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p 
 
 OLITICAL HISTORY OF THE 
 
 UNITKD STATES. — outline of the lectures 
 
 DELIVERED BEFORE THE JUNIOR CLASS, WHARTON SCHOOT,, By 
 JOHN BACH McMASTER. 
 
 '^^ 
 
 DEPARTMENT % OF % AMERICAN % H15T0RY % UNIVERSITY % OF 
 FENN5YLVy\NlA % nDCCCXC. 
 

 Copyright, 1889, 
 
 BY 
 
 John Bach McMaster. 
 
 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 
 
/ /^9 
 
 so 
 
 THE POLITICAL HISTORY OF THE 
 UNITED STATES. 
 
 1765-1889. 
 
 THE REVOLUTION IMPENDING. 
 
 1. Character of the Revolution. 
 
 1. Not a quarrel between two people. 
 
 2. A strife between two parties. 
 
 a. Liberal in Great Britain and United States. 
 
 b. Conservative in Great Britain and United States. 
 
 3. Was not waged in ofie, but in both countries. 
 
 a. Causes of the Revolution. — The King's prerogative. 
 
 I. Dispute over the King's prerogative. 
 
 Foundation of the King's authority over the Colonies. 
 
 a. His claim to unoccupied lands. 
 
 b. Titles in the King, not in the People or Parliament. 
 
 c. Political relation of the colonists to the Crown, and 
 
 not to Parliament. 
 
 d. Were chartered land companies. 
 
 e. Attacks on the prerogative in England and United 
 
 States. 
 
 3. Causes of the Revolution. — British Merchants. 
 
 II. Attempt of the British merchants to monopolize trade of the 
 Colonies. 
 
 Navigation laws. 
 Acts of trade. 
 
 Acts for the prohibition of British manufactures. 
 Acts to enforce these. 
 
 Acts laying and regulating the port duties in the cities, 
 etc. 
 
1760-61] THE REVOLUTION IMPENDING. 2 
 
 4. Causes of the Revolution. — Navigation Acts. 
 
 1. 1662. None but English colonial ships could trade with 
 
 the Colonies. 
 
 2. 1663. No commodity the growth or product of Europe 
 
 to be carried to the Colonies but in English-built 
 ships, sailing from English ports. 
 
 3. 1672. Goods from one colony must first go to England 
 
 and thence to the purchasing colony ; or pay export 
 duty equal to English import. 
 
 4. 1733. Sugar act. Prohibitory duty. 
 
 5. Effects of the Acts of Trade. 
 
 1. Exclusive markets for Colonial goods. 
 
 2. European goods cheap. 
 
 3. Drew bounties from the English exchequer. 
 4; Disobeyed the laws. 
 
 6. Attempt to enforce the Acts of Trade. 
 
 I. The Writs of Assistance. 
 2 Writ of Assistance explained. 
 
 1760, October 25. George II. dies and all Writs expire. 
 
 1 761, February. Re-issue opposed in court by merchants of 
 
 Boston. Argument of James Otis. Deci- 
 sion in favor of government. 
 
 7. Causes of the Revolution. — Revenue Scheme. 
 
 Plan of colonial taxation. 
 
 1. Money to be raised for payment of governing and de- 
 
 fending the colonies. 
 
 2. None of this money to be taken from the colonies, only 
 
 certificates to be sent to the exchequer. 
 
 3. Necessity of taxing. 
 
 a. Expenses of defending and holding the newly ac- 
 quired territory against the French and Indians. 
 
1763-65] THE REVOLUTION IMPENDING. 3 
 
 8. Answer of the Liberals. 
 
 1. The mother country monopolized trade. This offset 
 
 taxation. 
 
 2. Not represented in Parliament. 
 
 3. Would contribute voluntarily. 
 
 9. Answer of the Ministry. 
 
 1. No monopoly. Colonies violated trade laws. 
 
 2. Received drawbacks and bounties. 
 
 3. Revenue based on voluntary gifts too uncertain. 
 
 10. The Revenue Policy Enforced. 
 
 1763, Armed cutters sent to enforce the 
 
 a. Navigation laws. 
 
 d. Vice admiralty courts without juries set up to 
 judge violations of revenue. 
 
 1764, April 6. c. Enforcement of Sugar Act. 
 
 d. Diminition of drawbacks on foreign goods exported 
 
 to America. 
 
 e. Imposts on wine. 
 
 /. Revenue duty instead of prohibitory duty on for- 
 eign molasses. 
 Act to take effect September 30. 
 
 11. Causes of the Revolution. The Stamp Act. 
 
 1765, February 6. Stamp Act moved in House of Commons. 
 
 Petitions thrown out because against a money 
 bill. 
 March 22. Passed and approved. 
 
 June 6. Massachusetts calls for a Congress at New 
 York. 
 
 12. The Stamp Act Congress. 
 
 October 7. Congress meets. 
 
 12. Declaration of Rights. 
 
1765-67] THE REVOLUTION IMPENDING. 4 
 
 2. Addresses to the King. 
 
 3. Memorial to the Lords. 
 
 4. Memorial to House of Commons. 
 
 Analysis of these documents. 
 Violent opposition in the colonies. 
 
 13. The Stamp Act Repealed. 
 
 1766. January 14. Parliament assembles. 
 
 17. Petition of London merchants. 
 28. Examination of Franklin. 
 March 18. Stamp Act repealed. 
 The Declaratory Act. 
 
 The Stamp Act takes no money from the 
 Colonies. 
 
 CAUSES OF THE REVOLUTION.— ROYAL INSTRUCTIONS. 
 
 14. The Declaratory Act. 
 
 1766. Substance of the act. 
 
 The principle of the act enforced. 
 
 1. In the Townshend acts. 
 
 2. In the special Royal instructions. 
 
 3. In the use of the prerogative. 
 
 15. I. Causes of the Revolution. — The Townshend Acts. 
 
 1767. 
 
 1. Tax on tea, paints, paper, glass, lead. 
 
 2. More effectual execution of the laws of trade. 
 Purpose of the acts. 
 
 Not revenue, but assertion of right to tax. 
 
 16. II. The Special Royal Instructions. 
 
 Illustrations : 
 
 1. Casile William ordered to be garrisoned by royal troops. 
 
 2. Dissolutions of Assemblies. 
 
 1768. Massachusetts, Maryland, Virginia, Georgia, 
 New York. 
 
1768-70] THE REVOLUTION IMPENDING. 5 
 
 3. Removal of Assemblies to unusual places. 
 a. Beaufort, S. C. 
 d. Cambridge, Mass. 
 
 c. Salem, Mass. 
 
 ^ 4. Negative of the choice of Speakers. 
 
 a. Otis in General Court of Massachusetts. 
 
 d. Jones three times in Assembly of Georgia. 
 
 5. Refusal of the Governors to assent to laws taxing the 
 
 officers of goverament. 
 
 6. Providing for the maintenance of local officers. 
 
 17. III. Uses of the Perogative. 
 
 Illustrations : 
 
 In Maryland. Expired tax law revived by proclamation. 
 In North Carolina. Officials assess enormous fees. 
 In Rhode Island. Seizure of the trading vessels by the 
 " Gaspee." 
 
 x8. Causes of the Revolution. — Effect of the Townshend Acts. 
 
 1768. In Massachusetts. General Court send 
 
 January 12. i. Letter of instructions to colonial agent. 
 January 20. 2. Memorial to the King. 
 February 1 1. 3. Circular letter to the colonies. 
 
 Dissolution of the Assemblies of Virginia, 
 
 Maryland and Georgia, for approving 
 
 the circular. 
 
 Dissolution of the Assembly of New York. 
 
 Dissolution of the General Court of Mass. 
 
 1769. Virginia Assembly again dissolved. 
 
 June 13. Massachusetts General Court adjourned to Cam- 
 bridge. 
 August I. Massachusetts General Court prorogued. 
 October. North Carolina Assembly dissolved. 
 
 1770. The quartering act expires by limitation. 
 
 April. The Townshend duties repealed except on tea. 
 
I770-73] 
 
 THE REVOLUTION IMPENDING. 
 
 xg. 
 
 ai. 
 
 22. 
 
 23- 
 
 PARTY ORGANIZATION. 
 
 Committees of Correspondence. 
 
 1767-1772. Tendency of tbe Royal instructions exposed. 
 
 1772, October. Samuel Adams' suggestion for concerted action. 
 
 Committee of Correspondence appointed. 
 
 Report of the Committee. 
 
 /. Statement of the Rights of Colonies. 
 
 a. Life, liberty, property. 
 
 b. To choose his country. 
 
 c. Worship God according to his conscience. 
 
 d. No taxation without representation. 
 
 e. Indepent judiciary. 
 
 /. Equality of all men before the law. 
 
 a. Enumeration of the violations of these rights. 
 
 1. Taxing without representation. 
 
 2. Invasion of jury trial by establishing courts of admi- 
 
 ralty. 
 
 3. Prohibition of the manufacture of certain goods. 
 Letter of correspodence ^vith other towns. 
 
 4. Party Organization. Committees of Correspondence 
 chosen. 
 
 1773, January. Hutchinson complains of the Boston address to the 
 
 General Court. 
 February. The address approved and sent to the Legislature 
 
 of Virginia. 
 March. Virginia appoints a Committee to correspond with 
 
 the other Colonies. 
 May 7. Rhode Island 
 May 21. Connecticut 
 May 2^. New Hampshire 
 May 28. Massachusetts 
 July 8. South Carolina 
 
 > appoint Committees of Corres- 
 pondence. 
 
1773] "^^^ REVOLUTION IMPENDING. 
 
 PARTY ORGANIZATION.— STEPS TOWARD UNION. 
 
 34. Condition of affairs in the Colonies. 
 
 1773. No idea of separation. 
 
 Feeling not against the King, but against despotic ministers. 
 Feeling of the King towards the Colonies. 
 
 25. The Tea Act su'ggested. 
 
 1773. The duty on tea inoperative. 
 
 No tea imported; much smuggled in from Holland. 
 East India Company embarrassed. 
 1773, April 27. Lord North's resolution. 
 
 I All tea imported into any colony after May 
 10, 1773, be allowed a drawback of all 
 custom duties paid for import in Eng- 
 land. 
 2. This importation under license from the 
 Commissioners of the Treasury. 
 
 26. The Tea Act passed. 
 
 1773, May 10. Act approved. 
 
 1. Effect of the act. Left the Company to pay 
 
 the 3 d. tax. 
 
 2. Would enable Company to sell it cheaper in 
 
 America. 
 3. Would enforce duty in America and so keep up the 
 principle of taxation. 
 1773. August. Licenses taken out and tea sent to Boston, New 
 York, Charleston, and Philadelphia. 
 
 17. Steps towards Union. Reception of Tea Act in America. 
 
 Turns attention from local issues. 
 
 Revives general issue. 
 
 Brings up again the question of the right to tax. 
 
 Why the Committee on Correspondence did not act. 
 
1773-74] "^^E REVOLUTION IMPENDING. g: 
 
 18. Steps towards Union. Assemblies Choose Committees. 
 
 1773. September 10. Georgia. 
 October 15. Maryland. 
 October 23. Delaware. 
 December 8. North Carolina. 
 
 1774. January 20. New York. 
 February 8. New Jersey. 
 
 19. Steps towards Union. Reception of the Tea in America. 
 
 1773. Boston Tea Party. 
 
 Reception of the tea elsewhere. 
 
 30. Steps towards Union. — The Intolerable Acts. ^ 
 
 1774. News of the resistance of the Colonies received in England. 
 Parliament passes the four "intolerable acts." 
 
 31. March 31. i. The Boston Port Bill. 
 
 a. Makes Marblehead the port of entry. 
 
 b. Makes Salem the seat of government. 
 Reception of the act by the Colonies. 
 
 1774. May 2. Public meetings call for a Congress. 
 
 New York Committee asks Massachusetts to fix 
 time and place. 
 1774. June 7. General Court meets at Salem. 
 
 The doors locked. 
 1774. June 17, A Congress called for September 5th at Philadel- 
 phia, 
 
 3a. Steps Towards Union.— The Regulating Act. 
 1774. May 20. The Act approved. 
 Provisions of the act. 
 
 1. Council appointed by the King. 
 
 2. Governor appoints the judges, justices, etc.. 
 
 3. Governor and Council to appoint sheriffs 
 
 who were to select juries. 
 
 4. Town meetings, except for election of offi- 
 
 cers, forbidden. 
 
1774-75] ^^^ REVOLUTION IMPENDING. 10 
 
 39. Union. — State of the United Colonies. 
 
 1774. Population. 
 Distribution of population. 
 Characteristics of the Colonies. 
 
 a. Political. 
 
 d. Social. 
 
 c. Religious. 
 
 (/. Arts and Sciences. 
 
 40. Union. — Effects of the Union. 
 
 1. Characteristics of the Union. 
 
 2. Effect of in Great Britain. 
 
 On the King. 
 
 a. The petition to the King presented to Lord Dartmouth. 
 
 b. The Governors ordered to prevent the meeting of 
 
 Congress in ]\Iay. 
 
 On Parliaineni. 
 
 1775, February 8. Joint address to the King. 
 
 Act shutting the ports of New England. 
 February 20. Lord North's plan of conciliation. 
 May. The plan rejected by the Assemblies. They 
 
 refuse to treat separately. 
 
 41: INDEPENDENCE.— THE SECOND CONGRESS. 
 
 1775. May 10. Meeting of the Congress. 
 
 Character of the Delegates, 
 Credentials. 
 May 16. Letter from Massachusetts. 
 May 15. Letter from New York regarding the English 
 
 troops. 
 May 23. Letter from New Hampshire. 
 
1775] INDEPENDENCE. II 
 
 May 20. Mecklenburg Resolutions not formally laid be- 
 fore Congress. 
 Are they genuine? 
 
 42. Independence. — The Question of Sovereignty. 
 
 1775. May. The question brought up. 
 
 June 9. The answer to Massachusetts. 
 The answer to New York. 
 
 43. Independence. — The Controversy Stated. 
 
 The address to the Canadians. 
 The address to the people of Great Britain. 
 The address to the Assembly of Jamaica. 
 The letter to the Lord Mayor of London. 
 The appeal to the people of Ireland. 
 The second petition to the King. 
 The petition taken out by Richard Penn. 
 1775. August I. Congress adjourns. 
 
 44. Independence. — Preliminary Steps. 
 
 1775. September 5-13. Congress reassembles. 
 
 No thoughts of Independence. 
 Pressure on Congress to form State Gov- 
 ernments. 
 October 18. New Hampshire request. 
 
 "Transylvania" asks admittance. 
 October 21. News of the King's Proclamation. 
 
 News of the rejection of the petition. 
 
 45. Independence. — Taking up Civil Government. 
 
 November 3. The recommendation to New Hampshire. 
 The recommendation to South Carolina. 
 The recommendation in general. 
 
 46. Independence. — Action of the Legislatures on Independence. 
 
 Meaning of the recommendations. 
 Take up civil government. 
 
1775-76] INDEPENDENCE. 12 
 
 1775. November 9. Pennsylvania instructs her delegates not to 
 
 vote for Independence. 
 November 28. New Jersey the same. 
 December. Maryland Convention. 
 
 December 14. New York Provincial Congress. 
 December, Delaware Assembly instructs its delegates. 
 
 December. North Carolina address. 
 
 New England in favor of Independence. 
 
 1776. January 9. Appearance of " Common Sense." 
 
 47. Independence. — Assumption of Sovereignty by Congress. 
 
 1776. Attempt to enlarge the Union. 
 
 January 6. Orders the Tories disarmed. 
 Issues letters of marque. 
 Opens the ports to all nations. 
 Seeks foreign aid. 
 May 15. Recommends all the Assemblies to form civil 
 governments. 
 
 48. Independence. — T\ie sense of the people taken on the ques- 
 /tion. .^^^ 
 
 March, June. The Colonial Assemblies asked to express an 
 ^ opinion. 
 
 1/76, 
 
 Answers of the Colonies, 
 1776. May 16. Adams' resolution. 
 1776. June 7. Motion of R. H. Lee. 
 
 1. Independence. 
 
 2. Confederation. 
 
 3. Foreign alliance. 
 
 June — . The middle states approve of Independence, 
 
 July 2, Independence voted. 
 
 July 3-4. The draft considered and approved. 
 
 49, Independence. — The Declaration. 
 
 1776. The question of the signing. 
 
 July 19. Entry on the Journals of Congress. 
 
1776-81] INDEPENDENCE. 13 
 
 August 2. Entry on the journals of Congress. 
 July 9. Statement of Adams. 
 
 50. The Declaration. — Meaning. 
 
 1776. July The Declaration published. 
 Text of the Declaration. 
 
 1. The preamble. 
 
 2. Statement of" self-evident truths." 
 
 3. Statement of" injuries and ururpations." 
 
 4. Appeal to " our British brethren." 
 
 5. The Declaration. 
 
 6. Character of the " Signers." 
 
 51. The Declaration. — Effect. 
 
 Government by England dissolved. 
 1775-1778. Formation of State Constitutions. 
 1776-178 1. Formation of a Confederation of States. 
 1 776- 1 78 1. War with Great Britain. 
 
 52. THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION FRAMED. 
 
 1776. June II. Committee chosen to frame Articles of Confeder- 
 
 ation. 
 July 12. Reportof the Committee. 
 Questions debated. 
 
 1. Mode of voting in Congress. 
 
 2. Assignment of quotas. 
 
 3. Vacant lands in the West. 
 
 1777, November 15. Articles sent to the States. 
 
 I. Objections by the States. 
 1778-1781. Ratification delayed by Maryland. 
 1 78 1, March i. The Articles in force. 
 
 53. Articles of Confederation Examined. 
 
 178 1. I. Text of the Articles. 
 
 2. Kind of government set up. 
 
1776-81] THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION. I4 
 
 3. Defects of the Articles. 
 
 a. In form. Acts on States, and not on individuals. 
 
 Large vote needed to pass an ordi- 
 nance. 
 Impossibility of amendment. 
 Plan of representation. 
 
 b. In authority. Want of pov/er to enforce ordi- 
 
 nances. 
 Want of Revenue powers. 
 Want of Commercial powers. 
 
 54. Articles of Confederation. " The United States of America." 
 The States. Their Constitutions. 
 
 55. ^A^hat is a State Constitution? 
 
 Two kinds of constitutions. 
 
 a. Organic growth. 
 
 b. Instruments of evidence. 
 
 56. Constitutions as Organic Growths. 
 
 I. Absolute monarchies. 
 
 Aristocracies. 
 Limited monarchies. 
 Representative republics. 
 Pure democracies. 
 
 57. Constitutions as Instruments of Evidence. 
 
 1. Cumulative. 
 
 2. Enacted. 
 
 3. Written. 
 
 4. Unwritten. 
 
 5. Merits and defects of unwritten constitutions. 
 
 6. Merits and defects of written constitutions. 
 
 7. In the U. S. all constitutions but two have been written. 
 
1776-78] THE STATES— THEIR CONSTITUTIONS. 1 5 
 
 58. The States. — Their Constitutions Formed. 
 
 I. The Authoritj^ 
 
 1775, May 16, The Massachusetts Letter. 
 
 June. Answer of Congress. 
 
 1775, October. The New Hampshire Letter. 
 
 The apphcations from Virginia and South 
 CaroHna. 
 November 3, 4. Answer of Congress. 
 
 1776, May 10, 15. The Resolution of Congress on the subject- 
 
 59. II. The Makers. The Resolution Analyzed. 
 
 I . Who were to form the State goverments ? 
 
 a. The Assemblies? • 
 
 b. The people? 
 
 c. Character of the Assemblies and Provincial Con- 
 
 gresses. 
 
 60. III. Action of the Makers. 
 
 1. Special Conventions. 
 , New Hampshire. 
 
 Delaware. 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 2. By the Assemblies and Congresses. 
 
 South Carolina. 
 Virginia. 
 New Jersey. 
 Pennsylvania. 
 Maryland. 
 North Carolina. 
 Georgia. 
 New York. 
 Vermont. 
 
 61. The States.— Features of their Constitutions. 
 
 1. Preamble. 
 
 2. Bill or Declaration of Rights. 
 
1781-89] ., THE CONFEDERATION. l5 
 
 3. The Constitution proper. 
 
 1. The Legislature. 
 
 2. The Executive. 
 
 3. The Judiciary. 
 
 4. QuaUfications. 
 
 a. For office. 
 
 b. For freemen or voters. 
 
 5. Representation. 
 
 THE UNITED STATES IN CONGRESS ASSEMBLED." 
 
 2. The Congress. 
 
 1775-1789. Number of Congressmen. ' 
 
 Election of members and their instruction. 
 
 Attendance of members. 
 1778-17S9. Presidents of Congress. 
 
 Manner of doing business in Congress. 
 
 Executive boards. 
 
 Heads of departments. 
 
 Committee of the States. 
 
 The Judicial powers of Congress. 
 1774-1781. Authority of Congress before the Articles. 
 1781-1789. Authority of Congress after the Articles. 
 
 Powers of Congress. 
 
 63. The Continental Congress — Acts of. 
 
 I. The Financial Measures. The Continental Treasury. 
 
 1775, June 3. The first financial committee. 
 July 19. The committee on expenses. 
 November 6. The third financial committee. 
 
 1776, February 17, The standing committee to superintend the 
 
 Treasury, or "Board of Treasury." 
 1778, September 26. Officers of the Treasury. 
 Controller. 
 
^'17S-7']'\ 
 
 THE CONTINENTAL DEBT. 
 
 17 
 
 64. 
 
 1779, July 30. 
 
 1 78 1, February 20. 
 
 1785, January 25. 
 Financial Measures. 
 
 Auditor, 
 
 Treasurer. 
 
 Commissioner of the chambers of account. 
 
 Reorganization of the Board of Treasury. 
 
 Robert Morris chosen Superintendent of 
 
 Finance. 
 Board of Treasury re-organized. 
 
 Continental Debt. 
 
 I. The Domestic Debt. 
 
 1775. The question of paper money. 
 
 1775, June 22. 
 
 
 First issue of Bills of Credit. 
 
 1. Forms of the issue. 
 
 2. Denominations of the bills. 
 
 3. Apportionment of the issue. 
 
 4. Redemption. 
 
 1775, July 25. 
 
 
 Second issue. 
 Third issue. 
 
 1776, January 5. 
 
 
 Fourth issue. 
 Fractional currency. 
 
 July 22. 
 
 
 Fifth issue. 
 
 1776. Sixth issue. 
 
 ( 
 
 October 
 
 3- 
 
 Loan certificates. 
 
 
 I. 
 
 Form of the certificate. 
 
 
 2. 
 
 Forms of the loan. 
 
 
 3- 
 
 Rate of interest. 
 
 Failure of the scheme. 
 
 November 
 
 I. 
 
 The Lottery. 
 
 
 I. 
 
 Number of tickets and classes. 
 
 
 2. 
 
 Amount to be raised. 
 
 1 78 1. 3. Payment of prizes. 
 
 November 2. Seventh issue of bills of credit. 
 Did they ever issue ? 
 1777, January 14. Second issue of Loan Ofifice certificates. 
 
 The Legislatures asked to raise money by tax- 
 ation. 
 
1777-80] 
 
 THE CONTINENTAL DEBT. 
 
 i8 
 
 1777, February 26. 
 May 20. 
 
 November 7. 
 
 November 22. 
 November 27. 
 
 Eighth issue. 
 Ninth issue. 
 Tenth issue. 
 
 Eleventh issue. 
 Appeal to the States to* levy taxes. 
 The States urged to confiscate the property 
 of Tories. 
 1778. Third issue of loan certificates. 
 
 1778, September 9. Bills drawn on the Commissioners at Paris to 
 pay interest on loan office certificates issued 
 before March i. 
 State recommended to seize goods needed for 
 
 the army. 
 Amount of paper issued during the year. 
 The circular letter to the States. 
 Second address of Congress. 
 Amount issued during the year. 
 " The forty-for-one act," 
 The new tenor. 
 
 Rate of redemption of the old tenor. 
 Rate of interest. 
 Redemption of the new tenor. 
 Specie becomes plentiful. 
 Paper money ceases to circulate. 
 
 1778, October 2. 
 
 1779. January 13. 
 September 13. 
 
 1780. March 18. 
 
 65. Continental Debt. Effect of Paper Money. 
 
 Effects of the issue of paper, 
 
 a. Depreciation. 
 
 b. Tender law, 
 
 c. Limitation of prices. 
 
 I. Depreciation. 
 
 1777, 
 1777-1780, 
 
 Begins when nine millions have issued. 
 Rate of depreciation. 
 
 (Diagram.) 
 
1775-79] '^^^ CONTINENTAL DEBT. I9 
 
 66. II. Legal Tender laws. 
 
 1 77 5- 1 776, Acts of the States making Continental bills 
 
 legal tender. 
 1777. January 14. Congress recommends uniformity in the 
 
 laws. 
 Effect of this action on — 
 
 a. Debtors. 
 
 b. Creditors. 
 
 c. Contracts. 
 
 1780-1782. Legal tender laws repealed by the States. 
 
 67. III. Limitation of Prices. 
 
 1776, December 31. Convention of New England States at Provi- 
 
 dence. 
 
 1777, February 22. Plan approved by Congress. 
 
 Effect of the Laws. 
 
 Goods secreted by their owners. 
 Attempt to enforce the laws at 
 1779, May. Philadelphia. 
 
 June. Boston. 
 
 Albany. 
 September. Convention for regulation of prices at Hart- 
 ford. 
 Convention for Southern States recommended. 
 November 19, Approved by Congress, 
 August. Merchants of Philadelphia petition for a re- 
 
 peal of the act limiting prices. 
 
 a. Reasons for. 
 
 b. Reasons against. 
 
 68. Continental Debt. Foreign Loans. 
 
 1776. The Committee of Secret Correspondence. 
 Arthur Lee and Silas Deane. 
 
1778-82] REVENUE. 20 
 
 Beaumarchais and the " Lost Million." 
 1778-1782. The French Loans. 
 The Spanish Loan. 
 1783-1788. The Dutch Loan. 
 1783-1788. Defaults of Interest. 
 
 REVENUE. 1781-1788. 
 
 69. Attempts to Raise Money to Pay the Debts. 
 
 L By requisitions on the States. 
 n. By taxation. 
 III. By the sale of Public Lands. 
 
 70. By Requisitions on the States. 
 
 1781-1787. Calls on the States. 
 
 Manner of apportioning the quotas. 
 1783, April I. Adoption of the three-fifths ratio. 
 1781-1787. The requisitions not paid by the States. 
 
 1. Payments slow. 
 
 2. Disputes as to their uses. 
 
 3. Refusals. 
 Amount called tor. 
 Amount paid. 
 [Diagram.] 
 
 71. II. By Taxation. 
 
 178 1. Power to tax not given by the Articles of Confederation. 
 
 72. First Amendment Proposed. The Five Per Cent. Scheme. 
 
 1780. The suggestion of the Hartford Convention, 
 
 1780, December. Pennsylvania suggests an impost on trade. 
 
 1781, February 3. The New Jersey amendment of 1778 moved 
 
 in Congress and lost. 
 Congress asks for power to lay a duty of five 
 per cent, ad valorem, on imports. 
 
1776] THE PUBLIC DOMAIN. 21 
 
 1 781-1782. Accepted by twelve States. 
 
 1782, November i. Rejected by Rhode Island. 
 
 Congress prepares a letter to Rhode Island. 
 
 1782, December 7. Virginia withdraws her consent. 
 
 1783. South Carolina does the same. 
 
 73. Second Amendment, The Revenue Scheme. 
 
 1783, April 12. Congress asks for 
 
 1, Specific duties for twenty- five years. 
 
 2. Permanent revenue. 
 1783-1784. Twelve States accept the specific duty, 
 1786. New York rejects. 
 
 74. III. By the Sale of Public Land. 
 
 1783, April 18. Resolution asking the States to cede lands. 
 
 THE PUBLIC DOMAIN— ORIGIN. 
 
 75. Land Claims of the States. 
 
 1776. Provisions of the Virginia Constitution relating to Pennsyl- 
 vania, Maryland, North and South Carolina. 
 
 76. Virginia Claims the whole Northwest. 
 
 Grounds of her claim. 
 
 1. Charter of 1609. 
 
 2. Conquest of Clark. 
 Grounds for denial of her claim. 
 
 1. The charter of 1609 made in ignorance of the country. 
 
 2. King James had no title to land beyond the mountains, 
 
 3. The charter annulled in 1624. 
 
 4. The title of the king to the country beyond the mountains 
 
 was the French treaty of 1763, 
 
 5. The Crown repeatedly acted on third and fourth grounds. 
 
1777-78] THE PUBLIC DOMAIN. 22 
 
 77. 1776. The New York Claims. 
 
 1. The grant to Duke of York limited New England. 
 
 2. The quo warranto and the grant to Penn limited Virginia and 
 
 Pennsylvania on the west. 
 
 3. After 1624, 1664, and i68i,the title to the northwest vested in 
 
 the crown. 
 
 5. The accession of Duke of York. 
 
 6. That the Iroquois owned the country from the Lakes to the 
 
 Cumberland. 
 
 7. That the treaty with the Iroquois made this country part of 
 
 New York. 
 
 78. Massachusetts and Connecticut Claim. 
 
 Boundaries of each claim. 
 Grounds of each claim. 
 Claims bounded on the west 
 
 1. By presence of the Dutch. 
 
 2. By grant to Duke of York. 
 
 3. By boundary settlement, 1733. 
 
 4. By grant to Penn. 
 
 5. By New York treaty with Iroquois. 
 
 79. II. Attempt to Fix the Bounds. 
 
 I 'j'j'j, October 1 5 . Motion in Congress to fix the western bounds. 
 October 27. Counter motion of the land-owning States. 
 November 17. The Articles go out with this provision in 
 them, 
 
 80. Land Provisions in the Articles of Confederation. 
 
 Article VIII. 
 Article IX. 
 
 81. 1778. Amendments to these Articles OfTered. 
 
 1. By Maryland. Western lands. 
 
 2. By Rhode Island. Crown lands. 
 
 3. Objections offered by New Jersey. 
 
1780-87] 
 
 THE PUBLIC DOMAIN. 
 
 23 
 
 82. 
 
 83. 
 
 1778, July 10. 
 July 24. 
 November 26. 
 December 15. 
 
 1779, July 22. 
 
 May 21, 
 
 Public Domain. 
 
 1780, March 7. 
 September 6. 
 
 October 10. 
 
 1780, October 10. 
 
 1781, January 2. 
 
 February 2. 
 March i. 
 
 1782, May I. 
 October 29. 
 
 1783, September 13 
 
 1784, March i, 
 November 13 
 
 1785, April 19. 
 
 1786, May. 
 May 26. 
 
 1787, March 8. 
 1787, August 9. 
 
 Congress appeals to the four States to ratify. 
 
 Georgia signs. 
 
 New Jersey signs and protests. 
 
 Declaration of Maryland. 
 
 Delaware signs and asserts her right to a 
 
 share of western land. 
 Maryland gives reasons for refusing to sign. 
 
 Cessions by the States. 
 New York cedes her claim. 
 Congress urges the other States to do the 
 
 same. 
 Congress pledges this land to be used 
 
 1. For the common good. 
 
 2. To make republican States. 
 Connecticut cedes. 
 
 I. Conditions. 
 Virginia cedes the northwest territory. 
 Conditions of the cession. 
 Maryland orders her delegates to sign. 
 New York executes a deed. 
 Maryland delegates sign. 
 Report of the Land Convention. 
 Congress accepts New York cession. 
 Congress accepts Virginia cession. 
 The deed executed. 
 Massachusetts cession. 
 Congress accepts it. 
 Connecticut cession. 
 Congress accepts it. 
 Cession of South Carolina. 
 Cession accepted. 
 
 Public Domain. Reservations by the States. 
 Virginia reservation. 
 
 1. Military lands. 
 
 2. George Rogers Clark's. 
 
1776-84] THE PUBLIC DOMAIN. 24. 
 
 Connecticut's reservation, 
 
 1. Western reserve. 
 
 2. Fire lands. 
 
 North Carolina reservations. 
 
 Three in number. 
 Georgia reservations. 
 
 Three in number. 
 
 84. Public Domain — Boundary. 
 
 1779. Boundary of the U. S. as laid down for Mr. Adams. 
 
 [Map.] 
 
 1782. Boundary discussed at Paris. 
 
 1. As proposed by France. 
 
 [Map.] 
 
 2. As proposed by Spain. 
 
 [Map.] 
 
 3. As obtained by the U. S. 
 
 [Map.] 
 
 85. Public Domain — Uses Made of It. 
 
 1776. September 16. Land bounty offered by Congress. 
 
 1780. August 12. September 22. Bounty. 
 
 1783. April 9. Canadian refugee memorial. 
 April 18. The revenue scheme. 
 June. Blair's motion. 
 
 1783. June 16. Petition from the soldiers. 
 
 Committee appointed to frame an ordinance for 
 
 the sale of land. 
 Committee appointed to frame an ordinance for 
 
 government of the territory. 
 
 86. Public Domain — Land Ordinances. 
 
 1784. Features of report of the committee. 
 
 1. States. 
 
 2. Hundreds. 
 
 3. Lots. 
 
1785-87] THE PUBLIC DOMAIN. 25 
 
 May 20, 1785. Features of the ordinance as passed. 
 
 1 . States. 
 
 2. Ranges. 
 
 3. Townships. 
 
 4. Sections. 
 
 5. Manner of selHng and price. 
 
 [Map.] 
 
 1786. The "Seven Ranges" laid out. 
 
 1787. April 21. Ordinance for the sale of land. 
 
 Sales by contract. 
 
 1. To the Ohio Company. 
 
 2, John C. Symmes. 
 
 Amount of land sold under the Confederation. 
 
 87. Public Domain — Ordinances of Government. 
 
 1783. Committee chosen to frame an ordinance for the government 
 
 of the territory. 
 
 1784. Report of the committee. 
 
 Details of the ordinance as passed. 
 [Map.] 
 1786. Committee appointed to report a temporary government 
 for the Western States. 
 
 1786. September 21. Plan reported. 
 
 " 29. Discussion. 
 
 1787. April 26. Again presented. 
 1787. July 13. The ordinance passed. 
 
 88. Public Domain — Ordinance of 1787. 
 
 1787. May, July. History of the passage of the ordinance. 
 Analysis of the ordinance. 
 
1776-79] FOREIGN RELATIONS. 26 
 
 FOREIGN RELATIONS— THE SECRET COMMITTEE. 
 
 1775. November. A stranger asks an interview with Congress. 
 A committee sent to him. 
 
 1775. November 29. A committee of correspondence chosen. 
 
 The committee begin work. 
 
 1776. Silas Deane sent to France. 
 1776, Arrival of Dubourg's letter. 
 
 8g. Plan of Treaties. 
 
 1776. September 26. Franklin, Jefferson and Deane chosen com- 
 missioners to France. 
 Arthur Lee put in Jefferson's place. 
 1776. December. Franklin reaches France. 
 
 90. Foreign Affairs — The Commissioners in France. 
 
 1776. December. Reception of Franklin. 
 
 1777. The commissioners seek an audience of the 
 
 king. 
 1 777-1778. Work of the commissioners. 
 
 1777. December 4. News of the surrender of Burgoyne. 
 1777. December 16. The commissioners notified that they will 
 
 be received. 
 
 91. Foreign Affairs — The French Treaty. 
 
 I. — 1778. February 6. The treaty of alliance. 
 
 Analysis of it. 
 2. — The treaty of amity, commerce and navigation. 
 Analysis of it, 
 
 1782. July 16. Contract regarding loans. 
 
 1783. February. Contract regarding loans. 
 1788. November 14, Consular convention. 
 
1781-83] FOREIGN RELATIONS. 2^ 
 
 92. Foreign Affairs — Relations with Spain. 
 
 1779, September ij. John Jay sent to Spain. 
 His instructions — 
 
 1. Regarding boundary. 
 
 2. Regarding the Mississippi. 
 Spain refuses to receive Mr. Jay. 
 
 1781. February 15. Congress modifies Mr. Jay's instructions. 
 
 1782. Negotiations transferred to Paris. 
 
 93. Foreign Affairs — Relations -with Other Courts. 
 
 1776. December 24, Committee chosen to prepare a plan for 
 
 obtaining foreign help. 
 December 30. Recommend that commissioners be sent to 
 Vienna, Spain, Prussia, and Duke of Tus- 
 cany. 
 
 1777. January i. Franklin made commissioner to Spain. 
 May I. Arthur Lee sent to Spain. 
 
 " 7. Ralph Izard to Tuscany. 
 " 9. William Lee to Vienna and Berlin. 
 July 12. Instructions to the commissioners. 
 
 94. Foreign Affairs — Relations with Great Britain. 
 
 1779. August 14. Instructions to the minister to be appointed 
 
 to negotiate peace with Great Britain. 
 Instructions regarding a treaty of commerce. 
 1779. September 27. John Adams appointed minister to negoti- 
 ate a treaty of peace. 
 1782. Negotiations for peace begin at Paris. The 
 
 boundary offered by the U. S. accepted. 
 1782. France and Spain interfere. 
 
 Boundary proposed by Spain. 
 Boundary proposed by France. 
 
 1782. Boundary proposed by England. 
 
 1783. The definitive treaty signed with England. 
 
1783] ECONOMIC CONDITIONS. 28 
 
 Examination of the treaty. 
 
 1. Independence. 
 
 2. Boundaries. 
 
 3. Right of fishery. 
 
 4. Refugees. 
 
 5. Surrender of the posts. 
 
 6. The Mississippi. 
 
 STATE OF THE COUNTRY AT THE END OF THE WAR. 
 
 95. State of the Country — Population. 
 
 White. 
 Black. 
 Indians. 
 Distribution. 
 
 1. In cities. 
 
 2. In rural districts. 
 Migration. 
 
 1. Cause of migration. 
 
 2. Lines of migration. 
 
 3. Character of the emigrants. 
 
 96. State of the Country — Economic Conditions — Agriculture. 
 
 1. Condition of agriculture in 
 
 a. The Eastern States. 
 
 b. The Middle States. 
 
 c. In the South and West. 
 
 2. Implements used. 
 
 97. Economic Conditions — Commerce. 
 I. Foreign Commerce. 
 
 a. Treaty stipulations. 
 
 b. How carried on. 
 
 c. Tonnaee. 
 
1783-89] ECONOMIC CONDITIONS. 29 
 
 d. Commercial regulations of the States. 
 
 e. Commercial restrictions of England. 
 
 f. Import and export duties. 
 
 g. Inspection laws. 
 
 98. 2. Interstate Commerce. 
 
 a. What commodities were interchanged. 
 
 b. Regulations of the States. 
 
 99. Economic Conditions — Manufactures. 
 
 1783-1789. Articles manufactured — 
 
 a. In factories. 
 
 b. In the homes of the people. 
 Attempts to introduce manufactures. 
 
 100. Economic Conditions — Labor. 
 
 1. Free labor. 
 
 a. Wages. 
 
 b. Condition of the laborers. 
 
 c. Strikes. 
 
 d. Labor laws. 
 
 e. Hours of labor. 
 
 2. Redemptioners. 
 
 a. Laws regarding. 
 
 b. Treatment of 
 
 c. The practice abolished. 
 
 3. Slave labor. 
 
 [Map of slave and free States.] 
 
 loi. Economic Conditions — Money. 
 
 Kinds of money in use. 
 
 Value of in various sections. 
 
 Lack of a circulating medium. 
 
 Banks. 
 
 Condition of the coin. 
 
 Plans for a national coinage. 
 
 Ordinance regarding the coin. 
 
1783-87] BREAKINCx UP OF THE CONFEDERATION. 30 
 
 BREAKING UP OF THE CONFEDERATION. 
 
 102. Causes of the Breaking up — Contempt for Congress. 
 
 1. Shown by the people and the troops. 
 
 2. Shown by the States. 
 
 3. Shown by the members of Congress. 
 
 4. Shown by foreign nations. 
 
 103. I. By the People. 
 
 1783. Congress driven from Philadelphia. 
 The Newburg address. 
 Wanderings ridiculed by the press. 
 No national feeling. 
 
 104. 2. By the States. 
 
 I. Fail to send delegates. 
 
 1783-1787. Refuse to raise requisitions of money. 
 
 a. Amount called for. 
 
 b. Amount paid. 
 
 c. New Jersey case. 
 
 Refuse to extend the powers of Congress. 
 
 a. Revenue scheme. 
 
 b. Impost scheme. 
 
 Refuse to regard the treaty stipulation. 
 
 a. Treatment of the Tories and Refugees. 
 
 b. Alienation, Confiscation, Trespass Acts. 
 
 c. Virginia declares the treaty violated. 
 
 d. Great Britain in retaliation holds the frontier 
 
 forts. 
 Refuse to regard the prohibitions of the Articles of 
 " Confederation. 
 
 a. Make treaties. 
 
 b. Wage war. 
 
 c. Enter into compacts. 
 
1^783-87] BREAKING UP OF THE CONFEDERATION. 3 1 
 
 Refuse to obey the decisions of Congress. 
 
 a. Vermont case. 
 
 b. Pennsylvania case. 
 
 105. 3. By the Members of Congress. 
 
 a. Neglect their duties. 
 
 b. Congress forced to adjourn for lack of a quorum. 
 
 c. Quarrels of the Committee of the States. 
 
 106. Causes of the Breaking Up — i. Quarrels Over Boundaries. 
 
 a. New York and Vermont. 
 
 b. Pennsylvania and Connecticut. 
 
 c. Pennsylvania and Delaware. 
 
 107. 2. Quarrels over Trade Regulations. 
 
 a. New York and Connecticut. 
 
 b. New York and New Jersey. 
 
 c. Virginia and Maryland. 
 
 108. 3. State Authority Defied. 
 
 a. Attempts to form New States in Maine and Vermont. 
 
 b. Attempts to form the State of Kentucky. 
 
 c. Attempt to form " Franklin." 
 
 d. Excise resisted in Pennsylvania. 
 
 e. War in Wyoming. The Council of Censors defied. 
 
 f. Sittings of the Courts broken up by mobs. 
 
 1. In Connecticut. 
 
 2. In New Hampshire. 
 
 3. In Vermont. 
 
 4. In Massachusetts.- 
 
 log. 4. Shay's Rebellion. 
 
 a. Cause of the Rebellion. 
 
 b. Operations of the militia. 
 
 c. Actions of the other States and of Congress. 
 
 d. Suppression of the Rebellion. 
 
1784-85] BREAKING UP OF THE CONFEDERATION. 32 
 
 no. Causes of the breaking Up. — State of Trade and Commerce. 
 
 Channels of trade. 
 
 Effect of peace. 
 
 No treat>' of commerce with England. 
 
 Demand for English goods. 
 
 1784, April. Act of Parliament regarding trade. 
 
 American ships shut out of the West Indias. 
 Congress asks power to regulate trade for fif- 
 teen years. 
 Action of the States on the proposed amendment. 
 
 1785, March. England refuses to make a treaty. 
 
 Reasons assigned. 
 
 1784. ' Spain refuses to make a treaty. 
 
 Question of the right to navigate the Mississippi. 
 1784-85. Spain refuses to allow navigation. 
 
 Effect of the refusal on the East and on the 
 West. 
 
 1785, August 29. Seven States vote for a treaty without naviga- 
 
 tion. 
 1785, October. Jay negotiates an article closing the river for a 
 
 term of years. 
 1 788-1788. The West forces Congress to postpone the treaty. 
 1 786-1 788. Separation of the West feared. 
 
 France refuses to modify her commercial regulations. 
 1782. Commercial treaty with Holland. 
 With Sweden. 
 ' With Prussia. 
 
 With Morocco. 
 
 III. Causes of the Breaking Up.— Paper Money. 
 
 1785. Scarcity of money. 
 
 Causes for the scarcity. 
 Demand for paper money. 
 
1785] BREAKING UP OF THE CONFEDERATION. 33 
 
 Paper issued by 
 1785, May. Pennsylvania. 
 
 North Carolina. 
 South Carolina. 
 Georgia. 
 New Jersey. 
 New York. 
 Maryland. 
 Rhode Island. 
 New Hampshire. 
 
 112. Paper Money — Effects of the Issue. 
 
 1. Depreciation. 
 
 2. Tender Laws and Force Acts. 
 
 In South Carolina. 
 In Georgia. 
 In New York. 
 In New Hampshire. 
 In Rhode Island. 
 
 a. The Legal Tender Act. 
 
 b. The Force Act. 
 
 c. The Test Oath. 
 
 113. Breaking Up of the Confederation — The Remedy. 
 
 1782, July 20. New York resolutions on the defects of the 
 
 Articles. 
 August 4. Presented to Congress. 
 
 1785. New York lays double duties on English ships. 
 
 1785. Pennsylvania lays a discriminating duty and 
 
 high tariff. 
 1785. Boston's Non-consumption Agreement. 
 
 Navigation Acts. 
 
 1. Massachusetts. 
 
 2. New Hampshire. 
 
 3. Rhode Island. 
 
1785-87] BREAKING UP OF TliE CONFEDERATION. 34 
 
 1785. Massachusetts asks for a Convention of the 
 
 States, * 
 
 1785, November. Action of the New York Chamber of Com- 
 merce. 
 
 1. Memorial to the Legislature. 
 
 2. Circular to the States. 
 
 3. Circular to the counties. 
 
 1785. Petitions to the Virginia Legislature 
 From Norfolk, 
 
 Suffolk. 
 
 Portsmouth. 
 
 Alexandria. 
 
 1786. Virginia calls a Trade Convention to meet at 
 
 Annapolis. 
 History of the call. 
 1786, September. Work of the Convention. 
 
 114. Call for a Convention of the States. 
 
 The Annapolis Convention recommends a General Convention. 
 
 1786, December. Virginia chooses delegates. 
 
 New Jersey. 
 Pennsylvania. 
 Delaware. 
 North Carolina. 
 Georgia. 
 
 1787, February 2. Massachusetts. 
 
 New York refuses to grant the impost. 
 1787, February 21. Congress issues a call for a Convention. 
 1787, May 12. Connecticut. 
 
 115. FRAMING THE CONSTITUTION. THE CONVENTION 
 
 OF 1787. 
 
 1787, May — September. 
 
 Number and character of the delegates. 
 
1787] 
 
 FRAMING THE CONSTITUTION. 
 
 35 
 
 Powers of the delegates. 
 
 Parties in the Convention. 
 
 Great States and Little States. 
 
 Northern States and Southern States. 
 
 Agricultural States and Commercial States. 
 
 Federalists and Anti-Federalists. 
 
 " Consolidators " and " State- rightsmen." 
 
 116. II. The Plans of Government. 
 
 The Virginia plan. 
 The New Jersey plan. 
 Pinckney's plan. 
 Hamilton's outline. 
 The Connecticut plan. 
 
 117. III. The Virginia Plan Adopted. 
 
 1787, May — July. Discussion of the general plan. 
 
 August — September. Discussion of the details. 
 
 118. The Three Compromises. 
 
 1. Representation of States.. 
 
 2. Representation of Slaves. 
 
 3. Slave Trade and Commerce. 
 
 1787, September 17. The Constitution signed. 
 
 ACCEPTING THE CONSTITUTION. 
 
 119. The Constitution before Congress. 
 
 1787, September 2. 
 
 26. 
 
 27. 
 
 Opposed by delegates from New York, Vir- 
 ginia and Massachusetts. 
 
 Lee moves a bill of rights and amendments. 
 
 Motion to send the Constitution to the 
 States without the approval of Congress 
 
1787-88] ACCEPTING THE CONSTITUTION. 36 
 
 28. Motion expunged and the Constitution 
 submitted. 
 
 120. The Constitution before the People. 
 1787-88. 
 
 Objections by — 
 
 1. Noted men. 
 
 2. Essayists and pamphleteers. 
 
 3. Newspaper writers, 
 
 4. " Centinel" 
 
 121. Defended by — 
 
 1. Noted men. 
 
 2. Pamphleteers, 
 
 3. Newspaper writers. 
 
 4. " Publius," 
 
 122. The Constitution before the State Conventions. 
 
 1787, December 9. Delaware. 
 
 12, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Review of the action of the people and the 
 Convention of Pennsylvania concerning 
 the adoption of the Constitution. 
 
 1. Conduct of the minority of the Legis- 
 
 lature. 
 
 2. Conduct of the people of Philadelphia. 
 
 3. Character of the delegates to the 
 
 Convention. 
 
 4. Debate in the Convention. 
 
 5. Address and reason of dissent of the 
 
 minority. 
 
 6. Call of the Western counties for a 
 
 Conference. 
 
 7. The Harrisburg Conference. 
 
I7S7-89] 
 
 ACCEPTING THE CONSTITUTION. 
 
 17 
 
 1787, December 18. New Jersey. 
 
 1788, January 
 
 2. 
 
 Georgia. 
 
 
 9- 
 
 Connecticut. 
 
 February 
 
 /• 
 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 April 
 
 26. 
 
 Maryland. 
 
 May. 
 
 23- 
 
 South Carolina. 
 
 June 
 
 21. 
 
 New Hampshire, 
 
 124. The Constitution Ratified. 
 
 June 20. Virginia. 
 
 July 26. New York. 
 
 1789, November 21. North Carolina. 
 
 1790, May 29. Rhode Island. 
 
 125. The Constitution Adopted. 
 
 1788, July 2. Constitution declared adopted by President of 
 Congress. 
 Where shall the new Congress meet? 
 Shall it be Philadelphia? 
 New York? 
 Lancaster? 
 Baltimore? 
 New York chosen, and the day fixed for 
 putting the government into operation. 
 No quorum. 
 Meetings. 
 No meetings. Rarely more than six 
 
 States present. 
 The Continental Congress expires for 
 want of a quorum. 
 
 1788, September 13. 
 
 Septembber 17-30. 
 October i-io. 
 October 10-20. 
 
 October 20. 
 
 :26. The Constitution Adopted— Choice of Electors. 
 
 1789. First Wednesday in January fixed for choice of Electors. 
 Manner of choosing Electors : 
 I. By the Legislatures. 
 Nev/ Hampshire. 
 
lyStfi THE CONSTITUTION IN FORCE. 38 
 
 Connecticut. 
 New Jersey. 
 Delaware. 
 South Carolina. 
 Georgia. 
 2. By the people. 
 Pennsylvania. 
 Maryland. 
 Virginia. 
 1789, January 7. Contest in the New Hampshire Legislature. 
 
 Contest between the two branches of the Legis- 
 lature of New York. 
 New York chooses no Electors and no Senators. 
 1789, January. Rhode Island and North Carolina not 'members 
 of the Union. 
 
 127. Election of First President — The Candidates. 
 
 1789. Names of the candidates. 
 
 February, First Wednesday in. Meeting of the Electors. 
 Attempt of Hamilton to defeat Adams. 
 
 128. The Constitution in Force— Inauguration of Washington. 
 
 1789, March 4. The first Wednesday in March, 
 
 The Senate and House meet at New York. 
 No quorum. 
 
 March 11. Circular letter of the Senators. 
 
 March 18. Second letter of the Senators. 
 The House obtains a quorum. 
 
 April 5. The Senate obtains a quorum. 
 
 April 6. The Electoral vote counted. 
 
 [Diagram.] 
 
 April 22. John Adams inaugurated. 
 
 April 29. Washington inaugurated. 
 
POLITICAL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 
 UNDER THE CONSTITUTION. 
 
 129. I. The Land. 
 
 2. The People. 
 
 3. The Government. 
 
 a. Territorial. 
 . d. State. 
 c. Federal. 
 
 THE LAND. 
 History of the Acquisition of the State and Public Domam 
 
 130. The State Domain. 
 
 1606-1732. Boundaries in the early Charters. 
 1763-4. Boundary by the Proclamation. 
 
 1776-81. Land claims of the States. 
 1781-1789, Cessions of the States to the United States 
 
 [Maps.] 
 
 131. The Public Domain. 
 
 I. Acquisition of the domain. 
 
 178 1- 1 802. a. By cessions from the original States. 
 
 if. By purchase. 
 
 c. Conquest and purchase. 
 
 d. Annexation. 
 
 i. Discovery, exploration, and settlement. 
 (39) 
 
1S03-05] THE LAND. 40 
 
 132. Public Domain — By Purchase. 
 
 1803. Louisiana. 
 
 I. Territorial history under France and Spain. 
 
 1800. Retrocession to France by treaty. 
 
 1802. Notice of the retrocession. 
 
 133. Louisiana — Negotiations for Purchase. 
 
 1 80 1. Importance of New Orleans. 
 1 801-2. Offers for the purchase. 
 
 1802, October 16. Privilege of deposit withdrawn. 
 
 1803, January 10. Monroe sent to France. 
 
 February 7. Two millions appropriated for the purchase of 
 
 the island of New Orleans. 
 April 8. France offers the territory. 
 
 134. Louisiana — Treaty of Purchase. 
 
 1803, April 30, The treaty signed at Paris. 
 
 a. Conditions. 
 
 b. Price to be paid. 
 
 c. Boundary. 
 
 April 19. The treaty ratified by the Senate. 
 
 1803, November Louisiana delivered to France. 
 
 December 20. Louisiana delivered to the United States. 
 
 135. Louisiana — The Boundary Question. 
 
 1803. The claim of the United States to the Per- 
 
 dido. 
 The claim to the Rio Bravo. 
 
 1804, January. The " Mobile Act." 
 
 1804. Pinckney's negotiation in Spain. 
 1804-5. Pinckney and Monroe's negotiation. 
 
 1805. Attitude of France. 
 Boundary offered by Monroe. 
 Boundary offered by Spain. 
 Negotiations broken off. 
 
I8ll-l8] THE LAND. 41 
 
 136. Public Domain — Extension by Purchase — Purchase of the 
 
 Floridas — East Florida. 
 
 181 1. Act for the temporary occupation. 
 
 18 1 2. House bill for permanent occupation. 
 
 18 1 2, August. Invasion from Georgia. 
 
 18 1 3. Troops withdrawn. 
 
 137. Purchase of the Floridas — West Florida. 
 
 1808. Official relations with Spain ended. 
 
 18 10, October 27. Proclamation for occupation. 
 
 1 88 1, January 15. Joint resolution for possession. 
 
 1812. Annexed as far as the Pearl. 
 
 1 8 13. Annexed as far as the Perdido. 
 
 138. Purchase of the Floridas — Texas. 
 
 1805. Question of Sabine and the Rio Bravo. 
 
 1806. Wilkinson's temporary agreement. 
 
 139. Purchase of the Floridas — The Treaty. 
 
 18 1 5. Don Onis recognized. 
 
 1 8 16. Spanish minister remonstrates against occu- 
 
 pation of West Florida. 
 Proposition to exchange it for a part of Lou- 
 isiana. 
 
 1 8 17. Monroe suggests settlement of claim, and the 
 
 Colorado as a boundary. 
 
 1817, July 4-March 18, 1818. Correspondence of J. O. Adams 
 
 and Don Luis de Onis on the claims and 
 boundary. 
 1 817- 1 81 8. Seminole War. 
 
 18 1 8. The Convention of 1802 ratified by Spain. 
 181 8. Spain's offer of a western boundary. 
 1818, October 31. Adams' offer of a western boundary. 
 
 November. Offer of Don Onis. 
 
l8l8-5o] THE LAND. 42 
 
 1 8 19, February 22. Treaty signed at Washington. 
 182 1, February 22. Treaty proclaimed. 
 Terms of the treaty. 
 
 140. The Public Domain. — Extension by Annexation. — Texas. 
 
 1 82 1, February 21. Treaty of Cordova. 
 
 The United States of Mexico. 
 
 1828, January 12. Boundary treaty between United States and 
 
 Mexico. 
 1827. Adams offers to buy Texas. The offer re- 
 
 fused. 
 
 1829. Jackson offers to buy Texas east of the 
 
 Nueces river. 
 1835, May 27. The Repubhc of Texas declared. 
 
 1837, March 3. The Republic recognized by the United 
 
 States. 
 1845, March i. Joint resolution for the annexation of Texas. 
 
 1845, December 29. Texas admitted into the Union. 
 
 141. The Public Domain. — Extension by Conquest and Pur- 
 
 chase. — New Mexico, California, Utah. 
 
 1845, November 10. Polk offers to buy New Mexico, California, 
 
 the bay of San Francisco, and all north 
 of it. 
 
 1846, May 13. War declared to exist with Mexico. 
 1848, February 5. Treaty of Guadaloupe Hidalgo. 
 
 Area, cost and bounds of the cession. 
 
 142. Public Domain.— Extension by Purchase.— The Texas Pur- 
 
 chase. — Texas-New Mexico Boundary Dispute. 
 
 1850, September 9. The United States buys the territory north 
 of 30° 30'. 
 Cost and area of the purchase. 
 
1853-67] THE LAND. 43 
 
 143. The Public Domain. — Extension by Purchase. 
 
 1853. The Gadsden Purchase. 
 
 144. The Public Domain. — Extension by Purchase. — Alaska. 
 
 Claims to the northwest coast. 
 Russsan claim, 
 English claim. 
 American claim. 
 
 1824, April 7. Treaty of St. Petersburg. 
 
 Line of 54°4o'. 
 
 1825, Feb. 28. English treaty recognizing boundary of Alaska. 
 
 1854. Alaska offered to the United States. 
 Buchanan offers to buy. 
 
 1866, January. Legislature of Washington Territory urges Con- 
 
 Congress to buy. 
 
 1867, Mar. 30. Treaty of purchase; cost, area, boundary. 
 
 THE LAND.— THE BOUNDARY OF THE U. S. 
 
 145. I. The Northeast Boundary. 
 
 1793. The text of the treaty with England. 
 
 Disputes as to the meaning of the text. 
 
 Maine. 
 I 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 6 
 
 Which river is the St. Croix? 
 Where is the source of the St. Croix? 
 Where are the highlands? 
 What rivers flow into the Atlantic ? 
 Where is the "northwest angle of Nova Scotia?" 
 Where is the '* north-westernmost head of the Connec- 
 ticut?" 
 
 146. Vermont and New York. 
 
 7. Should the line west of the Connecticut run exactly on 
 the 45 ° parallel ? 
 
I794-I83I] 
 
 THE LAND. 
 
 44 
 
 147. St. Lawrence, Lake Erie, Huron. 
 
 8, How should the islands be bounded? 
 
 148. St. Mary's, Superior, and Lake of the Woods. 
 
 9. Where is the northwest corner of the Lake of the Woods ? 
 10. How should the line be run to the Mississippi River? 
 
 The Land. — Northeastern Boundary. — Attempts to settle the 
 Maine Boundary. 
 1794. Jay's Treaty. A Commission provided. 
 
 The Commission appointed, 
 
 Final meeting of the Commission. 
 
 The St. Croix established and its source mon- 
 umented. 
 
 Rufus King's boundary convention for deter- 
 mining the line. 
 
 Treaty of Ghent. 
 
 Article IV. Commission to settle the 
 ownership of islands off the Maine coast. 
 
 Report on the islands, awarding Morse, Dud- 
 ley and Frederick to the United States. 
 
 Article V. Commission to settle boundary 
 from source of St. Croix to St. Lawrence. 
 
 Line run to Mars Hill. 
 
 Commissioners disagree. 
 
 Convention referring the question to King of 
 Netherlands. 
 
 Questions submitted. 
 
 The decision. 
 
 Threats of Maine and Massachusetts. 
 
 The decision rejected by England and the 
 United States. 
 
 150. The Land. — The Northern Boundary. 
 I, — Ne\v York Boundary. 
 1764. The Quebec line. 
 1783. Made part of fhe north boundary. 
 
 1798, October 28. 
 
 1803, May 12. 
 
 18 14, December 14. 
 
 18 17, November 24. 
 
 1817-1818. 
 
 1827, September 27. 
 
 1 83 1, January 10. 
 
1814-42] THE LAND. 45 
 
 1 8 14. Art. VII., treaty of Ghent providing for a commission. 
 1827. The question sent to the King of the Netherlands. < 
 
 183 1. The decision not accepted. 
 
 151. a. — The Lake Boundary. 
 
 1 8 14. Art. VI. Commission to determine Hne from St. Lawrence 
 
 to western point of Lake Huron. 
 1822. June 18. Commission meet at Utica and agree on the Hne. 
 
 152. The Lake Boundary. — Superior. 
 
 1814. Art. VII. Treaty of Ghent. Commission to determine the 
 line from western point of Lake Huron to northernmost 
 point of Lake of the Woods. 
 Commission disagree. ^ 
 
 153. Boundary from Lake of the V/oods to the Rocky Mountains. 
 
 1803. Purchase of Louisiana. 
 18 1 8. Convention at London. 
 
 49° parallel established to the Stony Mountains. 
 
 154. Settlement of the Northeastern and Northern Boundary. 
 
 1842. Boundaries to be settled. 
 
 1. St. Croix to St. Lawrence. 
 
 2. Huron to 49th parallel. 
 The Webster-Ashburton treaty. 
 
 1. Compromise as to Maine. 
 
 2. The Quebec line retained. 
 
 3. The Lake Superior line. 
 
 4. The northwestern point of the Lake of the Woods. 
 
 Lat. 49° 23'. 55" N., Long. 95° 14'. 38" W. 
 
 155. The Land.— Northwestern Boundary.— Our Claims to Oregon. 
 
 1. Discovery of the Columbia River. 
 
 2. Explorations of Lewis and Clark. 
 
l8o8-43] THE LAND. 46 
 
 1808. 3. Settlement of American Fur Company at Fort Henry 
 on Lewis River. 
 
 181 1. 4. Settlement of Pacific Fur Company at Astoria. 
 5. Louisiana purchase. 
 
 156. English Claims to Oregon. 
 
 1609. Hudson Bay Company. 
 
 17 1 3. Treaty of Utrecht. 
 
 1763. Conquest of Canada. 
 
 1778. Occupation by Hudson Bay Co. 
 
 1778. Voyages on the Pacific Coast. 
 
 1790. Convention of Noatka Sound with Spain. 
 
 1792. Exploration of the mouth of the Columbia. 
 
 18 12. Astoria occupied. 
 
 167. 1818. Convention with England. 
 
 Cause of the Convention. 
 
 Boundary provisions. 
 
 Joint occupation of Oregon. 
 1 82 1, English laws spread over Oregon. 
 1 82 1. Floyd's report and bill. 
 1823. Negotiations with England. 
 1827. Convention of 181 8 renewed. 
 
 158. Occupation of Oregon. 
 
 1832. The Flat-head Indians in search of a Bible, 
 
 1832, Report of the clerk of the American Fur Com- 
 pany. 
 
 1833-34. Missionaries sent out. 
 
 1 836. Whitman's missionary party. 
 
 1842, October. English colonists enter Oregon. 
 
 1842. Whitman's ride to Washington. 
 
 1842. Popular opinion regarding Oregon. 
 
 1843. Whitman's interview with Tyler. 
 1843. Whitman's overland emigrant train. 
 
1843-72] THE LAND. 4;r 
 
 159. " Fifty-four-forty or Fight," " The whole of Oregon or none." 
 
 Tyler Negotiates. 
 
 1843. Renewed agitation. 
 
 The United States offers the line of 49° and the navigation 
 of the Columbia. 
 1845. England ofifers to arbitrate. 
 
 160. Oregon — Polk Acts. 
 
 1844. The Oregon plank in the Democratic platform^ 
 
 1845. March 4. Reference to Oregon in the Inaugural. 
 July 12. The offer of 49° renewed and withdrawn. 
 
 1845, December. Message on "All Oregon." 
 
 Resolutions on defense. 
 Resolutions against transfer. 
 
 161. Oregon — Notice Given. 
 
 1827. Provision in the Convention. 
 
 1846, February 9. House resolution ending the Convention. 
 April 13. Senate resolutions. 
 
 162. 1846. Oregon — The Treaty of Washington. 
 
 Provisions of the treaty. 
 
 1. The Land line. 
 
 2. The Water line. 
 
 3. Indemnity. 
 1855. Land line marked out. 
 1857. Dispute over the Water line. 
 1 86 1. Convention for arbitration. 
 1872. Decision of Emperor William. 
 
 163. The Land— The Southern Boundary. 
 
 1. Boundary of the Louisiana purchase. Read sections 135, 139, 
 
 2. Boundary of Texas annexation. Sections 140, 141. 
 
 3. Boundary of Mexican cession and Gadsden purchase. 
 
1 784-1806] THE LAND. 48 
 
 164. THE LAND— SURVEYS OF THE PUBLIC LANDS. 
 
 1784, May 7, Plan reported by Committee of Congress. 
 
 1785, May 20. Ordinance passed. 
 
 The rectangular system. 
 
 Townships. 
 
 Sections, 
 
 Ranges. 
 
 Base lines. 
 
 Principal meridians. 
 
 Standard parallels. 
 
 Marking corners. 
 
 Classification of lands. 
 
 Names of the principal meridians. 
 
 Manner of describing lands sold. 
 
 165. THE LAND.— USE OF THE PUBLIC LANDS. 
 
 Land Sales. 
 
 1785, May 20. Ordinance for sale of land. 
 
 a. Drawn by lot. 
 
 b. Sold at auction. 
 1787. Ordinance for sale by contract. 
 1790. July 20. Hamilton's plan. 
 
 1796. May 18. Law for sale of land at Cincinnati and Pittsburgh 
 in sections. 
 Amount sold to 1800. 
 1800. May 10. Land Office introduced. 
 
 1. Land offered at public vendue. 
 
 2. Unsold land open for entry. 
 
 3. Yearly payments. 
 
 4. Medium of payment. 
 
 1806. April 18. Certificates and evidence of debt no longer re- 
 newed. 
 
1820-62] THE LAND. 49 
 
 1820. April 24. Quantity reduced to 80 acres. 
 
 Credit system abolished. 
 1822. April 25. Land sold under orders of Commissioner of the 
 
 General Land Office. 
 1841. September 4. Pre-emption Law. - 
 
 166. 1841-1889. — Pre-emption Laws. 
 
 167. Land Grants. 
 
 I. Education. 
 
 I. Religion. 
 
 3. Refugees and sufferers, exiles. 
 
 4. Private persons. 
 
 a. Dorhman. 
 
 b. E. and L Zane. 
 
 c. Lafayette. 
 
 d. Lewis & Clarke. 
 
 5. To Charities. 
 
 6. Saline lands to States. 
 
 7. Bounties. 
 
 Military. 
 Naval. 
 
 8. Canal, Wagon, Railroad. 
 
 9. Donation lands. 
 
 10. Timber culture. 
 
 11. Homestead grants. 
 
 168. Homestead Lavs^s. — Federal and State. 
 
 1862. May 20. History of the opposition to the passage ol the 
 act. 
 Amendments and operations of the law. 
 Amount of land taken up. 
 Homestead and Exemption Laws of the States. 
 
 169. The Land. — Reservations. 
 
 I. Indian Reservations. 
 
 a. Old Indian boundary lines. 
 
1785-1889] THE LAND. 50 
 
 b. Removal of the Indians. 
 
 c. Present reservations, 
 2. Military Reservations. 
 
 170. The Land. — Territories and States. — The Territories. 
 
 1 785-1 889. Ordinances and Acts of Congress forming Terri- 
 tories. 
 1 785-1 889. Order of the formation of the Territories. 
 Kind of Government prescribed for each. 
 ^ Changes in their boundaries. 
 
 171. The States. 
 
 1791-1889. Order of the admission of the States. 
 Is an enabling act necessary ? 
 May Congress impose conditions of admission? 
 
POLITICAL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 
 UNDER THE CONSTITUTION. 
 
 THE PEOPLE. 
 
 172. I. In their political relations. 
 
 In their industrial relations. 
 In their social relations. 
 
 173. The People. — Population. 
 
 1789. Provision for a Census. 
 Features of each census. 
 
 174. The People — Progress of Population. 
 
 I. Distribution at Each Census Period. 
 
 Number at each census period. 
 
 Density at each census period. 
 
 Extent of continuous settlement. 
 
 Area of settlement. 
 
 Breadth of settlement along each parallel of latitude. 
 
 Rural population. 
 
 City population. 
 
 175. II. The Centre of Population. 
 
 Explanation of the term. 
 Method of finding the centre. 
 Position of the centre at each period. 
 
 (51) 
 
THE PEOPLE. 52 
 
 176. The People. — Elements of Population. 
 
 I. Proportion of the Sexes. 
 
 Classification of the States and Territories according to 
 
 177. 
 
 a. 
 
 Women in 
 
 excess. 
 
 b. 
 
 Men in excess. 
 
 2. Population by 
 
 Race. 
 
 a. 
 
 White. 
 
 
 b. 
 
 Black. 
 
 
 c. 
 
 Japanese. 
 
 
 d. 
 
 Chinese. 
 
 
 e. 
 
 Indians. 
 
 
 3. Population Classed as Foreign and Native Born. 
 
 178. The People — Distribution of Population 
 
 Effect of Physical Features. 
 
 1. Distribution as effected by topography, 
 
 2. Distribution as effected by level above sea. 
 
 3. Distribution as effected by drainage basins. 
 
 4. Distribution as effected by temperature. 
 
 5. Distribution as effected by rainfall. 
 
 179. The People. Distribution by Nativity. 
 
 1. Natives of England and Wales. 
 
 2. Natives of British America, 
 
 3. Natives of German Empire. 
 
 4. Natives of Norway and Sweden. 
 
 5. Natives of Ireland. 
 
 6. Indians. 
 
 7. Chinese and Japanese, 
 
 8. Proportion of foreign to aggregate population. 
 
1789] THE PEOPLE. 53 
 
 180. The People — Distribution by Residence. , 
 
 Interstate migration. 
 
 181. The People. — Distribution as Effected by Industry. 
 
 Effect of the land system. 
 
 Effect of slavery. 
 
 Effect of railroads and steamboats. 
 
 Effect of discovery of gold and silver. 
 
 1S2. The People. — Migration and Immigration. 
 I. Interstate Migration. 
 
 a. Causes of migration. 
 
 b. Lines of migration. 
 
 183. II. Foreign Emigration. 
 
 Periods of 
 Causes of. 
 Evils of. 
 
 184. The People. — Naturalization of Foreigners. 
 
 Naturalization laws. 
 
 THE PEOPLE IN THEIR POLITICAL RELATIONS.— ORGA- 
 NIZATION OF GOVERNMENT UNDER THE 
 CONSTITUTION. 
 
 185. Organization. — The Executive. 
 
 1789. Election of the President. 
 
 Election of the Vice-President. 
 
 Duties of each officer. 
 1789. Question of title. 
 
 Executive ceremonial. 
 
1775-78] 
 
 ORGANIZATION OF GOVERNMENT. 
 
 54 
 
 186. Organization. --The Executive Departments. 
 
 1775-1789. Growth of the Executive Departments Under the 
 Confederation. 
 
 187. I. 1775. 
 
 1775, June 10. 
 June 24. 
 
 September 
 
 1776, January 15 
 
 June 12. 
 
 1777, August 17. 
 1 78 1, February 7. 
 
 Department of War. 
 
 The Committee on Military Stores and Am- 
 munition. 
 
 The Committee on Saltpeter. 
 
 The Committee on Ways and Means. 
 
 The Committee on Organizing the Militia. 
 
 The " Secret Committee." 
 
 The " Cannon Committee." 
 
 The " Medical Committee." 
 
 Board of War and Ordnance. 
 a. Membership. 
 Ij. Duties. 
 
 Board of War. 
 
 Membership. 
 
 Secretary. 
 
 188. II. Treasury Department. 
 
 1775 June 3. 
 
 July 19. 
 
 July 29, 
 
 September 23. 
 
 November 6. 
 1776, February 17. 
 1776, April. 
 1778, July 15. 
 
 September 26. 
 
 First Finance Committee. 
 The Committee on Expenses. 
 The two Treasurers. 
 Committee on Claims. 
 Third Finance Committee. 
 Board of Treasury. 
 Treasury Office of Accounts. 
 Continental Treasurer of Loans. 
 System re-organized. 
 Officers — 
 
 Controller. 
 
 Auditor. 
 
 Treasurer. 
 Two Chambers of Accounts. 
 
December 
 
 II. 
 
 December 
 
 14. 
 
 1776, November 
 
 6. 
 
 1777, April 
 
 19. 
 
 1779, October 
 
 28. 
 
 1 78 1, February 
 
 7- 
 
 1779-80] ORGANIZATION OF GOVERNMENT. 55 
 
 1779, (July 30.) New Treasury Board. 
 
 Complaints against it. 
 
 Misconduct of the Board. 
 
 Treasury building seized for unpaid rent. 
 1781, February 7. Superintendent of Finance. 
 
 i8g. III. Navy Department. 
 
 1775, October 13. Committee to fit out crnisers. 
 Committee to report a plan. 
 Marine Committee. 
 Continental Navy Board. 
 Navy Board for Eastern States. 
 Navy Board for Middle States. 
 Admiralty Board. 
 Secretary of Marine. 
 
 190. IV. State Department. 
 
 1775. A stranger seeks an audience of Congress, ^ 
 
 Committee sent to meet him. 
 
 Assures them of French help, 
 1775, November 29. Committee of Secret Correspondence. 
 1777, April. Committee on Foreign Affairs. 
 
 178 1, January 10. Secretary for Foreign Affairs. 
 
 1782, December, Reorganization. 
 
 191. Growth of the Executive Departments. 
 
 1 78 1, January 10 and February 7. Resolutions. 
 
 Reasons for the passage. 
 
 1 779, January. Call for information regarding Executive De- 
 
 partments abroad. 
 
 1780. Views of Hamilton. 
 Views of Washington. 
 Resolution of Boston Convention. 
 Views of Pelatiah Webster. 
 
789] ORGANIZATION OF GOVERNMENT. 56 
 
 192. The Executive Departments. — The Secretaries. 
 
 War Department. Lincoln — Knox. 
 Navy Department. None. 
 Treasury Department. Robert Morris. 
 Department of State. R. R. Livingston. 
 John Jay. 
 
 [93. Organization. — Executive Departments. 
 
 1789. Provisions in the Constitution regarding. 
 
 1788. Attempts of the States to amend. 
 
 1789. Motion to establish — 
 
 Department of Foreign Affairs. 
 War. 
 Treasury. 
 Debate on the power of removal. 
 1789. - Question of one Secretary of the Treasury 
 
 or three Commissioners. 
 1789, July-September. Acts establishing the three Departments. 
 
 Difference in the acts establishing the De- 
 partments. 
 Is the Treasury Department an " execu- 
 tive department ? " 
 
 C94. Excutive Departments. — The Secretaries. 
 
 1789. Names of the Secretaries. 
 Duties of each. 
 
 195. Organization — The Judiciary. 
 
 Judicial functions of the old Congress. 
 
 1. In case of disputes between the States. 
 
 2. Occasions on which this power was exercised. 
 
 3. Trial of piracies and felonies committed on the high seas. 
 
 4. The Court of Appeals. 
 
 ig6. The Judiciary— Court of Appeals in Cases of Capture. 
 
 1775. November II. Suggestion of Washington. 
 
 November 25. Seven resolutions of Congress. The sixth 
 provides for an appeal to Congress. 
 
1775-1801] ORGANIZATION OF GOVERNMENT. 57 
 
 1 775-1 778, Colonial admiralty courts set up by all 
 
 except New York. 
 Actions of the States on the subject of ap- 
 peal. 
 
 1776, August 5. The first appeal to Congress. 
 
 1779, January 30. A standing committee appointed to hear ap- 
 
 peals. 
 
 1 77 8- 1 809. The case of Olmstead vs. Pennsylvania. 
 
 1778-9. Demands for a permanent Court. 
 
 1779. December 2. Draft of an ordinance establishing a Court. 
 
 1780, January 22. The Court established and three judges 
 
 elected by Congress. 
 1780-1787. History of the Court. 
 
 197. The Judiciary — The Federal Jijdiciary. 
 
 Provisions in the Constitution concerning — 
 
 1789. September 24. The Judiciary Act. 
 
 Question of jurisdiction. 
 Question of enforcement by the Court. 
 Sept. 29. Act to regulate judicial process. 
 
 1790. April 30. Act defining crimes. 
 
 198. The Judiciary — The Supreme Court. 
 
 1789. The Chief Justice. 
 
 The Associate Justices. 
 1 789- 1 80 1. The men appointed. 
 
 First meeting. 
 
 Early cases. 
 
 199. The Judiciary. — The Circuit and District Courts. 
 
 1 789- 1 80 1. Bounds of the Districts, 
 Bounds of the Circuits. 
 The Judges. 
 
 [Map.] 
 
1789] POWERS OF CONGRESS USED. 58 
 
 200. The Judiciary. — The Attorney-General. 
 
 1789, September 24. Clause in the Judiciary Bill providing for. 
 The first appointment. 
 
 201. Organization. — The Congress. ' 
 1789, March 4. Beginning of its authority. 
 
 April I. 
 
 House organized. 
 
 April 6. 
 
 Senate organized. 
 
 
 Procedure and Rules. 
 
 June I. 
 
 The first Statute. The Oath. 
 
 August 15. 
 
 Debate on instructions. 
 
 September 24. 
 
 Salary Act. 
 
 1789-1791. 
 
 System of Apportionment. 
 
 1792. 
 
 First Act of Apportionment. 
 
 202. POWERS OF CONGRESS ASSERTED.— 1 789-1793. 
 
 Art. I. Sec. 8, " The Congress shall have power 
 
 I. To lay and collect taxes, duties ^imposts and excises. 
 
 203. The Revenue System. 
 
 Sources of Revenue — 
 
 a. Customs duties. 
 
 b. Excises. 
 
 c. Public lands. 
 
 d. Post offices. 
 
 e. Patent office. 
 
 /. Internal duties and licenses. 
 
 g. Direct taxes. 
 
 h. Dividend on bank stock. 
 
 i. Tonnage duties. 
 
 204. Revenue System. — Customs Duties. 
 
 1789, April-June. Debates on the first tariff act. 
 July 4. First tariff passed. 
 
1790-96] POWERS OF CONGRESS USED. 59 
 
 Features and character of the bill. 
 Petitions and memorials for " Protection." 
 1790, August 10. Seco7id tariff Act. 
 
 Features and character of the bill. 
 Third tariff Act. 
 
 Features and character of the bill. 
 Were these acts protective ? 
 Revenue raised under each. 
 
 205. Revenue System — Excise Laws. 
 
 1790. December 29. Memorial from the Doctors. 
 
 1 79 1. January 28. Petition from Lancaster Co., Pa. 
 1 79 1. March 3. First Excise Act. 
 
 Imported spirits. 
 Domestic liquors, 
 
 206. Revenue System — Public Lands. 
 
 Art, 4, Sec. 3, Clause 2. " The Congress shall have power to 
 dispose of and make all needful rules and regulations respect- 
 ing the territory or other property belonging to the U. S." 
 
 1789. August 7. The ordinance of 1787 conformed. 
 
 Territory N. W. of the River Ohio. 
 System of Government in. 
 Act of the Legislature in. 
 
 1790. May 26, Organization of "Territory south of the 
 
 Ohio." 
 
 1789. May-July. Scott's Land Office Bill. 
 
 1790. Petitions for sale by private contract. 
 1790. January 20. Call on the Sec'y of Treasury for a plan for 
 
 disposing of public lands, 
 July 20, Hamilton's report. 
 
 Nothing done for six years. 
 1789-1796, Amount of Revenue derived from the sale 
 
 of lands. 
 1796, May 18. Passage of the first Land bill. 
 
1796-1800] POWERS OF CONGRESS USED. 60 
 
 Land sold by auction at 
 
 Price per acre. 
 
 Reservation for 
 
 Smallest quantity sold acres, 
 
 1 796- 1 800. Revenue derived from land sales. 
 
 1800, May 10. Second land bill. 
 
 Harrison's Committee. 
 
 Land offices opened at 
 
 Price of land. 
 
 Terms of purchase. 
 
 Sections reserved. 
 
 Quantity sold. 
 
 207 Revenue System. — Post-Offices. 
 
 " The Congress shall have power — 
 
 Art L Sec. 8, Clause 7. "To estabhsh 
 
 Post-offices and post roads." 
 History of the Post-office in Colonial times 
 
 and under the Confederation. 
 
 1789, September 22. Act continuing old Post-office and provid- 
 
 ing Postmaster General. 
 
 1790, March 3. Second act continuing the Post-office. 
 
 Map showing post routes. 
 
 208. Revenue System. — Patent Office. 
 
 "The Congress shall have power 
 
 Art. I, Sec. 8, Clause 8. "To promote the progress of science 
 and the useful arts, by securing, for limited times, to authors 
 and inventors, the exclusive right to their respective writ- 
 ings and discoveries." 
 
 1789. 
 
 May 
 
 31- 
 
 The Copyright Act. 
 
 1790. 
 
 April 
 
 10. 
 
 Patent office established. 
 Board of Commissioners created, 
 Fees, etc. 
 
 Number of patents issued in 
 1790. 3. 
 
1791] POWERS OF CONGRESS USED. 61 
 
 1791- 33- 
 1792. II. 
 1783. 20. 
 1793- The second law, which remained in force 
 
 till 1836. 
 
 209. Revenue System. — Tonnage Duties. 
 
 1789. July 20. Discriminating tonnage duty. 
 
 Duty on ships built and owned in U. S. 
 Duty on ships built abroad and owned in 
 
 U.S. 
 Duty on ships built and owned abroad. 
 
 POWERS OF CONGRESS ASSERTED.— ORGANIZATION OF 
 THE FINANCIAL SYSTEM. 
 
 210. The National Debt. 
 
 The Congress shall have power " to pay the debts." 
 1789. Foreign debt. Amount and how contracted. 
 Domestic debt. Amount and how contracted. 
 
 a. Continental money. 
 
 b. Loan Office certificates. 
 
 c. Interest indents. 
 
 d. Final settlements. 
 
 211. The National Debt. — Funding and Assumption. 
 
 1789, September 21. House resolution calling for a plan for the 
 
 support of public credit. 
 
 1790, January 9. Hamilton's report. 
 
 1, Importance of public credit. 
 
 2. How may public credit be maintained 
 
 a. By good faith. 
 
 b. By prompt performance of con- 
 
 tracts. 
 
1 
 
 4 
 
1790] POWERS OF CONGRESS USED. 62 
 
 3. Recommends funding the debt. 
 
 4. On what principles shall the debt be 
 
 funded. 
 
 a. Shall it be funded at par ? 
 
 b. Shall a discrimination be made 
 
 between present holders and 
 original owners? 
 
 212. National Debt. — Method of Funding. 
 
 1. 66i%5 in 6 per cent, stock, 33tVtt on western 
 
 land. 
 
 2. Four per cent, stock with land bonus. 
 
 3. Six per cent, with interest on part deferred. 
 
 4. Life annuity bearing interest at six per 
 
 cent. 
 
 5. Life annuity contingent on the younger of 
 
 two lives. 
 1790. House resolutions on funding. 
 
 Debate on the method of funding the domes- 
 tic debt. 
 February. First, second, and third resolutions carried in 
 
 Committee of the Whole. 
 February 22. The resolution to assume the State debts 
 
 taken up. 
 March 9. The resolution to assume passed in Committee 
 
 of the Whole. 
 March 29, Funding resolutions passed in the House. 
 
 Resolution to assume recommitted. 
 April 12. The resolution lost. 
 
 213. Funding and Assumption. — The Compromise. 
 
 Question of the seat of Federal Government. 
 1789, September. The question raised. The South want the 
 
 seat placed on the Potomac. 
 
1790] POWERS OF CONGRESS USED. 63 
 
 The House select the Susquehanna. 
 The Senate substitute Germantown. 
 September 28. The amendment accidentally lost. 
 
 1790, May 21. The House resolution to remove to Phila- 
 
 delphia. 
 The Senate reject the resolution, and the 
 
 House choose Baltimore. 
 Hamilton and Jefferson bring about a com- 
 promise. 
 1790, July 10. The act fixing the seat of government on 
 
 the Potomac passed. 
 July 16 and August 4. The founding and assumption bill passed. 
 The funding acts. 
 The process of funding. 
 Statistics of the National Debt from 1790 
 to 1 801. 
 
 214. Organization of the Financial System. — The National Bank. 
 
 . 215. 1790. August 9. House resolution calling on the Secretary 
 
 to report such further provision as may 
 be necessary establishing the public 
 credit. 
 1790. December 14. Hamilton reports a plan of a Bank. 
 
 216. The National Bank— Advantages of a Bank. 
 
 a. Increases the capital of the country. 
 h. Dispenses with actual payment in coin. 
 
 1. Aid the government by loans in great emergencies. 
 
 2. Facilitates the payment of taxes. 
 
 217. Disadvantages of a Bank. 
 
 Increases usury. 
 
 Prevents other kinds of lending. 
 
 Leads to over-trading. 
 
 Gives to bankrupt and fraudulent traders fictitious credit. 
 
 Drives out gold and silver. 
 
1791] POWERS OF CONGRESS USED. 6^ 
 
 218. III. Existing Banks. 
 
 1. North America (Philadelphia). 
 
 2. New York (New York). 
 
 3. Massachusetts (Boston). 
 
 219. IV. Plan for a National Bank. 
 
 1. Capital stock, ^10,000,000. 
 
 2. Shares, 25,000 @, ^400 each. 
 
 3. Shares payable, ]^ in gold and silver. 
 
 % in 6 per cent, stock 
 of United States. 
 
 4. Payable in 4 semi-annual payments. 
 
 5. Bills to be receivable by United States 
 
 for taxes, etc. 
 
 6. The charter to continue till the 6% 
 
 stock was redeemed. 
 
 7. Branches in the States. 
 
 1791- Draft sent to the Committee and a bill re- 
 
 ported. 
 1 79 1, January 20. Bill passes Senate. 
 
 February i. Alarm in the House of Representatives. 
 
 1. Is a bank a good thing? 
 
 2. Is this bank judicious? 
 
 3. May Congress charter any corpora- 
 
 tion? 
 
 4. May Congress charter a bank ? 
 
 5. May Congress charter this bank? 
 
 a. Power to borrow money. 
 
 b. To levy taxes. 
 
 c. To raise fleets and armies. 
 
 a. To do what is " necessary and 
 proper " and provide for the 
 " creneral welfare." 
 
1791] ' POWERS OF CONGRESS USED. 65 
 
 220. The National Bank — The Act Passed. 
 
 Washington submits the bill to Jefferson. 
 
 Randolph and Hamilton. 
 Jefferson disapproves. 
 
 1. Unconstitutional. 
 
 2. Inexpedient, 
 Randolph disapproves. 
 Hamilton answers both. 
 Powers of Congress discussed. 
 
 1791. February 21. Washington signs. 
 
 221. The National Bank — The Bank in Operation. 
 
 1 79 1. July 4. The books opened. 
 
 July-August " Scriophobia." 
 "Scripomania." 
 1791-1811. History of the Bank. 
 
 222. Powers of Congress Asserted. — Commerce. 
 
 Sec. Vni. "The Congress shall have power: To regulate 
 commerce with foreign nations, and among the several 
 States, and with the Indian tribes." 
 
 223. I. With Foreign Nations. 
 
 1789, July 20. Discriminating tonnage duty. 
 August 7. Lighthouse act. 
 Registry acts. 
 
 Act for regulation of seamen. 
 Act establishing ports of entry. 
 
 224. II. Among the Several States. 
 
 Act concerning Rhode Island. 
 
 225. III. W^ith the Indians. 
 
 1781-1789. Relations with the Indians. 
 
 Treaties with the Indians under the Confederation. 
 
1789- 1 8oo] POWERS OF CONGRESS USED. 66 
 
 1789, August. Debate on treaties with the Indians. 
 
 1 790- 1 796. Acts to regulate trade and intercourse. 
 
 226. Powers of Congress Asserted. — Coinage. 
 
 Sec. VIII. "The Congress shall have power: To coin money, 
 regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin * * * " 
 1 78 1- 1 789. Coinage acts of the Confederation. 
 
 Reports on a federal monetary system. 
 
 Morris' plan. 
 
 Jefferson's plan. 
 
 Adoption of a unit. 
 
 Adoption of the decimal system, 
 
 1790. Hamilton's report on Coinage, 
 1792, April 2. The Coinage act. 
 
 The mint established. 
 
 Early difficulties in establishing. 
 1 792-1 800. Acts concerning the value and circulation of foreign 
 coin. 
 
 Suspension of the act. 
 1792-1800. Amount of coin struck, 
 
 PoTvers of Congress Asserted. — Naturalization. 
 
 Sec. VIII. "The Congress shall have power: To establish a 
 uniform rule of naturalization throughout the U. S." 
 
 227. Status of Aliens. 
 
 I. Right of, to acquire, hold, transmit land. 
 
 Taxation of 
 Expulsion of 
 Conscription of 
 Local allecfiance of 
 
 5- 
 228. Status of Citizens. 
 
 I, What is citizenship. 
 
 a. Of the United States. 
 
 b. Of any State. 
 
1790-1802] POWERS OF CONGRESS USED. 67 
 
 229. II. Who may be Citizens. 
 
 I. Status of the Negro. 
 
 * 2. Status of the Indian. 
 
 3. Status of the Chinese. 
 
 4. Status of the Japanese. 
 
 5. Status of children of aliens born in the U. S. 
 
 6. Status of children of citizens of the U. S. born in foreign 
 
 lands or on the sea. 
 
 7. Nationality of married women. 
 
 8. May an unmarried woman become a citizen? 
 
 230. Acquisition of Citizenship. 
 
 1. By birth. 
 
 2. By naturalization. 
 
 a. Of the person. 
 
 b. Of the parents. 
 
 231. Naturalization. — By Act of Congress. 
 
 1790, March 26. First naturalization act. 
 
 1795, January 29. Second naturalization act. 
 
 1798, June 18. Third naturalization act. 
 
 1802, April 14. Fourth naturalization act. 
 
 232. Naturalization. — By Revolution or Treaty. 
 
 Effect of the Declaration of Independence. 
 Effect of the Treaty of peace. 
 Effect of the Louisiana purchase. 
 Effect of conquest of Mexico. 
 
 233. Naturalization. — By Territorial Change. 
 
 Case of Louisiana. 
 
 Case of Oregon. 
 
 Case of Texas annexation. 
 
1790-92] 
 
 POWERS OF CONGRESS USED. 
 
 68 
 
 234. Naturalization. — Status of the Naturalized Citizen Abroad, 
 
 1. The question of military service. 
 
 2. The question of trade. 
 
 3. Abuse of citizenship. 
 
 235. Powers of Congress Asserted. — Organization of Militia. 
 
 Sec. VIII. "The Congress shall have power: To provide for 
 organizing, arming and disciplining the militia." 
 
 August 
 
 August 
 f 
 
 1790, January 
 January 
 
 July 
 
 1790, December 10. 
 
 7. Message of Washington urging "some uni- 
 form and effective system for the militia." 
 7. Committee appointed by the House, but 
 make no report. 
 15. New committee appointed to bring in bill. 
 21. Message submitting a plan for the organiza- 
 tion of the militia. 
 7. Bill for the national defence by providing for 
 a uniform militia, etc. 
 Third committee appointed to bring in a bill, 
 etc. Bill debated and recommitted. 
 
 1 79 1, January 4. Bill reported and not acted on. 
 
 October 31. Speech of President sent to a committee to 
 frame a bill. 
 Bill reported. 
 
 Passed by House of Representatives. 
 Amended and passed by the Senate. 
 House reject the amendments — the Senate 
 recede. 
 April 27. The first militia bill passes. 
 
 1792, April 27. Bills for calling out the militia passed. 
 1792, May 8. Act for uniform organization. 
 
 64 men = i company. 
 5 companies = i battalion. 
 2 battalions = i regiment. 
 4 regiments = i brigade. 
 
 November 2 1 . 
 1792, March 6. 
 
1789] FORMATION OF PARTES. 69 
 
 Officers : 
 
 ( Captain. 
 Company < Lieutenant. 
 
 ( Ensign. 
 Battalion . Major. 
 Regiment . Colonel. 
 Brigade . Brigadier General. 
 Division . Major General. 
 
 236. Power of Congress Asserted. — The Army. 
 
 Sec. VIII. "The Congress shall have power: To raise and 
 support armies." 
 
 1789, September 29. Continental establishment continued. 
 
 How distributed. 
 
 1790, April 30. First act for a military' establishment. 
 
 1792. Increase of the army. 
 
 1793, February 28. First pension act. 
 
 THE RISE OF PARTIES IN THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 237. 1789. Elements, 
 
 Great States. 
 
 Small States. 
 
 Agricultural States. 
 
 Commercial States. 
 
 Slave States. 
 
 Free States. 
 
 Partly Free States. 
 
 Eastern and Northern States. 
 
 Middle States. 
 
 Southern and Western States. 
 
 Aristocrats. 
 
 Democrats. 
 
1789-91] 
 
 FORMATION OF PARTIES. 
 
 70 
 
 Consolidators. 
 State Rightsmen. 
 Friends to England. 
 Friends to France. 
 
 238. 1789. Formation of the New Parties. 
 
 1789. Acceptance of the Constitution. 
 The old party lines disappear. 
 Appearance of new division^ 
 Analysis 
 
 1. Of the vote on giving the President a title. 
 
 2. Of the vote on the tariff. 
 
 3. Of the vote on the seat of government. 
 
 4. Of the vote on funding the debt. 
 
 5. Of the vote on assuming the State debt. 
 
 6. Of the vote on chartering a bank. 
 1791. 7. Of the vote on excise bill. 
 
 239. Formation of Parties. — Action of the States. 
 
 Resolutions of Virginia on the assumption. 
 Resolutions of South Carolina complaining of enormous 
 salaries and secrecy of the Senate. 
 1 79 1. Resolutions of Pennsylvania on the excise. 
 1 79 1. Resolutions of Maryland, Virginia, and North Carolina on 
 the excise. 
 
 240. Formation of Parties. 
 1 79 1, September 7 
 
 Action of the People. 
 
 Pittsburg resolutions. 
 
 1. Exorbitant salaries. 
 
 2. Unreasonable interest on the debt. 
 
 3. No discrimination between original 
 
 holders and buyers. 
 
 4. National Bank (concentrating capital). 
 
 5. The excise law. 
 
1791-93] 
 
 FORMATION OF PARTIES. 
 
 71 
 
 241. Formation of Parties.— Action of the Leaders. 
 
 1791. 
 
 1791. 
 
 1792, March and July. 
 
 1792. 
 
 July 
 
 25- 
 
 September 
 September 
 December. 
 1793, March. 
 
 Quarrels in the Cabinet. 
 Theories of goverument of 
 Adams. 
 Hamilton. 
 Jefferson. 
 Charges against the administration in 
 
 Jefferson's " Ana." 
 He founds the " National Gazette," and 
 
 begins to organize the Republican Party. 
 Charges in the National Gazette of 
 
 I. Aristocracy. 2. Monarchy. 
 
 3. "Corrupt Treasury squadron." 
 Jefferson proposes to leave the Cabinet. 
 Washington urges him to remam. The 
 
 conversation as narrated in the "Ana." 
 Washington's letter to Hamilton on the 
 
 charges made by Jefferson. 
 Hamilton replies. 
 The newspaper war. 
 Charges of " T. L." ^ 
 
 Charges of " An American." > .. 
 
 Charges of" A Plain Honest Man." j 
 Against Jefferson and Freeman, in Fenno's 
 
 " Gazette." 
 Reply of Freeman. 
 
 Reply of " Aristides " (probably Madison.) 
 Jefferson's letter to Washington. 
 Hamilton's letter to Washington. 
 Attack on Hamilton in the H. of R. 
 Giles resolutions fail. 
 
 242. Formation of Parties. — The Democratic Clubs. 
 
 Origin of the clubs. 
 Purpose of the clubs. 
 
FORMATION OF PARTIES. 72 
 
 Rapid spread of the clubs in the United States. 
 Acts and principles of. 
 
 243. Formation of Parties. — The Federalists. 
 
 Origin of the name. 
 
 Principles of government. 
 
 Theory of constitutional construction. 
 
 Party organs. 
 
 Numbers in the Senate and House. 
 
 States controlled by. 
 
 Leaders, 
 
 244. Biographical Sketches of 
 
 George Washington, 
 John Adams, 
 Timothy Pickering, 
 John Jay, 
 
 Alexander Hamilton, 
 Fisher Ames, 
 James A. Bayard, 
 Robert Morris, 
 Gouverneur Morris, 
 John Marshall, 
 C. C. Pinckney, 
 William Cobbett. 
 
 245. Formation of Parties.— The Republican. 
 
 Origin of the name. 
 
 Principles of government. 
 
 Theory of the constitution. 
 
 Party organs. 
 
 Numbers in the Senate and House. 
 
 States controlled by. 
 
 Leaders, 
 
I789-1800] FEDERAL ADMINISTRATION. 73 
 
 246. Biographical Sketches of 
 
 Thomas Jefferson, 
 
 George Clinton, 
 
 Elbridge Gerry, 
 
 Aaron Burr, 
 
 James Madison, 
 
 James Monroe, 1 
 
 Edmund Randolph, 
 
 Albert Gallatin, 
 
 John Randolph, 
 
 B. F. Bache, 
 
 William Duane. 
 
 THE GOVERNMENT.— FEDERAL ADMINISTRATIONS 
 
 1 789- 1 800. 
 
 247. Home affairs. 
 
 Federal Expenditures. 
 
 1. Salaries Legislative Department. 
 
 Executive Department. 
 Judicial Department. 
 
 2. Expenditures for 
 
 The Army. 
 The Navy. 
 Interest on the debt. 
 General government. 
 
 248. Federal Receipts. 
 
 1. Internal Revenue. 
 
 2. Direct Tax. 
 
 3. Tariff Duties. 
 
 4. Public Lands. 
 
1789-94] FEDERAL ADMINISTRATION. 74 
 
 5. Post Office. 
 
 6. Foreign Loans. 
 
 7. Bank Stock. 
 
 8. Miscellaneous. 
 
 249. Federal Administration. — The Taxes. 
 
 1789-1800. Review of the system of taxation. 
 1 789- 1 800. List of Tax laws. 
 
 250. Federal Taxation. — The \A^hisky Tax. 
 
 1791, January 5. The Excise laid. 
 
 Resolutions condemning it passed by the Legis- 
 latures of 
 
 Pennsylvania. 
 North Carolina. 
 Virginia. 
 Maryland, 
 
 1792. The Excise law modified. 
 Act for calling out the militia. 
 
 251. Federal Administration.— The Whisky Rebellion. 
 
 1 79 1 . Opposition to the tax in Western Pennsylvania. 
 
 • Character of the settlers. 
 
 Cause of their discontent. 
 
 1791, September 7. Resolutions of the first Pittsburg meeting. 
 
 1792, August 21. The Pittsburg meeting. 
 
 Resolutions. 
 
 1792, September 27. Proclamation of Washington, 
 
 1 792- 1 794. Attacks on collectors and others. 
 
 1794, July. U. S. Marshal sent to serve processes. 
 
 July 16, Rising of the people. 
 
 July 17. The attack on the Inspector. 
 
 July 23. Mingo Creek meeting. 
 
 July 28, Call for a meeting at Braddock's Fields. 
 
1794] FEDERAL ADMINISTRATION. 75 
 
 August I. Action of the meeting. 
 
 Pittsburg threatened. 
 The meeting at Parkinson's Ferry. 
 
 a. The resolutions. 
 
 b. The committee of conference. 
 
 252. 'Whisky Rebellion. — Action of the Executive. 
 
 1794, August 5. Letter of the Secretary of State. / 
 
 " 7. Proclamation of the President. 
 August 7. Requisition on the Governors for troops. 
 
 253. Whisky Rebellion. — March of the Militia. 
 
 Necessity for the call. 
 
 State of feeling in Kentucky. 
 
 Virginia. 
 
 Western Pennsylvania. 
 Refusal of the Governor of Pennsylvania to 
 maintain the laws. 
 
 1 794, September. Gathering of troops at Bedford. 
 
 The march westward. 
 September 25. Second proclamation of the President. 
 November 8. Proclamation of General Lee. 
 November 13. Seizure of the leaders of the insurgents. 
 
 1795. Trial of the prisoners before the circuit court 
 
 at Philadelphia. 
 Two found guilty of treason. 
 
 254. Whisky Rebellion.— The Effect. 
 
 1. Strengthens the government. 
 
 2. Injures Democratic societies. 
 
 1795, Februarj' 28. 3. Amendment of act for calling out militia. 
 
 255. Federal Taxation. — The Carriage Tax. 
 
 1794, June 5. Text of the act. 
 
 Constitutionality questioned. 
 
1 798-1800] FEDERAL ADMINISTRATION. 76 
 
 Case of Hylton vs. the U. S., in the Supreme Court, 
 
 February Term, 1796. 
 Statement of the case. 
 Question before the court. 
 Is the tax on carriages a direct tax ? 
 Decision of the Court. 
 
 a. The tax is not direct. 
 
 b. Reasons for the decision. 
 
 256. Federal Taxation.— The Direct Tax. 
 
 1798. Reason for laying the tax. 
 July 2. Text of the act. 
 
 Manner of assessing. 
 
 Opposition to the act in the counties of Bucks, 
 
 Northampton, Montgomery. 
 Attempts of the Judges and the assessors to explain 
 
 the law. 
 Character of the people. 
 
 257. The Direct Tax.— Fries' Rebellion. 
 
 Character of John Fries. 
 He forbids rate-taking. 
 
 1799. Attempt of the State Courts to enforce the law. 
 The District Attorney applies to the Federal 
 
 Courts. 
 
 1799, March 22. The U. S. Marshal makes arrests. 
 
 The prisoners sent to Bethlehem. 
 March 7. Rescued by an armed mob. 
 March 12. Proclamation of Adams. 
 
 Troops sent. 
 
 Arrest of Fries and others. 
 May 12. Fries indicted for treason. 
 
 Fries and ten others found guilty and sentenced. 
 
 1800, April. Tried again and convicted. 
 
 Pardoned by Adams. 
 
1789] FEDERAL ADMINISTRATION. j-j 
 
 258. Fries' Rebellion. — Treason. — What is Treason ? 
 
 1789. I. Treason as defined in the Constitution. 
 
 1794. 2. Principles as laid down in the trials of Mitchell 
 
 and Vigol. 
 
 1799-1800. 3. Principles laid down in the trials of Fries. 
 
 4. Is obstructing the execution of a law treason? 
 
 5. What is " levying war"? 
 
 6. Against whom must war be levied ? 
 
 7. The question of intention. 
 
 8. What is an " overt act" ? 
 
 9. Where should the trial be held? 
 
 259. Federal Administration. — Indian Affairs. 
 
 1790. Discontent of the Indians northwest of the Ohio. 
 Cause for discontent. 
 
 Expedition of Harmer. 
 
 1 79 1. Expedition and defeat of St. Clair. 
 1782. Anthony Wayne placed in command. 
 
 1 792- 1 794. Campaigns of Wayne. 
 
 1794. Lord Dorchester's speech. 
 
 1794. Wayne's victory on theMaumee. 
 
 1795. Treaty of Greenville. 
 Indian boundary line. [Map.] 
 
 260. Federal Administration. — Admission of States. 
 
 1 79 1. Vermont— The 14th State. 
 
 History from 1609- 1760. 
 1760-63. New Hampshire grants. 
 
 1764. Included in grant to Duke of York. 
 
 1 764- 1 776. The controversy with New York. 
 
 1776. Conventions at Dorset. 
 
 1777, January 16. " New Connecticut, a/wj Vermont." 
 1777, June 4. Name changed to Vermont. 
 1777, July 26. Constitution formed. 
 
 Charges against New York in the preamble. 
 
1781-91] FEDERAL ADMINISTRATION. 78 
 
 1 78 1. Vermont refuses the offer of Congress to be 
 
 admitted to the Union. 
 
 1790. Dispute with New York settled. 
 
 1 79 1, March 4. Admitted to the Union as the 14th State. 
 
 261. Kentucky— The 15th State. 
 
 1789, December 18. Enabling act of Virginia. 
 
 1790, December 9. Application of the Convention to Congress. 
 
 1791, February 4. Enabling act of Congress. 
 
 1792, April 2-19. Constitution formed. 
 
 Never submitted to the people. 
 June I. Kentucky admitted. 
 
 262. Tennessee — The i6th State. 
 
 1790, May 26. Given a territorial government. 
 
 1796. February 6. Constitution formed, and application for admis- 
 sion as a State made to Congress. 
 1796. June I. Act for admission approved. 
 
 263. North Carolina and Rhode Island. 
 
 1787-89. Refuse to ratify the Constitution. 
 
 1789-90. Special enactments regarding. 
 
 1789, March 21. North Carolina ratifies. 
 
 1790, May 27. Rhode Island ratifies. 
 
 264. The New States. 
 
 Principles of a balance of slave and free. 
 
 Status of the new States. 
 
 Are the new States different from the orginal thirteen ? 
 
 265. Federal Administration. — The Constitutional Amendments. 
 1 789-1 79 1. The Ten Amendments. 
 
1787-98] 
 
 STRUGGLE FOR NEUTRALITY. 
 
 79 
 
 The Amendments, 
 1787-88. 
 
 1788. 
 
 1788. 
 1789. 
 
 1789, August 25. 
 
 September 9. 
 
 September 25. 
 1 79 1, December 15. 
 1793- 
 
 1789-1800. 
 
 Number and character of the Amendments 
 
 offered by the State Conventions. 
 New York calls a second convention. 
 Pennsylvania minority call a conference. 
 Harrisburg Convention. 
 Memorial from Virginia. 
 Debate on the question of amending. 
 Nine amendments offered by Madison. 
 House send seventeen to the Senate. 
 Senate returns twelve. 
 Twelve sent to the Senate. 
 Ten declared in force. 
 Case of Chisholm vs. Georgia. 
 
 266. The Constitution. — The Eleventh Amendment. 
 
 1. Defects for which amendments were offered 
 
 and not passed. 
 The direct tax amendment. 
 The anti-charter, anti-monopoly amendment. 
 The civil disability amendments. 
 The judiciary amendment. 
 
 2. Defects for which amendments were offered, 
 
 passed and ratified by the States. 
 1794, March 5. The Eleventh Amendment offered. 
 
 1798. Declared in force. 
 
 FEDERAL ADMINISTRATION.— FOREIGN AFFAIRS. 
 STRUGGLE FOR NEUTRALITY. 
 
 -THE 
 
 267. Neutrality Proclaimed. 
 
 Principles of neutrality explained. 
 a. 
 
 b. 
 
 The rights of neutrals. 
 The duties of neutrals. 
 
1789-93] STRUGGLE FOR NEUTRALITY. gO 
 
 1789-1793. Effect of the French Revolution in the United 
 
 States. 
 French and English sympathizers. 
 
 a. " Democrats." 
 
 b. " Aristocrats." 
 
 1793. February i, France declares war on England. 
 1793, April 5. News of the declaration reaches the United 
 
 States. 
 
 Question of neutrality raised. 
 
 Status of the belligerents. 
 
 a. No treaty with England. 
 
 b. Treaty with France. 
 
 1793, April 8. The French Minister lands at Charleston. 
 
 1793, April 17-18. The questions submitted to the Cabinet. ^ 
 
 The Cabinet decide for neutrality. 
 April 22. The Proclamation issued. 
 
 Defended by " Pacificus." 
 
 Attacked by " Helvidius." 
 
 a68. Neutrality Defied by France. 
 
 1793, April 8. Genet lands at Charleston, S. C. 
 
 Conduct at Charleston. 
 
 1. Fits out two privateers. 
 
 2. Enlists troops. 
 
 3. Plans an attack on Florida. 
 May 26. Genet reaches Philadelphia. 
 
 Conduct in Philadelphia. 
 
 1. Socially. 
 
 2. Politically. 
 
 May-June. Captures made by his privateers. 
 Case of Henfield and Singleterry. 
 Capture of "The Grange." 
 Arrival of "The Citizen Genet." 
 Arrest of Henfield and Singleterry. 
 
 June I. Protest of Genet. 
 
 Acquittal of Henfield. 
 
1793] STRUGGLE FOR NEUTRALITY. 8l 
 
 1793, July 6. Case of "The Little Democrat." 
 
 " 12. Escape. 
 
 August. Genet appeals to the people. 
 
 1794. Is recalled, and his arrest requested. 
 
 269. Neutrality Defied by England. 
 
 1793. I. Seizes French goods on American ships. 
 
 2. Asserts th^ " Rule of the War of 1756." 
 
 3. Captures bread-stuffs going to France. 
 
 4. Conduct of the British Colonial Prize 
 
 Courts. 
 
 5. Imprisonment of American sailors. 
 1793, December 16. Jefferson's report on commerce. 
 
 Discriminating duties proposed. 
 
 Neutrality Defied — *• Orders in Council" and "French De- 
 crees." 
 
 270. French Decrees. 
 
 1. 1793, May 9. 
 
 2. 1793, May 23. 
 
 3. 1793, May 28. 
 
 4. 1793, July I. 
 
 5- 1793, July 27- 
 
 6. 1794, November 18. 
 
 7. 1795, January 3. 
 
 8. 1796, July 2. 
 
 9. 1797, March 2. 
 10. 1798, January 18. 
 
 271. British "Orders in Council." 
 
 I- I793» June 8. 
 
 2. 1793, November 6. 
 
 3. 1794, January 8. 
 
 4. 1798, January 25. 
 
 5. 1799, March 22. 
 
1794] 
 
 STRUGGLE FOR NEUTRALITY. 
 
 82 
 
 272. The Struggle for Neutrality. 
 England. 
 
 -Attempt to Force War with 
 
 J794» January 23. Madison's Resolutons. 
 
 1. Discrimintng tonnage duty. 
 
 2. Special duty on certain goods. 
 
 3. Duty on imports by foreign ships from 
 
 ports from which American ships were 
 excluded. 
 First carried. Second postponed. 
 
 273. 1794, March ii. Formation of the U. S. Navy. 
 
 Six frigates ordered. 
 
 Fortifications ordered. 
 
 Ammunition ordered. 
 
 Arsenals established at Springfield and Carlisle. 
 
 274. March 26. The First Embargo for 30 Days. 
 
 March 27. Dayton's sequestration resolution. 
 April 7. Clark's non-intercourse resolution, 
 April 16. Jay appointed envoy to England. 
 
 275. Struggle for Neutrality. — ^Jay's Treaty. 
 
 Grievances to be removed. 
 
 Still held the western posts. 
 
 Discriminated against our commerce. 
 
 Impressed our sailors. 
 
 Threatened an Indian war. 
 
 Had made no compensation for negroes carried off 
 
 Hindered our neutral trade. 
 
 The question of blockade. 
 
 " The Rule of 1756." 
 
 The question of contraband of war. 
 
1794-97] 
 
 STRUGGLE FOR NEUTRALITY. 
 
 83 
 
 276. STRUGGLE FOR NEUTRALITY.— JAY'S TREATY. 
 
 1794, June 15-November 19. 
 November 19. 
 
 1795, June 24. 
 
 June 29. 
 
 1795, August 19. 
 November. 
 
 Negotiations with Granville. 
 The treaty signed. 
 Digest of the treaty. 
 The Senate ratifies. 
 Art. XIL suspended. 
 Secrecy enjoined. 
 
 Senator Mason discloses the treaty. 
 Violent opposition of the Republi- 
 cans. 
 Summary of their objections. 
 Conduct of the people. 
 " British gold." 
 Washington approves. 
 Protests of the States. 
 
 277. Jay's Treaty. — Constitutional Questions. 
 
 1796, March 9. 
 
 March 9-24. 
 March 24. 
 March 30. 
 April 7. 
 
 1796, April 13. 
 
 The amended treaty arrives. 
 
 House debate on the right to call for the papers. 
 
 The call made. 
 
 Washington refuses. 
 
 Resolutions of the House. 
 
 Question of refusing appropriations. 
 
 Debate en carrying out the treaty. 
 
 The appropriations voted. 
 
 278. Jay's Treaty. — The Treaty Executed by England. 
 
 1796, June. The western posts surrendered. 
 
 1797, July 4. Parliamentary " Act for carrying into execution 
 
 the treaty of amity, commerce and navigation." 
 1797, July 19. Parliamentary "Act for regulating the trade to be 
 
 carried on " with India. 
 1797, July 28. First payment of damages. 
 
 Payments under the 7th Article, ;^94,CXX). 
 
1794-97] STRUGGLE FOR NEUTRALITY. 84 
 
 279. Jay's Treaty. — Treaty Executed by the United States. 
 
 1799. Commissioners under Art, VI. disagree. 
 
 Claims presented — ^24,000,000. 
 
 Character of these claims. 
 1802, January 8. New convention made at London. 
 
 Great Britain agrees to accept ;^6oo,ooo in three 
 annual payments. 
 
 280. Jay's Treaty. — France Offended. 
 
 American Ministers to France. 
 I. Benjamin Franklin. 
 Thomas Jefferson. 
 Gouverneur Morris. 
 1794. Morris re-called on the request of France. 
 
 1794, June. James Monroe sent out. 
 
 1 794- 1 796. History of his mission. 
 
 Reception by the Convention. 
 
 The Flag episode. 
 
 Attempt to discover the purpose of Jay's mission. 
 
 Anger of the French at the treaty. '* 
 
 Remissness of Monroe. 
 1796, September. Monroe re-called. 
 
 C. C. Pinckney appointed. 
 1796, December. The French refuse to receive him. 
 
 Valedictory address to Monroe. 
 
 281. France Offended.— Conduct of the French Ministers in 
 
 America. 
 
 French Ministers to the United States. 
 Gerard. 
 Luzern. 
 De Moustier. 
 Ternant. 
 Genet. 
 Fauchet. 
 Adet. 
 
1796-97] STRUGGLE FOR NEUTRALITY. 85 
 
 1796, Conduct of Adet. 
 
 Announces the Decree of the Directory. 
 
 Commands Frenchmen in the United States to wear the 
 
 cockade. 
 Announces that he has been re-called. 
 His open letter to the Secretary of State. 
 
 282. The Election of 1796. — ^John Adams. 
 
 1796. Question of a third term for Washington. 
 
 1796, September 17. The Farewell Address. 
 
 The candidates. 
 
 Manner of nominating. 
 
 Federal candidates. 
 
 Republican candidates. 
 
 Intrigue to defeat Adams. 
 
 Interference of the French Minister. 
 
 Grounds of opposition to 
 
 a. Adams. 
 
 b. Jefferson. 
 
 c. Clinton. 
 
 The electoral vote. [Diagram.] 
 
 283. Federal Administration.— John Adams. 
 
 1797. Counting the electoral votes. 
 1797, March 4. Inauguration of Adams. 
 
 284. Federal Administration.— Foreign Affairs.— France Offended. 
 
 The X. Y. Z. Mission. 
 
 1797, May 17. Special message and documents 
 
 relating to the rejection of 
 
 Pinckney. 
 May 31. Message nominating Pinckney, 
 
 Dana, and Marshall. 
 June 22. Pinckney, Marshall, and Gerry 
 
 sent. 
 July 15. Instructions to the Commissioners, 
 
1797-98] STRUGGLE FOR NEUTRALITY. S6 
 
 October 4. Commissioneers reach Paris. 
 
 1797, October and November. Visited by Mr. X„ who makes 
 
 three demands : 
 
 1. Apology. 
 
 2. Douceur. 
 
 3. Loan. 
 
 Visited by Mr. Y., who gives rea- 
 sons for demanding the apology. 
 Visited by Mr. Z. 
 
 1798, March 5. Cypher dispatches arrive from 
 
 France. 
 April 3, Translations sent to Congress. 
 
 285. The X. Y. Z. Mission.—" Millions for Defence ; Not one Cent 
 
 for Tribute." 
 
 1798. Popular excitement. 
 
 Scenes at the theatres. 
 
 " Hail Columbia" written. 
 
 The addresses to the President, 
 
 Associations for defence. 
 
 " The Black Cockade." 
 
 "Adams and Liberty." 
 
 " Washington and the Constitution." 
 
 Subscriptions for armed ships. 
 
 " Millions for defence; not one cent for tribute." 
 
 Disorders in the streets. 
 
 Duels. 
 
 Character of the press. 
 
 286. The Effect of the X. Y. Z. Excitement.— Alien and Sedition 
 
 Acts. 
 
 1798, April. Republican members leave Congress. 
 Federalists in the majority. 
 Acts passed by the Federalists, 
 
1798] STRUGGLE FOR NEUTRALITY. 87 
 
 287. I. The Naturalization Act. 
 
 1798. Number of aliens in the country. 
 
 Number of foreigners in the country. 
 
 Number in office. 
 
 Proposition to exclude them from office. 
 1798, June 18. The third naturalization act. 
 
 Text of the act. 
 
 288. II. The Alien Act. 
 
 1798. Constitutional difficulties. 
 
 Question of personal liberty. 
 
 Question of "migration." 
 
 Question of judicial functions of the President. 
 1798, June 28. Act approved. 
 
 Text of the act. 
 
 289. III. Alien Enemies Act. 
 
 1798, May 8. Proposition to expell alien enemies. 
 1798, July 6. The act approved. 
 Text of the act. 
 
 290. IV. The Sedition Act. 
 
 1798. June 26. Lloyd's Sedition Bill as introduced. 
 
 As amended by the Senate. 
 July 5-10. As amended by the House. 
 
 Bayard's amendment — truth a defense. 
 14. The act approved. 
 Text of the act. 
 The constitutional questions. 
 
 7. Freedom of speech and of the press. 
 
 b. Common law jurisdiction. 
 
 c. Habeas corpus. 
 Petitions against the act. 
 
 1799, February. The petitions referred to a committee. 
 February 25. Report of the committee 
 
1798] STRUGGLE FOR NEUTRALITY. 88 
 
 Speeches of Gallatin and Nicholas. 
 Insolence of the Federalists. 
 1 800, January. ' Attempt to repeal the act. 
 
 291. History of the Four Acts. 
 
 1. The Naturalization Act amended, 
 
 2. The Alien Act never executed. 
 
 3. The Alien Enemies Act never in force. 
 
 4. Sedition Act. 
 
 Punishment of Lyon. 
 
 Cooper, 
 
 Callender. 
 
 Haswell. 
 
 Adams. 
 
 Baldwin. 
 
 Frothingham. 
 
 Hart. 
 
 Duane. 
 Conduct of Judge Chase. 
 
 • VIRGINIA AND KENTUCKY RESOLUTIONS. 
 
 292. The cause of the resolutions. 
 Who wrote them. 
 
 293. 1798, November 19. First Kentucky Resolutions. ^ 
 
 Text of 
 
 294. 1798, December 21. Virginia Resolutions. 
 
 Text of. 
 
 Definition of the Constitution. 
 
 No common judge. 
 
 Right of " the States " to judge. (Ky.) 
 
l^gg-lBoo] THE STRUGGLE FOR NEUTRALITY. 89 
 
 Right of " the States " to interpose. (Va.) 
 The Alien Acts unconstitutional because — 
 The Sedition Act unconstitutional because— 
 
 295. Answers of Seven States. 
 
 Names of the States. 
 Substance of their answers. 
 
 296. 1799, November 22. Second Kentucky Resolutions. 
 
 1800. Nullification declared to be the rightful 
 
 remedy by Kentucky. 
 Madison's report to Virginia Assembly. 
 
 297. "The Rightfull Remedy." 
 
 Meaning of" Compact." 
 
 Meaning of " Interposition." 
 
 Meaning of " Nullification," 
 
 Meaning of " Usurpation." 
 
 Meaning of " Deliberate, Dangerous and Palpable." 
 
 Was armed resistance intended? 
 
 Is there a final arbiter? 
 
 Is it within the State government? 
 
 Is it within the National government ? 
 
 Is there a remedy for usurpation? 
 
 a. A judicial remedy? 
 
 d. A political remedy? 
 
 "MILLIONS FOR DEFENSE."— THE QUASI WAR WITH 
 
 FRANCE. 
 
 298. Preparations for War. 
 
 Army increased. 
 
 Washington made Commander-in-Chief. 
 
 Navy Department formed. 
 
I79»-99] '^^^ STRUGGLE FOR NEUTRALITY. 90 
 
 The people offer ships and money. 
 
 Condition of the navy. 
 
 Direct tax laid. 
 
 French treaties suspended. 
 
 299. Naval War Begun. 
 
 1798. July 6. Decatur sails from the Delaware. 
 
 First capture made. 
 
 1799. Nine ships under Comodore Barry in the Lesser 
 
 Antilles. 
 Five under Truxton at St. Kitt's. 
 A third fleet closed the Windward Passage. 
 A fourth fleet off Cuba. ^ 
 French capture Bainbridge in the Retaliation. 
 Constellation captures L' Insurgente. 
 
 1800. Constellation destroys La Vengence. 
 Boston captures Le Berceau. 
 
 1 798- 1 800. Captures by the privateers. 
 
 300. War with France — Negotiations Renewed. 
 
 1798. Negotiations ended. 
 
 Return of Marshall and Pinckney. 
 
 Gerry remains. 
 
 Logan intermeddles. 
 
 His interview with Washington. 
 
 " The Logan Act." 
 
 Purposes of the act. 
 
 1798. Assurances of Pichon to Vans Murray. 
 
 1799, February 25. Adams nominates Vans Murray. 
 
 The Senate object. 
 
 The names of Henry and Ellsworth added, 
 Henry declines, and William Davie nom- 
 inated. 
 1799, November. The new commissioners depart. 
 
1 
 
l8oo-l] THE STRUGGLE FOR NEUTRALITY. 9 1 
 
 1800, September. Convention negotiated. 
 
 1800. Convention as ratified by United States. 
 
 Convention as ratified by France. 
 
 War with France — The Spoliation Claims. 
 
 301. French Decrees. 
 
 1. Ordonnances de Marine. 
 
 2. Decrees of the authorities of France. 
 
 [Section , page .] 
 Explanation of " role d' equipage." 
 
 3. Decrees of the French colonial authorities. 
 
 a. Executive Directory of the Windward Islands. 
 
 1796, August I. Arrete. 
 
 b. Executive Directory of the Leeward Islands. 
 
 1797, February i. 
 1797, November 27. 
 
 302. Spoliations under These Decrees. 
 
 1. Purchase and violent seizure of supplies. 
 
 2. Embargoes. 
 
 3. Plundering vessels. 
 
 4. Condemnation of vessels. 
 
 a. Want of role d' equipage. 
 
 b. English property on board. 
 
 5. Recaptures. 
 
 303. French Spoliation Claims. — Assumed by the United States. 
 
 1800, September 30. The Convention signed. 
 
 Text of Art. II. 
 
 1801, February 8. The Convention ratified by the Senate with 
 
 Art. II. cancelled. 
 July 5. Language of the ratification by Napoleon 
 
 December 21. Again approved by the Senate. 
 
lygg-iSoi'] FALL OF the federal party. 92 
 
 Did this mean assumption by the U. S. ? 
 
 a. Reason in favor. 
 
 d. Reason against. 
 Subsequent history of the claims. 
 Status at the preset time. 
 Amount. 
 
 FEDERAL ADMINISTRATION.— FALL OF THE FEDERAL 
 
 PARTY, 1800. 
 
 304. I. Causes of Popular Discontent with. 
 
 1. Extravagance. 
 
 2. Robbins' case. 
 
 3. Sedition case. 
 
 4. Fries' trials. 
 
 5. Increased taxes. 
 
 305. II. Quarrels among the Leaders. 
 
 1. Adams and Hamilton. 
 
 2. Adams and the Cabinet. 
 
 3. Hamilton's attack on Adams. 
 
 306. 
 
 III. 
 
 The Elect] 
 
 ion. 
 
 1799. 
 
 
 Nomination of candidates. 
 
 1800. 
 
 
 Manner of chosing electors. [Map.] 
 
 1800. 
 
 
 Vote in the electoral college. [Diagram.} 
 Description of the college. 
 
 I80I, 
 
 February. 
 
 Counting the vote in Congress. 
 
 The election — Jefferson and Burr equal. 
 
 The election in the House, 
 
 Rules for balloting. 
 
 The tickets. 
 
i8oi] 
 
 FALL OF THE FEDERAL PARTY. 
 
 93 
 
 1 80 1, February 11. 
 
 February 17. 
 
 The balloting begins. 
 
 Members sleep all night in House. 
 
 The dead-lock. 
 
 Federalists intrigue with Burr. 
 
 Question of Jefferson assuming power. 
 
 Danger of civil war. 
 
 Jefferson chosen on the 36th ballot. 
 
 The blank ballots. 
 
 Federal Administration. — The Last Year of Power. 
 
 307. 1800. 
 
 Removal of the Seat of Government. 
 
 Provision in the Constitution for a " District." 
 Choice of the site. 
 
 Old bounds of the " District of Columbia." 
 Plan of the City of Washington. 
 Subscriptions of Virginia and Maryland. 
 Prizes for designs for 
 
 a. President's House. 
 
 b. The Capitol. 
 Corner-stone of the Capitol laid. 
 The Federal Lottery No. i. 
 Federal Lottery No. 2. 
 Buildings put up with the proceeds. 
 Description of the city. 
 Public offices established at Washington. 
 Congress meets at Washington for the first time. 
 
 1792. 
 
 1793, September 
 1793, February. 
 1794. 
 
 1 796- 1 800. 
 1800, June 15, 
 December. 
 
 308. The Judiciary Acts — " Midnight Judges." 
 
 1801. 
 
 March 4. 
 
 Act establishing Justices of the Peace for the 
 
 District of Columbia. 
 Act remodelling the Federal Judiciary. 
 
 a. Objections to the old act. 
 
 b. Features of the new act. 
 Appointment of the " midnight judges." 
 John Adams leaves Washington. 
 
 The Federal Administration of nation affairs 
 ends. 
 
POLITICAL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 
 UNDER THE CONSTITUTION. . 
 
 REPUBLICAN ADMINISTRATION— REORGANIZATION, 
 
 1801-1805. 
 
 309. 1801, March 4, Inauguraton of Jefferson. 
 
 The ceremonies. 
 
 Speech of Jefferson. 
 
 Choice of Secretaries : 
 March 5. Madison — State. 
 
 May 14, Gallatin — Treasury. 
 
 March 5. Dearborn — War. 
 
 July 15, Smith — Navy. 
 
 March 5. Lincoln — Attorney General. 
 
 November 28. Gideon Granger — Postmaster General. 
 
 310. Reorganization — Removals from Office. 
 
 1 801. Jefferson's theory of appointments to office. 
 His system of removal. 
 Cry of*' Native Americanism." 
 The New Haven Remonstrance. 
 Jefferson's answer. 
 The answer examined by the Federalists. 
 
 311. 1801-1802. List of Removals from Office. 
 
 Collectors of Customs ... 26 
 
 Justices of Peace 17 
 
 Marshals 13 
 
 District Attorneys 10 
 
 (94) 
 
i8oi-2] 
 
 REPUBLICAN ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 95 
 
 Commercial Agents . . . . lo 
 
 Consuls 6 
 
 Surveyors { 
 
 Supervisors of Revenue. . . 4 
 
 Naval Officers 3 
 
 Judge 
 
 Register of Wills 
 
 Commissioner of Loans . . 
 
 Surveyor-General 
 
 Minister 
 
 99 
 
 312. Republican Administration — Reorganization — Finance. 
 
 January i, 1801. Amount of the debt ^80, 161,207. 
 1801, December. 
 1 80 1- 1 809. 
 
 Gallatin's plan for the payment by 18 17. 
 History of the reduction of the debt. 
 
 Decrease 1802 
 1803 
 1804 
 1805 
 1806 
 1807 
 1808 
 1809 
 
 ^3,657,000. 
 
 [6,627,565]. 
 
 4,1 14,000. 
 
 6,588,000. 
 
 6,504,872. 
 
 4,022,000. 
 
 8,173,000. 
 
 3,850,889. 
 
 Amount of debt 1809 . . . 1^57, 172.302. 
 
 Total reduction effected by Gallatin. 34, 167,895. 
 
 313. Reorganization 
 1802. 
 
 Expenses Cut Down. 
 
 Economy — Recommendations of Jefferson in his message. 
 Retrenchment. Missions to Holland, Portugal and Prussia 
 
 closed. 
 Repeal of the excise law. 
 
 " " tax on carriages. 
 
 " " stamp tax. 
 
itoi-3] 
 
 REPUBLICAN ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 96 
 
 Proposition to sell the navy-yards. 
 
 " " abolish the mint. 
 
 " ". reduce the pay of Congressmen. 
 
 Army reduced to 3,000. 
 Sale of the vessels of the navy. 
 Reduction of the pay of officers of the customs. 
 
 314, Cost of Republican Administration. 
 
 1801-1805 — 
 
 Civil list, etc $3,786,094 
 
 Intercourse with foreigners . 1,071,437 
 
 Army and Indians 4,405,192 
 
 Navy 4,842,635 
 
 Interest on debt ^ . ... 16,278,700 
 
 Payment on debt 19,281,446 
 
 ^9.665,504 
 
 3x5. Reorganization — The Judiciary. 
 
 1 800-1801. The Federal Acts for Judiciary Courts for the 
 
 District of Columbia. 
 Reorganization of District and Circuit Courts of 
 the United States. 
 1801, December. Message of President on. 
 
 Statement of business before U. S. Courts. 
 
 1 80 1, June 15. Cases pending, 1539. 
 
 Begun in 1799, 1274. 
 Number of Federal Judges, 38. 
 Salary of, ;$ 137,000. 
 
 1802. Debate on the repeal. 
 
 Constitutional question of freehold in office. 
 Constitutional question of diminishing emolu- 
 ment while in office. 
 
 1802, March 8. Act repealed. 
 
 April 29. Act reorganizing courts. [Map.] 
 
 1 803. Case of Marbury vs. Madison. 
 
i8oi-2] 
 
 REPUBLICAN ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 97 
 
 REPUBLICAN ADMINISTRATION— THE PURCHASE OF 
 
 LOUISIANA. 
 
 316. 1 80 1 Treaties then in force. 
 
 Status of our relations with Great Britain. 
 Status of our relations with France. 
 
 a. The Convention of i8oo exchanged. 
 Status of our relations with Spain. 
 
 317. Foreign Relations — Spain. 
 
 3I8. 
 
 319- 
 
 1783-1796. 
 1796, August. 
 
 1796-1798. 
 1802, October 16. 
 
 History of the Mississippi question. 
 The first treaty with Spain in force. 
 
 a. Navigation of the Mississippi. 
 
 h. New Orleans a port of deposit. 
 Effect of Jay's Treaty on Spanish relations. 
 Right of deposit at New Orleans withdrawn. 
 The cause. French acquisition of Louisiana. 
 
 Louisiana. 
 
 1500-1802. 
 
 1512-1542. 
 
 1673-1682. 
 
 1699. 
 
 1712. 
 
 1762. 
 
 1 762- 1 769. 
 
 1783. 
 
 1800, October 3. 
 
 1802, April. 
 
 Territorial history of Louisiana. 
 
 Spanish discovery and claims. 
 
 French discovery of the Mississippi. 
 
 First French settlement at Biloxi. 
 
 Grant of the valley of the Mississippi to Antoinc 
 
 Crozat. 
 Cession of the east bank to England. 
 Transfer of the west bank to Spain. 
 England cedes the Floridas to Spain. 
 Retrocession of Louisiana to France by the 
 
 treaty of San Ildefonso. 
 Official notice of the treaty received. 
 
 Louisiana — Negotiations for the Purchase. 
 
 1802, October 16. Privilege of deposit withdrawn. 
 December. Message of Jefferson. 
 
 Call for papers defeated in the House. 
 Griswold's resolutions defeated. 
 
l8o3] REPUBLICAN ADMINISTRATION. 98 
 
 1803, January 10. Monroe sent out to negotiate. 
 Two millions voted. 
 
 1802. ' Resolutions of Ross defeated. 
 March 3. Act for calling out 80,000 troops. 
 
 1802-3, Negotiations'at Paris. 
 
 The whole territory offered. 
 
 320. Louisiana — The Treaty of Purchase. 
 
 1803. The treaty of cession. 
 
 The convention on the mode of payment. 
 
 The convention on American claims since September, 1803. 
 
 321. Louisiana — The Treaty and Convention Ratified. 
 
 1803. Reception of the news of purchase. 
 Alarm of the Federalists. 
 Attempt to excite the people. 
 " The Salt Mountain." 
 Special session of Congress called. 
 Jefferson doubts the constitutionality of the purchase. 
 Proposes two Constitutional Amendments. 
 The Secretaries oppose it. 
 The Amendment not offered. 
 
 322. Louisiana — Debate on the Treaty. 
 1803, Opposition of the Federalists. 
 
 a. Sectional objection. 
 
 b. " New States." 
 
 c. " This Union." 
 
 d. Gave preference to ".ports." 
 
 e. Citizenship, 
 
 /. Pickering's partnership theory. 
 
 323. Republican Defense. 
 
 a. Treaty power. 
 d. War power. 
 
1803-4] REPUBLICAN ADMINISTRATION. 99 
 
 c. Constitution not made for the Territories. 
 
 d. Power over Territories. 
 
 e. Construction powers. 
 The treaty approved. 
 
 324. Louisiana — Occupation of. 
 
 1803, September. Protest of the Spanish minister. 
 
 Fears of Jefferson. 
 
 Troops assembled. 
 November 30. Louisiana transferred to France. 
 
 December 20. Louisiana transferred to the United States. 
 
 325. Louisiana — Boundary. 
 
 1804. Section 135, p. 40. 
 Section 138. p. 41. 
 Section 139, pp. 41, 42. 
 
 326. Louisiana — Government of. 
 
 1804. District of Louisiana established. 
 
 1804, March 26. Territory of Orleans organized. 
 
 Features of the act. 
 
 Debate on the act. 
 1804, March 27. Organization of the territory of East Mississippi. 
 
 The " Mobile Act" 
 
 327. Consequences of the Purchase — The Spanish Quarrel. 
 
 1804. Pinckney's negotiations. 
 The Convention of 1802. 
 Ratified by the Senate. 
 Not ratified by Spain. 
 
 Three conditions of ratification. 
 Pinckney's threat of war. 
 
 1805. Monroe sent to Spain. 
 Failure of his mission. 
 
 1804, July. Spanish troops still occupy New Orleans. 
 
l805-6] REPUBLICAN ADMINISTRATION. 100 
 
 1805, August. Spanish officers still in New Orleans. 
 
 Talk of a recession of the country west of the 
 
 Mississippi. 
 Spanish garrisons strengthened in the west. 
 American citizens insulted. 
 
 1806. Two millions voted to buy Florida. 
 Spanish officials expelled from the Territory. 
 
 328. Effect of the Purchase — New England Plot, 
 
 1804. Feeling of the Federalists. 
 Causes of discontent. 
 
 a. Legislation. 
 
 b. Louisiana purchase. 
 
 c. Impeachments. 
 
 d. Constitutional amendment. 
 
 e. Virginia supremacy. 
 
 329. 1804. The Remedy — Northern Confederacy Proposed. 
 
 The New England delegates in in Congress. 
 
 Attempt of some of them to part the Union. 
 
 Plan of the new confederacy. 
 
 Importance of New York. 
 
 Attempt of the Federalists to elect Burr. 
 
 Defeat of Burr. 
 
 Death of Hamilton. 
 
 Failure of the plot. 
 
 330. Effect of the Purchase— Burr's Plot. 
 
 1804, July 21, His offer to the English Minister. 
 
 1805, March 28. His second offer to the English Minister. 
 1805, April. His first trip to the West. 
 1805-1806. Intrigues at Washington. 
 
 331. Burr's Plot — The Expedition. 
 
 1 805- 1 806. Preparations. 
 
 Relations with Blennerhassett. 
 
1806-36] 
 
 REPUBLICAN ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 lOI 
 
 1806, December. Descent of the Ohio. 
 
 Attempt to stop him by legal process. 
 Disclosure of the " World." 
 
 332. Burr's Plot— The Arrest. 
 
 1806, October 8. 
 October 21. 
 
 December 14. 
 
 1807, January 14, 
 January 14. 
 
 February 19. 
 
 Burr's agent visits Wilkinson. 
 
 Wilkinson turns against Burr. 
 
 Hurries to New Orleans. 
 
 Arrest of Bollman. 
 
 Swartwout and Ogden. 
 
 Excitement in New Orleans. 
 
 Burr surrenders at Natchez. 
 
 Released on bond and flees from the Territory. 
 
 Rearrested at Fort Stoddart, Alabama. 
 
 333. Burr's Plot — Suspension of the Habeas Corpus Act. 
 
 334- 
 
 1806. 
 
 1807, 
 
 1807, January 
 January 
 February. 
 
 20. 
 
 Habeas corpus proceedings in New Or- 
 leans. 
 Judge Wortman resigns. 
 Senate Bill suspending the writ. 
 Action of the House. 
 Writ in favor of Bollman and Swartwout. 
 
 February 17-19. Debate on enforcement. 
 
 Burr's Plot.— The Trial. 
 
 1807, August. The jury. 
 
 The indictment. 
 
 1. Levying war against the United States. 
 
 2. The expedition. 
 Argument of counsel. 
 Decisions of Marshall. 
 
 The indictment for misdemeanor. 
 1807, October. The commitment and removal for trial in Ohio. 
 
 Fails to appear. 
 
 The bond forfeited and no trial held. 
 1807-1836. Subsequent career of Burr. 
 
THE POLITICAL HISTORY OF THE 
 UNITED STATES. 
 
 335- 
 
 FREE TRADE AND SAILORS' RIGHTS. 
 
 Trade Relations with England. 
 
 Colonial trade before 1756, 
 
 The Rule of 1756. 
 
 The Rule not enforced during the Revolution. 
 
 The Rule enforced against France. 
 
 Capture and condemnation of American ships. 
 
 The Rule revised, and direct trade not allowed 
 between French West Indies and Europe. 
 
 The Rule again revised, and direct trade not 
 allowed between colonies of France, Hol- 
 land and Spain, and Europe. 
 
 1793, November 6. 
 
 1794, January. 
 1798, January. 
 
 24. 
 
 336. *• Rule of the War of 1756." — Evasions. 
 
 Evaded in two ways. 
 
 Question of direct trade. 
 
 Case of the " Polly." 
 
 Case of the " Mercury." 
 
 Ruling of the Advocate General. 
 
 The old rule regarding direct trade enforced. 
 
 Case of the " Essex." 
 
 Case of the " Enoch." 
 
 Case of the " Rowena." 
 
 The intention of the importer examined. 
 
 News of the new rulings reaches United States. 
 
 The merchants of 
 
 Newburyport, 
 
 Salem, 
 
 Boston, 
 ( 102) 
 
 1800. 
 1800. 
 1 801. 
 
 1803, June 
 1806. 
 
 1806. 
 
 1 806, September 
 1 806- 1 807. 
 
l807] FREE TRADE AND SAILORS' RIGHTS. lOj 
 
 New Haven, 
 
 Philadelphia, 
 
 Baltimore, 
 
 Norfolk, 
 
 Petersburg, 
 
 Charleston, 
 
 Petition Congress. 
 
 33*-. Relations ^vith England. — Non-Intercourse. 
 
 Gregg's resolutions for the non-importation of British 
 
 goods, etc. 
 Nicholson's resolution for non-importation of cer 
 tain specified goods. 
 1807, March. Gregg's resolutions lost. 
 1807, April. Non-importation act passed. 
 
 338. Relations with England. — British Violence in Our Ports. 
 
 1807, April 25. Murder of Pierce. 
 
 Excitement in New York city. 
 Excitement over the country. 
 
 1806, May 22. Proclamation of Jefferson closing the ports to 
 
 Driver and Cambria. 
 1 806- 1 807. Proclamation not heeded 
 
 Vessels cruise along the coast of New England. 
 Impress men off Sandy Hook. Blockade the 
 entrance to Chesapeake Bay. 
 
 1807, May. The Driver enters Charleston Harbor. 
 1807, June. The " Pogge " fires on Eastport. 
 
 A revenue cutter chased off Cape Henry. 
 1807, February. Five men desert from the Melampus. 
 March. Their return refused. 
 
 June I. Berkeley's order concerning. 
 
 June 22. The Leopard takes them from the deck of the 
 
 Chesapeake. 
 July I. Proclamation of the President. 
 
 July 26. The " Revenge " dispatched to England. 
 
 Congress convened for October 26. 
 
i8o6-8] 
 
 THE LONG EMBARGO. 
 
 104 
 
 339. Relations with England and France — Condition of Trade. 
 
 1806, May 16. 
 September 25. 
 November 2 1 . 
 
 1807, January 7, 
 March 12, 
 
 England's Brest to Elbe blockade order. 
 Order of May 16, changed. 
 Napoleon's " Berlin decree," 
 
 Order prohibiting neutral coasting trade. 
 
 1807, November 11. English orders in council. 
 
 340. 1807, December 17. 
 1807, December. 
 
 1807, December 22. 
 
 Milan Decree. 
 
 The message of the President transmitting 
 Orders in Council of November 11, the 
 new interpretation of the Berlin decree, 
 and the proclamation of England recalling 
 seamen in the service of foreign states. 
 
 The first embargo act. 
 
 RELATIONS WITH ENGLAND AND FRANCE — THE LONG 
 
 EMBARGO. 
 
 341. 1807, December 22. The first Embargo Act rushed through 
 
 Congress. 
 
 ' Registered or sea-letter vessels forbidden to 
 
 sail for foreign ports. 
 Evasion of the law by coasting vessels. 
 
 342. 1808, January. 
 
 The First Supplementary Embargo Act. 
 
 Text of the Act. 
 
 Effect of the embargo. 
 
 Attempts in the seaports to employ the sailors 
 
 and idle truckmen. 
 " O-Grab-me policy." 
 " Go-bar-em policy." 
 
l8o8] THE LONG EMBARGO. 
 
 105 
 
 343. The Long Embargo — Evasion. 
 
 1808, January-February. Evasion of the embargo by unregistered 
 
 and unlicensed boats. 
 Eastport and St. Mary's river. 
 Evasions along the Canadian border, 
 
 344. 1808. The Long Embargo— Second Supplementary Embargo 
 
 Act. 
 
 Evasions on Lake Champlain. 
 
 The country about the Lake declared in a state of insur- 
 rection. • 
 
 345. 1808, April 25. The Long Embargo— Third Supplementary 
 
 Embargo Act. 
 
 Cause of the act. The New Orleans trade. 
 
 Severity of the act. 
 
 Circular to the Collectors of Customs forbidding 
 
 shipment of flaxseed, potashes, lumber, and 
 
 flour. 
 Flour certificates. 
 1808. May. District Court of U. S. at Charleston declares the 
 
 Circular illegal. 
 Riots along the Canada border; on Champlain; 
 
 at Sacketts Harbor; at Oswego; at Salmon 
 
 River. 
 
 346. April 7. The Bayonne Decree. 
 
 347. The Long Embargo — Question of Repeal. 
 
 Boston merchants in town-meeting petition for repeal of the em- 
 bargo as to Portugal and Spain. 
 Answers of the Massachusetts towns. 
 Meeting of Congress. 
 Resolutions introduced for — 
 
 1. Repeal of the Embargo. 
 
 2. Non-intercourse. 
 
1809] 
 
 DRIFTING INTO WAR. 
 
 106 
 
 3. Arming the militia. 
 
 4. To arm the merchant marine. 
 Campbell's report. 
 
 348. 1809, January. 
 
 The Force Act." 
 
 The Long Embargo- 
 Anger in New England. 
 The act declared to be unconstitutional. 
 
 349. The Long Embargo — Repeal. 
 
 1809, January. Petitions for repeal. 
 
 Fear of the secession of New England. 
 1809, February 3. The act repealed. 
 
 February 26. Non-intercourse act. 
 
 350. The Long Embargo — The Federal Plot. 
 
 Was there a plot to secede ? 
 1809. Jefferson's account at the time. 
 1825. Jefferson's account fourteen years later. 
 1828. Adams' account. 
 
 DRIFTING INTO WAR. 
 
 351. The Election of 1808. 
 
 1808, January 19. 
 January 20. 
 January 21. 
 January 23. 
 
 The Republican revolt. 
 
 Question of a third term for Jefferson. 
 
 Senator Bradley calls a Republican caucus for 
 January 23. 
 
 The Monroe movement. Caucus of the Vir- 
 ginia Legislature. 
 
 Answer of Masters to Bradley's call. 
 
 Open letter to Bradley from Grey, of Virginia. 
 
 The caucus held and Madison and Clinton 
 nominated. 
 
£809] DRIFTING INTO WAR. 107 
 
 The address of justification. 
 Answer of 17 anti-caucus Republicans. 
 The Federal candidates. 
 The election. [Map. Diagram.] 
 February, 1809. The electoral count in Congress. 
 
 352. Drifting Into "War — The Erskine Agreement. 
 
 Offer and acceptance. 
 
 1808, December 3, 4. Erskine's report of conversations with Jef- 
 
 ferson's Cabinet. 
 
 1809, January 23. Canning's two despatches to Erskine. 
 
 353. ist Dispatph. 
 
 England to offer. 
 
 a. Reparation for the act of the Leopard. 
 
 b. The. men taken to be returned. 
 
 c. Compensation for the fallen and wounded. 
 
 The U. S. to agree to. 
 
 a. Disavow the act of Commodore Barron enlisting English 
 
 deserters. 
 
 b. Disavow all the outrages on Englishmen and property. 
 c Not to countenance desertions from the army and navy. 
 
 354. 2d Dispatch. 
 
 England to agree to recall the orders in Council of November, 
 1807, on these conditions: 
 
 a. All commercial restrictions to be repealed as to England, and 
 
 kept in force as to France. 
 
 b. All claims to a trade in war not enjoyed in peace to be 
 
 given up. 
 
 c. Great Britain to seize American ships violating restrictions 
 
 against France. 
 1809, April 17. The offer of Erskine. 
 
 " 17. The offer accepted by Secretary Smith. 
 " 18. The offer definitely stated by Erskine. 
 
1809-IO] DRIFTING INTO WAR. 108 
 
 1809, April 19. Erskine announces the result of Orders in Council 
 
 on June 10. 
 1809, " 19. Proclamation restoring intercourse with England 
 
 after June 10. 
 Federalists declare the proclamation illegal. 
 
 355. The Erskine Agreement — The Disavowal. 
 
 1809, May 24. The king disavows the agreement, and 
 
 recalls Erskine. 
 
 July 25. The recall reaches Erskine. 
 
 August 9. Proclamation again prohibiting inter- 
 
 course with England. 
 
 October. " Copenhagen " Jackson reaches Wash- 
 
 ington. 
 
 1809, October-November. Insolent behavior of Jackson. 
 November 8. The Secretary of State refuses to re- 
 ceive any communication from Jack- 
 son. 
 
 18 10, January 20. Pinckney bidden to renew negotiations 
 
 with England. 
 18 10, March 25. Failure of his attempts to have the 
 
 paper blockades withdrawn. 
 May 22. Ordered to come home if the vacant 
 
 American mission was not filled. 
 
 356. The Erskine Agreement— Consequence of the Disavowal. 
 
 1 8 10, March. "Macon's Bill No. i," or "The American 
 
 Navigation Act." 
 May I. " Macon's Bill No. 2," approved. 
 
 18 10, August 5. France announces the repeal of the Berlin 
 
 and Milan decrees after November ist. 
 August 25. Pinckney urges England to repeal the Orders 
 
 in Council. 
 November i. Proclamation of Madison announces repeal of 
 exclusion of French armed ships. 
 
l8ll-12] 
 
 DRIFTING INTO WAR. 
 
 109 
 
 181 1, February 2. Non-importation from Great Britain goes into 
 effect. *" 
 
 March 3. Passage of the non-intercourse bill 
 
 February 15. A. J. Foster appointed minister to the United 
 
 State. 
 May. Pinckney returns to United States. 
 
 357. Drifting into War. — The Crisis. 
 
 1811, May 13. 
 
 181 1, May 16. 
 1811^ November 7. 
 
 British Court of Admiralty Appeals declares 
 the Berlin-Milan decrees are not revoked. 
 
 Condemnation of $1,000,000 of American 
 property. 
 
 President and the Little Belt. 
 
 Effect of the battle on the public mind. 
 
 Battle of Tippecanoe. 
 
 Effect on the public mind. 
 
 358. The Crisis. — Act of Congress. 
 
 181 1, November 14. 
 November 19. 
 
 181 1, November-December. 
 
 181 2, January. 
 
 Meeting of the 12th Congress. 
 Report on foreign relations — 
 I. Fill up the regiments. 
 
 Enlist 10,000 men. 
 
 Accept 50,000 volunteers. 
 
 Fit out public ships. 
 
 Arm merchant marine. 
 Debate on war. 
 Bill passed to 
 
 1. Fill up the regular army. 
 
 2. Enlist 25,000 more regulars. 
 
 3. Expend $1,500,000 on an 
 
 army, etc., and $400,000 for 
 navy. 
 
 4. 50,000 volunteers. 
 Resolutions of " support " from 
 
 Pennsylvania. 
 Georgia. 
 
I8l2] 
 
 THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 no 
 
 Kentucky. 
 Varginia. 
 New Jersey. 
 Ohio. 
 
 359. The Crisis. — The Henry Letters. 
 
 1 812, March 9. Disclosure of the Henry letters. 
 
 Irresolution of Madison. 
 
 Desire for renomi nation. 
 
 Yields to the war party. 
 1882, April. Recommends an Embargo for 60 days. 
 
 April, 4. Embargo for 90 days carried. 
 
 1812, June. War Declared. 
 
 THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 360. Causes. 
 
 1 801-1806. Aggressions on American trade. 
 1 806- 1 807. Order on Council. 
 1803-1812. Impressments. 
 1807. Chesapeake outrage. 
 
 1 800-1 8 1 2. Influence of the West. 
 
 Death of statesmen of the Revolution. 
 1 800-1 8 1 2. Rise of the young Republicans. 
 
 Hope of conquering Canada. 
 1 789-1 8 1 2. Influence of foreigners. 
 
 311. Opposition to the War. 
 
 In New England. 
 
 362. Causes of. 
 
 Purchase of Louisiana. 
 Admission of Louisiana. 
 Defeat of the Bank charter. 
 
I8I2-I3] 
 
 THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 Ill 
 
 Sympathy with France. 
 Hatred of RepubHcans. 
 Commercial interests. 
 Exclusion from office. 
 
 363. Form of 
 
 I 
 2 
 
 3 
 4 
 5 
 1812, April 15. 
 
 June 12. 
 
 18 1 2, November 4. 
 
 181 3, February 28. 
 
 364. 
 
 Resolutions of towns and counties. 
 Resolutions of Legislatures. 
 Sermons and addresses. 
 Speeches of Governors. 
 Refusal to detach the militia. 
 
 Secretary of War orders the detachment of 
 
 100,000. 
 Dearborn ordered to summon. 
 Governors of Massachusetts, Connecticut and 
 Rhode Island deny the constitutionality of 
 the call and refuse. 
 Governor of New Hampshire obeys, and is 
 
 censured by the Legislature. 
 Madison's message. 
 Giles' report. 
 
 6. Refusal to subscribe to the war loan ot ^16,000,000. 
 1 8 1 3 , March 12-13. Books opened. 
 
 New England subscribes . . . ^486,700 
 
 New York State 5,720,000 
 
 Philadelphia ... ... 6,858,000 
 
 Baltimore and District of Co- 
 lumbia 2,393,300 
 
 Virginia 1 87,000 
 
 Charleston 354,000 
 
 7. The Hartford Convention. 
 
 L The cause of the Convention. 
 
 1. The new embargo. 
 
 2. The standing army of 60,000. 
 
 3. The law for enlistment of minors. 
 
 4. 
 
 5- 
 
I8l4] THE WAR OF 1812. 112 
 
 365. The Call. 
 
 18 14, February 16. Report of joint committee on petitions for re- 
 dress. 
 October 8. Joint committee of Mass. legislature recom- 
 
 mend a convention. 
 October 18. Massachusetts chooses delegates, 
 
 Connecticut chooses 7. 
 November 5. Rhode Island Assembly elects 4. 
 
 Action of New Hampshire and Vermont. 
 The instructions. 
 
 366. The Convention Meets. 
 
 1 8 14, December 15. 
 
 1815, January 5. 
 
 181 5, February. 
 
 Delegates meet at Hartford. 
 
 Report of the Convention. 
 
 Seven amendments to the U. S. Constitution 
 
 asked for. 
 Commissioners at Washington. 
 
 367. Opposition to the War — In Congress. 
 The Congress. 
 
 1 81 2. Number of States in the Union (18). 
 
 Number of House of Representatives (127). 
 
 Senate (36). 
 Ratio of representation, i to 35,000. 
 Against the war — Member from New Hampshire. 
 Most of Massachusetts. 
 Members from Connecticut. 
 " Rhode Island. 
 
 <l 
 
 << 
 
 New Jersey. 
 
 (( 
 
 « 
 
 Delaware. 
 
 Several 
 
 it 
 
 New York. 
 
 <( 
 
 <( 
 
 Virginia. 
 
 it 
 
 II 
 
 North Carolina. 
 
 One 
 
 II 
 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Three 
 
 i( 
 
 Maryland. 
 
l8l2] THE WAR OF 1812. II3 
 
 In the Senate : Against war — New Hampshire. 
 
 Rhode Island. 
 Connecticut. 
 New York. 
 Delaware. 
 One from Massachusetts. 
 " " Maryland. 
 
 Opposition to the War. 
 
 368. Cities. 
 
 Opposed to war : 
 
 Members from < * 
 
 I New York City. 
 
 In favor of war : 
 
 I Philadelphia. 
 
 Ti/r u r Baltimore, 
 
 Members from -^ 
 
 Charleston. 
 
 ^ New Orleans. 
 
 369. States. 
 
 Against war, Eastern States. 
 For war, Western " 
 Divided, Southern " 
 
 Middle " 
 
 370. Opposition to the ^A^ar — The Peace Party. 
 
 1872. July 4. Convention at Trenton. 
 
 Call for a General Convention in August, 
 July 6. Friends of Peace meet at Carlisle. 
 
 371. Means of Carrying on the War — The American Army.^ 
 
 a. The regulars. 
 
 d. The militia. 
 
 c. The frontiersmen — rangers. 
 
I8l2 
 
 THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 114 
 
 372, Mode of Securing Troops. 
 
 a. Enlistment, 
 b. 
 c. 
 d. 
 e. 
 f. 
 
 g- 
 h. 
 
 Money bounty offered by towns. 
 
 Money bounty offered by government. 
 
 Land bounty 160 acres offered by government. 
 
 Draft. 
 
 Enlistment of minors. 
 
 Secretary of War's Plan. 
 
 373. Discipline. 
 
 Behavior of the troops at 
 
 a. Lewiston. 
 
 b. Black Rock. 
 
 c. Champlain. 
 
 374. The Officers. 
 
 Hull. 
 
 Van Rensselaer. 
 
 Smyth, 
 
 Dearborn. 
 
 Their proclamations. 
 
 375. The American Navy. 
 
 a. The six navy yards. 
 
 b. Number of ships. 
 
 44 guns— 3. 
 
 Harrison. 
 
 Brown. 
 
 Scott. 
 
 Winchester. 
 
 Jackson. 
 
 38 
 42 
 28 
 18 
 16 
 
 14 
 12 
 
 c. 
 d. 
 e. 
 
 Number of officers 500. 
 
 Number of men 5,230. 
 
 Experience and training of the officers and men. 
 
I8I2-I3] 
 
 THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 115 
 
 1. In merchant marine. 
 
 2. In the whaling and fishing ships. 
 
 3. On board British armed ships. 
 
 4. Effect of European wars. 
 
 376. Means of Conveying on the War. — Finance. 
 
 1812. 
 
 18 12, March 14. 
 
 1813, July 
 
 1812, July 
 
 1 81 3, February 
 18 13, February 
 18 1 3, February 
 1813, July 
 
 i8i3july 
 
 July 
 
 August 
 
 August 
 
 22. 
 
 12. 
 
 25- 
 
 27. 
 
 22, 
 
 24. 
 
 29. 
 2. 
 
 2. 
 
 Sources of revenue in 18 12, 
 
 Amount of Revenue [;^ 10,900,000]. 
 
 Loan of ;^ 1 1 ,000,000. 
 
 Treasury notes. 
 
 Double duties on imports. 
 
 Direct tax (;^ 3, 000,000 per year) 199 dist. 
 
 Tax on sugar, .04; auction sales, I per cent.; 
 
 retailers' licenses, stamps, (notes, bonds, 
 
 etc.,) carriages, licenses to liquor distillers. 
 Additional duty on goods, ware, etc., from 
 
 abroad. 
 Loan ;$ 1 6,000,000. 
 Duty on iron wire. 
 Mediterranean Fund continued. 
 Act for assessment and collection of direct 
 
 taxes and internal duties, 
 
 a. Laid out the country into 199 dis- 
 
 tricts. 
 
 b. Provided for necessary officers. 
 
 c. Direct taxes to be laid (whenever 
 
 levied) on land, dwelling houses 
 and slaves, 
 
 d. Duties of assessors. 
 Duty on refined sugar. 
 Duty on carriages. 
 
 Duty on licenses to distill. 
 Duties on sales at auction. 
 Duty on imported salt. 
 Direct tax of ;^ 3,000,000. 
 Duty on licenses to retail wines. 
 
i8i4-i6J 
 
 THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 116 
 
 August 
 
 August 
 
 1 8 14, January 17. 
 18 14, March 4. 
 
 March 20. 
 
 November 14. 
 
 December. 
 
 18 14, December 23. 
 
 1 8 14, December 20. 
 
 18 1 5, January 9. 
 July 18. 
 
 July 
 
 February 
 February 
 February 
 February 
 February 
 March 
 
 18. 
 
 24. 
 
 27. 
 
 27. 
 
 3- 
 
 Authorize a loan of ;^7, 5 00,000. 
 
 Certificate of stock. 
 
 Not to sell for less than 88 cents. 
 
 Stamp tax. 
 
 Promisory notes of banks. 
 
 Bond, obligation. 
 
 Direct tax (assumption of quota by the State.) 
 
 Treasury notes, II5, 000,000. 
 
 Loan of ^25,000,000. 
 
 Loan of ^3,000,000. 
 
 Duties on stamps, auction sales, carriages, 
 
 licenses increased (doubled). 
 Duties on postage increased. 
 Loan of ^^ 2 5, 000,000. 
 Direct taxes. 
 
 Duties on goods, wares, etc. 
 Merchandise made in United States. 
 Household goods, furniture, gold and silver 
 
 watches. 
 Licenses to retailers of wine. 
 Licenses to retailers of wine. 
 Treasury notes. 
 
 Direct tax on District of Columbia. 
 Gold, silver, plated wares, etc. 
 Loan of ^18,452,000. 
 
 377. Taxes Repealed. 
 
 1 8 16, February i. 
 February 2. 
 March 5. 
 
 April 9. 
 
 April 19. 
 
 1 8 16, April 29. 
 
 Repeal of additional duty on postage. 
 Duty on certain goods of home make. 
 Direct tax reduced. 
 
 Repeal of duty on household furniture. 
 Abolish tax on distilled spirits. 
 Licenses to retail reduced. 
 
 378. Means of Carrying on the War. The British Army. 
 I, Regulars. 
 
1812-15] THE WAR OF i8i2. TI7 
 
 2. Canadians. 
 
 3. Indians. 
 
 379. The British Navy. 
 
 1. The number and efficiency of her ships. 
 
 2. Discipline and training of the men. 
 
 380. The Land War. 
 
 I. On the Canadian frontier. 
 1 81 2. The plan of invasion from. 
 
 1 . Detroit. 
 
 2. Buffalo. 
 
 3. Champlain. 
 
 1 8 12. Failure caused by. 
 
 1. Surrender of Hull. 
 
 2. Defeat of ' 
 
 Van Rensselaer. 
 Smyth. 
 
 3. Defeat of Dearborn. 
 
 1 81 3. Harrison's campaign. 
 Defeat of Tecumseh. 
 
 Failure of Canadian campaigns. 
 
 381. On the Atlantic Border. 
 
 1 8 14. British invasion of Maine. 
 Capture and burning of Washington. 
 Baltimore attacked. 
 
 Brown's campaign in the North. 
 
 382. The "War — Campaigns in the South. 
 
 18 1 3. Massacre at Fort Mimms. 
 
 181 3. Jackson sent against the Indians. 
 
 1 8 14. Jackson at Pensacola. 
 British invasion. 
 
 18 1 5. Victoiy at New Orleans. 
 
1812-13] PEACE. ,ljl 
 
 The Naval VJar. 
 
 383. I. On the Seas. 
 
 1 81 2. Capture of Guerriere, Frolic. 
 Macedonia. 
 
 1813. Capture of the Peacock. 
 
 1 8 14. Loss of the Chesapeake. 
 Blockades of the coast. 
 
 1 8 14. Cruise of the Essex. 
 
 18 14-18 1 5. Victories and losses. 
 
 384. On the Lakes. 
 
 18 13. Perry on Lake Erie. 
 
 1 8 14. Macdonough on Champlain. 
 
 385. The Privateers. 
 
 PEACE. 
 
 386. Causes of the Disposition tor Peace. 
 
 1. Want of definite cause of war. 
 
 2. Opposition to the war. 
 
 3. Popular weariness of the war. 
 
 4. Dangers f^om the Indians. 
 
 5. Fall of Napoleon. 
 
 387. Peace — The Mission. 
 
 181 2-1 81 3. Russia offers to mediate. 
 
 1813, May. Offer accepted, and Gallatin and Bayard sent to 
 
 join Adams. 
 The Senate rejects Mr. Gallatin. 
 Great Britain refuses to accept the Russian 
 
 offer. 
 Great Britain offers to treat at Gottingen. 
 
i8i4] 
 
 PEACE. 
 
 119 
 
 18 14, February. Five commissioners appointed to meet at Ghent, 
 [Adams, Clay, Bayard, Gallatin, and Russell] 
 [Lord Gambier, Dr. Adams, Goulbourn.] 
 
 1 8 14, August 7. The commissioners meet. 
 
 388. Peace-Mission. — The Questions Discussed. — British De- 
 mands. 
 
 The Indians and a neutral belt. 
 
 The U. S. to keep no naval force on the great lakes. 
 
 Piece of the Province of Maine. 
 
 Reaffirmation of the right to navigate the Mississippi. 
 
 To treat on the basis of " 7iti possidetis T 
 
 389. 
 
 American Demands. 
 
 To treat on the "status ante bellunir 
 Define the principles of blockade. 
 
 3. Renounce impressment. 
 
 4. Renounce right of search. 
 
 5. Reaffirm right to the fisheries. 
 
 6. Settle the boundary. 
 Settle the claim for slaves. 
 Neutral rights. 
 
 390. The Terms of Peace 
 1 8 14, December 22 
 
 The treaty signed. 
 
 1. Terms of peace. 
 
 2. The slave trade. 
 
 3. The Indians. 
 
 4. The boundary commissions. 
 Singular character of the war. 
 Was the treaty disgraceful? 
 

 
 
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