000 miles of railroad. Of this number about 1,100 are narrow-gauge. !N'one of the American lines are as yet very profit- able, but their receipts are augmenting, and, with a mod- erate improvement in business and economical manage- ment, these railways will become good investments. The Mexicans are acquiring new wants, and the de- mand for foreign goods (especially improved agricult- ural implements) is constantly increasing. It should be stated that the traveler may now go from New York to the City of Mexico in jwe days ; and 150 pounds of baggage are allowed passengers enter- ing Mexico from the United States. The allowance to local passengers on Mexican railroads is still thirty-three pounds. The formation of an efficient railway and telegraph service has promoted peace and the stability of the Government. Political revolutions have ceased, brigand- age has been suppressed, and a revival of national pride has occurred. A reciprocity treaty providing a free market for PEEFAGE TO THE FOURTH EDITION. ix Mexican live-stock, wool, tobacco and fruit would be very beneficial to both countries, if sufficient rewards were obtained by whicli American manufactures and products could be introduced in Mexico on more advan- tageous terms than at the present time. The annual imports of Mexico are equivalent to about $30,000,000 in American currency. The import and ex- port trade of Mexico is chiefly with the United States. Trade between the two Republics is improving. In 1889 the exports from Mexico amounted to $62,499,338, of which eighty per cent went to the United States. The gold value of the exports from Vera Cruz in 1889 ex- ceeded those of 1888 by the sum of $1,000,000. The finances of the Government were never in a more prosperous state than at present. The national credit is slowly but steadily advancing and liberal appropriations for free schools and for public works have lately been made. Mexico is still deficient in hotel accommodation. Better hotels are needed and it is hoped that American investors will provide them. The author renews his expression of thanks to SeSor M. Romero, the Mexican Minister at "Washington, and to the various officials of the American railways, for great assistance in the preparation of this edition. New York, June 15, 1S91. TABLE OF CONTENTS. PART FIRST CHAPTER L — Traveling in Mexico . Hints . When to Travel . How to Travel An Agricultural Trip A Mining Trip The Cost of Travel Railroads Steamships Diligences Horse-cars Horses and Mules Express . II. — History , III. — Geography Situation Boundaries Area . Topography . Mountains Rivers Lakes . Islands Climate Political Divisions IV. — Literature . "^rt V. — Ruins . Mayapan Uxmal PAGE I 1-2 3-4 4-6 6 6 6 v-ia 12-13 13-14 14-15 15 15-16 16r24 25-33 25 25 25 25-30 26-28 29 29-30 30 30-3] 32-33 33 84-49 36 36-38 Xll TABLE OF CONTENTS. CHAPTBB PAGE Palenque . . 38-40 Mitla .... 41^3 The Pyramids . 43-4'7 Cholula 43-44 San Juan Teotihuacan . 44-46 Papantla 46-47 Northern Mexico . . 47-49 VI. — Hotels and Restaurants . 49-62 VII. — ^Passport 52 VIII. — Custom-Houses . 53 IX. — Commerce . - . . 53-56 X. — Army and Navy . 56-57 XI.— Duties. 57 XII.— Taxes . 58 XIII.— Finance . 58-59 XIV.— Public Debt 59-60 XV. — Money — Coins , 60-62 XVI.— Mints .... 63 X V 11.- Post-Office and Letters . 63-66 XVIII.— Telegraphs 66-67 XIX.— Census . 67-68 XX.— Population ' . 68-69 XXI. — Architecture . . 69-73 XXII.— Painting .... 73-74 XXIII. — Immigration . . 74-75 XXIV.— Mines .... 76-82 XXV. — Mineral Springs 82 XXVI.— Geology .... 83-85 XXVII.— Zoology . 86-89 XXVIII.— Botany .... 89-91 XXIX.— Agriculture . . 91-100 XXX. — Maps and Surveys 101-102 XXXI.— Stock-Raising . . 102-103 XXXII. — Weights and Measures . 103-107 XXXIII.— Labor and Wages . 108-112 XXXIV.— Wines and Liquors 112-115 XXXV.— Cigars and Tobacco . . 115-116 XXXVI.— Manufactures 116-119 XXXVIL— Native Productions . , 119-121 XXXVIII.— Jewelry .... 121-122 TABLE OF CONTENTS. xiu CHAPTER XXXIX.- XL.- XLI.- XLII.- XLIII.- XLIV.- XLV.- XLVI.- XLVII.- XLVIII.- XLIX.- L.- LI.- LII.- LIII.- LIV.- -Theatres -Music -Dances -Festivals . -Bull-fights -Cock-fights -Costumes -Lotteries . -Stores . -Pawnbroker-Shops -The Church . -Jurisprudence -Education -Newspapers -Miscellaneous , -What Mexico needs PAGE 122 122-124 124 124-125 125-126 126-12'i' 127-129 129 129-130 130-131 131-134 134-13'7 137-139 139-140 140-143 143-146 PART SECOND. SECTION I. — How to reach Mexico . . . . . How to reach the Country .... Route I. — New York to Vera Cruz by Steamer Vera Cruz .... Jalapa . . . . . Route II. — ^New York to New Orleans by Rail, thence by Steamer to Vera Cruz Matamoros, Tampico, Tuxpan Route III. — ^New York to Laredo or El Paso, Texas, by Rail II. — The Mexican Railway Company from Vera Cruz to Mexico From Vera Cruz to Orizaba .... Orizaba . . . ... From Orizaba to Esperanza .... From Esperanza to Puebla via Apizaco Puebla ....... From Puebla to the City of Mexico ni. — The City of Mexico and Environs Hotels, Restaurants, Theatres, Carriages, Banks, Soci eties, etc., etc. .... History of Tenochtitlan .... PAGE 147-159 147 147-152 152-154 154-155 156-158 157 158-159 160-174 160-163 163-165 165-169 169-170 171-173 173-174 175-201 175-176 176-179 XIV TABLE OF CONTENTS. SECTION PAGE Places of Interest . . , . , . 182-194 Excursions around the Capital 196-201 San Juan Teotihuacan . . . . ' 196 Pachuca ...... 196-19'7 Cuernavaca ..... . 199-200 IV. — The Mexican National Railway .... 202-253 Eoute I. — From the City of Mexico to Manzanillo . . 202-236 Mexico to Toluca .... 202-205 Toluea .... . 205-206 Toluca to Maravatio 206-209 Maravatio to MoreHa . . 210-211 Acambaro. .... 210 Morelia .... . 211-215 Morelia to Patzcuaro and thence to Man- zanillo .... 215-220 Patzcuaro via Ario to Jorullo . 220-236 Acapulco ..... 236 Eoute II. — From the City of Mexico to Laredo and Corpus Christi .... . 237-253 Mexico to Celaya . . . . 237 Celaya to San Luis Potosi . 237-238 San Luis Potosi .... 238-240 San Luis Potosi to Tampico . . 240-241 San Luis Potosi to Monterey 241-247 Saltillo .... 245 Monterey ..... 248-249 Monterey to Laredo . . 249-252 New Laredo .... 251 Laredo .... .252 Laredo to Corpus Christi 253 V. — ^The Mexican Central Railway . 254-289 Route I. — From the City of Mexico to Zacatecas 254-279 Mexico to Queretaro . . 254-260 The Canal of Huehuetoca 255-258 Queretaro .... . 260-263 Queretaro to Guanajuato . 263-269 Silao . . . ". 264 Guanajuato .... 265-269 Guanajuato to Lagos , . 269-270 Lagos to Guadalajara and San Bias 270-272 TABLE OF CONTENTS. XV SECTION Lagos to Zacatecas Aguascalientes Aguascalientes to San Luis Potosi La Quemada . Zacatecas Duraogo Route II. — From Zacatecas to El Paso, Texas Zacatecas to Lerdo Lerdo to Chihuahua . Chihuahua to El Paso VI. — The International and Interoccanic Railway VII. — The Mexican Southern Railroad Northern Division Southern Division . Oaxaca and Mitla VIII. — The Morelos (Interoccanic) Railway . Mexico to Cuautla Amecameca and Popocatepetl Cuautla to Acapulco Table of Distances . IX. — The Tehuantepec Railroad X. — The Sonora Railway .... XI. — The American and Mexican Pacific Railway XII. — The New York, Texas and Mexican Railroad . XIII. — The Mexican International Railroad XIV. — The Sinaloa and Durango Railroad XV. — Table of Distances XVI. — Guatemala ..... Geography .... Miscellaneous .... Route I. — Tonala, Mexico, to San Joso dc Guatemala Route II. — San Jose to New Guatemala Guatemala . Old Guatemala . Appendix ..... Language ..... Vocabulary .... Index ...... PAGB 2'73-2V6 273 2'73-2'74 275 276-278 279 280-289 280-282 282-284 285-287 290 291-297 291-293 293-297 295 298-304 298-303 299-303 303-304 304a 305-308 309-315 316-318 319-321 322-324 325 326 327-343 327-335 335-338 338 339 339-341 342-343 345-378 345-358 358-378 379-390 ILLUSTRATIONS. PART FIRST Scene in Mexico . , . Mexican Table-land . Aztec Temple .... Toltec Palace .... The Cathedral of Mexico Longitudinal View of Timbered Level The Peak of Orizaba The Axolotl .... Cochineal Insects on Branch of Cactus . Indigo Plant (Anil) . Brazil-Wood, Leaves, Flower, and Fruit . The Vanilla Plant . India-Rubber Plant {Hule) The Coffee Plant . Cocoanut Palm .... Mexican Porters Pulque Tlachiquero PAGr . 26 28 . 44 48 . '70 80 . 84 87 . 88 90 . 91 92 . 93 96 . 98 109 . 113 PART SECOND. A Tropical Jungle . Jalapa . A Mexican Canon . The Pineapple Plant Cut showing Zones of Vegetation The Nopal Popocatepetl 150 154 159 162 167 170 172 XVlll ILLUSTRATIONS. The Volcanoes of Popocatepetl and Iztaccihuatl Plaza Mayor, Mexico Quetzalcoatl Feathered Serpent . Teoyaomiqui The Noche-triste Tree The Aqueduct and Fountain, Mexico Pyramids of San Juan Teotihuacan Silver-Mill, Pachuca Indian Hut in the Tierra Caliente City of Colima ... Manzanillo Bay A Pack-Train JoruUo The Cut of Nochistongo Plaza de Armas, Guadalajara Scene in Northern Mexico Victoria and Tula Pass Scene in Mexico Gathering Cochineal, Mexico Acapulco . . A Scene on the Isthmus of Tehuantepec Fronteras, Sonora Arispe . Defile in the Guadalupe Pass, Sierra Madre The Pitahaya .... Map of Guatemala . . . . Native of Mixco Volcan de Agua, Old Guatemala The Plaza, Quezaltenango General View of the City of Quezaltenango The National Institute, Guatemala The Government Building, Quezaltenango . The National Theatre, Guatemala The Cathedral, Guatemala . The Plaza, Old Guatemala The Penitentiary, Quezaltenango PAKT FIKST. GENEEAL IIsTFOEMATIOK Traveling in Mexico. HINTS. The reader will generally find railway fares, hotel charges, tariffs for hacks, etc., given in the hody of the Gruide-Book, but a few words may be of use at the outset. The cost of traveling by rail in Mexico is considerably higher than in the Northern and Eastern States of the American Eepublic. (For table of fares, see chapter on railroads.) There are first, second, and third class cars on the rail- roads. At present (1891), traveling in Mexico is as safe as in the western part of the United States. There are no brigands on the stage-roads any longer, except in the States of Jalisco and Sinaloa. It is well, however, to go armed, and to keep your fire-arms in sight. Escorts of mounted guards called the Guardia Rural accompany the diligences. Train-robberies are thus far unknown. The traveler is ad- vised to take as little baggage as possible, as the railroads only allow 15 kilogrammes (33 pounds), and the diligences one arroba (25 pounds). The rates for extra baggage are 2 GENERAL INFORMATION. yery high. Wraps and hand-bags, carried into the passen- ger-cars, are, of course, free of charge. Passengers must purchase tickets before their baggage can be checked. They will receive a paper check with a number correspond- ing to that of a label pasted on the trunk or valise. Wells, Fargo & Co. have established exjDress agencies in the Eepub- lic, and there are baggage-express companies in Puebla and Mexico. In the large cities, coaches do not meet trains on arrival as in the United States, but horse-cars usually pass the doors of the hotels. Hacks are common, and can be hired to the hotel at an average price of four reales. Diligence-drivers and railroad-porters do not expect fees. Carry soap and matches with you. The natives make ex- cellent wax-matches called cerillos, which are sold at one centavo a box. As regards clothing, the tourist does not require as thick garments on the coast as upon the table- land. Woolen under-clothing should be worn all the year round on the tierra fria, and for three quarters of the year in the temperate zone. A Mexican blanket, or zarape, will be found very useful for the tourist, in addition to a cloak or overcoat. It can be put on the bed at night and will serve as a wrap in the diligences. A linen duster is of great service in the dry season. On first reaching Mexico, care should be taken to avoid exposure to the direct rays of the sun. Although sunstrokes are very rare, yet headache or fever comes from a strong sun, until the tourist has be- come acclimated. Solar hats should be worn in the sum- mer season. Keep out of the night air at first. There is a great difference between the temperature in the sun and in the shade on the table-land. Tourists should accord- ingly be careful to avoid taking cold. The facilities for washing clothes in Mexican cities are very poor, and it is advisable to have several changes of linen, so as not to be detained in a place on account of being obliged to wait for one's clean garments. TRAVELING IN MEXICO. When to travel. Owing to the configuration of the country, it is impor- tant that the tourist should select the proper seasons for traveling in the different zones. The best time for visiting the tierra caliente, or hot land, south of latitude 25 degrees, is in the winter months. Northers blow from November to March, thus cooling the atmosphere ; and the vomito, or yellow fever, rarely breaks out during this period. Tourists should not visit Vera Cruz between June 1st and November 1st. The tierra templada, or temperate zone, and the table- land, may be frequented at any season, although the winter climate of the former is somewhat preferable. If the tourist wishes to avoid the clouds of dust that rise on the great plateau of Mexico, he should travel in the rainy season, i. e., June to September. However, as many parts of Mexico can only be reached by the diligence lines (excepting on horseback), it is proper to state that both the summer and winter months have their advantages and dis- advantages. In the rainy season the air is delightful, but the roads are in such a condition, owing to the very heavy showers, that they are often almost impassable. Sometimes the stage-coach will sink into the soft mud of the highway, so as to render it impossible to proceed. In such a case, the coachman will walk to the nearest hacienda and borrow a yoke of oxen to aid the mules in dragging the vehicle upon firm ground. These occurrences may cause a delay of several hours. In some places the road will be flooded for perhaps a quarter of a mile, and in crossing such a spot the diligence is occasionally imbedded in the yielding soil to an extent that makes further progress utterly im- practicable, and the passengers may be compelled to spend the night in the coach. This latter event occurs only in a mountainous region. In short, the traveler can not 4 GENERAL INFORMATION: always make sure connections by diligence in the summer season. Furthermore, the country is very sparsely settled. Vil- lages where the tourist can obtain food and lodging are few and far between. As the stage-coach oftentimes fails to reach the '^regular" sto]3ping-place of the route during the day's journey, these facts should be borne in mind ; and passengers are advised to carry provisions with them while traveling by diligence in the rainy season. On the other hand, the dust rising in clouds, which often envelop the vehicle so that the surrounding country is invisible for a few moments, constitutes the only di'aw- back to traveling by diligence in the dry season. The pas- sengers are certain to arrive on time, unless delayed by some accident. Invalids intending to winter in Mexico, should spend several days near the coast or in the tierra templada, before exposing themselves to the rarefied atmos- phere of the table-land. How to travel. Unless the tourist is familiar with Spanish, he is strong- ly advised not to travel alone in Mexico. Large parties are not recommended, owing to the small number of bed- rooms in the hotels, and the limited capacity of the dili- gences. As a rule, the latter are run only three times a week, and the seats are frequently engaged for days in advance. Neither have the companies more vehicles to " put on " when the regular coach is filled with passen- gers. Occasionally the stranger will be obliged to spend two or three days in some uninteresting town while wait- ing for transportation. As yet there are no professional couriers, but they will doubtless make their appearance before long. In visiting the mining districts lying remote from cities, and in ascending the snow-clad mountains, a mozo, or ser- TRAVJELING IN MEXICO. 5 vant, should accompany the tourist. He will make himself generally useful, and his wages should not exceed one dol- lar a day. The following lists of short trips in Mexico are so ar- ranged as to allow the trayeler to see as much as possible in a given space of time : Route I. Vera Cruz to Cordoba ^ day. In Oordoba 1 do. To Orizaba and remain there 1 do. To Puebla | do. In Puebla 1 J do. To Mexico City ^ do In Mexico » . . . 4 days. Return to Vera Cruz 1 day. Total 10 days. Route II. Vera Cruz to Puebla. 1 day. In Puebla 1 do. To Mexico City ^ do. In Mexico City 1^ do. Return to Vera Cruz 1 do. Total 5 days. Route III. First part same as Route II 5 days. Mexico to Maravatio 1 day. Maravatio to Celaya 1 do. Celaya to Queretaro 1 do. Queretaro to Mexico 1 do. Total , 9 days. Route IV. Same as Route III, with the addition of 2 days, from Celaya to the mines of Guanajuato aud return. . 11 days. 6 GENERAL INFORMATION. An "Agricultural'' Tr%iJ. Supposing the traveler to be in tlie national capital, a visit should be made to Queretaro and Lagos by rail ; then to Guadalajara by diligence ; thence to Uruapan by dili- gence and horseback ; thence to Patzcuaro by horseback, and diligence to Morelia ; return to Mexico by rail ma Mara- vatio and Toluca. A "Mining'' Trip, Starting from the City of Mexico, let the tourist make an excursion to the town of Pachuca by rail and tramway, and then return to the capital. Then go by rail to Guana- juato and Zacatecas ; thence by diligence to Fresnillo, Som- brerete, or Durango. One can then reach the Mexican Cen- tral Railway at the nearest point, and visit Chihuahua, or return to the southern part of the Eepublic. The mining towns just mentioned are the most accessiile, although by no means the only places worthy of the attention of the scientific traveler. The Cost of Travel. If the tourist intends to move about a great deal, he will have to spend at least forty dollars a week. If, on the other hand, he wishes to linger in the cities and stay at the best hotels, twenty dollars a week will cover the cost of living outside of the capital. One month's trip from New York to Mexico and return, by steamer, will cost about $225. Tbe same tour via New Orleans by rail, thence to Yera Cruz and return by steamer, will cost about $300. The expense of a journey from New York to Laredo, Texas, by rail, thence by rail to Saltillo, by stage-coach to Queretaro, and rail to the City of Mexico, will be about $175, including sleeping-car fares, meals, and lodging at the diligence taverns. TRAYELING IN MEXICO. EAILEOADS. The great desideratum in Mexico has always been cheap and rapid transportation. For many years communication between the various towns could only be had by means of carts and on horseback. At length a system of diligences was established, which of course was only adapted to carry- ing passengers. The first line of railroad — that of the Mexi- can Railway Company, connecting the city of Vera Cruz with the national capital — was begun in 1837. On Sep- tember 16, 1869, the branch of this road from Mexico to Puebla, a distance of 115f miles, was opened with great pomp and ceremony. Trains commenced running on the division between Orizaba and Vera Cruz on September 5, 1872, and the entire route was completed on January 17, 1873. The Mexican Grovernment, in September, 1880, granted charters to the Mexican Central Railway Company and to the Mexican National Construction Company, and in June, 1881, to the International and Interoceanic Railway Com- pany. These corporations are the three great American trunk-lines of Mexico. In May, 1881, a concession was obtained by General U, S. Grant for a road to be known as the Mexican Southern Railroad. The charters generally run for a term of ninety-nine years, at the end of which the roads revert to the Govern- ment. If the latter decides to sell or lease the lines, the companies are to be entitled to the preference. The Government, since 1867, has issued charters to the several States, and to various individuals, for the construc- tion of other railroads in the interior of the country. But none of these roads is of sufficient importance to merit an extended notice here, and many of the grantees have forfeited their charters for failure to complete their lines within the specified time. 8 GENERAL INFORMATION. The Liberal party in Mexico, who have recently come into power, believe that the development of the immense mineral and agricultural resources of the country can only be accomplished by the construction of railroads. Accord- ingly, having but little public land to grant for this pur- pose, the Government pays subsidies,* with the object of encouraging both natives and foreigners to build railways. These subventions, as they are called, vary from $6,500 to $9,500 per kilometre, and are supposed to amount to about one third of the cost of the roads. They now reach a total of about 17,000,000 annually. A subsidy of $560,000 a year is given to the Mexican Kail way, which is the only completed line in the Ee- public. It must not be assumed, however, that these sub- ventions are paid in money. Eevenue bonds are issued without interest, and an amount, varying from 4 to 6 per cent of the customs duties, is set aside for their redemp- tion. The American trunk-lines extend from the Eio Grande to the City of Mexico. A branch of one of them, i. e., the Mexican Central Eailroad, is being built across the country from the Gulf to the Pacific Ocean. Another branch, that of the Mexican National Eailway, is already finished for nearly one half of the distance between the capital and Manzanillo, the terminus of this division. This company has lately consolidated all its concessions under the law of January 11, 1883. The Morelos Eailway is expected to be continued to Acapulco, and the Tehuantepec Eailroad will soon reach the Pacific coast. (See Sections YIII and IX.) Hence, it will be seen that in the course of a few years three lines of railway will connect the capital with the United States, and four roads will traverse the Eepublic * The total amount of railroad subsidies granted by the Mexican Gov- ernment is given in round numbers at $126,000,000. TRA VELINO IN MEXICO. 9 from east to west, thus establishing communication be- tween the Gulf of Mexico and the Great Ocean. Other lines are progressing from Altata to Durango, from Piedras Negras toward Durango, and from Matamoros to Monterey. None of the trains on the yarious railroads, as a rule, carry escorts or guards, except the Mexican Eailway. A special car is provided on the latter for a squad of Fed- eral soldiers. Occasionally the Mexican National Eailway Company will send several guards on the pay-car, or on a train that transports an enormous amount of coin and bullion. The plan of building railways in Mexico has been to work from each end toward a middle point. This method proved very expensive to the Mexican road, but it is found expedient in the construction of the American trunk-lines. The latter rarely pass through the cities and towns along the route, as the inhabitants prefer to keep the railroad- track at a considerable distance. At Monterey the station is one and a half miles from the city. With the exception of the Mexican National Eailway and the Morelos Eailway (the latter being owned by Mexi- cans), the standard gauge has been adopted on the princi- pal lines of the country. These two roads are constructed of the narrow gauge {via angosta), which is thought to be well adapted to the wants of the region traversed by them. Mexico derives two great benefits from the construction of railroads — viz., in giving employment to a great many people, it produces a peaceful effect on them ; and, in case of a revolution, the Government can send troops to the seat of war within a few hours. The following table of charges for the transportation of freight and passengers on the trunk-lines will be found useful : 10 GENERAL- INFORMATION. FREIGHT PER TON FOR EACH KILOMETRE. EOADS. First Second class. class. Gents. Cents. 6 4 4 3 10 n 10 1 9 n Third class. Mexican Central Railroad Mexican National Railway International and Interoceanic Railway * Mexican Southern Railroad ■j- Mexican Railway Cents. 2i 2 5 5 6| PASSENGER RATES PER KILOMETRE, EOADS. Mexican Central Railroad Mexican National Railway International and Interoceanic Railway Mexican Southern Railroad Mexican Railway Morelos Railway First Second class. class. Cents. Cents. 3 2 n 2 Y 5 7 5 3,^fo 9 95 H 1 Third class. Cents. H 1 3 3 •iioo Local fares are generally.higher. As before stated, 15 kilogrammes (33 pounds) of baggage are allowed to each passenger. The rates for extra baggage are exorbitant. Coal and fire-wood are very dear and scarce along the lines of the principal railroads. The deposits of the former that occur in Mexico are generally found at a great distance from the railways, while the timber growing in the adjoin- ing regions is being rapidly cut down to be used for sleepers. The Mexican Eailway Company imports compressed-coal cakes from England, as fuel for its engines. The rolling stock and permanent way of the trunk-lines may be concisely described as follows : The locomotives and cars of the Mexican Central Eail- * The Mexican Southern Railroad Company is allowed to charge i cent more for coal per ton than the International Railroad, f Railroad-iron costs $55 a ton for 263 miles. TRAVELING m MEXICO. 11 road are of American manufacture. There are very few bridges and tunnels along the line. The maximum grade is three feet per hundred. The higher officials, conduc- tors, and engineers are mostly Americans, while natives are employed as ticket-agents, baggage-masters, and brake- men. The company owns a telegraph line. The Mexican National Eailway belongs, as above stated, to the narrow-gauge system. The locomotives and cars are made in the United States. The southern division has sev- eral tunnels and many bridges, some of which are of con- siderable dimensions, while the main line, north of Celaya, will traverse a flat table-land, without any heavy grades or bridges, except in the vicinity of Saltillo. The company has erected a bridge across the Eio Grande, which is de- scribed in Section IV. The heaviest grade amounts to three and four fifths feet per hundred, and is found near the summit of the Toluca division. A telegraph line has been built by the company, but the Government reserves the right to put up a wire for. its own use on the poles. Both of the American companies just mentioned have time-tables printed in English and Spanish, and their ticket- agents can generally speak both languages. The Mexican Eailway Company has imported most of its rolling-stock from England. The first-class carriages are built in the English style, with compartments, while the second and third class cars are on the American plan. The engineers are sent out from England and have charge of the train, whereas the conductors are merely ticket-col- lectors. French or English, besides Spanish, is spoken by the latter. There are many bridges and tunnels along the line, the former being made of iron resting on stone piers. The grades are very heavy between the stations of La Sole- dad and Esperanza, the maximum being five feet in a hun- dred. Owing to the great engineering difficulties, and to 12 GENERAL INFORMATION. the unsettled condition of the country during the period of construction, the main line cost 140,000,000. The company's telegraph is described in Section II. The Mexican International Eailroad is a standard-gauge line without tunnels. There are several bridges along the route and the maximum grade is but one per cent. The Mexican Southern Eailroad is now controlled by an English company, but so little work has been done that a description of the permanent way would be premature. The Morelos Eailway, now called the Interoceanic^ is a narrow-gauge road owned by a Mexican company. When it is completed there will be many bridges and tunnels and steep grades along the line. STEAMSHIPS. The Wm'd line of steamers runs from !N"ew York, via Havana, to Progreso, Campeche, Laguna, Frontera, Vera Cruz, Tuxpan and Tampico. The Morgan line runs be- tween Morgan City, Galveston and Vera Cruz. Steamships sail from Vera Cruz to Europe as follows : 1. The French Transatlantic Company's line to St. Nazaire. 2. The German Royal Mail line to Havre and Hamburg, touching at Progreso and Tampico. 3. The English Royal Mail line to Liverpool via the Spanish ports (Cadiz, Coruna or Santander) and Havre. 4. The Harrison line to Liverpool, touching at Progreso, Tuxpan and sometimes at Tampico. Small steamers sail from Matamoros (Bagdad) down the Gulf of Mex- ico, calling at Tampico, Tuxpan, Vera Cruz, Coatzacoalcos, San Juan Bau- tista, Frontera, Carmen Island, Champoton, Campeche and Progreso. (For particulars as to time of sailing, fares, etc., see advertisements.) On the Pacific coast are the following lines : 1. The Pacific Mail steamers touch at all the ports of Mexico and Gua- temala, beginning with Mazatlan. 2. The Sonora Railway steamers to La Paz, Mazatlan, Manzanillo and other ports of Mexico and Central America. TEA VELING IIT MEXICO. 13 3. The California line from San Francisco to Guaymas, stopping at Todos Santos, La Magdalena, San Jose del Cabo, Mazatlan and La Paz. 4. The Sinaloa and Durango Railroad steamers between Guaymas and Altata, touching at Mazatlan and sometimes at La Paz. 5. The Mexican line from Guaymas to Manzanillo, stopping at the in- termediate ports. DILIGENCES. The diligence system, or diligencias generales, was estab- lished in Mexico about fifty years ago. The central office is in the capital, and coaches are run from Cuernavaca on the south, to Durango and San Luis Potosi on the north. Other lines connect the latter town with Monterey, and also bring Durango in communication with Chihuahua. The smaller diligences that are driven between the towns lying beyond the routes of the "general" system are called diligencias particulares. The coaches are built in Mexico, after the "Concord" pattern. They soon wear out, owing to the rough pave- ments of the streets, and the bad condition of the roads. Each stage-coach has one and often two whippers besides the driver. The whipper will often descend from the box while the diligence is in motion, and run ahead, in order to strike the forward mules. When on the box he throws stones at the leaders. The coachmen generally drive in a very skillful manner, and are polite in their deportment to- ward the passengers. Eight mules are attached to each vehicle in the dry sea- son, and nine in the rainy season. They are arranged as follows : two wheelers and two leaders, with four animals abreast in between. Most of the diligences have accommo- dation for nine persons inside and three outside. The in- side is called el interior, and the outside el pescante. A few of these vehicles have broader seats, so as to make room for twelve passengers within. 14 GENERAL INFORMATION. -Travelers in the pescante should be on the lookout for the large lamps that are hung on wires across the streets, at a height barely sufficient to allow the diligence to clear them while passing under. On the long trips the diligences generally start at 4 a. m., but occasionally not till 5 and 6 a. m. About 80 miles are traveled daily, which occupies from twelve to fifteen hours, according to the condition of the roads. It should be re- marked, that not more than two or three diligence-roads in the whole country are kept in repair, and the shaking and jolting to which the tourist is subjected are exceedingly dis- agreeable. Experienced Mexican travelers are able to sleep in the diligence during the early morning, but this is sel- dom the case with the stranger. On the arrival at the terminus of the day's journey, a crowd of porters and vagrants surround the vehicle, and importune the passengers to allow them to carry their baggage. A fee of 6^ cents {un medio) is sufficient for the transportation of a valise for a distance of two or three squares. Two dollars is the usual charge at the diligence taverns for supper, lodging, and breakfast. The price for lunch varies from 25 cents to 75 cents. Passenger fares range from 6 to 10 cents a mile. One arrdba (25 pounds) of bag- gage is carried free, but the rates for additional weight are very high. Bundles of shawls and small boxes held in the hand are not charged for. Hacks may be hired for moderate distances, but posting is rare in the country. HORSE-CAES. Tramways have been built in almost every city in Mex- ico. In many cases tracks have been laid to villages 10 and 15 miles distant, and a few horse-car roads connect stations on the railways with towns 30, 40, and even 60 miles off. TEAVELma m MEXICO. 16 The longest tramway is from Vera Cruz to Jalapa, a dis- tance of 70 miles. In general the horse-car tracks are well laid out, and a locomotive and train of cars may run on them at some future time. It is said that engines will soon be put on the tramways from Vera Cruz to Jalapa, and from Puebla to Matamoros. There are both passenger and freight horse-cars in the Eepublic, the former being divided into first and second class. HOESES AKD MULES. Excepting the road built by Cortes from Vera Cruz to the capital, all communication between the cities and towns of Mexico was for many years made on horseback. This mode of traveling is still common in the rural districts. Tourists occasionally make trips, with a few pack-animals to carry baggage and provisions, in the remote parts of the Eepublic. Eegular pack-trains of mules and hurros, or donkeys, are run on the western coast. Horses are com- monly fed on straw and corn. A good animal may be pur- chased for 150, and one able to make a short journey, for $20. Mules can be bought for about $30. If the tourist intends making a trip on horseback for ten days or longer, we would recommend him to purchase a horse instead of hiring one. These animals are always in demand, and can be sold at a slight loss on the completion of the journey. The average price for a saddle-horse is $1 per diem. In the larger cities the charge will be a little more. Pedestrianism in Mexico is thus far unknown, except- ing in the ascents of the lofty volcanoes. EXPRESS. Wells, Fargo & Co. have established express agencies at the following places in the Republic : Mexico (city) ; Tula ; San Juan del Rio ; Queretaro ; Celaya ; Salamanca ; Irapuato ; Silao ; Guanajuato ; Leon ; Lagos ; Vera Cruz ; 16 GENERAL INFORMATION. Chihuahua (city) ; and in the principal ports on the Pacific coast of Mexico. Messrs. Wells, Fargo & Co. also carry a large amount of mail matter from these ports to San Francisco and to New York. II. History. It would be foreign to the aim of this guide-book to give a complete history of Mexico from the earliest times to the present day. We will confine ourselves chiefly to the chronology of the country. The early history of Mexico is involved in great obscu- rity. The traditions of the aborigines are so fabulous as barely to deserve mention. Picture-writings, mostly on cloth made from the maguey fiber, afford the principal means of investigating the origin of the primitive races. Unfortunately, nearly all of these historical illustrations were burned by order of the Spanish bishop Zumarraga, at the time of the Conquest. A few of them remain in Mexico, principally in the museum at the capital, and several have found their way to the libraries of Europe. According to an old painting, on maguey cloth, in pos- session of a resident of Uruapan, in the State of Michoacan, this country was settled by Indians, who came out of an immense cave and traveled over the realm on the backs of turtles, founding cities and towns wherever they went. Very little is known of the ancient history of Mexico, but, according to the best authorities — The Toltecs appeared in 648 a. d. The Chichimecs appeared in 1170 A. d. The Nahualtecs appeared in 1178 A. d. The Acolhuans and Aztecs appeared in 1196 A. D. HISTORY. 17 There is a strong similarity of languages among all of these races. The Aztecs, according to Prescott, reckoned their calendar from a date corresponding to 1091 A. d. They divided the year into eighteen months of twenty days each, with five days added. Some writers believe the Toltecs to be the mound-builders of North Amer- ica, but it is impossible to learn the names of their sov- ereigns in Mexico. The list of Chichimecan kings is as follows : Xolotl began to reign in the twelfth century. Nopaltzin began to reign in the thirteenth century. Tlotzin began to reign in the fourteenth century. " Quinatzin began to reign in the fourteenth century. Tecotlalla began to reign in the fourteenth century. Ixtlilochitl began to reign in the year 1406. Nezahualcoyotl began to reign in the year 1426. Nezahualpilli began to reign in the year 1470. Cacamatzin began to reign in the year 1516. Cuicuitzcatzin began to reign in the year 1520. Coanacotzin began to reign in the year 1520. "We are not aware that any author has given a chrono- logical account of the other primitive races. The Aztecs called the country AnaTiuac; and the capital TenocMitlan, which occupied the present site of the City of Mexico. They lived in barbaric pomp and Oriental splendor. Their kings and princes wore the most gorgeous dresses and costly jewels. (Their palaces and temples are described in the chapter on ruins.) The reign of the Montezumas began about the year 1460. At the time of the arrival of the Spaniards, Monte- zuma II was on the throne. Authentic Mexican history really dates from the year 1517, when the Spanish naviga- tors began to explore the New World. The dates of the principal events during the domination of the Spaniards are as follows : 18 GENERAL INFORMATION: Feb. 28, IZl'l. Cordova discovered Yucatan, landing at Cape Catoche, May 3, 1518. Grijalva landed on the Isle of Cozumel, and called Yucatan " New Spain." June 19, 1518. Grijalva landed at the mouth of the Eio Tabasco, and, sail- ing up the Gulf coast, reached the Rio Panuco, afterward returning to Cuba. He was the first Spanish navigator v^ho set foot on Mexican soil, and opened intercourse with the Aztecs. April 21, 1519. Cortes landed at Vera Cruz, and soon marched toward the City of Mexico, building a wagon-road thither. Nov. 8, 1519. The Spaniards enter the ancient capital. June 30, 1520. Death of Montezuma. July 1, 1520. The Spaniards evacuate the capital — noche triste. July 8, 1520. The battle of Otumba. May 30, 1521. The siege of the City of Mexico begins. Aug. 13, 1521. Surrender of the capital to Cortes. 1528. First audienda inaugurated with Nuno de Guzman, Presi- dent. 1535. Mint founded in Mexico. 1535. Rule of the viceroys began. There were sixty-four yiceroys in two linndred and eighty-six years, i. e., up to 1821. All of them were Eu- ropeans except one, Juan de AcuSa (1722-34), who was born in Peru. They were endowed with royal prerogatives. During the yice-kingdom, Mexico was treated by Spain in the same manner as the English governed the United States before the American Eevolution. In other words, there were great restrictions on commerce and agriculture. For- eign ships were not allowed to enter the ports. Learning was discouraged. The first and most prominent viceroy was Anton-io de Mewdoza (1535-'50). Many reforms and discoveries were made during his administration. Next to him, Pacheco (1789-94) became most famous. Some of the other viceroys were — Yelasco, Alamanza, Montesclaros, Salinas (who began the canal of Huehuetoca, in 1607), Villena, Guelves, Ceralvo, Monclova, De Croix, EI8T0RT. 19 Monterey, Iturrigaray, Bucareli, and Juan O'Donoju, who was the last one. 1536. Cortes discovered Lower California. Dec. 2, 1554. Cortes died in Spain. 1810. Ilidalgo and Morelos, two curates, declare against the Span- ish domination. A revolution follows, the army of the former is defeated, and — July 31, 1811, Ilidalgo is executed in Chihuahua. The war of independ- ence lasted about ten years. The principal patriots were Allende, Abasolo, and Aldama, besides Hidalgo and Morelos. States have been named after the last two heroes, and towns bear the names of the others. Aug. 23, 1821. Mexico became independent by the treaty of Aquala. 1821. Agustin Iturbide, President of a provisional Junta; Mexi- co formed into an empire ; the crown declined by Spain. May 19, 1822. Iturbide proclaimed Emperor. Dec. 2, 1822. The Republic proclaimed at Vera Cruz. Mar. 26, 1823. Iturbide compelled to abdicate. 1823. Provisional government. July 19, 1824. Iturbide went to England; returns and endeavors to recover his dignity, but is shot near Tampico. Oct. 4, 1824. First Constitution established, which is similar to that of the United States of America. The President must be native- born, and holds office for a term of four years. The President, national delegates, governors of the several States, and their deputies, are elected by the people. The power of the Mexican Government consists of the execu- tive, legislative, and judiciary. April, 1825. Commercial treaty with Great Britain. 1825. Guadalupe Victoria, first President. 1828. Gomez Pedraza becomes next President. 1829. The United States recognizes the Mexican Republic. March, 1829. Expulsion of the Spaniards decreed. 1829. Guerrero third President. Sept. 26, 1829. Spanish expedition against Mexico, surrendered. Dec. 23, 1829. Mexican revolution; President Guerrero deposed. 1830. Anastasio Bustamante, fourth President. Feb. 14, 1831. Guerrero executed. 1833. Pedraza President again for a few weeks. April 1, 1833. Santa Anna, fifth President. 20 GENEEAL INFORMATION. Dec. 28, 1836. Independence of Mexico recognized by Spain. April 19, 1837. Bustamante again President. Nov. 30, 1838. Declaration of war against France. March 9, 1839. This war terminated. Mar. & July, " Santa Anna, revolutionary provisional President. 1839. Nicolas Bravo, President for one week ; sixth President. 1841-44. Santa Ann a., Nicolas Bravo, and Canalizo, dictators. 1844. Santa Anna, President for third time ; seventh President. Sept. 20, 1844. Canalizo, President for second time ; eighth President. June 4, 1845. War with the United States, growing out of the annexation of Texas. The question was a disputed boundary-line. Mexico claimed that the Nueces Eiver was the frontier line, while the United States maintaiued that the Rio Grande was the proper boundary — ^hence the war. Gen- eral Zachary Taylor began the hostilities on the side of the latter. Dec, 1845. Herrera becomes ninth President. 1846. The Mexicans defeated at Palo Alto, May 8th ; and subse- quently at Matamoros. Aug. 22, 1846. Santa Fe captured. Sept. 24, 1846. Battle of Monterey. 1847. Paredes, tenth President. Feb. 22, 1847. Battle of Buena Vista ; the Mexicans defeated by General Taylor, with great loss, after two days' fighting. Santa Anna commanded the former. March 9, 1847. Scott landed at Vera Cruz, and marched westward. April 18, 1847. The Americans, under General Scott, defeat the Mexicans under Santa Anna, making 6,000 prisoners. Sept. 14, 1847. Scott captured the City of Mexico. 1848. Santa Anna, President fourth time ; eleventh President. May 19, 1848. Treaty between Mexico and the United States ratified. 1850. Herrera, President second time ; twelfth President. 1852. Arista, President ; thirteenth President. Sept., 1852. Political convulsions. Jan. 6, 1853. President Arista resigns, and Santa Anna is invited to re- turn. 1853. Santa Anna, President fifth time ; fourteenth President. Jan., 1855. He abdicates; Carrera elected President; fifteenth Presi- dent. Dec, 1855. Carrera also abdicates, and is succeeded by Alvarez. 1855. Alvarez, President ; sixteenth President. ^ HISTORY. 21 Mar. 31, 1856. Property of the clergy sequestrated. Feb. 5, 185*7. New Constitution. July, 185Y. Comonfort chosen President ; seventeenth President. Jan. 11, 1858. Coup d'etat ; Comonfort compelled to retire. Jan. 21-26, " General Zuloaga takes the government. Feb. 11, 1858. Benito Juarez declared constitutional President at Vera Cruz; eighteenth President. Aug. to Nov.," Civil war; several engagements. Jan. 6, 1859. General Miguel Miramon nominated President at Mexico by the Junta ; nineteenth President. Feb. 2, 1859. Zuloaga abdicates, Feb., 1859. In consequence of injury to British subjects, ships of war are sent to Mexico. April 10, 1859. Miramon forces the lines of the Liberal generals, enters the capital, assumes his functions as governor, and governs without respect to the laws of life and property. July 13, 1859. Juarez confiscates the Church property. Dec. 21, 1859. Miramon and the clerical party defeat the Liberals under Colima. Mar. 5, 1860. He besieges Vera Cruz; bombards it; March 21st, com- pelled to raise the siege. May 1, 1860. General Zuloaga deposes Miramon, and assumes the presi- dency; twentieth President. May 9, 1860. Miramon arrests Zuloaga; May 10th, the diplomatic bodies suspend oflBcial relations with the former. Aug. 10, 1860. Miramon defeated by Degollado. Oct., 1860. He governs Mexico with much tyranny ; the foreign minis- ters quit the City. Jan. 19, 1861. He is compelled to retire ; Juarez enters Mexico and is re-elected President ; twenty-first President. June 30, 1861. Juarez made dictator by the Congress. July 17, 1861. The Mexican Congress decides to suspend payments to for- eigners for two years — July 27, 1861. Which leads to the breaking off of diplomatic relations with England and France. Oct. 31, 1861. In consequence of many gross outrages on foreigners, the British, French, and Spanish Governments, after much vain negotiation, claiming efficient protection of for- eigners, and the payment of arrears due to fund-holders, sign a convention engaging to combine in hostile opera- tions against Mexico. 22 GENERAL INFORMATION. Dec. 8, 1861. Spanish troops land at Vera Cruz; December ITth, it sur- renders. Dec. 15, 1861. The Mexican Congress dissolves, after conferring full powers on the President. Jan. 7, 8, 1862. A British naval and French military expedition arrives. Jan., 1862. The Mexicans determine on resistance, and invest Vera Cruz ; their taxes are raised 25 per cent. Feb., 1862. Miramon arrives, but is sent back to Spain by the British admiral. Feb., 1862. Project of establishing a Mexican monarchy for the Arch- duke Maximilian of Austria disapproved of by the British and Spanish Governments. Feb. 19, 1862. Negotiation ensues between the Spaniards and Mexicans; convention between the commissaries of the allies and the Mexican General Doblado at Soledad. March, 1862. The Mexican General Marquez takes up arms against Juarez, and General Almonte joins the French General Lorencez. Juarez demands a compulsory loan, and puts Mexico in a state of siege. April 9, 1862. Conference between plenipotentiaries of the allies at Ori- zaba; the English and Spaniards declare for peace, which is not agreed to by the French, who declare war against Juarez on April 16th. May, 1862. The Spanish and British forces retire; the French Govern- ment sends re-enforcements to Lorencez. May 5, 1862. The French, induced by Marquez, advance into the interior; severely repulsed by General Zaragoza, at Fort Guada- lupe, near Puebla. June 13, 14r, " The French defeat the Mexicans at Cerro del Borrego, near Orizaba. August, 1862. The Mexican Liberals said to be desirous of negotia- tion. Aug. 28, 1862. General Forey and 2,500 French soldiers land. Sept., 1862. Letter from the Emperor Napoleon to Lorencez, disclaiming any intention of imposing a government on Mexico, an- nounced. Sept. 8, 1862. Death of Zaragoza, a great loss to the Mexicans. Oct., 1862. General Forey deprives Almonte of the presidency at Vera Cruz, and appropriates the civil and military power to himself. Oct. 19, 1862. Ortega takes command of the Mexican army. HISTORY. 23 Oct. 27, 1862. The Mexican Congress assembles, and protests against the French invasion. Jan. 13, 1863. The French evacuate Tampico. Feb. 24, 1863. Forey marches toward Mexico. Mar. 29, 1863. Siege of Puebla, bravely defended; severe assault, March 31st to April 3d. May 18, 1863. It is surrendered at discretion by Ortega. May 31, 1863. The Republican Government remove to San Luis Potosi. June 5, 1863. Mexico occupied by the French, under Bazaine. June 10, 1863. His army enters the capital. July 10, 1863. Assembly of notables at Mexico decide on the establish- ment of a limited hereditary monarchy, with a Roman Catholic prince as Emperor, and offer the crown to the Archduke Maximilian of Austria ; a regency established. Aug. 11, 1863. The French reoccupy Tampico. Oct. 1, 1863. Marshal Forey resigns his command to Bazaine, and returns to France. Oct. 3, 1863. The Archduke Maximilian accepts the crown, under condi- tions, Nov. 12, 1863. The Mexican General Comonfort surprised and shot by par- tisans. Dec. 18, 1863. Successful advance of the imperialists ; Juarez retires from San Luis Potosi. Dec. 24, 1863. It is entered by the imperialists. Jan., Feb., '64. The French occupy various places. Feb, 27, 1864. The ex-President, General Santa Anna, lands at Vera Cruz, professing adhesion to the empire ; March 12th, dismissed by Bazaine. April 3, 1864. Juarez enters Monterey, which becomes the seat of the Re- publican Government. April 10, 1864. The Archduke Maximilian definitively accepts the crown from the Mexican deputation at Miramar. May 29, 1864. The Emperor and Empress land at Vera Cruz; June 12th, enter the City of Mexico. August, 1864. The Emperor visits the interior ; grants a free press. Dec. 27, 1864. The Republicans defeat the Imperialists at San Pedro. Jan. 1, 1865. Juarez at Chihuahua exhorts the Mexicans to maintain their independence. Jan. 18, 1865. The Emperor institutes the order of the Mexican Eagle. Feb. 9, 1865. Surrender of Oaxaca to Marshal Bazaine, April 10, 1865. A temporary Constitution promulgated. 24 GENERAL INFORMATION. June, 1865. Ortega, at New York, enlists recruits for the Republican army, which is discountenanced by the United States Government. Maximilian I (brother to the Emperor of Austria), born July 6, 1832; accepted the crown April 10, 1864; married, July 27, 1857, to Princess Charlotte, daughter of Leo- pold I, King of the Belgians ; adopts Augustus Iturbide as his heir, September, 1865. October, 1865. The Emperor proclaims the end of the war, and martial law against all armed bands of men. October, 1865. Juarez re-elected President second time. June 19, 1867. Execution of Maximilian at Queretaro. 1869. Juarez re-elected President third time. July 18, 1872. Death of President Juarez. 1872. Lerdo de Tejada, twenty-second President. Jan. 17, 1873. English railway, from Vera Cruz to Mexico (263 miles), com- pleted. June 20, 1876. Death of Santa Anna. Oct., Nov., " Serious revolution in Mexico. Lerdo de Tejada, though elected a second time, is prevented by the Diaz party from serving as President. Dec. 1, 1876. Juan N. Mendez, twenty-third (provisional) President. May 5, 1877. Porfirio Diaz, twenty-fourth President. May 5, 1877. Amendment of the Constitution, prohibiting the election of the President and the Governors of the States to a sec- ond term of office. Dec. 1, 1880. Manuel Gonzalez, twenty-fifth President. Dec. 1, 1884. Manuel Gonzalez's term expired.* Dec. 1, " Porfirio Diaz, the late Governor of the State of Oaxaca, was duly declared President of the Republic for the term of four years. No revolution has taken place since 1876. Books of reference : Prescott, Conquest of Mexico ; Eobertson, History of America ; Lucas Alaman, Hisioria de Mejico j Zamacois, Historia de Mejico. * Many of these events are taken from Haydn's Dictionary of Dates. GEOGRAPHY. 25 III. Geography. Situation. — The Mexican Eepublic extends from the 15th to the 32d degrees of north latitude, and from the 87th to the 117th meridians of longitude west from Green- wich.* BouKDAEiES. — Mexico is bounded on the north by the United States of America, whose frontier is marked as fol- lows : from the mouth of the Kio Bravo, or Eio Grande del Norte, following the course of the river to the paral- lel of 31° 47' ; thence it is continued for 100 miles to the west on the same parallel, then to the south to latitude 31° 11'. It now follows the latter parallel to the 111th meridian, and then runs to the northwest as far as the Eio Colorado, in latitude 32° 29' 45", and, crossing this river, is marked by the dividing line between Upper and Lower California at the Bay of San Diego. The length of the northern frontier is 1,900 miles. On the east, by the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean ; on the west, by the Pacific Ocean ; and, on the south, by the Eepublic of Guatemala f and the territory of Balize, or British Hon- duras. Area. — Mexico contains, according to Busto's Esta- distica de la RepuhUca Mexicana, 1,958,912 square kilo- metres, or 756,336 square miles. The Statesman's Year- BooJc gives the area at 743,948 square miles. Topography. — Mountains. — The Eepublic is traversed by the continuation of the Cordillera of South America, which in Mexico is called the Sierra Madre. It trends northwesterly from the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. * Approximately. f The long-disputed boundary question between Mexico and Guatemala has recently been decided in favor of the former. 26 GENERAL INFORMATION. This range has a moderate elevation in the southern States of Chiapas and Oaxaca ; but in latitude 19°, the mean altitude is about 9,000 feet above the sea-level, and two peaks, Popocatepetl and Orizaba, rise to the great ele- vations of 17,720 feet and 17,200 feet respectively. The former mountain is the culminating point of North Amer- Scene in Mexico. V^i^t", ^~- ica. On the parallel of 21° the Cordillera becomes very wide, and divides itself into three ranges. The eastern branch runs to Saltillo and Monterey ; the western branch traverses the States of Jalisco and Sinaloa, and subsides in Northern Sonora ; while the central ridge extends through the States of Durango and Chihuahua, forming the water- shed of the northern table-land. The range decreases in elevation in going northward. GEOGRAPHY. 27 Four peaks — viz., Popocatepetl, Iztaccihuatl, Orizaba, the Nevada de Toluca — rise above 15,000 feet ; and three others — the Cofre de Perote, Ajusco, and the volcano of Colima — are upward of 11,000 feet in altitude. (The exact heights of these mountains are given in Part II.) Eef er- ring to these lofty peaks, Humboldt remarks :* "On the great table-land, the colossal mountains covered with per- ■ petual snow seem, as it were, to rise out of a plain. The spectator confounds the ridge of the soft swelling land, the elevated plain, with the plain of the lowlands, and it is only from a change of climate, the lowering of the tem- perature under the same degree of latitude, that he is re- minded of the height to which he has ascended." The country is divided into three zones — viz., the tierra caliente, or hot land ; the tierra templada, or temperate land ; and the tierra fria, or cold land. About one half of the surface of Mexico lies in the latter zone, the remainder of the Eepublic being almost equally divided between the tierra templada and tierra caliente. Geographers differ in defining the limits of the various zones, as is shown by the following table : ZONES. Tierra caliente Tierra templada .... Tierra fria Accordinff to Humboldt. Up to 3,936 feet. Up to '7,217 feet. Above 7,217 feet. According to Milner. Up to 2,000 feet. From 2,000 to 5,000 feet. From 5,000 to 8,000 feet. The coasts of the Eepublic are low, but the land rises gradually upon going toward the interior. The flat region of the eastern part of Mexico is wider than that of the western coast. In the former the tierra caliente has an average breadth of about 65 miles, while in the latter it varies from 40 to 70 miles. * Cosmos, vol. V, p. 379. 2S GENERAL INFORMATION: The annexed cut shows an exaggerated profile of the country between the two oceans : Mexican Table-land. Mexico consists for the greater part of an elevated pla- teau having a mean height of about 6,000 feet above the sea-level. This plateau extends from the frontier of the United States to the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. It is widest in the latitude of the national capital, being about 350 miles at this point, and contracts gradually toward the south. The principal table-lands of the northern Mexican pla- teau are that of Chihuahua, which lies north of latitude 24°, and east of the Oonchos and Florida Eivers, and hav- ing ^n elevation of from 4,000 to 6,000 feet, and that of Anahuac, which is from 6,000 to 8, 000 feet high. There are four distinct table-lands on the central plateau, as follows : That of Toluca, having a mean elevation of 8,670 feet. That of Tenochtitlan, " " 7,470 feet. That of Aclopan, " " 6,450 feet. That of Istla, " " 3,320 feet. Two passes, about 500 miles apart, afford an outlet from the great table-land to the eastward — viz., that of Jalapa, through which Cortes built a road during the Conquest ; and one at Saltillo, through which the United States troops reached the plateau during the Mexican War. In referring to the uniform character of the surface of the great plateau of Mexico, Humboldt has remarked in the Cosmos, vol. v, p. 380, that the traveler may proceed in a four-wheeled carriage on the ridge of the table-land, from the City of Mexico to Santa Fe, a distance of at least aEOQRAPHY. 29 1,200 miles, without the adyantage of artificially prepared roads. EiYEES. — Mexico, on account of the narrow form of the continent, which prevents the collection of a great mass of water, contains very few navigable streams, the principal ones being the Goatzacoalcos and Pdinuco Elvers. There are sand-bars at the mouths of many of the rivers, on which not more than three or four feet of water is to be found at low tide. Several streams could be made navigable at com- paratively small expense. This fact would apply especially to the Eio de Santiago, the longest river in the Eepublic, according to Humboldt, who states that it is as long as the Elbe or Eh6ne, and that the grain from the States of Gua- najuato and Jalisco could be thus transported to the west- ern coast. The following list gives the names and lengths of the principal rivers in Mexico : Miles. Miles. Rio PSnuco 286 Rio de Sinaloa 2'7'7 Rio de Ures 208 Rio de Culiacan 156 Rio de Goatzacoalcos 112 Rio de Santiago 542 Rio de las Balzas 418 Rio Yaqui 338 Rio Conchos 338 Rio de Grijalva 344 Rio Usumasinta 341 Lakes. — There are many lakes on the Mexican plateau, most of which are extensive shallow lagoons, as in the val- leys of Mexico and Parras. TJiey are only the remains of large basins of water that formerly existed on the high plains of the Cordillera. The majority of those lakes have no outlet, and are accordingly filled with salt water. Owing to rapid evaporation, their surface has diminished appreci- ably since the time of the Spanish Conquest. The Lagoon (laguna) of Terminos, on the coast of the Gulf of Campeche, is the largest in Mexico, but it is an arm of the sea, rather than a lake. 30 GENERAL INFORMATIOK Strictly speaking, the Lake of Chapala, in the State of Jalisco, is the largest in the country. Lake Patzcuaro and Lake Cuitzeo are next in imiDortance among the inland bod- ies of fresh water. IsLAiS'DS. — Mexico owns many islands on the west coast, the principal of which are San Ignacio, Angel de la Guarda, Salsipuedes, Tibaron, Carmen, and Cerralvo, in the Gulf of California ; Cerros, Santa Margarita, and Las Tres Marias, in the Pacific Ocean. There are also several islands belong- ing to the Eepublic in the Gulf of Mexico, and off the coast of Yucatan, of which the most important are Carmen, in the former, and Mugeres, Cancun, and Cozumel, adjoining the latter. Guano islands abound in the southern part of the Gulf of Mexico, some of them being claimed by citizens of the United States. Climate. — ISTo country on the globe has a greater variety of climate than Mexico. The mean temperature of the three zones is as follows : for the tierra caliente, 77°; for the tierra templada, from 68° to 70° ; and in the tierra fria, 62° Fahr. Sudden changes of temperature are uncommon in the lat- ter, and likewise in the tierra templada, but they are fre- quent in the former zone. In Vera Cruz, the mercury often stands at 90° in the warm season, but, if the wind suddenly changes to the northward, it will sink to 65° Fahr. in a few hours. The rainy season varies slightly in different parts of Mexico, but always occurs in summer. In Yucatan, Cam- peche, Tabasco, and Chiapas, it lasts from May to October, while the season begins a little later in the States of Oaxaca and Guerrero. In the latitude of the national capital, the rains fall between June 1st and October 1st, with occasional showers during the winter, especially in February, when the weather is very changeable. The Mexicans have a prov- erb which runs thus : QEOQRAFHY. 31 "Febrero loco, Porque de todo, Tiene un poco," which, being interpreted, means, February is a fool be- cause it has a little of everything, i. e., all kinds of weather. According to Humboldt, the annual rainfall at the City of Mexico amounts to fifty-nine inches. In the northern part of Mexico, the rainy season is in the months of July, August, September, and half of October. Snow falls in winter at an elevation of about 8,500 feet. According to Humboldt, the line of perpetual snow in Mex- ico is 15,091 feet above the level of the sea.* The atmosphere on the Mexican plateau is very dry. This aridity proceeds from two causes : 1. The evapora- tion that occurs on great plains, which is increased by the high table-land ; and, 2. The country is not sufficiently elevated for a considerable number of the mountains to penetrate the region of perpetual snow. Tourists are liable to suffer from thirst and chapped lips on arriving in the valley of Mexico, owing to the dryness of the climate. The nights are cold throughout the year on the great table-land north of the eighteenth parallel of latitude. In general, the temperature will sink as low as 45° Fahr., and occasionally the thermometer will fall to the freezing-point on the higher plains. The coldest part of the night is just before daybreak. In the vicinity of the snow-clad moun- tains, the sky is usually free from clouds in the early morning, but toward nine o'clock they rise gradually, and often coVer the higher peaks for the remainder of the day. In the tierra caliente, and in the greater part of the tierra templada, a clear sky prevails, as a rule, during the entire year, except for a few hours of the day during the rainy season {el tiempo de agua). Strong winds are com- * Under the equator the snow-line is estimated at ISjTSO feet. 3 32 GENERAL INFORMATION. mon on the table-land, and the dust often rises in clouds on the sandy plains. Political Divisioifs. — New Spain was formerly di- vided into ten districts, yiz. : The kingdoms of Mexico, New Galicia, and Leon ; the colony of New Santander, and the proyinces of Texas, Coahuila, New Biscay, Sonora, New Mexico, and the two Californias. The country was subsequently partitioned into twelve intendancies and three provinces, as follows : 1. The province of New Mexico. 2. The intendancy of New Biscay, or Durango. 3. The province of New California. 4. The province of Old California. 5. The intendancy of Sonora. 6. The intendancy of San Luis Potosi.* 7. The intendancy of Zacatecas. 8. The intendancy of Guadalajara. 9. The intendancy of Guanajuato. 10. The intendancy of Valladolid. 11. The intendancy of Mexico, f 12. The intendancy of Puebla. 13. The intendancy of Vera Cruz. 14. The intendancy of Oaxaca. 15. The intendancy of Merida, or Yucatan. The Republic of Mexico is now divided into twenty- seven States, one Territory, and one Federal District. The several States are subdivided into 48 departments, 170 dis- tricts, 48 cantons, 110 counties, 1,411 municipalities, 146 cities, 378 towns, 4,886 villages, 872 hamlets, 6 missions, 5,869 haciendas, and 14,705 ranches. The populations of the several States are given in the chapter on the census. It is worthy of remark, however, that Jalisco has the largest number of inhabitants. The * The largest as regards area. . f The largest in population. LITERATURE. 33 following is a list of the Mexican States, classified accord- ing to superficial area : Square kilometres. Chihuahua 22'7,'716 Sonora. 209,694 Lower California (Territory) 152,84'7 Coahuila de Zaragoza 152,517 Jalisco 114,896 Durango. 110,463 Yucatan 84,585 Tamaulipas 75^191 San Luis Potosi 71,210 Vera Cruz-Llave. . .'. 71,116 Oaxaca 70,838 Sinaloa 69,211 Zac'atecas 68,596 Guerrero 68,568 Campeche 67,539 Total,, 1,958,912 Square kilometres. Michoacan de Ocampo 65,693 Chiapas 43,930 Nuevo Leon 38,156 Tabasco 32,935 Puebla 31,120 Mexico 25,972 Hidalgo 21,693 Guanajuato 20,276 Queretaro de Orteaga 8,300 Colima 7,136 Aguascalientes 5,776 Morelos 4,536 Tlaxcala 3,898 Federal District 231 ly. Literature. Up to the present time Mexican literature has occupied a subordinate position compared to that of Europe and the United States. The people of Mexico are acquainted niore extensively with French literature than with that of any other country. Prieto is the great national poet ; while Cu- ellar, Mateos, Contreras^ Paz, Peza, Payno, Altamirano, Justo Sierra, Carpio, and Eiva Palacio are the best-known novel- ists. The latter author is also a dramatic writer. The prevailing style of books that are read in the Ee- public are Spanish translations of French and English vol- umes. Books are admitted free of duty, and many of the works used in the country are printed in the Spanish lan- guage at Paris. 34 GENERAL INFORMATION. Euins. ExcEPTiiS'G the teocallis, or pyramids, all of the impor- tant ruins in Mexico are situated in the States of Yucatan, Chiapas, and Oaxaca. A discussion of the comparative ages of these ancient remains, together with the most plausible theories as to their origin, would be foreign to the purpose of this vol- ume. Suffice it to say, that the Mexican antiquarians of the present day consider the ruins of Uxmal, in Northern Yucatan, to be the oldest ; those of Palenque, in Chiapas, next in rank ; and Mitla, in Oaxaca, third in point of age. It is worthy of remark that neither Palenque nor Mitla (the former being buried in a dense forest), was known to the outside world until a comparatively recent period — i. e., about 1750 ; but the remains in Yucatan were familiar to Europeans long before. These ruins were built of hewn stone, and all writers have referred to the skill in architecture and workman- ship exhibited in them. The ordinary dwelling-houses must have been made chiefly of wood, or of some other ma- terial that perished long ago, for at the present time no traces of them are visible. Great cities and temples are to-day concealed by thick forests, and the traveler can not form a correct idea of their original size. It is to be regretted that, with the present limited facilities for traveling, many of the ruins of Southern Mexico are difficult of access. The princi- pal remains lie remote from the sea-coast and also from the lines of railroad. Let us begin with the ruined edifices of Yucatan, and describe the places in their geographical and supposed his- torical order. RUINS. 35 Baldwin, in Ancient America, p. 101, says : ''Near the ruins, ... in Yucatan, are frequently found the remains of many finely-constructed aguadas, or artificial lakes. The bottoms of these lakes were made of flat stones laid in cement, several layers deep. In Yucatan traces of a very ancient paved road have been found. This road ran north and south, and probably led to cities in the region now covered by the great wilderness. It was raised above the graded level of the ground, and made very smooth." The same author, on pp. 125, 126, states: "The re- mains of ancient cities are abundant in the settled portion of Yucatan which lies north of the great forest. Charnay found ' the country covered with them from north to south.' Stephens states, in the preface to his work on Yucatan, that he visited 'forty-four ruined cities or places,' in which such remains are still found, most of which were unknown to white men, even to those inhabiting the country. . . . ' ' Previous to the Spanish Conquest, the region known to us as Yucatan was called Maya. It is still called Maya by the natives among themselves.* . . . ''At that time the country was occupied by the people still known as Mayas. . . . Yucatan was then more popu- lous than at present. The people had more civilization, more regular industry, and more wealth. They were much more highly skilled in the arts of civilized life. They had cities and large towns. . . . This peninsula had been the seat of an important feudal monarchy, which arose prob- ably after the Toltecs overthrew the very ancient kingdom of Xibalba. It was broken up by a rebellion of the feudal lords about a hundred years previous to the arrival of the Spaniards. According to the Maya chronicles, its down- fall occurred in the year 1420. Mayapan, the capital of this kingdom, was destroyed at that time, and never after- ward inhabited." * The Maya language is spoken in Yucatan at the present day. — ^A. R. C, 36 GENERAL INFORMATION: The most important ruins are found at Mayapan, Ux- mal, and Chiclien-Itza, in the northern part of the penin- sula. We will describe them in the following order : MATAPAK. The remains of this ancient capital lie about thirty miles south of Merida. They are scattered over a broad plain. The principal edifices are the great mound and a circular stone structure. The former is sixty feet in height, and has a base that is one hundred feet square. Four stair- ways, twenty-five feet in width, lead to the summit, which consists of a simple stone platform fifteen feet square. The latter building is twenty-five feet in diameter, and stands on a sloping foundation thirty-five feet in height. Two rows of columns, without capitals, and lying eight feet apart, are seen on the southwestern side of it. Brasseur de Bourbourg ranks several of the foundations of the Maya- pan edifices with the oldest seen at Palenque. About forty miles south of Mayapan are found the far- famed ruins of UXMAL. Stephens says that the Uxmal remains are worthy to stand side by side with those of Egyptian and Eoman art.* Baldwin, in Ancient America, pp. 131-136, describes Ux- mal as follows : " The ruins in Uxmal have been regarded as the most important in Yucatan, partly on account of the edifices which remain standing, but chiefly because they have been visited and explored more than the others. . . . The area covered by its remains is extensive. Char- nay makes it a league or more in diameter, but most of the structures have fallen, and exist only in fragments scattered over the ground. . . . * Incidents of Travel in Central Ame)'ica, Chiapas, and Yucatan,, vol. ii, p. 430. • Eums. 37 " The most important of those remaining was named ' Casa del Gobernador ' by the Spaniards. It is 320 feet long, and was built of hewn stone laid in mortar or cement. The faces of the wall are smooth up to the cornice. Then follows, on all four sides, ' one solid mass of rich, compli- cated, and elaborately sculptured ornaments, forming a sort of arabesque.' . . . This building has eleven doorways in front, and one at each end, all having wooden lintels which have fallen. The two principal rooms are 60 feet long, and from 11 to 13 feet wide. This structure is long and narrow. ... It stands on the summit of one of the grandest of the terraced foundations. This foundation, like the others, is pyramidal. It has three terraces. The lowest is 3 feet high, 15 wide, and 575 long ; the second is 20 feet high, 275 wide, and 545 long ; the third, 19 feet high, 30 wide, and 360 long. Structures formerly existed on the second terrace, remains of which are visible. ... "Another important edifice at IJxmal has been named ' Casa de las Monjas ' — House of the Nuns. It stands on a terraced foundation, and is arranged around a quadrangu- lar courtyard 258 feet one way and 214 the other. The front structure is 279 feet long, and has a gateway in the center, 10 feet 8 inches wide, leading into the court, and four doors on each side of it. The outer face of the wall, above the cornice, is ornamented with sculptures. . . . All the doorways, save those in front, open on the court. '^ . . . " Other less important edifices in the ruins at Uxmal have been described by explorers, some of which stand on high pyramidal mounds ; and inscriptions are found here, but they are not so abundant as at Palenque and Copan." The remains at Chichen-Itza are similar to those at Uxmal. They are situated a few leagues east of Mayapan, * Stephens has remarked that there are no idols, nor stuccoed figures, nor carved tablets at UxmaL 38 GENERAL INFOBMATIOK in northern Yucatan. The principal buildings are the "church," the palace of the monks, the red house or casa colorada, and the "gymnasium," or tennis-court. In one of the edifices are found rooms whose walls are covered with picture-writing. Some of them are ornamented with figures of serpents. There are other ruins of importance at Izamal, Labna, Zayi, and Xcoch, in the northern and central portions of Yucatan, but they are of the same general character as those above mentioned. One remarkable ruin is found at Ake, in the northern part of the State. It was once a massive structure, but at the present day only thirty-six columns in three parallel rows remain. They are about fifteen feet high and four feet square. Euins may also be seen on the island of Cozumel. ( Vide Section I in Part second for description of routes.) PALElfQUE. Baldwin, in AncieJit America, pp. 104-106, thus de- scribes the ruins at this place : " No one can tell the true name of the ancient city now called Palenque. It is known to us by this name because the ruins are situated a few miles distant from the town of Palenque, now a village, but formerly a place of some i&portance. . . . More than two hundred years passed after the arrival of the Spaniards before their existence became known to Europeans. They were discovered about the year 1750. " Since that year decay has made some progress in them. Captain del. Eio, who visited and described them m 1787, examined ' fourteen edifices ' admirably built of hewn stone, and estimated the extent of the ruins to be ' seven or eight leagues one way (along the River Chacamas), and half a league the other.' He mentions 'a subterranean aqueduct of great solidity and durability, which passes under the largest building.' . . . RUINS. 39 " The largest known building at Palenqne is called the * Palace.' It stands near the river, on a terraced pyramidal foundation, 40 feet high and 310 feet long, by 260 feet broad at the base. The edifice itself is 238 feet long, 180 wide, and 25 feet high. It faces the east, and has 14 door- ways on each side, with 11 at the ends. It was built en- tirely of hewn stone, laid with admirable precision in mortar, which seems to have been of the best quality. A corridor 9 feet wide, and roofed by a pointed arch, went round the building on the outside ; and this was separated from another within of equal width. " The ' Palace ' has four interior courts, the largest be- ing 70 by 80 feet in extent. These are surrounded by cor- ridors, and the architectural work facing them is richly decorated. Within the building were many rooms. From the north side of one of the smaller courts rises a high tower, or pagoda-like structure, 30 feet square at the base, which goes up far above the highest elevation of the build- ing, and seems to have been still higher when the whole structure was in perfect condition. The great rectangular mound used for the foundation was cased with hewn stone, the workmanship here, and everywhere else throughout the structure, being very superior. The piers around the courts are ' covered with figures in stucco, or plaster, which, where broken, reveals six or more coats or layers, each re- vealing traces of painting.'. This indicates that the build- ing had been used so long before it was deserted that the plastering needed to be many times renewed. There is some evidence that painting was used as a means of decora- tion ; but that which most engages attention is the artistic management of the stone-work, and, above all, the beauti- fully executed sculptures for ornamentation. " Two other buildings at Palenque, marked by Mr. Stephens, in his plan of the ruins, as ' Casa N"o. 1 ' and ' Casa No. 2,' . . . . are smaller, but in some respects still 40 GENERAL INFORMATION. more remarkable. The first of these, 75 feet long by 25 wide, stands on the summit of a high truncated pyramid, and has solid walls on all sides save the north, where there are five doorways. Within are a corridor and three rooms. Between the doorways leading from the corridor to these rooms are great tablets, each 13 feet long and 8 feet high, and all covered with elegantly-carved inscriptions. A simi- lar but smaller tablet, covered with an inscription, appears on the wall of the central room. " '■ Casa No. 2 ' consists of a steep and lofty truncated pyramid, which stands on a terraced foundation, and has its level summit crowned with a building 50 feet long by 31 wide, which has three doorways at the south, and within a corridor and three rooms. This edifice, sometimes called 'La Cruz,' has, above the height required for the rooms, what is described as ' two stories of interlaced stucco-work, resembling a high, fanciful lattice.' Here, too, inscribed tablets appear on the walls ; but the inscriptions, which are abundant at Palenque, are by no means confined to tab- lets. As to the ornamentation, the walls, piers, and cor- nices are covered by it. Everywhere the masterly work- manship and artistic skill of the old constructors compel admiration ; Mr. Stephens going so far as to say of sculp- tured human' figures found in fragments : ' In justness of proportion and symmetry they must have approached the (Ireek models. ' " It is probable that more buildings will be found at Pa- lenque when the ruins have been fully explored. Mr, Ste- phens, referring to the dense vegetation, says : " Without a guide, we might have gone within a hundred feet of the buildings without discovering one of them." On account of the great abundance of inscriptions at Palenque, which have not thus far been deciphered, these ruins are consid- ered to be very important by archaeologists. (For routes to Palenque, see pp. 150-156.) Bums. 41 MITLA. Baldwin, in Ancient America, pp. 117-122, describes these ruins as follows : " The ruins called Mitla are in the Mexican State of Oaxaca, about twelve leagues east from the city of Oaxaca. They are situated in the upper part of a great valley, and surrounded by a waste, uncultivated region. At the time of the Spanish Conquest they were old and much worn by time and the elements, but a very large area was then cov- ered by remains of ancient buildings. At present only six decaying edifices and three ruined pyramids, which were very finely terraced, remain for examination, the other struct- ures being now reduced to the last stage of decay. . . . ''Four of the standing edifices are- described by Dupaix as 'palaces,' and these, he says, 'were erected with lavish magnificence ; . . . they combine the solidity of the works of Egypt with the elegance of those of Greece.' And he adds :' But what is most remarkable, interesting, and striking in these monuments, and which alone would be sufficient to give them the first rank among all known orders of architecture, is the execution of their mosaic re- lievos — very different from plain mosaic, and consequently requiring more ingenious combination, and greater art and labor. They are inlaid on the surface of the wall, and their duration is owing to the method of fixing the pre- pared stones into the stone surface, which made their union with it perfect.' . . . "The general character of the architecture and ma- sonry is much like that seen in the structures at Pal en que, but the finish of the workmanship appears to have been more artistic and admirable. These ruins are remarkable among those of the country where they are found. All who have seen them speak much as Dupaix speaks of the perfection of the masonry, the admirable design and finish 42 GENERAL INFORMATION. of the work, and the beauty of the decorations. Their beauty, says M. Charnay, can be matched only by the monuments of Greece and Eome in their best days. One fact presented by some of the edifices at Mitla has a cer- tain degree of historical significance. There appears to be evidence that they were occupied at some period by people less advanced in civilization than their builders. . . . " Two miles or more away from the great edifices here mentioned, toward the west, is the ' Castle of Mitla.' It was built on the summit of an isolated and precipitous hill of rock, which is accessible only on the east side. The whole leveled summit of this hill is inclosed by a solid wall of hewn stone, 21 feet thick and 18 feet high. This wall has salient and retiring angles, with curtains interposed. On the east side it is flanked by double walls. Within the inclosure are the remains of several small buildings. The field of these ruins was very large three hundred years ago. At that time it may have included this castle." Humboldt, in his Political Essay on New Spain, vol. ii, pp. 239, 240, has described these remains as follows : ''The village of Mitla was formerly called Miguitlan, a word that means, in the Mexican language, a place of sad- ness. The Tzapotec Indians call it Leoha, which signifies tomb. . , . The palace, or rather the tombs of Mitla, form three edifices symmetrically placed in an extremely roman- tic situation. The principal edifice is in the best preserva- tion, and is nearly 130 feet in length. A stair formed in a pit leads to a subterraneous apartment of 88 feet in length and 26 feet in breadth. This gloomy apartment is covered with the same grecques which ornament the exterior walls of the edifice. But what distinguishes the ruins of Mitla from all the other remains of Mexican architecture is six porphyry columns, which are placed in the midst of a vast hall, and support the ceiling. These columns, almost the only ones found in the new continent, bear strong mai'ks RUINS. 43 of the infancy of the art. They have neither base nor cap- itals. . . . Their total height is 16^ feet, but their shaft is of one piece of amphibole porphyry. Broken-down frag- ments, for ages heaped together, conceal more than one third of the height of these columns. . . . The distribu- tion of the apartments in the interior of this singular edi- fice bears a striking analogy to what has been remarked in the monuments of Upper Egypt drawn by M. Denon and the savans, who compose the institute of Cairo. M. de La- guna found in the ruins of Mitla curious paintings repre- senting warlike trophies and sacrifices. "... Jeffreys states that the buildings at Mitla were probably erected by either the Mixtec or Tzapotec Indians. — {Vide p. 169.) THE PYKAMIDS. The teocallis may now be mentioned. They are to be found principally at Cholula, San Juan Teotihuacan, and Papantla. They may be described in the following order : CJiolula. This town lies seven miles west of the city of Puebla. Its pyramid is by far the largest, oldest, and most impor- tant in Mexico. The original dimensions were as follows : Height, 177 feet ; horizontal width of the base, 1,423 feet ; and area, 45 acres. It is built of alternate strata of brick and clay, and the sides correspond to the direction of the me- ridians and parallels. At present three terraces can be dis- tinctly seen, and the outlines of two others may be traced. A winding road, which is paved with stone, leads up to the sum- mit. The latter is about 200 feet square. It affords a fine view of the valley of Puebla. A chapel has been erected by the Mexicans on the platform of this great mound. It is built of brick and stone, with a dome and two towers ; and the interior contains ornamental frescoes and decorations. It is called San Tuariol de los Remedios. . Some vegetation 44 GENERAL INFORMATION. is seen on the pyramid. It consists of the cactus, pito, and a fewj!;tVt^ trees. Several writers have suggested that the founders of the mound at Cholula may have had some de- sign in building it near the lofty volcano of Popocatepetl, Aztec Temple. or 'Hhe smoking mountain." This primitive race may have been fire as well as serpent worshipers. Unfortunately the great temple of Cholula has been partially destroyed. A few years ago a cut was made in the western side of it for a railroad track ! — ( Vide p. 173.) San Juan Teotihuacan. The teocallis at this town rank next to Cholula in point of age. The word '^ Teotihuacan" means the habitation sums. 45 of the gods. It is now a small village, though it was once a flourishing city, and the rival of Tula, the great Toltec capital. The two principal pyramids were dedicated to To- natiuh, the Sun, and to Meztli, the Moon.* The former is the larger, its height being 180 feet, and the length of the base 682 feet. Its platform is to-day about 75 feet square, and the middle point is marked by a modern cylindrical monument of stone, about 5 feet high and 6 feet iu diameter. The summit of this pyramid is said to have been crowned with a temple, in which was a gigantic statue of its presid- ing deity, the Sun, made of one entire block of stone, and having a breastplate of gold and silver. Three terraces are now visible on this larger mound. It is constructed of blocks of basalt and trachyte rock. About half a mile to the northward of the pyramid of the Sun is that dedicated to the Moon. The observer may distinguish two terraces on the latter. The summit is about 20 by 40 feet. Traces of an ancient tomb were formerly visible on it. A cross, standing on a pedestal about 12 feet high, has been erected recently f at the center of the plat- form. It is reached by a winding pathway on the south side. The building materials of this mound resemble those of the larger one. M. Charnay, a recent explorer, is said to have found an idol buried in the interior. The same traveler made a cut into this pyramid to settle the question whether the teocallis were hollow. J He dug a gallery half way through, and found the interior to be solid. We sub- mit, however, that this experiment has not solved the prob- lem in general. A great number of smaller pyramids are seen around the two principal ones. Few exceed twenty-five feet in height. According to tradition, they were dedicated to the stars, and served as sepulchres for the illustrious men of the * Vide Prescott, vol. ii, p. 388. f On February 11, 1881. X According to tradition these pyramids were hollow. 46 GENERAL INFORMATION. nation. The plain on which they are built was called Micoatl, or "Path of the Dead." Arrow-heads and frag- ments of blades of itztli or obsidian are still abundant at these mounds. They attest the warlike character of the aborigines. (F*^ep. 174.) Papantla. This village lies in the State of Vera Cruz, about fifty miles north of Jalapa. ( Vide p. 155. ) The pyramid is situ- ated in a dense forest about two leagues from Papantla. It was unknown to the first conquerors, as the Indians for centuries concealed this monument from them. It possesses great antiquity, and was only discovered acci- dentally by some hunters in 1780. This pyramid was not built of bricks or clay mixed with whinstones, like those already described, but was made of immense stones of porphyry, in the seams of which mortar is distin- guishable. Many of these stones are covered with hiero- glyphics. Among other figures are carvings of serpents and crocodiles. This edifice is remarkable, not so much for its size, as for its symmetry, the polish of the stones, and the great regularity of their cut. The base of the pyramid is an exact square, each side being 82 feet long. The perpendicular height is about 60 feet. Like all Mexi- can teocallis, this mound is composed of several stages. A huge stairway of fifty-seven steps leads to the platform or top of the pyramid, where the human victims were sacri- ficed. (The manner of sacrifice is described on p. 186.) Humboldt, in his great work on New Spain, refers to the analogy of the brick monuments of Anahuac to the temple of Belus at Babylon, and to the pyramids near Sak- hara in Egypt. On page 195 of vol. ii he says : *' There are in Mexico pyramids of several stages, in the forests of Papantla, at a small elevation above the level of the sea, and in the plains of Cholula and Teotihuacan, at elevations EUINS. 47 surpassing those of our passes in the Alps. We are aston- ished to see in regions most remote from one another, and under climates of the greatest diversity, man following the same model in his edifices, in his ornaments, in his habits, and even in the form of his political institutions." The same author gives the following comparative table of the great pyramids of the world. It will be seen that in the mound of Cholula the length of the base to the per- pendicular height is as 8 to 1, while in that of Ghizeh this proportion is nearly 8 to 5 : Stone Pyramids. French feet.* Cheops. Height Lensrth of base 448 728 Cephren. 398 655 Mycerinus. 162 280 Brick Pyramids. French feet. Of five stages in Egypt, near Sakhara. Of four stages in Mexico. Teotihuacan. Oholala. Height 150 210 lYl 645 172 Length of base 1 355 There are also teocalUs at Misantla, Tusapan, Mapilca, and Casones in the northern part of the State of Vera Cruz. These pyramids are scattered over Central and Eastern Mexico. Several writers on archaeology believe that they were built by the Toltecs, who are supposed to have been the authors of the mounds in Ohio. IS'OETHEEN MEXICO. Ancient remains are rare north, as well as west, of the valley of Mexico. Toltec ruins are found at Tula, which * A French foot equals 1 -066 English feet. 48 GENERAL INFORMATION. lies about fifty miles north of the capital. The ruins on the northern part of the table-land consist of communal dwellings, similar to those of the Pueblo Indians of New Mexico. They were built of several stories, one being ranged above the other. There were no doors on the first floor, and the upper stories were reached by means of lad- ders. The roofs were commonly flat. These edifices were sometimes built of stone, but wood and adohe, or sun-dried brick, have been more frequently used. Toltec Palace. This class of ruins is common in the State of Chihuahua, and also in the Territories of Arizona and New Mexico. The reports of the Pacific Eailroad surveys describe many of these ancient towns. Some of them are still inhabited, as Taos, Zuni, and Moqui. If the traveler approaches Mexico by either of the railroads in Colorado or Arizona, he will pass within a few miles of some of the "Pueblo" dwellings. The Indians of the New Mexican pueblos re- semble those of Mexico in stature, physiognomy, and HOTELS AND RESTAURANTS. 49 habits. Apparently they are the same race of people, and it is not improbable, that their ancestors built some of the magnificent edifices that remain in the southern part of the country. Tourists, who are not specially interested in Mexican archasology, are recommended to confine themselves to visiting the ruins of Mitla, Cholula, and San Juan Teoti- huacan. The former will soon be within twenty miles of a line of railway, and the other places are within an hour's walk of it. For additional information on the ancient remains of Mexico, consult the following books : Humboldt, Political Essay on New Spain. Kingsborough, Mexican Antiquities. Dupaix, Antiquites mexicaines. Prescott, Conquest of Mexico. Baldwin, Ancient America. Stephens, Incidents of Travel in Central America, Chiapas, and Yucatan. Also the works of Oatherwood, Waldeck, Del Rio, Brasseur de Bourbourg, and Charnay. YI. Hotels and Eestaurants. Most of the hotels in Mexico are kept on the European plan ; but those of Monterey and other towns near the northern frontier are conducted according to the American system. Two-storied buildings are generally used for hotel purposes ; and in recent years a few convents have been altered for this kind of business. The inns are often called after ex-presidents or generals in the army. Many of them bear the name of the illustrious patriot Hidalgo. In the large cities men are commonly employed to take 50 GENERAL INFORMATION. care of bed-rooms, while in the smaller towns one meets with chambermaids. Hotels are not so abundant in Mexico as in the United States, and the accommodations of the former are much inferior to those of the latter. The natives are not much giyen to traveling, owing to the difficulty and expense of making long journeys. When visiting a strange town they usually stay at the house of a friend. There are cities of 15,000 inhabitants, remote from the regular lines of travel, where no inn is to be found. The General Diligence Com- pany controls a great many taverns throughout the central portions of the country. Mexican hotels are of two classes — those for tourists, and those for both persons and live-stock, such as horses or horned cattle. The latter are called me- sones and jposadas. Bath-rooms are rarely found in hotels. There are, how- ever, excellent bath-houses in the principal cities, which are often within two or three minutes' walk of the princi- pal hotels.* • English is rarely spoken at the inns, but French is gen- erally known at the larger hotels and restaurants. Many of the proprietors are Spaniards or Frenchmen ; and there is a great opening for Americans in this branch of business. The modern conveniences, such as hot-air furnaces, water-pipes and set bowls, electric bells, and gas, are al- most unknowji. It is said that there is not a single fire- place in any building in Mexico, f The natives believe that the artificial heating of rooms m the rarefied air of the table-land is prejudicial to health. Public parlors are very rarely found in the hotels. The charge at first-class houses throughout the country is from 12 to $2. 50 per day. In the capital the rates are a * The finest bathing establishments in Mexico are in San Luis Potosi, Orizaba, and Puebla. Those of the national capital are not first class. f The author did not see nor hear of anj. HOTELS AND RESTAURANTS. 51 little higher. The best hotels and restaurants, generally named in the order of their merit, are given in Part Second. In Mexico City a good taUe dliote dinner can be had in the restaurants for $1. Elsewhere the usual price for dinner is four reales, or fifty cents ; and in the villages the cost is as low as two reales for a meal. It is. the custom to give waiters and servants a fee. A half real {medio) is sufficient. A cup of coffee or chocolate, with bread, is com- monly served for one real. A glass of spirits, wine, or beer, costs the same sum. The Mexicans use the word "fonda" as synonymous with restaurant, and "fondita" is similar to a cafe, the latter term being frequently employed. In the ' ' provincial " fondas, it is customary to salute persons at the table, when entering or leaving the room, whether acquainted or not. In the rural districts and in the mining towns, goat's milk is often used at the taverns. Fresh vegetables, excepting potatoes, are rarely served at the restaurants. Oranges and bananas are generally the only kinds of fruit to be met with, although the country affords many varieties. Tea is not usually taken ; and pies, tarts, cakes, and puddings, are almost unknown at the ho- tels and cafes. Dessert consists, as a rule, of dulce, which means something sweet, such as Jams, preserved fruit, etc. The natives usually eat tortillas, or corn-cakes, and frijoles, or brown beans. The former are found only in the country and small towns, but the latter are served at all hotels and restaurants. A great deal of pepper and grease is used in Mexican cookery. Even boiled rice is saturated with melted lard. Beef and mutton, as well as poultry, are generally to be had at breakfast and dinner in the fondas throughout the Republic. The sugar used comes in loaves directly from the mills, and is broken up by hand into small pieces. A small quantity of refined granulated sugar is imported. 52 GENERAL INFORMATION. The following list * of the most common dishes may be of service to the traveler : Caldo, broth ; sojja, boiled rice. Bacalao, codfish ; bagre, a kind of fish. Came, beef ; carnero, mutton. Ternera, veal. Jtiajalote, turkey. Polio, chicken. Chile con came, boiled beef, spiced. Blanquillos, or huevos, eggs. Huevos tihios, soft-boiled eggs. Huevos duros, hard-boiled eggs. Huevos fritos por agua, poached eggs. Huevos fritos, fried eggs. Tortilla de huevos, omelette. Chile relleno is a fried green-pepper, stuffed with mince-meat and coated with eggs. Many kinds of bread are made in Mexico, the principal of which are : - Pan de agua, "water" bread. Pan de azucar, "sugar" bread. Pan de dulce, "sweet" bread. Pan de huevos, " Qgg " bread. Pandeleche, "milk "bread. Pan de manteca, "loxdi'' hvQ&dL. YII. Passport. At present no passport is necessary for traveling in Mexico. * This list is not intended to supplement the vocabulary at end of Part Second. CUSTOM-HOUSES.— COMMERCE. 53 VIII. Custom-Houses, According to the laws of Mexico, the examination of baggage will be made 'liberally and with prudence and moderation." In general the tourist will be treated politely by the customs officers. As regards wearing-apparel and Jewelry for personal use, the amount of that which will not be subject to duty is left entirely to the discretion of the Grovernment officials, taking into consideration, however, the character and social position of the traveler. At present the following ''extra " articles are admitted free of duty : Two watches with their chains. One hundred cigars. Forty small boxes of cigarettes. Half kilogramme of snuff. Half kilogramme of smoking tobacco. One pair of pistols with accessory and with two hundred charges. A rifle, a gun or fowling-piece, with accessory and with two hundred charges. One pair of musical instruments, excepting piano-fortes and organs. Other objects not included in the foregoing list are,, of course, subject to the duties fixed by the Mexican tariff. (See chapter on Duties. ) IX. Commerce. The chief exports of Mexico are : Gold, silver, cop- per ore, coffee, cochineal, vanilla, indigo, hides, hemp, 54 GENERAL INFORMATION. maliogany and other woods. The* staple imports are cot- ton, linen, and woolen manufactures, wrought iron, and ma- chinery. In 1875-'76 the imports amounted in value to $28,485,- 000, and the exports to 135,435,000, of which $15,000,000 was silver. The foreign commerce in 1879-'80 was as follows : To the United States $13,416,600 To Great Britain 11,037,594 To France 5,194,741 To Germany 1,498,734 To Spain 1,009,368 To South America 506,488 $32,663,525 Of this sum the main exports were as follows : Silver $19,823,397 Gold 1,180,815 Copper 48,692 Minerals 483,587 Building woods 1,597,599 Other merchandise 9,529,435 $32,663,525 The following table shows the trade of the United States with Mexico for the three fiscal years ending June 30, 1879, 1880, and 1881 : 1879. 1880. 1881. Exports $6,761,284 14,047,819 $7,869,864 16,325,417 $11,172,738 Imports ... 17,454,126 Total $20,809,103 $24,195,281 $28,626,864 It will be seen that this table shows an increase of trade of $7,817,761 in two years. COMMERCE. 55 Smuggling is practiced extensively along the northern frontier of Mexico. Competent judges estimate that the annual loss to the Government from this source amounts to 13,000,000. It is said that even some of the highest officials are implicated in schemes for smuggling. According to the Official Journal, the total value of exports for the fiscal year of 1882-'83 was $41,807,595, of which about 116,500,000 were sent to the United States, and 117,000,000 to England. One half of the exports were shipped from Vera Cruz. The amount of sugar and tobacco exported was only 1617,000 in value. MOVEMENTS OF VESSELS IN" MEXICAN" PORTS IN" 1879-'S0.* Flag. No. of vessels. Mexican , , 2,227 United States 332 English 162 French 115 German 112 Spanish 64 Norwegian 48 Danish 33 Dutch 12 Other flags 26 Total 3,131 The total tonnage of vessels entered can be estimated at 1,000,000. The Mexican merchant marine consists of 421 vessels engaged in foreign trade, and 847 barks employed in coasting. A Mexican line of steamers to England and Spain has just been established. (For description, see chap- ter on Traveling. ) * Translated from the Almanack de Gotha. 56 GENERAL INFORMATION. 000. Army and Navy. Army. — Estimated yearly cost of maintenance, $8,000,. ). The personnel of the army is as follows : Infantry, 20 battalions Cavalry, 14 regiments Artillery, 6 brigades and 5 batteries Coast-guard Rurales — i. e., mounted patrols . . . . Invalids Total OflScerB. Men. 740 12,200 518 4,850 180 1,645 22 n 150 1,692 19 280 1,629 20,738 Total. 12,940 5,368 1,825 93 ■ 1,842 299 22,367 Each State has also militia of its own, which takes the place of a police force to a considerable extent. All the prison-doors are guarded by soldiers, although the keepers are civilians. The soldiers are armed with Remington rifles and car- bines ; and the sabres used are chiefly of American manu- facture. The dress-uniform is of a dark blue. Several of the officers of the Mexican army are reformed brigands. In some States, where powerful bands of ian- ditti defied the authorities for years, the Government has finally dispersed them by giving the leader a military com- mission, and then sending him to fight against his old comrades. A large number of the officers who were in the army before 1876 are now on the retired list, with pay. They retain their rank, without power. The present (Liberal) Government deems this policy advisable. It may be remarked that Don Agustin Iturbide, the DUTIES. 57 grandson of the Emperor Iturbide, and adopted heir of Maximilian, holds a commission in the republican army. He studied at Tacubaya, the seat of the National Military Academy. Navy. — The navy consists of four gunboats. XI. Duties. An" elaborate description of the Mexican tariff would be out of place in this guide-book. Suffice it to say, that there is an import duty on almost everything, except agricultural and scientific instruments and books. Up to November 1, 1882, machinery was admitted free. It now bears a duty of fifty cents per hundred kilogrammes (220 pounds). Since November 1, 1881, there has been an ad- ditional "package" duty on merchandise imported into the Eepublic. Nearly all articles are taxed heavily, especially carriages, buggies, and wagons. The traveler, in entering the country by his own carriage (either via the Rio Grande or otherwise), is obliged to give a bond to secure the amount of duties on the vehicle, in case he intends to return to the United States. If the bond is not filed, the regular import duty must be paid. It may be remarked that the Government pays the sub- sidies to the various railroads out of the customs duties. An amount varying from four to six per cent of the cus- toms receipts is pledged, and revenue-bonds are issued bearing no interest (see chapter on railroads). At present negotiations for a reciprocity treaty are pending between the United States of America and Mexico. It is said that an extensive revision of the Mexican tariff is about to be made, by which the duties will be considerably reduced. 58 GENERAL INFORMATION. XII. Taxes. Is ancient Mexico the public tax was often paid in agricultural produce. The taxes are now levied both by the National and State Grovernments. There are also spe- cial taxes for railways and other purposes. Every State has its own tax levy, which varies from year to year. The Federal tax is usually one quarter of the tax paid to the State. It is oftentimes very diflBcult to collect the former, as the Eepublic can not sue the State Grovernment for any deficiency that may exist. A Federal treasurer, called the jefe de hacienda, resides in each of the several States, to gather the taxes due the G-eneral Grovernment. Taxation is very heavy throughout the country, and especially in the districts adjoining the route of the American railroads. XIII. Finance.* (in Dollars.) Receipts.— Budget^ 1882-'' 83. Custom-Louses 15,000,000 Oustom-liouse of Mexico and excise 2,000,000 Stamps 4,000,000 Direct tax 900,000 Mint 690,000 Receipts from former fund for public education 60,000 Post-offices and telegraphs 650,000 Lotteries 800,000 Other receipts 3,000,000 Total 27,100,000 Receipts from the several States 7,500,000 Grand total 34,600,000 * Translated from the Almanack de Gotha. PUBLIC DEBT. 59 Expenditures. Legislative power 1,071,712 Executive power , 48,832 Supreme Court 389,554 Foreign affairs 336,280 Interior 3,235,118 Justice and public education 1,215,473 Public works {Fomento) 7,551,683 Treasury 4,648,377 War and navy 8,514,478 Total 27,011,507 Expenditures of the several States 7,500,000 Grand total 34,511,507 XIV. Public Debt. 1. Foreign debts : English debt of Oct. 14, 1850 $89,252,360 English convention of Dec. 4, 1851 . 5,900,025 Spanish convention of Dec. 6, 1853 . 1,231,775 Spanish convention of Nov. 12, 1853 5,553,287 Indebtedness to the United States of July 4, 1868 2,775,123 $104,712,570 2. Internal debt 40,241,215 Total* $144,953,785 The Mexican Government does not recognize the debts as stated by the English and Spanish conventions. All the foreign debts, except that due the United States, are about to be consolidated, and bonds bearing three per cent in- terest, to be receivable for Government lands, adjudicated * Translated from the Almanack de Gotha. 60 GENERAL INFOEMATIOK property, and letters patent, will be issued by the Execu- tive to pay off the indebtedness. The details of the set- tlement involving the amount recognized are left entirely to the Executive. The sum of 1296,066.54 is annually paid out of the national treasury to the United States, on account of the debt of the convention of July 4, 1868. In 1885 Mexico paid the ninth installment of the debt due the United States. The national bugbear is the English debt {la deuda Inglesa). In September, 1884, Mr. Edward Noetzlin, a Mexican agent, made an agreement with the British bond- holders for a conversion of the old debt by the issue of new bonds to the amount of 186,000,000. This agreement con- tained many provisions objectionable to Mexico, and, for reasons which we have not space to discuss here, it was not ratified at the ensuing session of Congress. There is, however, no doubt that this debt will eventually be paid. XV. ■ Money— Coins. Ik the Aztec empire, current money consisted of bits of tin, bags of cocoa with a specified number of grains, and quills filled with gold-dust.* These commodities were used by measure and number, rather than by weight. (See Prescott's Conquest of Mexico, vol. i, p. 145, and vol. ii, p. 140.) The Spaniards introduced gold and silver coins soon after their arrival in the country. A few of these old coins * Gold-dust has been employed as currency on the Pacific coast of the United States for many years. This kind of money was evidently suggested to the Spaniards and Americans by the Aztecs. MONET— COINS. 61 may be found at the shops of the silversmiths, or platerias, at the present day. The escutcheon of Mexico, i. e., a royal eagle, with ex- panded wings, standing on a cactus, holding a serpent in its beak, is stamped on one side of all the silver coins, and a liberty-cap and rising sun are found on the reverse. Dur- ing the French invasion the bust of Maximilian was substi- tuted for the cap of liberty. Mexico has followed the example of Spain in adopt- ing the decimal system of coinage, of which the peso is the basis. The current coins are as follows : SILVEE. One peso,* or dollar, containing 8 reales, or 100 cents. Four reales, or one toston, 50 cents. Two reales, or one peseta, 25 cents. One real, 12|- cents. One medio, 6|^ cents. COPPER. One cuartilla, 3 cents. One tlaco, 1^ cent. 2!fICKEL. Coins of five and two cents, and of one cent, have re- cently been issued for general circulation. The standard gold coin is the onza, which equals 116 ; and there are $10 and $5 gold pieces. They do not circu- late, however, so that the traveler will have nothing to do with them. Paper currency has lately been issued by the Mexican * One peso is worth from 85 to 87 cents in United States money, so that a cent is only equivalent to about 8|^ mills. 62 GENERAL INFOBMATIOK National Bank and tlie Bank of London and Mexico. They will cash letters of credit on British and American hankers. , The Monte de Piedad, a governmental corporation, for- merly issned bank -hills, but in 1885 this institution failed. Its bills have since been redeemed and withdrawn from cir- culation, and now (1891) negotiations to transfer its fran- chise to some other bank are in progress. The Interna- tional and Mortgage Bank of Mexico, a new institution, will discount drafts drawn on Mexico against shipments of merchandise and will issue travelers' credits or mercantile credits, available throughout the Eepublic. Several State banks issue bills which circulate at par only in those States. Travelers may also provide themselves with drafts on the various diligence offices in the interior of the country, by depositing the amount in advance at one of the princi- cipal offices. In case of robbery by brigands, the diligence company will repay the value of the draft, if it be taken from the person of the tourist, upon furnishing satisfactory evidence to one of the agents. Bankers will give a higher rate of premium on drafts on New York than can be had in exchanging money. In Vera Cruz, United States money may be exchanged for Mexican currency at 113 to 114 cents on the dollar ; and in Monterey and near the American frontier, the rate is as high as 115 cents.* In the City of Mexico the banking hours are from 10 A. M. to 4 p. M., and in other cities from 9 to 13 A. m., and from 2 to 4 P. m. Up to the year 1883 the Mexican Government has ex- acted an export duty of 5 per cent on coin. It is now re- mitted. For the fiscal year ending June 30, 1882, the coin and bullion exported amounted to $6,631,938. * Mexican coin can be purchased on better terms the farther the seller is from the country. POST-OFFICE AND LETTERS. 63 XVI. Mints. Theke were formerly fourteen mints in the country, the oldest of which is that of the City of Mexico. Visitors are admitted to these institutions from 8 to 13 A. m., and from 1 to 4 p. m. It is better to go in the morning, as the workmen are more commonly employed during this time. English machinery is generally used at the mints. The following table, taken from Senor Busto's great work, gives the coinage of the mints for the fiscal year of 1878 to 1879 : Mints. Gold. Silver. Copper.. Total. Mexico $304,500 00 50,111 00 212,158 00 $5,116,000 00 4,597,939 50 3,740,403 75 2,519,110 00 1,413,161 00 806,025 00 891,951 00 854,882 50 756,598 15 555,650 00 153,610 00 $14,800 00 $5,435,300 00 4,648,050 50 Zacatecas Guanajuato San Luis Potosi . . 3,952,561 75 2,519,110 00 Guadalajara Chihuahua 3,830 00 1,500 00 1,418,491 00 806,025 00 Culiacan 49,230 00 23,935 00 13,700 00 1,360 00 8,700 00 941,181 00 Duran"'0 878,817 50 770,298 15 557,010 00 157,310 GO Alamos Hermosillo Oaxaca $662,524 00 $21,405,330 90 $16,300 00 $22,084,154 90 XVII. Post-Office and Letters. Before the Conquest letters were carried throughout the realm by swift - footed couriers. The distance from Vera Cruz to the City of Mexico, about 200 miles, was traversed in twenty-four hours. 64: GENERAL INFORMATIOK Eeports and messages were generally transmitted in picture-writing. It was in this manner that Montezuma learned of the arrival of Cortes and his warriors. The various lines of steamers now carry the mail along the coast, and the railways, diligences, and special couriers, transport it into the interior. In 1881 the number of post-ofl&ces in the Eepublic was 873, and the proceeds from the sale of stamps amounted to 1500,000 annually. In addressing letters, 8r., Don, stand for "Mr.," and Senora is used as the title for ''Mrs." Strangers should omit such aifixes as " esquire," in directing letters, on ac- count of the difficulty the Mexican clerks have in decipher- ing foreign names. On the arrival of the mail at the post-office, the names on the letters are written on lists, and placed on bulletin- boards near the door. There are separate lists for letters coming from foreign countries, from the interior, and from the city or county in which the post-office is situ- ated. Sometimes a local letter is put on the foreign list by mistake. It will be advisable, therefore, for the stranger to look at all the bulletins. If the traveler sees his name on the list, he should write it down just as it appears on the board, and hand it to the clerk at the window. Post-offices are generally open from 8 to 12 A. m., and from 3 to 9 P. m., throughout the country. In the City of Mexico the office hours are from 9 a. m. to 1 p. m., and from 3 to 5 p. m. Tourists are recommended to go to the post-office in person, in depositing or receiving their " letters, in order to guard against mistakes. Public letter-writers do a considerable business on the plazas of all the principal cities. Many of the natives can not write. In times of revolutions the post-office is of POST-OFFICE AND LETTERS. 65 little use, as the insurgents examine, and often confiscate, the correspondence. At present, the rates for postage in the interior of Mexico are so high that letter-writing is rather expen- sive. The foreign are much lower than the domestic rates. Stamp-tariff. — For single letters to points in the inte- rior of the country, not exceeding 16 leagues, the rate is 10 cents for each quarter of an ounce ; 25 cents for half an ounce ; 35 cents for three-quarters of an ounce ; 50 cents for each ounce. Single letters to points exceeding 16 leagues, 25 cents * for each quarter of an ounce ; 35 cents for half an ounce ; 50 cents for three quarters of an ounce ; and 60 cents for each ounce. Printed matter in unsealed wrappers, 5 cents a pound, or 11.25 for a package weighing one arroba (25 pounds). Unsealed business circulars, 5 cents each, or 14 a hun- dred. Printed or engraved cards on pasteboard or vellum, 75 cents a pound. For Foreign Letters. — Each half ounce (15 grammes), 2 cents ; postal-cards, 2 cents each. Printed matter of all kinds : 1 cent for 50 grammes or less. 2 cents for 100 grammes. 3 cents for 150 grammes. 4 cents for 200 grammes and up to 2 kilogrammes. Each State in the Eepublic has its own stamps, with particular numbers marked on them. No stamps are al- lowed to be taken outside of the post-office, except in the city of Vera Cruz. The rules of the department require that letters must be delivered at the stamp-window, f where * After January 1, 1884, inland postage will be 10 cents for each quarter of an ounce. f This regulation is of great annoyance to the tourist. QQ GENERAL INFORMATION. the amount of postage should be paid. The Government ofiQcials attach the stamps to the envelopes. In the national capital there are various shops, in the business part of the city, at which letters will be received and forwarded. xvin. Telegraphs. Theee are several lines of telegraph in operation through- out the Eepublic. The Federal Government has its wires all over the country, and the States of Zacatecas, Hidalgo, Morelos, and Michoacan, also own telegraph-lines. The Mexican Eailway Company, the Mexican National Eail- way Company, the Mexican Central Eailroad Company, and the Morelos Eailway Company, have erected lines of telegraph. It may be remarked that, in the case of the Mexi- can National Eailway Company, the General Govern- ment reserves the right to put up two wires on its poles. There are private lines in the States of Jalisco and Vera Cruz. That of the latter State extends from the capital to the city of Vera Cruz, and is called the Commercial Tele- graph Line. A New York corporation, entitled the Mexi- can Telegraph Company, has established itseK in the country ; and there are submarine cables running from Mexico to the United States, Central America, and South America. All the railway stations contain telegraph offices, and the hours of business are in general from 8 A. m. to 8 p. m. The principal offices of the lines belonging to the National and State Governments are in the business part of the larger cities. English is rarely spoken by the operators ; CENSUS. 67 and the rates for messages are much higher than in the United States. On the 1st of June, 1885, the total number of telegraph lines in operation amounted to 13,120 miles. The Mexican Central and Mexican National Railroad Companies are erecting telegraph-poles as fast as each mile of track is completed. In some cases the wires are extended beyond the temporary terminus. XIX. Census. No complete census has ever been taken of the Mexican Republic. The figures given in the public documents arc generally estimates rather than correct enumerations of the inhabitants. At the time of Humboldt's visit (in 1803), the total population was 5,840,000. In 1838, it was 7,044,140 ; in 1856, 7,859,564 ; in 1872, 9,097,056 ; in 1874, 9,343,470 ; in 1878, 9,384,193 ; in 1879, 9,577,279 ; in 1882, 10,000,000.* In 1803, the number of inhabitants in the three principal cities was in Mexico (city), 135,000 ; Puebla, 67,800 ; Gua- dalajara, 19,500. In 1879, Mexico had a population of 241,110 ; Guada- lajara, 78,600 ; Puebla, 64,588. The following table, copied from Sen or Busto's great work, gives the population of the several States, their area and the number of inhabitants to the square kilo- metre ; also the population of the capitals of the States, in 1879 : * This list is taken from Busto's Estadistica de la Republica Mexi- eana. 68 GENERAL IFFOEMATIOK a a Capitals of the States, 1. Aguascalientes 2. Lower Califomia(Ter.) 8. Campeche 4. Coahuila de Zaragoza . 5. Collma 6. Chiapas 7. Chihuahua 8. Federal District 9. Durante 10. Guanajuato 11. Guerrero 12. Hidalgo 13. Jalisco 14. Mexico 15. Michoacan de Ocampo 16. Morelos 17. Nuevo-Leon IS. Oaxaca 19. Puebla 20. Queretaro de Arteaga 21 . San Luis Potosi 22. Sinaloa 23. Sonora 24. Tabasco 25. Tamaalipas 26. Tlaxcala 27. Vera Cruz 28. Yucatan.. 29. Zacatecas 5,776 152,847 67,539 152,517 7,136 43,930 272,716 281 110,463 20,276 63,568 21,693 114,896 1 25,245 55,693 4.536 88,156 70,838 31,120 8,300 71,210 69,211 209,694 32.985 75,191 8,898 71,116 84,585 68,596 140,430 23,195 86,299 104,131 65,827 219,735 180,758 354,340 190,846 788,202 308,716 434,096 994,900 696,038 648,857 154,946 194,861 718,194 704,372 179,915 506,799 167,093 139,140 98,387 144,747 133,498 504,970 285,384 413,608 24-30 0-15 1-28 0-68 9-22 500 0-66 533-94 1-73 38-87 4-50 20-01 8-66 27-57 11-65 34-16 511 10-14 22-63 21-68 7-12 2-41 : 0-66 2-84 1-92 84-25 7-10 3-37 6-03 Aguascalientes La Paz Campeche Saltillo Colitna San Cristobal las Casas Chihuahua Mexico, cap. of the Eep. .. Durango Guanajuato Chilpancingo de los Braves. Paciiuca de Guerrero Guadalajara Toluca Morelia Cuernavaca Monterey Oaxaca de Juarez Puebla de Zaragoza Queretaro San Luis Potosi Culiacan TJres San Juan Bautista Ciudad Victoria Tlaxcala Jalapa Merida Zacatecas 31.872 2;396 15,190 11,340 23,572 8,500 12,116 241,110 27,119 56,112 3,800 12,500 78,600 12,300 20,400 16,320 15,300 26,228 27,560 34,300 7,878 9,700 6,800 7,800 4,300 12,400 32,000 32,000 1,958,912 9,577,279 854,101 XX. Population. The population of Mexico is divided into four great castes, as follows : TVTiites (individuals born in Europe, Spanish Creoles born in America) ; Indians ; negroes ; a mixed race (mesti- zos from whites and Indians, mulattoes from whites and negroes, zambos from Indians and negroes). The Indians outnumber the other inhabitants. They are variously estimated at from one half to three quarters of the entire population. They are a long-lived race, small ARCHITECTURE. 69 in stature^ but possessing great endurance. Thus far the Indians have not been affected by foreign influence. It is very difficult to give a correct estimate of the number of foreigners in the country. We are disposed to believe that it does not exceed 100,000. The foreign population con- sists chiefly of French, Spaniards, Americans, Germans, Italians, and English. They live mostly in the cities of Mexico, Vera Cruz, Puebla, Chihuahua, Guanajuato, Mon- terey, and Guaymas. The Mexicans reside principally in cities and towns. In the rural districts the traveler will find some haciendas, or farm-houses, at a distance from any settlement, but isolated dwellings are rarely met with. Except along the trunk-lines of railroad, one can ride fif- teen or twenty miles in many parts of the Kepublic with- seeing a house. XXI. Architecture. The architecture of the ruined palaces and temples of Mexico is described in the chapter on ruins. It may be said, however, that the former resemble the buildings of the ancient Greeks and Eomans in ornamentation, and the latter are not unlike the pyramids of Egypt in external ap- pearance. The prevailing style of modern architecture through- out the Eepublic is the Spanish renaissance. Almost every cathedral and church in the country are built in this fash- ion. The facades of the churches often contain beau- tiful stone carvings of figures of the saints, and also arabesque work. Mexico, Puebla, Morelia, and Guadala- jara, contain cathedrals that compare favorably with those of any other cities in the world. The plans of most of the Mexican churches were drawn in Spain. The build- ings used for secular purposes, especially those belonging ARCHITECTURE. 71 to the Grovernment, are imposing and commodious. The largest edifice in Mexico is the national palace at the capi- tal. It has two high stories and a frontage of 675 feet. Most of the houses have one story, and are provided with a patio, or courtyard, in which flowers and fruit-trees are planted. The roofs are generally covered with tiles, of which red is the prevailing color. In the principal cities a second story is added ; but in the capital, and in the min- ing towns of Guanajuato and Zacatecas, where land is quite valuable, the buildings contain three, and often four (in- cluding the entresol), floors. While the larger edifices are constructed of igneous rocks, such as porous amygdaloid, trachyte, and porphyry, the dwelling-houses are usually made of brick and stuccoed. The roofs of the former are flat, and commonly furnished with a low wall, whereas those of the latter slant from the ridge-piece and are provided with eaves. In some cities the eaves are of sufficient size to aflord protection to the pedestrian from the sun and rain. As a rule, all buildings in Mexico are erected in the most substantial manner. The walls are of great thick- ness, and cellars are rarely seen. The windows are gen- erally covered with railings of Biscay iron, reminding the traveler of Spain. Balconies are added to those above the ground-floor. Many private residences of the better class have porte-cocJieres, and a fountain in the paved court- yards. The dry climate is favorable to the endurance of the edifices, and many houses built soon after the Conquest are still in a fair state of preservation. In the villages on the table-land, the most common building material is adobe, or sun-dried brick. The peasants living in the tierra caliente and tierra templada, commonly use sugar-cane stalks and palm-leaves in making their huts. Tourists are advised to spend much of their time in 72 GENERAL INFOBMATIOK visiting the churches. The cathedrals are generally pro- vided with two towers, from which a fine view of the city may be obtained. These religions edifices are usually built in the form of a Latin cross, and the interior is seldom frescoed. The traveler soon grows weary of the white plastered walls, on which indifferent paintings are frequently hung. The cathedral of Puebla has a stone floor, while that of Mexico is of wood, which seems out of place in comparison with the solid magnificence of the building. The objects of interest in a Spanish church are : the high altar, the stalls in the choir, the lateral chapels, and the relics and vestments in the sacristy. The following terms applied to different portions of churches will be found useful : Fachadas, fapades ; lonja, a long platform, which often surrounds the churches exteriorly, and which is ascended by steps or grees, escalinata or graclas. The font is pila hautismal. Pila de agua lendita is the stoup, or font, containing holy water ; coro, is the choir ; • trascoro, the back to it, often profusely decorated ; the respaldos del coro are the lateral sides of it. The stalls are sillas, forming silleria alta, or haja, as the case may be. The choristers' desks are called atriles ; the lectern, facistol, and the transept, crucero. Over it often rises a dome or lantern, which is called cimhorio, and, from its shape, media tmranja. The purclose, or railings, rejas, are often beautifully executed, and made of silver. The ahside contains a capilla mayor, with the high altar, altar mayor ; the reredos, or screen rising from it, is named the retahlo. The latter are commonly exquisitely gilded. The right side of the altar — i. e., the right of the I PAINTING. 73 celebrant, looking from the altar — is called lado del evan- gelio ; tlie left is lado de la epistola. The chapter is el caMldo. The sagrario is a special chapel, where the Holy of Holies is often placed, de manifiesto, or displayed. The vestry is la sacristia ; the sexton, sacristan. The relics, vestments, plate, etc., are kept in what is called el relicario. Monaguillos are the vestry boys. Misa mayor is high mass. The belfry is la forre or el campanario. XXII. Painting. The art of painting was rudely known among the Az- tecs, whose means of conveying information was called picture-writing. Unfortunately for learning as well as for art, Zumarraga, the first bishop of Mexico, ordered all Aztec paintings and manuscripts to be committed to the flames. There are, however, a few specimens of these an- tique pictures in the museum at the national capital. There are but two academies of fine arts in the Eepublic, one at the City of Mexico, and one at Guadalajara. Art schools are connected with each, and another has been es- tablished at Puebla. The academy of San Carlos, at the capital, contains paintings of considerable merit. Among the best Mexican artists are Jose and Luis Juarez, Baltazar de Echave, Obre- gon, Parra, Arteaga, Eodriguez, Ibarra, and Cabrera, the latter being an Indian. There are several excellent por- traits of illustrious Mexicans in the 8ala de Emhajadores at the National Palace, most of them having been painted by Segredo and Obregon. 74 OENEEAL INFORMATION. The churches throughout the country are full of pic- tures, most of which are the work of Spanish artists, such as Murillo, Velasquez, Zurbaran, and Kibera. There are paintings by the former in the cathedrals of Mexico and Puebla, and in the church of La Compania at the latter city. The picturesque landscapes and street scenes of Mexico afford good material for artists, and we would recommend the country to them as a new field of labor. xxni. Immigratioii. The Mexican Goyernment has recently adopted a com- prehensive plan for the encouragement of immigration. Agents are employed to bring settlers into the country. There is a bonus of from forty to fifty dollars a head for each immigrant, and the Government gives each helpless one an allowance of twenty-five cents a day till he can sup- port himself. Many Italians have come into Mexico. Some have been brought from New York, and others directly from the ports of ISTorthern Italy. This scheme, however, is not productive of beneficial results. Each immigrant is maintained at the public expense for an indefinite period, and there is little incentive to work. Furthermore, a number of these Italian settlers belong to the criminal classes. A Mexican official of high rank has lately in- formed the author that this plan is about to be discon- tinued. The Mexican Transatlantic Steamship Company * will receive thirty dollars a head for each immigrant. As the Federal Government owns but little land, of which sections may be given to settlers, arrangements have been made with the railroads to carry immigrants to the * The company's steamers are now in progress on the Clyde. IMMIGRATION. 75 interior at reduced rates. The Government will pay for their passage ; but, as the metes and bounds of the public lands are not accurately defined, it would seem as if no lands could be given away at present. Senor M. Komero states, in The International Revieio for November, 1882, that land in the State of Chiapas is valued at twenty cents an acre, while that in Sonora is worth only five cents. Land is not for sale, however, in large quantities, ex- cepting a few stock-ranches in Northern Mexico. The proprietors are still suflaciently imbued with feudal notions to prompt them to hold on to their real estate. A few families still retain immense tracts. One hacendado is said to own an area of 10,000 square miles on the northern part of the Great Plateau. The railroad companies have occasionally been obliged to pay very high for a site on which to build a station and freight-house in the farming districts. We venture to predict that settlers will pour into Mex- ico rapidly after the American trunk-lines are completed. It is obvious, however, that the introduction of intelli- gent Americans, with capital, will be a very different thing from the influx of poverty-stricken peasants or miners from Europe. American immigration means permanent colonization, whereas that from other countries will . hardly attain that distinction. It is possible, however, that colonies of German or Brit- ish miners may be established in Mexico. High wages and the salubrious climate will tend to attract them. During the year 1882 settlements of Europeans were founded in the States of Vera Cruz, Puebla, Morelos, and San Luis Potosi. The majority will certainly enter the Eepublic with the intention of engaging in either mining or manu- facturing enterprises. 76 GENERAL INFORMATION XXIV. Mines. An" elaborate description of tlie mineral wealth of Mex- ico would require a large yolume. "We haye only space for a brief account of the mines, together with some statistics of the production of the precious metals. The Cordillera, from Chihuahua on the north to Oaxaca on the south, contains almost inexhaustible deposits of gold, silver, iron, copper, and lead ; while zinc, mercury, tin, platinum, and coal occur in a few localities. The greatest variety of ores is found in the States of Sonora, Chihuahua, Michoacan, Guerrero, and Oaxaca. The first and last named States of the Republic possess auriferous gravel or placer deposits. Before the Conquest the mines of gold, silver, copper, and tin were worked by the Aztecs ; but the accounts usually given of the fabulous amount of gold used by this race of people, either for ornament or as money, have been greatly exaggerated. Cortes seized a large sum of gold at the an- cient capital of Mexico, the amount of which is variously estimated by different authors. The most accurate writers place the figures at 1300,000. As soon as the Spaniards had conquered Mexico, they turned their attention to the development of the mineral wealth of the country. The mines of Tasco, Zultepec, Pachuca, San Pedro de Jorullo, and Tlalpujahua were almost the only ones that were worked directly after the destruction of the city of Tenoch- titlan in 1521, and from that time to 1548, when the silver deposits of Zacatecas were discovered. Argentiferous veins constitute the priucipal part of the mineral wealth of Mexico, the silver generally occurring in the form of sulphides. The gangue is chiefly quartz. Most of these mines are situated between north latitude 19° and 24^°. MINES. 77 Humboldt, in his Political Essay on New Spain, vol. iii, page 138, states the order of the districts containing the richest deposits of silver as follows : 1. Guanajuato. 2. Catorce. 3. Zacatecas. 4. Eeal del Monte. 5. Bolanos. 6. Guarisamey. 7. Sombrerete. 8. Tasco. 9. Batopilas. 10. Zimapan. 11. Fresnillo. 13. Eamos. 13. Parral. In 1803,* the mean annual yield of the precious metals amounted to 2,500,000 marcs of silver, and 700 marcs of gold. It is said that the total product of the Mexican mines up to the year 1883 is equal to 13,700,000,000 of silver. We should remember, however, that some of these mines are now on American soil, e. g., those of California, New Mexico, and Arizona. The yield of silver for 1882 can be roughly estimated at $28,000,000, while that of gold amounts to about $1,000,000. f Millions of dollars' worth of silver have long been and are now being exported to Europe. Humboldt states, in his work on New Spain, that two thirds of the silver supply of the whole world was annually shipped from the port of Yera Cruz, between the years 1800 and 1812, and some silver was also sent abroad from Acapulco. At present about fourteen millions' worth of this metal are annually exported to Europe. (Compare with chapter on commerce. ) The supply of silver in Mexico is now derived chiefly from the mines of Guanajuato, Zacatecas, Sombrerete, Ca- torce, and Pachuca. Gold generally occurs in small quan- tities with the silver-ores. But most of it is lost in the process of reduction. According to Humboldt, the joint yield of the Zacatecas and Guanajuato mines from 1548 to 1600 was 12,000,000, and from 1600 to 1690 it was $3,000,000. The ores at the * At the time of Humboldt's visit. •)• The production of the mines of the United States for the fiscal year of 1882-'83 was $47,000,000 of silver and $32,000,000 of gold, given io round numbers. 78 GENERAL INFOEMATION. former locality, as well as at Tasco and Oatorce, are poor in gold ; while those of the latter town, and also at Guadalupe y Calvo, are rich in their percentage of the same metal. Perhaps the two most remarkable mineral veins of North America, excepting the famous Comstock lode of ISTevada, are the veta madre of Gruanajuato. and the veta grande of Zacatecas. These veins have been worked for about three hundred years. ( Vide section on the Mexican Central Eail- road, for description.) The region adjoining these mining towns is an elevated desert, similar to the environs of Vir- ginia City in Nevada. Next to argentiferous deposits in importance are the immense beds of iron, which consist principally of the ox- ides called magnetite and hematite. The well-known Cerro del Mercado, in the State of Durango, has been calculated to contain sixty million cubic yards of iron-ore, having a spe- cific weight of five billion quintals. An analysis of this ore by Mr. M. H. Borje, of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, gave QQ per cent of pure metal. There are other vast hills of iron in Sonora, near Coalcoman, in Michoacan, and in the central part of the State of Oaxaca. Lead-ores, usually in the form of galena and oftentimes argentiferous, are abundant throughout the country. Copper, either native or as oxide, carbonate, or sulphide, is mined at various localities in Chihuahua and Oaxaca, at the towns of Mazapil and Jalapa, and near the volcano of Jorullo, and also in Lower California. The oxide of tin is found in veins and alluvial beds at Durango. Mercury occurs combined with sulphur, i. e., cinnabar, in the States of Guerrero, San Luis Potosi, Michoacan, Oaxaca, Chihuahua, and Guanajuato. Zinc-ores are met with in Chihuahua ; and platinum, antimony, cobalt, and nickel come from the same State. These last-named metals, however, are not found in large quantities. MINES. 79 There are beds of coal in various parts of Mexico, but principally in the States of Oaxaca, Vera Cruz, Mexico, Puebla, Nuevo Leon, Tamanlipas, and Sonora. Anthracite of good quality is mined in the latter State,* and a fair qual- ity of it is worked in the northern parts of Tamaulipas and Nuevo Leon. Some of this coal is burned in the engines of the Mexican !N"ational Eailway. Lignite or brown coal occurs in many localities, but it is not used to any extent. We have stated elsewhere, f that coal is imported in large quantities, owing to the scarcity of fuel near the lines of the railroads. It may be added that an extensiye mine of coal would be of more value to Mexico at present than one of gold. As regards the cost and methods of mining in Mexico, it may be remarked, "that the art has not yet attained the high degree of perfection known in Europe and the United States. Humboldt stated in 1803, that subterranean geom- etry was mostly unknown, and that, as a rule, the means of communication between contiguous mines were badly arranged. Millions have been expended in developing the mineral wealth of Guanajuato and Zacatecas. It is said that the Count de Valenciana dug three pits in a single mine near the former city, at the cost of $1,700,000 {vide p. 266). Owing to the low price of labor and the very econom- ical methods of the natives, more can be accomplished for a given amount of money at present, by working the metallic mines on the old Mexican plan, than by the modern and improved system. ( Vide chapter on labor and wages. ) Thus far, few shafts have been sunk to a greater depth than one thousand feet. Steam-hoisting works, pumps, and tramways in the various levels of the mines are rarely * See Section X in Part Second. ■ f In Section II of Part Second, 80 GENERAL INFORMATION. nsed. Malacates, or large horse- whims, are substituted for the former ; and water is isised in large skins attached to ropes. The peons carry pieces of ore weighing from one hundred to two hundred pounds on their backs from the "headings" of the levels to the main shaft, where the mineral is hoisted in huge baskets. Longitudinal View of Timbered Level. Iron drills of domestic manufacture and tipped with steel are still used by the peons. A few foreigners are em- ployed at high wages in the mines of Chihuahua and the neighboring States, and also at the town of Pachuca, but they generally occujiy positions like that of superintendent or engineer. American mine-owners in Mexico admit that the "jackass" mode of mining of the natiyes is cheaper than the European methods. The Mexican miners are not much annoyed by heat nor by water. Humboldt found the temperature at the bottom of the Yalenciana mine, then 1,681 feet deep, to be 93° Fahr. The miners descend in the shafts, either by means MINES: 81 of massive stone steps that liave been used for ages, as in Guanajuato, or on a series of ladders, as at Zacatecas. Peons pick the ore over by hand at the surface and sep- arate tlie gangue with small hammers. The ore is then carried to the reducing-mills on mule-back. Most of the mines and mills are inclosed by high walls, and the peons are searched before being allowed to leave. It is very common to conceal valuable fragments of gold or silver-bearing rock in the clothing, or in the hair, or under the arms, of the miners. (See chapter on Guanajuato in Section V.) The argentiferous ores of Mexico have been worked by the patio, or cold amalgamation jorocess, for about three centuries. Mule-power is used almost entirely in the haciendas de heneficios or reducing-mills. * ( Vide chapter on Guanajuato, in Section V, Part Second, for a description of the patio process. ) Mines in Mexico belong to individuals and not to the Government. If abandoned, however, they revert to the State. In order to hold a mine, the owner is required to work it during four months of the -year. Should the pro- prietor neglect to observe this law, the property is ''de- nounced," or claimed by the informer, and is soon adver- tised for sale. Sometimes valuable mines can be purchased for a mere song at a Government sale. Foreigners intending to invest in Mexican mines should employ a competent mining engineer to examine them, and should also exercise extreme caution in dealing with the owners, as Mexicans will not dispose of mining property unless they can make a very good bargain. At present very few mines in Mexico are paying dividends. In closing this chapter, it may be said that, if the tour- ist desires to visit the mines of the Eepublic, he will be treated with great courtesy by the superintendents and * One steam-mill with improved machinery has been erected at Guana- juato. 82 GENERAL INFORMATION'. miners generally. The morning is the best time to go ■underground. For the convenience of travelers, we give a brief list of mining terms : Socahon, gallery or main adit ; tiro, shaft ; malacate, horse- whim ; escalas, ladders ; pena or piedra, rock ; guija, quartz ; veta, vein ; mineral, ore ; ancho, wide ; angosta, narrow ; oro, gold ; plata, silver ; cohre, copper ; Jiierro, iron ; azogue, quicksilver ; plomo, lead ; estaiio, tin ; azulfre, sulphur ; caliza, limestone ; hronce, pyrites. What kind of rock is it ? Como se llama esa piedra ? How wide is the vein ? Que ancliura tiene la veta 9 Ten inches wide. Diezpulgadas de anclio. How deep is the shaft ? Que profundidad tiene el tiro f I wish to see this mine. Quiero ver el interior de esta mina. Can I enter ? Puedo yo entrar 9 Thanks, gracias. For further information on the metallic resources of Mexico, consult Humboldt's work on New Spain, vol. iii especially ; Ward's Mexico ; Whitney's Metallic Wealth of the United States ; and Busto's Estadistica de la Republica Mexicana. XXV. Mineral Springs. Mineral springs abound on the table-land of Mexico. Perhaps the best-known springs are at the city of Aguas- calientes, where a large bathing establishment has been erected. Ofos calientes, or hot springs, are found in many places, not only in the vicinity of the volcanoes, but at great distances from them. These places are not as yet used extensively as resorts for invalids, but it is believed that they will be visited for this purpose when rendered accessible by railroads. GEOLOGY. 83 XXVI. Geology. This chapter may be read in connection witli that on mines. Much has been written by Europeans and Ameri- cans on the geology of Mexico. But, interesting as the subject is, we have only space for an outline of the for- mation and physical structure of the country. A large part of Mexico is overlaid by igneous rocks, which consist chiefly of trachyte, feldspar - porphyry, and amygdaloidal basalt. In the Sierra Madre, the meta-morphic rocks, such as granite, gneiss, and clay-slate, are common. The great argentiferous veins frequently occur in the latter rock, al- though sometimes in porphyry, e. g., at Eeal del Monte, or in talcose slate, e. g., some mines at Guanajuato. Limestone is found at Tasco and Orizaba. It is ex- tensively quarried at the latter town. The same rock constitutes the greater part of the eastern branch of the Cordillera between San Luis Potosi and Monterey. Ac- cording to Dr. Wislizenus, the limestone at Saltillo be- longs to the Silurian age. The lower part of the tier r a caliente consists mostly of alluvial soil, although in a few places rocky ridges extend to the coast, e. g., at Aca- pulco. We have referred to the localities of the ores of the principal metals and of coal in the chapter on mines. Deposits of nitre, kaolin, common salt, and Glauber's salt, or sulphate of soda, are abundant on the table-land. Petro- leum occurs plenteously in the States of Vera Cruz, Puebla, Tabasco, and Oaxaca. Sulphur is found at the volcanoes, especially those of Popocatepetl and Orizaba. A large sup- ply is now obtained from the former. It is said that Cortes's warriors descended into the crater 84 GENERAL INFORMATION: of Popocatepetl to procure sulphur for the manufacture of gunpowder. The abundance of hot springs on the Mexi- can plateau has already been mentioned (see p. 82). The volcanoes are perhaps the most interesting features in the geology of Mexico to trayelers. There are four active * volcanoes in the Eepublic ; but no eruption has occurred in any of them during the present century. Earth- TJie Peak of Orizaba quakes are common in the vicinity, however, and solfataras, fumaroles emitting hot aqueous vapor, and adjoining warm springs, indicate that these volcanoes are still in a semi- active state. Beginning on the western coast, the Mexican volcanoes are : Colima, Jorullo, Popocatepetl, Iztaccihuatl, Orizaba, and Tuxtla. The heights of these mountains are given in Part Second. Humboldt, who was the first scientific observer to make an extensive geological reconnaissance of Mexico, has re- * By the term " active " we mean those volcanoes in which an eruption has taken place within the memory of man. GEOLOGY. 85 marked that the volcanoes just named lie on the same great vent of the earth's crust, and approximately on the nine- teenth parallel of north latitude {vide Cosmos, vol. v, p. 377, et seq.). The most important geological event in Mexico since the Spanish Conquest is the elevation of the volcano of JoruUo, which took place in the year 1759 (see Section IV, in Part Second, for a long account of it). The description of Jorullo explains, in a general way, the manner in which volcanic mountains are formed. There are still many parts of the Mexican Eepublic where the hammer of the geologist has not yet sounded, because scientists have thus far confined their observations chiefly to the vicinity of the metallic deposits and the vol- canoes. A great variety of minerals and precious stones is found in Mexico. Senor Busto states that the number of mineral species is three hundred and sixty-five, the majority of which occur as ores. We have not sufficient space in this volume to give the complete list, but among the gems of the country we may mention the ruby, diamond, opal, topaz, emerald, garnet, agate, carnelian, and tecali, or so-called Mexican onyx, which is a variegated calcite. For further information on the geology of Mexico, the reader is referred to Humboldt's Cosmos and New Spain ; Busto's Estadistica de la Repuilica Mexicana ; Burkart's Aufenthalt und Reisen in Mexico in den JaJiren 1825- 1834 ; Wislizenus, Memoir of a Tour to Northern Mexico; and various articles in the American Journal of Science and Arts, in the Annales des Mines, in Poggendorff's An- nalen, and several other French and German scientific peri" odicals. 86 GENERAL INFORMATION. XXVII. Zoology. Owing to tlie variety of climate of the three zones of Mexico, the fauna of each one differs greatly. Among the animals indigenous to the country, large mammals are very rare. The most common species are the black bear, or oso ; the deer, or venado ; the Mexican wolf, or coyote ; the marten, or camomiotte ; the otter, or nutria ; the squirrel, or urion ; the porcupine, oxhoitzlacuatzin ; the skunk, or gatomontes (of which there are four varieties) ; and two kinds of the hare, or liebres. One of these was called the jachass-rahUt by the United States troops dur- ing the Mexican War. Several other rodents, the armadillo, the shrew-mole, or topo, and the opossum, or zorra mocliilera, also abound. Besides the domestic fowls, two hundred kinds of birds, including eagles, hawks, ravens, wild turkeys, and buzzards, are found in the Eepublic. Eeptiles are comparatively scarce on the table-land, but are abundant in the tierra templada and tierra caliente. Turtles {tortugas de mar) are common in the Gulf of Mexico, the clulonia imljricata, which furnishes the well- known tortoise-shell of commerce, occurring near the east- ern coast. Alligators {lagartos) live in the swamps of the southern States. Lizards {lagartijas) are plentiful in the hot zone. The iguana {Lacerta iguana, Linnaeus) sometimes grows to a length of three feet. Another species of lizard, known as the alcatelepon, being about fifteen inches long, and having a rough gray skin, is found in the country. Its bite is painful, though not dangerous. Snakes (serpientes) occur in the various zones, but prin- ZOOLOGY. 87 cipally in the tierra caliente. Poisonous serpents are un- known at an elevation above seven thousand feet. Both land and fresh-water snakes exist in Mexico. The most common species are the rat- tlesnake, or cascabel; the darting-snake, or saltillo ; the black-snake, or culebra ; and the centoatl, whose skin shines in the dark. Among the sirens, the siredon, or axolotl, having a length of ten to fifteen inches, is found in the Lake of Texcoco, and in lagoons of the adjoining mountains. During the war of the Conquest, the axolotl was so plentiful that Cortes is said to have fed his army upon it. The many fresh-water lakes of Mexico are well stocked with fish {pescado), the principal kinds being the bass, eel, trout, white- fish, and hagre. The flesh of the latter is delicious and is extensively used for food. The waters along the coast of the Eepublic likewise af- ford a great variety. The red mullet, or mujol, is a favorite article of food among the Mexicans, It was this kind of fish that was carried by swift-footed couriers from Vera Cruz to the ancient ca|)ital, a distance of two hundred miles, for Montezuma's table. GENERAL INFORMATION. There are infinite numbers of species of insects in the country. Many are poisonous, and the bites of others are very painful. Butterflies {mariposas) and ants {liormigas) exist in great variety. The arriera, or carrying-ant, is very injurious to agri- culture. The black and red ant are abundant, and their 1. CocMneal Insects on branch of Cactus. 2. Female Insect. 3. Male Insect. sting produces much pain. There are six kinds of bees {dbejas). Among the worms may be mentioned the teocuilin, which possesses the properties of the cantharides, and the temaliuani, whose bite is venomous. Ticks (reznos), mosquitoes (mosquitos), jiggers {neguas), and moniquiles, are common in the tierra caliente. The latter burrow under the skin, causing great suffering (see p. 156). The cochineal, or coc1ii7iilla, is found extensively in Oa- xaca. Fleas (pulgas) are plentiful throughout the country. d BOTANY, 89 The silk- worm {gusano de seda) is raised in tlie south- ern States. Among the arachnida of Mexico are the scorpion (es- corpion or alacran) and tarantula, which are found in all the zones. The centipede {escolopendra or cientopies) occasionally grows to a length of eighteen inches, and is abundant in the tierra templada and tierra caliente. In the sub-kingdom of mollusca, we will mention only the pearl-oyster, which occurs on the Pacific coast. The pearl (perla) fishery at La Paz, in Lower California, is of some importance. The fauna of Mexico has not thus far been fully described. XXVIII. Sotany. The flora of Mexico consists of an infinite variety of species, on account of the configuration of the country. There is, perhaps, not a single plant known to science that can not be grown in the Kepublic. The three zones have each a different flora^ which may be described as follows : In the. tierra caliente, the plants consist mostly of tropi- cal fruits, cocoa-palms, dye-woods, sugar-cane, indigo, and cotton. In the tierra templada, there are bamboo and camphor- trees, oaks, cypresses, coffee, tobacco, and the cereals. In the tierra fria, are found deciduous trees, and cotii- fera like the pine, spruce, cedar, and fir, and the various species of cactus. Wheat and a few vegetables also grow in the latter region. Much logwood and Brazil-wood are found in the States 90 GENERAL INFORMATION. of Tabasco/* Chiapas, and Oampeclie ; and in Sinaloa, ma- hogany, rose-wood, and ebony are abundant. There are extensiye forests in the States of Sonora, Chi- huahua, Durango, Sinaloa, Jalisco, Michoacan, and Chiapas, and in the neighborhood of the volcanoes of Popocatepetl and Orizaba. We have referred elsewhere to the forests that once existed in the valley of Mexico {vide Section III of Part Second). During the winter season the deciduous trees on the Indigo Plant (AniT). table-land shed their leaves, which are replaced by a new growth within a few weeks. There is a great variety of fruits in the tierra caliente, among which are many species which are rarely seen m temperate climates, such as the granaditay mamey, and cJiirimoya. * The eh, eaoha, acum, evano, chiniay, cJmlul, copal, and other woods grow in the States of Tabasco and Chiapas. AGRICULTURE. 91 The most abundant fruits are oranges, limes, bananas, and pineapples. Flowers are cheap and plentiful at all seasons. Some species bloom on the great plateau. Dahlias and roses are most common in the parks and gardens of the cities. The country possesses many other beautiful flowering plants that are known only to Euro- peans in the botanic gardens, such as the clavel, floripondio, and azucena. We may sum up the ffora of Mexico as follows : There are fifty-six kinds of building- woods and twenty-one kinds of " cabinet "-wood ; four va- rieties of gum and three of resin ; twelve kinds of forage ; one hundred species of odor- iferous flowers, and fifty-two of cereals and vegetables ; eighty-seven kinds of fruit, and one hundred and thirteen species of medicinal plants. There are in all ten thousand known families of plants, many of which are of no economical importance. The prin- cipal trees and shrubs of the country are referred to in the itineraries of Part Second. Brazil- Wood — Leaves^ Flower^ and Fruit. XXIX. Agriculture. AccoEDiiTG to Prescott,* agriculture in the Aztec Em- pire was in the same state of advancement as the other arts * Conquest of Mexico, vol. i, p. 134. 92 GENERAL INFORMATION, of social life. In the natural openings of the primeval forest, or in a fertile strip of interval, the Aztecs planted beans and Indian corn. All, except the nobles and soldiery, cultivated the soil, the work being done chiefly by the men. The more important branches of husbandry were the culture of the banana, which was easily grown and gave exuberant returns ; the production of cliocolatl from the cocoa-j)alm ; the cultivation of the vanilla, which was con- fined to a small strip of the sea-coast; and the plant- ing of maize and the ma- guey. Prescott calls the latter ''a miracle of na- ture," on account of the large number of articles that are made from it. The Aztecs pressed the stalks of Indian corn to obtain the sap for sugar. There is no evidence that the tillage of the country was materially improved by the Spanish Conquest. I^evertheless, it must be admitted that agricul- ture is still in its infancy in the various parts of Mexico. This is due to the persistency of the peons in making use of the rude implements of their forefathers. Fortunately, an easily worked and fertile soil generally exists in the Eepub- lic. Frost occurs only on the table-land, and is rare in many portions of it. All kinds of cereals, vegetables, and fruits are cultivated in the country, but the absence of facilities for cheap transportation in some of the States is a great drawback. ^ The Vanilla Plant. . AGRICULTURE. 93 The products of the three geographical divisions of Mexico may be briefly stated as follows : In the hot region, cotton, yanilla, indigo, rice, hemp, sarsaparilla, peppers, bene-seed, anise-seed, caoutchouc, cocoa, cassia, oranges. India-rubber Plant {Hide). bananas, and other tropical fruits grow to perfection. Sev- eral of these plants thrive without tillage. In the temper- ate region, coffee, sugar, tobacco, cotton, brown beans,* peas, and a few other vegetables, and the fruits of north- ern latitudes are cultivated. In the cold region, the cereals, the maguey, or aloe, and the hardy vegetables, as potatoes, carrots, beans, etc., are found. ( Vide chapter on botany.) Wheat f grows at as high an elevation as 8,500 feet in the latitude of the capital ; and maize and the maguey may be cultivated at nearly the same altitude. The crops in Mexico are dependent partly upon rain- * Brown beans, maize, and pepper grow in all the States, f Wheat grows in all but five States. 94: GENERAL INFORMATION. fall and partly upon irrigation. North of the twentieth parallel, irrigation is necessary on the table-land. In the southern States the rains are generally limited to one con- tinnous season, which varies from five to seven months in the year. As in other ' tropical latitudes, a deluging rain oftentimes does more harm than good to the growing crops. Eef erring to this important subject, Humboldt has re- marked in his work on New Spain, vol. ii, page 455 : "Were the soil of Mexico watered by more frequent rains, it would be one of the most fertile countries cultivated by man in either hemisphere." The prosperity of New Spain depends upon the proportion of dry and wet season. The farmer, of course, takes advantage of the rainy sea- son, and in the northern and central States he sows in May and reaps in October. Two crops of wheat and In- dian corn are grown annually in various sections of the tierra, templada and on the central table-land. The sec- ond crop is, however, sometimes destroyed by a premature frost. In the States of Vera Cruz, Oaxaca, Guerrero, Tabasco, Mexico, and Jalisco, three crops of maize are cul- tivated in a single year ! They are called respectively the riego, temporal, and tonahnile. As irrigation {riego) is necessary for more than one half of the surface of the country, let us now consider this sub- ject. ■ In the Aztec Empire acequias, or irrigating ditches, were used. The Spaniards were agreeably surprised to find a system equal to that which the Moors had established in the Iberian Peninsula. The plan of watering the soil by artificial channels, however, is at present limited to a com- paratively small portion of the arable land in the country. In order to increase the annual yield of grain and vege- tables, the Mexicans should adopt the system of tanks which has been in use so long in British India, Water-companies should be organized for this purpose, and the huge ravines, or 'barrancas, of the sierra should be AGRIGULTURE. 95 dammed up for the storage of an abundant supply of water for seasons of drought. The soil of Mexico might be caused to yield a hundred- fold more grain than is now produced, and the Eepublic eventually enabled to compete with the States of California and Oregon in exporting the cereals to Europe.* Grain has recently (1883) been sent from California to New Or- leans, La., via the Southern Pacific Eailroad. The cereals of Northern Mexico might be transported to the sea-board by the same route. This subject is worthy of the attention of foreign capitalists. As regards the amount of cereals cultivated within a given area in Mexico, it may be remarked that the propor- tion of grain to seed varies from forty to one to three hun- dred to one. An average yield would be about one hun- dred and fifty to one. In very fertile land one fanega (about three bushels) of seed will produce four hundred fanegas of maize. Humboldt has remarked that the finest soil on the plateau is to be found in the rich plains lying between the cities of San Juan del Rio and Leon. It is not usual in Mexico to estimate a crop of grain by the number of bushels to the acre. In resjDonse to inquiries made in various States, the author was told that the yield of maize varied from twenty to forty bushels to an acre. The highest production is seventy bushels. No figures as to the proportionate amount of wheat and barley yielded could be obtained. Next to the cereals, the great staple * Notwithstanding her immense mineral resources, California has since 18Y6, with the aid of improved agricultural implements and acequias, yielded more in agricultural products than from her mines. This State resembles Mexico in soil and in outline. According to Senor M. Romero, more wheat can be cultivated in Sonera than in California. And it may be added that the same remark will apply to the Mexican States bordering on the Pacific Ocean, as well as to those of Guanajuato, Queretaro, Hidalgo, Mexico, More- los, and Puebla. Indian corn, barley, and brown beans are also grown extensively in several of these States. 96 GENERAL INFORMATION: products of Mexico are coffee, sugar, tobacco, cocoa, and cotton. All except the last-named are exported. Coffee {cafe) was introduced into the West Indies about the year 1714, and was thence advanced to New Spain at the beginning of the present century. It grows best in the temperate zone, and in the shade of the forest. It is now cultivated in eight States — viz.. Vera Cruz, Oaxaca, Chia- pas, Tabasco, Guerrero, Colima, Michoacan, and Morelos. The State of Vera Cruz yields the largest quantity. Co- T7ie Coffee Plant. lima ranks next, and produces the finest variety of the article. It rivals the choicest Mocha brand. There is a great demand in foreign countries for Mexican coffee ; and doubtless the annual production will soon be doubled if not quadrupled'. Sugar-cane {caiia de azucar) is grown extensively in all but seven States of the Eepublic. The greatest amount of sugar comes from Morelos, and the State of Vera Cruz ranks second. ' Irrigation is necessary for its successful cul- tivation in some States. Sugar-cane grows both in the AGRICULTURE. 97 tierra caliente and tierra templada up to an elevation of 6,000 feet. In the latter, eighteen months are required for the crop to mature, while in the former the time varies from nine to twelve months. The sugar-cane of Mexico is of three kinds — viz., those of Castile, Havana, and Otaite. At the time of Humboldt's visit,* about 14,000,000 pounds of sugar were exported annually. In 1881 the amount did not exceed 500,000 pounds. Tobacco is indigenous to Mexico. Indeed, it derives its name from the town of Tobaco in Yucatan. The culture of it was formerly restricted by law to the vicinity of Ori- zaba, f At present it grows chiefly in the States of Vera Cruz, Tabasco, Campeche, Yucatan, Oaxaca, Sinaloa, and Jalisco. ( Vide chapter on cigars and tobacco. ) Cocoa {cacao) is found in the States of Tabasco, Chiapas,^ Oaxaca, Guerrero, and Colima. The first-named State pro-* duces the largest amount, the culture of cocoa being the principal branch of its agricultural industry. Chiapas ranks second, and but little of this article grows in the remainder of the Republic. Cotton {algodon) is cultivated in about half the States. Vera Cruz produces the largest quantities, and Durango ranks next. The finest cotton comes from the Pacific coast States and from Vera Cruz. It is also grown extensively in the vicinity of the lagoon of Tlahuahla (which is familiarly called the "laguna country"), and in Southern Chihuahua. According to Sen or Busto, an acre of land will yield about 2,000 pounds of cotton as an average. J It thrives up to an elevation of five thousand feet. In 1803 the annual exportation of cotton amounted to * 1803. \ In 1800 two million pounds of tobacco grew in the districts of Ori- zaba and Cordoba. X In the southern part of the United States, 930 pounds of cotton to the acre is a fair average. 98 GENERAL INFORMATION. 700,000 pounds. At present it is not exported, nor is it cul- tivated in quite sufficient quantities for home consumption. In 1806 Mexican cotton-seeds were introduced into Mis- sissippi by Walter Burling, Esq., and are supposed to have improved the character of the staple thus grown. ^-/i^-'l-K^I*,- Cocoanut Talm. Vanilla is produced in the States of Vera .Cruz and Oaxaca. According to Humboldt, Europe received its en- tire supply of this commodity from Mexico previous to 1813. Bananas grow luxuriantly in the tierra caliente, and the maguey, or aloe, is cultivated extensively on the table-land. It is said that a plantation of the latter pays better as an investment than aqy other kind of croja in Mexico. The maguey will grow in a soil that is almost barren. It ma- tures in eight years in the States of Puebla and Mexico ; and in San Luis Potosi it becomes ripe in five years. This plant will not blossom in northern climes.* * There is a popular belief that the maguey in temperate latitudes will reach maturity once in a hundred years. Hence the name " century-plant." AGRICULTURE. . 99 With the improved processes of tillage, including the use of modern implements, extensive tanks and irrigating ditches, all of which are likely to be introduced at an early- day, the staple products of Mexico will of course be in- creased many fold. The culture of sugar and tobacco is, and will doubtless continue to be, more profitable than that of the cereals. The cultivation of the tropical and semi-tropical fruits will also be carried oh far more extensively than at present throughout the tierra caliente, and in the lower parts of the tierra templada. A recent correspondent of the Chicago Tribune describes the Mexican farmer as follows : " On the ranch or vil- lage home of the ' greaser ' Mexican everything bears the stamp of negligence and shiftlessness. Their gaunt, sharp- nosed, long-legged, and tan-colored hogs share with their owners in the comforts of the family residence. No fences except brush surround their fields. Generally there are none. They raise just sufficient wheat, barley, beans, and cJiili (red peppers) to meet their absolute needs. They thrash their crops upon bare, smooth ground by driving flocks of goats over them and washing in the nearest stream. They often plow with a crooked stick, and the hoe is their scythe, sickle, and reaper. Even their hay is cut with a hoe. They as a rule live in villages and culti- vate sniall fields upon their outskirts. Living as they do, and possessing a soil which under irrigation is wonderfully productive, they require but little ground to cultivate." . Agricultural implements are admitted free of duty {vide p. 57). American reapers, mowers, plows, etc., have been introduced on the ranches of the northern and central part of the table-land. Time will, however, be required to induce the peons to abandon their rude ancestral tools that simply scratch the ground. Labor is abundant at three reales (37.i cents) a day. It is hardly necessary to remark that 100 GENERAL INFORMATION. the land will be best developed by the immigration of skilled farmers from EurojDe and the United States. The following table, copied from Busto's Estadistica de la Rep-^blica Mexicana, gives a list of the agricultural pro- ductions of the Eepublic. It will be seen that the propor- tion of maize is about four fifths of the total product, while that of wheat is but one twentieth. Oats are rarely culti- vated, and rye but sparingly.* PEODUCTS. Chickling vetch (a kind of pea). Cotton..- Bene-seed Canary-seed Anise-seed Indigo Rice Sugar and molasses Cocoa Coffee Barley Cumin-seeds Peppei'S of all kinds Brown beans {frijolcs) Peas Beans Hemp Ixtle (a kind of hemp) Lentils Maize (Indian corn) Potatoes Straw Tobacco .... Wheat Vanilla Sarsaparilla Total 14,452,954,787 Pounds. 27,831,012 55,391,072 6,710,308 2,467,025 2,477,090 422,941 33,366,493 154,199,210 3,174,605 17,514,877 511,134,850 225,141 119,0 a,908 508,656.233 25,277,928 34,589,634 88,176,000 4,910,158 4,625,775 11,681,140,666 23,227,024 431,740,320 16,510,980 747,349,004 121,248 1,073,648 Value in Mexican dollars. 543,283 6,605,831 153,643 57,410 127,268 358,002 1,248,244 8,761,317 1,140,050 2,060,382 4,403,742 28,500 4,196,482 8,406,211 471,075 477,610 3,352,000 154,053 83,043 112,164,424 457,592 1,962,879 2,006,153 17,436.345 651,958 149,489 177,4ol,f * Compared with the United States, the annual corn-crop of Mexico is one ninth of that of the sister Republic ; the wheat-crop is one forty-first, and the cotton-crop is but one forty-fifth. Maize being the principal arti- cle of food, the failure of the crop causes great suffering, as the poorer classes must then subsist on unripe fruit, berries, and roots. MAPS AND SURVEYS. 101 Maps and Surveys. Baeon von Humboldt was the first scientific traveler who made extensive astronomical observations and baro- metric measurements in Mexico. He determined the lati- tude and longitude, and the elevations of various cities and towns throughout the country. He also published charts and sketch-maps in his immortal work on New Spain. No complete topographical survey of Mexico has ever been made, and we need not say that it would cost far more than the National Government could afford to pay in the present state of the finances. The best atlas of Mexico has been compiled by Senor A. Garcia Cubas, being entitled El Atlas metodico de la Geo- grafia de la Republica Mexicana. The Mexican National Railway Company has published a large map, and Eand, McNally & Co., of Chioago, and Colton, of New York, have issued pocket-maps, of the Ee- public. Several excellent maps have been prepared in France and Germany. A good topographical map is published by J. L. Smith,, of Philadelphia, Pa. A map of the heart of Mexico, including the mountains of Popocatepetl and Iztaccihuatl, has been printed in New York, and is on sale in the shops of the Mexican capital. A complete map, on a large scale, will soon be a possi- bility, considering the extensive surveys of the various rail- roads throughout the country. The boundary-lines of the public lands have never been determined, and the lack of accurate surveys is sadly felt at the present time. Dur- ing the Spanish domination the grants to individuals were practically unlimited, as the grantees took possession oi 102 GENERAL INFORMATION. immense tracts of land witlioiit defining the metes and bounds. It is to be presumed that the Federal Government will authorize a general survey of their public lands at an early day. XXXI. Stock-Raising. SooN' after the Spanish Conquest, horned cattle, horses, donkeys, sheep, and hogs were exported in large numbers to Mexico from the mother-country. At the present time more attention is devoted to rearing horses, mules, and cattle than to other animals. The Mexican horse is of small stature, but possesses great endurance, and resembles the Arabian breed. The mules in Mexico are inferior in size to those of the United States, but are said to be capable of doing more work than the latter. Donkeys were intro- duced into New Spain by the priesthood, to take the place of the porters for carrying merchandise. (See chapter on labor and wages. ) Cattle and sheep may be raised advan- tageously in most of the States of the Eepublic. The northern States, especially Tamaulipas, afford the best graz- ing-land. Several English companies have recently pur- chased large stock-ranges in Tamaulipas, Nuevo-Leon, and Sonora. Excellent pasturage may be found in the valleys of Toluca and Orizaba. The former is noted for a superior breed of hogs. The greater part of the region that is used for grazing lies on the table-laud. Most of the arable land in the tierra caUente and tierra templada is employed for agricultural purposes. The Imciendas of El Salado and Cedres, in the central part of Mexico, are among the largest stock-ranches in the Republic. Artificial ponds and tanks for watering animals are common throughout the country. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 103 Cattle-raising bids fair to become an important industry in Northern Mexico at an early day. The mildness of the winters admits of the stock feeding on the pastures, and there is no danger of losing the herd by a snow-storm. The natives are good herdsmen. It may be remarked, however, that marauding bands of Indians occasionally make raids on the stock-ranches, involving great loss to the owners. Eanches are usually sold by the sitio, which is equivalent to 4,438 acres. It is said that several large cattle-ranches in Northern Mexico are for sale at pres- ent. ( Vide next chapter. ) XXXII. Weights and Measures. The French metric system of weights and measures has been adopted in the Eepublic of Mexico, but in the rural districts the inhabitants have not done away with the old system (although it is no longer the legal one), of which we give a sketch. MEXICAN" LAN"D-MEASUEES. (Translated from the Ordenanzas de Tierras y Affuas.) The Mexican vara is the same as the vara of Castile, and is divided into thirds or foot-fourths, sixths, and thirty- sixth inches. It equals 33^ inches, American measure. Fifty Mexican varas make a measure called a cordel. A Mexican league contains 100 cor dels, or 5,000 varas. The league is divided into halves and quarters. The half -league contains 2,500 varas. Sitio de Ganado Mayor {sitio, a farm for raising cattle). — The form of a sitio de estancia de ganado tnayor is a square whose sides measure 5,000 Mexican varas. The area of a sitio is 25,000,000 square varas, or 4,428 acres. 104 GENERAL INFORMATION. Criadero de Ganado Mayor (place for breeding animals). — It is a square equal to a fourth part of a sitio de ganado mayor, whose sides measure 2,500 varas, and contains an area of 6,250,000 square varas. Sitio de Ganado Menor (farm for raising sheep or goats). — The form of a sitio de estancia de ganado menor is a square whose sides measure 3,833^ varas. Its area contains 11,111,111|- square varas. Criadero de Ganado Menor. — It is a square whose sides measure l,666f varas, and its area contains 2,777,777| square varas. Cdballeria de Tierra (33^ acres American measure). — The form of a cdballeria de tierra is a rectangular parallelo- gram whose north or small side contains 552 varas, and whose greatest length is 1,104 varas. Its area contains 609,- 408 square varas. Media Gaballeria de Tierra. — It is a square whose side measures 552 varas, and contains 304,704 square varas. Suerte de Tierra (lot of ground — a chance). — It is the fourth part of a cahalleria de tierra, and the same figure, whose long side measures 552 varas, and 276 in width. It contains 152,352 square varas. The Cdballeria de Tierra is also divided into twelve fanegas of good seed-oats. The fanega is equal to three American bushels or a superficies of 8*5624 American acres. Solar de Tierra (ground on which a house is built — town-lot). — Any parcel of land less than a suerte. Solar para Casas (for houses, mills, and markets). — It is a square of 50 varas — 2,500 square varas. Fundo Legal (a piece of ground which is cultivated ; town site). — It is a tract of land whose form is a square of 1,200 varas on each side, and contains an area of 1,440,000 square varas. Porcion. — Porcion is a measure sometimes used. It is a tract of land 1,000 varas wide and 16,000 varas long. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 105 Labor (a cultivated field). — A square containing 1,000,- 000 square varas, or 177 acres. Texas Measure. — League and labor, 26,000,000 square varas, or 4,605 acres. To find the number of acres in a given number of square varas, divide by 5,646, fractions rejected. THE ENGLISH AJJ"D PEEN"CH SYSTEMS OF V^^EIGHTS AND MEASUEES COMPARED. The unit of the metric or French system of weights and measures is the metre, which is equal to 39 '37 inches. The Measures of Length are : 1 millimetre = -03937 inch. 1 centimetre = -3937 " 1 decimetre = 3"937 inches. 1 metre = 39-37 " 1 decametre = 32-809 feet. 1 hectometre = 19-8842 rods. 1 kilometre = -6213 mile. 1 myriametre = 6-2138 miles. Measures of Surface. 1 square centimetre = '155 square inch. 1 square decimetre = 15-5 square inches. 1 square metre or |_ _ J 10-764 square feet. 1 centare I (1-96 square yard. 1 square decametre or ) _ j 3-954 square rods. 1 are I ~ I '0247 acre. 1 square hectometre, or 1 hectare = 2-471 acres. 1 square kilometre = -3861 square mile. Measures of Volume. 1 cubic centimetre = -061 cubic inch. 1 cubic decimetre or ) _ j -0353 " 1 litre i ~ 1 1-0567 liquid quart. 1 cubic metre, or. 1 stere = 35-3165 cubic feet. 106 GENERAL INFORMATION. Measures of Capacity. The litre is the unit of capacity, both of liquid and of dry measures, and is equal in volume to one cubic deci- metre. Dry measure. 1 centilitre = '61 cubic inch = 1 decilitre = 6'10 cubic inches = 1 Utre = -908 quart = 1 decalitre = 9-081 quarts = 1 hectolitre = 2-837 bushels , , ., ^ ( 28-37 bushels 1 kilometre, or stere = K ^ „^_ ,. , ' \ 1-308 cubic yard 1 myrialitre = 283-72 bushels =2,641-75 h Liquid measure. -338 fluid oz. •845 gill. 1-0567 quart. 2-64175 gallons. 26-4175 " 264-175 " Measures of Weight. The gramme is the unit of weight, and is equal to a weight of a cubic centimetre of distilled water. 1 centigramme 1 decigramme 1 gramme H 1 decagramme = 1 hectogramme = 1 kilogramme or } _ j kilo ■) ~ \ 1 myriagramme = 1 quintal = 1 tonneau or | _ C ton ] ~ \ -1543+ grain, troy. 15432+ " " 15-432+ grains, " •03527+ ounce, avoirdupois. •3527+ " " 3-5274+ ounces, " 2-6792 pounds, troy. 2-2046+ " avoirdupois. 22-046+ " " 112 " " 2204-62+ " " 1-1023 ton. N, B. — Except the table of the metric system, the preceding part of this chapter is taken almost verbatim from Castro's RepuUic of Mexico. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 107 «e ag 1-1^ Tji OS i-H^ T^l (M i-H c-r CO CO 00 CO •* iO »Oi-(i-OeO(M(M03 05D(M050'-l(Mi> ft S 00 lO O 00 >o O (M i-H O CO lOOOCOOSO£--*(M i> f- Tj( I-H 1-1 1 "tf C ui =3 ^ n 53 t- CO CO CO r-H # CO CO >— 1 1-1 CO IM --I rl 5 2 O O CO O CD O O CO O CM (M CO i# O O O CO lO CD_ m O "3 io~ io~ co" oC COOOlOlOt-OOlO COOcDOO-*(MOqcO COOcDOOOlOlOt- CO>OcO(MOi— i>OlOC-rH':0'*i:-0Ot-05i-lrH 10(M0S-01OT-HC0050:)l00S00rH0:sl00^C0C0C0-^C0THQ0-^ COCO-*-<^K>CO-*COa 02 0) jS lis 2 C3 "^ O S o3 . a d3 tS3 tf rt-, S S-S 5 fi o - S S o 5^S a c3 ?r^ I — 1 1^-1 i^ « g ^ OS a ^ I s s,l o a-g>5» ^^ gs 5^^ ^O.S0.^3o3c»Sfl6p*TiHeO>-l(yi020ir-00003i>--^CO-^OOOlOCOOOOCD QOOOCOODOOir-i— i:-l>.X--.t-.t-i>'.t— J:-X^Jr-lr-i^-i^-CD<:OOCC'CDt ^,5 03 § M-i £ §&a =1 O ft -: 03 -g ffi O t2i cc -^ W c;^ M S r^ pq 'J O rt pq O f>o1 Ph W (-1 Oh S M H M EH ^ Oas THE MEXICAN NATIONAL RAILWAY. 2535 c^^aslOcD^(^Dco^H(X)J^-^tlQO^-HlOG<^c^ocf5locoT-^u^<::oa5»OG<^(^^o lTH005aiQOOO-t-I^':C'COiC'*COC005(3^ §8 . S . == I?? 03 <0 y Cu 60^ J O tn o^lrf M ^ o a - oSig o d ^ o o b.s . S'^S S o S o o-'Sc2 ^ S-? feS §^ S'S J;o S S'l § 'S'SJE^ g a SECTION V. The Mexican Central Railway (Ferrocarril Central Mexicano). (Compare witli the chapter on railways.) Of the two branches of this road, the southern or prin- cipal one will be described first. Haute I. PKOM THE CITY OF MEXICO TO ZACATECAS. 1. Mexico to Queretaro. 2. Queretaro to Guanajuato. 3. Guanajuato to Lagos. 4. Lagos to Guadalajara and San Bias. 5. Lagos to Zacatecas. 1. From Mexico to Queretaro, 246 kilometres, or 152^ miles. Leaving the railroad-station at Buena Vista (elevation, 7,347 feet), the line runs northward over the broad valley of Mexico. The first station is Lecheria (21 kilometres). The track of the Mexican National Railway runs parallel with this road for several miles. The grade is slightly as- cending, Lecheria being 7,386 feet above the sea-level, or 39 feet above the City of Mexico. The snow-clad peaks of Popocatepetl and Iztacciliuatl remain in full view. We now stop at the hamlets of Cuautitlan (27 kilometres), Teoloyucan (36 kilometres), and Hueliuetoca (47 kilometres). Both of these American railroad companies have station- THE MEXICAN CENTRAL RAILWAY. 255 houses at these three places, and the Mexican National Eailway crosses the Mexican Central at Huehuetoca. The elevation of this point is 7,533 feet above the sea- level, according to Humboldt, or about 140 feet higher than the measurement of the railway-engineers. In general, it may be said that the distinguished German traveler and sci- entist, in taking altitudes with his barometer throughout the country, computed the elevations of the various points at somewhat higher figures than those of the engineers of the several railroads. Wheat and maize are cultivated in the vicinity of Huehuetoca. This village is famous in Mexican history as being the scene of one of the greatest hydraulic operations ever undertaken by man. Frequent in- undations of the City of Mexico, in the latter part of the sixteenth century, convinced the Spaniards that the system of dikes was insufficient to pro- tect the capital. It was decided that the artificial draining of the Lakes of Tezciico, Zwmpango, and San Cristobal, would be necessary. Two intelligent men, Obregon and Arciniega, proposed to the Govern- ment that a gallery should be made through the hills of Nochistongo, to the north-northwest of Huehuetoca. This spot was perhaps the lowest in the mountains bounding the valley of Mexico on the north. In 1607 the Marquis de Salinas, then viceroy, employed Enrico Martinez to begin the stupendous work of building a tunnel through the hills to drain the Mexican lakes. It received the name of the Desague (canal) de Huehuetoca. Work on the famous gallery of Nochistongo was commenced on November 28, 1607. The viceroy, in the presence of the audiencia, applied the first pickaxe, and 15,000 Indians were given employment. After eleven months of continued labor, during which many hundreds of Indians perished from severe treat- ment, the tunnel {el socabon) was completed. Its length was more than four miles, its width eleven and a half feet, and its height fourteen feet. The water flowed through the canal for the first time on September 17, 1608. In the following December the viceroy and Archbishop of Mexico were invited by Martinez to witness it running, from the Lake of Zumpango and the Hio de Cuautitlan, through the tunnel. The Viceroy Salinas is said to have ridden upward of a mile into this underground passage. Scarcely had the water begun to flow from the valley of Mexico toward the Atlantic Ocean, when the canal was found to be too small. The loose earth surrounding the tunnel began to crumble, and it became necessary to support the roof, which was composed of alternate strata of marl and stiff 256 CITIES AND ROUTES OF TRAVEL. clay. At first wood was used, but afterward masonry was deemed prefer, able. The water, however, gradually undermined the lateral walls, and de- posited a large quantity of earth and gravel on the bottom of the canal. Martinez built small sluices at intervals to clear the passage, to obviate these difficulties. This remedy, however, proved insufficient, and the gallery was stopped up by the constant falUng in of earth. From 1608 to 1614 various schemes for enlarging the canal were dis- cussed. In the latter year the court of Madrid, wearied out by the disputes of the engineers, sent out Adrian Boot, a Dutchman of large experience in hydraulic architecture. He was in favor of the Indian system, and advised the construction of great dikes and mounds of earth around the capital. He was unable to bring about the relinquishment of the NocMstongo Canal till 1623. About this time a new viceroy (Guelves) arrived, who scouted the idea that the City of Mexico was in danger of floods. . He had the temerity to order the desague to be closed, and to make the water of the Lakes of Zumpango and San Cristobal return to the Lake of Tezcuco, that he might see whether the peril was, in fact, as great as it had been represented. The last lake soon swelled rapidly, and the foolish direc- tions to the engineer Martinez were countermanded. The latter now began his operations anew, and continued them till June 20, 1629. Heavy rains fell, and suddenly the capital became inundated to the height of a metre (3J feet). Martinez was committed to prison. Con- trary to every expectation, Mexico remained flooded for five years, from 1629 to 1634! During this interval four different projects were presented and discussed by the Marquis de Ceralvo, the viceroy. The misery of the lower classes was singularly increased while the inundation lasted. Trade was at a stand, many houses tumbled down, and others were rendered un- inhabitable. The waters, however, in 1634, recededj the ground in the valley having opened on account of violent and very frequent earthquakes. The viceroy now set the engineer Martinez at liberty.. He was ordered to finish the desague, by enlarging the original tunnel. The Government levied particular imposts on the consumption of commodities for the expense of these hydraulic operations. In 163*7 the Viceroy Villena put the entire work in charge of Father Luis Flores, of the Order of St. Francis. It was decided to abandon the tunnel {socabon), to remove the top of the vault, and to make an immense cut through the mountain, of which the old subterranean passage was to be merely the water-course. The monks of St. Francis continued to retain direction of this work for about forty years, when Martin del Solis, a lawyer, obtained from the court of Madrid the administration of the desague. He proved to be in- 258 CITIES AND ROUTES OF TRAVEL. competent to manage such a gigantic engineering scheme, and the passage was stopped up. The canal had been opened and walled in a few years, but it required two centuries to complete the cut in a loose earth, in sec- tions of from 262 to 328 feet in breadth, and from 131 to 164 feet in per- pendicular depth. The work was neglected in years of drought, but renewed with extraordinary energy after a season of heavy rains. In 1'762 there were still at the northern extremity of the tunnel of Mar- tinez 6,356 feet which had never been converted into an open trench {tajo abierto). At length, in 1'76'7, the Flemish viceroy, the Marquis de Croix, undertook to finish the desague. The cut was enlarged, but, in fact, the great canal was never entirely completed. MilUons had been expended, and the Government, hesitating between the Indian system of dikes and the modern scheme of a canal and open cut through the hill, never had the courage to adhere to the same plan. The gallery was allowed to be choked up, because a wider and deeper one was required ; and the cut of Nochistongo was not to be finished, while the officials were disputing about the project of the canal of Tezcuco, which was never executed. In the beginning of the present century the entire length of the desague from south to north was 20,585 metres, or about 12f miles. This is reck- oning from the sluice of Vertideros, about 2^ miles south of Huehuetoca, to El Salto del Rio de Tula. For further particulars about this great canal, the reader is referred to Humboldt's Political Essay on the Kingdom of New Spain, Black's translation, Yol. ii, pp. 75-112, from which the above abstract is taken. Humboldt also discusses the scheme of extending the canal from El Salto to Tam- pico, on the Gulf of Mexico. For many years this plan, although never undertaken, was considered practicable by the Mexicans. It may be remarked that a canal of such length could be used for irrigation in the dry season, as well as for the transportation of merchandise by small craft. Of course a great many locks would be necessary, as the difference of level between Hueliuetoca and Tampico is 7,400 feet. The tourist can obtain a hasty view of this great hydraulic work from the car-window, as the track is now laid through the cut {tajo) of Nochistongo. But, to examine the desague TEE MEXICAN CENTRAL RAILWAY. 259 properly, a stop should be made at Huehuetoca or El Salto, where a horse can be procured for the short journey. The traveler can leave Mexico in the morning by either road {i. e., the Mexican Central or the Mexican National), in- spect the ancient canal, and return in the afternoon train. Leaving Huehuetoca, we pass Kilometer (53 kilometres), and the next station is El Salto (62 kilometres). Here the Mexican National Eailway crosses the Mexican Central again,* (Elevation of El Salto, 7,131 feet.) Between Hue- huetoca and El Salto the road runs northwest, but from the latter station to San Antonio the general course of the track is westerly. The snow-clad volcanoes are no longer visible after leav- ing Tula (80 kilometres) {Hotel Diligencias). This town was once the great Toltec capital. Euins are found on the Hill of Treasure (see p. 48). From this station, having an elevation of 6,658 feet, the up-grade becomes quite percep- tible for a few miles. Much wheat and maize grow along the line, especially in the river-bottoms. We now stop at San Antonio (93 kilometres ; elevation, 7,216 feet). Trees of nopal, piru, and huisachi are abun- dant in places where the land has not been cultivated. The general direction of the route is now west-northwest. The country is rolling, and good for stock-raising. Pass- ing the stations of Angeles (112 kilometres), Marques (122 kilometres), Nopala (130 kilometres), Danu (138 kilome- tres), Polotitlan (151 kilometres), and Cazadero (161 kilome- tres), the train describes a long curve, and reaches San Juan del Rio (191 kilometres). The highest point of the railroad is just east of Marques station. Here the altitude is 8,134 feet, or 787 feet above the capital. Thence the grade is downward toward Polotitlan — elevation, 7, 534 feet, and San Juan del Rio — 6,300 feet. * El Salto is 6'7"29 kilometres from Mexico, via the Mexican National Railway. 260 CITIES AND ROUTES OF TRAVEL. This latter town is situated in a broad and very fertile plain, where cereals are cultivated. Some of the best agri- cultural land in the Eepublic lies between here and Leon. The population of San Juan del Rio is about 12,000, and the streets are wide and well paved. It was formerly one of the largest woolen manufacturing cities in the country. The train stops thirty minutes at this place for breakfast. The restaurant is very well kept, and the eastward and westward passenger-trains usually meet here. Ahorcado (216 kilometres) is the next station ; elevation, 6,258 feet. The track now runs slightly downward over a productive region, passing the immense cotton-mills at Her- cules, and reaches Queretaro (246 kilometres). QUERETAEO. Population, 38,000 in 1882 ; elevation, 6,363 feet, according to Hum- boldt, and 5,904 feet, according to the railroad-engineers. Hotels. — Biligendas, Del Ferrocarril Central, Del AguUa Moja, Ruiz, and Hidalgo. Baths, in the Calle de Locutorios. Post-Office, in the same street. Queretaro is the capital of the State of the same name, and was founded by the Aztecs about the middle of the fifteenth century. It was conquered by the Spaniards, under Fernando de Tapia, a lieutenant of Cortes, in 1531. The city contains many fine edifices, several public squares, and numerous paved streets. It has a temperate climate, and fruits, flowers, and the cereals grow abundantly in the environs. The water-supply comes from a neighboring mountain, by means of a stone aqueduct, some of the arches of which are ninety feet high. The cost of this structure was $124,000, the greater part of which was paid by the Marquis de Villar del Aguila, to whom the citizens have erected a statue on one of the plazas. Places of Interest. — 1. The Churches of San Francisco, or the Ca- thedral ; San Antonio, San Agustin, Santo Domingo, Sa7ita Clara, El Car- THE MEXICAN CENTRAL RAILWAY. 261 twm, de la Cruz, and Santa Rosa. Santa Clara is the finest of all, and contains exquisite gilt wooden carvings. A convent adjoins it. 2. The Hercules cotton-mill. 3. El Cerro de las Campanas. 4. The Alameda, with beautiful groves of ash-trees. No traveler should leave the country without visiting the famous Hercules mill. The railroad- track runs close to it, and the distance by carriage from Queretaro is about two miles. The factory was begun in 1840 by Senor Ruhio. The cost of building it, together with the ground, was 14,000,000. It is a sort of citadel. Inclosed by a high wall, provided with port-holes, occupying several acres, and giv- ing employment to 1,400 operatives, it forms a manufactur- ing town of itself. The RuMo family live here, and their apartments ad- join a beautiful garden, laid out with artificial ponds and statues. The buildings are of stone, and the machinery has been imported principally from England. Both steam and water power are used in the factory, and it has one of the largest overshot wheels in the world, being fifty feet in diameter. The operatives are all Mexicans. There are, however, half a dozen Europeans employed as foremen and superintendents. The force of hands is kept working both day and night, and an immense number of yards of un- bleached cotton, called manta, is manufactured annually. Senor es RuMo have a small *'army" of thirty-eight sol- diers, who are provided with muskets and howitzers. Thus far the owners have defended their property successfully against the insurgents during several revolutions. The proprietors say that there has been but one strike among the operatives during the last twenty-five years. Don Gayetano RuMo is the present manager of the es- tablishment. He went to Manchester, England, when a lad, and learned the trade of cotton-spinning. He is very polite to strangers, and sends a clerk to accompany them through the factory. The Hercules mill suggests much 262 CITIES AND ROUTES OF TRAVEL. material for study to foreigners wlio are reckoning on the future of manufactures in Mexico. The Gerro de las Campanas is the hill on the north side of which the unfortunate Maximilian was shot. During the empire, earthworks were built on this eminence, which rises about one hundred feet above the plain. The Liberal army, under General Escobedo, besieged Queretaro while Maximilian was in command. Through the treachery of Colonel Miguel Lopez, the Emperor was taken prisoner, and his forces subsequently surrendered to the Liberals. Maximilian was tried before a court-martial, and sentenced to be shot. Persistent efforts were made to save his life. The Princess Salm-Salm is said to have ridden to San Luis Potosi, the seat of the Eepublican Government, 160 miles distant, and begged President Juarez to pardon the adventurer from Miramar. The Government of the United States was appealed to in vain. ISTone of the European potentates ventured to intercede, and Maximil- ian, together with his comrades in arms. Generals Miramon and Mejia, was shot on June 19, 1867. His body was sub- sequently taken to Vienna for interment. The night before the Emperor's execution, he wrote the following letter to his wife, who was then a maniac, confined in one of the palaces of her father, the King of the Belgians : " To MY BELOVED Charlotte : If God ever permits you to recover and read these lines, you will learn the cruelty of the fate which has not ceased to pursue me since your departure for Europe. You carried with you my soul and my happiness. Why did I not listen to you ? So many events, alas ! so many unexpected and unmerited catastrophes, have overwhelmed me, that I have no more hope in my heart, and I await death as a delivering angel. I die without agony. I shall fall with glory, like a soldier, like a conquered king. If you have not the power to bear so much suffering, if God soon reunites us, I shall bless the divine and paternal hand which has so rudely stricken us. Adieu ! Adieu ! Thy poor Max." A diligence runs three times a week from Queretaro to San Luis Potosi, the distance being 160 miles, and the fare TEE MEXICAN CENTRAL RAILWAY. 263 is 110. The road is rough, and two days are required for the trip. The route passes through two towns named after heroes of the War of Independence — San Miguel de Allende, a well-built city of about 20,000 inhabitants, and Dolores Hidalgo. The latter was the parish of the illustrious jsa^Zre, Hidalgo, and it was here that he sounded the key-note for the Independence of Mexico, while addressing the populace on the 16th of September, 1810. 2. From Queretako to Guanajuato, 160 kilometres, or 100 miles. Leaving Queretaro, the road traverses a rich agricultural plain bounded by hills of moderate extent. The track runs nearly due west to Calera (264 kilometres), elevation, 5, 904 feet, and the grade is now slightly downward. Passing the station of Apaseo (278 kilometres), we reach Celaya (292 kilometres), where the elevation is 5,800 feet. At the latter point the main line of the Mexican National Eailway crosses the track. (For a description of this route, see Section IV, pp. 237-252.) Celaya {Hotel Cortazar) lies in a broad plain. The population is about 15,000. The town is noted for its churches. Those of San Francisco and El Carmen are worthy of a visit. Several woolen-factories are found here. There are also factories of cotton thread at the town of Sal- vatierra, 20 miles distant. Celaya is destined, now that these trunk-lines are com- pleted, to become a place of some importance. Leaving this station, the road continues in a westerly direction with a gradual descent to G-uaje (311 kilometres), and thence to Salamanca (333 kilometres). The latter place has an altitude of 5,680 feet, and a population of 13,000. It is celebrated for the manufacture of leathern clothing and gloves. Boys bring the latter into the cars for sale. There are also rich deposits of kaolin and white clay here. The best hotel is the Cortazar. At Salamanca the line takes a 264 CITIES AND ROUTES OF TEAVEL. northwesterly direction, and, passing the station of CMco (344 kilometres), reaches Irapuato (353 kilometres). A branch road connects the latter town with Guadalajara. The popu- lation of Irapuato is about 12,000. (See slip facing thid page.) The track now ascends in approaching Villaloios (370 kilometres), and the next station is 8ilao (383 kilometres). SILAO. Population, about 10,000 ; elevation, 5,910 feet. Hotel. — Hidalgo. Also an excellent restaurant kept by a Frenchman opposite the station. The town lies in a district where two crops of wheat and maize are grown annually. Irrigation is necessary, how- ever, and the water is commonly raised from the ditches by a rude bucket-wheel worked by man-power. The wheat-harvest is thirty-five and forty for one, and sometimes even as high as fifty or sixty to one. In the farms that are properly irrigated, the wheat is twice watered : first, when the young plant springs up in the month of January ; and, secondly, in the beginning of March, when the ear is on the point of developing itself. Sometimes even the entire field is inundated before sowing. This method resembles the mode of cultivation of the cereals in lower Egypt. ( Vide p. 95.) A branch road leads to Guanajuato, 23 kilometres dis- tant. This town is situated in the low range of mount- ains that forms the northern boundary of the plain. The intervening region has an undulating surface, and very little vegetation except the nopal. The branch track runs northeasterly, and the upward grade is heavy. It was finished in November, 1882. The line is built as far as Marfil (18 kilometres). At this station, both stage-coaches and horse-cars connect with Guanajuato, 5 kilometres dis- tant. The fare in the former is 25 cents for each passenger THE MEXICAN CENTRAL RAILWAY. 264ra GUADALAJARA DIVISION. List of Stations, with the Distances. Irapuato to Guadalajara, 259-1 kilometres, or 161 miles. Distance from Irapuato. STATIONS. Distance from Guadalajara. Kilos. 0-0 Kilos. 259-1 5-1 San Miguel 254-0 16-4 Rivera 242-7 24-0 . . .Cuitzeo f 2351 38-2 San Rafael 220-9 49-8 Penjamo * 209-3 64-1 Villasenor \ 195-0 '71-2 . . . .Palo Verde 18'7-9 84-'7 Cortes f 174-4 91-3 La Piedad * 167-8 111-4 Pattif 147-7 125-'7 Yurecuaro * 133-4 146-'7 Negrete 112-4 153-1 :|:LaBarca** 106-0 ISY'S Feliciano 101-3 166-1 Limon \ 93-0 1*79-3 196-8 Ocotlan * ... Poncitlan * 79-8 62-3 218-4 40-7 226-'7 La Capilla \ 32-4 234-3 El Castillo f 24-8 259-1 Guadalajara * 0-0 * Telegraph stations. f Flag-stations. * Eating-house. \ Connection is made with Lake Chapala. This branch line was begun on May 2, 1887, and completed on April 17, 1888. It is expected that the Guadalajara division will derive con- siderable business from Lake Chapala, which it touches by means of the Lerma River at La Barca and at Ocotlan. The railway company owns a steamboat that makes regular trips around the lake touching at the several villages. The tourist is strongly advised to make the tour of Lake Chapala. The president of the company is unable to say when the line from Guadalajara westward to the Pacific will be commenced. By an amend- ment to the concession in 1886, the company has the privilege of choosing some other port than San Bias, THE MEXICAN CENTRAL RAILWAY. 265 with ordinary baggage, and in the tramway 15 cents, first class, and 7 cents, second class. The railway company in- tends to extend its track to Guanajuato in a few months. GUAN'AJUATO. Population, 56,112; elevation, 6,836 feet, according to Humboldt. Hotels. — Bel Suizo, Bay as, and Diligencias. Restaurants. — De Bordeaux, Frances, Guanajuato is the capital of the State of the same name, and lies in latitude 21° north, and longitude 1° 49' west of the City of Mexico. The city was founded by the Spaniards in 1554. It re- ceived the royal privilege of villa (town) in 1619, and that of ciudad (city) on the 8th of December, 1741. Places of Interest. — 1. The Church of La Parroquia. 2. The Mint. 3. The Prison {El Carcel). 4. The Silver-mills {haciendas de benejicios). 5. The Silver-mines. 6. Cerro (hill) de San Miguel. 1. The Paseo. In 1803 Humboldt states that the population luitMn the city was 41,000, and in the adjacent mines of Marjil, Santa Ana, Santa Rosa, Valenciana, Rayas, and Mellado, it was 29,600, making a total of 70,600, of whom there were 4,500 Indians. The same writer, in his Political Essay on New Spain, vol. iii, p. 138, ranks Guanajuato first in a list of the richest mining districts of Mexico. He remarks also that the vein of Guanajuato, from the end of the sixteenth century to the year 1800, produced /owr^ee;^ hun- dred million {1, JfiO, 000, OOG) francs worth of silver, besides some gold. (See chapter on mines, in Part First.) This vein is familiarly called the Yeta Madre, and the mines on it began to be worked in 1558. For several years past these mines have not paid well, and it is believed by many persons that their mineral wealth has been exhausted. This impression, however, is not well founded, as the mines have in only two instances {Rayas and Valenciana) been explored to a depth of 1,500 266 CITIES AND ROUTES OF TRAVEL. feet. It is highly probable that rich bodies of ore will be met with by sinking the shafts deeper. There are several families of great wealth in Guana- juato, whose fortunes have been acquired in silver-mining. Humboldt states that the Count de Valenciana dug three pits in one mine at an expense of 11,700,000. The pro- prietors of these mines' are unwilling to sell them except at a large profit, as this class of real estate is regarded as a good investment. At present but two English companies own mineral property in this region. One of them has an agency for the examination and purchase of Mexican mines. Thus far the Americans have not bought mines in this vicinity. Their mineral lands are mostly in the northern States of the Eepublic. The traveler will have no better chance of visiting a mine than in Guanajuato. Accordingly, he is advised to descend one of the many pits in the suburbs. The Rayas * and Nopal mines are both dry and well arranged. A car- riage may be driven to the latter, and within a short walk of the former. Strangers are treated with great civility, and no card of admission is necessary. The tourist will have an opportunity of seeing the cele- brated peons at work, with their primitive tools and meth- ods of mining. But he will be obliged to descend and ascend the massive stone steps to reach the vein, as no *' elevators " have thus far come into use. A fee of twenty- five cents will be sufficient to give the boy who accompanies the traveler through the mine. (See p. 81. ) There are fifty mills for crushing and reducing silver- ores in Guanajuato. All of them are worked by horse- power, except the Pardo mill, which is operated by steam. This mill has six stamps and twenty-two arrastras. The * The Rayas mine has three shafts, the deepest of which is 1,640 feet In April, 1883, two thousand peons were employed. THE MEXICAN CENTRAL RAILWAY. 267 ore is brought in sacks from the neighboring mines by pack- mules, and it is worked by the cold amalgamation or patio process, which was invented in 1557 by Bartolome Medina, a Mexican miner. A description of it may be of interest : The ore is first put in the mill (molino), which is a circular depression in the ground, and crushed by a revolving stone wheel covered with a thick cast-iron tire, and having a horizontal axis. The wheel is moved by two mules attached to a long shaft. There is a coarse iron sieve in the center of the mill, at the base of the vertical post in which the axle of the wheel is fastened. As the ore is crushed, a peon shovels it against the sieve, and the smaller pieces pass through an opening in the ground surrounding the post, and are collected in a vault below. The small particles of ore are now carried in litters to the arrastras, which are flat stones of porphyry, or some other hard rock, about three feet long, which revolve in a large tub. The tub is half full of water, and the arrastras grind the fragments of silver-ore into a fine powder in about twenty-four hours. Mules are used to give a rotary motion to the arrastras, each animal working six hours. The machinery is run day and night. The next step is the conveyance of the pulverized ore, called lama, in a trough (batea) to the patio or court-yard. The patio is paved with large flat stones, and the soft lama is allowed to accumulate to a depth of about two feet. This muddy mass is then mixed with magistral,* or blue vitriol, salt, and quicksilver, by scattering these sub- stances with the hand, and employing mules to walk about in the torta, as it is now termed. A laborer rolls up his breeches and stands in the torta, holding the reins of three mules harnessed together, and drives the animals around him, changing his position every few minutes, in order to impreg- nate the powdered ore thoroughly with the several chemicals. The mules tramp through the torta for seven hours daily, and the time required to mix the mass properly varies from two to four weeks, accord- ing to the quality of the ore. The torta is then carried in litters to the lavaderos, or large cisterns, where it is washed and stirred by means of revolving sticks. The silvery mass being heavy, of course, settles at the bottom, and in two or three days the muddy water is drawn off. The amalgam, or pella, which has been formed, is now taken from the lavaderos to a sort of oven or depres- sion in the ground, covered with a huge metallic hood termed a capellina. A fire is built around the capellina, and the mercury is separated by distil- lation in about four days. The block of silver which remains is transported to the nearest mint, and worked into coin or sold. The law of Mexico com- * Native sulphide of iron and copper. 13 268 CITIES AND ROUTES OF TRAVEL. pels the owners of haciendas cle beneficios to send their silver to the mint. If the owner wishes to export the bullion, he must first obtain a certificate from the director of the establishment. N. B. — A picture of i\iQ patio process may be found on p. 198. The peons are searched, when leaving the silver-works, at the end of the day's work, as fragments of the precious metal are often concealed in their hair and clothing. (See p. 81.) The prison, or cared, is worthy of a visit. It occupies an eminence in the heart of the city, near the causeway {calzada), and was formerly a castle. It was also the last stronghold of the Spaniards in Guanajuato during the great revolution. The castle was defended with fire-arms, while the Mexicans had merely primitive weapons, such as clubs, knives, missiles, etc. Finding the fortress impregnable, the latter approached the gate on all-fours, with flat stones on their backs to serve as armor, and set fire to it. The Spanish oppressors surrendered, and the natives decapitated four of the leaders, and hung their heads in the corners of the court-yard of the castle. The prison is a two-storied building, about 150 feet long and 75 feet wide. The inmates work at various trades. The traveler should ascend the Cerro de San Miguel, which lies south of the mint, and about twenty minutes' walk from the plaza, to obtain a correct idea of the location of Guanajuato. It will be seen that the city is built in a gorge, surrounded by rolling hills. The narrow streets are winding, and they have a cobble-stone pavement. The tourist is reminded of the towns in the Swiss Alps. Look- ing across the city, the observer has a fine view of the prin- cipal suburbs, the mines being chiefly on the northern and western sides of Guanajuato. There are some foreigners living in the city. They are mostly French, although a few Germans, Spaniards, Eng- lishmen, and Americans can be included in the number. THE MEXICAN CENTRAL RAILWAY. 269 Tlie inhabitants are disposed to introduce modern inven- tions, such as the electric light and telephone. A New York company has erected seventy-five telephones, many of which connect the mines with the houses and offices of the owners. The greater part of the population of Guanajuato con- sists of miners, who are an industrious and well-to-do class of people. On Sundays they dress up in their best. clothes, and walk on the plaza and paseo with their families. The tourist can spend a week in Guanajuato to advan- tage, during which an excursion may be made to Dolores Hidalgo, about 35 miles northeast of the city. (See p. 263.) 3. From Guanajuato to Lagos, 115 kilometres, or 72 miles. Leaving Guanajuato, the stage-coach sets out from the door of the hotel, and connects with the train at Marjil, 5 kilometres distant. The track has a downward grade nearly all the way to 8ilao, 18 kilometres farther. The railroad company has erected a large wooden station and freight- house at the latter point. This branch road carries large quantities of quicksilver, salt, and magistral to' Marjil for the silver-reducing works. (See p. 267.) From Silao the road continues in a northwest course through the fertile plain, passing the station of Trinidad (402 kilometres), and reaches Leon (416 kilometres). The grade ascends slightly to a point just west of Trinidad,, having an altitude of 5,963 feet, and then descends toward Leon. LEON". Population, about 80,000 ; elevation, 5,862 feet. Hotels. — Comer do, de la Luz, Colon. Tramways run to the city, 1-^ mile north of the station ; fare, 10 cents for each passenger. The towers of the cathedral and several domes of the churches are visible from the train. Leon is noted for its manufactories of saddles and leathern goods, and a quarry of building-stone is found near 2Y0 CITIES AND ROUTES OF TRAVEL. the town. It is said to have had 166,000 inhabitants in 1865. The residents claim that their city is second to the national capital in population. It is, however, greatly in- ferior to Guadalajara and Puebla in mercantile importance and in places of interest. The city lies near the edge of the rich cereal belt of the table-land, which is about 80 miles long and from 21 to 26 miles wide. From Lmn the railroad goes northwesterly with an as- cending grade toward Lagos. Passing the stations of Fran- cisco (432-2 kilometres), Pedrito (447-6 kilometres), and Lama (461-3 kilometres), the train arrives at Lagos (474-9 kilometres). LAGOS. Population, 10,000; elevation, 6,154 feet. HoTKL . — Diligendas. Places of Interest.— The churches of La Parrdquia, San Francisco, Merced, and the building formerly used as a Capuchin convent. 4. From Lagos to Guadalajara and San Blas. Guadalajara lies about 130 miles west of Lagos. Before the completion of this railway a diligence ran between these two places, but now Guadalajara is reached by rail from Irapuato, as stated on p. 264a. The chief places of interest on this branch are near the stations of La Barca and El Castillo. A steamboat starts from La Barca and makes the tour of Lake Ghapala. Near El Castillo is the famous cataract of Joanacatlan^ which is called the " Niagara " of Mexico. GUADALAJARA. Population, 100,000 ; elevation, 5,052 feet. Hotels. — Nadonal, Hidalgo, Diligendas and Nuevo Mundo, The city is situated in latitude 20° 41' north, and on the west bank of the Rio de Santiago (the largest river in TEE MEXICAN CENTRAL BAIL WAY. 271 Mexico except the Eio Grande). It is the capital of the State of Jalisco. The houses are well built and the streets are- wide and laid out at right angles. Some travelers con- sider Guadalajara to be the finest city in the Eepublic. There are four lines of tramways leading to the suburbs. Places op Interest. — 1. The Cathedral and Sagrario. 2. The Gov- ernment Palace. 3. The Bishop's Palace. 4. The Mint. 5. The City Hall. 6. The Academy of Fine Arts. Y. The Degollado Theatre. 8. The Plaza de Armas. 9. The Alameda. Plaza de Armas, Guadalajara. The first three buildings are situated on the Plaza de Armas. "The Cathedral was completed in 1618, and is one of the oldest in Mexico. The cupolas of both towers were destroyed by the great earthquake of May 31, 1818. The city can boast of fourteen public squares, a univer- sity, and an academy of fine arts — the only one in the Re- public except that of San Carlos at the capital. Much glazed pottery is made here ; it is quite ornamental, and 272 CITIES AND ROUTES OF TRAVEL. may be found in the shops at the City of Mexico. There are several woolen and cotton manufactories in Guadalajara. Opinions are divided as to whether this city or PueUa should rank next to Mexico in wealth and commercial im- portance. Guadalajara lies in a fertile region. The cereals, fruits and vegetables grow in abundance. Some farms are said to yield as much as forty bushels of Indian corn to the acre. The following table of distances will be found useful : From Guadalajara to the City of Mexico via Irapuato. . 881 miles. " " Tepic 258 " " " San Bias 300 " " " Colima 142 " " " Manzanillo ...211 " " " MoreUa 191 " " " Aguascalientes (by rail) 305 " An excursion may be made to the Lake of Chapala, about 40 miles distant. This lake is the largest in Mexico, having an area of 415 square miles. (Seep. 30.) There- are several islands in it, on one of which ruins have been found. A small American steamboat makes a tour round the lake daily. The depth of Lake Chapala has not yet been ascertained. Diligences run from Guadalajara to San Bias, 300 miles distant, via the villages of Amatitan, Tequila, Ixtlan, Te- titan, Zapotlan, and Tepic. The latter place is a manu- facturing town of 20,000 inhabitants. It is noted for pro- ducing a fine quality of cigars. The elevation of Tepic is 3,050 feet. The Mexican Central Eailway Company will build a branch line from Guadalajara toward San Bias, which will run parallel to the stage route, or nearly so. It is expected that this branch will be finished in 1893. San Bias has a population of 3,500. The Pacific Mail steamers touch at this port once a month. The distance to San Francisco is 1,519 miles, and the fare is 185. TEE MEXICAN CENTRAL RAILWAY. 2Y3 From Lagos to Zacatecas, 231 kilometres, or 143-5 miles. Leaving Lagos., the track runs nearly due northward. The road crosses a fertile plain where the cereals are raised. The chief object of interest on the route is the fine iron bridge over the Encarnacion Eiver, at an altitude of 150 feet above the stream. It is the only iron truss-bridge on the main line of this railway. The elevation of the station is 6,072-6 feet. Near the town is an irrigating reservoir with a massive stone dam. The stations between Lagos and Encarnacion are Las Salas, Santa Bdrhara and Sa7ita Maria. These places lie in Jalisco. The train then enters the State of Aguascalientes, and, after passing Peiiuelas, reaches the city of that name (585-1 kilometres, or 363-6 miles). AGUASCALIENTES. Population, 40,000; elevation, 6,1*79 feet. Hotels.. — Diligencias, Nacional, de la Plaza. Baths on the Alameda ; hot baths at 20 and 25 cents. Places op Interest. — The Cathedral, Flaza de Armas and the Paseo. The last named is one of the finest parks in the Republic. A large miU- tary band plays there in the evening. FROM AGUASCALIEKTES TO SAIS" LUIS POTOSI. 224-'? kilometres, or 139*7 miles. The eastern division of the Mexican Central extends from Aguascalien- tes to Tampico, 414*9 miles. (See pp. 240, 241 for description of this line between San Luis Potosi and Tampico.) The tourist is advised to visit Salinas on the way to San Luis Potosi. The intervening region is arid and very barren for the most part. A few cattle and sheep are raised along the route. The country is gently rolling and is covered with nopal, taza- hillo, huisachi and dagger-plant, interspersed with a little mesquite. There are several salt lagoons at Salinas, or Las Salinas de la Rena Blanea, its full name, and the owner, Senor Erazos, has built a stately resi- dence, which is surrounded by a stone wall and a deep moat. A draw- bridge across the moat is raised at night, reminding the traveler of the 274 CITIES AND ROUTES OF TRAVEL. baronial castles of the middle ages. These fortifications were useful when the country was infested with bandits. The town has a population of about 5,000, and the inhabitants live chiefly by means of the salt industry. The largest salt-works in Mexico are here, and the product is sent to all parts of the Republic for silver-reduction and for domestic use. The altitude of Salinas is 6,808 feet, being the highest point on the route. From this station to San Luis Potosi the track runs almost due east, with a downward grade through a rolling country. (For description of San Luis Potosi, see pp. 238-240.) Tickets from Aguascalientes to San Luis Potosi and return are sold at ten dollars, United States currency. The following is a list of stations, with the distances : Kilometres .. *Chicalote 14-3 \ Canada 20'5 ^Oallardo. .... 31-0 \eI Tule 35-6 *San Gil 50-8 ^San Marcos 59'0 \Garcia VO'O *La Honda 82-8 Kilometres. \Penon Blanco 938 * Salinas 109-9 *Lspiritu Santo . . . ISY"! ^Tolosa 152-9 \Solana 162-4 \j^renal 118-& ^Ahualulco 189-5 ^Lstanzuela 211-4 *San Luis Potosi. . . 224-'7 Leaving Aguascalientes, the railroad traverses a flat and barren country. The first station is Chicalote (599-4: kilo- metres) from the City of Mexico. Here the eastern branch of this railway leaves the main line. From this point the grade of the road-bed is upward all the way to Zacatecas. The train then stops at Las Animas (608 kilometres) ; PaM- lon (615-2 kilometres) ; Rincon de Romos (623-7 kilometres) ; Soledad (644-2 kilometres) ; Berriozdlal (660-1 kilometres), where the track enters the State of Zacatecas; Trancoso (680-7 kilometres) ; Guadalupe (696 kilometres) ; and arrives ' at Zacatecas (705-9 kilometres, or 75 miles from the city of Aguascalientes). The city of Zacatecas is nearly 2,000 feet above the station at Aguascalietites. * Telegraph stations. f Flag-stations. TEE MEXICAN CENTRAL RAILWAY. 275 Some interesting ruins of Indian architecture are found at Quemada, about 30 miles southwest of Zacatecas, and 2^ miles north of the village of La Quemada, at an eleva- tion of 7,406 feet above the sea-level. The remains are situated on a rocky eminence that rises abruptly from the plain. It is called "El Cerro de los Bdificios." The summit is reached by a causeway. An area of six acres has been inclosed by a broad wall, forming a sort of citadel. This barrier surrounds a quadrangle 240 X 200 feet, which to the east is sheltered by a strong wall of unhewn stones, eight feet in thickness aiad eighteen in height. A raised terrace of twenty feet in width passes round the northern and eastern sides of this space, and on its southeast corner is yet standing a round pillar of rough stones of the same height as the wall, and nineteen feet in circumference. There are vestiges of five other pillars on the eastern, and four on the northern terrace. There is another quad- rangle surrounded by perfect walls of the same height and thickness as the former one, and measuring 134 x 137 feet. This space contains fourteen columns of equal dimensions with that of the adjacent inclosure. They were made of clay mixed with straw. There is a flat-topped pyramid of hewn stown in one of the quadrangles. Two small pyramids may also be seen. One chamber has an irregular structure 7x5 feet near the center. It was probably an altar, and the room may have been used as the Hall of Sacrifice or Assembly. These ruins are probably the work of the Aztecs. At Guadalupe, 4 miles from Zacatecas, the land rises rapidly. The former town is seen in the distance several miles before it is reached. It contains many furnaces and silver-mills, in which the ores from Zacatecas are worked. On account of the presence of sulphur, the ores are gener- 276 CITIES AND EOUTES OF TRAVEL. ally roasted before being treated in tbe crushing 'and re- ducing-mills. The stage-coach enters a canon at Guadalupe, and, traveling up a heavy grade, the old mining settlement of Zacatecas is reached. The latter place is 75 miles from Aguascalientes, and the time required to make the dis- tance is 3|^ hours. ZACATECAS. Population, 46,000, including Ouadalupe ; elevation, 9,012 feet,* accord- ing to Burkart. Hotels. — Zacatecdno, Del Comercio, Nacio7ial, and Del Progreso. Baths, in the Plaza de Armas. Post-Office in the Calle de la Moneda. ■ Horse-Cars to Guadalupe (see time-table). Zacatecas is one of the oldest mining towns in Mexico. It received the title of city in 1585 from Philip 11. The streets are well paved and somewhat tortuous, although not as much so as in Guanajuato. The city is not behind the age, even if lately (1884) reached by the Central Eail- way, and a considerable distance from any seaport. The electric light shines on the plaza, and a number of tele- phones are in use. Zacatecas lies in an arid and mountain- ous region, with an inclement climate. Places OF Interest. — 1. The Cathedral ; observe carvings on the fa9ade. 2. The Palace. 3. The Mint. 4. The Bufa, a hill north of the city. 5. The silver-mines. There are fourteen churches of minor importance and a Protestant chapel. Some of them are ornamented with ar- tistic gilt wooden carvings and old paintings, that were transported to the city at enormous expense. The tourist should ascend the Bufa, about 500 feet above the plaza, for a view of the city and its environs. There is a small chapel on the summit, known as the * This is too high an estimate ; 8,044 feet.would be more correct. THE MEXICAN CENTRAL RAILWAY. 277 Capilla de la Bufa. It is worthy of remark that several kinds of igneous rocks occur near each other on this moun- tain. The observer will see that the city is built in a valley, surrounded by rolling hills, which contain numerous mines. He stands on top of a ridge that rises from the great table- land. To the westward lies the spur of the Sierra Madre, which extends nearly to the Pacific coast. There are many low ridges running north and south, that are situated on the eastern and northern, sides of the Zacatecas range. The country is very barren, scarcely a particle of vegetation being visible. The broad plain below has an elevation of about 7,000 feet, and there are nine small lakes of salt and carbonate of soda in this plain, a few miles from Zacatecas. This salt is transported to Guadalupe for use in the silver- mills. The geological formation of this district has been compared by Humboldt to that of Switzerland. The mines next demand attention. In mineral wealth Zacatecas is the richest State in Mexico. The district, however, which includes the city, does not rank first. In 1804 Humboldt placed Zacatecas third in a" list of the principal mining towns. Guanajuato ranks first and Catorce second in the pro- duction of the precious metals. The Veta Grande, or great vein, is next in magnitude to the Veta Madre of Guana- juato. Its average width is about 25 feet, and in a few places it has a breadth of 75 feet, although the entire mass is not. metalliferous. The mines of Zacatecas began to be worked in 1548. Up to the year .1732 they are said to have produced the enormous sum of 1832,232,880, on which a tax of 146,523,000 was paid to the Spanish treas- ury. About 1728 the mines of Zacatecas yielded $1,800,000 annually, which was then estimated as one fifth of all the silver coined in Mexico. During the War of Independence, the amount of pre- 278 CITIES AND ROUTES OF TRAVEL. cious metal extracted greatly diminislied ; and at the pres- ent time (1891) these mines are not doing well. It remains to be seen whether their wealth is exhausted, or whether new bodies of ore will yet be found in paying quantities. There are a dozen mines within a half -hour's walk of the principal hotels, and which can readily be visited. It is best to go in the morning. A series of ladders is used in most .of them, instead of the massive stone steps as in Guanajuato. The largest mine is the San Rafael, and the oldest one bears the name of the famous Cortes. The latter is about two miles north of the city. An English company owns the Clerigos mine. Two other mines in the vicinity are also owned by Englishmen. There is one American company in Zacatecas, called the Chicago and Mexican Syn- dicate, that controls several mines in this district. Stage-coaches run from Zacatecas as follows : To Durango, distance, 228 miles ; fare, $14.00. " Jerez, " 40 " " 1.50. " Villa Nueva, " 65 " " 1.25. " Fresnillo, " 46 " " 1.00. A well-known Mexican, named Sada, has run a line of ambulances, called "the money-train," from .^aca^em.s to Monterey for many years. Before the Mexican National Eailway was built, Sada drove his wagons as far as the fron- tier, at Laredo. The time required to reach Monterey is six days and a half, and the fare is 140, including board and lodging on the Journey. A dozen mounted guards ac- company the train. Bullion and silver coin are carried chiefly, although packages and personal baggage will also be forwarded. The route to Monterey traverses an arid and barren region, having a gently undulating surface, and very little vegetation, except the various species of cactus. The road goes via the hacienda de Cedres and Saltillo. This hacienda is the only redeeming feature of the trip, and it is one of the largest in Northern Mexico. There arc TEE MEXICAN CENTRAL RAILWAY. 279 some silver-mines on it, as well as many horses, cattle, and sheep. The train of ambulances starts about daybreak, and travels till noon ; then a long rest is taken, after which the wagons continue the Journey till sundown. Many extra mules follow the train, and, when one of the animals grows tired, a change is at once made.* Zacatecas is nearly the southernmost town in which Americans have in- vested capital in mines. They have, however, lately purchased mineral property at Somhrerete and at Durango. The city of Durango is three days' journey by diligence from Zacatecas. The population of the city is 35,000, and, according to Humboldt, the alti- tude is 6,847 feet. It is situated in the plain of San Antonio, about 30 miles east of the Sierra Madre. Durango is the capital of the State of the same name, and lies in latitude 24° 2' north. Near the city of Durango is the famous iron inountain, El Cerro del Mercado. This hill is one mile long, one third of a mile wide, and from 400 to 600 feet in height. It is composed of two varieties of iron-ores, magnetite and hematite (see p. 78), and is perhaps the largest and richest deposit of iron in the world. In 1881 a corporation known as the Iron Mountain Company was or- ganized under the laws of the State of New York, with a capital stock of $10,000,000, to work the ores of the Cerro del Mercado. This company expects to make Durango the seat of the largest iron-manufacturing industry in North America. A blast-furnace is in course of erection near the mountain, and fuel, fire-clay, and limestone are abundant in the vicinity. Referring to the future development of the Cerro del Mercado, Ward stated, in 1827, that there is no article in Mexico for which the demand is greater than for iron, and none whose supply from Europe is attended with so many disadvantages. The same writer predicts that " the advantages for manufacturing iron will be duly apparent when Durango becomes, as it will in a few years, the field of work ... of some great foreign or native company of capitalists, by whose labors the resources of the country will first be fully developed." Ward also prophesied that, if a foreign company should start in Durango, it would receive the warmest support, and that city might be rendered the depot of iron for Somhrerete, Zacatecas, Catorce, Batopilas, and all the districts south of Chihuahua. * Senor Sada intends shifting his line from Zacatecas to Matamoros, and thence to Saltillo, to connect with the Mexican National Railway (see p. 288). 280 CITIES AND ROUTES OF TRAVEL. Route II. FROM ZACATECAS TO EL PASO,- TEXAS. ' 1. Zacatecas to Lerdo. 2. Lerdo to CMliualiua. 3. Cliihuahua to El Paso. "1. From Zacatecas to Leedo, 435"3 kilometres, or 2'70'3 miles. Leaving Zacatecas, whicli is 438"6 miles from the City of Mexico, the railway trends northwesterly with a down- ward grade over the broad plain through Pimienta, Calera (elevation, 7,051 feet, or 993 feet below Zacatecas), to Ojue- los and Fres7iillo* (35-8 miles, or .57'6 kilometres). North of Zacatecas the country along the line of the railway is chiefly a mining, not a farming, region. The road-bed lies in the State of Zacatecas as far as' Camacho (142'9 miles). Just north of this station it enters Coahuila. The population of Fresiiillo is about 20,000, and the. elevation 6,861-7 feet. This district was discovered in 1569. It contains rich silver-mines, the principal of which are in the Cerro del Proano. Diligences run from Fresnillo to Durango, 182 miles northwest. This town is the nearest station on the railway to Somhrerete, where much capital has lately been invested by Americans. The main line of the Mexican Central Eailway was com- pleted near the station of Fresnillo, March 8, 1884. The 1,224 miles were built in about three years and six months, 1. e., at the rate of more than one mile daily during the actual time employed. On the last day eiglit miles were laid. This is probably the best daily record in the history of railway construction. The Mexican Central was the first * The maximum grade from Fresnillo to El Paso is but 3Y feet (down- ward) to the mile. Humboldt has spoken of the levelness of the great table-land. {Vide ^. 28.) The surface is very even between the stations of Jimulco and Horcasitas, 309 miles. There are no tunnels on the main line. THE MEXICAN QENTRAL RAILWAY. 281 railroad to run from the north temperate zone into the trop- ics. The main line cost, in round numbers, $32,500,000. Leaving Fi'esnillo, the line trends northeasterly to La Colorada (850"3 kilometres). The intermediate stations are Mendoza, Gutierrez,, Canitas and Cedro. Then the track runs northward through Pacheco, Guzman and Gonzalez to Camacho (936-2 kilometres, or 581-5 miles from Mexico). After passing San Isidoro, the train reaches Symoti (in CoaJmila, elevation, 5,146 feet), where a daily diligence connects with San Juan de Guadalu^je, twelve and a half miles west. From Symon the road continues in Coahuila through La Mancha, Galvo,, Peralta, Jimulco and Jalisco. At Pi- cardias (1,094-4 kilometres, or 679-8 miles), the next sta- tion, the track enters Durango. From Picardias,, diligences run as follows : To Durango (city), CJiorro, Porfias, Sauces, Santa Caialina, San Diego, Tapias, Yerbanis and Cuencame.* The next station is Mieleras (elevation, 3,757-6 feet), where the railway again enters Coahuila. Then comes Torreon (1,136 kilometres, or 705-9 miles). There is a good restaurant at the station. Here connection is made with the Mexican International Eailroad, which goes to Ciudad Porfirio Diaz, on the Rio Grande, 383-11 miles distant; time, about 22 hours. (See p. 322.) This railway is in course of construction to the city of Durango, 155 miles southwest. A diligence runs between these two places. The next station is Lerdo, 515-2 miles from Juarez City and three miles from Torreon. A daily stage-coach con- nects the two towns. The population of Lerdo is about 10,000 and the elevation 3,726 feet. It is almost the lowest station on the main line. The town lies in the so-called " laguna country," a very fertile" region, where much cotton, * Cuencame is the seat of lar2;e silver smeltins; works. 282 CITIES AND ROUTES OF TRAVEL. grain and sugar-cane are grown. It is an emporium, of the cotton-trade. The annual yield of this commodity is said to be 30,000 bales, all of which is consumed in the Eepub- lic ; and there is reason to believe that the production of cotton in the " laguna country " will soon be greatly in- creased. Cotton and woolen mills have been erected here and many zarapes and rebosos are manufactured.- 2. From Lerdo to Chihuahua, 467'3 kilometres, or 290'5 miles. Leaving Lerdo^ the track remains in Durango as far as Saez (elevation, 3,900 feet). The intermediate stations are iVoe, Maphni, Peronal, Conejos and Yerfiio. At Mapimi (elevation, 3,694 feet) diligences run to Mapimi City, 15 miles ; Tlahualilo, 19 miles ; and Pe?ioles, 81 miles. Mines of gold, silver and lead occur near the station of Mapimi. The last-named town lies in the southern part of the Bolson de Mapimi, an arid, desolate plateau, with little vegetation except the " thorny weeds," such as the tuna cactus, the Spanish-bayonet and the mesquite-tree, the roots of which are much used for fuel. Patches of grass, on which a few cattle graze, are occasionally seen. In this entire region, extending on the line of railway from Jimenez southeasterly nearly 150 miles, there are, save the station Just mentioned, no towns worthy of the name. Artificial tanks, to catch the rains and store water, are common. At Zavalza, the next station to Saez, the road-bed enters Chihuahua and continues in this State to Juarez City, 425-7 miles distant. From Zavalza to the city of Chihua- hua the course of the line is northwesterly. The next stopping-place is EscaUn, where connection is made with the Sierra Mojada silver-mining district (87-7 miles east) via the Mexican Northern Eailway or Compama Ferrocarril Mexicano del Norte. THE MEXICAN CENTRAL RAILWAY. 283 The following is a list of stations, with the distances from EscaUn : Kilometres. Escaldn 0*0 La Gloria 41*0 Carrillo 4'7'0 Guimbaleie '70-0 Kilometres. Rincon 104'0 El Puerto 120-0 Sierra Mojada 125*0 Since the completion of the Mexican Northern, the town of EscaUn has rapidly increased in population. It has now nearly 2,000 inhabitants. Leaving EscaUn^ the track has an upward grade as far as Jimenez (elevation, 4,531 feet ; population, about 10,000), 853*1 miles from Mexico. There is a restaurant at the station. The road crosses the Rio Florida near Jimenez. The intervening stations are Rellano, Corralitos and Dolo- res. Stage-coaches run daily from Jimenez to Allende and Parral on the west. The mines of Parral (about 60 miles distant) are famous. It is said that they have yielded silver of the value of $70,000,000. Excepting Batopilas^ these ore-deposits are perhaps the most important in Ghi- Jiualiua. From Jimenez the train runs down grade to Ortiz^ where the soil is fertile. The intermediate stations are : La Reforma, Diaz, Bustamante, Santa Rosalia, La Cruz, Conclio, Saucillo and Las Delicias. At Ortiz diligences are run daily to San Pablo (two miles) and Santa Cruz (five miles). The town of Santa Rosalia (elevation, 4,022 feet) is noted for its hot springs, being regarded as one of the finest health-resorts in Mexico. Just south of Santa Rosalia the track crosses the Gonclios Kiver, a tributary of the Rio Grande. Leaving Ortiz, the road enters the valley of the San Pedro Eiver, and, after passing the stations of Bachimha, Horcasitas and Mapula, reaches Chihuahua (1,608*5 kilo- metres, or 999*4 miles). 284 CITIES ANB ROUTES OF TRAVEL. CHIHUAHUA. Population, 20,000, of whom about 1,500 are foreigners; elevation, 4,690 feet. Hotels. — American, Hidalgo and National. Baths, on the upper Alameda. Telegraph and Post-Office, on the main plaza. Kailwat Station one mile from the city. Hokse-Cars from the station to tla.Q plaza. Fare, a medio. Chihuahua (pronounced chee-war-war), the capital of the State of the same name, lies on a broad plain at the base of the Sierra Madre, in north latitude 28° 35' 10". The city was settled toward the close of the seventeenth century by some adventurers for the purpose of working the rich silver-mines in the vicinity. It was originally called Taraumara, and afterward San Felii^e el Real. The houses are built chiefly of adobe. In 1833 the population was 10,600, and in 1853 it was 12,000. Places of Interest. — 1. The Churches of La Parroquia (or Cathedral), Compania, Guadalupe and San Felipe Neri. 2. The College of the Jesuits, in the rear of which the great revolutionary leaders Hidalgo, Aldama, Jimenez and AUende were beheaded, July 31, 1811. 3. The Palace. 4. The Tribunal of Justice. 5. The Mint. 6. The Alhondiga, or granary. 1. The Aqueduct (6,068 yards long). The Cathedral, or parochial church, stands on the plaza. It is built of cut stone of a very light color and has two towers and a dome. The exterior is very imposing. The church cost 1800,000. It was erected from a fund raised by levying a tax of one real on every mark (eight dollars) of silver obtained from the mines of Safita Eulalia, fifteen miles distant. Fruit, vegetables and the cereals grow in the environs of the city. There is fine grazing-land in Chihuahua. The climate is salubrious, the temperature ranging from 16° to 94° Fahr. May, June and July are the warmest months, but the nights are always cool and pleasant during THE MEXICAN CENTRAL RAILWAY. 285 this season. The rains begin about the 25th of June, and last till the middle of October. Stage-coaches run from Chihuahua to Eosario, Guer- rero, Carachic and Cusihuiriachic. 3. From Chihuahua to El Paso, 363-2 kilometres, or 225-6 miles. From Chihuahua the line runs almost due north to Juarez City, on the Rio Grande. The freight carried on this railway consists of lumber, coal, machinery and general merchandise. Much bullion is transported by Wells, Fargo & Company's express. The country between Juarez City and Chihuahua is well adapted to grazing. • There are sev- eral large mining districts on either side of the line of the railroad, at distances varying from ten to a hundred miles. The mines are chiefly of silver, although there is an ex- tensive deposit of iron-ore near Ojo Caliente. Leaving Chihuahua, the train passes Sacramento, Ter- razas, Sauz (elevation, 5,168 feet), JEJticinillas, Agua Nueva, Laguna, Puerto, and arrives at Gallego (1,746-1 kilometres, or 1,084-8 miles ; elevation, 5,360 feet). Here diligences run to Valle de Santa Bueiiaventura, Galleana, Corralitos, As- cension and Casas Grandes. The ruins of Casas Grandes lie about half a mile from the modern town of the same name. They are built of adobe, and are called the " Casas de Montezuma.''^ They face the cardinal points, and consist of fallen and erect walls. The latter are from five to thirty feet in height. The edifices resemble the Pueilo dwellings of Arizona and New Mexico, The original buildings are supposed to have had three stories and a roof, with stairs outside, probably of wood. Fragments of pottery have been found in them. The old presidio, or military post of Janos, is 35 miles north of Casas Grandes, in the extreme western part of the State. , From Gallego the grade of the road-bed is downward as 286 CITIES AND ROUTES OF TRAVEL. far as San Jose (elevation, 3,950 feet). The intervening stations are Chivatito.) Moctezuma, Las Minas, Ojo Caliente and Carmen. A bi-weekly stage-coach runs from Ojo Caliente (eleva- tion, 4,090 feet) to San Lorenzo. The train then stops at Rancheria, Candelaria, Los Me- danos^ Samalayuca (elevation, 4,300 feet), Tierra Blanca^ Mesa and Juarez City. The last station is the terminus of the Mexican Central Eailway, although the company's trains cross the river to El Paso. Juarez City, formerly called Paso del Norte, has great historical interest, for it was here that the constitutional government of Juarez was maintained. It was also the seat of government of the Eepublic during the French in- vasion. The population of Juarez City is about 7,000, and the altitude 3,600 feet. The railway company has built an iron bridge over the Rio Grande.* There is a small pile trestle-bridge, owned by the horse-car company, which is also used by wagons and pedestrians. Tourists going to or from California generally make a brief visit to Juarez City while the train stops at El Paso. The Mexican Central Eailway Company now owns two telegraph-wires along the whole main line. EL PASO, TEXAS. Population, 5,000 ; elevation, 3,600 feet. Hotels. — Central, Windsor, and Pierson House. El Paso is a great railway center and is destined to grow rapidly within a brief period. Eeal-estate is increasing in value, and the rents for all classes of buildings are said to be enormous. There is a union depot occupied by the Southern Pacific and the Texas Pacific Railways. The Atchison, Topelca and Santa Fe Railroad Company has also * The width of the Rio Grande varies from 300 to 600 feet in the vicinity of El Paso. THE MEXICAN CENTRAL RAILWAY. 287 a station. The last-named line makes connection with, the Mexican Central Eailway, and it is the most desirable route from the eastern and central cities of the United States to Mexico in the summer season, which is the time when most travelers will approach Mexico by land. On June 1, 1891, the total completed " mileage " of the Mexican Central Railway Company was 1,832 miles. CTmrch and Plaza^ El 288 CITIES AND ROUTES OF TRAVEL. P>H 3 03 O C3 :;: bins oj b oj o^ o OfiO CnI t-in-^r-IOi— ((I5>Oi-i-CM<35«S0500C3!MC005«500 O O OS 05 — ■^S1"^l01r^QOOOQi':::>»— IC^COiOCDJr—QC _- _ . 1 rH CN -0005OT 5 C3 03 W CO rt _ . O 03 B ^ • „ « rt -riS d rs .-s o o 03 Q) J5"k3 S *5 So© Slzi3 B 03 02 g u o h-; ;^ ;:> O Oh i-:i ^ O I go ^ O 03 THE MEXICAN CENTRAL RAILWAY. 288« ,5,08^ 8 ^ 8 TS ^,'73-' -* 5:5-' O" ixi^w g M ^'P"p^<»050i-llOCOi>-COT}0-*,-(0'*K)lOO^t-02T-l05COi-H ojr-55rHO:lcOi-^o^-*i-H02t-u^i.--'-^CT>a)roooo-*io4tiio,^iOi^iAi4j( I1— It— 'i— irHi— 11— li— (rHi— lr-lTHt-l(y)iMo:)j>-cOrHOio<:0(?3cocoicoccooiOC5i:oJ>-.l0i ICNCO-^'^lOCDl:^CDOOr-lC^CO-^lOCOi^-a5050 i 0?;^ m o cs ■5 S/ii § NTS S^^ 8 o^. a§l§'S^ .i; cs :3 >- ® o- O oj O 03 S ■o a-s B,'!=i 2 Art 32 bDa'd §vB.g Spi & c3cj-dafi(Dpgg(sio3o!-.'^Pg &H|-lO<|P-|Wi32a2l-^t-^Hl^Hpm-1E-l02f>fl , 2885 CITIES AND ROUTES OF TRAVEL. a '5, til ? ; - - - (u t, s :j 3 >=> ^ .2 S - - 'S." " '^ " r-ll. Tfl »o lO «o 1 O «5 »0 t:, ^ >!- fe> >^ ^ tn „ COfMeOCOWOOOt-TtH-^lMTJiO^ICOlM (Mi-li-HlMi-IOTO'* rH (M CO r-H r-l r-l Eh , S I O -2 t i H H P§ tH 3 3 cj g^^ eS tS H • m "I' * 1 3 OS 3 3 p Qi d o a * ® SP N I a. ^5 O : 2-2 CB o ° • ca S P -S^ g 2 g g Sot,o3Pi:«eSo.2 COOEhSJOOOEhO! el ss .C3 O p 00 9 2 i-H (M CO O • rt 13 05 -^ -Is CO CO Ttl o (M CO fij hn05 i-SOOlOCMcO-^T^ eo»oi>-*eD aoTtf->+i ■ 03 _: OS Pi CO r. DCr^ O 3 H^ p 3 P5 ' 5? Cm !0.2 if 03 :ci I SfS-g O (rtti r The National .Theatre, Guatemala. orange, oleander, and other trees of brilliant flowers and grateful fragrance surround the building, while a profu- sion of statues, fountains, etc., placed at intervals through- out the square, enhances the beauty of this fashionable even- ing promenade. GUATEMALA. 341 Foremost among the public buildings is the cathedral, built in 1780, of simple and elegant design, and occupying a space of 450 feet square. In the decoration of the inte- rior, a chaste variety is observed. There are sculptures in wood, and some fine paintings by native artists. There are The Cathedral, Ghioiemala. twenty-four other churches, a hospital, a university, a med- ical school, and a prison, Guatemala has the largest num- ber of educational institutions of any city in Central Amer- ica. Many of the wealthy people of other States send their children here for instruction. The capital can boast of an excellent police force, at the head of which is a former member of the municipal police of New York City, the uniform in both places being the same. There are twenty-five public reservoirs and many fountains. The water is brought to the city by two aque- ducts, which cost 12,000,000. The climate of the capita! is mild though changeable. April and May are the hottest months. The mean tem- 342 GITIES AND ROUTES OB TRAVEL. perature of the year is 65° Fahr., tlie maximum being 87° and the minimum 41° Fahr. OLD GUATEMALA (?« Antiguo). Population, 20,000 in 1883, The city lies in latitude 14° 34' 58" north, and longi- tude 90° 44' 5" west of Greenwich. It was founded in 1524 The Plaza^ Old Guatemala. by Pedro de Alvarado. In 1541 it was destroyed by a flood of water from the adjacent Volcan de Agua, near the foot of which the ruins of the ancient capital are extant. The remains are now known as the Ciudad Vieja; i. e., Old City. The city was soon afterward rebuilt on a spot a mile distant from the original site, and between the volcanoes GUATEMALA. 343 de-Agua and de Fuego. These mountains lie about twenty miles apart. In 1773 the city was almost razed by earthquakes. Sev- eral years later it was founded anew in the Valle de las Vacas, 25 miles distant from the Ciudad Vieja, and the capital was transferred to New Guatemala. The modern city is embellished with numerous gardens. Several of the ancient edifices have been repaired, and the beholder is impressed with their former grandeur and solidity. A small stream, the Pensativo Eiver, runs near the city. There are several schools, and one or two newspapers are j)ublished, in old Guatemala. Coffee, sugar-cane, cactus, the cereals, and fruits grow in the environs. The author wishes to record his grateful sense of obligation to Senor Don Antonio Batres, the present Minister of Guatemala to the United States, for the courtesy with which, he has responded to his numerous requests for information regarding the condition and prospects of that Republic. S 1 I ra m at jL. The Penitentiary., Quezaltenanao. . APPE]::^Dix. Language. The Spanish, language, i. e., Castellano, is spoken througliout the Eepuhlic of Mexico. Some of the Indians talk Spanish, but the greater part of them have neyer been willing to give up the speech of their ancestors. The Mexican or Aztec dialect is spoken by a larger number of persons than any other native tongue. The other languages are the Opata, Sobaipure, Tarahu- mar, Cohita or Sinaloa, Zacateco, Acaxec or Topia, Co- manche, Texano or Coahuilteco, Tarasco, Mixe, Totonaco, Mixteco, Zapoteco, Popoloco, Mazateco, Solteco, Chinanteco, Pirinda or Matlalzinca, Yucateco or Maya, Lacandon, Hu- axteco, Chiapaneco, Apache, Othomi or Hiahiu, Mazahua. There is some difference between the Spanish of Castile and that of Mexico in the use of adjectives and nouns. There is also a slight difference in pronunciation in the two countries, e. ^., the ^Ml" is pronounced like *'y" in the word ^^year" in Mexico, instead of having the palatal sound. The '^z" is pronounced like *'s," instead of having the lisped sound of 'Hh" in "thief." The gut- tural pronunciation of ihejota (J) is not as strongly marked as in Spain, and the "d" is not sounded in the middle • of a word. There are twenty-seven letters in the Spanish alphabet, every one of which is pronounced, except "h," which is always silent. 346 APPENDIX. The Yowels are pronounced as follows : a, like a in father, e, " a " mate. i, " e " me. o, ** o " go. u, " 00 " boot. y, " y " liberty. ^ is a vowel when it stands by itself, or at the end of a word, or of a syllable immediately followed by a consonant. The consonants are pronounced as follows : b, like b in baby (b is often erroneously sounded like v). C* " th in theft. ch, ** ch in chess. d, " d in day and fed. f, " f in effect. g, " h in ham, he. h, " h silent in heir. j, " h strongly aspirated in home. I, *' 1 in labial, elect. II, " 11 in brilliant, m, ** m in amen. n, " n in energy, no. fi, " n (somewhat nasal) in onion. p, *' p in paper. q, " q in piquet, quint. r, " r soft in erect. r, " r or rr (very harsh) in horror. . s, " ss in senseless. t, " t in tent. y, " V in velvet. X, *' X (cs) in maxim. y softer than g or J in gentry, jet. z like th, lisped z, in thermal. * C, before a, o, u, I, r, and when it is at the end of a syllable, sounds like k iu EnsUsh. LAN aU AGE. 347 In simple words, e, i, c, r, are the only letters that can be written double. In compound words, all the vowels, and also n and s, are written double whenever any of them are the last of the component, and the first of the word to be compounded. The following words and phrases will be found useful : VEEBS. ^ , Infinitive. To nave. Haber. Tener.* Ser, Tole. Estar. Saving. ' ^^«^^^- Habiendo. Teniendo. Siendo. Being. Estando. Had. PAST PARTICIPLE. Been. Habido. Tenido. Sido. Estado. Indicative Mood. / have. PEESENT TENSE. lam. 1. He. Tengo. Soy. Estoy. 2. Has. Tienes. Eres. Estas. 3. Ha. Tiene. Es. Esta. 2. V. ha. V. tiene. V. es. Y. estd. 1. Hemos. Tenemos. Somos. Estamos. 2. Habeis. Teneis. Sois. Estais. 3. Han. Tien en. Son. Estan. 2. VV. ban.. VY. tienen. YV. son. YY. estan. I had. IMPEEFEOT TENSE. I was. 1. Habia. Tenia. Era. Estaba. 2. Habias. Tenias. Eras. Estabas. 3. Habia. Tenia. Era. Estaba. 2. V. habia. V. tenia. Y. era Y. estaba. 1. Habiamos. Teniamos. firamos. Estabamos. 2. Habiais. Teniais. firais. Estabais. 3. Habian. Tenian. Eran. Estaban. 2. YY. habian. YY. tenian. YY. eran. YY. estaban. * Tener means " to have " in the possessive sense. t8 APPENDIX. FtTTTJEE TENSE. I shall have. I shall he. 1. Habr6. Tendre. Ser6. Estar6, 2. Habras. Tendras. Seras. Estaras. 3. Habra. Tendra. Sera. Estara. 2. y. babra. Y. tendra. . V. sera. V. estara. 1. Habremos. Tendr^mos. Ser^mos. Estar6mos. 2. Habr6is. Tendr6is. Ser6is. Estar^is. 3. Habran. Tendran. Seran. Estaran. 2. VV. babran. VV. tendran. VY. seran. YY. estaran. AKTICLES. Indefinite Article. Masculine Singular. A or an, Fn. Plural. Some, TJnos or algunos. Feminine " " " Una. " Some, Unas or algunas. Definite Article. Masculine Singular. The, El. Plural. The, Los. Feminine " " La. " The, Las. PEOlfOUlsrs. The personal pronouns are: Singular. — I, yo ; thou, tu,; you (your honor or worship), usted ; he, el; she, ella; it, el, ella, ello or lo. Plural. — "We, nosotros or nosotras ; you, vosotros, vosotras, or voa; you (your honors or worships), ustedes ; they, ellos, ellas. Possessive Pronouns. Singular. Plural. My, mi. mis. Thy, tu. tus. His, su or de 61. sus or de ellos. Her, su or de ella. sus or de ellas. Singular. Plural. ■ su or de 61. sus or de ellos. J. su or de ella. ' su or de ellos. . su or de ellas. sus or de ellas. sus or de ellos. sus or de ellas. Mine, mio, mios, mia, , mias. Thine, tuyo, tuyos, tuya, tuyas. LANGUAGE. 349 His, her, its, theirs. Our, ours, Your, yours, suyo, suyos, suja, suyas. el suyo, los suyos, la suya, las suyas. el de el, los de el, el de ella, los de ella. . los or las de 61, etc. nuestro, nuestros, nuestra, nuestras. •yuestro, vuestros, vuestra, vuestras. de Usted or de Ustedes. el, los, la, las de Y, or de W. suyo, suyos, suya, siiyas. Relatwe Pronouns. Quien, in the plural quienes or quien, who, which, that. Que, who, which, what, that. Cual, in the plural cuales, who, which. Cuyo, whose, which. Cualquiera, in the -plavalcualesquiera, whoever, whichever, whatever. Quienquiera, whoever, whichever. Demonstrative Pronouns. Sing. Plur. Sing. Plur. Sing. Plur. This. These. That. Those. That. Those. Masculine. Este. Estos. Ese. Esos. Aquel. AqueUos. Feminine. Esta. Estas. Esa. Esas. Aquella. Aquellas. DA.YS. Sunday, Domingo. A holiday. dia de fiesta. Monday, Liines. Fast- day. dia de ayuno. Tuesday, Martes. Once a day. una vez al dia. Wednesday, Mi^rcoles. Each day, c'ada dia. Thursday, Jueves. To-day, hoy. Friday, Viernes. To-morrow, mafiana. Saturday, Sabado. Yesterday, Months. ayer. Enero. Abril. Julio. Octubre. Febrero. Mayo. Agosto. Noviembre. Marzo. Junio. Setiembre. Diciembre. 350 APPENDIX. A year. un afio. A century, un siglo. A fortnight. una quincena. A week. una semana. NUMBEES. 1, uno. 12, doce 30, treinta. 2, dos. 13, trece. 40, cuarenta. 3, tres. 14, catorce. 50, cincuenta. 4, cuatro. 15, quince. 60, sesenta. 5, cinco. 16, diez y seis. 70, setenta. 6, seis. 17, diez y siete. 80, ochenta. 7, siete. 18, diez y ocho. 90, noventa. 8, ocho. 19, diez y nueve. 100, ciento. 9, nueve. 20, veinte. 1,000, mil. 10, diez. 21, veinte y uno, or 1,000,000, un millon. 11, once. veintiuno. Feaotiok"8 (las fracciones). Half, la mitad. Third, el tercio, la tercera parte. Quarter, fourth, el cuarto, la cuarta parte, etc. Double, el doble. Treble, el triple. First, el primero. Second, el segundo. The Seasons {las estaciones). Spring, la primavera. Mud, el barro, lodo. Summer, el verano or estio 1. Dust, el polvo. Autumn, el otofio. Thunder, el trueno. Winter, el inyierno. Lightning, el reldmpago. Cold, el frio Storm, la tempestad. Heat, el calor. It is going to rain, va a Hover. Rain, la lluv^a. How cold it is, qu6 frio hace. Snow, la nieve. Too hot, demasiado calor. Dry, seco. How warm, qu6 calor. Teaveling by Railway. To travel, viajar. A railway, un ferrocarril. LANGUAGE. 351 A train, By the railway-omnibus, The luggage, How many parcels? A baggage-receipt, Ticket or booking-oflfice, I want a ticket, First-class, Second-class, Third-class, How is this station called ? How long does the train stop here? A first-class carriage, A refreshment-room. To start, To arrive, A porter. Do we change carriages here? un tren. por el omnibus del ferrooarril. el equipage. cuantos bultos ? un talon del equipage. un despacho de boletas. quiero una boleta. primera clase. segunda clase, tercera clase. como se llama esta estacion ? cuanto tiempo se detiene aqui el tren? un coche de primera clase. una f onda. marchar, salir. llegar. un portero. se cambia aqui de coche (or de tren)? To embark, To land, A boat, A berth, The deck. Sea-sickness, The Steamboat (el vapor). embarcarse. desembarcar, ir k tierra. una lancha. un camarote. el puente. el mareo. The Inn (la f onda). The rooms, A floor, A bed, Are the sheets dry ? Glean, To clean. To brush the clothes, House-maid, Lady's-maid, Valet-de-chambre, los cuartos. unpiso, principal, segundo, bajo, eta una cama. estan secas las sabanas ? limpio. limpiar. acepillar la ropa. criada. doncella. ayuda de camara. 362 APPENDIX. Landlord, The bil], How mucli ? Bring the breakfast, A clean towel, To clean the shoes, A glass, Hot water. Boiling water, Wash-hand basin, A bottle of drinking water. Chair, Arm-chair, A sofa, A sitting-room. To call one up, To rise early. To light the fire, A chimney, A night-light. Oil, Waiter, Soap, W. C, TJrinal, Office, I want a room. With two beds, Room on the street, Inside room. Bill, How much daily ? Shut the door. Call my maid, Bathing-house, el amo, el fondista. la cuenta. cuanto ? traiga V. el almuerzo. una toalla limpia. limpiar el calzado. un vaso. agua caliente, agua hirviendo. la jofaina (lavamanos). una boteUa de agua para beber. la silla. la butaca, el sillon. un sofa. una sala. despertar. madrugar. encender fuego. una chimenea. una lamparOa, el aceite. mozo. el jabon. el escusado or comun. el meadero. el despacho. quiero un cuarto. con dos camas. cuarto con vista a la calle. cuarto interior. cuenta. cuanto vale diario ? cierre V. la puerta. Uame V. d mi doncella. casa de bafios. DiNNEE (la comida). Give us some dinner, demos V. de comer. Dinner is ready, esta lista la comida. LANGUAGE. 353 Beef, Boiled meat, Salt meat, Roast, Beer, Bottle, Biscuit, Bacon, Brandy, Bread (plain), Butter, Cheese, Chicken, Chop, A candle, Claret, To carve. Coffee, Chocolate, A cnp of chocolate, A cup, The dining-room, A dish, Table d'hote, Where is my cover ? An egg, A fresh egg, A fish, A fork, Grapes, Hare, Ham, A knife, Lamb, A lamp, A lemon, Liquor, Lettuce, Meat, came de vaca. came cocida. came salada. la cerveza. la hotella. el bizcocho. el tocino. cognac. pan. la mantequilla. el queso. un polio. una Costilla. una vela. vino tinto. trinchar. el caf6. el chocolate. una jicara de chocolate. una taza. el comedor. un plato. mesa redonda. donde estd mi cubierta. un huevo, un blanquillo. un huevo fresco. un pescado. un tenedor. uvas. la liebre. el jamon. un cuchUlo. el cordero. una lampara. un limoa, el licor. la lechuga. la came. 354r APPENDIX. Cold meat, Milk, Hot milk, Goat's milk, Mntton, An omelet, Oysters, Pastry, A cake. Peach, Potatoes, A plate, A large disit, A rabbit, A salad, To serve, A spoon, A tea-spoon, A napkin, Sweet, Sour, Sugar, Molasses, Supper — to sup, A tumbler, A pitcber^ A wine-glass. Veal, Vegetables, Vinegar, Water, Wine, carne fria, la lecbe. lecbe caliente. lecbe de cabra. el carnero. nna tortiUa de huevoSo ostiones. pasteleria. nn boUo. abridor, durazno. las patatas, papas. un plato. una fuente. un conejo. una ensalada. servir. una cuchara. una cucbarita. una servilleta. dulce. agrio. el azucar. piloncillo, panocliEk. la cena — cenar, un vaso. un jarro. una copa. la tern era. los legumbres. el vinagre. el agua. el vino. The Post-Offioe {el correo^ cam de correoi) The oflBce, la estafeta. A letter, una carta. A single letter, una carta sencilla. A stamp, una estampilla. An envelope, una cubierta. LANGUAGE. 355 Paper, A sheet of paper, A quire of paper, Blotting-paper, Are there letters for me ? Here is my name. Where is the list ? Is the office closed ? Is it too heavy ? Must this letter be prepaid ? The postman. el papel. un pliego de papel. un mano de papel. la teleta. hay cartas para mi ? este es mi apellido. donde esta la lista ? esta cerrado el despacho ? hay esceso de peso ? hay que franquear esta carta ? el cartero. The Custom-House (la aduana). An employ^, Is the baggage examined here ? Clothes, Worn, For my own use. The tariff, The duties, What must I pay ? Contraband, Shut the trunks. The keys, A carpet-bag, A box, A hat-box, To search, un empleado. se registra aqui el equipage? la ropa. usada. para mi uso personal. el arancel. los derechos. cuanto hay que pagar ? el contrabando. cierre V. los baules. las Haves. un saco de noche. un haul, una caja. una sombrerera. visitar, registrar. DiLiaENOE, Posting, Kiding. Stable, la cuadra. Horses and mules, caballerias. Post-house, * la parada, la posta. Post-boy, el postilion, delantero. Driver, el cochero. What is the name of this village ? c6mo se llama este pueblo? Are we far ? estamos lejos ? We are near, estamos cerca. The drag, la plancha. 356 APPENDIX. A -wheel, The pole, A team of moles, A saddle, Stirrups, A whip, Stop, To stop, To post, When shall we get to A hridle. Forward, Lettee-Weiting A pen, A steel pen, Direction, Note-paper, Envelopes, Sealing-wax, A wafer. To put into the P. O., A letter-box. Take this to the P. O., A Cab Drive me to — street, No, Are you engaged ? By the hour. Stop here, Go farther. Go hack, Go fast. Go slower, What is the fare ? It is too much, I shall not pay more, Not engaged, i, e., to let Coachman, una rneda. la lanza. un tiro de mulas. una silla. los estribos. un latigo, una cuarta. pare V. : alto. parar. correr la posta. cuando llegaremos a ? una brida. adelante. (para escribir una carta). una pluma. una pluma de acero. sobrescrito, senas. papel de cartas. los sobres. el lacre. una oblea. echar una carta en el correo. un buzon. lleve y. esta carta al correo. {un coche de alquiler). — , vaya u sted a la calle — , niimero - esta V. ocupado ? por hora. pare V. aqui. vaya V. mas lejos. vuelva Y. vaya V. de prisa. vaya V. mas despacio. cuanto ? ■ es demasiado. no pagar6 mas. se alquila. el cochero. LANGUAGE. 357 In a Where is ? The theater, The bank, Cab-stand, The museum, The garden, The public walk, The palace, The magistrate. The mayor. Which is the way to Turn to the right. Turn to the left, A policeman, A street, A square, I wish to see, I do not understand, I do not speak Spanish, I am an American, I am an Euglishman, Town {en una ciudad). donde estd ? el teatro. el banco. la parada de coches de alquiler. el museo. el jardin. el paseo. el palacio. el magistrado. el alcalde. -? por donde se va a ? vuelva V. d. la derecha. vuelva V. a la izquierda. un agente de policia. una calle. una plaza. deseo ver, visitar. no comprendo. no hablo Espafiol. soy Americano. soy Ingles. The washerwoman. An apron, A cap, A collar. Cotton, A crinoline, A cravat. Dirty linen. Drawers, A dressing-gown. An under-petticoat, An upper-petticoat, A flannel waistcoat, A napkin, A night-shirt, The Washing (lavadura). la lavandera. un delantal. una gorra. un cueUo. el algodon. un mirinaque. una corbata. ropa sucia. los calzoncillos. una bata. una enagua. un guardapi^s. un chaleco interior de flanela. una toalla. una camisa de dormir. 358 APPENDIX. A handkerchief, Sheets, Shirt, Stays, Stockings, Washing, Washing-bill, Let us count. un pafiuelo. las sabanas. la camisa. el corse, la faja. los calcetines, las medias (if long). lavadura. la cuenta de la ropa limpia. contemos. Bring the clean linen immediately, traiga Vd. la ropa blanca ahora. The stains, las manchas. Starch, el almidon. To iron, planchar. VOCABULARY. About, Above (beyond), Above (or upward), Abroad, Accordingly, According to. Advance, in. Afoot, on foot, Afraid, to be, Ago, long ago. All, everybody. All the better, Ambassador, Apartment, Appears, it, Apple, Apricot, As for, as to, Ascend, to, Ashore, Ask, to, As much. Asparagus, sobre, cerca. encima de, mas de. arriba. fuera, fuera de su casa. en conformidad, segun. por adelantado. k pi6. tener miedo. pasado, hace mucho tiempo. todo, todo el mundo. tanto mejor. embajador. habitaci6n, cuarto. parece. manzana. chabacano. en cuanto d. subir. por k tierra, en el suelo. pedir. tanto. es LANGUAGE. 359 Assembly-room, As soon as, As though. Auction, Auction- room, Auctioneer, Away, Back-door, Bag, carpet-bag, Bakery, Ball, Ball (billiard), Banana, Bandbox, Bank-book, Bank-note, Bank post-bill, - Bank, Branch-bank, Bank (joint-stock), Bank (savings). Banker, Barber, Bargain, Bargain, to make a buy cheaply. Barley, Basket, Bath, Bath-keeper, Bath (warm), Bath (tepid), Bath (shower), Bathing-room, Bathing establishment. Bathing-dress or gown. Beans, Bedstead, Bed-clothes, 17 sala de reunion, desde que. como si. almoneda. sala de ventas, vendutero. adelante, lejos de aqui. puerta de detras. saco, saco de noche, saco de viaje, panaderia, [6 maleta. baile. bola. platano. sombrerera. libro de banco, billete de banco, mandato 4 orden del banco, banco. sucursal (del banco), banco por acciones. banco de ahorros. banquero. barbero. ganga, contrato. , or to hacer una buena compra ; 6 com- prar algunacosaabuen precio. cebada. cesta; tenate; canasta, bano. banista. bano caliente. bafio tibio. bano de asiento ducado. sala de bafios. casa de banos. petnador. armadura de la cama. mantas, sdbanas. 360 APPENDIX. Bed-chamber or bed-room, Bed-time, Beef, Beef-steak, Beer, Begone, Behold, look, Bellows, Bell-pull or bell-rope, Below or down-stairs. Best, for the ; at best, Betimes, early, Better, I had, Better and better, Better for the, Beyond (pointing). Beyond that house. Bill-broker, Billiard -room, Bill; bill of fare, Bird, Biscuit, Black, Blacksmith, Blanket, Blind, Blue, Board (living). Boarder (at a boarding-house). Boarding-house or school; family Bolster, [boarding-house, Book-binder, Bootmaker, Boots, men's ; women's. Boot-jack, Bottle; half-bottle. Box, Brandy, Brass, cuarto por donnir, 6 dormitorio. la bora de acostarse. buey, res. bifteck. cerveza. vayase V. mire V. he aqui. fuelle. cordon de campanilla, abajo. per lo mejor ; la mejor. temprano. hare mejor. mejor y mejor. mejor. alia. mas lejos de esta casa. corredor de cambio. salon de billar. nota; lista. , p4jaro. bizcocho. negro. herrero. manta. velo. azul. pension, comida. hu6sped. colegio ; casa de hu6spedes. traversero ; almohadon. encuadernador. zapatero. botas; botines. sacabotas. botella ; media botella» caja. aguardiente. bronce. LANGUAGE. 361 Bread, fresh, stale, household, brown, Breakfast, ^ Break of day, Breeze, Brewer, Brew-house, Bricklayer, Bridge, Bring, Broad, Brown, Brush, clothes ; tooth ; hoot. Bug, Build, to. Builder, Burial-ground, Business ; in business Butcher ; hutch er's shop. Butter; butter-boat, Button, By-way, Cah, Cabbage, Cabin, first ; fore cabin. Cage, Cake, Candle; wax-candle. Candlestick, Cap, Cape, Captain, Card; card-case, Card (visiting). Cards, a pack of. Carpenter, Carriage ; carriage with two Carrots, [horses. Cart, pan, tierno, duro, de casa, mo- reno. almuerzo. punta del dia. brisa, viento. cervecero. cerveceria. albanil. puente. traer. ancho. moreno. cepillo de ropa ; de diente ; de chinche. [hotas. construir. constructor, cimenterio. negocio ; en el negocio. carnicero ; carniceria. mantequilla ; salsera. boton. camino desviado. cabriole, col. primera, segunda sala. jaula. hollo, candela. candelero. gorro. cabo. capitan. carta; cartera, tarjeta. una haraja de naipes. carpintero. coche ; coche con dos caballos. zanahorias. carreta. 362 APPENDIX. Cash ; ready money, Cashier, Oatliedral, Cauliflower, Cave, Cedar, Certainly, Chain; watch-cliain, Chamber-maid, Chamber-pot, Chair ; arm-chair ; easy-chair. Cheap ; cheaper, Cheese, Chemist, Check, Check-book, Cherry, Chest; trunk. Chicken, Child, Chocolate, Choose, to. Church (for Protestants), Circus, City, Club; society, Coach, Coachman, Coach-office ; coach-stand, Coat; frock-coat; great-coat. Coal; coal-scuttle, Coast, Cod, Coffee, small cup of, with milk, without milk. Coffee-pot, Coffee-house, moneda; dinero al contado, 6 con- cajero. [tante. catedral. coliflor. cueva. cedro. crertamente. cadena ; cadena de reloj. camarista. servicio, orinal. siUa ; sillon ; butaca. a buen precio ; mas barato. queso. quimico. mandado. libro de mandados. cereza. cajja ; cofre, haul, polio. nino, nina f. chocolate, escoger. iglesia ; templo. circulo. . pueblo ; ciudad. reunion; sociedad. coche. cochero. cochera ; estacion de coches. casaca ; levita ; pardessus. carbon; carbonera, costa ; playa. bacalao. cafe. media taza. caf6 con leche. caf6 solo, cafetera. caf6. LANGUAGE. 363 Coin, Cold, to be, Colonel, Oomb, Company, Company (joint-stock). Compartment (of a railway-car- Compass, [riage. Conceal, to. Concert, Conductor, Contract, Convent, Cook, Copper (money), Corn, Cork ; cork-screw, Corset ; corset-maker. Cost, the, Cotton, darning, reel of, fabric. Counter in a shop, Course at dinner ; for races, Court (of a house). Court (of assizes). Court (of justice). Cow, Cowherd, Cup, Cupboard, Currant-jam, Currants, Curtain, Custard-apple, Custom-house, Custoni-house officer, Cutlet, moneda. tener frio. coronel. peine. compafiia, sociedad. sociedad por acciones. departamento. briijula. ocultar. concierto. director; guia; conductor. contrato, escritura. convento. cocinero ; cocinera. cobre. raaiz. tapon ; tirabuzon. corse ; f abricante de corses. precio, gastos. algodon. algodon liso. bobina de algodon. tegido de algodon. mostrador. servicio; arena 6 plaza; hipo- patio. [dromo. tribunal de la audiencia. tribunal de justicia, juzgado. vaca. vaquero. copa. armario. confitura ; 6 dulce de grosellas. grosellas. cortina. chirimoya. aduana. aduanuero. Costilla. 364 APPENDIX. Cypress, Daily, Dairy, Date-tree, Day ; a fine day ; a lovely day, Dear, Depart, to, Dining-room, Dinner ; dinner-time, Directly (time), Disli (utensil), (food), Distance ; in the distance. Dog, Drawing-room, Dressing-room, Drink, Driver (of a coach), Drug-store, Eating-house, Elm, Embassy, Entrance, Errand-boy, Evening, This evening, Yesterday evening. To-morrow evening. Every one. Everybody, Every day. Exchange (building). Rate of exchange. Current exchange, Exchange-office, Exhibition (sight). Exit, Fair, a Farewell, Farther, cipres. todos los dias. lecheria. palma, palmera. dia ; un buen dia ; un hermosa dia. querido. salir. comedor. comida ; hora de comida. enseguida ; inmediatamente. fuente; manjar; plato. distancia. perro. salon de reunion. cuarto de vestir. beber. cochero; conductor. drogueria. fonda. olmo. embajada. entrada. mozo que hace comisiones. noche. esta noche. ayer noche. manana por la noche. cada uno. todo el mundo. todos los dias. carabio ; bolsa. tasa del cambio. curso del cambio. casa del cambio ; monedas. exposicion. salida. una feria. adios. mas lejos. LANGUAGE. 366 Fasten, to, amarrar. Few, a. Field, un poco de. campo. Finger, dedo. Finger-glass, taza. Fir (tree). abeto. Fire-iron, • adorno de hierro. Fireman; fire-engine, bombero; bomba. Fish, pescado. Fishing-rod, caQa de peacar. Flea, pulga. Floor (story), piso- Flour, harina. Fog, niebla. Food or board, comida, alimento. Fore-deck, proa. Forenoon, antes de mediodia. For instance ; in the first instance. , por ejempio ; en el principio. Fork, tenedor. Fortnight •, a fortnight ago, quincena ; hace unos quince dias. Fowl, ave ; volateria. Freight, carga, flete. Friend, amigo; amiga. Fritters, bunuelos. From, de. From above. de arriba. From afar. de lejos. From behind, de detras. From below or beneath, de abajo. From here or hence, de aqui. From top to bottom, de arriba abajo. Fruit; fruit-market; fruiterer. fruta; mereado defrutas; frute- Full, lleno. [ro; frutera. Furniture, muebles. Game, caza. Gaol, prision. Garden, jardin. German, Aleman. Grape, uva. 366 APPENDIX. Gray, Green, Guard (railway), GHn, Glass, Looking-glass, Eye-glass, Glasses (spectacles), Go, to. Goose, Greengrocer, Grocer, Groand-floor, Haberdasher, Hackney-coach, Hair-brush, Ham, Hamlet, Harbor, Hat; hat-box, Hay, Heavy, Hemp, Hides, Horse, Horse-race, Horse-whip, Hose or stockings, Hosier; hosiery, Hostler, Hour; half an hour; an hour and a half. House, Town-house, Country-house, Housekeeper, Housemaid, Hungry, to be, Ice; ice-cream, pardo. verde. gefe de tren. ginebra. vidrio. espejo. cristal anteojo. anteojos. ir; andar. ganso. verdulero. vendedor de comestibles, piso de la calle. mercero ; marchante de noveda- coche de alquiler. [des. cepillo para el pelo. jamon. pueblo ; pueblecillo. puerto. sombrero; sombrerera. heno, yerba seca. pes9,do. henequen. pieles. caballo. corrida de caballos. latigo, cuarta. medias. marchante de medias ; boneteria. palafrenero. hora ; media hora ; una hora j media, casa. casa de ciudad. casa de campo. ama de Haves, serviente. tener hambre. hielo ; mantecado. LANGUAGE. 367 Ice and punch, Immediately, In case ; in that case, Indeed, In due course; of course, India-rubber, Indigo, Inn, Ink, Instead, Jacket, Joint of meat, Keepsake, Key, Kidney, Kitchen-maid, Knife, Carving-knife, Fruit-knife, Label or ticket (on a box), Lace, Lad, Lady, Lamp; sa,fety-lamp. Landlady, of a boarding-house or hotel. Landlord of an inn. Lane, in a town ; in the country, Last, at. •Latch-key, Laundress, Lead, Lease, Least, at ; not in. Left ; to the left. Less ; lees and less ; so much the less. Letter, helado; sorbete. enseguida; inmediatamente. en caso que ; en este case. . en efecto ; en verdad. en su tiempo ; bien entendido. hule ; goma elastica. anil. fonda ; posada. tinta. en lugar de, vesta ; camisola. pedazo de vianda. recuerdo (de amistad). Have. rinon. cocinera. mochila ; saco de viaje. cuchillo. • cortador. cuchillo para las frutas, etiqueta. blonda, muchacho. sefiora; senorita. lampara ; lampara de seguridad. sefiora ; duena ; huespeda patro- na. huesped ; patron. send a ; camino. al Ultimo ; por liltimo. Have de noche. lavandera. plomo. un arriendo. al menos ; no del todo. izquierdo ; a la izquierda. monos ; de poco en poco ; de tan- to menos. carta. 368 APPENDIl Letter of exchange, Light, adj.^ Lieutenant, Lime (fruit), Limestone, Linen, Dirty linen, Clean linen. Line of railway, Little, a, Not much. As little as possible. Lobster, Lock, Under lock and key. Locomotive, Lodgings, furnished; unfurnished. Logwood, Long ago. Luggage-van, Lunch or luncheon, Mackerel, Maid of all work, Man ; old man ; young man, Manufacture, a, Manufactory, Map, Market, market-place, Mass, Match (for a light). Meal-time, Meat ; boiled meat ; roast meat, Merchant, Mercury, Message; messenger, Milk, Minister of State, Mint, letra de cambio. ligero, leve. teniente. lima. caliza. ropa. ropa sucia. ropa limpia. via, un poco. no mucho. lo menos posible. langosta. cerradura. bajo Have, maquina. habitaciones muebladas, sin mue- palo de tinte. [bles. hace mucho tiempo. equipage, vagon. segundo almuerzo. maquerel ; sarda. sirvienta para todo, hombre; viejo; joven. fabrica ; obra. fabrica, mapa. mercado, plaza del mercado. oficios ; misa, fosforo. hora de comida. carne ; pulchero ; asado. marchante ; negociante. azogue. mensaje ; recado ; mensajero. leche. Ministro del Estado, moneda ; casa de moneda. LANGUAGE. 369 Mirror, Miss (young lady), Mist, Money, Bad money, Silver, Gold, Copper, Money changer, Money broker. Month ; by the month ; monthly, Moon, Full moon. New moon, Moonlight. More ; some more ; once more. Morning, Every morning, • In the morning. All the morning. Mortgage, Most ; utmost. Mother, Mother country. Mother tongue, Much, So much, Too much, • How much, Music ; music hall or room, Music-dealer, Mustard ; mustard-box. Mutton, Mutton-chop, Leg of mutton, Needle, Newspaper, Newsvender, Night, espejo. sefiorita, niebla; neblina. dinero, moneda. moneda falsa. de plata. de oro. de cobre. cambista. corredor de cambio. mes ; al mes ; todos los meses. luna. luna Uena. luna nueva. luna clara. [poco ; otra vez. mas ; mas de ; aun ; mas ; aun de mafiana; aurora, todas las mafianas, la mafiana ; por la mafiana. toda la mafiana. hipoteca. cerca ; fuerte ; k lo mas ; todo lo madre. [mas. madre patria. lengua materna. mucho; bien. muy tanto. demasiado. cuanto. musica ; sala de miisica. marchante de musica. mostaza; mostacero. carnero. Costilla de carnero. pierna de carnero. aguja. peri6dico. marchante de periodicos. noche. 370 APPENDIX. Good night, All night, Every nig) it, Noon, Not at all, . Note (lettei'), (small letter), (bank note), Now, Till now, Just now, Nurse; nursery. Oak, Oar, Oats, Oil, One; once. Onion, Opera; opera-glass. Opinion ; in my opinion, Orange, Outside, the (of a diligence), Outskirts of a town. Over; above; across; upon, Overcoat, Ox-tongue, Oyster, Palace, Paper, Newspaper, Letter-paper, Blotting-paper, Parcel, Parlor, Part ; for my part, Partner ; at a ball ; business. Passenger, Pastry; pastry-cook. Path, buenas noches. toda la noche. todas las noches. mediodia. no del todo. carta. billete. billete de banco. ahora. en este momento, hasta aqui. ahora mismo. nodriza ; cuarto para los ninos. roblej encina. remo. avena. ■ aceite. un; una; una vez. cebolla. opera ; gemelos. opinion ; a mi parecer. naranja. fuera ; exterior. arrabal. [al traves ; sobre. encima de ; por encima ; sobre ; sobretodo. lengua de buey. ostion. palacio. papel. periodico. papel de cartas. papel secante, teleta. paquete. peno salon ; locutorio. parte ; porcion ; por mi parte. bailarin; bailarin socio, socia; pasajero. [pareja. pasteleria ; pastelero. camino, vereda. LANGUAGE. 371 By-path, Foot-path or pavement, Pawnbroker's shop, Peach, Pear, Peas, green, Pencil, Penknife, Pepper, pepper-box, Pheasant, Pickpocket, Picture, Pier, Pillow, Pin, Pinch of snuff. Pine, Pine-apple, Pint; half a pint, Pipe Cf or tobacco), Pit (theatre), Places round about, l*late ; soup-plate. Play, Play-house, Bill of the play. Pleasure-boat ; boatman, Plough, Pocket; pocket-book, Police, Police-officer, Police-court, Pomegranate, Poor, Poplar, Pork, Pork-chop, Pork-butcher, Post-office, senda. acera. monte pio. melocoton. pera. guisantes, .chicharos. lapiz. cortaplumas. pimienta, pimentero. faisan. estafador; ratero. cuadro ; pintura. mola ; escalera ; muelle. almohada. alfiler. polvo ; polvo de tabaco. pino. pina. pinta ; media pinta. pipa. platea. los lugares del alrededor. plato ; plato para la sopa. comedia. teatro. programa. lancha; barquero. arado. faltriquera; bolsa; cartera. policia. agente de policia ; guardia civil. tribunal de policia. granadita. pobre. alamo. cochino. costilla de cochino. salchichero. casa de correos. 372 APPENDIX. By the post, Office for letters to be left until Postage-stamps, [called for, Potato, Present (gift) ; at present, Preserves, Price ; lowest price, Prison ; prisoner. Provisions, Prune (plum). Publisher, Pump; fire-pump, Pumpkin, Purpose, On purpose. To no purpose. To little purpose, Purse, Quarter, Quiet, Eabbit, Eace-course, Eailroad or railway, Eailway station, Easpberry, Eead, to, Eeceipt ; receipt in full, Eed, Eefreshment-room, Eent, to, Eetail, Eetail-dealer, "Wholesale and retail, Eeturn ticket, Eight, To the right, Eing, to, Eiver, Eoad ; carriage-road, por el correo. posta restante. estampillas. patata, papa. regalo ; presentemente. dulces. precio ; el liltimo precio. carcel, prision ; prisionero. viveres ; comestibles. ciruela. editor; publicador. bomba; bomba de apagar los in. calabaza. [cendios. fin; efecto. espreso ; de proposito. sin efecto. poco efecto: bolsa. cuarto, barrio. tranquilo. conejo. terreno de corridas. ferrocarril. estacion. frambuesa. leer. recibo ; carta de pago. Colorado ; rojo. fonda. alquilar. por menor. vendedor por menor. por mayor y menor. boleta de vuelta. derecho. k la derecha. tocar. rio. ruta, camino ; via carretera. LANGUAGE. 373 Hig]]-road, or main road ; road ; cross-road, Room, Eound about, Eoute, Rye, Saloon, Salt, Same, It is all the same. Sauce, Saucer, Say, to. Scarcely, School, Boarding-school, Day-school, Schoolmaster, Sea ; rough sea. Smooth sea. Sea-sickness, Sea-side, Seed, Servant, Servant of all work. Shave, to, Sheep, Sheet, Ship; steamship. Shoe, Shoe-black, Shoe-horn, Shop, Shop-keeper, Shovel, Show, to. Side, this ; that side, Slice, by- camino real ; camino desviado ; camuio cruzante. cuarto. todo alrededor. rumbo. centeno. salon, sala de visitas. sal. mismo. es todo lo mismo ; es igual. platiUo. salchichon. decir. apenas. escuela; colegio. colegio. colegio. maestro. mar ; alta mar, mar agitada. mar tranquil a. mareo. costa, semilla. sirviente, sirvienta; criado. criada para todo. rasurar. oveja. buque ; vapor. zapato. limpiabotas. calzador. almacen ; tienda. tendero ; tendera. pala. ensefiar. por este lado ; por aquel lado. tajada. S74: APPENDIX. Soap, Jabon. Soldier, eoldado. Soup, sopa. Sponge, esponja. Spoon, cuchara. Tablespoon, cuchara para la sopa. ' Dessert-spoon, cuchara para postres. Teaspoon, cuchara de t6. Spruce, pruche. Stable (for horses),' caba,lleriza. Stableman, criada de establo. Stairs, escalera. Up-stairs, a arriba. Down-stairs, a abajo. Stamp, timbre. Station-master, gefe de estaci6n. Steamboat, vapor. Steam-boiler, caldera de vapor. Steam-engine, maquina a vapor. Story (of a bouse), on first, sec- piso, al primer piso, al segundo, ond, etc., etc. Stew (of meat, etc.), estofado; guisado. Straight ahead. todo derecho. Straw, paja. Strawberry, fresa. Street, calle. String-beans, ejotes. Strong, fuerte. Sugar ; lump of sugar, azucar ; pedazo de azilcar. Summer, verano. Sunrise; sunset, salida del sol ; ponerse del sol. Supper ; supper-time. cena ; hora de cena. Surgeon, cirujano, medico. Sweep, to, barrer. Sweetbread, lechecilla^ de ternera. Sword, espada. Table, mesa. Card- table. mesa de juego. Writing-table, mesa para escribir. LANGUAGE. 375 Work-table, Table-cloth, Table-linen, Tailor, I Tart, a. Tax, Tea, Tea-kettle, tea-pot, Tea-things, Tea-tray, Teacber, Telegraph, Electric telegraph, To telegraph, Theater, There, Here and there, . Down (or over) there, Up there, Thick, Thin, Thing, Thirsty, to be. Ticket (railway), Till now, Till then, Till to-morrow, ■ Till Wednesday, Time-table (railway), : Tin, Title, Tobacco, Tobacco-pipe, Tobacconist, To-day, Every day, Good-day, To-night, [morrow. To-morrow; the day after to- mesa de trabajo. mantel. ropa para la mesa. sastre. tarta. contribucion. t6. tetera. servicio para el te. ■ plato. maestro, maestra ; profesor, tel6grafo. telegrafo el6ctrico. anunciar por telegrafo. teatro. alii. aqui y alii. alia abajo. alii arriba. espeso; grueso. delgado. objeto. tener sed, boleta. hasta aqui. hasta entonces. hasta mafiana. hasta el mi^rcoles. indicador. estafio. titulo. tabaco. pipa. marchante de tabaco. hoy. todos los dias. • buenos dias. esta noche. mafiana ; pasadp mafiana. 376 APPENDIX. Tooth, Tour, Tourist, Tower, Towel, Town ; town-hall, Train (railway), Down-train, Up-train, Ordinary train. Express train, Fast train, Mail train. Travel, to, Traveler, Commercial traveler, Tree, Trunk (traveling). Trust, to. Tunnel, Turf, Turn, to. Twilight, Umbrella, Under, Up, ■ Down, Up there. Use, Of use, ' For the use of. Usury, Veal, Vegetables, Velvet, Vest, Vinegar ; cooked with vinegar, Village, Visit, to, diente. vuelta. viajero. torre. toalla. ciudad ; casa de ayuntamiento. tren. tren de salida. tren de vuelta. tren ordinario. tren directo. tren volante. tren de correo. viajar. viajero. viajador de comercio. arbol. haul. confiar. timel ; subterraneo. cesped ; campo de corrida. volver. crepusculo. paraguas. debajo. alto ; arriba. ■ abajo. alia arriba. uso ; empleo. ttil. al nso de. usura. ternera. legumbres. terciopelo. chaleco. vinagre ; a la vinagreta. piieblo. visitar. LANGUAGE. 377 Voyage ; on a voyage, Watch, Wages, Wagon, Waiter, Waiting-room, Waitress, Wake, to, Walk, Walking-stick, Warehouse, Warm, to be, Washerwoman, Water, Clean water, Cold water. Warm water, Fresh water. Water-bottle, Watermelon, Was, Wax-light, Wayfarer, Weary, Weather, Fine weather, Rainy weather. Week, This day week, Last week, Next week, Wheat, Wheel, White, Willow, Wind, Wine ; red wine, White wine, Wine-glass, viaje; travesia; en viaje. reloj. salario, gajes. carreta, vagon. mozo. salon de espera. muchacha. velar. paseo ; vuelta. baston, almacen, tener calor. lavandera. agua. agua limpia. agua fria. agua caliente. agna fresca. jarro. sandia. cera. candela. caminante. cansado. tiempo. buen tiempo. los tiempos de Uuvia. semana. de hoy en ocho. la liltima semana. . la semana pr6sima. trigo. rueda. bianco, sauce, viento. vino ; vino tinto. vino bianco, vaso de vino. 378 APPENDIX. Wood, madera; lefia. "Workman, obrero, labrador. Wrap, to, envolver. Year, afio. Yellow, amarillo. Yes, si ; en ef ecto. Yesterday, ayer. Yesterday evening, ayer noche. The day before yesterday, antes de ayer. Young, joven. Zinc, zinc. I^ D E X. Abasoio, patriot, 19. Abra de San Nicolas, 236. Academy of Fine Arts at Mexico, 73, 187. at Guadalajara, 271. Acambaro, town, 210, 211. Acapancingo, town, 200. Acapulco, 236, 303. Acequias, 94. Aclopan, table-land, 28. Acocote^ 112. Acolhuans, 16. Acre, yield of crop to, 95. Agate, 85, 121. Agave Americana, 112. Agriculture, 91-100. Agricultural implements, 99. school, 190. Aguadas, 35. Aguadores, 182. Agua miel, 112. Agua Nueva, station, 245, 288. Aguasarco, nill, 230. Aguascalientes, area and population, 68. city, 273. Agua Zarca, station, 309. Anorcado, station, 260. AJmehuete, tree, 190. Aiusco, mountain, 27, 197. Ake, ruins, 38, 149. Alacran, 89. Alamos, town, 315. Aldama, patriot, 19. Aliens, 135-137. AUende, portrait of, 184. executed, 284. town, 322. Aloe, 93. Alta Luz, station, 166. Altamirano, poet, 33. Altar, town, 315. Altata, steamer to, 315. town, 325. Alvarado's leap, 189. Alvarez, President, 20. Amalgamation process, 267. Amapa, town, 294. Amatitan, town, 272. Amatlan, town, 295. American and Mexican Pacific Eail- way, 316-318. American consuls, list of, 140. Anahuac, 17, 176. Andocutin, Station, 211. Angel de la Guarda, island, 30. Angeles, station, 259. Anil (indigo), 90. Anise-seed, 93, 100. Anniversaries, 124, 125. Antimony, 78. Anton Lizardo, 152, 294. Apam, plain and station, 173. Aparejo, 222. Apaseo, station, 263. Apizaco, station, 170. Aqueducts at City of Mexico, 182, 191. at Chihuahua, 284. at Quer^taro, 260. Arbeu Theatre at the capital, 175. Architecture, 69-73. Are, measure, 105. Arenal, town, 294. Ario, town, 222-224. Arispe, town, 312. Arista, President, 20. Armadillo, 86. Armeria, town, 220. Army, 56. Arrasiras, 267. Arriera, ant, 88. Arroba, weight, 1, 14. 380 INDEX. Arteaga, artist, 73. Artillery, 56. Art-schools, T3, 187. Atapaneo, station, 211. Atlas of Mexico, 101. Atmosphere, on the plateau, SI. Atoyac, river and town, 162. Atzcapotzalco, town, 190. Aves, 132. Axolotl, 87. Ayotla, town, 299. Aztec kings, 17 ; paintings, 16, 73. Azucena, 91. Baca, town, 318. Bachihualto, station, 325. Bachimba, station, 283. Bachimeto, station, 325. Baclmachi, station, 312. Bagdad, town, 147, 156. Baggage, 14. £agre, 87. Balize, 26. Balls {bailes), 124. Baltazar de Echave, 73, 187- Bamboo-trees, 89. Bananas, 98. Bandits, 135. Banks and bankers' rates, 62. Banquete, town, 319. Barca, town, 215, 264. Barley, 95, 100. Barnard, General J. G., 305. Barranca, coal-mine j 315. Barranca del Inflernillo, 166. Barrientos, station, 289. Barrio Nuevo, cascade, 164. Baskets, 120. Batamotal, station, 310. £atea, 267. Baths at Aguascalientes, 273. at Chihuahua, 284. at Mexico, 175. at Monterey, 248. at Morelia, 211. at Orizaba, 163. at Puebla, 171. at Quer^taro, 260. at San Luis Potosi, 238. Batopilas, district and town, 77, 140, 283, 318. Batuecas, town, 310. Bazaine, Marshal, 23. Beans, 100. Beer, Mexican, 114, 115. Bejarano, town, 321. Belgium, legation of, 176. Belus, temple of, 46. Benson, town, 309. Mhlioteea nacional, 182. Bishop's Mitre at Monterey, 248. palace, 247, 248. Boca de los Leones, town, 250. Boca del Monte, station, 167. Bocanegra, 123. Bocogna, town, 318. Bolanos, district, 77. Bolson de Mapimi, 282. Books on Mexico, list of, 142, 143. Boot, Adrian', engineer, 256. Borda, gardens, 200. Bordado, 120. Bota, station, 166. Bravo, Nicolas, President, 20. Brazil-wood, 89. Bread, kinds of, 52, £ric-a-brac, 130. Bridges : Atoyac, 162. Conchos, 283. Laredo, 252. Metlac, 163. Ozumba, 303. at Paso del Norte, 281. at Piedras Neajras, 286. San Pedro, 283. Sabinas, 323. Brigands, 1, 62. Brigan tines, 178. Brookline, station, 309. Brown beans, 95, 100. Brownsville, 319. Bucareli, Pasco de, 188. viceroy, 19. tomb of, 193. Buena Vista, battle-field, 245. Bufa, hill, 276. Bull-fights, 125, 126. 3urros, 15. Business opportunities, 141, 142. Bustamaute, President, 19, 20. town, 250, 288. Cahalleria de Tierra^ measure, 204, 107. Cabrera, artist, 73. Cacahuamilpa, caves of, 200. Cacamatzin, king, 17. Cacao, 97. Cachetero, 126. Cactus, 88, 89. Cadereyta, town, 247. Caido, hill, 248. Calabasas, station, 309. Calderon de la Barca, 143, 217. Calendar-stone, The, 184. Calera, station, 263. Calkini, station, 149. INDEX. 381 Calle de los Ebmbres /lustres, 189. Calvo, station, 281. Camaclio, station, 281. Camargo, town, 140. Camaron, station, 161. Camino de Ocoyoacac, station, 205, Camino de Toluca, station, 204. Campeche, area and population, 68. Camphor-trQes, 89. Oana de azuca?\ 96. Canalizo, President, 20. Canal, Viga, 188. Canary-seed, 100. Cancun, island, 30. Candelaria, station, 286. Canisteo, station, 309. Canitas, station, 281. Canoes on Lake Patzcuaro, 217. on Viga Canal, 188. Capas, 126. Capellania, station, 246. .CapelUna, 267. Carbo, station, 310. Cargadores, 222. Cannen, island, 80. station, 286. Carpio, novelist, 33. Carreraj President, 20. Carribajai, town, 158. Casa del Gobernador and Casa de las Monjas, 37. Casas Grandes, in Chihualiua, 285. de Montezuma, 285. Cascabel, 87. Casones, town, 47. Cathedrals : at City of Mexico, 184. -at Morelia, 212. ^at Oaxaca, 295. -at Puebla, 172. -at Guadalajara, 271. -at San Luis Potosi, 239. -at Chihuahua, 284. -at Queretaro, 260. -at Zacatecas, 276. Catoche, cape of, 18. Catorce, town, 77. Cattle-raising, 102. Cavalry regiments, 56. Cazadero, station, 259. Cedral, town, 244. Cedres, hacienda, 102, 278. Cedro, station, 281. Celaya, town, 210, 263. Centare, measure, 105. Centigramme, measure, 106. Centilitre, measure, 106. Centimetre, measure, 105. Centipede, 89. Gentoatl, 87. Ceralvo, viceroy, 18. Cerillos, 2. Cerralvo, island, 30. Cerro del Borrego, 22, 1 64, del Proano, 280. de las Campanas, 262. de Cuiche, 231, 233. del Mercado, 78, 279. de los Ediflcios, 275. del Mirador, 232, 235. de la Mitra, 248. de la Silla, 248. de San Miguel, 268. Cerros, island, 30. Chacamas, river, 38. Ghangungo, tree, 227. Ghalan, boat, 319. Chalcedony, 121. GhalcMJiuitl, 121. Chalco, lake, 179. Chamacuero, station, 237. Chapala, lake, 30, 272. Chapapote, town, 158. Chaparraleros, 129. Chapatuato, district, 208. Ghajpetas, 121. Chapultepec, castle, 189. Charape, liquor, 114. Charcas, town, 242. Charles IV, statue, 188. Charlotte, Maximilian's wife, 262. Charnay, explorer, 42, 45, 186. Charo, station, 211. Cheops, pyramid, 47. Chiapas, ai-ea and population, 68. GMcha, liquor, 114. Chichen-Itza, 37, 149. Chichimecs, 16. Chico, station, 264. Chihuahua, State, area and population, 68. city, 284. climate and mines, 285. Chile relleno, dish, 52. Chilpancingo, 304. Ghinampas, 188. Chinaj town, 291. Chiqmhuite mountain, 161. Gliirimoya, 90. Chivatito, station, 288. Chivela Pass, 306. Chocolail, 92. Cholula, 43, 172. ChorVo, station, 281. Christ, wooden model of, 187. Christopher Columbus, statue, 188. Chulos, 126. Church, The, 131-134. Churuhusco, hattle-field, 193. 382 INDEX. Churumuco^ town, 221. Cibuta, station, 309. Cigars, 53, 115. Cima, station, 204. Ginco de Mayo, battle, 171. Cincolotes, 203. Cinnabar, 78. Climate, 30, 179. Clothing for Mexico, 2. Coahuila, area and population, 68. Coal, 79. Coalcoman, district, 78, 236. Coanacotzin, king, 17. Coast-guard, 56. Coastwise lines, 12. Cobalt, 78. Coatzacoalcos, river, 155, 306, 307. Cochineal, 88. Cock-fights, 126, 127. Cocoa, 97, 100. Cocoanut-wine, 115. Cofiee, 96, 100. Cofre de Perote, 27, 155. CoinSj 61. Colegio de Mineria, 182, 187. Colima, area and population. 68. city and volcano, 219. Colleges, 138. Colonia, station, 202. Commerce, 53-55. Comonfort, 21, 23. Concessions for railroads, 7. Concho, station, 283. Conchos, river, 29, 283, 318. Concord coaches, 13. Conejos, station, 282. Conquest of Mexico by Spaniards, 17, 18. Constitution, provisions of, 19. amendment of, 24. Contention, station, 309. Contreras, novelist, 33. Copper, 78. Cordillera, 25, 26. Cordoba, 162. Corona, river, 320. Corpus Christij city, 253. Corralitos, station, 285. Correggio, paintings, 187. • Cortes, estate of, 199. landing of, 151. palace, 200. death of, 19. Cosala, town, 325. * Cost, of travel, 6. Costumes, 127, 128. Cotton, 97, 98, 100. Cotton-thread factories, 263. Coyote, 86. Cozumel, island, 30, 38. Criadero de Ganado Mayor, 104, 107. de Ganado Menor, 104, 107. Crimes, 135. Crittenden, station, 309. Crops, compared with U. S., 100. Cruces, town, 321. Cuartula, coin, 61. Cuartillo, measure, 112. Cuautitlan, town, 176, 209, 254. Cuautitlan, river, 255. Cuautla, town, 303. Cuba, 148, 157. Cuencam^, town, 281. Cuellar, novelist, 33. Cuernavaca, 199, 200. Cues, village, 169. Cuicatlan, river, 294, 295. Cuicuitzcatzin, king, 17. Cuitzeo, lake, 211. Culiacan, town, 325. Custom-house receipts, 58. regulations, 53. Danii, station, 259, 289. Decigramme, measure, 106. Decilitre, measure, lOB. Del Eio, station, 206. Desague of Huehuetoca, 180, 255-258. De Soto, explorer, 157. Diario Oficial, 176. Diaz, station, 288. President, 24. Diego Juan, the Indian, 191, 193. Dikes, system, 178. Diligences, 13, 14. general oflBce, 175. Dishes, list of common, 52. Dolores Hidalgo, town, 263, 269. Dolores, station, 283. Dominguillo, village, 169. Dona Marina, 170. Donkeys, 102, 109. Dos Eios, station, 203. Drainage, 179, 180. Dulce, 51. Durango, area and population, 68. city and Iron Mountain, 279. Duties, 57. Eads, J. B., ship-railway, 307. Earthquakes, 84, 228, 271. Education, 137-139. Ejutla, town, 295. El Chico, town, 197. El Fraile, mountain, 244. El Maiz, town, 240. El Oro, station, 207. El Paso, 286, 287. INDEX. 383 El Salad 0, hacienda, 102, 244. £1 Salto, station, 209, 259. Embassadors' Hall at Mexico, 184. Emerald, 85, 117. Encarnacion, station, 270, 288. Eucinillas, station, 288. English companies, 102. debt, 60. Enramada, station, 242. Enurial, station, 166. Escalon, station, 283. Escape de San Martin, station, 203. Escaupil, 116. Escobedo, General, 262. Escorpion^ 89. Escutcheon of Mexico, 61, 177. Esperanza, station, 167, 169. Espia, town, 312. Estancia de los Padres, 222, 228. Estancia, station, 250. E&tufa^ 212. Etla, village, 169. Exports by rail and steamer, 54. Express-offices, 15, 16, 175. Ex-votos, 118, 191. Factories, 118. Fairlie locomotive, 166. Faja, 128. Fanega^ 95. Fares on railroads, 10. Fauna of Mexico, 89. Feathered sei-pent, 185. Fees to servants, 14. Festivals, 124. Fifth of May anniversary, 124, 171. Finance, 58. line Arts, Academy of, 73, 187, 271. Fire-worshipers, 44. Floating islands, 188. Flora and flowers of Mexico, 91. Flor de Maria, station, 207. Flores, station, 324. Fonda^ Fondita^ 51. Foreign legations, 176. Forey, General, 22. Fort Brown, old, 319. Fortin, station. 163. Francisco, station, 288. French defeat at Puebla, 22, 171, Fresnillo, town and district, 77., 280. Frijoks^ 100. Frontera, town, 150, 151. Fuel on railroads, 10. Fucrte, town, 318. Furaaroles, 84, 227, 301. Funcion de toros^ or Funciones, 125, 126. Fundo legal^ measure, 104. 18 Gallego, station, 235. Galltros, 126. Garay, Jose de, grant, 305. Garcia, station, 246. Gardens, Borda, 199, 200. Gems, 85. Gloves at Salamanca, 263. Goatzacoalcos, river, 29, 306. Gold, annual yield of, 77. Gonzalez City, 318. President, 24, 194. station, 288. Gould, Jay, road of, 290. Grades on railways, 11. Granadita, 90. Grant, General, 7, 290. Grijalva, navigator, 18, 151. nver, 155. Guadalajara, 264, 270-272. places of interest. 271. Guadalupe, suburb of Mexico, 191, 193. station, 173. town, 275, 276. Guadalupe Hidalgo, treaty, 193. Guaje, station, 263. Guanajuato, area and population, 68. city, 265-269. places of interest, 265. district, 77. Guano, 30. Guardia Biiral^ 56. 173. Guarisamey, district, 77. Guasimillas, station, 325. Guatemala, republic, 327-343. city of, 339-341. geography, 327-335. routes, 338, 339. statistics, 335-338. Old Guatemala, 342,-343. Guaxaca, 295. Guaymas, town, 313. Guelves, viceroy, 18, 256. Guerrero, area and population, 68. President, 19. Guides, 168, 300-302. Guitars, 123. Gutierrez, hacienda, 167. station, 281. Guzman, station, 281. Haciendas de leneficios^ 81, 198, 268. Hargous, P. A., 305. Havana, 148. Hemp, 100, 148. Hercules cotton-mills, 261. Hermanas, station, 323. Hermosillo, town, 310. Hidalgo, patriot, 19. 384 INDEX. Hidalgo, executed, 284. flag ot^ 193. portrait of, 184. statues of, 205, 213, 239. Highest station in Mexico, 204, Hill of Treasure, 259. Honduras, British, 25. Horales, village, 165. Horcasitas, station, 286. Bornitos, 231-233. llorrio, town, 288. Horses, 15. Horse-cars, 14. Hotels, 49-51. Huamantla, station, 170, Huaraches, 128. Huasteca, 293. Huaxyacac, 295. Huehuetoca, canal and station, 255. Huingo, station, 211. Huisachal, village, 176. EtdsacU, 209, 259. Huisachito, station, 251, Eule, 93. Humboldt, 28, 46, 47, 206, 229-235. Ibarra, artist, 73. Immigration, 74, 75. Imuris, station, 309. Independence Hill, 246. Indian com, 94, 95, 100. Indians, population, 68. India-rubber plant, 93. Indigo, 89, 90. Infantry, 56. Inguaran, mines, 221. Inquisition, 1S7. Insects, 88. Intendancies, 32. International and Interoceanic Rail- way, 290. Interpreters, 140. Inundation, in the valley of Mexico, 180, 256. Invalids, 4. Irapuato, town, 264. Irolo Eailway, 293. Irolo, town, 298, 299. Isla ae los Sacrificios, 151. Islands, 30. Istla, table-land, 28. Italians, 74, 75. Iturbide, Agustin, 19. landing and execution of, 321 . Itztli^ 119, 186. Ixtlan, village, 272. Ixtlahuaca, town, 206. Ixtle, 100, 322. Ixtlilochitl, king, 17. Izamal, town, 38, 149. Iztaccinuatl, volcano, 170, 299. Jackass-rabbit, 86. Jajalpa, station, 204. Jalapa, town, 154, 155. Jalapilla, village, 164. Jalisco, area and population, 68. Jalisco, station, 281. Jaltipam, town, 306. Jaral, town, 246, 323. Jarita, station, 251. Jerez, town, 278. Jewelry, 121. Jiggers, 88, 156. Jimenez, station, 283. Jimulco, station, 281. Jorullo, 226-236. Journeys in the Eepublic, 5, 6. Joyacatlan, village, 169. Juan Diego, Indian, 191. Juan Felipe, oil-wells, 158. Juarez, artists, 73, 187. Juarez, Benito, President, 124, 295. Junction, station, 310. Jurisprudence, 134-137. Justo Sierra, author, 33. Juzgados, 137. Kilo, kilogramme, weight, 106. Kilometer, station, 259. Kilometre, measure, 105. La Barca, town, 215, 270. Labna, ruins, 38, 149. Labor, measure, 105, 107. La Compafiia, station, 299. La Cruz, station, 288. La Encantada, hamlet, 245. Lagartos, 86. La Goleta, station, 211. Lagoons, 29, 177. Lagos, town, 270. Laguna, country, 97, 245, 324. station, 288. Laguna de Tamiahua, 158. La Jordana, station, 207. Lake of Chalco, 179, 299. Chapala, 30. Ouitzeo, 30, 211. Patzcuaro, 30. San Cristobal, 179. Terminos, 29. Texcoco, 179, 188. Xaltocan, 179. Xochimilco, 179. Zumpango, 179. Lakes, 29. INDEX. 385 Lama, 26T. La Mancha, station, 281. Lampazos, town, 251. Languages of Mexico, 345. La Palma, station, 174. La Paz, 89, 315. La Piedad (American Club), 182. La Piedad, town, 215, 264. La Playa, village, 227. La Quemada, village, 274. Laredo, 252, 253. La Eefornia, station, 283, Las Delicias, station, 283. Las Minas, 286. Las Saias, station, 273. Las Salinas, town, 274. Lavaderos, 267. La Ventosa, town, 296, 307. La Ventura, town, 244. Lawyers, 137. Lead-ores, 78. League, 103. Leatlier goods, 120. Lecheria, station, 254. Lena, station, 289. Leoba, town, 42. Lcona, station, 247. Lerdo de Tejada, President, 24. Lerdo, town, 281. Lerma, river, 204, 205-207. Lerma, station, 205. Letters, 64-66. Library, National, 182. Lichen, 161. Licenciados, 137. Limoncito, station, 325. Linares, town, 291. Lizards, 8G. Llano, station, 309. Logwood, 89, 150. Lqja, 122. Loma, station, 270. Long Bridge, station, 310, Lopez, Colonel Miguel, 262. Lorencez, General, 22. Lorillard, Pierre, 186. Los Medanos, station, 286. Los Muertos, station, 246. Los Eeyes, town, 298, 299. Lotteries, 129* Machetes, 129. Macuiltopete Mountain, 155. Macuspan, town, 155. Magdalena, station, 288, 309, 311. Maguey, 92, 112. Maize, 100. Mdlacates, 80. Malinche, volcano, 170, 171. Malpais, 226, 233. Maltrata, station, 166. Mamey, fruit, 90. Manta, 261, Manzanillo, 219, 220. Mapilca, ruins, 47. Mapimi, station, 282. Maps, 101. Mapula, station, 283, Maravatio, town, 209. Marfil, town, 264, Marques, station, 259. Marquez, General, 22. Martin del Solis, 256, Martinez, Enrico, engineer, 256, monument, 184, Matamoros, town, 15, 157, 291, 319. Matanzas, 148, Mateliuala, town, 244, Mateos, novelist, 33. Maximilian, landing of, 23 ; history of, 24; coach of, 184; letter to his wife, 262 ; executed, 262. Mazapil, town, 78, 244. Mazatlan, 315, 316. Maya, 35. Mayapan, 36. Mayran, statioUj 323. Maytorena, station, 310. Measures, 103-107. Medellin, station, 160. Medical School, 187. Medina, Bartolonie, miner, 267, Medina, Salto de, 209, Medio real, value, 61. Mojia, General, 188, 262. Mendcz, Juan N., President, 24. Mendoza, station, 281. Mendoza, viceroy, 18, 214. Mercaderes, 194. Merida, town, 148, 149. Mesa de los Cartujanos, 251. Mescal, 114. Mesones, 50. Mestizo, 68, 123. Meteorology, 30, 81. Metlac, ravine, 163. Metric system, weights and measures, 105, 106. Mexican Centi-al Eailway, 7, 10, 11, 254-289. completion of, 280. diligence connections. 281, 282, 289rt, 2896. excursions on, 5, 6, 196, list of stations, 288, 289. mileage of, 287. Mexican farmer, 99. Mexican Finajicier, The, 140, 176, 386 INDEX. Mexican International R.E., 322-324. Mexican mei-cliant marine, 55. Mexican money, 61. Mexican National Eailway, 7-11, 202- 253. diligence connections, 208. excursions on, 5, 6, 196. Mexican (the English) Eailway, 7-11, 160-174. begun, 7 ; completed, 7. connections:, 161, 169, 173. Mexican Southern Eailway, 291-297. Mexican weights and measures, 103- 107. Mexico, City of, 175-196. capture of, IS, 178. climate, 179. drainage, 179, 180. I>laces of interest, 182. Mexico Junction, station, 252. Mexico, Eepublic, area, boundaries, and situation, 25. population, 67, 68. Mexico, State, area and population, 68. Uexitli, war-god, 176. Meztli, 45. Miahuatlan, town, 295. Michoacan, area and population, 68. Micoatl, 46. Mier, town, 291. Militaiy School, 189. Milmo, Patrick, 251. Minatitlan, 306. Mineral springs, 82. Mines, "denounced," 81. Mints, 63. Miramar, 262. Miramon, General, 21, 188, 262. Misantla, ruins, 47, 155. Mitla, ruins, 41-43, 295. Moctezuma, station, 242, 286. Moiina, station, 251. Molino del Eey, battle-field, 193. Monclova, town, 323. viceroy, 18. MoniquUes, 88, 156. Monitor Repuhlicano^ 139, 176. Monks of St. Francis, 256. Monte de Piedad, or Monte Pio, 130. Monte Grande, oil-wells, 158. Monterey, city, 248, 249. viceroy, 19, 153. Monterey and Mexican Gulf E'y, 247. Montesclaros, viceroy, 18. Montezuma, emperor, 17, 18. 178, 199. Monuments, 184, 205, 239, 242. Morelia, 211-216. Morelos, curate, 19, 214. Railway, 29S-304. Morelos, State, area and population, 68. Moreno, station, 310. Mother vein (leta madre)^ 78, 265. Mountains, 25-28. Mount Saint Elias, 299. Mozo, 5. Mugeres, island, 30. MvjoL (mullet), 87. Mulatos, mine, 312. Mules, 15. Murillo, paintings, 74, 184. Museum, 185. Music, 122-124. Musquiz, town, 140. Nahualtecs, 16. Names of streets, 194. Napoleon, 22, 189. National hymn, 123. Library, 182. Native work, 119, 120, 249. Nava, station, 822. Navalato, station, 325. Navy, 57. Neecls of Mexico, 143-146. JVeffuas, 88. Nepantla, station, 303. Nevado de Toluca, 206. New Laredo, 252. New Mexico, 48. Newspapers, 139, 140. at City of Mexico, 176. New York to Mexico, 147-159. Nezahualcoyotl, king, 17. Nezahualpilli, king, 17. Nickel money, 61. JVoche-triste tree, 1 90. date of. 18, 189. Nochistongo, Taio de, 255-258. Noe, station, 282. Noetzlin, Edward, 60. Nogales, station, 309. Nonoavas, town, 318. JVopal, cut of, 170. No'pala, station, 259. Nopaltzin, king, 17. Noriega, Francisco, 300. Nuevo Leon, area and population, 68. Oaxaca, area and population, 68. citv, 295. Marquis of the Valley of, 295. Obregon, 73, 193, 255. Obsidian blades, 46. Ocoyoacac, town, 205. Oio caliente, stsHion, 286. Ojo de Agua, 248. OJos callenteSy 82. INDEX. 38( Ometusco, station, 174. Onyx, 85, 171. Oposura, town, 315. Orizaba, town, 163-165. volcano, 26, 27, 168. Ortega, General, 22, 24. Ortiz, station, 283. Oturnba, battle-field and station, 174. Oar Lady of Guadalupe, 193. Ozumatlan, district, 208, 212. Ozumba, bridge and station, 303. Paclieco, station, 281. Pachuca, town, 173, 196, 197. Padilla, town, 321. Fainting, 73, 74. Palace of Montezuma, 184. national, 184. Palenque, 38-40, 150, 155. Palo Alto, battle, 20, 319. Palo Blanco, station, 250. Panama, 307, 308. Panuco, river, 29, 157, 158, 293. Pauzacola, station, 170. Papantla, ruins, 46, 155. Parra, artist, 73, 187. Parral, mines, 283, 318. Parras, town, 245, 324. Paseo de Bueareli, 188. de la Eeforma, 188. Paso del Macho, station, 161. Paso del Norte, town, 286. Paso Grande, oil-wells, 158. Passports, 52. Patents, 141. Patio, 71, 153, 181. Patio process, 198, 267. Patzcuaro, town, 216, 217. Pawnbroker-sliops, 130, 131. Payno, author, 33. Paz. author, 33. • Pearl-fishery, 89. Pcdraza, President, 19. Pedrito, station, 270. Pella, 267. Penuelas, station, 273. Peons, 80, 81, 108. Peppers, 100. Pcralta, station, 281. I'cronal, station, 282. Peruvian bark, 218. Pescante, £1, 13, 14. Peseta audpeso, 61. Posqueira, station, 310. lUate, 302. Peto, town, 149. Petroleum, 83, 142, 158. Peza, author, 33. Pieardias, station, 2S1. Pico del Fraile, 206. Picture-writing, 16. Piedra de los ISacriJicios, 186. Piedras JNegras (now Ciudad Porfirio Diaz), town, 281, 322. Piersons, station, 309. Piru, tree, 44, 210. Pito, tree, 44. Plaza mayor, at Mexico, 180. Plumaje, 119. Poets, 33. Point Isabel, 319. Political divisions, 32, 33. Polotitlan, station, 259. Pomoca, station, 209. Popocatepetl, ascent of, 299-302. height of, 26, 299. Popotla, village, 189. Population, 68, 69. Portal Mercaderea, 194. Porters, 109-111. Posa, station, 310. Posadas, 50. Post-Office, 63-65. Potrero, 246. Pottery, 119. Precious stones, 85. Presidio del Norte, town, 285, 316. Priesthood, 133. Prieto, poet, 33. Prisons, 135. Progreso, town, 12, 148. Protestant churches, 134. Public debt, 59, 60. Public letter-writers, 64. Puebla, 171-173. places of interest, 172. Puerto, station, 309. Puerto Angel, port, 296. Puerto de la Playa, village, 227. Pulgas, 88. Pulque, 112-115. Pulquerias^ 194. Pulque tram, 293. Pi/cietl, 116. Pyramid at Cholula, 43, 44, 172. Pyramids of Sun and M oon, 45, 174, 1 96. Pyramids, table ot, 47. Quauhtli, 303. Quemada, itiins, 275. Querendaro, station, 211. Queretaro, 260-263. Querobabi, station, 310. Quetzalcoatl, idol, 185. Quina, 218. _ Quinatzin, king, 17. Quiotepec, river, 294. Quirio, station, 211. 388 INDEX. Eag figures, 120. Kailroads, 7-12. Eailways, systems: Mexican Central, 11. Mexican National, 9, 11. Mexican Railway, 11, 12. Eainfall and rainy season, 30, 31. Eumos, mines, 77. Kancheria, station, 286. Keal, value, 61. Eeal del Monte, town, 197. Eealito, town, 321. Eebozo, 128. Eegla, cascade, 197. town, 197. Eellano, station, 283. Eesaca de la Palma, 319. Eestaurants, 50, 51. Eibera, artist, 74. Eice, 100. Eiego^ 94. Ein'conada, station, 169, 246. Einconcillo, station, 237. Eincon de Eomos, station, 274. Eincon Grande, cascade, 164. Eio Bravo, 25. Eio Grande, 252, 286. Eio Hondo, river, 149, 204. station, 202. Eitter & Co., agents, 153. Eiva Palacio, author, 33. Eivers, list of, 29. Eodriguez, artist, 73. station, 251. Eomcro, Matias, 95, 144, 296, 297. Eosenburg Junction, 319. Eoutes, snort, in Mexico, 5. Eoutes to Mexico, 147. Eubens, pictures, 187. Eubio family, 261. Eabrica, 135. Kuins. 34-49. Ake, 38, 149. Casoncs, 47. Cliichen-Itza, 37, 149. Chihuahua, 48, 285. Cholula, 43, 44, 172. • Labna, 38, 149. Mapilea, 47. Mayapan, 36, 149. Misantla, 47, 155. Mitla, 34, 41-43, 295. Faleuque, 34, 38-40. Papantla, 46, 155. Quemada, 275. San Juan Teotihuacan, 44, 196. Tula, 4.S, 259. Tusapan, 47. U.xmal, 34, 3G, 149. Euins, Xcoch, 38, 149. Xochicalco, 200. Zayi, 38, 149. Sabinas, station and river, 323. Sacramento, 285. Sacrificial stone, 186. Sacromonte, 302, 303. Sada, diligence line, 278, 279. Saddle-Mountain, 248. Saez, station, 282. Sagrario, 73, 184. Saguaripa, town, 315. Sanagun, historian, 142. Sala de Embajadores^ 184. Salado, river, 251, 294. Salamanca, station, 263. Salazar, station, 204. Salina Cruz, town, 306, 307. Salinas, station, 250, 274. viceroy, 18, 180, 255. Salm-Salm, Princess, 262. Salome Botello, station, 250. Salt, common, 83. Saltillo, city, 245, 246, 278. Salto de Alvarado, 189. Salto de Medina, 209. Salvatierra, town, 210, 263. Salzburg, 249. Samalayuca, station, 286. San Andres, town, 169. San Antonio, station, 252, 259. San Antonio de Abajo, village, 167. Sanapa, town, 321. San Bartolito, station, 203. San Bartolo, station, 202. San Bias, 270, 272. San Carlos Academy, 73, 187. Sanchez, station, 251. San Co.sme, 189, 190. San Cristobal, lake, 179, 255. town, 155, 296. Sanford's, station, 309. San Fernando, 320. San Geronimo, station, 247. San Ignacio, station, 309. San Isidoro, station, 281. San Jose, station, 210, 286. San Juan, village, 169. San Juan Bautista, town, 150, 155. San Juan del Kio, station, 259. 2(;0. San Juan de los Llanos, station, 169. San Juan de Uloa, 151. San Juan Teotihuacan, station, 174, 196. San Lazar, valley, 203. San Lazaro, station, 298. San Luis Potosi, 238, 240. San Marcos, station, 169. INDEX. 389 San Mi,o:ucl, station, 238, 320. San Patricio, station, 319. San Pedro Churuuiucu, 230. San Pedro de Jorullo, mines, 76. San Pedro, river, 283. town, 325. San Tuariol de los Remedios, 43. Santa Ann, station, 170, 309. Santa Anna, President, 19, 20, 23, 24. Santa Barbara, station, 273, 289. Santa Catarina, station, 246. river, 248. Santa Clara, village, 221, 235. Santa Cruz Point, 319. Santa Eulalia, mines, 284. Santa Maria, station, 246, 273, 289. Santa Rosa, station, 310, 323. Santa Rosalia, station, 283, 288. Santander, town, 320. Santa Teresa, oil-wells, 158. Sarsaparilla, 100. Sauceda, station, 323. Saucillo, station, 284. Sauz, station, 286. Schools, 138, 139. Scott, General, 20. Sedas, town, 295. Sesrredo, artist, 73, 184. Sepultura, oil-wells, 158. Seward, William H., 219. Sierra Madre, 25, 222. Negra, 168. Sierra Mojada, 282, 323. Siesta, 108. Silao, town, 264. Sillas, 72. Silk-worm, 89. Silos, station, 241. Sinaloa and Durango Railroad, 325. Sinaloa, area and population, OS. Sinda, mines, 214. Slavery, 108. Smuggling, 55. Snakes, 87. Soledad, station, 161, 246, 274, 323. Solfutaras, 84. Soils, station, 209. Soltepec, station, 173. Sombrerete, mines, 77, 280. Sonoita, station, 309. Sonora Railway, 309-315. Soto la Marina, town, 321. Spanish Creoles, 68. Spofford Junction, 322. Stamp tariff, 65. Standard books on Mexico, 142, 143. Steamships, 12, 13. Stevens, Simon, 806. Stock-raising, 102, 103. Stores, 129, 130. Straw, 100. Subsidies for railways, 8. Sugar-cane, 96, 97. Sulphur, 83. Summit Siding, station, 211. Summit, station, 204. Sun and Moon, Pyramids of, 45, 174. Symon, station, 281. Tabasco, area and population, 68. Table d'hote, 51. Tables, area and population, 68. distances, 272, 326. Mexican land-measures, 107. mints, 63. products, 100. public schools, 139. railroad charges, 10. stations on Mexican Central Rail- way, 288, 289. wages, 110, 111. wines and liquors, 115. Tacambaro, town, 224. Tacuba, suburb, 202. Tacubaya, suburb, 189. Tajo de Nochistongo, 256-258. Tamaulipas, area and population, 68. Tamesi, river, 292. Tampico, 12, 157, 292, 821. Tancasneque, town, 292. Tancitaro, town, 218. Tanjuco, village, 292. Tapachula, town, 296. Tapia, Fernando de, 260. Tapias, town, 281. Tarandacuao, station, 210. Tasco, district, 77, 83, 201. Taxes, 58. Taylor, General Zachary, 20, 245. Tecali, 85. Tecomabapa, village, 169. Tecotlalla, king, 17. Tehuacan, town, 169. Tehuantepec Railroad, 305-308. isthmus, 25j 28. TenangOj station, 299. Tejamanil, village, 224, 226. . Tejeria, station, l61. Telegraphs, 66, 67. Telfener, Count, 319. Temahuani, 88. Tenochtitlan, 17, 176. Teocallis, 34, 43-47. Teocuilin, 88. Teolovucan, station, 254. Teotitlan, village, 169. Teoyaomiqui, idol, 186. Tepejuaje, tree, 227. ftOO INDEX. Tepctongo, 209. Tepexpam, station, 174. Tepeyacac, 191. Tepic, town, 272. Tequila^ 113. town, 272. Teran, town, 291. Tetitan, town, 272. Texcoeo, lake, 179, 188. town, 298. Theatres, at City of Mexico, 175. Tierra Blanca, station, 286. lierra caliente^ 27. fria, 27. templada^ 27. Tilma of Juan Diego, 193. Tlaco, value, 61. Tlahualila, lagoon, 97. Tlahuicos, 199, 303. Tlalnepantla, station, 209. Tlalpujahua, mines, 208. Tlamacas, ranch, 300-302. Tlaxeala, area and population, 68. Tlaxpana, aqueduct, 190. Tlotzin, king, 17. Tobacco, 97, 100. Toltec Palace, 48. Toltecs, 16, 47. Toluca, places of interest, 205, 206. Tonala, port, 296. Tonatiuh^ 45. Tonnage of vessels, 55. Topo, station, 250. Topolobampo Bav, 318. Toreadores, 125, 126. Torreon, town, 281, 323, 324. Torres, station, 310. Torta, 267. Tortillas, 51. Toston, value, 61. Trojes, mines, 208. Tula, 47, 259. Tulancingo, town, 293. Tusapan,"47. Tuxjian, town, 157, 321. Tuxtla, volcano, 84. Tzapotec, 42, 295, 345. Union dc Tacuba, station, 202. Union de Naucalpan, station, 202. Urcs, town, 312. Urique, district, 318. Uruapan, town, 16, 218. Usumaciuta river, 150. Uxmal, 34, 36, 37, 149. Valenciana mine, 79, 80. Valladolid, city, 149, 214. Valley of Mexico, 179. Vanilla, 98, 100. Vara, 103. Velasquez, 74, 187. Venado, town, 242. Vera Cruz, area and population, 6f^ city, 152-154. Veta Gn^ande, 78, 277. Madre, 78, 265, 277. Via angosta, 9. Viceroys, 18. Victoria, Guadalupe, Prei-ideut, 19. station, 291, 319. Viga, canal and paseo, 188. Villaldama, town, 250. Villa Lerdo, town, 281. Villalobos, town, 264. Villa Nueva, town, 278. Virgin, 191. Vbmito, 3, 152. Wages, table, 110, 111. War of Independence, 245. ■with the United States, 20. 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It contains many little items of information, gathered from the broad fields of literature, history, and science, which are not contained in cyclopaedias and ordinary hand-books, and which are not readily found when sought. In the de- partments of Physical and Natural Sciences, moreover, are contained many interesting results of modern research, of too recent date to have found a place in ordinary scien- tific treatises. In a word, while this volume has little or no claim to a strictly scientific oharacter, it is believed that it will be found at once interesting and instructive." New York: D. APPLETON & CO., 1, 3, & 5 Bond Street. i"i^ T D. APPLETON & CO.'S PUBLICATIONS. 'HE HISTOR Y OF ANCIENT CI VI LIZA TION. A Hand-book based upon M. Gustave Ducoudray's " Histoire Sommaire de la Civilisation." Edited by the Rev. J. Ver- SCHOYLE, M. A. With numerous Illustrations. Large i2mo. Cloth, $1.75. " With M. 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Cloth, $1.75. The Historic Portraits of this work are eighty in number, drawn from the writings jf Plutarch, Grote, Gibbon, Cqrtius, Momhsen, Froude, Hume, Macaulay, Lecky, GREE^•, Thiers, Taine, Prescott, Motley, and other historians. The sub- jects extend from Themistocles to Wellington. " Every one perusing the pages of the historians must have been impressed with the graphic and singularly penetrative character of many of the sketches of the distin- guished persons whose doings form the staple of history. These pen-portraits often stand out firom the narrative with luminous and vivid effect, the writers seeming to have concentrated upon them all their powers of penetration and all their skill in graphic delineation. Few things in literature are marked by analysis so close, discernment so keen, or effects so brilliant and dramatic." — From the Pre/ace. L IFE OF THE GREEKS AND ROMANS, de- scribed from Ancient Monuments. By E. GUHL and W. KONER. Translated from the third German edition by F. HUEFFER. With 543 Illustrations. 8vo. Cloth, $2.50. " The result of careful and unwearied research in every nook and cranny of ancient learning. Nowhere else can the student find so many facts in illustration of Greek and Roman methods and manners." — Dr. C. K. Adatiis's Manual of Historical Literature. New York : D. APPLETON & CO., i, 3, & S Bond Street \.\ jU'i X-iCi