Glass_H3m. Book_Iia._ The People's TED ALMAN TEXAS HAND-BOOK IMMIGRANTS GUIDE, • For 1880, BEING AN INDEX TO TEXAS, HER PEOPLE, LAWS, STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENTS, SCHOOLS, CHURCHES, RAILROADS, AND OTHER IMPROVEMENTS AND INSTITUTIONS ; HER GEOGRAPHY AND IMMENSE EXTENT AS COMPARED WITH OTHER STATES ; HER CLIMATE, RESOURCES AND WONDERFUL CAPABILITIES ; BIOGRAPHIES OF EMINENT CITIZENS ; STATISTICS OF AGRICULTURAL AND MANUFACTURED PRODUCTS, OF ELECTIONS, STATE AND NATIONAL. • —WITH— CfWor^olo^idkl fli^toi^y of tl:\e gtkte foi' 1§Vq. —THE WHOLE- CONSTITUTING AN INDISPENSABLE HAND-BOOK FOR TEXANS AND THOSE WISHING INFORMATION CONCEQi*?ING THE STATE. BY REV. HOMER S. THRALL, A. M. AUTHOR OF *'A Pictorial History of Texas,'" ''School History of Texas.'' '•' Annals of Texas,'' '' History of Methodism in Texas," dec.., dcc^ St. Louis, Mo. : ^ N. D. THOMPSON & CO., Publis 530, 523 and 524 Pine Street fentered according to Act of Congress, in the year iSSo, by N. D. THOMPSON & CO., In the Office of the Librarian of Congres«, at Washington, D. C. By transfer :UJ1 i907 PUBLISHERS PREFACE. In this little work on Texas, the publishers believe that they present to the public a volume of much interest to those seeking infor- mation concerning the State every where, and to Texans a book of everyday value, both for its general information and as a book of reference. The long residence of the author in Texas, his recognized ability as an author, his well earned reputation for accuracy in historical and statistical writing, give evidence of the correctness and value of the facts here given. The book is not in the interest of any railroad, land, immigrant or other corporation, but is presented on the merit of its statement of facts concerning the various interests of a great and growing common- wealth. As such, it will meet with a just appreciation. It is the first of a series of annuals designed to appear at proper periods, and the effort shall be to constitute each number a true index to the State in her progress, history and diversified interests, such as will meet and merit the patronage of her people. INDEX. Page, Agricultural Products of the South, ----- 86 Agricultural Products of Texas. (^See Productive Wealthy and Texas compared with other States. ) - - - - 25. American Colleges, -------- 85, Answer to Inquiries about Texas, by C. B. Stewart., - - - 5 '^ Appropriations for Harbors in the United States and Texas, 112 Appropriations for Support of State Government. (^See Legisla- tive Proceedings.^ - - - - - - 15^' Appropriations for Schools. (^See School Syste?>i.) - - 71 Army — Volunteers in Union, i86i-jS^^ . - - 105, Asylums — State, Blind, Deaf and Dumb, and Lunatic, - - 83 Bandits' Raid in the Southwest, 1873, t03 Baptists of Texas, by Dr. Crane. - - . - - - 79 Bee Culture, --------.-57 Biographies of Persons Recently Deceased — Bunton, John W. ; Hood, General John B. ; Schleicher, Hon. Gus- tave ; Stewart, William, . _ - - 130. Biogiaphies of Texas Congressmen — Maxey, S. B. ; Coke, Richard ; Reagan, John H. ; Culbertson, D. B. ; Wellborn, Olin ; Mills, R. Q. ; Jones, G. W. ; Upson, Columbus, - - - - - - 135 Biographies of Justices of Supreme Court — Moore, George F. ; Gould, Robert S. ; Bonner, M. H., - - 170 Biographies of Justices of the Court of Appeals — Ector, M. D. ; White, J. W\ ; Winkler, CM., - - - 171 Biographies of Commissioners of Court of Errors — Walker, R. S. ; Walker, A. S. ; Quinan, George - - - 173 Biographies— Mallon, B. ; Whitfield, J. W. - - - 185 Books on Texas, from 1798-1879, ------ 38 Bribery in Elections — Oath to Prevent, - - - - - 17 Cattle Drives, 1878-1879, - - - - . - - 26 Chronology of Leading Events in Texas History, from November ist, 1878, to November ist, 1879, 180 Colleges, American, .-------85 Colleges, Agricultural and Mechanical. (6'ee School System.) 77 Congress — forty-sixth — Extra Session — Its Members and its Measures, 1 14-12 1 Page. Constitution — State — Modifications of different ones, as they af- fect the Executive, the Legislative and the Juchcial Departments of the Government. — Provision for Special Legislation, _ . . - - i66 Cotton Crop. (^See Productive Wealth.) - - - - - 27 Cotton Worms — Remedy for, - - - - - - - 21 Commerce — How Railways affect, ------ 69 Churches — Baptist ; Methodist Episcopal ; M. E. Church, South; Presbyterian; Cumberland Presbyterian ; Ro- man Catholic, .------79 Counties. (^ See jFuII Statistics of.) - - - - - 62 Counties — Newly Organized and Unorganized ; Boundaries, De- scription, &c., -------86 Courts, and Times of Holding; Judges, &c., of District; U. S. Districts in Texas, - - - - - - -no Court — Criminal, ._.-.--- 145 Customs — U. S. Districts, Officers, Exports, Imports, &c., &c., 108 Debts— Of the Southern States, loi Education — State System of Free Schools ; Modification of School Law; Statistics; A. and M. College; Nor- mal Schools, &c., ------ 71 Election — State — Vote for Governor, 1878. (^See Statistics.) 63 Election — Vote for President, 1S76, and in all the States at sub- sequent Elections, -------95 Epidemics. {See Yellow Fever and ^iiarantine.) - - " ^9 Examples of SuccessfulFarming in Texas, - - - - 60 Executive Officers — Of Texas, - I35 Farming in Texas, _..-_--- 47 Finances — State and Debt, - - - - - - - 97 Finances — ^National, and Debt, ------ 99 Frontier Protection, -------- 103 Fruits, &c. {See Pomology and Nurseries.) - - - " ^75 Game in Texas, --------- xi Gardening — Kitchen, ------"■ 53 Gardening — Market, __.----- 53 Goats — Angora. {See hnfroved Stock.) - - - - 55 Governors of all the States, ------- 96 Harbor Lnprovements. {See Appropriations for., and Specijic for Texas. ^ - - - - - 113 Historical Address — April 21st, 1879, by the Editor., - - 194 Homes for the Homeless, -------34 Improved Stock. {See also Texas compared with other States.) 54 Indian Raids — 1878-1S79, 103 Invalids — Texas a Resort for, -------50 Judicial Districts — Times of Holding Courts, - - . 1^5 Lawlessness and Crime, - - - - - - - *i74 Page Legislature, sixteenth ; Members of, General Laws of, Financial Questions Discussed, Appropriation Bill Vetoed, ..-_-- i^o Legislature, sixteenth ; Extra Session, Subjects for Legislative Consideration, Governor's Message at Close of, 145 Legislature, sixteenth ; More Important Laws of Regular and Extra Session, - - - - 151 Light Houses on Texas Coast, - - - - - - -in Livestock. (^See Statistics^ Productive Wealthy ^c.^ - - 63 Manufactures in Texas, -------- ^.8 Metals, Precious, Production of, ------ 59 Methodist Episcopal Church in Texas, ----- 80 Methodist Episcopal Church, South, 8r Necrology — 1878-1879, 183 Normal Schools, -----_. _-y8 Orchard Products, and Onderdonk's Letter. (^See Pomology and Nurseries. )- - - - - - - "i75 Our System of Public Free Schools, 71 Penitentiary — Officers of. Number of Convicts, &c., -. - - 84 Pomology — Fair at Houston ; Onderdonk's Letter, - - 175 Pomological interests in the south-west - - - - 178 Presbyterian Church -------- 83 Productive Wealth of the State, - - - - - - 33 Quarantine. (^See Tellow Fever Epidemics.^ . - . i^y Railways — As they affect Commerce ; Progress. - - - 69 Roster of United States Troops in Texas, and their Stations, - 106 State and County Statistics, .--... 62 State Asylums, -----...-83 States and Territories ; Population, Area, Capitals, Governors, &c. 96 Statistics of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church, - - - 83 Statistics of the Roman Catholic Church in Texas, - - S3 Sugar Culture. (^See Productive Wealth., also Sugar on Rio Grande.) ....... ^y Taxation — General Tax Laws, 158 Texas as a Stock Country. {See Statistics — also Texas compared ivith other States — and Productive Wealth.) - - 63 Texas Compared with other States — As to Size, Population, Wealth, and Capabilities of Sustaining a Dense Population, 33 Texas Veteran Association — Its History, Proceedings, &c., - 188 Texas Senators and Representatives in Congress, - - - 135 Texas Nurseries, ---.-.._ 56 The Amended School Law, - - - - - - "75 U. S. Government — Executive Department, - - - - ii^ Vote for Governor, 1878. {See Statistics.) - - - - 63 Vote for President, and Governors of other States, - - "95 Yellow Fever Epidemics, Quarantine, &c., - - - - i^. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Page. VI. — Frontispiece — ^View of Austin from the Lunatic Asyhim. ^2. — Corn Field in Brazos Bottom, 28 V 3. — Land Office of Texas, 36 V4. — Bowen's Bend, San Antonio River, - - - - - 50 w^. — Aransas Bay, - --92 »h5. — Scene near Fort Mason, - - -.- - - - 98 1.7. — Fort on the Western Border, - - - - - 104 *^ 8. — Court House at Austin, Texas, - - - - - - 112 (,.9.— Ex-Gov. R. B. Hubbard, 136 ^lo. — Gov. O. M. Roberts, - - - - - - - 146 HI. — The Ursuline Convent, San Antonio, - - . . i^y i.i2. — Court House, Paris, 156 ^13. — Court House, Ft. Worth, 160 1.14.— Old Capita!, 166 L 15. — Masonic Headquarters of State, Houston, -. - - - 167 <•• 16. — Trading w^ith the Indians, - - - - - -174 '•-17. — Mexicans, ---. 175. Eclipses for leso. In the Year 1880, there will be FOUR ECLIPSES of tne SUN, and TWO of the MOON, as follows: I —A Total Eclipseof the Sun, January 11, not visible east of the Rocky Mountains. The total phase will euter California north of Sau Fraucisco, and west of Salt Lalce, in Utah, The Sun will be so near setting that it cannot be observed to advantage. At Sau Francisco, the i)hase8 will be: Beginning 21i. 40m .afternoon. Greatest eclipse, 3h. 52m., afternoon. Eclipse ends 4h. 5Gm., afternoon. Sun sets 5h. Im. Magnitude 11.3 digits, or nearly total. Its general phases in St Louis, mean time, are: Beginning Ih. 59m., afternoon, in latitude- 4033'N., and longitude 153° 45' E. Central Eclipse begins 3h. 3m., afternoon, in latitude- 150 18' N., and longitude 142O20' E. Central eclipse at noon, 4h. 47m., afternoon, in latitude IOC 24' N., and longitude KiflO 0' W. Central eclipse ends 6h. 3m. , evening, in latitude 41o 41' N., and longitude 109° 47' W. Eclipse ends 7h. 7m., evening, in latitude 31027' Is ., and lon- gitude II8O 50' W. II. — A Total Eclipse of the Moon, June 22, not visible in the United States, except for a short time on the Pacific coast. Its phases in St. Louis, mean time, will be : Beginning Oh. 14m. , morning. Total phase begins 7h. 31m , morning. Middle of eclipse 7h. 49m. morning. Total phase ends 8h. 7m., morning. Eclipse ends 9h. 24m., morning. Duration, 3h. 11m. Magnitude. 12.705 digits, or one-sixteenth of the moon's diameter. III. An Annular Eclipse of the Snn, July 7, not visible in North America. It will be vis- ible in South America and the southern part of Africa. Its general phases in St. Louis, mean time, are: Beginning 4h. 42m., morning, in latitude 220 47' S., and longitude 59° 37' W. Central eclipse begins 6h. 30m., morning, in latitude 510 51'S., and longitude 64055'^". Central eclipse at noon, 7h. 34m., morning, in latitude 520 30' S., and longitude 220 28' W. Central eclipse ends 7h. 48m., morning, in latitude 66034' S., and longitude 8° 10' W. Eclipse ends 9h. 3Cm., morning, in latitude 440 43' S., and longitude 120 44' E. IV. — A Partial, very small Eclipse of the Sun, December 1, not visible in the Northern Hemisphere. Its general pluises in St. Louis, mean time, are: Beginning 8h. 44m. , evening, in latitude 65° 1' S. , and longitmle 130 17' W. Greatest eclipse 9h. 10m. , evening, in latitude' 67° 56' S., and longitude 42043' W. Eclipse ends 9h. 37m., evening, in latitude 67© lo' S., and longitude 740 18' W. Duration 53 minutes. Magnitude, .48 digits, or one-twenty-flfth of the Sun's diameter. v.— A Total Eclipse of the Moon, December 16, not visible in the United States, except a ihort time, on the Pacific coast. Its pliases in St. Louis, mean time, are: Beginning 7h. 43m., morning. Total phase begins 8h. 53m., morning. Middle of eclipse, 9h. 38m., morning. Total phase ends lOh. 23m. , morning. Eclipse ends llh. 32m. Duration, 3h. 49m. Magnitude, 10.68 digits, or about one-fourth of the moon's diameter. VI.— A Partial Eclipse of the Sun, December 31, visible in nearly all of North America. The following are some of the places in the United States, arranged iu the order of longi- ' tude, at which it will be visible: DECE]Vn4ER 31, MORNING. BEGINS. II. jr. MIDDLE. H. M. ENDS. H. M. DIGITS. 7 10 7 11 7 53 () 47 6 23 6 15 6 4 8 10 8 6 8 7 43 7 22 7 8 7 6 48 9 13 9 5 9 1 8 33 7 50 V 53 7 44 7 33 5.4 New Haven , Conn 5.1 4.9 Washington, D.C 4.2 Charle.«ti)n, S. C 1.1 3.5 3.9 St r>oiii8, Mis.sduri 3.6 Its general phases in St. Louis, mean time, are: Beginning 6h. Oni., morning, in latitude 350 31' N., and longitude 7ic 44' AV. Greatest eclipse, 7h. 44m., morning, in latitude (VjO 8' N., and longitude i'jo 49' AV. Eclipse ends 9h. 28m., morning, in latitude 520 11' N., and lon- gitu.le ,50 44' W. Duration, ."li. 2Sm. Magnitiule, 8.544 digits, or about seventeen-tweuty-fourths of the Sun's diameter. Morning and Evening Stars, Venus (9) will be morning star, risitiff bpfore the sun, nntil July 16, then eveninjr star to the end of the year. Until July 8, she will bo west of the sun, anil afterwards east of it. Maks {%) will be evening and morning star, rising before and setting after midnight, until A|iril -^'t; then evening star, setting after sunset and before midnight, nntil October •2.");. then morning star, rising after midnight and belVire sunrise, to che end of the year. Until October 11, he will be east of the snn, and afterwards west of it. JupiTEn (2/) will be evening star, setting after sunset and before midnight, until Marchi 15, after Marcli 18 he will be morning star, rising after midnight and before sunrise, imtil July 1 ; then evening and morning star, rising before and setting after midnight, to the end of the year. Until March 18, he will be east of the sun, then, until October 4, west of it, ami afterwards east. SATUKfT (^) will be evening and morning star, rising in the daytime and setting after midnight, until January '2; then evening star, setting after sunset and before niiilnight, until April G; after April 11 he will be morning star, rising after midnight and before sun- rise, until July 2 ; then evening and morninsstar, rising before and setting after midnight, to the end of the year. Until April 9, he will be east of the sun; then until October 4, west of it, and afterwards east. BEGINNING OF THE SEASONS. WiNTEH Solstice, 1879. — Winter begins December 21, lOh. 27m., evening. Vernal Equinox, 1880. — Spring begins March 19, llh. 13m., eyeniug. SuMMEK Solstice, 1880. — Summer begins June 20, 7h. 30m., evening. AuTiJiNAL Equinox, 1880. — Aiitumn begins September 22, lOh. l.'im., morning. Winter SoiiSTiCE, 1880. — Winter begins December 21, 4h. 21m., morning. DURATION OF THE SEASONS. D. H. M. Bim in Winter Signs 89 37 Sun in Spring Signs 92 20 2.') Snn in Summer Signs 93 U 43 Sun in Antumn Signs 89 18 8 D. H. M^ Tropical Tear 3(i.i 5 53 Snn North of Equator 1^6 11 18 Sun South of Equator 178 18 45 Difference 7 16 23 CHRONOLOGICAL CYCLES. Dominical Letter D, C Golden Number 19 Epact (Moon's Age January 1) 18 Solar Cycle 13 Ri iman Indiction 8 Julian Period 6593 Year of Jewish Era (Sept. 6) .^41 Muhaimnedan Era (Dec. 4) 129&. Radaman, Month of Abstinence by the Tnrks, begins August 7. Age of the World (Mosaic) , 5873; by Reason and Geology, Millions of Ages. PERIGEE AND APOGEE OF THE SUN AND MOON. Snn in Perigee December 31, 1879; distance from the Earth, 89,817,726 miles. Sun in Apo- fee Julys, 1880; distance from the Earth, 92,877,761 miles. Sun in Perigee January 1, 1881; istance from the Earth, 89,817,726 miles. Sim's mean distance from the Earth, 91,347,743 miles. The Moon at Perigee will be neajest to the Earth December 31, 1879; distance 221, 6.")9 miles. Her greatest distance from the Earth at Perigee, will be March 2; distance 229, S14 niili-; The .Moon at .Vpogee will be fartliest from the Earth December 17; distance 2.V2,-i4s miles. Her nearest approach to the Earth at Apogee, will be on September 25; distance 251,867 miles. The Moon'.? mean distance from the Earth, deduced from her maximum and mimimum Perigees and Aiiogees, is 241,447 miles. In these computations, the equatorial diameter of. the Earth is taken at 7,925 miles. FIXED AND MOVABLE FASTS, FEASTS AND FESTIVALS. Epiphany January 6 Se))tuage.sima Svndav January 25 Quinquagesima Sunday February 8 Ash Wednesday (1st day of Lent) February 11 Quadragesima (1st Sun. in Lent)Febniary 15 Mid-Lent Sunday March 7 Palm Sunday March 21 Annunciation — Lady Day March 25 Good Friday March 20 E A STER SUNDAY March 28 Liiw Sunday April 4 Rogation Sunday May 2 Ascension Day— II THE ANATOMY OF MAN'S BODY, AS SUPPOSED TO BE GOVERNED BY THE TWELVE CONSTELLATIONS. "Y* Head and Face- n Anns, Ileart. Neck. Breast Bowels. Secrets. Knoes. X The Feet, EXPLANATION OF CITAPvACTERS. Sun. © Earth. ^ Mercury. 9 Venus. % Mars. 2/ Jupitei'. Ij Saturn. T§. Herschel or Uranus. (§1, (fi, 5 Moon. Aspects. — d ConJLinction, liaving tlie same longitude or right ascension; "being near. >f; Sextile, heing GO degrees ai)art; tlie same character denotes a Star, n Quai-tile, 90 degrees apart. A '^"'"hie, 120 degrees apart. $ Opiiosition, 180 degrees apart. Q Ascending Node — at tlie ecliiiilc and tending northward. ^ Descending Node — crossing the ecliptic soutliward. SIGNS OF THE ZODIAC. /ession,—Its Wonderful Power. As a remedi.Tl agent, ihe Iron Tonic now stands at the head of all known remediesfor tlie cure ■i| dyspepsia, general deViility, female diseases, want cf vitulity, etc. Its career has been marked by success after success until it has become the most celebrattd of all the Tonics now in use The •use of the Iron Tonic is marked by almost immediate and wonderful results. Testimonials are re- ceived from all quarters, they come couched in the strongest language, tliey bear the impress of truth; in some cases they are written in the language of grateful hearts, in other cases they are jubilant and hopeful. Rut there is but one sentiment, and that is that the Iron Tonic is electrifying the country by its wonderful cures and its still more wonderful aid to health and happiness. This great medicine is manufactured by tlie Dr. Uarter Medicine Co., No. 213 North Main street, St. Louis, and it is sold by druggists and general dealers everywhere. It stiengtliens the body, tones up the stomach, and acts upon the liver with the most astonishing results, it absorbs and removes all matter of an injurious character, remaining in the stomach and makes billions attacks and «ummer complaints an impossibility. 1st Month.] JANUARY: begins on Thursday; has 31 days. [1880. ilOUN'8 PHASES. Last Quarter New Moon First Quarter Full Moon ST. LOUIS, mssouKi. 5th oh. 47m. Morning. nth 4h. 39m. Evening. 19th oh. 34m. Morning. 27th 4h. im. Morning. CIIICACIO, ILLINOIS. 1st oh. 58m. Morning. nth 4h. 49m. Evening. igth oh. 50m. Morning. 27th 4h. 22m. Morning. ASPECTS OF PLANETS, EVENTS, Etc. CALEHDAK FOS Texas. Viz ri'^('=; CALENDAR Missouri. Sun Sun © sots. Clock fastt'i than Sun. © rlii.a- tiou. M'8 iTlmr 2Frid. 3, Sat. 4 o f)'Mon. () Tiies 7|Wed. 8Thur OTrid. 10 Sat. n| O 12]Mon. 13Tues liWed. loThiir 16|Frid. 17lSat. 18^ O 19^Mon. 2(^'Tuo3 211 Wed. 22Thur 23;Frid. 24: Sat. 2^ r> 2fiMon. 27Tues 28, Wed. 29Thur SOtFrid. 3llSat. Circumci. Emanc, 1863. Newton born, 1G42. Algeneb. S. 5-l(J ; sets 11-45 9 gr. hel. hit. N. rises 3-57 ; % sets 2-55. Lpiphany KS. 6-;3(;. 7 stars S. 8-31 ; stt 4-5. Bat.N.Orleus.'15; t^ S D D perigee [10-^ ^^ ]) [9—]) runs low, 25°22' S. 1st Sand, a fter Epiph. j) Q^ ]!/setg 8-59"; >2 S. 5-13. 93 5 rises 4-10; -^.S. 7-27. Peace declared, 1783. Aldebaran S. 8-51 ; ^ c5 D -^ sets 2-27; :^ sets 8-47. \l6D Franklin b"n, 1706. D. Webster born, 1782. b sets 10-53; Q rises 4-20. CopellaN. 9-10; % 6J) ]) apogee ; % sets 2-16. aphelion ; % S. 7-4. Jrunshigb, 25°2i' N. Fred'Ic tlie G't born, 1712. Conversion of St. Paul. £25— Rob't Burns b'n 1759, RigelS. 8-43; sets 2-21. Paris surrendered, 1871. Thomas Paine born, 1737. Charles I. beheaded, KUO. 1? sets 8-4; b sets 10-10. 204 204 194 194 194 184 184 174 174 1G4 154 154 14,4 134 134 124 124 114 104 93 84 74 64 64 54 4q 9 2; 4010 7 4l|ll 12 4l'nio"n 7 \ 7 7 7 7 '7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 6 59'5 110 24 20 1 31 2 44 3 57 5 8 9 sets. 6 8 7 20 8 30, 9 34 48;i0 37| 48,11 38 49n!o"n 44 34 24 14 39 1 39 2 38 3 35 4 28 5 18 6 6 38 sets. 6 54 7 59 9 5 304 30 294 31 1 294 31 284 32l 284 32 274 33 27 4 33 26 4 34 264 34 25,4 35 244 30 234 37 234 37| 22 4 38 21 4 39 204 40 204 40 194 41 18,4 42 174 43 164 44 154 45 144 46 13 4 47 124 48 11 4 49 10|4 50 9,4 51 84 52 74 53 514 55 iii.s. is.iuthl 3 45,23 ISL 4 13^22 56 mj 4 41;22 50| 5 822 44-1= 5 3522 38^ 2|22 31 n\^ G 2822 23 6 54 7 19 7 44 22 15 f 22 7^ 21 5SW 21 49 8 3221 40 CK" 8 55 9 17 9 39 9 59 10 20 10 39 10 58 11 16 11 33 11 50 12 5 12 20 12 34 12 4 12 59 13 11 13 22 13 32 13 41 21 30 21 19 21 8 20 5' 20 45 20 33 20 21 20 8 19 55 19 41 19 27 19 1325 18 59 18 44 18 28 18 13 17 57TTr 17 40 17 24l-i: n SI GAME IN TEXAS. The following article was furnished for the Almanac, by a native Texan who, as an amateur, has given a good deal of attention to hunting and fishing. He says nothing al)out fishing, though the rivers. Bayous, and Bays of Texas abound in the finest varieties of most excellent fish, to say nothing of our turtle, oysters, shrimp, &c. ; "Western Texas is well supplied with game wherever water and tim- ber are found. On the plains towards the Rio Grande are found vast herds of buffalo during the winter season, and many thousands are killed every year by the market hunters and hide hunters. Antelope are abundant the year round but are not easy of approach on account of their extreme wariness, but their curiosity often leads them 2d Month.] FEBRUARY: begins on Sunday; has 29 days. [1880. iluOX'S PHASES. ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI. Last Quarter 3d gh. 37m. Morning. New Moon loth 5h. i5m. Morning. First Quarter lyih gh. 45m. Evening. Full Moon ij-h jh. aim. Morning. CHICAGO, ILLINOIS. 3d gh. 48m. Morning. loth 5h. 27m. Morning. 17'ch gh. 55m. Evenirtg. 25th 7h. 31m. Morning. £! ASPECTS or PLANETS, EVENTS, Etc. CALEirOAK FOB Texas. Sun Sun Moon rises & sets CALEHDAB Missouri. Snn Snn © Clocli faster than .Sun. © Sun's © He- el i na- tion. M's sign. Hijth water at Kew Hay'n Ct. 1 T) 2Mon. 3Tues 4 Wed. 5,Thur 6Fiid. 7;Sat. 81 D 9Mon. lOTues llWed. 12Thur 13Frid. 14 Sat. 15| D 16Mon. ITTues 18 Wed. 19Thur 20Frid. 21 Sat. 22iD 23Mon. 24Tues 25 Wed. 2GThur 27 Frid. 28 Sat. 29i C Sexlffcsima. 1st Sunday in Lent. Fort Donaldson sur. 1SG2 Columbia, S. C, b., 1865. ]) apogee. % iD 3 runs high, 25°14' K Voltaire born, 1694. Aldebanm S. 6-25. D^ Washington born, 1732. XsQl-di I2 SB 8-51: "J, n©| St. Matthew ; 9 rises 5-1. Sinus S. 8°-20'. ' Longfellow bom, 1807. -^ sets 1-12; 2/st^ts 6-tJ. j Ij sets 8-34; 5 rises 5-2. Sd Sunday in Lmf. 9 ^ ! 585 575 56|5 555 535 525 51,5 505 49,5 4815 47|5 465 445 43:5 425 415 405 385 375 365 355 345 32;5 315 305 29,5 27|5 26'5 255 r.eve 11 23 mo'n 33 1 44:|7 2 53; ;6 3 57ii6 4 55 '6 5 40 '6 I II n^' 44 56, 13 34 571 13 24 58|il4 05 0:!14 sets. 6 7 7 15 8 m,w 9 22 '6 10 25 '6 11 27 6 19!nio"n;6 20 26 6 22 1 24 6 23 2 19:6 24 3 9 6 25! 3 54:6 26 4 34, 6 28 5 10, ,6 29 5 41" 6 30i-ises. 6 31 6 53 6 33 8 116 34 9 11' 16 3.-) 10 23' 6 595 585 575 565 555 535 525 515 495 11 485 12: 47|5 13 465 14 44i5 16 43 5 17 4115 19 40'5 20 39|5 21 385 22 365 24 355^5 335 27 32,5 28 3l'5 29 295 31 1;14 2 14 3||14 4:'l4 6| 14 7I 14 8iil4 9;14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 12 12 ^outh 17 7- 16 50tt\^ 16 Z% 16 14 15 5g; / 15 38 15 19VJ 15 Oj 14 42,CK? 14 22 14 2X 13 42 13 22^ 2613 2 2312 4l| 20; 12 21 « 1612 0! 285 32M2 11 39n 11 18 10 56 10 3405 45 10 13: 37 9 51iSL 28 9 29 18 9 drr^ 8 8 44^ 58 8 22 47 7 59,-- 351 7 3G! I :,n. 17 2 49 1 3 39 15 4 37 29| 5 43 13; 6 56 28 8 7 12 9 14 26'10 12 10' 10 59 24:11 43 81110'n 2l| 23 1 3 1 42 2 20 3 4 3 51 4 43 5 39 20 6 41 11' 7 40 23 8 38 6 9 29 1910 16 210 56 le'U 37 29aft.l9 13; 1 28 1 42 within range of the deadly rifle. It is said that a red pocket handker- chief on a ramrod will entice them to witliin fifty yards. Coyotes or Prairie wolves and Lobos or large gra}- wolves dance at- tendance on the herds of buffalo and pick up the infirm and feeble ones if they happen to stray from the main drove. There are some Jaguar's in the brush, but they are scarce. There are plenty of Leopard cats and Lynx, and it is said that they intermix, and bring forth varieties enough to puzzle a naturalist. Peccaries or wild hogs are abundant in all the places remote from civilization and although small and insignificant looking, are by no means despicable as enemies. Many a hunter has passed the night in a tree to ;a,void their tusks. In low flat places is found the Mexican Lion, supposed by many to be the panther, but this animal although resembling the panther in color, '\has different habits -f for instance, he can not climb a tree, and is slow "of foot. Bears both black aud cinnamon are found in isolated places. 3d Month. MARCH: begins on Monday; has 31 days. [1880. moon's phases. Last Quarter New Moon First Quarter Full Moon ST. LOUIS, MlSSOUKl. 3d 5h. 5m. Afternoon. loth 6h. 46m. Evening. i8th 6h. 35m. Evening. 2&th 8h. 22m. Morning. CUlCAtiO, ILLINOIS. 3d 5h. i6m. Afternoon. loth 6h. 57m. Evening. i8th 6h. 46m. Evening. 26th 7h. 33m. Morning. ASPECTS OF PLANETS, EVENTS, Etc. CALENDAK FOR Texas^ Moon Sun .Sun © sets. risos i sets CALENDAR Missouri. Sun .Sun © Clock faster than Sun. © .Sun't :t oli na- tion S'th & North M'a sign. Hijih water at Np\v' Ilav'u Ct. IMon. 2|Tues 3 Wed. 4lThur SFrid. e.Sat. 7| C 8Mon. 9Tues lOWed. lliThurt 12Fi-id. 13Sat. 14] C 15Mon. 16Tues 17jWed. l&Thur; 19,rrid. 20 Sat. c Mon. Tues Wed. 25Thur| 26Frid. 27iSat. 2^ C 29|Mon. 30;Tues 31;Wed. Bona. fr. Elba, 1815. ,]) perigee. ^^ iWashington elected, 1789. J) runs low, 25°7' S. Madison born, 1751. ^. sets 1-0; ^perili.])^ 4th Sunday in Lent. :2/ sets 6-21; Ij sets 8-4. 9 rises 5-3 ; % sets 0-5G. A'ldebaran.sets 0-20. « 2:r. el.. 1S°15' E. 116D Ri^el sets 11-16. ^ k 6 D J discovered, 1781. oth Sunday in Lent. : Jackson b"n, 1767. "V <^ 6 ' J) runs high, 24°59' K. ; 6 5 apogee. St. Patrick's. jG [17— ? gr.hel.lat.N. S ci D 6 :^ rises 5-4. [18— ^stat. " Ij sets 7-24. ©T J)^ Palm Sunday. Yel. & Ell. sets 11-23. Bat. Winchester, 1862. Sirius S. 6-30; sets 11-33. Annunciation. Oood Friday. 9 "ses 4-54. % sets 0-51 ; lenses 5-39. Easier. i}int. (^(^ J) perigee. Ij sets 6-54. Castor S. 6-53 ; sets 3-15. 3) runs low, 24°52' S. 245 225 215 20!5 is:5 17 5 16:5 155 14|5 125 115 105 8,5 7,5 65 55 35 25 15 0,6 58j6 57 16 566 556 546 52l6 51|6 506 486 476 46,6 ir.eve. 3611 35 38mo'n 45 39 40 42 43 41 451 46! 5 2o: 481 sets. 49 7 51 50' 8 9!:6 52 9 11 6 5310 12i6 5411 15 55iino'n rises. 6 53 8 6 9 21 10 33 13,11 42 14,mo'n 265 34 255 35 235 37 22i5 38 2115 39 195 41 18;5 42 16|5 44 155 45 145 46 125 48 11'5 49 lO'o 50 85 52 7 5 53 55 55 45 56 6 6 6 6 6 6 7: 6 9 5 506 10 6 12 6 13 6 14 6 16 12 23 12 1^ 6 11 57 11 43 11 30 11 15 11 1 10 46 10 30 10 14 9 58 9 42 9 25 9 8 8 51 8 34 8 16 7 59 7 41 7 23 7 6 46 6 28 6 9 5 51 5 32 5 14 4 55 4 37 4 18] 4 S.&N. 7 13 50 2 4 41 18 54 31 "I 25 44 20 57 33 9 46 22 58 35 11 13 36 SI 24 47 11 34=2= 58| 21k 44 12 26 / 10 24 H 8 22 (SC 6 20 3 16 29 12 25 7 19 1 13 25 X an. 2 28 3 25 4 27 5 37 6 50 7 58 8 59 9 51 10 36 11 13 11 53 mo'n 32 1 11 1 48 2 30 3 19 ^ 7 4 8 8 48 9 42 10 26 811 6 23 11 51 J» 8aft.38 1 28 2 17 3 18 Deer are found every where that people are scarce. Black tailed deer are found in the hills and mountains, while on the prairies and in the timber are the common red Virginia deer. Foxes, Raccoons, Opossums. Civet cats, Skunks, Badgers and other small carniverous animals are found in greater or less quantities accord- ing to locality. Mule eared or Jack rabbits and the small Hare known as the cotton tail are found every where. There are many Mustangs and some few Wild Asses to be found near the Rio Grande. Along the river bottoms are found squirrels both gray and red in color. The native birds of Western Texas are numerous but the names can not be given to all as there are many not described by ornithologists, iind it would take too much time and space to attempt to classify them. 4th Month.] APRiL: begins on Thursday; has 30 days. [1880. moon's phases. Last Quarter New Moon First Quarter Full Moon ST. LOUIS J MISSOURI. 2d oh. 12m. Morning. gth gh. 6m. Morning. 17th ih. 13m. Afternoon. 24th 4h. 49m. Afternoon. CHICAGO, ULLN'OIS. 2d oh. 22m. Morning. gth gh. 17m. Morning. 17th ih. 24m. Afternoon. 24th 5h. om. Afternoon. ASPECTS OF PLANETS, EVENTS, Etc. CALENDAS FOR Texas. 'rises © 'Moon rises. & sets CALEHDAS Missouri. Sun Sun Clock faster and slo'i- than Sun. © Sun's S- clina- tion. M's .sign. High water at Xew Hav'n Ct. I liThnr 2Fricl. 3Sat. 4| C oMon. 6iTues 7lWed. 8|Thur O'Frid. lOSat. Ill O 12Mon. 13,Tiu'.>^ 14Wed. 15Thnr IGJFrid. 17 'Sat. 18 O lOMon. 20|Tues 21 1 Wed. 23|Frid. 24:Sat. 2(]!Mon. f 27|Tues 28|AVed. 2DThur 30!Frid. ^Vll Fools' Day. 9 ris. 4r47 'RegulusS. 9-16; ])^ 1 9 apli. Sirius sets 10-54, [Low Sunday/. % sets 0-22. [4 — IJichinond taken, 18G5. [4 — Jefferson born. 1743. [6— Bat.Slnloh,T/2. 9 c^ D i:yr.4-56; ^116 1) ^611 Il2sets6-24E. ^^ h6D I 5 Stat. Spiea S. 0-.5, ^d Sunday after Easter. Sumpter attacked, ISGl. RegulusS. 8-3G; sets 3-0. j) apogee ; ^ r. h. 24°45'X. \^%6 9 'h6D 9"- 4-34 lArctunisS. U-33; j)^ JFranklin died, 1790. \3d Sun. aft. Easter. ^ d 2/ 1 5 aphelion ; % sets 0-1. iXorfolk seized, 1861. i Regains S. S-1 ; sets 2-26. 1 2/ rises 4-4; Ij sets 3-52. : Wordsworth died, 1850. [25— 5 gr. el. 26°57' W. 4th S. ff/. Easfr. St. Mark's i) peri gee ; 9 gr. h. h. S. ]) rims lo^y, 24^40' S. [26 — Johnston sur. 1865. jSpicaS. 10-49 ;s. 4-18. ^^ IWashington inaug. 1789. 5 44;6 5 43,6 5 42i6 5 4l[6 5 39,6 ,5 38,6 .5 37,6 5 36 16 5 356 5 336 5 32,6 ,5 3116 5 30,6 5 296 5 27 6 5 266 5 256 :5 24,6 ;5 236 5 226 5 206 5 196 5 18;6 [5 17,6 5 16,6 5 156 5 14 6 5 12.6 5 li;6 i5 106 r.ia'u 42 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 sets. 8 9 9 58 10 52 31III 40 33 mo'n 25 1 2 1 2 2 3 3 4 43'rises 4i 8 13 45 9 25 4610 31 4Sill 27 49mo'n 50l 14 436 17 416 19 406 20 396 21 376 23 36;6 24 346 26' 336 27 326 2Si 306 30 6 31 6 32 6 34' 6 35 6 36: 6 38 6 39 6 40 6 42 6 43 6 44 3 42 3 24 3 6 2 49 Xorthl 2 2 1 1 1 1 8 52 36 21 fit. 6 VJ 54 17 40 CK- 3 25 6 48X 7 10 7 33 Y* 7 55 3 17 8 39 9 1 9 23' n 9 44 « si. 910 6 23110 27 146 46 6 47 6 48 6 49; 6 50' 6 52 6 53 6 54' 6 55 37 51 1 4 2Z a 10 48 11 9 11 29 17|11 50 np 29il2 10 41 12 30U= 5312 50 413 lOm 1413 29 2 24 13 48 / 2 3414 7I 2 43 14 26'VJ 2 51114 451 2 59I15 31 aft. 4 23 5 30 6 36 7 37 8 33 9 20 10 6 10 44 11 21 mo"n 3 42 1 23 2 4 2 51 3 41 4 33 5 28 6 24 7 19 8 13 9 4 6 54 10 43 11 29 aft.24 1 17 2 11 3 11 29l 4 11 Commencing at the extreme southern point of the State and going farther north as new varieties appear the order would run about as fol- lows : Chaehalaca's or chaperal cocks, a species of brush pheasant very- numerous and noisy, and hard to shoot, about half the size of a chicken but very toothsome. Blue top knot quail, about the size of the genuine bob-white but longer, and not so good for the table, the meat being darker, and the bird gen- erally poor from too much running and too little food. Then comes our favorite old friend Bob-white or Virginia quail, which is every where that Americans live. Then comes the prairie chicken or pinnated grouse which is found east of the Guadalupe river. Turkeys are found in great abundance everywhere in isolated places. This comprises most of the native game birds of Texas. The song birds are very numerous, of which the mocking bird take* 5th Month. MAY: begins on Saturday; has 31 days. [1880. JKIOX'S PHASES. Last Quarter New Moon First Quarter Full Moon Last Quarter ST. LOUIS, MISSOUKI. ist 7h. 51m, Morning. gth....... oh. 15m. Morning. xyth gh. 23m. Morning. 24th oh. 3Sm. Morning. CHK:A 16 59 59,7 58,7 o7|7 4 567 557 54,7 537 7 527 8' 517 9 50i7 10! 4 4917 11 4 487 12 4 41 387 22 38!7 22i 37 7 23, 367 24 357 25 357 25 M's Hish waier at Kcir riav'n Ct. m. s. urtl: 3 BUS 21 3 1315 39 3 19 15 57 X 3 2516 14| 3 30 16 31 Y" 3 35il6 48 3 3917 4 3 4217 20 ^ 3 4547 36l 3 4717 52 n 3 48 18 7 3 49 18 22 3 50118 37 3 50118 51 3 4919 5 SI 3 48 19 19 13 5 10 6 10 7 5 23| 7 56 5 8 46 18 9 32 30 10 15 1210 54 24|11 35 6 mo'n 3 46 344 3 41 3 38 3 34 3 30 3 25 3 20 3 14 3 8 3 1 2 53 19 32 19 45 TO 19 58 ^ 20 10 20 22 20 34 20 45 20 50 21 7 21 17 21 27 21 37|CK' 2 45'21 46 2 37 21 55 X 2 2922 3 19 42 25 12 59 49 41 6 30 7 31 8 28 9 24 10 22 11 14 25 af. 13 1 6 1 59 2 54 3 50 440 5 33 the lead. Larks. Finches, Cardinal-grosbeaks, Fly catchers, Thrushes, Sparrows, Wrens, Jays, Doves, Blackbirds, and Jackdaws are more or less abundant every where. Humming birds and orioles are also common. The birds of prey are Eagles, Hawks, Kites and Falcons, while of the vulture order are Buzzards, Crows and a peculiar bird known as the Mexican eagle, the national emblem of our sister republic. Pelicans, Cranes, Herons and innumerable varieties of Gulls breed all along the sea coast. Tliere are a few species of Snipe indigenous to the State. There is but one species of wild duck which is not migratory. This is called the black or summer Mallard, named by Audubon the dusky duck. There are some birds tliat have no name known to the writer but they are not considered eatable. To mention all the migiatoiy birds would be almost impossible. 6th Month.] JUNE: begins on Tuesday ; has 30 days. [1880. jioon's phases. New Moon First Quarter Full Moon Last Quarter ST. LOriSj MISSOUKI. [ CHICAGO, LILINOIS. 7th 3h. 54m. Afternoon. 7th 4h. 5m. Afternoon. 15th 3h. 50m. Afternoon. 15th 4h. im. Afternoon. 22d 7h. 45m. Morning, j 22d 7h. 55m. Morning. 29th 3h. 55m. Morning. 29th 4h. 7m. Morning. ASPECTS OF PLANETS, EVENTS, Etc. CALENSAB FOB Texas. rises'sets. ^'^/^^ , CALENDAB Missouri. Sun Sun © sets. ^lock slo'r and faster tliaii Sun. © clina- tion M's High water at New Ilav'n Ct. ^. Tues iWed. IThur IFrid. iSat. o TMon. 8 Tues 9|Wed Thur Frid. Sat. O Mon. ISTue.s 1 Wed. 'Thur 1 Frid. • Sat. c Mon. i Tues IWed. rrhur 25Frid. 2GSat. 27 C 28Mon. 29Tues 301 Wed. Bat. Seven Tines, 18G2. i^pei-ib; ^sni). 60^6 1) Arcturus S. 'J-24. ^ 6D [2— Bat. Cold Harbor, 'G-i. 2/ rises 1-37 ; Ij rises 2-12. £d Sund. af. Trinity. 9 d D ]) apogee. 3 r.li.. 24°34'X. .Jackson died, 1845. ^ (^ ]) Spica S. 8-5 ; sets 1-38. Bat. Big Bethel, 1861. St. Barnabas. % 6 1) 9 rises 4-3 ; % sets 10-16. 3d S. af. Trln. ^ gr. 1,. 1. X. Antaris S. 10-48_; sets 1-34. Geneva arl)., 18*2. n 5— Polk died. 1849. Bat Bunker Hill, 177.5. 2£ rises 0-52. [17 — 'J, aphel. Vega S. 0-13. ©05 4th S. af. Trin. 721— 9 ^ ]) perigee, 5 r. 1. 24°35'S. Arcturus S. 8-9. 5 Q tj rises 1-5; 9 rises 4-13. St. John the Baptist. Bat. before Eichmond, '62. Spica S. G-.53; sets 0-25. ■ith Sunday after Trinity. % sets 9-49 ; :^ rises 0-15. St. Peter. Vegas S. 11-53. Altair S. 1-1. 2/ b i D 437 437 427 427 41,7 417 4 41:7 407 407 407 39 7 39;7 397 397 397 38:7 387 38|7 3S|7 38:7 387 3s;7 387 387 38:7 38:7 39 7 397 307 39;7 inoni.i 49 1 IG 1 43 2 13 2 47 3 25 sets. 8 19 9 9 32 2i;io 8 21 10 37 2111 3 21 11 3014 21 11 57;!4 22nio"n !|4 2G 4 .59! |4 1 37 4 2 25 4 3 22|j4 rises.! 4 8 38, ;4 9 21:4 9 55 4 2210 24 4 21 10 52:4 21 11 18':4 21 11 47 !4 21 ino'n 4 347 2G 34 7 26 33,7 2 337 2 32'7 28 32,7 28 327 28 31I7 29 31 7 29 3117 29 307 30 30,7 30 297 31 29,7 31 297 31 297 31 297 81 297 31 2SY 32 287 32 287 32 287 32 287 32 297 31 297 31 297 31' 297 31 1 29,7 31' 307 80; 307 30 . s jNorth 20,22 li 1022 19 022 26 5022 .33 T si. fji. 8 21 U 47 a nK 39|22 39| 2822 45n 1722 51 6 22 56 5423 1 42 23 5 3023 9 17 23 13 23 16 23 19 23 21 23 23-- 23 251 5923 26' m 1 1223 27| 25,23 27 / 3823 27 23 27 >:? 23 26 23 25j- 2 2923 23 2 4r23 21 X 2 5423 18 3 623 15 3 18^23 12 aft. 6 26 7 18 8 9 8 59, 9 47 10 32 15 11 13 3 29!23 8! T 27 9 20 2 14 27 9 22 6 20 4 18 3 18 311 4 18'al"f. 2 3| 55 18 1 41 2 2 27 16 3 15 29 4 2 12 4 51 24 5 44 11 58 luo'n 40 1 20 1 58 2 40 3 25 4 10 4 58 5 55 6 55 7 59 9 5 10 9 They embrace every known species from the Swan to the Teal duck, and from the large trumpeter Crane to the little Jack-snipe. All the fresh water ponds and streams teem with water fowl during the winter months and the hunter who is not afraid of having his head turned by the quantity and variety of game, will find a winter's hunt in Texas to be one of the things to revert to with pleasure in after years. PRELIMINARY NOTICE OF PROJECTED LOCAL OR SPECIAL LEGISLATION. Attention is called to the following provision of the Constitution : Article III — Legislative Department — Section 57. No local or special law shall be passed, unless notice of the intention to apply therefor it 7til Month..! JULY: begins on Thursday; has 31 days. [1880. .Mi)i).N'S PHASES. ST. LUl'IS, MISSOll:!. New Moon 7th yh. 20m. Morning. First Quarter 15th oh. 15m. Morning. Full Moon 2ist 3h. im. Aftetnoon. Last Quarter ] 28th sh. 39m. Afternoon. CHICAGO, ILLINOIS. 7th 7h. 31m. Morning. 15th oh. 26m. Morning. 2ist 3h. 12m. Afternoon. 28th 5h. 50m. Afternoon. as H ! » ^ .' & 1 ° 1 »K •4 a ASPECTS OF PLANSTS, EVENTS, Etc. CALENDAR FOB Texas. CALENSAS Mis 8,6 I 96 ' 10,6 i 11,6 i 12,6 > 136 ■ 14|6 156 ig;6 176 186 206 21 '6 226 236 246 2.56 276 286 296 306 316 330 UK.ra.j 49 4 1 40 4 2 35 4 3 33 4 4 3414 sets. !!4 7 39, i4 "5 59 58 57 57 5G 55 54 52 51 50 49 4810 59; 5 4711 54['5 4Gmo"ivi5 8 31 9 2 9 35 10 13 5 7 4 7 3 7 2 7 T 7 6 58 6 57| 6 561 G 55 6 5 54 8 6 52 5715 2 71:5 3 21 5 4 35'5 rises.! 5 7 15|i5 7 48, '5 8 17ii5 8 48 [5 9 22 5 3340 15 3210 44 !5 31 11 33 5 30nio"n'5 291 2G,i5 27 1 23:15 6 51| 6 50 6 40 6 47 6 40 6 45; 6 44 6 42 6 41 6 40 6 39 23 6 37 24 6 3G 2.-,6 35 27 6 33 28i6 32 2916 3^. 111. 6 '^ 5 58 5 53 ■un's de- clina- tion. M's sign. Xortlil 17 49n 17 '6iqz> 17 17| High water at New Hav'n. Ct. 5 47 5 41 5 35 17 1 16 45 SI 16 28 16 11 tTO 15 54 ^ 15 37 15 19 15 1 4 43 14 43 4 32,14 25 4 2014 6 4 8 13 47 3 56 13 28 3 43il3 9 3 3012 SOksc 3 1642 30 3 2I12 lOix 2 47ill 50| 2 31 11 30 7» 2 IGU 9 2 010 49 1 4310 28 1 2G,10 1 9| 9 46 9 25 9 3 8 42 8 20 alt. 20 7 58 2 8 54 14 9 44 26il0 29 8,11 7 21I1I 47 3nio'n 1C| 27 1 4 1 41 2 22 3 10 4 5 5 8 6 19 7 33 8 43 9 45 10 37 11 20 51 33 fo. 15 si. 3 SS if. 5 47 1 26 2 5 2 50 3 38 4 33 5 25 6 26 7 2G 8 22 and impartially discharge and perform all the duties incumbent upon me as , according to the best of my skill and abilit}', agreeably to the Constitution and laws of the United States and of this State ; and I do further solemnly swear, (or affirm), that since the adoption of the Constitution of this State, I, being a citizen of this State, have not fought a duel with deadly weapons, within this State nor out of it ; nor have I sent or accepted a challenge to fight a duel with deadly weapons, nor have I acted as second in carrying a challenge, or aided, advised or assiste I any person thus offending. And I furthermore solemnly swear, (or affirm), that I have not directly, nor indirectly, offered or promised to pay, contributed, nor promised to contribute, any money, or valuable thing, or i)romised any pul)lic office or employment, as a reward for the giving or withholding a vote at the election at which I was elected (or if the office is one of appointment, to secure my appointment.) So help me God. 9th Month..! SEPTEMBER: begins on Wednesday; has 30 days. [1880. .MOOX'S I'll ASK!*. New Moon First Quarter Full Moon Last Quarter 4th loh. 51m. Morning. nth oh. 24m. Afternoon. 18th gh. 28m. Morning. 36th sh. 8m. Morning. CHICAGO, ILMNcllS. 4th Ilh. 2m. Morning. nth oh. 34m. Afternoon. i8th gh. 3gm. Morning. 25th 5h. iSm. Morning. ASPECTS OF PLANETS, EVENTS, Etc. CALEHDAB Texas FOK rist'S suis. Moon @ vises j sets' CALENDAB Mi saouri. Sun Sun ©I© nsesiSets. IClock Islo'r j than i Sun. © IWed. 2Thur SFritl. 4Sat. I G eiMon. TiTues 8Wecl. 9Thur lOFrid. llSat. 12 C ISlMon. 14Tues 15[Wed. IG.Thur 17|Frid. 18,Sat. 19 C 20;Mon. 21iTiiei= 22Wed. 23|Thur ^Frid. 25, Sat. 26! C •27Mon. 28T11CS 29iWed. SOThur Dapocroo. h 6(2> 'J,sets7-12; 2/i'i».^ "-•". Gale in Conn., ls-2\. Fahrenheit died, 1770. ; 1.5th S. af. Trin. ^ % 6 D \ Ve2ns..8-0. FoniUi. ris. 7-21 ; S. 11-30- ])rnnslow, 24°14'S. 16th Sund. af. Trin. J) ^ I ]) peri^^ee. 9 '^^^■*' 6-56. j Humboldt born, 1769. I MarkabS. 11-18. Moscow burned, 1812^ ■ Bat. Antietani. 1802. % sets 6-34. [17- $< sup. cf© Bat. Winchester, 18(i4. Al^enib. S. 0-9. 116D i St. Matthew, li d J) I {v) d2= Yeofa S. 6. 25. [iZri.ses6-29; S. 0-53. h S. 1-31. [25— ]) apogee. ;j)r. h. 24°7'X. :2/perih. mhSun. af. Tnn. J) 9? Strasbourg fell, 1870. Altair S. 7-13; sets 1-38. St. Michael. All Angels. 12 rises 8^3; g sets 6-38. 3^6 261 3'i t; 25 3(rG 24 38,(j 22 30 6 21 406 20 41 16 19 426 18 44j6 16 45 6 15 4m 14 47!6 13 48;6 12; 506 10 516 9 52 6 6 06 15 59 2|5 58 4^5 .56 5 5 55 6 5 54 7 5 53 9 5 51 lO'o 50 2 22 5 3 24 5 4 26 j5 sets. I 5 6 36 5 7 5 '5 7 3s 5 8 16 5 8 5S;|5 9 50 '5 10 49 5 11 55 5 aio'n 5 1 5 5 2 17 3 2S 5 4 3GJ:5 rises. 1 5 6 IG 5 6 47 5 7 17 5 7 57, 6 8 39 6 9 26|j6 10 17 6 11 .13 6 mo*n 6 11'6 1 10' 6 2 n(6 31 '0 29 32G 2S 33,G 27; 35i6 25 366 24 3S6 22' 3;H) 21 40;G 2(1 42i6 IS 43:G 17 446 IG 46 47 48 7 15 50 51 53 54 55 5 58 1 2 4 5 6 14 6 13 6 12 10 6 9 6 7 6 6 6 5 6 3 6 2, 59 5 58 56 55 53' 8 10,5 50 I1I5 49i 22 41 1 1 1 20 1 40 2 2 20 2 41 3 1 3 22 3 43 4 4 4 25 4 4 5 8 5 29 5 50 6 11 6 33 Sun'f £ '■li na- tion. M'8 N.&->.| 7 58 St 7 361 7 14 6 52Tt)j 6 29! 6 7=2= 5 45! 5 22;nt High water at Ninv Ilav'n Ct. alt. 9 12 9 58 10 39 12111 15 25|11 58 9nio'n 6 54 45 7 15^-. 22 7 3(J S. 2 50j 3g|/ 14 51>J 29 411"" 1.^ 45 X 32 T 15 8 27 7 56 8 1 8 38 8 58 9 18 9 38 9 67 10 16 25 n 48 1 12 1 35 1 59 2 22 2 45 3 59 25 SI 38 1 19 2 2 2 55 3 55 5 1 6 13 7 23 9 23 10 13 10 51 11 34 af. 17 57 1 37 2 19 3 15 4 4J>4 5 51 301 6 48 13 7 42 251 8 37 The laws of the State provide that if any person shall, by hril)ery, menace, willful falsehood, or other corrupt means, directly or indirectly attempt to influence anj' elector in this State in giving his vote, or In- duce him to withhold the same, he shall he lial)le to a fine of not less than one hundred nor more than five hundred dollars, and be imjiris- oned in the couiity jail for a period of six months, and be ineligible for any office for the term of two years. YELLOW FEVER EPIDEMICS. The following are tlie statistics of 3'ellow fever epidemics for Galves- ton, from the foundation of the city, the population and mortality for the first three years being estimated, as there were no actual records of 1 0th Month.] OCTOBER: begins on Friday; has 31 days. [1880. MOOX'S PHASES. New Moon First Quarter Full Moon Last Quarter ST. LUUIS, ^ilSSOL'KI. 3d loh. 42m. Evening. loth 6h. 34m. Evening. t7th loh. 2501. Evening. 26th oh. 59m. Morning. CniCA(j.(J, LlLlNc.ilS. 3d loh. 53m. Evening. loth 6h. 45m. Evening. 17th lob. 36m. Evening. 26th ih. xom. Morning-. ASPECTS OP PLANETS. EVENTS, Etc. CALENDAB FOB CALENDAB Texas. Missouri. Snn Sun Moon • Snn Snn © © m 0=) vises ^'^t*-i'sk«| rises sets. 1 Clock slo'r than Sun. © © De- clina- tion. M's .sign. High water at Xew Hav'ri 1 Frid. 2 Sat. 3 C 4Mon. 5Tiies 6 Wed. 7Thur 8 Frid. 9 Sat. 10 C 11 Mon. 12Tues ISAVed. MThur 15Frid. 16 Sat. 17 C 18|Mon. 19Tues 2(^Wed. 21Thur 22 Frid. 25 Sat. M. C 25Mon. 26Tiies 27Wed. 28Tliur 29 Frid. 30Sat. I 31| C I Fomalliaut r. G-0 ; S. 10-11 First Railroad, l!S33. ^ ^ 19th S. af. Tdn. [4-^ (^ ]) 'J, sets 5-56; 2/rises o-42. 3Iarkab S. 10-0. ^ ? 6 J) Aly-enib S. 11-i. %'a® [^3)r.l.. 23°59'S. ]) pengee. 2/ S. 11-42. Cliicago burned. "71. 3 ^ 20th Sunday after Tnniiy. 7 stars ris, 6-49 ; S. 2-15. 5 aphelion. I2 S. 0-12. i^ rises 5-39 ; 9 sets 6-29. Penn born, 1644. Catholic New Style, 1582. X. Webster born, 1758. 21st Sund. af. Tnn. USD St. Luke. l?(^3)-c?© Cornwallis sur, 1781. Altair S. 5-47 : sets 0-21. % rises 6-23 M. 2/ S. 10-45. Fomalh, S. 8-45; sets 0-46. D apogee. J)'^ [25-^ ^ J) 22d Sunday after Trinity. r24-D. Webster died. 1852. bS. 11-12; sets 5-43 M. iMetz taken, 1870. Saints Simon and Jnde. jMarkab S. 8-25 ; sets 3-20. :[31 — Virginius seized, '73. '^Sd Sunday after Trinity. 115 125 145 155 165 175 18|5 205 215 225 245 255 26'5 275 295 305 315 325 345 35|5 36i5 375 385 395 415 42^5 43'5 445 45:5 47|5 485 iiiiuru. i 491 3 14; 6 48 4 17|,6 46] 5 23.6 45jsets. ' 6 44! 6 14' 6 43i 6 5616 7 45i 6 8 44 6 9 49 |6 10 5816 mo II 42 40 39 38 36 35 34 33 31 30 29 28rise.s 5 54 6 34 7 19 9 3 10 1910 57 18,11 .57 17 mo'n 59; 2 3 4 4 1016 125 13|5 155 165 185 195 215 22^5 2315 255 26[5 275 295 305 325 335 345 365 37:5 3S;5 405 415 435 445 455 475 485 495 505 525 535 South 3 32 55 19 42 5 28 51 6 14 6 37 6 59 7 22 7 44 8 7 8 29 "K m. V5 X 8| 9 20 2110 6 4 10 47 18; U 28 2 mo'n 8 51 9 13|'Y' 9 35 9 57 « 10 19 10 40 11 in 11 23 42111 4405 4942 4| 5512 251 16 1 3 1 51 2 49 3 50 4 54 59 1 6 6 8 8 55 9 43 10 26 2:11 5 14!ll 4S 27 a f. 31 9 1 13 12 46 St 13 6 13 26 rm 13 46 14 5 14 25 ri 1 54 2 40 3 2^ 4 19 5 la 6 3 6 56 7 48- 8 41 9 31 either population or deaths. The small population in 1864 resulted from the number drav/n from the cit}'^ by the war. Year. When recognized. Population. Deaths. 1839 Sept. 20.... 1,000 4,000 G.OOO 8,01)0 8,000 10,000 10,000 5,000 22,000 ■''oO 1844 July 5 400 1847 Oct. 1 200 1853 Au;i:.s. j J'T. louis, Missorin. New Moon ad gh. 54m. Morning. First Quarter gth ah. 19m. Morning. Full Moon l6th ah. 38m. Afternoon. Last Quarter 24th 8h. 4m. Evening. CIIKA(;0, ILLlNOl:^. 2d loh. 5m. Morning. gth 2h. 30m. Morning. i6th 2h. 4gm. Afternoon. 24th 8h. 15m. Evening. ASPECTS OF PLANETS, EVENTS, Etc. CALENSAS FOB Texas. I© irises © sets. Moou, vises & sets CALENDAR Missouri. Sun Sun ©I© risesisets. Clock slo'r than Sun. © Suii'i- M's sign. IliKh water at New Ilav'u Ct. l3Ion. 2Tues 3 Wed. 4,Thur 5'Frid. 6&at. 7| O SLMon. 9Tue.s 10 Wed. 11 Thur 12Frid. 13 Sat. 141 C loMon. 16Tue.s 17|Wed. ISThur 19Frid. 20 Sat. Mon.l Tues! Wed.l Thur Frid..! Sat Mon.l TuesI AllSts. [•2-5licatiou being washed off by rains. TEXAS COMPARED WITH OTHER STATES. Perhaps we cannot better give the reader an impression of the m:i0,406 Lumber and shingles, 1,349,691 "Wheat, 2.500,000 bushels, . - - - 2,375,000 'Cotton seed cake and oil, . . - - 506,063 Sugar and molasses ------ 433,960 Miscellaneous products, ----- 672,364 $57,820,141 The foregoing exhibit will give a close and accurate idea, if not an exact estimate, of the entire exported agricultural and jtastoral wealth of Texas for the commercial year now closed. Its preparation has in no particular been slighted. Deductions to be made from this report may be briefly treated. First, and of greatest importance, is the fact that the state of Texas has con- sideralily the balance of trade in her favor. The exported products of the state are in excess of $57,000,000. A table to be found in the body of this report shows the amount of merchandise sales for the year, or the value of imports. It is found that sixty-four of the leading com- mercial points of the state sold merchandise last year amounting to some- thing in excess of $62,000,000. Galveston is not cited in this record, being regarded as a jobbing point to the trade of the interior. Deduct (as appearing' among other estimates) from Houston's jobbing aggre- gate $3,000,000 ; from Dallas, $2,000,«00 ; from Jefferson, $500,000 ; from San Antonio (selling largely to Mexico), $3,000,000 — lea\ing the remainder of the jobbing trade to points not touched in the report — and total merchandise sales for the year will aggregate upon this basis some- thing in excess of ?53. 500,000. The amount of goods sold at interior towns off the lines of railroad — that is, goods bought from jobbing points without the state, and not accounted for in our table of merchandise 32 TEXAS ALMANAC AND HAND-BOOK. sales — would swell but veiy little the above aggregate of $53. 500, 000. This, it must be understood, is gross sales. If 12,^2 per cent, be de- ducted from this gross amount of merchandise sales, inuring to the profits of handling and ordinary mercantile investment within the state, there remains as the total money outflow from the state for the year the sum of $46,81i?,500, leaving a balance of trade in favor of the state of $10,466,652. Deduct from this balance $1,339,691 as the value of native lumber and shingles — accounted for among exports liut not ag- gregated in merchandise sales — and $9,126,961 remain as about the true excess of export over import values. The money value of all ex- ports in this calculation is netted at the sources. Again, the whole state is to be credited with quite a sum of money coming from railroad expenditures to employes, from minor manufac- turing industries, from investments hy immigrants in lands and im- provements, and from various other sources. It is impossible to ac- curately estimate the sum accruing from such expenditures, but thej^ should be reckoned in explanation of heavy merchandise sales at points. of minor export importance. Taking these mone\' sources into consid- eration, it would be an inside figure to estimate the balance of trade in favor of the state at $14,000,000. Again, the spirit of improvement is abroad in the state. Expensive agricultural implements are being bought, fencing put up, excellent dwelling houses and superior farm out-buildings erected, fine stock bred and cared for, and the general material wealth of the state in- creased on every hand. This is quite an aggregate in the expenditures shown above through merchandise sales, that must be placed to account of stable personal property, and profits husbanded of agricultural and pastoral industries. In the self-sustaining features of the case, the state has no reason to- be dissatisfied with her record. She is year liy year becoming more and more self-reliant. Kansas City and St. Louis still sell largely to Texas of bacon and flour, but this trade is becoming gradually more circumscribed. The northern and northeastern portions of the state, it is found, produce corn and the cereals for export to central, southern and eastern Texas ; although nearly all sections of the state, in this par- ticular, make enough produce for home consumption. No aggregate of the state's wealth, as supplying home necessities with every day jJi'o- duce, has been attempted. The daily consumption of the state is well provided for among her minor products. The great want of Texas is manufacturing industry. AVlth the ex- ception of her flouring mills, cotton seed mills, the New Braunfels woolen mills, and three or four foundries and workshops — all success. full testimonials, however, as to what can be accomplished in this wny PRODUCTIVE WEALTH OF TEXAS. 33 — the state is altogether deficient in manufactures. Yet there is plenty of opportunity and facility in the state for the establishment and sue- oessful operation of such in a variety of lines. kState demand is ample, and the means are native here, awaiting the touch of enterprise and capital. Texas, as yet, is dependent upon the outer world for, from ax- helves to farm wagons — from the hoe to the steam engine ; yet the State abounds in mineral wealth, and the timber of the country is profuse in the best of varieties and boundless in extent. With the full achieve- ment of the manufacturing era will come the industrial glory of Texas. Finally, the State is but beginning to feel her strength and influence. Railroad construction has taken a fresh start, and industry and capital are bus}' in this important direction. Population must seek a common- wealth so grand of resource and so full of opportunity. No State in the Union offers such diversity of choice as does Texas to the skilled and industrious settler, from any and all localities ; and nowhere in the world does a field present itself with so many ready means for satisfac- tory- results. A decade are two hence, and Texas will lead the States in t only the variety but the aggregate of her wealth products. 34 TEXAS ALMANAC AND HAND-BOOK. PRODUCTIVE WEALTH OF TEXAS. Extracted from the very full and satisfactory annual statement published in the Galveston JSfews, September 1, 1879. Table Shoivbig Amoimt of Merchandise Sales in Sixty-Four Cities and Toici s in Texas, for the Year Ending August 31, 1879. Cities and Towns. Austin Brenham Bryan Beaumont Bremond. Bonham. Cuero Corpus Christi. Columbus Calvert Crockett Clarksville Corsicana •Dallas Denison Ennis Flatonia Fort Worth *Galveston Giddings .. — Georgetown Groesbeck Houston Huntsville Henderson Honey Grove .. Hearne Hempstead Indianola Jefferson Jewett Jacksonville . Mds. Sales- Approxima- tions. S3,250,000 1,350,000 1,125,000 225.000 125,000 325,000 590,000 1,200,000 425,000 800,000 315,000 300,000 1,150,000 6,907,398 1,250.000 350.000 350,000 4,150,000 18,000,000 250,000 250,000 125,000 7,000,000 350,000 600,000 225,000 400,000 350.000 1.S5,000 1,800,000 200,000 195,600 Cities and Towns. Kosse Longview. Luling Marlin Mineola Marshall Mexia McKinney Navasota Overton Orange Palestine Piano i Paris Rockdale Round Rock Richmonxl San Antonio Seguin Sherman Sulphur Springs Schulenburg Troupe Tyler Taylorsville Terrell Texarkana Victori: Wills' Point. Whitesboio AVeimar. Waco JMds. Sales— |Appi-(ixiina- tions. 160.000 400.000 300.000 500,000 325.000 750,000' 600,000 650,000 650.000 100,000 325,000 510.000 165.000 ,250,000 700,(100 450.000 125.000 ,350,000 300.000 ,860.000 300.000- 375.000 75.000' 800.000 300.000- 900,000 800,000 325.000 250. OOQ 200,000 200,000 ,125,000 * Galveston, in footiness ; or Thirty-six years in Texas and two Winters in Honduras." This book besides dte- 44 TEXAS ALMANAC AND HAND BOOK. tailing Elder Morrell's personal labors, gives the history of the organi- zation of a large number of Baptist Churches and Associations. 1873. A. S. Barnes & Co., published "A Brief History of Texas from its Earliest Settlement:" for Schools ; By D. W. C. Baker. 1874. E. H. Cashing published "Reminiscences, Sketches and Ad- dresses selected from my papers during a Ministry of forty-five years in Mississippi, Louisiana and Texas By J. R. Hutchinson, D. D." Dr. Hutchinson was for a number of years pastor of the Presbyterian church in Houston, and died in that city in 1878. 1874. The United States Publishing Company of New York published a " History of Texas, from its Discovery and Settlement; with a de- scription of its principal Cities and Counties, and the Agricultural, Min- eral, and Material Resources of the State, by J. M. Morphis." 1875. A. S. Barnes & Co., New York, published "A Texas Scrap- Book, made up of History, Biography, and Miscellany of Texas and its People. Compiled by D. W^_._Baker. ' ' 1876. The University Publishing Company, New York, issued " A Histor}' of Texas, from the Earliest Settlements to the year 1878 ; with an appendix contaming the constitution of the State of Texas, adopted September 1875. For use in Schools, and for general readers. By H. S. Thrall." 1878. The Texas Directory Company Published the Texas Business "/^ Directory, including "The Annals of Texas, by H. S. Thrall." 1879. N. D. Thompson & Co., St. Louis, pubUshed~''A Pictorial History of Texas. By Rev. H. S. Thrall, A. M." A large octavo volume, embracing an exhaustive history of the State, from the earliest \isits of European adventurers to A. D. 1879. It is conveniently divided into ten departments, briefly stated as follows : — PART I. — A general description of the country, boundaries, areas, rivers, mountains, minerals, etc., etc. PART II.— Texas under Spanish domination— 1685 to 1820. PART III. — Texas under Mexican domination — 1820 to 1834. PART IV.— The Revolution— 1835 to 1837. PART v.— Texas as a Republic— 1837 to 1846. PART VI.— Texas as a State— 1847 to 1879. PART VII.— The Texas Indians and their Tribes. PART VIII. — Biography, giving sketches of the lives of over 200 men who have been distinguished in Texas history, arranged in alpha- betical order. PART IX. — Historical sketches of all the counties, alphabetically arranged, with descriptive notes, statistics, etc. PART X. — Miscellaneous items, statistics, etc,, concerning agric il- BOOKS ON TEXAS. 45 tural products, improvements, cluirelies, schools, population, asylums, public buildings, railroads, wealth, taxes, etc. These various departments are suli-divided into chapters, and the whole abounds in illustrations of scenes throughout the State, and of men prominent in its history. Though recently published it has had and is having a very large sale in Texas and elsewhere. The following testhnonials are a fair index to the popular favor Avith •which it was received : — "It treats events in such a succinct way as to leave no room for im- provement in that direction. The book should find a place in every family of the State." — Galveston News. "As to dates, figures and facts, both personal and general, it may he -considered the most reliable yet published. It is in brief a true picture., drawn by a competent hand, of Texas — its soil, its climate, its people and their institutions ; its resources, its capabilities for sustaining a dense population. ' ' — Texas Presbyterian. "It is well written, compact, solid and valuable as statement, and there is nothing slip>-shod or catch-jjenny about the book.'^ — St. Louis Republican. "Five hundred copies of the work have been sold in Travis County, and the work has become each day more popular," — Daily (Austin) Statesman. "It stands without a rival or competitor." — Burnet Bulletin. "It fully meets the expectations of the public. It is not only the .latest, but beyond question, the best history of the State ever written, and should find a place in every library in the State, public and private." — Denison Daily Neios. "It is emphatically a history of Texas, including every kiiid of informa- tion pertaining to the State, her products, improvements, soils, resour- ces, &c. There is scarcely any information concerning the State that cannot be gleaned from its pages. Of all the histories of Texas yet written, and there are many, this is the fuJ I est and completest, and so far as we can judge, the fairest." — Denison Daily Herald. "Having visited nearly every locality represented, and having been personally acquainted with many of the chai-acters whose faces grace its pages, we can vouch for the faithfullness of the artist who su2)ervised this portion of the ivork." — Texas Christian Advocate. "Mr. Thrall has devoted more time to Texas history than any man in ■or out of the State. His book should be in the hands of every one de- sirous of being thoroughly posted on the history of this great and o-row- ing commonwealth." — San Antonio Herald. 46 TEXAS ALMANAC AND HAND-BOOK. '•'We regard it as far superior to any history heretofore written of the State. It is bound to have a large sale both iu and out of Texas." — Daily (Austin) State Gxizette. We commend the book as being surprisingly comprehensive and ex- haustive in detail ; in fact, it is the finest model of a State history we ever saw." — Gatesville Sun. The work is a credit to both the author and publishers, and should find a place in the library of every citizen of Texas." — Henrietta Journal. " Five hundred copies have been sold in this Coxmty., and nearly as. many in every County in the State that has been canvassed. It is a work that should be in the house of every family in Texas." — Simay Leader. I haui I saw All the above were bound volumes and it is probable a number have been omitted. Besides these the author has any number of pamphlets, personal sketches, local histories, &c. Among the sources of historical information it would be wrong to- omit the " Texas Almanac " published at the office of the Galveston News ; Annually from 1867 to 1861 ; and from 1867 until 1873. That publication gives a current history of the times as well as a large num- ber of valuable historical documents of an earlier period. In this connection we ought also to mention the newspapers, with which Texas has been well supplied almost from its earliest settlement. In 1827 a paper was printed for a short time in Nacogdoches ; and one in Brazoria in 1833, which was discontinued in consequence of the chol- era epidemic of the next year. October 10, 1835 the first number of the Texas Telegraph was issued at San Felipe, by Baker & Borden. It was subsequently removed to Harrisburg, and a number had just been worked off from the press when the town was taken by Santa Anna, and burned. It next reappeared during the summer of 1836 at Columbia, and remained there until the seat of government was transferred to Houston when it became permanently located at that place. For a quarter of a century it was edited by Dr. Francis Moore, Jr. , with great ability. It was of incalculable benefit to Texas during the republic and subsequent to annexation. In 1838 the G^alveston Civilian appeared and in a few years becauie a daily, the first daily in the State. For thirty years Hamilton Stuart, was its editor in chief. For a few years past Mr. Stuart has been upon the editorial staff of the Galveston News. The News was started in 1838 by Mr. Case, but soon became the jiroperty of Willard Richardson, under whose management it became the leading paper in the State. Mr. IX. died in Galveston in 187 — . FARMING IN TEXAS. 47 In 1840 there were twelve newspapers in the Hepuhlio ; nsfoUows: two in Austin; three in Houston; two in Galveston; und one each in San Augustine, Brazoria, San Louis, Matagorda, Riclimond and "Wash- ington. In 1870 there were one hundred and twelve papers in the State. In 1873 there were 108 Democratic i)apers ; 12 Republican; G Neutral in politics ; 4 Religious, and 2 devoted to Agriculture. Since that per- iod there have been in the neighboorhood of two hundred different papers published in the State. The number is constantly varying, as new papers spring into being and. some of the older ones are discontinued. FARMING IN TEXAS. It is now nearly sixty _years since the Anglo-Americans settled in Central and Eastern Texas. During all that period there has not been a single total failure of crops. Tliere have been short crops, and par- tial failures in some localities, but we believe there has been no year in which there was not sufficient corn and other provisions raised for home consumption. In a series of ten 3'ears, the reports of the Agricultural Bureau place the average production of corn at about twenty-three bushels per acre. With the increase of population, there has been a steady increase of production, both of corn and cotton, our principal agricultural products. The year 1879 has been an exceptionally dry year in Texas. From the middle of May to the second week in August there were no general rains. Showers fell in places, but crops were cut short b}' a severe drouth. In the crop reports which appeared from time to time during this excessive drouth, we noticed this observation often repeated: " Farmers who broke up their ground thoroughly' and earl}' in the win- ter, will make fair crops." In a long residence in Texas, we have often heard the same observation. Deep and early plowing will insure crops almost any season, in any part of Texas. But the seasons here are long, and corn ma?/, possibly, make a good crop, planted at any time from the first of February to the first of May and even later. Tlie planter who wishes to be sure of a remunerative cro}). must run his plow deep, and begin early in the winter to ])reak up his ground. After advising the farmer to begin early, and plow his ground thor- oughly, it is hardly necessary to say much more. The exercise of good common sense, and the knowledge gained from observation and experi- ence, will guide him in cultivating his crop. The first thing is to get a good stand, and as early as the young plant will grow off vigorously. 48 TEXAS ALMANAC AND HAND-BOOK. After that a vigorous campaign must be prosecuted against weeds, which^ in tiiis rich soil, grow with great rapidity. Especially after a rain must cultivators and hoes be kept moving. In ordinary seasons, after the ground has been thoroughly gone over and the crop reduced to a stand, there will be but little trouble in keeping it in a healthy and growing condition. MANUFACTURES. It must be acknowledged that Texas does not take a high rank as a manufacturing State ; and the reason is obvious. Other pursuits are more certain in their results, and more profitable. No man will work in a factory for forty or fifty cents a day when he can make sevent}^- five cents or a dollar working in a cotton field ; and no capitalist will put his money in factories to yield an income of ten or twelve per cent, when he can put it in a sheep or cattle ranch and realize 20 or 30 per cent. Still there are some factories, and as the country becomes more densely populated, Texas is destined to become an extensive manufac- turing S.tate. We have the timber for furniture ; the wool and cotton for cloth ; the iron, coal, etc. ; the water power in almost unlimited quantities, and in the immediate neighborhood of the largest cotton plantations, and most numerous floclvs of sheep, and where living is as- cheap as at any place on the Continent. FoundHes. — One of the first attempts to open a foundry was at Kel- leyville, near Jefferson, where there is an inexhaustible supply of iron ore. A foundry and blast furnace was put in operation here in 1860, working from the native ore, and now manufacturing plows, country hollow ware, cooking and heating stoves, etc., in extensive quantities. This foundry consumes annually 700 tons of pig-iron, besides other metals entering into the business of production. Another immense mountain of valuable iron ore is found near Rusk,. Cherokee County, where furnaces were operated during the war. The new penitentiary, recently erected there, was with a view of utilizing the labor of convicts in the management of furnaces. There are also furnaces at Dallas, Sulphur Springs, Houston, and other i:4aces. Nearly every neighborhood in the State has its Mills for grinding flour and meal for home consumption. With the rapid increase in the production of wheat in the last few 3-ears merchant mills have multiplied, and elevators have been erected for the handling aui shipment of grain. Dallas has Mills with a capacit}^ for manufacturing about four hundred MANUFACTURES. 49 barrels of flour per day ; Sherman about the same ; Waco 350 ; Fort Worth 250; Houston 200; Terrell 175; and a number of other cities manufacture a greater or less amount. The first Cotton Seed Oil Mills put in operation were at Hempstead, in 1860. In 1878-9 those mills turned out 4,800,000 pounds of oil cake ; and 250,000 gallons of oil. There are also Oil Mills at B*yan, Calvert and some other points. There was one at Brenham, but it was not profitably managed, and was finall}^ consumed by fire. Thousands upon thousands of tons of Cotton seed are annually lost in Texas for want of mills to convert it into cake and oil. Before the war the only Cotton compress in the State was at Galves- ton ; now every leading Cotton Shipping point on the line of our numer- ous railways, has a compress, and some of them two A number of factories have at different times been erected for the manufacture of Cotton thread and cloth ; but we regret to state that they have not been remarkably successful. During the war a good many machines for carding wool were intro- duced, and it is possible some of them are still in use to supply a home demand for rolls. The most successful woolen manufactory is at New Braunfels. These mills turned out during the year 86,500 j^ards cas- simeres, worth $77,850 ; 850 pairs blankets, worth $3,825 ; making the value of the mills total production $81,675. The success of this in- dustry is positive assurance of the ability of the south to manufacture with profit from the raw material, with capital properly invested and properly managed. There are also woolen mills in successful operation at Sulphur Springs. The statistics of our manufacturing interests are exceedingly meager. The first report of the comptroller of the State in which tools, machinery, &c., is mentioned was for the year 1876; and these items were then mentioned in connection with wagons, carriages, &c., and the total value was $5,652,902. In 1877 the vehicles were reported separately and their value amounted to $4,919,446; while manufacturing ma- chinery, tools, etc. amounted to $3,955,874; and the manufactured ar- ticles on hand and subject to taxation to $307,802. In 1878 the value of machinery, tools, etc. is $3,946,253 ; and the value of manufactured articles on hand, $352,927. An inspection of the comptroller's report for 1878 shows that twenty- one counties have machinerj', tools, etc., worth over $50,000 ; as follows : Bell. $51,790; Bowie, $50,656; Cherokee, $52,425; Collins, $56,840; Dallas, $193,600; Denton, $52,604 ; Ellis, $82,630 ; Fannin, $76,686; Fayette, $68,375; Galveston, $239,274; Grayson, $129,905; Harris, $110,940; Hill, $62,688; Hunt, $53,428; Lamar, $53,428; McLennan,' $172,559; Navarro, $90,264; Red River, $50,788; Robertson, $79,680; 00 TEXAS ALMANAC AND HAND-BOOK. Tarrant, $102,193; Travis, $131,820. Other counties range, from Washington with $49,250 worth, down to a few hundred dollars. An inspection of the above figures shows that a large proportion of the "machinery" reported consists of agricultural implements. We have no report of the actual value of manufactured products in our State ; but as this industry is developed probably, we shall be furnished with more accurate information. TEXAS A RESORT FOR INVALIDS. From the earliest settlement of Texas its salubrious climate had made it a favorite resort for invalids, especially those threatened with pul- monary affections — that fatal disease which, in the severe climate of the North, carries off so large a proportion of the population. We give one example: In 1817 David G. Bvu^net entered Texas in such feeble health that he was ur.able, without assistance, to mount a horse. For nearly two years he led a roving life with a friendly band of Comanche Indians. At the end of tliat time his health was so perfectly restored that he de- termined to make Texas his permanent home. He lived for more than fifty years, and was the first President of the Republic. He died in Galveston in 1870. Another and scarcely less distinguished statesman. William H. Wharton, came to Texas an in^-alid — found restored health, and lived to render invaluable service to his adopted country. There are hundreds, if not thousands, now living in Texas who owe their lives to ourhealthrestoring, life-renewing climate. But it is true that of the thousands who annually come here for their health, not a few find graves. They come too late ; when the fatigue of the trip, and the dis- comforts to which they may be subjected, are too great for their enfeebled constitutions. There is a difference of opinion, even among our own experienced physicians, as to the best portion of Texas for invalids to spend the winter. For those very feeble, it would probably be better to go to the lower country and spend the cold weather in immediate proximity with a sugar house, wher^ they could inhale its atmosphere, and be com- paratively free from the effects of the severe northers of the prairie region. Others who have sufficient vitali^A" to endure a more active life would do well to prepare themselves for camping out, provide ample means for hunting and fishing and start for the rarer and dryer atmosi)here of the mountainous regions of Western Texas. It will be best to pitch their camp in locations well protected by timber, and when an occa- -ri^s. '•'■7^i BOWEN'S BEND. SAN ANTONIO RIVER. ANSWER TO INQUIRIES ABOUT TEXAS. 61 sional severe norther prevails, remain in camps, but during the pleasant weather of the fall and winter spend the time in fishing and hunting, and live upon the game thus secured. To those who have a taste for these sports this will be very pleasant ; and for invalids nothing is more conducive to their health and good digestion than the wild meat. And if these hunting parties penetrate the range of the buffaloes they may not only find restored health and the greatest abundance of food, but by saving the peltries be able to remunerate themselves for the expenses of the trip. We believe all our physicians advise invalids coming to Texas to take plenty of out-door exercise. No evil consequences result from sleeping In the open air. The more the invalid can live out-doors, the better the prospect of his recovery. ANSWER TO INQUIRIES ABOUT TEXAS. Hon. C. R. Stewart of Montgomery County has been for more than forty years a resident of Texas ; much of the time in public office. In 1870 the Texas Almanac published a letter from Dr. Stewart, in answer to inquiries about Texas, which we republish, as follows : 1. Extent of Territory, Soil, &c. — In the vast and comprehensive territory of the State of Texas — extending eastward and westward eight hundred miles, and more than six hundred miles from south to north — there is almost every variety, character and description of country, com- bined with an unsurpassed wealth of soil, and hence possessing an almost unlimited capacity for growing profitably all of the productions of the temperate zones. To these advantages are to be added those of rearing all species of live stock with great facility and at little cost upon our great and luxuriant natural pastures. Numerous and well attested instances are to be found all over the State of frugal and careful persons who have risen in a few years from poverty to independence, even to large wealth, from a beginning of a few head of cattle and sheep. 2. As to Prairies and Timber Lands. — In the western and nothern parts of the State the prairies are very extensive ; they may be said to be immense, with wide -'bottoms" of timber on the rivers and streams. Prairies of lesser extent, surrounded by and intermixed with woodlands, are to be found in the middle sections, and ""open," post-oak timbered lands diversify the character of the country in many portions of the State. There are in Eastern Texas, beginning on the San Jacinto and Trinity j'lvors, whole counties of woodlands, abounding in valuable pine, cypress, 52 TEXAS ALMANAC AND HAND-BOOK. white, and red, and other oaks, ash, elm. hickory — white and bhack mul- berry, cedar, beech, dogwood, magnolia, holly, ironwood, bois d'arc, with river access to market by light draft steamers. 3. Soil — Our prairies and timbered lands embrace, to a considerable extent, like varieties of soils, among them the noted rich, black adhesive land — as black as that of the' Mohawk valley of the State of New York — but far more tenacious and enduring — and red lands of like description, fertility and durability. These lands have been extensively cropped through a long series of years without having been manured, and they do not show sj'mptoms of exhaustion. The sandy or lighter soils are extensively fertile, and all of them have proven to be much more pro- ductive than like soils in the Carolinas and Georgia. The^e are gener- ally sustained by clay foundation near the surface, and hence, whenever it becomes necessary to renew them with fertilizers, an easy restoration of their productiveness will be practicable. 4. Yield to the Acre. — Our ordinary uplands, " cultivated in a far- mer-like manner," will yield, without manure, fifteen to twenty bushels of corn to the acre, and from seven to nine hundred j^ounds of seed cot- ton to the acre. These are low averages for favoral)le seasons, but I would rather speak within than exceed the proper averages. Our farmers sa}', that if the same thorough cultivation was afforded to our thinner soils which our richer lands encourage to bestow upon them, much larger averages would attend these two main productions. The yield of our richer land, under the present s^'stem of cultivation, is double, and sometimes treble that of the thinner lands — say fort}' ■ to sixty bushels of corn, and two to three thousands pounds seed cotton, or about five hundred pound of lint to the acre. Since the prevalence of the cotton worm, our average of cotton has been materially lessened ; but, with the enhanced price of the staple prevailing over the prices obtained at fornaer periods when the worms did not molest the crop, the cotton we save affords about the same amount of net returns. 5. As to low and malarious and elevated, and healthy districts of coun- try. — Level plains and prairies intersected and drained by i-ivers and deep channels extend inward from the coast and northwardly a hundred miles or more. These are succeeded at first by a slightly undulating country, which becomes more elevated as you proceed northward into the interior, finally attaining, in the north-western portion of the State, a, mountainous' character. In all of these districts of country agricultu- ral and stock-raising pursuits munificently repay our labor and care, and frugal and industrious husbandmen and stock raisers are everywhere becoming independent and wealthy. 6. Health of the country, of its cities and towns, malarious districtc, &c. — It may be safely said that the \)eopie of no State in the Union, or out- KITCHEN gakdp:ning. 53: side of it, enjoy a higher standard of general health. Consumption, that dreaded disease of so many of the States, rarely or ever originates^ in Texas, and many who come here predisposed, or suffering in incipient conditions of consumption, are restored to health and live out their proper natural lives. •' Winter" and typhoid fevers very seldom prevail as epedemics, and the casfes that do occasionally appear do not prove of the stubborn and protracted character that attends them in the older States. Endemical diseases are few, and in general they are easily and quickly subdued. "We have nothing of the swampy, marshy, or malar- ious districts of South Carolina, Georgia or other Southern States. KITCHEN GARDENING. Every farmer, and even every tenant upon a farm should have a kitch- en garden. This patch should be fenced in, thoroughly manured, and well broken up, either by sub-soiling or with a spade. In southern Texas a number of seeds may be put in the ground in January, such as English peas, lettuce, beets, raddishes, onion sets, salsify, leeks, etc., etc. The same seeds may be planted in February, with the addition of early corn, Irish potatoes, and tomatoes in beds. In March and April all kinds of garden vegetables may be planted ; tomatoes, cabbage, early sweet potatoes, from sprouts, egg plants, peppers, squashes, etc. Late in April and in May all kinds of melons, cucumbers, etc., may be put in the ground ; and for a succession of crops, beets, peas, beans, oarrots, large corn, etc. The summer months are usually too hot and dry for successful gai-dening, except where the ground can be irrigated. When the fall rains set in the gardener must improve the season ta plant turnips, onions, leeks, parsnips, kale, borecolo, salsify, spinach, etc. Lettuce, mustard, radishes, etc., ma^- also do well, if the fall is- late. Probably ;io part of the farm contributes so much to the comfort and support of the family as a well cultivated, and carefully tended, kitchen garden. MARKET GARDENING. Those who have engaged in raising A'egetables for the market in the neigborhood of our large cities have found it exceedingly remunerative. Before the late civil war this business was carried on almost exclusively 54 TEXAS ALMAISTAC AND HAND-BOOK. in western Texas by Germans. The American farmer devoted himself to the cultivation of cotton. Recently, however gardening is becoming a regular branch of business with all classes of our citizens. The genial climate, and inexhaustible soil is very favorable to gardening. Ordinary garden vegetables, fruits, etc. may be produced from one month to six weeks earlier here than in more northern latitudes. There is no reason why Texas should not supply tons of vegetables for northern cities, while those cities are still suffering the rigors of winter. Hitherto our railways have not offered such inducements in the way of cheap and rapid transit as to encourage the trade in vegetables. But this will, un- doubtely soon be done. The north will demand these early vegetables. We can furnish them in unlimited quantities ; and the lines of transpor- tation will find it to their interest to furnish extra trains or extra cars for this special business. The product of one acre cultivated in garden vegetables will realize the farmer as much as ten acres cultivated in cot- ton or corn ; and there are millions of acres along the lines of our rail- roads admirably adapted to this business. IMPROVED STOCK. Thirty years ago the stock men of Texas paid but little attention to the improvement of the grade of their stock. Nor was it necessary. One hundred or one thousand dollars invested in common cattle, mares, or sheep, would, with very little attention, be worth at least two hun- dred or two thousand at the end of the second year ; and this was con- sidered but a moderate increase. The range was .inexhaustible. But the settlement of the country, and the fencing in of so large a portion of the land, now makes it important to give attention to the grade of stock. A cow worth one hundred dollars will eat no more and require put little more attention than one worth ten dollars. So of horse stock. An animal worth one hundred dollars can be as chcaplj^ raised as one Worth fifteen or twenty. And so of sheep. Gradually, our stock men are improving their breeds. The old, tliin, slab-sided hog of the i)rairie has disappeared, and in his place we now see fine specimens of the best improved breeds. So of the sheep, the long-haired Mexican ewe is seldom met with ; but in her place we see the best Merino, and other improved grades. The Spanish mare is occasionally seen in the West, but generally attended by a fine stallion — so gradually, our stocks are improving in value. But we are still far behind other States. In Rhode Island the average price of horses is $93.35 — in Texas only $27.45 : less THE AISTGORA GOAT. 55 than any other State. The next lowest is California, where the average is $40.94. In New Jersey the average price of milk cows is S41.50 — in Texas $27.45. The State ranking next to Texas is Florida, where the cows average $15.75. Sheep in New Jersey average $4.46: in Texas $2.09. The lowest average is in California, $1.52. In twelve other States the average price is below Texas, showing that Texas is rapidly raising lier grades of wool and sheep. In Massachusetts the average price of hogs is $13.86 : in Texas $3.67 : in Florida $2.59. In the report of the Agri- cultural Bureau oxen are ranked with other cattle as beef steers. Tuc average price of such cattle in Rhode Island is $44.90 : in Texas $10.72, and in Florida $8.07. We give these figures as an indication to the stock raisers of our State of the value to which their various classes of stock may be raised by proper attention to breeds and culture. THE ANGORA GOAT. In 1849 eight head of these goats were brought to Austin, Texas, by Mr. R. Williamson, agent of a Tennessee company. They were then known as the Cashmere Shawl Goat. With these and the occasional importation of others, the goat has become generally distributed through Texas. There is a fine flock at the Leon Springs, in Bexar County. In October, 1875, Mr. J. W. Dunn, of Corpus Christi, imi)orted a small flock purchased from Col. Robert W. Scott, of Frankfort, Ken- tucky. After four years' experience, Mr. Dunn says : "I find them to be both healthy and hardy — standing our wet northers better than the common goat. The males will shear about five pounds and the females about three and a half pounds, each. My last spring clip was sold to Messrs. Kitching Brothers, of New York, for seventy cents per pound, for the entire lot. And this when the best Texas improved wool from sheep sold at eighten cents. The goat is nearly omnivorous, eating almost every shrub, and can live with but little grass. There are in Texas millions of acres of rough, hilly countr}-^ admirably adai)ted to range for goats ; and where nothing else could be made to live. The goat is naturally a hardy animal, and free from the diseases so destruc- tive to flocks of sheep. The Angora is a success in California, and from my experience I have no hesitation in saying they can be made as profitable in Texas as in California, or even Natalia, their native Asiatic home." 56 TEXAS ALMANAC AND HAND-BOOK. TEXAS NURSERIES. Before the late civil war the attention of Texas farmers was devoted almost exclusively to the production of the great staples — corn, cotton and sugar ; though a few planted peaches, figs, etc. in the southern part of the state, and with them some pears, apples, plums, etc. in other sections. About 1854 Mr. Thomas Aftleck, a native of Scotland, removed from Mississippi, where he had been engaged in the nursery business, to the neighborhood of Gay Hill, AVashington County, bring- ing many of his plants with him and on a maguiflcent tract of land commenced the cultivation of fruit, etc. He was just getting his bus- iness well under way when the war came on and interrupted its suc- cessful prosecution. Mr. Aftleck published numerous communications on the subject of fruit culture, and a small book on hedging and had he lived, would have contributed largely to the prosperity of the state. He died soon after the war ; but he had, in the meantime distributed thousands of the best varieties of fruit bearing trees throughout the state. Soon after the close of the war, Mr. William Watson started the Rosedale Nursery near Brenham ; Mr. A. Whitaker commenced a simi- lar business at Houston ; Mr. G. Ouderdonk, in Mission Valley, Vic- toria County ; Mr. Ammon Burr, first near Port Lavaca, in Calhoun County, but soon removed to Dallas. Mr. Burr died in the Spring of 1879. Mr. J. W. Brice has a nursery at Terrell, Kaufman County. Two years ago Dr. Perl, a native of Hungary, engaged in the business, near Galveston. Of his success we find the following account in a newspaper : "The success of his venture has been watched by many and the wine he exhibited at the last pomological fair, made from the Concord grape of but 18 months growth, proved what may be the crowning result of his new enterprise. In an inclosure of fifteen acres are two hundred di:fferent varieties of grapes, including vines from cuttings imported from Persia, Hungary and other far eastern countries, prospering and growing side by side with domestic varieties. Dr. Perl, through scien- tific culture, is testing the adaptability of this soil to the growth of all tropical fruits. He has many rare plants from China, which are flourish- ing. Orange, lemon and bannana trees now bearing. Pineapple grow- ing beautifully ; cherries, domestic and Japan ])lums, quinces, peaches, apricots, figs, chestnuts, walnuts, almonds, filberts, pecans and the Japan persimmon, called in its native country, "the fruit of the gods.' " All these foreign fruits are thriving, and though yet too young to bear, seem to be doing as well as though in their native soil. His extensive greenhouse is a perfect museum of rai-e and, to this country, exceeding- SUGAR-CANE CULTURE. 57 ly odd plants, among which is the coffee plant, growing luxuriantly, but not yet bearing. The doctor and naturalist has many varieties of orange trees, one particularly noticeable for its .dwarfish proportions, one tree being pointed out, the altitude of which would not exceed six inches, yet bearing two large and fully matured oranges. SUGAR-CAXE CULTURE ON THE RIO GRANDE. In the latter part of 1869, Mr. Geo. Brulay started a cotton ranche on the Rio Grande, below Brownsville, but owing to ravages of the worm the enterprise did not succeed. Mr. Brulay then determined to try the cultivation of sugar-cane. Against the advice of old settlers, who declared the land unsuitable, in 1874 he planted twenty-five or thirty acres of cane. It grew splendid!}^, some of it to the height of ten to eighteen feet. That year he made a considerable quanty of piloncillo^ a dark sugar much esteemed by Mexicans, who prefer it to ordinary kinds. The next year he doubled his acreage, and ordered a well and pump for irrigation. Being inexperienced in the business he labored under great disadvantages. That year he made a large quantity, equal to best Louisiana, which found ready sale in New York. He has increased his acreage from j-ear to year, and by irrigating has never failed to realize an increased production. The sugar-plant grows from five to seven years without replanting ; and when properly cultivated and irrigated the yield per acre is about 3,000 pounds. Mr. Brulay' s last year's crop amounted to over 300,000 pounds of choice sugar from about one hundred and ten acres of cane. He believes the Rio Grande Valley can be made without exception the garden of the world. BEE CULTURE. Texas is a very fine country for Bees. When first visited by the Ameri- cans swarms Avere found in large numbers. They are said to be the pio- neers of civilization. They are still found in the unsettled portions of the State. But they have many depredators. Not only does man, but wild beasts, especially bear, rob their delicious stores. We give an instance related by Rev. Jonas Dancer, formerly of Llano County. He had dis- covered a swann whose entrance was at an almost inaccessible point in a cliff of the Pack saddle mountain. With diflflculty he succeeded in erect- 58 TEXAS ALMANAC AND HAND-BOOK. ing a ladder so as to reach the cavity. It was late in the evening, and he concluded to wait until morning to rob the bees. During the night bruin discovered the ladder and devoured the honey. We have often wondered that so little attention is paid to Bee culture. If this is a profitable business in New England and Canada, where for four months in the year the earth is covered with snow, it certainly must be in Texas where flowers bloom every month, and during most of the j^ear in the greatest profusion. In the AVest, even during periods of the sevei-est droughts, the common shrubs and growth of that region bear a succession of flowers — such as the Ouesatche, the Mesquit, the Ebony, and the thousand varieties of the Cactus. This branch of bus- mess has not been altogether neglected. In almost every neighborhood a few swarms ma,y be found, though very little attention is paid to them and they seem to live merelj'' from their natural tenacity to life. As to their houses : some are placed in emptj'- flour barrels, with sticks across them ; others in discarded goods boxes, similarly prepared ; others in hollow trees sawed off ; others in oblong boxes made by sawing off four pieces of plank, and nailing another across the top ; and then again, others go to the expense of purchasing some one of the numerous pat- ent bee palaces. As to the place — they may be seen scattered promis- cuously about in the fence corners ; under shade trees ; in front yards, back yards, gardens, and in some instances, are left just where they happen to light when they are placed in their box, or whatever has been prepared for their reception. As to the care which they receive — in many instances it amounts to about this : they are hived when the}^ swarm, and robbed when the necessities of the family demand hone3^ Up to the present time very few persons in Texas have made the cul- ture of bees a specialty. A few have tried experiments with the Italian, and others, crossing them with the common bees ; and the experiments are said to have proved very satisfactory. A few years since, Kemp, who lived in the city of Brennan, tried some colonies of these bees, and it was said he shipped honey to market by the barrel. We occasionally 0see notices in the papers of the shipment of honey, but have no statis- tics of'the honey or beeswax products of the State. A newspaper para- graph — July, 1879 — says a man in Delta County took to market at one time eighty gallons of honey. The same man is reported to have three hundred stands of bees. Another statement went the rounds of the Texas press about the same time, to the effect that a gentleman in Fort Bend County had taken to market three tons of liouey from' seventy-one stands of bees, and expected to take another ton before the season closed. The capacit)'^ of Texas for the production of honey is almost illim- PRODUCTION OF PRECIOUS METALS. 59 itable. It is said that in some districts on the continent of Europe there are as many as thirty- stands of bees to the acre. There, of course, there must ha^-e been special pains tal^en to raise flowers and fruits for the bees. But suppose that in Texas we had one stand to the acre ; or even produced one pound of honey to tlie acre — the honey would be wortli $20,000,000 — as much as our corn crop. It is a beau- tiful business ; one that can be prosecuted with very little capital ; and every familj', even of renters, might have a few stands of bees. It is a business in which ladies may, pleasantty and profitably, engage. If those females who are killing themselves over sewing machines or cook- ing stoves would select a good location, and secure a few stands of bees and give them their attention, they would find in this out-door employ- ment renewed health, and a competency. In almost all i)arts of Texas, scientific men, and amateur apiarists, have colonies of Italian bees, from whom swarms can be obtained at reasonable prices. As to the profit of the business, much depends upon the season, the. location, etc. A vei-y large and thrifty swarm, in a very favorable year, maj- make $20 worth of hone}', one-half of which might be taken.- An average of $5 per annum, for a swarm, would be a pretty fair estimate. A stand will cost $5 ; will jn'oduce $5 worth of honey and another swarm worth $5 every year. Perhaps it would not be advisable for those ■entering upon the business to spend much money in building houses for protection and purchasing what are called ))ee })alaces. The fact that the bee seems to do ver}- well wild in the woods in hollow trees, and crevices in the rocks, shows that it is not very choice in its house. Begin upon a cheap scale, and gradually improve as experience and observation show to be practicable and necessary to success. PRODUCTION OF PRECIOUS METALS. Some very interesting figures on the production of i)recious metals have been given by Dr. Adolph Soetbeer. It is estimated by good authorities that prior to 1492 there were no more than $105,000,000 of specie in Europe available for exchange. Since that time and up to 1878 the production of gold is put at $6,012,193,087, and of silver at $7,970,429,920. It is interesting to note the production of each cen- tury since the discovery of America. Before that time the yield of all the mines of the world was less thtvn the requirements of trade. The modern history of gold and silver begins with the unlocking of the stores of the New World by Columbus. The total production ,in the one hundred and eight years from 1493 to 1600 amounted to $501,093,- 60 TEXAS ALMANAC AND HAND-BOOK. 248 gold, an average of $4,645,307 per annum, and $979,024,900 in. silver, an average of $9,065,045. For the one huridred years from 1601 to 1700 it amounted to $606,314,580 gold, an average of $6,063,145 per annum, and $1,596,407,750 silver, an average of $15,964,077. In the- one hundred years, 1701 to 1800, the production aggregated $1,262,- 806,400 gold, an average of $12,628,064 per annum, and $2,445,371,- 337 silver, an average of $24,453,413 per annum. In the seventy years, 1801 to 1878, the yield was $4,278,038,135 gold, an average of $54,- 846,642 per annum, and $2,969,306,913 silver, an average of $38,068,- 037 per annum. It is during the past twenty-eight years that the pro- duction of the precious metals has been most surprising, as the follow- ing table, giving the returns by decades, will show : Gold. Silver, 1801 to 1810. $11,815,258 $38,336,681 1811 to 1820 7,606,347 23,185,5ia 1821 to 1830 9,447,953 19,746,510 1831 to 1840 13,484,069 25,572,693 1841 to 1850 36,392,831 33,460,293 1851 to 1860 134,107,307 38,396,8ia 1861 to 1870 125,284,742 52,312,537 1871 to 1878 112,081,618 82,400,000 I « « » EXAMPLES OF SUCCESSFUL FARMING IN TEXAS. (republished from Richardson's texas almanac for 1872.) Judge William M. Taylor, of Crocket, Houston County, says, " B. W. Neal, a white man, cultivated last year, in this county, four acres in cotton and four in corn. He is sixty-three years old, and nearly blind from sore eyes. His land is upland, and what we call poor. His crop was 2,100 pounds lint cotton and 150 bushels corn. James H. Murray, fifty years old, his son nineteen years, and a negro woman near sixty years, raised last year 19 bales of cotton of 500 pounds each, and 600 bushels of corn, besides a large crop of potatoes, and abundance of vegetables. The Bonham (Fannin County) News says, "A planter on Red River, Mr. Z. B. Sims, is cultivating 42 acres of cotton and 20 acres of corn to the hand with his new patent plow. The corn it is esti- mated, will make 60 bushels per acre, 1,200 bushels in all. The cotton, say 30 bales to 40 acres. The corn will bring him, at 50 cent per bushel, $600 ; and the cotton, at 15 cents per pound. $2,250 ; making, in all, the snug little sura of $2,840. If we subtract the expenses, say one third of the above amount, we have $1,700 left for the producer — the result of one man's labor." EXAMPLES OF SUCCESSFUL FARMING IN TEXAS. 61 Messrs. Carroll & Doughert}' give us the following instance in Denton County, to which, we presume, should be added the usual value of the increase of stock of all kinds, such as good farmers generally have, namely, about S500 : "Mr. Brumly, in January, 1869, purchased a tract of 210 acres, with 45 acres in cultivation, for $1,500. The farm during the year was cul- tivated by himself and his two sons, (bo3-s,) and hired labor to the value of §140. On the first day of January following, after reserving one year's supplies, the value of products was as follows : Cotton $1600 00 Corn, 400 bushels 200 00 Oats, 300 bushels 120 00 Potatoes, 100 bushels 50 00 Sorghum, 50 gallons 37 50 Peas, 10 bushels 10 00 Total product S2017 50 Deduct price of farm and hired labor 1640 00 Excess of crop above value of farm $377 50 *' This is only one instance among many we could give in this county." A citizen of Tarrant County gives us an instance of 80 acres in corn and 40 in wheat, cultivated by a freedman, assisted by five common hands. They made 5,000 bushels of corn; but the grasshoppers de- stroyed most of the wheat, but for which they would have harvested about 500 bushels of wheat. The corn was worth about $4,000, and the wheat, if saved, $1,000. This shows what freedmen may do in Texas if they will work. Mr. Sawyer, from Illinois, bought 100 acres in Bell County, on the Lampasas, four miles south of Belton, and paid $700 for the land, on the 10th of June, 1867, and with his own labor alone he fenced and cul- tivated thirty acres that year, after building a cabin to live in. He raised and harvested 1,500 bushels of corn, with 100 ])ushels of potatoes and vegetables, etc., for his family. The labor of cultivation, including the breaking up of the ground and harvesting, took but three months of the 3'ear. His crop at the time of gathering was worth, at the home market price, $850. In Wise County, Mr. Bradstreet, with no help but his little boy, has raised on a rented farm eleven bales of cotton, besides an abundance of corn and vegetables for his own nse. In the same county, Mr. I. B. Riddle, with a small boy, his son, raised last 3^ear 1,200 bushels of corn and 500 bushels of oats, together with vegetables and some other products. In the same county, Mr. Smith, with a colored boy, has raised this vear 900 bushels of corn, 400 bushels of wheat, and 500 bushels of oats. 62 TEXAS alma:n^ac and hand-book. STATE AND COUNTY STATISTICS. The area of the State of Texas according to the latest estimates is 269,694 square miles. This includes a water area in the inland bays of 2,692 square miles. The following summar^^ of property and value thereof is taken from the report of the comptroller for 1878- : ?o; -, _, =5 z';s s; o o_ — -^ ^ o o — -^ ^— ^ — -^ — .^ ~-- .^^ — - — . c^^ ^ — — o -ei o e^i »K ^' * t* — — ^ "M O O* *^* ""■' *"* T"! *""' 1 '^ ~"* "* ■* o o" o in )« o -T I- o o ri o ^ ft 3: •': 1 - " -f X -ri ri —ft — r- t^ o 45 1-. 71 o -. X ^t--vi^ -r r: Ti I- w o r-^ Ti n o Ciro ^.. S 1 r;' -+■ ic s^i cc o «r T— ' re 1 -:' d -m' ^' -*' m ic :^' xT o' lO QO" 'M*^ OCCCO Ot^Or-iOri CO r-irtX inio'i-T '^1 i S= S s&i ct • 't : o vm'm ^•i i~ ! • o vr. o -t< ci ~ . . z; vj . c^ --* ^ tc * * o • . CI o rc ~" » -t o * II I D '^ t-^ : "* -+' rH : : o' -o -r o i- o : ^ : :?or-H ci -T" . : : 1— 1 ^ re : : 1 0—0000000 0003—00 c ■- 'M O -T;! a5 o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o ^ 1'-.= W -t (^ :^ -P r" x' ~i re i>^ "' i~' >"' -f- o ~ v: — • i5 ir •ci o X M ct f^ . j.x ^ ^ 0; ^. re X T'l ' t — -Tx T) c~. r*^ ^^ o i~" X TJ ?^ i^ ro i>. '— ^. C) 5 ^ c? ^; tj, fS !;2 ^ ^, o -rx s ZiJ :-5 1) !~ £^' ,^' — ' ^' 1^ r""^' rt' > ""l ^5 ^__i^ i^ ffq :iq 31 so t; CO r-1 ce^— ' -t- re 'f ) 3 -i- l^_=* X <4 J3i.e'-)<~ -I-' re' c; xj' ro" cfoo'^" w 1 — 1 a ^ -*I-H 1-1 rH rl -r? X CI i^ e/5> a ^ _^ N 1 tj "* : \+ N^— t^ ■M : : re t^ >- cc o o : o :i>i^ox— : : tr -t co 'e t- ei : Si ci^ ; rJJ c: i^ re 'M ; ; iff -f t^ o i^ re : Q "cT .'i-Io-t^' ci : :ciia i-'-r le'o : o • • ^ • 00 ryi • -oxzi —.•—<-• — o : 1-1 iri -t< 1—1 : • o re -t; -m o^ : j ^ rH '• : : re' -m' i— ' • ! -^ 1 O . • ; • C i i ; ! : : \i;t '■■.•.'■.'■. s \ \ \ ^{- \ ','.'_ '^ \ '. \ '. ' » «■' tc « a '•'.'• z. '.^ :~^ ~ :': \ • '. : J. X rj. Tj ': • '^ c '• !fl '• ^ Z. '• '• '• '■ '• : £ *- ■^ •■ '•~'— '■ ^j '■— ^ '■ '■'•'■ '■ ■ j: "o >^ ^ i = i ^ s ii i i M i ; : .-' : = c^ •£ > ^ •- c; • • • • : : .- ^j : -7^ S : = 5 ■^ o rs s ', ^ p ^ o ^ : 03 r "* 9^ S f2^ o rac'-i' ,>3x- :nj : : • ^ ;;: — ' lis _o 1 ^^ ''''^-^ '="'x i3 : ; : b.-^ o > •n 1-^1 III i^J^ ^ : i : : > -2 2 i-ir-iSir-ii-HX^^S — ;,'^^icO^ c 5 > c 1 o r: i» ^53 o 2 S3 o • ^ a; r3 ■o C3 cj r-! ' a; r2 O) 2 4) ri ^ cu (55 be be j_^ cs c3 o aj o > > H <5 <1 In 1878 there Avere one hundred and fifty-four organized counties irr the State. The following table gives tlie names of the Counties — the Area — County Seat — County Judge — Value of Livestock, including horses and mules, horned cattle, sheep and hogs — and the total value of all kinds of property — and also the votes cast for Govenor : 6TATE AND COUNTY STATISTICS. 63 > o O « o o > •uoj.iox 1 ' ' 1— 1 ■ • ■ • •UBUKUKJI 1 X 'M 'M.^5 t>.CSiOC50i— iCiCC^lSCXTd"!' :!-H ;oco 1 ^ i-H 'i*^ la 5^ 1— 1 i-( 't_'^^ c: rs ici ; ; 10 •s^.ioqoH 1 iTX-M — '-^JO=5C5c:ciOrHCicjr:;sct.— Jcr-srcirMc^ re X t-- iM oe C5 ^ -r X i.-t -t-ic -r X ts « ^ t^ 'M , ^^0 1-^ iO ^...^ 5^_^ro re 'T "T^ss c; in tc im i 1— I fa O < > •8I8I "Siiiatu -ssassy i«iox Ui^?^^r::?^xS?5;?B;?;^??'4''5'4:^'^.er,?5?3 t- -M ^ -M -i< r- - X r- re i.e t- t- 'M re . r - -r - — c^ t^ i-H ^e le — ■ t-^ •«■ re" le -r d -^ ei r: ei re' ei x' ei ~. '>i -: rH re C2 -^ re X ;2 t--. X ^ -r -p re^ -t< r-H (^ r-i r- X 1 - ri 1, -t> -t t^ -T^ re -i< ci ?M 'TJ t^ t^ la lO re !M 'M t^ t^ re -r -,r: -tH l'^; eJ COCi r-^r-^f^i!^^^-^r-^r-^^-i r-i 1-5 1 '^ •s.«OH 1 ,— reooo«^X'Mi«C3X'MXi-H'MO^-t^ t-^ re !>: e>i r-^ t-: irf rH ^' i-^ -*' (A~v Irei— 1 I— 1 T CO !M(M i—li— l(Ni— IrH I— IC;:' e 'ri ^' —J x" 10 -r 1-? 1 oi?-)-f'Mrei— II— 1 iM(M (M I— 1 ■3mt!Q P9U.I0JI c: i>; 'J — ' -■ -J 1 - •■£ ~. ~. / -' X - re' re — ' r- x -*- — ' o^ x' -f 0^1--. X ei le re ei i- — . x re le c: x ~ ^ ei t; cq re 1— 1 >— C^ ^l— II— rH e^l ,-H,— ,— r-T— 1— li— 1 •sapijv: :5> sas.i0H X re ?i 1— "M 3 tt I'le 1^1 re -f I— re 10 ct' i^ — ^ 1— le -fi ?■ -^ 'Ti re ;o -i; 'TJ r-H 'i; e>; r- ■r; i-H -i; re c:_ le cr to x re n -T< re -1" t-^ 'ft to ei X cj to cf -^ X re i-^ re --^ c; Beeville. Bclton. •Snn Antonio. Blanco. Meiidian, iJoston. Brazoria. Bryan City. Brownwood. Caldwell. Burnet. Lock li art. Indianola. Belle Rlain. Biownsvillc. Pitsbui'of. Linden. •S8[ lX^i[ aiunbq ua.iy xxt^-tr—^^xxiftiftre — ieo;o5t-i— iiore-fos(pie r>owie Brazoria.... Bnizas Burleson... Caldwell.... Callioim.... < allalian ... Cameron... Camp Cass 1 Maquui^ "" ' "' ?i ^ 4- ^ ^ 1^ r^ r^ l-H ^ •M ?I /f 1 el !M 64 TEXAS ALMANAC AND HAND-BOOK. •uo:).iojs[ •sJ^oji •daaqs •eUjBO paujoH •sa[niv; ^ sas.ioH •aSpnp ifjunoQ •?T3aS Aunoo ,— I CO o f^J I— I ''^'~* c50i---*t^-*rHOt>-- "* t- o CO I— I CO "^ "^ CO r^ r-ilCit--^O.o ■* Tjt Ci c^ I— I "T Oi ) CCCtScTj 1 lO o ■<* ) 1— I C^ r-H ^^C5-«*t-.(MO5^l3'*-^-»ft>.OG0CSC000(MO'^O iC^COOOOOi— li— It— lCKC0t0OOC0tMC01J CS C.-^iOOiOt>.OCiO (?4aiO500lXCOCOt-^T— |irJOt--COOt-^T— iGit-OI^- ^cd CO I— i-^oTo T-H t■-^-^^ G^f-^ ic~a5c» -i-^o r4^o^-^ COOOG5(MG005CO^-*C5(MC0'— iCO 1— 1 CO Cl Cl X CO : Cl fM o) •UUlUtUBH cot— int-c^oscr^ocsrHO :ooc i^^ ^ c^ "TfOTi^^?o cc -r:io (MiD'^r-^ : to T-H r-H rt .T*GC^t^oiooc»f-Hry:, oc;rl'toO'r^'*0't'^l^o-f •S4.iaqoa ' > ia:OI>.Oi-^00'M.35rH::5??aDCi'M-*Or-r-.M»0,-ql>.COOO CO C-f-t r4r-4 (m'i-T im' r-i (ri^r-Tc^" C^ 1 I— IOir50CiCOOOI>.lCOt-Ot--'X"-lOCD'^'?^OC^Ot^t^O r- la iCri 1-5 CZJ rtl (M ^ CZj Ol 't^ !>. 01 ;0 (M t- i-H i-l f^l 00 r-. •8iST 'sjnatu | 1 CO CC 0. JO ^ C; CO l-H 'M 'X :^' iC Tf CO 05 r- t>. Cl C5 r- la IS uo cf »o' ^H^ -t I— ' c^i' in' x' t^ o'^ a :5 0' GO " »o la co' co" c: 01 co' •— ' C>]0ilCOj0C0Xt>.C2t^'M-t.000'MCOX(MX^-^r-CCt^XOC5r---XC0C5t-'C^OC0X-^Tt-H_iT^(M, ic SI c-i 00.'* '-J.t-:.'-! <^^oo_ 1— 1 •sSoH •^'x'^ci o o in "c-fcc'cs co'c-f — c: n r^ -f i>rin ^ o'oi (rTT-i la > ^ 1 Miaoco^iomcsin^-j'Siox'Mt^ocoiMoiciocOf-icoo oit^t^-tfScic^iiciat^t^^coiocoo^oO'Vi-HOG^iaino 1— 1 1 v-1 •daaqg 1 CO CO Cl Cl -^ o ai^co^t^-^ 01.01^10,0.^0 x^t^t^x if5_eo^ ci^rH.t- ai^fn^ afcO'tt-r Tl< (M O CO (M t^i— 1 OO r^ 5^' CDCOC^lM (M eo~ fc lM-*ri i-H O I— 1 O < 1 CO m o T-H --f< m ^ CO CO o X o o io CO lo -t m i>. t^ X X CO CO c-i o lo o ■'M !>• CO IT! X o !>• "»• ^1 CO oi in fM o — ' CO Cl X CO c>i in 1— 1 ix" o •emuO P9UJ0H •7-4 r- Cl X in Cl t^in co^in co_.'>i,t-~^co_.i-H_^i.uo.x '^ o c-i co^oi Tti ci -* i^c-f CO CO CO in 'rf in Cl '* in o cc^frf coo-^'t-Ixo-i co'co'io o x^frf 1 -tClCl^CO!MOi-iO(MXCOC:Xt-Clr>.OClCOt^-t*CO'M'MTf COiMS^ .— II— Ir-I r-H r^ r-l r^i— 15-1 T^i— li— 1 > 1 ^ c-j m o Cl o X CO CO c-1 Tf X in o ^1 c m CO rH in o X -tn>. X o o _ t — 1< T— ^ CO c:- CO -f o X 'M CO -f m Cl c-i X 'Cl X Cl o CO o in » •sapR !§> sas.ioH X Cl Cl -— _co ■*_.ci.r->^-r rH "+ in co_.co_^_.ci o o -f in o oi co m m o ;s t-T -f t>; T-.' c4" 1 n x' ^ Cl CO*" i--^ o ~f « o Cl o i n m' ^' t^^ x' co co' i>r cocooO'+ot^cociT-i'McocsT— X — OT-imoxTf-^ocio f— C-)"* I— ir-H 1-11— (1^1— 1 COrHirii-HS-l CNi— 1 o: . . C rt d ^' -^ •aSpnf .^junoo ^ ^ ^ Hi cK X H :i H," a; <:: O w ^ H -1 H^ h: Si 2 ^ ^:. K -• ^ ►^ ^' & •JB3S ^junoo Galvestc Frederic Goliad. Gonzale Sherinai liOnj^vie Andeiso Sequin. Haniilto Hardin. Iloiistoi Marshal San Mai Athens. Kdinhur Hillsltor Granhiu Sulphur Crocket Green vil Jacksbo Texana. Jasper. Beau mo Cle.hunu Helena. CO O CO t- X ~ 1— r-4 1-. i>. o Cl CO in CO o c-i m CO Cl o 1— 1 CO fM r^ o ■S3IIW Q-i'Jnbg ua.Tv C001XO~'Ml~L-ClXXXCCClC0OTl. •-Ciunoo JO aiiiBX c i C _C; I/; ^rz o a. - > - — a >-.b f. - = § : c : c JL. .'L : c c • cc s : y ■rson lies 6bOOOOO::D=:BSaE = sra=:=:a^^--S^.:;-^::H:itij '.laqnmx I— ■•MCO-^incOt-.XClOi— i'MCO-fincOl--.XC10i— I'MCO-rOCO in lO m ic m m m in m CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO t^ i>- 1--. i>. t'- 1- 1^ m TEXAS ALMANAC AND HAND BOOK ciO--o :foiSrHOr^-r :r?^roM :mooo :it^ tco-mic— ? o -U04.10X t- CO 00 . '3i (N 0; CO ; lO Ttl lO rH :x (M • rH ;C5 CO 1 i.-5^CC^rOt^t-^rCCjODC;0-t-fS10lOC3rHOO :eOr-(Mt>.- ^td •UliUKUBH Cii-irOlCJOX>^COX'-c-TOT-lOCiOi-l«0 r-lTt< .C.oi~-.o»sisi>.cz;i«c;iDor^ioroOi— iooO'*iooot>.-tt H •s^.iaqoa -f CO -— ^ in c^i i-- -f Ti r: xj -ji -i"M ic O; CO cit ?c ^ 1— 1 -r T-^ 'M CCr^^i-l-*Cl-*OOC;-}ilff:OIOlOCO C 1 r— ' T-l' I-T r-i r-T irf 1-HrH 1 —>':'—' "-5 •" r: t^ TC r^ ~ x -tn -f i^ -+ -m -Zj yz i~ —■ i": — ~ -m 1- ^ '8Z8I 'siuara cc t^' IS uT —' ci ox' cc -m' i^' tc x' -f x' ri rH ~' -m' ~f •-^' C-: t— ' is' 'm" i-^ c: ri ci r-i X 'N r- -t -+ ^ i^ ct X TO is n r- 1^ -ti lc;-*cO'MiccooTCus-t.ot>.iom'>4r5rO'— cJOtTJcoc^ -SS9SSY iu;ojj |.-q ^r-KM^r-ff? i— li— 1 Or-lC^i—l ' €^ ."o o lo ir 1 iM^fOO-t^TCrS^l-^JJO-tHWO?— l^lOCOI>.t^ 5rHO b-0'OOC5'MCil^'MOI>.'MX^-t*-H-t<'ri»CC2 — XCiOrCO o CO •s^OH rc S .X rH x -* CO (M lO t-;,i>;_co^in^o o cc '?-j -*_ x i-h to o is x^ o. 1 -jir-Tco'M" 1— ''i— 't-ro'o'»o~os'(rf-* (N o'io''x" ■M'-f" id r-rt--rt>r 1 -ri is 'M rH o CO o 00 o oi o --H -t o -t X o t^ rt X) -h o o -M -ri r-t X ~ o ~ rH CO cv i^ -^ r:; lO O -p o -+ o lO o <:<) X -i< oa i^ r- CO t— M •daaiig t-Tr-'Ls'x'ci is'co'o'-M'rHrH O t^is"-^" O i^f lO^is' si o'o'o xT"* Tti ■•rt rr^ rrCO r-.OS O -J< O >S X -!< CO O O -t< CO X X OI -M r- o •aiuiiQ pou.ion o is r- -f r: IS o o (^^^lS^rH^x^l>.^o_^o__rH^-^'__cl^l>.^^H co_^f|^— x -+ o^, r-' r-' X' rn' Co' O t-^X'~rH'rr''crO~o''rH rToo'xTo'o' ^t'cO -* ol ^r o" xrtl-t^cortccl--'MXCirH-t•'^^co^-fO(^^(^T^^XrH^o(^^|^^oi^ > ^ ,^ j^ .- 1*. X X t^ r- C^ X * lO' 1 — ^ 1 — ^ O Ol O rr ^ O "^ IS ^ — ' X r^ X •sainj^r :5> sas.iojj c o co' oT of CO is' o x' oi -t •-;' -'t' co' ol -h o c; x' --t rn' cj t-.' o o r-'' rrCOCOrrrrrHXXOlSOCO'i-t>.XCOCOX . r^OI C-l eOr— IrHrHCO CO r^-X r-^ m •aSpnp .f^unoo . "S a 2 = -: -• ^Q^o;i;«?5^-s^2iP^ •4B9g i^unoo == 5 &t2^.i: £-5=ii t r^ £-.3 o|.2'^c = 8 - oh: -rl X X Ol -f O X -f CO Ct 0^1 -t< t^ 'M O X X X X CO CO — — ' O — ' -H *S8RW 9.renbs uo.tv CO 1^ X o c: oi lo 2 p -T [^ t^ t-H IS .r — _. 'M CO ;^ X 1 . 5 X jt rs •if^unoo JO auiiisj : : '>^ ci i i 7 - = ct? - r d : ; if. 5?i-aa2S>c. ?^ E > il'H |-§ ^T'r^'f ir§l ti -d tji -• Ij: h^ ►J; 1^ uj fci^ H^ ^ ^ J ^ J^ ?% ?; ?; ^ P5 ^ r^ ^ P; P; » *rv.-^>*i«'i L-r i-- ; o o rH iri CO -t i« CO 1^ X SI o r-((M CO -t ire o i^ X C3 — • rr oi l^t- . r.^ CO X 00 X XX XX X X OJO" O G^ O O O 05 05 OO OC' STATE AND COUNTY STATISTICS. 67 ,; 6 'U05.I0X : :qoo :!»ca zs to to ; -i-h • • •■-i . -coff^ . Tfi . c5 1— 1 -a • ■00 o 1— 1 CO : :co : ' : : '."^ : : : : :« -f , o ; -.m ; ; ; T3 1 1 a o > •uuuiuiWH ;cooo "*: :i— lO^oi— i-^i-icmo c •s:j.ioqoji 1 Lt-iiacOJCiOCOQOOOCOrCCS— ir->-HfO-^CO«OOCO-*'MCOI>.CO .??c:o-t<'-i:soi^rHocci;ti^-*r^ococ2-*oo»oo5C5C5co . : ■<* JO ccio C5 fM t— lo X CO >re M JO iQ 5^ o -^ in in "* so r-iio Tc 00 5 o > '8ISI 's'liioiu 1 • •Si •si^ojj o C5 >.-: -h XI : :3 lO -M t^ i-H -* . r^ rH t^ t^ in ::; o 'M r-i cc -^ X o c: -I" r-H ci r-i : CO ?5,.-^in X o : x,in o ■rj.ci j^ o -o c; 'm x -o ci -1 •claaqg CO o t^ t^ o o lO X JO X -i< m o -+i .— I- — x o --r; x o :r: m cs x r-l X tCM O X CO t>. O ■>! 'M IM X i-H O -f - - l^ rs O X O X X Ti O oinx 35-t<^X,r-_.t--^0 35-rO,cor: -^ ro O X r-< -5. l.O x -• tt C0':0~rHr4 .(MMco^oO'* M ! iujii op s^^s.ioji lO o -H X 10 -+ lO X x oi t^ -^ o iO -i- 01 o --r o o r- o :r — ^1 ^ Eh *aSpnj» A4unoo fci hi '1 >9g if JUnOQ < X -;'q5-t:>.' X ci o r-< - I o o o o o o o ^ — - g , j 3 2S Ph 'c.11 ? _^ _J = < ^ i^' -^ -^ .o" ■ — — £-1 2i c: (15 ::: ;:2 ^__ -jixv: x x x 5q I CO -T< 10 :o I- X rs o"— ■ oi CO -f lO \; i Vx I >— — 1— I r— .— I— n- Ol Ol Ol OI 0^1 Ol OI 01 04 TEXAS ALMANAC AND HAND-BOOK. > o O . c CO fec-i •uojjojsx : t^ Cit^ 'f i-H i; : « 1— ( o -t- : ri eo : ri •UBumiBH .-O ;0 oiptoocooi— (cs-^in -csocceoioo t--.iOi— ii—iiO'McoaO'M .rcoi^oc^ii— I 1— I CO "* o o ; CO CO CO (T^ l>.COCOCOCOt^'Cl^CCtl''OC.ccO'MOOTfit5cot^otsasJO rH ,-1 O lO S '^ t^ i?5 l« «5 CI ca O) O O O O -. t- -f re O^CC C) ^, -*. -— ' i—iCM ^-CO 'TTTCO go •d89qg 'S9IHK !§> S9SJ0H ■; 1^ 5 -r t^ t- r- "fl 'M -r -T ~ i^ t^ c; Ir i- ~ i": c t^ ict tr j- i'^ o ■t w le -+ cc ci c^ T I- c;^ ci' c: i~ i CM 1—1 rH ri •aSpnf if^unoo •?i;8g Aunoo •c .=; -e ,^ cz t: r'^ q5 *S9I!W 9-"!nbg ■ua.iy t, 3; -f o o o o 3i C5 ix CO C5 CO o cT ^ C5 ic c-i CI I--- ts o 2J 2 ^i:; 1- 3i -f o o o 'M i^ --H o I— I r^ -»< -r X » ct o "^ t- c; P 2 o o oi cr. ^ o C5 CI ct -+ ic o t- C2 o in IX 'X' I.'. -* :i i!t — ^ t- ~- 1- ^ ci •^JUnOQ JO 8Ul«X •jaqainx -f -t -f -f -t o in ir: in >C5 EFFECT OF RAILROADS. 69^ THE EFFECTS OF RAILROADS UPON OUR COM- MERCE. Before railroads were put in operation in Texas it was estimated' that about one-third of our cotton crop was exported to New Orleans via Red River. No little speculation was indulged as to what effect the opening of railroad communication with the north would have^ upon this trade. Would cotton from Northern Texas be exported to St. Louis and Chicago, or would the cotton raised in Northern Louisi- ana, Arkansas and the Indian Territory seek water transportation at the nearer ports of Texas? This cotton must reach a northern or a Euro- pean market, and as water transportation is so much cheaper than by- rail it was not unreasonable to suppose that so heavy an article would naturally flow to our seaports. It is now six years since Texas has been connected with St. Louis by rail, and how have the railroads affected our commerce? Apparently, it is still in an unsettled state, vibrating like a needle affected by different magnets. The cotton crop of 1878-79 amounted to 951,053 bales; of which 562,735, or a little more than three-fifths was exported via Galveston. Of the remaining two-fifths- 180,134 bales went out via Texarkana and 121,164 via Denison. From an article in the Galveston News, of September 13th, we copy the fol- lowing paragraphs showing the influences that affect this trade : "The International and Great Northern Railroad, it may be observed at once, is proportionately the principal feeder of Galveston's direct cotton commerce. On this line of railroad, from Huntsville to Longview, 90 per- cent of the entire cotton shipments went to Galveston direct. At the station of Overton, which is the intersection of the Henderson and Overton Railroad with the International line, 24,234 bales of cotton were received, 22,640 of which were shipped to Galveston. At Tyler a break in the trade current was discovered. Out of 16,000 bales shipped at that place only 8,870 sought this city for a market, the Tyler Tap toward the Texas and Pacific diverting the greater poi'tion of the re- mainder northward via St. Louis. Striking the Texas and Pacific at Miueola, and following that line northeastward around its Trans-Conti- nental branch, an actual reflex of the trade current was very perceptible. At Mineola Galveston received but 3,000 bales out of 12,000 local ship- ments ; at Longview still a smaller percentage; at Marshall, none ; at Jefferson, shipping 40,000 bales, scarcely a moiety ; at Texarkana, none ; at Clarksville, Paris, Honey Grove and Bonham, scarcely enough for mention. This exclusive current is not particularly to be wondered at, however, as the Transcontinental belt of country was never subject to the influence of Galveston's commerce. Before the raikoad era the- 70 TEXAS ALMANAC AND HAND-BOOK. cotton trade of this region was transacted almost solely with New Or- leans and Shreveport ; and St. Louis penetrated the State in that direc- tion by rail before Galveston could get a foothold. The main line of the Texas and Pacific road, from Fort Worth to Mineola, gives to Galveston but a very moderate percentage of its cotton shipments. The Central Railroad, with its branches passing through the heaviest cotton-pro- ducing portions of the State, brings but a limited percentage of its cot- ton shipments direct to Galveston. Take the principal shipping points on this line from Denison to Houston. Denison, out of 6,800 bales local cotton, sent to Galveston 700 ; Sherman, out of 43,000 bales, sent to Galveston but 500 bales; Dallas, 43,345 bales, sent 3,151 to Galves- ton; MclCinney, 5,100 bales, sent 3,000; Piano, 1,230 bales, sent 689 Ennis, 7,129 bales, sent 6,457; Corsicana, 17,412 bales, sent 4,431 Mexia, 15,186 bales, sent 4,000; Groesbeeck, 2,137 bales, sent 2,000 Kosse, 4,952 bales, sent 3,897.; Waco, 45,168 bales, sent 11,839 Marlin, 12,129 bales, sent 8,948; Bremond, 2,358 bales, sent 2,292 Calvert, 18,550 bales, sent 5,529; Hearne, 6,781 bales, sent 6,109 Brj^an, 22,100 bales, sent 5,200; Navasota, 18,558 bales, sent 7,728 Giddings, 10,745 bales, sent 7,648 ; Ledbetter, 11,093 bales, sent 6,840 Brenham, 37,791 bales, sent, 4,500 ; Hempstead, 7,091 bales, sent 3,998. The mill buyer is found at all points of consequence on the Central line, and eastern direct shipmedts are fully two-thirds of the whoU'. The influence of the International line is felt again upon the Austin or Brazos division of this road. At Austin, where the International meets the Central, out of 26,619 bales local cotton shipped from that point, Galveston received 13,255 bales; at Round Rock, out of 16,139 bales, Galveston got 15,122 ; at Taylorsville, out of 8,787 bales shipped, Galveston got 8,569 ; at Rockdale, out of 17,616 bales, Galveston re- ceived 15,412 ; and at Jewett, out of 5,263 bales, Galveston received all but 200. From the San Antonio and New Orleans railroad, out of ship- ments in excess of 100,000 bales, Galveston received direct over two- thirds of the whole. These figures are absolutely correct, as they are extracted from the records of thi railroads themselves. The deductions to be made are not numerous, but they are pertinent. It is found that at the larger interior shipping points — such as Sherman, Dallas, Fort Worth, Mexia, Corsicana, Waco, Calvert, Bryan and Brenham — the eastern mill buyer operates directly during the cotton season. He buys and ships to order, and has all the advantages of capital and necessity, lie is always at the top of the market. He commands freight rates ad- vantageously as against the producer or country merchant, and it is plain that discriminations are made in his favor by transportation cor- syste:m of public fkee schools, 71 poratioiis desirous of the long haul or iuterostcHl in the divergence of trade currents. He has the advantages of compressing facilities at in- termediate points and at terminal connections. These operations on the line of the Central have been going on for years. To successfullj' com- pete with or counteract them requires equal transportation facilities and low freight rates." The above figures are significant and suggestive. Texas ports furnish a natural outlet for Texas products. Exterior lines of transportation and distant markets are competing for this trade. "Will they succeed in permanently securing it? The opening of direct railroad connection with New Orleans will in- troduce another competitor for the trade of South-eastern Texas. How will this affect the shipments of Houston and Galveston ? Since the opening of railroad communication between Houston and Galveston the former city has handled comparatively' little cotton, con- sidering it was the railroad center of southern Texas. But the opening ■of the business season in September 1879 showed a diversion towards Houston of a considerable portion of the cotton crop. Will this be per- manent? and will there be a healthy rivalry between those two principal coast cities of our State ? It is well for the planters to have competing lines of transportation and competing marts of trade. It is well for the State when those competing lines and rival marts are in its own territo- ry and under its own control. OUR SYSTEM OF PUBLIC FREE SCHOOLS. The Governor of the State, the Comptroller of the Treasur3% and the Secretary of State, constitute, ex-officio, the Board of Education. Of this Board, Hon. O. N. Hollinsworth is the Secretary, and performs the duties of State Superintendent of Education, From IMr, Hollinsworth's biennial report, made for the Sixteenth Legislature, we extract the fol- lowing : 72 TEXAS ALBtANAC AND HAND-BOOK. SUMMAEY OF STATISTICS. For the Year Ending August 31st. Number of counties reported Scholastic population " " enrolled in school communities.. *' " that did not attend school Number of schools organized " " months schools were maintained " " teachers employed " " school houses built FINANCIAL EXHIBIT. Average salaries paid teachers ' ' cost of tuition as per actual attendance " '• ■•' " " " community registration.. Value of school houses built Expenditures per payment of teachers " for building school houses " " rent of school houses Total expenditures Received from State appropriations " " department taxes under former law " " rent of county school lands '' " sale " ■•' " " " " local option fines " " dogtax '*• " sources not enumerated Totals received Total expenditures Balances on hand 1877. 135 133,568 20,962 3,901 3 3,580 159 $35 166 126 34,913 832,729 12,332 3,598 403,975 427,556 88,113 500 8,066 1878. 7,446 631,830 501,691 130,599 137 164,946 146,294 23,96a 4,633 4 4,330 243 176 113 54,267 656,977 29,648 5,735 702,288 654,768 20,117 653 48,558- 658 10,628 14,439 859.484 747,534 113,008 For the year 1879 the school board appropriated $717,000. Dei'i-ed from the following sources : Interest on the permanent school fund yields as follows : On 5 per cent, bonds $ 4,395 On 6 per cent, bonds 57,450 On 7 per cent, bonds 6,930 On railroad bonds 113,860 Total interest $182,635 The remainder is derived from — One-fourth of all back taxes (estimated) $ 20,000 One-sixth '79 assessment added to school poll tax (estimated) 409,583 Interest on notes given for school lands (estimated) 10,000 Amount carried forward from last year 95,509 To which add interest as above 182,635 Total estimated avaihil.le laud $717,727 SYSTEM OF PULIC FREE SCHOOLS. 78 Against this fund charge the following : For the support of Sam Houston normal school $ 14,000 For cost of taking scholastic census 7,400 For pay of county judges 16,000 For salary secretary board of education 1,800 For printing, advertising and postage 2,800 Total $ 42,000 This leaves for the pay of teachers about $675,727, or a fraction under $3 for each pupil of the public schools for the year. APPORTIONMENT TO THE SEVERAL COUNTIES FOR THE ENSUING SCHOLASTIC YEAR. . Appor- Appor- ,• ^'^ X .. ^^ , tionment tionment - for 1879. ^°"P^^^- ous year. Counties. Anderson. Angelina.. Aransas. . Atascosa . Austin . . . Bandera . . Bastro}) . . Baylor . . . Bee Bell Bexar . . . . Blanco . . . Bosque. . . Bowie . . . . Brazoria. . Brazos . . . Brown. . . . Burleson. . Burnet. . . Caldwell. . Calhoun. . Callahan. . Cameron . Cam p . . Cass Chambers. Cherokee . Clav Coliin Colorado. . Coleman . . Appor- tionment for 1879. Appor- tionment for previ- ous year. 6,438 2,95- 423 1,965 6,561 1,107 6,282 120 1,056 9,219 4,104 1,482 4,959 3,828 6,162 4,215 3,786 3,510 3,687 5,064 861 912 4,980 2,010 7,320 942 7,275 1,665 0,683 7,518 1,581 S 8,962 3,972 628 4,336 9,643 1,347 7,723 1,628 9,179 4,474 2,187 6,160 4,483 7,030 7,793 4,988 5,601 3,599 6,311 870 823 7,191 2,828 8,577 1,277 9,560 1,520 14,087 10,383 1,858 Counties. Comal . . . , Comanche, Concho . . , Cooke. . . . Coryell. . . , Dallas . . . . Delta Denton. . . . DeWitt. . . . Duval Eastland . . Edwards . . Ellis El Paso . . . Erath Falls Fannin . . . , Fayette . . . Fort Bend. Franklin . . Freestone . Frio Galveston . Gillespie . . Goliad . . . . Gonzales . . Grayson. . . Gregg Grimes. . . . Guadalupe. Hamilton. . I 3,729 4,008 129 9,024 6.023 9,099 2,364 7,350 5,457 1,959 2,376 78 7,890 1,389 5,184 7,281 12,987 10,575 3,843 1.953 5,895 831 7,830 2,619 2,457 6,240 16,947 3,081 10,917 5,040 2,550 $ 5,358 4,704 10,219 8,009 12,619 3,326 10,596 7,503 2,724 2,430 212 12.506 2,720 7,671 9,747 16,257 16,704 5,952 2,655 7,797 1,390 12,467 3,643 3,205 8,191 21,703 4,539 11,306 5,991 3,690 74 TEXAS ALMANAC AND HAND-BOOK. Table of Apportiox.uext for Ensuing Scholastic YKXii-^Continued_ Counties. Appor- Appor- tionment tionment . , ,o-n forprevi- for 18 < 9.1 ^ pus year. Counties. Hardin Harris Harrison . . . . Hays Henderson. . Hidalgo .... Hill Hood Hopkins. . . . Houston. . . . Hunt Jack Jackson .... Jasper Jefferson . . . Johnson. . . . Karnes Kaufman — KendaU Kerr Kimble Kinney Lamar Lampasas . . Lavaca Lee Leon Liberty .... Limestone . . Live Oak . . . Llano McCulloch. . McLennan. . Madison . . . Marion .... Mason Matagorda. . Maverick. . . Medina .... Menard .... Milam Montague . . McMuUen . . "Montgomery 981 5,403 8,073 4,746 4,146 l,716i 6,855; 2,823 7,377 10,551 7,611 2,184 1,215 2,544 1,497 7,377 1,437 6,759 1,197 1,201 510 918 10,032 2,568 6,054 3,018 5,613 2,172 6,387 738 2,115 648 14,586 2,175 5,628 1,155 1,932 1,194 2,340 270 5,634 4,797 285 4,287 1,160; 17,120 15,118' 4,903 6,112 1,728': 8,395, 3,177j 10,522 9,591 8,009i 2,724| 1,802, 4,028 1,992 9,686 1,763 8,148 1,689 1,195 550 1,212 14,724 3,357 7,481 4,184 6,649 3,387 8,525 953 2,703 840: 14,832 3,088 7,87li 1,212 2,508 1,277 3,253 441 8,694 5,363 311 5,588 Morris Nacogdoches, . Navarro Newton Nueee?; Orange Palo >into Panola Parker Pecos Polk Presidio Rains Red River. . . . Refugio Robertson .... Rockwall Runnels Rusk Sabine Somerville . . . . San Augustine. San Jacinto . . . San Patricio . . jSan Saba I Shackelford. . . Shelby Smith Starr Stephens Tarrant Taylor Titus Throckmorton. Tom Green . . . Travis Trinity Tyler Upshur Uvalde Van Zandt. , . . Victoria Walker Waller Appor- tionment for 1879. Appor- tionment for previ- ous year. 1,848 5,901 8.325 2,265 3,012 1,260 2,667 5,802 6,582 621 3,381 744 1,497 7,836 672 10,296 1,194 201 10,581 2,394 1,206 2,034 2,751 420 2,652 657 3,064 7,110 4,008 2,163 7,740 585 2,772 102 054 12,003 2,094 2,754 4,833 777 4,848 3,993 5,973 4,698 2,997 8,035 12,047 2,950 4,011 1,858 2,945 6,692 9,188 528 4,882 1.074 1,971 9,435 862 12,129 1,585 216 13,958 3,227 1,637 2,937 4,184 515 2,915 801 6,498 12,415 4,022 1,719 9,850 385 3,608 775 20,360 2,651 3,682 6,034 1,260 6,121 6,008 6,957 6,233 THE AMENDED SCHOOL LAW. 75 Table of Apportionment for Ensuing Scholastic Year — Continued. Counties. Appor- tionment for 1879. Appor- tionment for previ- ous year. Counties. Appor- tionment for 1879. Appor- tionment for previ- ous year. Washington "Webb 9,222 3,159 1,533 54 5,307 15,504 1,953 2,352 6,671 Wilson Wise 2,835 7,224 4,110 1,914 1,200 3,989 7 8'>7 Wharton Wood 5,644 2,001 749 Wheeler Williamson .... Young... Zapata Towns and Cities. 1879. 1878. Towns and Cities. 1879. Brenham Corpus Christi.. Dallas $2,319 1,371 4,020 2,424 768 357 8,904 180 Included in the ap- portionment to the counties. McKinney San Antonio Marshall Paris Tvler $ 549 6,387 1,515 1,347 933 972 420 1,206 Fort Worth Oainesville. . . . . . Oreenville Bryan Houston, Irfiwrence Honey Grove . . Corsicana 1878. OP w .^ s a 3 T', c o Q) o o TJ ^-J ai 3 '*~t ^ w +3 C 1— ( Note. —Census of Rockdale and Decatur incomplete, and apportionment of $528 for former and $300 for latter is held up. THE AMENDED SCHOOL LAW. The Sixteenth Legislature materially modified the School Law. The law strikes out the requirement that census-takers enumerate all the children in their several counties, and provides that only those child- ren between the ages of eight and fourteen, or those within the scholas- tic age, shall be enumerated. The apportionment will be declared the first day of July instead of the first of September, as heretofore. This gives definite information ■of how much money each county is to receive two months in advance of the beginning of the scholastic year, which is the 1st of September. The law previously in force provided for the organization of schools the same day the apportionment was made, and without data upon which to base their contracts with the teachers. The contracts have now to be approved by the county judges. Before these amendments were adopted they were not required to be approved by any one. Another change is to allow the county judges pay for services in or- 76 TEXAS ALMANAC AND HAND-BOOK. ganizing schools out of the available fund apportioned to the counties- He gets his money at home without the expense, as formerly, of sending^ to Austin. The pay is also changed. Instead of all the judges of large and small, populous and sparsely settled, counties getting the same amount, it is graduated according to the amount of the funds disbursed. They are allowed $25 for the first S500 disbursed, $50 for $1000 or less dis- bursed, and $10 for each additional $1000, together with 10 percent.. on the amount they receive for postage and stationery, printing, etc. A new proviso forfeits the interest of any parent or guardian in the- fund for the current year who signs more than one petition for a school community. Formerly some smart persons by joining in several appli- cations were able to send their children to all the schools in their neighborhoods, beginning with those first taught and ending with the last. Trustees are' required to give two weeks notice of the opening of the schools. The contracts between teachers and trustees must first set forth the grade of the teachei^' certificate ; second, the salary per month ; third, the length of the term ; fourth, the average per cent, of attendance to warrant the continuance of the school. A good feature is that which requires the county judges to apportion the entire amount of money received from the state to the schools actually organized. Those not embraced in the school organization will get nothing, and the pro rata they would have been entitled to if they had organized, goes to those that have used diligence and perfected their organization. "We annex for the benefit of communities about to organ- ize the following, which is important : Article 3758. Trustees shall make their contract with the teacher on the basis of the number of children of scholastic age registered in the community, but no teacher shall be entitled to full pay unless the average daily attendance of such pupils amount to at least seventy-five per cent. of the whole number registered on the community list; and if the aver- age daily attendance be less than seventy-five pea- cent., but as much as fifty per cent. , the teacher shall be entitled to seventy-five per cent, of the compensation set forth in the contract. If the average daily atten- dance should be less than fifty per cent, of all the pupils of scholastic age registered in the community, then the teacher shall only be paid for actual daily attendance, or the trustees may, at their discretion, cause the school to be discontinued. In Ueu of a contract based on the mimber of state pupils registered in the community, the trustees may, at their discretion, contract for actual daily attendance only. Article 3759. Trustees in making contracts with teachers, shall deter- mine the salary to be allowed, or wages to be paid, upon the following rates of tuition: To teachers holding a first-class certificate, not more than two dollars ; to those holding a second-class certificate, AGRICULTURAL AND MFX'HANICAL COLLEGE. 77 not more than one dollar and fifty cents ; and to such as hold a third- •class certificate, not more than one dollar per month per capita shall be allowed for pupils within scholastic age. And it shall not be lawful for trustees or teachers to demand as a condition of admittance into school the pajonent of extra tuition for pupils of scholastic age ; provided, that in no event shall the teacher holding a first-class certificate receive from the public free school fund more than sixty dollars per month ; and those holding second-class certificates, more than forty dollars per month ; and those holding third-class certificates, more than twenty-five dollars per month. AGRICULTUEAL AND MECHANICAL COLLEGE. This institution, located near Bryan, Brazos County, on the line of the Central Railroad, was organized in 1875. It is under the manage- ment of a board of directors, of which the Governor, the Lieutenant Governor, and the Speaker of the House of Representatives, are ex- •offido members. Besides these State oflScials, the Legislature in joint session elects one director from each Congressional district. The sixteenth Legislature elected the following : Col. E. B. Pickett ior 1st Congressional district, H. W. Lyday for 2d, J. K. Dickson for •3d, John W. Durant for 4th, Col. A. J. Peeler for 5th, and Geo. Pfeiffer ior 6 th. The catalogue for 1878-9 contains the names of nine professors besides the President, and 248 students. The students are organized into cadet companies, under the command of Capt. Geo. T. Olmsted, Jr., of the U. .S. Army. BUILDINGS AND GROUNDS. The grounds consist of 2200 acres, and lie immediately upon the 'Texas Central Railroad, four and a half miles south of Bryan. One hundred and sixty acres are inclosed by a neat, substantial board fence. Near the center of the inclosure stands the main building, a brick :structure, four stories high, with Mansard roof and double gallery in front. Through the length and crossing of each story are broad halls, into which the recitation rooms and students' dormitories open, all well light- ■ed and ventilated. The dormitories are large enough to accommodate •double the number assigned to them. The students' beds are iron frames, with wire springs, on which comfortable mattresses are placed. 78 TEXAS ALMANAC AND HAND-BOOK. steward's hall, a three-story brick, about three hundred 3^ards north of the Capitol building, is fitted up witli all the comforts of a hotel ; has capacity for seating four hundred students comfortably. There they are marched in a body to each meal, which is served in the presence of one member of the faculty. There are also five two story buildings for the families of the Professors. A meeting of the board of directors was held at Hempstead, August 27th, 1879. Provision was made for equipping the Agricultural and Scientific Departments and for a Library, by an appropriation of $7,500 of the amount granted to the college by the last Legislature. The salary of the President was reduced from $3,000 to $2,300; and the salaries of Professors from $2,250 to $1,500 a year. NORMAL SCHOOLS. The Sam Houston State Normal Institute is located at Huntsville. The citizens giving for this purpose, the building formerly known as Austin College. The management of the institute is committed to the State Board of Education. Each senatorial district is entitled to send two students, and six may be sent from the state at large. Students must be not less than fifteen years of age ; and must obligate themselves to teach in the public free schools of the State as many years as they are taught in the Institute. Their board and tuition is paid by the State. Other students may be admitted by paying expenses. $14,000 were ap- propriated by the Legislature for the support of the Institute, to which, will be added $3,000 from the Peabody fund. Of the six students from the State at large, one will be selected by the Congressman of the district, after a competitive examination ; and each State Senator will select two who may be recommended by an examining committee after a competitive examination of all applicants. One half the students to be males, the other half females. The Legislature ap- propriated $28,000 for the support of the institution. On the loth of September the board of education elected Prof. B. Mallon, of Atlanta, Ga., Principal, and O. H. Cooper, Henderson, Texas, and Mrs. B. Mallon, Assistants. Colored Normal School. Tins Institution, located at Prairie View, (formerly Alta Vista,) Waller County, is under the supervision of the board of Directors of the Agricultural and Mechanical College, of Bryan. The Legislature THE BAPTISTS OF TEXAS. 79 appropriated $12,000 to its support. Each senatorial district sends one student, and the state at large sends three ; to be selected in the same manner, and subject to the same conditions as those of the Sam Houston Normal School. Prof. James W. Abernathy is teocher in this institu- tion. THE BAPTISTS OF TEXAS. BY WM. CAREY CRANE, D. D., LL. D., PRESIDENT OF BAYLOR UNIVERSITY. There are fifty-two associations of white Baptists, and twenty-three of colored Baptists, in the State. The communicants of white Bap- tists number 75, 143* ; of colored Baptists, 50,000. Grand Total 125, 143, There are 942 white ordained ministers. Number of colwed minis- ters not known. Number of houses of worship for whites 1183, for colored people 509; total 1692; value of church property $1,015,200. There are four general organizations for benevolent work, mission, and church extension. (1.) The Babtist State Convention of Texas, organized in 1848: President, W. Carey Crane ; Treasurer, G. B. Davis ; Cor. Secretary, P. Hawkins ; Rec. Secretary, O. H. P. Garrett. (2.) Baptist General Association of Texas, organized in 1869 : Pres- ident, R. C. Burleson ; Treasurer, J. L. Williams ; Cor. Secretary, R. C. Buckner ; Rec. Secretary, S. J. Anderson. (3.) East Texas Baptist Convention, organized in 1878 : President, A. E. Clemmons ; Treasurer, C. B. Bacon ; Cor. Secretary, F. L. Whaley ; Rec. Secretarj', Geo. Farbrough. (4.) Freedmen's Baptist State Convention of Texas organized in 1872 : President, Wm. Massey ; Cor. Secretary, I. S. Campbell ; Rec. Secretary, R. J. Evans ; Treasurer, . There are two Sunday School organizations, one of which supports Rev. W. D. Powell, as aMissionery, who established ninety-five Sunday Schools in 1878-9, .or during the twelve months. (1). Of Schools, Baylor University, Independence, Washington Co., was chartered in 1845 ; has educated over 3,000 persons in whole or part; has graduated 70 collegiate and 31 law alumni. Over 100 minis- ters have been educated in its halls. It possesses property to the value * If all The Baptists of the State would connect themselves, with some Baptist Chnrch, it is thouf^ht the wliole number would be near 150.000. but many live Avith h'tters in their pocket, and unconnected with any local Chuicii.— There is no Ciiurch law to prevent this state of things. 80 TEXAS ALMANAC AND HAND-BOOK. of S70.000. It had from February 1878 to February 1879, 93 students, averaging 18 >^ years. President : W. C. Crane, since 1863, and five Professors and Instructors. The Law School is located at Brenham ; Hon. James E. Shepard, (Dean), and Hon. John Sayles Professors: aided by the Brenham bar. It is attracting general attention. (2.) Waco University, Waco, McLennan Co., organized in 1855. — It has both a male and female department ; has property worth over $50,000 ; good library and apparatus. About 250 students wete matric- ulated in both departments, during the last year. President, R. L. Burleson, D. D., aided by ten lady and gentlemen instructors. , (3.) Baylor Female College, Independence, Texas. Wholly for young ladies, organized in 1846 ; has educated a large number of the first ladies of Texas. Has fine buildings not surpassed in the State. — President: J. H. Luther, D. D., aided by a competent corps of instruc- tors. (4) Concrete College, DeWitt Co., President, J. E. V. Covey, D. D., is a valuable institution. (5.) Dallas College ; Shiloh Baptist Academy, White^boro ; Steele High School, Pennington ; Hemphill Seminary, Hemphill, Sabine Co. ; Mt. Zion College, Clayton ; Dallas Male and Female High School — (for colored people) — are institutions commanding liberal attention and pat- ronage. Powell Dale Institute, Bosque Co. ; Malone's Select High School, Dallas ; Cleburne Institute, Johnson Co. ; Sherman Female Institute — are rising schools. There are two weekly and one monthly periodicals published by the Baptists, viz : Texas Baptist Herald, Houston, weekly, editors I. B. Link, LL. D., and O. C. Pope; Proprietors, I. B. Link and Jonas Johnston. Texas Ba2)tist, Dallas, weekly, editor and proprietor, R. C. Buckner and several Associates. The Voice of the People, monthly. Rev. Dr. F. M. Shaw, editor. Devoted to "The Education Commission." METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH IN TEXAS. STATISTICS, 1878. MEMBERSHIP. Probationers, - - 2,467 Full members, 14,207 Local preachers. ..-.--. 308 Traveling Preaehci's appointed, - - - - 221 Total membership, 17,203 METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH. 81 BAPTISMS. Adults baptized, . - - - - - 1,482 Infants baptized, ..-.:--- 1,384 Total baptisms, - - ^>866 SDND A Y-SC H< JO LS . Number of schools, - 1^' Officers and teachers, ------ 870 Scholars, 13,822 CHURCH PUOPKllTY. Number of churches, - - - - 174 Probable value, $183,904 00 Number of parsonages - - - - 35 Probable value, 13,383 00 Total church property, - - - BENEVOLENT COLLECTIONS. For Missions, ------ For Board of Church Extensions, For Tract Society, For Sunday-School Union, - - . - For Freedmen's Aid Society, - - - For Bible Cause, For Woman's Foreign Mission, For Education,- ------ Total, S3.(518 40 Raisedforchurch building and paj-ing debts in 1878, $23,486 61 Considering all the circumstances this showing is most gratifying. We know by personal inspection that these statistics are reliable. $199,287 00 $2,113 10 215 75 46 55 68 40 126 10 99 70 32 70 916 10 METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH, SOUTH— STATISTICS. The following are the statistics of the five American Conferences of the M. E. Church, South, in Texas, as they were reported at the confer- ences held in the fall of 1878 by Bishop Keener. Besides these reported there are about one thousand members belonging to the German Con- ference in Texas. 82 TEXAS ALMANAC AND HAND-BOOK. Conferences. "2, o 2" 2 73 = 3 ■ 0^ c. ' 2 ■<' •I' '^ West Texas Northwest Texas e.350 21.321 21.800 7.421 21.052 77.944 396 1.354 557 449 530 3.2S6 73 178 124 60 91 526 2.348 7,208 6.196 3.517 3,675 22,944 52 120 140 75 116 $ 55.900 135.520 North Texas Texas 128.800 172.175 East Texas 79.394 Totals 503 $571,789' Conferences. 13^ rp ^3 Oq p 5. 2 ti ^ n go' 2 -— "S Conference Collections. West Texas 18 34 23 12 10 97 $ 8.400 22.200 12,750 10.300 6.350 $60,000 $20,842 31.366 26.683 22.310 14,913 $116,114 $231 400 358 345 270 $1,604 $1,147 2.649 1.691 1.513 1,230 $S.230 $ 546 Northwest Texag North Texas 1.310 920 Texas 997 East Texas 79^ Totals $4.57^ PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH. This Church has one Synod in Texas : five Presbyteries, viz : Brazos^ Eastern Texas, Western Texas, Central Texas and Dallas. It has 80 ministers ; 149 churches, and 5,588 communicants This report is official, having been furnished by Rev. Dr. R. F. Bunt- ing, Stated Clerk of Synod. STATISTICS OF THE CUMBERLAND PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH. The following statistics of this Christian body for Texas for the year 1878 were furnished from official sources by Rev. Dr. Wofford, editor of the Texas Presbyterian Observer, of Tehuacana : There are four Synods ; sixteen Presbyteries ; 185 ordained ministers ; 37 licentiates and 37 candidates for the ministry: about 400 congrega- tions, and about 18,000 church members. STAT 5 ASYLUMS. 83- Correction. — A note from Rev. R. O. Watkins, of Kaufman county, points out some inaccuracies in the brief account of the Cumber- land Presbyterian Church in "Thrall's Pictorial History of Texas." Mr. Atkins says Rev. Sumner Bacon became a citizen of Texas in 1828: and that he was a regular agent of the Ameri- can Bible Society as well as a colporteur of the Natchez Tract Society. He died in 1842, and, of course, was not at the General Assembly in 1874. Again, Mr. Await was an ordained minister when he came to Texas, Again, the church organized by Rev. Mr. p]stell in Red River county was in 1834, instead of 1833. Mr. Watkins was a member of that church, and was the first preacher licensed or ordained by the Cumberland Presbyterian Church in Texas. STATISTICS OF THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH IN TEXAS. COMPILED FROM THE CATHOLIC DIRECTORY, BY KEV. P. ST. JOHN, OP CORPUS CHRISTI. The spiritual administration of the Catholic Church, in the State of Texas, is divided into two Dioceses and one Vicariate Apostolic : Churches and Chapels... Priests Ecclesiastical students... Academies and convents Colleges Parochial schools Chartitable institutions. . Catholic population DIOCESE OF GALVESTON 35 41 3 Not given. 2 25,000 DIOCESE OP SAN ANTONIO. V. A. OF BROWNSVILLE. 22 23 1 5 2 Not given. (( 34,000 STATE ASYLUMS. • *■ m *• The State supports three Asylums, all located at Austin. Lunatic Asylum- In the reports of this institution to the last Leg- islature it was stated that 370 inmates had been present. Of this num- Itcr 58 had been restored and discharged; 21 had been improved; 4 re- mained unimproved ; 12 had died, leaving 275 in the institution. In April Dr. W. E. Saunders was appointed Superintendent ; vice Dr. Wal- S4i TEXAS ALMANAC AND HAND-BOOK. lace resigned. James H. Raymond is President of the board of Mana- gers. Deaf and Dumb Asylum. — Thei'e were fifty-seven inmates of this institution. Some of the Mutes are employed in a printing office con- nected with the institution. On the first of September Dr. John S. Ford was appointed Superintendent; vice H. E. M'Culloch, resigned. Dr. R. M. Swearingen is President of the Board of Managers. Institution for the Blind. — The last report for this institution an- nounces that there were 68 pupils ; 28 males and 40 females. Dr. Frank Raney is Superintendent ; and E. W. Shands, President of the Board 'Of Managers. OUR PENITENTIARIES. Tete Legislature at its regular session in 1879 made provision for com pleting the East Texas Penitentiary, at Rusk, and fitting it up for occu- pancy. The officers of the Penitentiary at Huntsville, are, Thos. J. Coree, Superintendent, D. M. Short, Assistant Superintendent ; Local Directors rat Huntsville, J. W. Winn, J. W. Carey, and S. R. Smith ; Thomas W. Markham, Physician ; and W. W. Keep, Chaplain and Librarian. The Superintendents receive an annual salary of $1,500; the Physician $500 ; and the Directors and Chaplain S250 each. Heretofore it has cost an average of nearly $70 each to transport convicts to the penitentiary, but by a new law Messrs. Cunningham & Co., the Lessees agme to transport them by contract at $39 for each conWct. The latest report at hand states that there are 1835 convicts — of whom 946 are hired out to work on plantations, 399 on railroads, and 489 are inside the walls of the institution. During the month of May, 1879 a considerable tract of land was purchased adjoining the penitentiary, and hands put to work to inclose with a substantial brick wall, eight acres additional to the present yards. The report of the Superintendent to the Governor, gives some interesting statistics of the institution since its organization in 1849. There have been 7350 convicts admitted. Of this number, 475 claim to be temperate, and 4,775 admit themselves to have been intem- perate, 2,739 were married, 4,310 unmarried, and others not stated ; 137 had good education, 2,091 common, 521 limited, and 4.510 no education. ^,269 used tobacco, and 980 did not. Seven white females, and 104 colored females were among the number. STATISTICS OF AMERICAN COLLEGES. 85- STATISTICS OF AMERICAN COLLEGES. FROM THE REPORT OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF THE BUREAU OF EDUCA- TION, WASHINGTON. States, Alabama Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut District of Columbia, Delaware Georgia Illinois., Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi No, Col- leges, Stu- dents, 3 316 4 104 9 831 1 7o: 3 856| 4 152 1 40 6 488 •24 1,538' 16 l,267i 17 902, 6 167 14 9021 4 541 3 3501 8 644 9 1,777 8 810 3 154 4 189 States. Missouri Nebraska New Hampshire New Jersey New York North Carolina , Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina. Tennessee Texas Vermont Virginia West Virginia.,, Wisconson Total. No, Col- leges. 13 2 1 4 24 7 28 4 27 1 6 18 6 3 8 3 9 311 Stu- dents. 821 82 24^ 712 2,940 383 2,220 210 2,166 219 351 1,129 457 169 1,09a 164 68^ 25,670 The following table will give a sufficiently accurate idea of the extent to which American colleges are under denominational influences : Religious denominations. Methodist, Baptist, Roman Catholic, Presbyterian, Congregationalist, Lutheran, Christian, Episcopal, United Brethren, Reformed, Friends, Universalist, Advent, Evangelical, Reformed German, New Church, Non-sectarian, Number, 49 37 37 33 15 15 11 9 7 6 5 4 1 1 1 1 76 86 TEXAS ALMANAC AND HAND-BOOK. LEADING SOUTHERN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS. The following table, prepared from information received at the bureau of statistics, shows the aggregate production for each year since 1870, of the three great agricultural staples of the southern States : coTTOx. bales. SUGAR, hhds. TOBACCO, lbs. 1870 4,352,317 144,881 385,000,000 1871 2,974,351 128,461 426,000.000 1872 3,930,508 108,529 480,000,000 1873 4,170,388 89,498 ■ 507,000,000 1874 3,832,991 116,867 315,000,000- 1875 4,669,288 144,146 522,000,000 1876 4,485,423 169,331 535,000,000 1877 4,811,423 127,753 560,000,000 1878 5,200,000 about 212,000 572,000.000 NEW COUNTIES— ORGANIZED AND UNORGANIZED. Of the two hundred and twenty-six counties of the State, the report of the Comptroller for 1878 has the statistics of property of one hun- dred and fifty-four. (See statistical table, page 62.) Since that report was prepared ten new counties have been organized, and others are rapidly filling up with population. It is towards these outlying ■counties that the tide of immigration is now setting, and we give our readers such information as we have of the countiy in these newly •organized and unorganized counties. 1. Andrews — Has an area of 1,560 square miles ; is situated in the southwestern portion of what is known as the Pan-handle, or Staked Plains division of the State. Bounded on the north by Gaines, east by Martin, south by Tom Green, and west by New Mexico 2. Archer — Area, 900 square miles: is exceedingly rich in minerals, ■especially in copper. A copper mining company has been organized to utilize these mines. The county is well watered by the tributaries of the Wichita River ; and has a large number of rich valleys capable of producing abundant crops. It is bounded north by Wichita, east by Cla}^, south by Young, and west by Baylor. 3. Armstrong — Area, 900 square miles. Bounded north by Carson, east by Donley, south by Brisco and Swisher, and west by Randall. Is in the heart of the Pan-handle ; and watered by Red River. 4. Bailey — Area, 1,052 ; situated on the western limit of the Pan- handle. Bounded north by Parmer, east by Lamb, south by Cochran, and west by New Mexico. NEW COUNTIES — ORGANIZED AND UNORGANIZED. 87 5. Baylor — Area, 90G square miles : organized in July, 1879 ; Sey- mour the county seat. In the fall of 1877 a few families from Oregon settled a village which was named Oregon. A writer in the Graham Leader gives this description of a visit to the new settlement : "Leaving Belknap, our route was over hill and dale; lovely prairie glades, interspersed with timber, herds of cattle feeding upon the luxuri- ant grass — a feast for the landscape painter. Monday morning arrived at Oregon City, situated in a beautiful undulating valley within half a mile of the Brazos and near Seymour creek, which possesses many natural advantages. The town at present consists of fourteen families and residences, one store, one blacksmith shop, one school building and post-office, and soon to have a drug store. There are five stone build- ings under contract and in course of erection. The town is surrounded with the very best quality of alluvial land, which is being rapidly put into cultivation. The people are hospitable and enterprising. As an evidence of the industry of the people, it is proper to state that on the 1st of November last not a furrow had been turned, and now there are '600 or 700 acres in cultivation. Millett Brothere, whose rancho is in Baylor County, are preparing to start a herd of 5,000 head of cattle to Trinity, New Mexico, having sold them to ex-Congressman Dorsey." 6. Borden — Area, 900 square miles : situated on the head waters of the Colorado and Concho rivei's. Bounded north by Lynn and Garza, east by Scurry, south by Howard, and west by Dawson. 7. Briscoe — Area, 900 square miles. Bounded north by Armstrong a,nd Donley, east by Hall, south by Floyd, and west by Swisher. It lies between the two forks of Red River. 8. Carson — Area, 900 square miles. Bounded north by Hutchin- son, east by Gray, south, by Armstrong, and west by Potter. It is watered by tributaries of the Canadian River, which flows near the northwestern border of the county. 9. Castro — Area, 900 square miles : bounded north by Deaf Smith and Randall, east by Swisher, south by Lamb, and west by Parmer. The south fork of Red River has its source in Castro county. 10. Childress — Area, 758 square miles : bounded north by Collins- worth and Greer, east by Greer and Hardeman, south by Cottle, and west by Hall. It is situated on one of the forks of Red River ; is well watered, and capable of a high degree of cultivation. 11. Cochran — Area, 825 square miles : bounded north by Bailey, east by Hockley, south by Yoakum, and west by New Mexico. 12. Collinsworth — Area, 900 square miles : bounded north by "Whee- ler, east by Greer, south by Hall and Childress, and west by Donley. 8S TEXAS ALMANAC AND HAND-BOOK. This is a well watered county with considerable bodies of good land^ waiting the coining of the settler. 13. Concho — Area, 956 square miles: Organized in July 1879, Paint Rock the County Seat. Bounded on the north by Runnels, east by Coleman and McCulloch, south by Menard, and west by Tom Green. A newspaper correspondent gives the following description of the new t 'Wn : "■The town derives its name from Paint Rock bluff, on the op- posite side of the river from town. This cliff is covered with pictures and Indian signs and symbols, painted by the Indians when they infest- ed this country. Paint Rock occupies an elevated position on the south bank of the Concho river, and is surrounded by magnificent views and charming landscapes. By the dark foliage of the timber that lines the banks of the Concho river, the eye can trace for miles the winding course of that beautiful stream, while far away in every direction can be seen hills and valleys covered with luxuriant grasses, the prairie dotted here and there with groves of mesquite timber, the whole scene animated by droves of wild mustangs and herds of antelope and deer grazing and running on the prairie. 14. Cottle — Is a large county, newly settled and but partially organ- ized, with Cottle for the county seat. Area, 1147 square miles. Bounded north by Childress, east by Hardeman, south by King, and west by Motley. It is well watered by Pease River and its tributaries. Gen. R. M. Gano, of Dallas is introducing colonists into Cottle from Ken- tucky, Tennessee, and other States. 15. Crockett — In 1875 the Legislature gave the name of Crockett County to the large district of country before known as Bexar District. Its area is 10,029 square miles: bounded north by Tom Green, east by Menard, Kimble and Edwards, south by Kinney, and west by Presidio. It is a mountainous and mineral region, much of which is well adapted to stock raising. 16. Crosby — Area, 900 square miles. Bounded riortn by Floyd, east by Dickens, south by Garza, and west by Lubbock. There is a post office at Doekharn's Rancho, 17. Dallam — Area, 1,468 square miles. Bounded north by the Indian Territory, east by Sherman, south by Hartley, and west by New Mexico. It is watered by some of the Tributaries of the Canadian River, and lies in the extreme north-western corner of the State. 18. Dawson — Area, 900 square miles ; bounded north by Terry and Lynn, east by Borden, south by Martin, and west by Gaines. The- Colorado River has its rise in this county. NEW COUNTIES — ORGANIZED AND UNORGANIZED. 89 19. Deaf Smith — Area, 1,485 square miles. On the extreme west- ern border of the Pan Handle ; bounded north by Oldham, east by Randall, south by Castro and Parmer, and west b}' New Mexico. 20. Dickens — Area, 900 square miles : bounded north by Motley, east by King, south b}^ Kent, and west by Crosby. It is watered by trib- utaries of the Wichita and Brazos Rivers. 21. Diraitt — Area, 1,290 square miles- Bounded north by Zavalla, east by Frio, south by Webb, and west by Maverick. It is a fine graz- ing county in which stock ranches are being established. It has some fresh water lakes ; is traversed by the Nueces River, and some tributaries of the Rio Grande. Will soon be oi'ganized with Dimitt for county seat. 22. Donley — Area, 900 square miles. Bounded north by Gray, east by Collinsworth, south by Briscoe and" Hall, and west by Armstrong. The town of Clarendon was settled in March, 1878. The county is well watered by Red River and its tributai'ies, and is rapidly filling up with an industrious and prosperous population. 23. Edwards — Area, 960 square miles. Bounded north by Kimble, east by Kerr and Bandera, south by Bandera and Uvalde, and west by- Crockett. Though the county is still unorganized there are a good many stock ranches located on its numerous creeks. The Llano, the Guadalupe, the Frio and the Nueces rivers have some of their sources in this county. 24. Encinal — Area, 1,788 square miles. Bounded north by La Salle, east by Duval, south by Zapata, and west by Webb. It is an arid region, but suitable for stock ranches, especiall}'^ for sheep. 25. Fisher — Area, 900 square miles. Bounded north by Kent and Stonewall, east by Jones, south by Nolan, and west by Scurry. There is a post-office at Reed's Ranche. It is watered by the Palo Pinto and other creeks. A newspaper correspondent says : " Fisiier County is one of the finest in the State. The lands, for beauty and fertility, cannot be surpassed, and the range is the best we have ever seen. There are two families and four bachelor dens or holes in this far-away county. Turkey, deer and antelope are abundant. We are a law-abiding people. There is not a lawyer, doctor, tooth- carpenter or average politician in this county. One lone preacher." 26. Floyd — Area 1,147 square miles. Bounded north by Briscoe, east by Motley, south by Crosby, and west by Hale. The south fork of Red River and Pease River traverse the county. 27. Gaines — Area, 1,560 square miles. In the extreme western portion of the Pan Handle ; bounded north by Yoakum and Terry, east by Dawson, south by Andrews, and west by New Mexico. 90 TEXAS ALMANAC AND HAND-BOOK. 28. Garza — Area, 900 square miles. Bounded north by Crosby, east by Dickens, south by Scurry and Borden, and west by Lynn. The salt fork of the Brazos traverses the county. 29. Gray — Area, 900 square miles. Bounded north by Roberts, east by Wheeler, south by Donley, and west by Carson. Various trib- utaries of Red River have their sources in this county. 30. Greer — Area, 2,622 square miles. It is situated in the forks of Red River. Bounded north and east by the Indian Territory, south by Wilbarger and Hardeman, and west by Childress, Collinsworth and Wheeler. There has been some controversy in reference to the ownership of this county, but it is now conceded to Texas by the United States, and placed in the Northern Federal District Court. The Legislature has reserved the land from location, setting it apart to build a State Capitol and for educational purposes. Some stock ranches are being estab- lished in the county. It was Governor Houston's instruction to the Commissioner on the part of Texas who, in 1860, ran the line, to insist upon the north fork of Red River as the boundary line, and to this the United States Commissioner at first agreed, and Greer County appeared on the maps of Texas. But during the war the United States again reasserted a claim to Greer County, and it ceased to be marked on the maps of Texas. In the report of the Secretary of the Interior for 1877 it is claimed that this was purchased from the Choctaw and Chickasaw Indians. This is preposterous, as those Indians never had any title to the country. We presume no farther trouble will arise, as it is now officially assigned to Texas, by act of Congress. 31. Hale — Area, 1,197 square miles. Bounded north by vSwisher, east by Floyd, south by Lubl^ock, and west by Lamb. It is traversed by the south fork of Red River. 32. Hall — Area, 900 square miles. Bounded north by Donley and Collinsworth, east by Childress, south by Motley, and west l\v Briscoe. Well watered by the tributaries of Red River. 33. Hansford — Area, 910 square miles. Bounded north hy the Indian Territory, east by Ochiltree, south by Hutchinson, and west by Sherman. It is watered by the Canadian River. 34. Hardeman — Area, 1,180 square miles. Bounded north by Greer, east by Wilbarger, South by Knox, and west by Cottle and Chil- dress. It is well watered by Red River. 35. Hartley — Area, 900 square miles. Bounilcd north by Dallam, east by Moore, south by Oldham, and west by New Mexico. It is watered by the Canadian River. NEW COUNTIES— ORGANIZED AND UNORGANIZED. 91 36. Haskell — Area, 900 square miles. Bounded north by Knox, east by Throckmorton, south by Shackelford and Jones, and west by Stonewall. It is well watered by the Brazos River, and in a situation to be rapidly settled up. 37. Hemphill— AxQa,^ 900 square miles. Bounded north bj^ Lips- comb, east by Indian Territory, south by Wheeler, and west by Roberts. The Canadian River passes through the coufcty. 38. Hockley — Area, 900 square miles^|»Bounded north by Lamb, east by Lubbock, south by Terry and west'^y Cochran. 39. Howard — Area, 900 square miles. Bounded north by Borden, east by Mitchell, south by Tom Green, and west by Martin. The North Concho River runs diagonally through the county. The wSolitair Moun- tain forms a prominent feature in the landscape. •iO. Hutchmson — Area, 900 square miles. Bounded north by Hans- ford, east by Roberts, south by Carson, and west by Moore. It is well watered by the Canadian River and numerous trii.ataries. 4L Jones — Area, 900 square miles. Bounded north by Stonewall and Haskell, east by Shackelford, south by Taylor, and west b}- Fisher. This county is well watered by various tributaries of the Brazos River; is admirable adapted to stock-raising, with some fine valleys for cultiva- tion. Before the war there was a military- post called Fort Thornton, near the confluence of the Elm and Clear Forks of the Brazos. It is now called Thornton Hill ; has a considerable population, and will pro- bably become the county seat at the organization of the county which will soon take place. 42. Kent — Area, 900 square miles. Bounded north by Dickens, east by Stonewall, south b}^ Fisher and Scurry, and west by Garza. It is watered by the Brazos River and Croton Creek. Peppen's Ranche has a post-office. 43. King — Area, 900 square miles. Bounded north by Cottle, east by Knox, south by Stonewall, and west by Dickens. It is watered by the Wichita River and its tributaries. 44. Knox — Area, 900 square miles. Bounded north by Hardeman, east by Baylor, south by Haskell, arid west by King. This is an ad- mirable county for live stock, and has a fair share of tillable land ; is well watered by the Big Wichita and Croton creeks and their tributaries. 45. Lamb — Area, 1,147 square miles. Bounded north by Castro, east by Hall, south by Hockley, and west by Bailey. 46. La Salle — Area, 1,512 square miles. Bounded north by Frio, east l)y McMuUen, south by Encinal, and west by Wcbl) and Dimitt. A number of sheep ranches have been established near old Fort Ewell, on 92 TEXAS ALMANAC AND HAND-BOOK. the Nueces River, and it is probable the count}^ will soon have a suflfl- cient population to organize. 47. Lipscomb — Area, 910 square miles. Bounded north and east by Indian Territory, south by Hemphill, and west by Ochiltree. It i& on the extreme northeastern border of the Pan Handle and watered by the tributaries of the Canadian River. 48. Lubbock — Area, 90% square miles. Bounded north by Hale, east by Crosby, south by Lynn and west bj- Hockley. Some tributaries of the Brazos River rise in ttjis county. 49. Lynn — Area, 900 square miles. Bounded north by Lubbock, east by Garza, south by Borden and Dawson, and west by Terry. It has some streams of water which flow into the Brazos. A prominent feature of the landscape is Mt. Cooper, on the southeastern border of the county. 50. Martin — Area, 900 square miles. Bounded north by Dawson'^ east by Howard, South by Tom Green, and west by Andrews. It is watered by the tributaries of the North Concho. 51. Mitchell — Area, 900 square miles. Bounded north by Scurry^ east by Nolan, south by Tom Green, and west by Howard. Watered by the waters of the Concho. 52. Moore — Area, 900 square miles. Bounded north by Sherman, east by Hutchinson, south by Potter, and west by Hartley. The Cana- dian River traverses the county. 53. Motley — Area, 1,147 square miles. Bounded north by Hall, east by Cottle, south by Dickens, and west by Floyd. It is watered by the north and south forks of Pease River. A considerable population is flowing into this county. 54. Nolan — Area, 900 square miles. Bounded north by Fisher, east by Taylor, south by Tom Green, and west b}- iNIitehell. The north- ern portion of the count}' is drained by tributaries of the Brazos, while the creeks in the southern part flow into the Colorado River. 55. Ochiltree — Area, 910 square miles. Bounded north by tne Indian Territory, east by Lipscomb, south by Rcjberts, and west by Hansford. Watered by the tributaries of the Canadian River. 56. Oldham — Area, 1,477 square miles. Bounded north by Hart- ley, east by Potter, south by Deaf Smith, and west by New Mexico. The village of Tascosa, on the Canadian River, has about 150 inhab- itants, and there are two other trading points in the county on the same stream. Tascosa has a daily mail east to Dodge City, Kansas, and west to Los Vegas, New Mexico. Stock ranches are being established on different water courses. ARANSAS BAY. NEW COUNTIES — 0EGANIZI<:D AND UNORGANIZED. 93 57. Parmer — Area, 858 square miles. Bounded north by Deaf Smith, east by Castro, south by Bailey, and west by New Mexico. 58. Potter — Area, 900 square miles. Bounded north by Moore, east by Carson, south by Randall, and west by Oldham. Canadian River traverses the county. 59. Randall — Area, 900 square miles. Bounded north by Potter, east by Armstrong-, south by Swisher and Castro, and west by Deaf Smith. It lies on the Avaters of Red River. 60. Roberts — Area, 900 square miles. Bounded north by Ochiltree, east by Hemphill, south by Gray, and west by Hutchinson. The Can- adian River meanders through the county. 61. Runnels — Area, 990 square miles. Bounded north by Ta3'lor, east by Coleman, south by Concho, and west by Turn Green. It is Avatered by the Colorado River, and is beginning to settle up with stock ranches. %'2. Scurry — Area, 900 square miles. Bounded north by Garza and Kent, east by Fisher, south by Mitchell, and west by Borden. It is watered by the tributaries of the Colorado River. 63. Sherman — Ai'ea, 910 square miles. Bounded north by the Indian Territory, east by Hansford, south by Moore, and west by Dallam. It is watered by the Canadian River. 64. Stonewall — Area, 900 square miles. Bounded north by King, east by Haskell, south by Jones and Fisher, and west by Kent. Tra- versed by the Salt Fork of the Brazos River and Croton creek. It has a beautiful valley called Carter's Valley. 65. Swisher — Area, 900 square miles. Bounded north by Randall and Armstrong, east by Briscoe, south by Hale, and west by Castro. It is watered by the tributaries of Red River. 66. Terry — Area, 900 square miles. Bounded north bj^ Hockley, east by Lynn, south by Dawson and Gaines, and west by Yoakum. The headwaters of the salt fork of the Brazos are in this county. 67. Throckmorton — Area, 900 square miles. Bounded north by Baylor, east by Young, south by Stephens and Shackelford, and west by Haskell. It is watered by the clear fork of the Brazos and its trib- utaries. It was recently organized. The county seat is called Throck- morton. 68. Wheeler — Area, 900 square miles. Bounded north by Hemp- hill, east by the Indian Territory, south by CoUinsworth, and west by Gray. It is well watered by Red River and its tributaries. The county 94 TEXAS ALMANAC AND HAND-BOOK. was organized April 12, 1879. Wlieeler, the county seat, is 250 miles northwest of Jacksboro, and 180 from Dodge City, Kansas, its nearest railroad point. 69. Wichita — Ai-ea, 589 square miles. Bounded north bj"- the Indian Territory, east by Clay, south by Archer, an i west by Wilbarger. It is well watered by the Wichita and Red rivers. It is a desirable count3% and is filling up with people. The town of Avon has the lai-gest population, and will probably become the county seat, on the organiza- tion of the county. 70. Wilbarger — Area, 937 square miles. Bounded north by the Indian Territory, east by Wichita, south by Baylor, and west by Harde- man. This is a well watered county of good land, and very desirable for settlement. 71. Yoakum — Area, 825 square miles. Bounded north by Cochran, east by Terry, south by Gaines, and west by New Mexico. 72. Zavalla — Area. 1,200 square miles. Bounded north by Uvalde, east by Frio, south by Dimitt, and west b}^ Maverick. This is a fine county for stock ; watered by the Nueces and Frio rivers. Of the above seventy-two counties, fifty-four are situated in what is denominated the Staked Plains — a vast elevated plateau, in which the great rivers of the Indian Territory, Arkansas and Texas have their sources. Until quite recently it was supposed to be uninhabitable, and marked on the maps as the " Great American Desert. " But buffalo hunters, parties in pusnit of Indians, and surveyors having penetrated the country, have discovered that it is intersected by fertile valleys, and canyons, and immense tracts of land capal)le of cultivation. This region is now open to settlers, and offers homes for millions. Besides this immense region there are scores of counties in the more settled portions of the State in which not one hundreth part of the land has been brought into cultivation. The emigrant in the older States seeking for a new location, will do well to open the map of Texas, and inspect the statistics of the organized counties as found in this volume and the "Pictorial History of Texas," and select his location. If he can not suit himself in a country offering such inducements to immigrants, and such advantages in the way of soil, climate, productions, and de- sirable society, he must be hard to please. POPULAR VOTE OF THE STATES. 95 Popular Vote of the States, for President in 1876, and for State Officers at Subsequent Periods. States. Alabama Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Forida Oeorifia Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine , Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota .Mississippi Missouri Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire. New Jersey New York North Carolina... Ohio Orejfon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina.... Tennessee , Texas Vermont Virginia West Vir<;inia Wisconsin Total 4.208.867 TiLDEN. Domocrat 102.002 58.071 75.845 Electors s 61.934 13.381 24.434 130.088 258.601 213..526 112.099 37.902 159.690 83.723 49,823 91.780 108.777 141.095 48.799 112.173 202.687 17.554 9.308 38.509 115.962 521.949 125.427 323.182 14.149 366.158 10.712 90.896 133.166 104.755 20.254 130.670 56,455 123.927 Hayes. Republi'n, 68.320 3S.669 78,614 elected bv 59.034 10.753 24.340 50,446 278.232 208.011 171,327 78.322 97.156 77.174 66.300 71,981 150.063 166,534 72.962 52.605 144.398 31,916 10,383 41. .539 103.517 489.207 108.417 330.698 15.206 384.122 15.787 91.786 89.566 44.800 44.092 95.558 42.698 130,668 Cooper- Smith, j Govkknors. G. B. jTenip'e. Democrat.] Hepubli'n 289 44 ....;.... the Leoiislature. 774 378 17.233 9.533 9.901 7.776 1.944 ""663 33 779 9.O6O; 2,31l{ '"3.49s| 2.320 76 712I 1.98 141 99.255 71.298 13,316 61,934 36 110 818 10 84 766 72 64 1.599 3.057 510 7.187 68 1.373 1.509 4.035.825 81,737 43 2,359 1,636 24,179 109.811 272,432 213.164 79.353 84.487 85.447 73.185 142,492 40.215 96.382 199.580 17.219 c. 9.3 ic 36.7:ii 97.837 383,062 123,369 1.319 60 Elec. 1874. 251.717 11,783 92.261 123.940 ]00,.581 20.988 101.940 56.020 70,486 9.5221 55,582 37.30(i " 14.154 58,514 "23,984 ;34.116 279.226 202.070 121,546 76.477 ""72.544 91.255 ■ 165.926 57.644 No cand. 147.694 31,947 10,241 40.755 85,094 371,798 110.909 D 550 ma j. 241.816 12,455 91.127 73.695 50.000 44.723 No cand. 43.477 78,759 Dem. Arizona Territory, for Members of Conoress 1,187 Efip. 1,062 2,41.S 2,2s 4 2,980 9,591 3,842 Dakota '' " •' 6,199 Idalio " " " 2.674 Montana " " " 3,827 New Mexico " " " 7,418 Utah " " "• 27,531 Washington *•' " " (majority) 238 Wyoming " " . " 2,760 3,864 Note: — In Ohio, the vote In October 1879 was for Cliarles Foster, Republican. 336,261: Thomas Ewinjr. Democrat. 319.182; for Stewart. Prohibitionist, 4,195. For Piatt, National, 9,120. Foster's majority over f^wiiii;- 17.129. In Kentucky in 1879 the vote for Blackburn, Democrat, was 125,799 ; Jvvans, Kei)ublican, 81,882; Cook, Greenback. 18,954. In ]Maine : for the Republican candidate, 68,012 ; Greenback, 47, 088 ; Democrat, 21,181. 96 TEXAS ALMANAC AND HANDBOOK. States and Territories. Prqndation, Area., Capitals^ Governors^ Salaries, etc. States. Alabama i Arkansas ! California.... J Color.ido Connecticut. Delaware Dist.Col'bia. Florida.. Geoi-ofia Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas'. Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachu 'ts Michigan Minnesota.... Mississippi... Missouri Nebraska Nevada N.Hampsh»e New Jersey. New York'...' N. Carolina..' Ohio Oregon Pennsvlva'ia Rhode Isla'd S. Carolina.. Tennessee.... Texas Vermont Virginia W, Virginia Wisconsin.... TERRITORIES Alaska Arizona Dakota Idaho Indian Montana New 31 ex i CO liah ^Vashington Wvoiniuir =^ rA Popula- %3 tion. |i 1870. Capitals. 996.092 1 484,4711 560.2471 39.864S 537,454 125,015 131.700 187,748 1.184,109 2.539.S91 1.680.637 1.191.792 364.399 1.321,011 726.915 626,915 780,89s 1.457,3.51 1.184.059 439.706 827.922' 1,721.2951 122.993 42,491 318,300 906,096 4,382,759 1.071.361 2.665,260 90,923 3,521,791 217,393 705,006 1,2.58,520 818.579 330,551 1,22.5,163 442.014 1,054.670 50,722 Montgomery. 52,198 Little Rock. . 188.981 [Sacramento. . 104.500, Denver 4,750 Hartford. . . . 2,120rJover 60 Washington. .. .59.248:Tallahassee. . . 58,000|Atlanta 55,410 Springfield . . . 3.3,809|lndi!inapolis. . 55,045jDes Moines. . . 88,318iTopeka 37,680|Frankford 41,346:New Orleans . 35.000 Augusta ll,124lAnnapolis. . . . 7.800 Boston 56,451 Lansing 83,531 St. Paul 47.1.56 Jacks«in 65.350 .Jefferson City. 75,995 Lincoln ....'. 81.539 Carson City . . 9,280 Concord. .'. . . 8.320 Trenton 47.000 Albany ,50.704 Raleigh 39.964 Columbus. . . . 95,274 Salem 46,000 Harrisburg. . . 1.306 New't & Prov. .34.000 Columbia . . . . 45.000 Nashville 274.356 Austin 10.212lMontpelier . . . :'^,352jRichmond. . . , •_.!.000;Wiieeling . . ., 53,924'Madison. . . . . Governors. R. W. Cobb, D William R.Mdler,D, Geo. C. Perkins R. , F. W. Pitkin, R. . . , Chas. B. Andrews.R John W. Hall, D.. . Geo. F. Drew, D . Alfred H.Conquitt.D ShelbvM. Culium.R Jas. D. Williams, D. John H. Gear, R . . . John P. St. John. R. J. C.S.Blackburn. D F. T. Nicholls, D.. Patrick Davis, R . . , John L. Carroll, D.. Thos. Talbot, R. . Chas. M. Croswell.R. Jno. S. PilIsburry,R. J. M. Stone. D. . . John S. Phelps, D. . Albinus Nance, R J. H. Kinkead, R. . . Nathaniel Head, R. . Geo, B. McClellan, D A. K. Coinell, R. . . . Zeb. B. Vance, D. . . diaries Foster.D . . . U. W. Tliaver, D. . . Henrv M. IJovt. R. . :C. C.^^an Zandt. R . jW. D. Simpson, d. . . JA.S. Marks. D Oran M. Roberts, d.. Redficld Proctor, R.. F. W.M. Hollidav, c H. M. Matthews.'D. , Wm. E. Smith, R. .. . Nov. Jan. Dec. Jan. Jan. Jan. 15.240 577.24ft Sitka !0. M. Howard. M. G. 41,720 113,916 Tucson 'John C. Fremont. . , 14.181 152,000 Yankton ' W. A. Howard 20,.583 90.932ii;(>ise Citv John P, Ilovt 68,132 68,991 i'i'ahlaquah .. . .39,895 143.776 Helena 'lienj. F. Potts 111.303 121.201 iSant.i Fe !Le\v. Wallace , 99,4(K) SS.(».-)(; Salt Lake City.JGeo. \V. Emory 37,402 09,994iOlvmpia . . . '. .IE. P. Ferry 11.518 88.000 Cheyenne jJohn H. rfoyt 4000 4000 5(X)0 6000 3000 3000 5000 8000 2500 4500 5000 1000 Term Ex- pi les. 1880 LvM 1881 18S1 1881 1883 Jan. 1881 Jan. 1881 Jan. 1881 Jan. 1881 Jan. 1880 Jan. 1881 Sept. 1881 Jan. 1881 Jan. 1881 Jan. 1880 Jan. 1881 Jan. 1881 3500 Jan. 1880 4000'Jan. 1882 5000 Jan. 1881 2500 6000 1000 5000 10000 Jan. 1881 Jan. 1883 June, 1881 Jan. 1881 Jan. 1882 4000' Jan. 1881 400()'Jan. 1882 1500 Sept. 1882 10000: Jan. 1883 lOOOlMay, 1883 3500, Dec. 1880 4000 Jan. 1881 4000[Jan. 1881 lOOOlOct. 1880 .5000 Jan. 1882 2700 Mar. 1881 5000 Jan. 1880 not organised 2000 'JOdO 2000 not oiganized 2tK)0...; 2000 2000 2000 2000 STATE FINANCES AND STATE DEBTS. V7 STATE FINANCES AND STATE DEBT. At the annexation in 1846, not counting the old revolutionary debt of the Republic which was subsequently liquidated b3^ the sale of Santa Fe, there was a considerable sum in the public treasury; and large amounts were due from customs, etc., which augmented the revenues of the State for several years. In the report of Comptroller James B. Shaw, for December 3, 1849, he estimated the probable receipts into the treasury for the year ending October 31, 1850, at $197,672 ; and the estimated exj^enses of the State government, for the same period, at $157,289 — leaving a bal- ance in the treasury of $40,383. The sale of the Santa Fe territor}'- the same year put a large sum in the State treasury, so that for years the State taxes were relinquished to the counties. During Governor Houston's administration, just at the commence- ment of the war, a debt was contracted for keeping a battalion of troops on the frontier, which was recognized as binding by the Legislature of 1866, and bonds to the amount of $125,100, having ten years to run, and bearing six per cent, interest, were sold to meet this indebtedness. The next bonds issued, were during Governor Davis' administration, and for the same i)urpose — $750,000 frontier defense bonds, August 5, 1870, having forty years to run, and bearing seven per cent, interest. According to the reports of the Comptroller of the Treasury, the debt of the State, for a series of years, has been as follows : In 1872 it was $1,810,576 ; in 1873, $1,797,894 ; in 1874, $3,425,328 ; in 1875, $5,551,- 637; in 1876, $6,067,836 ; in 1877, $6,116,624 ; in 1878, $5,121,911. The nature of our debt may be learned from Comptroller Darden's report, as follows : SCENE NEAR FORT MASON. NATIONAL FINANCES. — DEBT, ETC. '•>'•) The bonds marked as of doubtful validity, belonging to the school fund, had been, for a number of years, carried upon the books of the Treasury Department, though no interest had been paid. The Comp troller, several times, called the attention of the Legislature to the sub- ject, but that body failed to make any declaration either acknowledging the validity of the bonds or invalidating them, until the commission to codify the laws met and in estimating the actual debt of the State these bonds were omitted, thus depriving the school fund of an aggregate amount of S487,008. In the Comptroller's report made out September 20, 1879, these bonds are omitted, and the bonded debt of the State, at that time, was $5,253,- 514: floating debt, $187,415; sa}', in round numbers, $5,500,000. As an offset to this debt there was in the trea&ury in currency $595,382 ; and in specie $42,711. NATIONAL FINANCES.— DEBT, CIRCULATION, ETC. During the month of July, 1879, the Treasury Department sent out a statement showing the condition of the treasury for a period of twen- ty-three years past. The debt analysis shows a decrease of about $3,000,000 in the prin- cipal during the year 1856-57, but an annual increase during the fol- lowing five years of peace, the total having I'isen from $28,460,959 on July 1, 1857, to $64,640,838 on July 1, 1860, and to $90,380,874 on July 1, 1861. During all these years, while the principal of the debt was increasing, the cash in the treasury was constantly decreasing, fall- ing from 821,006,585 in 1856, to $2,862,253 in 1861. Accordingly the debt, less cash in the treasury, increased faster than the outstanding principal, rising from $9,998,622 in 1857, to $87,718,661 in 1861. It is worthy of notice that until 1861, the increase was wholly in 5 per cent, bonds. There having meantime been a decrease of nearly $7,000,000 in the amount of 6 per cent, bonds, and an increase of $40,000,000 in 5 per cents., all of which were sold at par. After the breaking out of tlie war the debt increased, of course, very rapidly, the amount, less cash in the treasury, rising from $87,718,661 in 1861. to $505,312,752 in 1862, $1,111,350,737 in 1863, $1,709,452,277 in 1864, and to its maximum, $2,756,431,571 on the 31st of August, 1865. The increase during this period was principally in 6 per cents, and 7.30's, wdiich together amounted to $2,111,736,439 when the debt was at its maximum, though " the temporary loan deposits " at 4 per cent, ran up to $121,341,880 on the 1st of Jul}', 1866. No 3 per cents. LOFC. 100 TEXAS ALMANAC AND HAND-BOOK. appear until 1868, when the interest on the navy pension fund of $14,000,000 was fixed at this rate, and when $50,000,000 of the 3 per cent, certificates were issued to be used as bank reserves. In 1870 Congress concluded that it was not necessary to pay the banks interest on their reserves, and repealed the act authorizing the certificates, at the same time authorizing an increase of $54,000,000 in the bank circu- lation, and by July, 1873, the certificates had all* been retired. Since then the naA'y pension fund has been the only portion of the debt bear- ing 3 per cent, interest. The 4 per cent, debt, of which there was more or less from 1862 to 1868, ceased in 1869, But in 1871 certifi- cates of indebtedness at 4 per cent, to the amount of $678,000 were issued to the States of Maine and Massachusetts in settlement of old claims arising out of the .war of 1812-15. These were redeemed in 1875. In 1878 the 4 per cent, refunding bonds appear for the first time, and the total outstanding at the end of this month, July, will be $741,522,000, forming much the largest item in the public debt state- ment. During the administration of Andrew Johnson the principal operation in connection with the public debt was the conversion of $830,000,000 of 7-30 notes into 5-20 bonds. The total debt bearing interest was reduced from the maximum of $2,381,530,295 to $2,162,- 060,522, a reduction of $219,469,773, or' nearly $55,000,000 a year on the average ; while the debt, less cash in the treasury, was reduced from $2,756,431,571 to $2,432,771,873, a reduction of $323,659,698, or nearly $81,000,000 a year on the average. The annual interest charge was reduced nearly $25,500,000 during this period, while the cash in the treasury was increased nearly $150,000,000. During Grant's first term the interest-bearing debt was reduced $451,576,572, or nearly $113,000,000 a year on the average ; while the debt, less cash in the treasury, Avas reduced $327,309,812, or something less than $82,000,000 a year on the average. Meantime the cash in the treasury decreased about $26,000,000, and the annual interest charge nearly $30,500,000. During C4rant's second term there was an increase of nearly $1,500,000 in the debt bearing interest, but a decrease of $86,- 186,630, or an average of more than $21,500,000 a year in the debt less cash in the treasury. There was a decrease in the meantime of $4,880,- 161 in the annual interest charge, and an increase of about $57,000,000 in cash in the treasury. During the present administration the debt ^bearing interest has increased $85,755,200, but the debt, less cash in the treasury, has decreased $22,860,526, and the annual interest charge $10,372,177, while the cash in the treasury Jias increased $63,054,206. At the close of the present month the debt bearing interest will stand about as follows : DEBT OF THE SOUTHERN STATKS. 101 At 3 per cent, S 14,000,000 At 4 per cent 741,522,000 At 43^ per cent 250,000,000 At 5 per cent 508,440,350 At 6 per cent 283,681,450 Total $1,797,643,700 In estimating the amount of debt and interest charged per capita, the treasury department talies the actual enumerations of population for the years 1860 and 1870, and Professor E. B. Elliott's estimates for the year. He estimates the population at the present time at 49,305,- 000. The population at the date of the next census, estimated upon the same basis, will not fall short of 51,000,000. According to Prof . Elliot the debt reached the maximum of $78. 25 per capita, and the interest charge $4. 29 per capita in 1865, and the figures are now re- duced to $40. 42 principal and $1. 69 interest. The reduction of prin- cipal per capita has been 48. 2 per cent., while the reduction of interest has been 60. 6 per cent. The currency table shows a total of $207,402,- 477 in 1869, and $202,005,765 in 1861, wholly of State bank notes. The whole amount coined from 1853 to the end of 1861 was not far from $44,510,000. In 18G2 demand treasury notes and greenbacks ap- pear as currency items, and these were followed by one and two years notes and fractional paper in 1863, and by compound interest notes and national bank notes in 1864. The maximum circulation, according to the table last referred to, was $983,348,685 in 1865. But this total includes no less than $236,094,790 of interest notes. An interesting feature of this statement is that which relates to the national bank cir- culation. Until 1870 'the limit was fixed at $300,000,000, when it was extended to $354,000,000, which limit was reached in 1875. Then after the passage of the resumption act there was a decrease to $333,000,000 in 1876, and to $317,000,000 in 1877, there being during the same time a decrease of $16,000,000 in the greenback circulation. But since 1877 the banks have been expanding again, their issues having risen to $324,- 700,000 in 1878, and $329,700,000 in 1879. DEBTS OF THE SOUTHERN STATES. The debt of Alabama in ls7.s was $9,152,669; real and personal estate, tax basis, $117,486,581 ; tax, 70 cents; amount raised by tax, $827,399. 102 TEXAS ALMANAC AND HAND-BOOK. Arkansas debt, $4,153,035 ; unfunded debt, S13,967,012 ; tax basis, $94,000,000, tax, 60 cents ; amount raised by tax, $457,450. Florida debt, $1,348,272; tax basis, $30,000,000; tax, 90 cents; amount raised by taxation, S225,000. Georgia debt, §10,044,500; tax basis, $235,659,530; tax, 50 cents; amount raised by tax, $1,129,990. In 1872 Georgia annulled $10,477- 000 clearly fraudulent bonds, leaving the debt at that time $11,550,500. recognizing $5,798,000 of the Bullock bonds, Kentucky's debt is only $1,852,841; her tax basis, $357,326,013; tax, 40 cents. Louisiana's debt, 1878, amounted to $12,660,443; tax basis, $174,- 500,000 ; tax, $1. 45. The amount raised by taxation in 1878 was $2,- 472,629. Mississippi debt, $2,954,458; tax. 50 cents; tax basis, $127,000,000; amount raised by taxation, $634,701. Missouri's debt in 1879 was $16,758,000; tax basis, real and per- sonal, a little over $600,000,000; tax 40 cents; amount raised by tax- ation, $2,843,953. North Carolina debt, 1878, $27,120,228; tax basis, a little over $148,000,000 ; tax, 38 cents ; amount raised by taxation in 1878, $533,- 635. South Carolina's debt in 1878 was $6,738,686 ; tax basis a little over $125,000,000; tax; 45 cents; amount raised by taxation, $715,982, of which 89,540,750 was bond debt; $2,679,293 floating debt, and $4,797,- 608 contingent liabilit}', and the statement did not include $5,695,000 bonds issued for conversion of state securities under the act of 1869, which even a republican legislature declared issued without authority. The amount gi\'en as the delit in 1878 is that left after a fair judicial investigation by a court created for that purpose. Texas' debt in 1878 was $5,073,861 ; tax basis, $257,632,000 ; tax, 50 cents; amount raised by tax, $1,356,170. Virginia's debt in 1878 was $29,350,826 ; her tax basis, real and per- sonal, $322,569,631; tax, 50 cents ; amount raised by tax, $2,500,000 per annum. Since that time a settlement has been proposed which is absolutely demanded by inability to pay. We have not the details of that settlement at hand, but it is much more favorable to the holders of the bonds than that of Tennessee. Tennessee's debt and interest is $24,857,115, the debt as scaled will amount to a little over $12,000,000, the interest to about $500,000, requiring a tax of less than 35 cents on the $100, in addition to the amounts from other sources, such as privileges and the $100,000 from INDIAN RAIDS. — FKONTIER PROTECTION. 103 railroads to pay this and ordinary expenses. The tax basis in 1878 was $223,212,153, and the amount raised in 1878 was $G2G, 529. INDIAN RAIDS.— FRONTIER PROTECTION. Fi;oM its earliest settlement to the present time Texas has been more or less harrassed with Indian depredations, and inimigrants sometimes inquire with anxiety', if the frontier is now safe. In answer to such inquiries we take pleasure in stating that during the past few years set- tlements have rapidly extended and comparatively' few persons have , been killed by Indians, Some fifteen or twenty counties have been set- tled and organized within the past three j-ears, and immigration is flow- ing into a number of others. A cordon of military posts, occupied by experienced and energetic officers of the United States Army, extends along the entire frontier, from the mouth of the Rio Grande, up that river; along the Nueces, Devil's River, the Pecos, the Conchos, and the head waters of other Texas streams to the Indian Nation. And the State also has a small frontier battalion in the field. As to Indians, those claiming a home in Texas are few, harmless and feeble — only some families of Coshatties on the Trinity and a small remnant of the Tonkawas, near Fort Griffin. There are no wild Indians anywhere near Texas ; at least none permanently located or in large numbers. Of late years the Indians depredating upon Texas were mostly from Mexico, and crossed the Rio Grande. These were the Kickapoos, Lipans, Muscaleros, etc. It was supposed that the authori- ties in Mexico connived at these depredations ; but in January-, 1879, General Ord, of the U. S. Army, and General Trevino, of the Mexican Army, in command on the Rio Grande, met and mutually agreed to suppress all illegal raids across the river from either side. Since that time the citizens on both sides of the stream have enjoj'cd comparative immunity from bands of raiders. It is believed, since General Trevino visited Texas, and met with such a cordial reception in San Antonio, Galveston and other places, that all parties in Mexico see the advan- tages of preserving the peace between the two countries and promoting legitimate commerce. No danger, then, is to be apprehended from that source. It has also been supposed that Indians from the Fort Staunton reser- vation, when out ostensibly to hunt buffalo, committed raids in Texas. Depredations were committed early in January last, and Lieutenant John L. Bullis-left Fort Clark, Kinne}' County, on the 31st of January on a scout. Reaching Devil's River they learned of Indians who had 104 TEXAS ALMANAC AND HAND-BOOK. killed two men and one woman, and struck their trail leading norths which they followed to the Fort Staunton reservation, New Mexico. On the way they found four foot-sore abandoned horses, and at a spring, after riding four da3's without Avater and on the verge of famishing, Xhcy found eleven more horses that had been hidden by the Indians. The demand was made for the raiders, but the agent declined to give them up. Again, on the first of June, Mrs Colson and two children wire killed in Kinney County. The same band committed murders and thefts in Kimble County. It was at first thought these Indians were from the Fort Staunton reservation, and measures were at once taken to intercept them on their return. The following is the report of the officer in command of the scouting party : Company K, Eighth Cavalry, Fort Clark, Texas, June 24, 1879. — Post Adjutant, Fort Clark, Texas — Sir : I have the honor respectfully to report that, in obedience to special orders, dated June 3, from j^our headquarters, I left this post with second lieutenant F. E. Phelps and ^orty-four enlisted men of this compan}^ four Seminole Negro-Indian scouts, one six-mule team, with half forage for ten days, and rations for twenty days for the command. In compliance with verbal instruc- tions from the commanding officer, I was to proceed to Pecan springs^ Devil's River, Texas, and by patroling and watching the country, en- deavor to intercept and attack a party of depredating Indians who, it was thought, might pass through that section of country. June 3d, I marched to Sycamore Creek, distance twenty miles. June 4th, I reached Yellow banks, distance forty miles. June 5th, at 10.30 A. M., I Avas on Devil's River, above camp Hudson, distance twenty- three miles. I immediately commenced patroling and watching the country, and kept parties going the length of Devil's River, from Hud- son to Beaver lake and vicinity, and all avenues by which Indians might pass through to that country' were carefully and constantly guai-ded. I scouted with thirty men as far as Howard Well, leaving the balance of the company in picket at Beaver lake. Pecan springs and along Devil's River, and put myself in communication with Lieut. Maxon's combany, tenth cavalry, who were camped at camp Lancaster, and who were also- scouting that line of country. Trains and travelers were almost daily passing over the road from Fort Stockton to San Felipe, and Capt. Norvell's company, tenth cavalry, came into Beaver lake while I was there having scouted across from the neighborhood of Fort Concho. Nothing whatever could be seen or heard of any Indians. Tiiere were no signs at all, either fresh or old. I am confident they neither came in nor went out through the line of country, from Fort Clark to camp Lancaster. On the 20th, I left Devil's River witli my company, and returned to Fort Clark, reaching the post on June 23. Hv^-vv-i^-i^ ^ ■^^ 1 FORT ON THE WESTERN BORDER. THE VOLUNTEER ARMY. 105 Distance marched by the company during its daily marches and patrols on this trip was, in all, about four hundred and twenty-seven (427) miles. I am, very respectfully, your obedient servant, Jno. W. Pullman, First Lieut. Eighth Cavalry. Co. K. After receiving this report, General Ord became satisfied that the depredations had been committed by a small band of wild Indians, secreted in some of the thickets and canyons of the Staked Plains. It is exceedingly improbable that the United States will permit Indians from the Fort Staunton or any other "reservation " long to depredate in Texas, and we may regard ourselves safe on that score. Nor is there much danger from such little parties as can conceal themselves in unin- habited portions of the Pan Handle country. That is rapidly filling up, and so far as we have observed the new settlements have not been dis- turbed by Indians. We think, then, we may safely say that Texas is forever comparatively free from Indian disturbances. THE VOLUNTEER ARMY OF 1861-65. A STATEMENT has just bccu issucd by the AVar Department at Wash- ington, giving the number of men supplied the Union army by each State and Territory and the District of Columbia, from April 15, 1861, to the close of the rebellion. It shows that the total number of volun- teers was 2,687,967, divided as follows: Maine, 72,114; New Hamp- shire, 36,629 ; Vermont, 35,262 ; Massachusetts, 152,048 ; Rhode Island, 23,699 ; Connecticut, 57,397 ; New York, 467,047 ; New Jersey, 81,010; Pennsylvania, 366,107; Delaware, 13,670; Maryland, 50,316; West Virginia, 32,068 ; District of Columbia, 16,872 ; Ohio, 319,659 ; Indiana, 197,147; Illinois, 259,147; Michigan, 89,372; Wisconsin, 96,424; Min- nesota, 25.052; Iowa, 76,309; Missouri, 109,111; Kentucky, 79,025; Kansas, 20,151; Tennessee, 31,092; Arkansas, 8,289; North Carolina, 3,156; California, 15,725; Nevada, 1,080; Oregon, 1,810; Washington Territory, 964; Nebraska Territory, 3,157; Colorado Territory, 4,903; Dakota Territory, 206 ; New Mexico Territory, 6,561 ; Alabama, 2,576 ; Florida, lv290; Louisiana, 8,224; Mississippi, 545; Texas, 1,965; the Indian Nation, 35,030. The troops supplied by the Southern States were, with the exception of those of Louisiana, nearly all white. Florida supplied two regiments of cavalry; Alabama, one white regiment; IMis- sissippi, one battalion ; and North Carolina, two regiments of cavalry. 106 TEXAS ALMANAC AND HAND-BOOK. ROSTER OF TROOPS SERVING IN THE DEPARTMENT OF TEXAS. Commanded by Brig, Gen. E. 0. C. Ord, U. S. Army. Headquarters, San Antonio, Texas. July 15th, 1879. TROOPS. Cavalry. — Six companies of the 4th regiment, 8th regiment, and nine companies of the 10th regiment. Artillery. — Four batteries of the 2ncl regiment. Infantry. — 20th, 24th and 25th regiments, and six companies of the 22 ud regiment. PERSONAL STAFP\ Captain H. G. Brown, 12th Infantry, Aide-de Camp. First Lieutenant J. C. Ord, 25th Infantry, Aide-de-Camp. DEPARTMENT STAFF. Major Thomas M. Vincent, Adjutant General's Department. Adjutant General. Lieutenant Colonel J. S. Mason, 4th Infantry, Acting Assistant In- spector General. Second Lieutenant W. T. Howard, 2nd Artillery, Acting Judge Advocate. Major Benj. C. Card, Quartermaster's Department, Chief Quarter- master. Captain C. B. Penrose, Subsistence Department, Chief Commissary of Subsistence, Depiot and Purchasing Commissary of Subsi stance, San An- tonio, Texas. Surgeon J. R. Smith, Medical Department, 3Iedical Director. Major C. M. Terrell, Pay Department, Chief Paymaster. Captain W. R. Livermore, Corps of Engineers, Chief'Engineer Officer. Captain Clifton Comly, Ordnance Department, Chief Ordnance Officer and Commanding San Antonio Arsenal. First Lieutenant Alfred M. Raphall, 11th Infantry, on special duty at Department Headquarters. GENERAL STAFF OFFICERS NOT OTHERWISE ACCOUNTED FOR. Captain (4, "W. Bradley. <^)naitermaster's Department, Depot Quarter- master, San Antonio, Tc.va.s. ROSTER OF TROOPS. 107 Captain E. B. Atwood, Quartermaster's Department, Ft. Worth., Texas. Major F. M. Coxe, Pay Department, Fort Broion, Texas. On leave of absence for one month since June 22, 1879, per Special Order No. 103, current series, from these Headquarters ; extended 1 month i)ei- Special Order No. 69, current series. Headquarters IMilitary Division of the Missouri. Major A. E. Bates, Pay Department. San Antonio, Texas. Major C. I. "Wilson, Pay Department, Fort Cow^ho, Texas. (Temi)o- raril}' at San Antonio, Texas). IVhijor J. R. Wasson, Pay Department, San Antonio, Texas. (Tem- porarily at Fort Brown, Texas . Assistant Surgeon M. K. Taylor, U. S. Army, Attending Surgeon at Department Headquarters. DISTRICT OF THE KIO GRANDE, COMMANDED BY COL. GEO. SYKES. 20th INFAN- TRY. HEADQUARTERS, 'fort BROWN, TEXAS. At Fort Brown, the headquarters of the 20th Infantry, under com- mand of Col. George Sykes there are three companies of the 8th cavali-y, and five of the 20th infantry — in all 418 men. At Ft. Mcintosh, Capt. A. P. Carsher, commanding, there is one com- pany of the 8th cavalry and one of the 24th infantry — in ail 18,5 men. At Fort Pin gold Barracks, headquarters of the 8th cavalry, ]\Iajor C R. Clendenis, commanding, there are two companies of the 8th cavalry and four of the 24th infantry — in all 317 men. At San Diego, Capt. A. B. Kaufman, commanding, there is one company of the 8th cavalry — 56 men. At Santa Maria, Capt. J. F. Randlett, commanding, there is one companj^ of the 8th cavalry — 69 men. district of the NUECES, COMMANDED BY COLONEL R. S. I\L\CKENZIE, 4th CAVALRY. HEADQUARTERS, FORT CLARK, TEXAS. At Fort Clark, headquarters of 4th cavalry. R. S. Mackenzie, com- manding, there are five companies of the 4th cavalry, four companies of the 8th cavalry, two batteries of the 2nd artillery, and four companies of the 24th infantry — in all 852 men. At Fort Duncan, headquarters of the 24th infantry, Lieut. Col. J. E. Yard, commanding, there is one comi)any of 4th cavalry and thiee of the 24th infantry — in all 239 men. At San Felipe, Capt. Charles Bentzoni, counnanding, there i.s one Company- of the 25th infantry- — 64 men. DISTRICT OK THE PECOS, COMMANDED BY COLONEL B. H. GRIERSOX, lOtJl CAVALRY. HEADQUARTERS, FOjlT (■ON(;HO, TEXAS. At Fort Concho, headquarters of 10th cavalry. Col, B. H. Grierson, 108 TEXAS ALMANAC AND HAND-BOOK. commiinding, there are four companies of 10th cavahy, and three of 24th infantry — in all 327 men. At Fort Davis, headquarters of 25th infantry, Capt. L. H. Carpenter, commanding, there are three companies of 10th cavalry and four of 24th infantry — in all 325 men. At Fort Stockton, Capt. D. D. Vanvalzah, commanding there are two (• >mpanies of the 10th cavalry and three of the "25th infantry — in all 238 men. DISTRICT OF NORTH TEXAS, COMMANDED, TEMPORARILY, BY LIEUT. COL. E. S. OTIS, 22nd INFANTRY. HEADQUARTERS, FORT M'kAVETT, TEXAS. • At Fort M'Kavett, headquarters of the 22nd infantiy, Lieut. Col. E. S. Otis, Commanding, there are five companies of the 22nd infantvy- in all 299 men. At Fort Griffin, Capt. J. D. Irvine, commanding, there is one com- pany of the 22nd, infantry — 56 men. At the independent post of San Antonio, Capt. J. H. Patterson, com- manding, there are two batteries of the 2nd artiller^^, and one company of the 20th infantry — 124 men. (It is rumored that the post will soon be removed from Fort Griffin to double mountain. ) The post at El Paso is connected with the department of New Mexico. UNITED STATES CUSTOMS DISTRICTS. There are upon the coast of Texas four United States customs dis- tricts ; and one upon the upper Rio Grande. The following are the names of the districts, and the leading custom house officers and state- ments of the exports and imports of the districts on the coast, for the year ending June first, 1879 : Col. R. M. Moore, of San Antonio, is Special Treasury Agent in charge of Customs Department. DISTRICT OF BRAZOS DE SANTIAGO. Jjhn L. Haynes, Collector Brownsville. Samuel W. Russell, Dep. Collector Point Isabel. Samuel J. Stewart, '* .'....Rio Grande City. LinaH. Box, " Edinburgh. John Vale, " Roma. Imports 1879, value $2,07^,052. Exports, $388,717; to which may be added, silver from Mexican mines, $1,579,812. UNITED STATES CUSTO:>[S DISTKICTS. 109 DISTRIOT Of 'lORPUS CHRISTI. Sam. M. Johnson, Collector Corpus Christi. CaMn G. Brewster, Dep. Collector Lorcso. Robert J. Holbein, " Aransas. J. F. Farrell, " Carrizo. Port of Corpus Christi imports, value, $495,666. Exports, $528,426. DISTRICT OF GALVESTON. EUsha M. Pease, Collector Galveston. Louis C. Aklredge, Dep. Collector Sabine. William P. Rayney, " Houston. Port of Galveston, value of imports, $911,577. Exports, $16,481,505. DUTIES COLLECTED. Total Total 1878-79 1877-78 $ (^8,991.38 62,352.73 .Total Total Total Total Total 1873-74 1872-73 $210,015.00 492,428.86 Total Total Total 1876-77.. .. 1875-76 1874-75 95,980.49 ...;. 97,947.77 144 136 85 1871-72 1870-71 1869-70 672,582.31 633,218.19 277,750.29 DISTRICT OF PASO DEL NOKTE. Sherman C. Slade, Collector El Paso. William F. Scott, Dep. Collector Tucson, A. T. Charles H. Brinley, " Yuma, A. T. Perseus V. Caldwell " Del Norte. Aurelius G. Ledbetter, " ' Silver City, N. M. Maximo Arando, " San Elizario. Receipts for Customs, and expense of collecting. FROM CUSTOMS FOR FISCAL TEAR ENDED JUNE 30, 1877. TEAR ENDED JUNE 30, 1878. Galveston Indianola, (Saluria) Corpus Christi Browns\ille, (Brazos) El Paso, Paso del Norte.. Receipts. I Exj^enses. ;109. 859.31 $48,475.00 7,982.17 33,373.90 22,293.31 13,900.74 12.070.00 21 "10.00 55,004.84 9,994.00 Expenses. $71,940.81 16,675.72 23,581.56 23,220.67 18,465.46 Receipts. $38,318.23 12,562.70 21,257.03 41,360.89 16,234.37 DISTRICT OF SALURIA, Cheney R. Prouty, Collector Indianola. William B. McCreary, Dep. Collector Eagle Pass. Wesley Ogden, " San Antonio. Port of Indianola. imports value, $114,459. Exports, $573,948. 110 TEXAS ALMANAC AND HAND-BOOK. UNITED STATES COURTS IN TEXAS. Joseph P. Bradley, Associate Justice of tlie U. S. vSupreme Circuit Court. — W. B. Woods, Judge, of Atlanta, Georgia. Eastern District. — Amos Morrill, Judge; W. K. Homan, Attorney; Christopher Dart, and Geo. C. Rives Clerks ; Wm. J. Phillips, Marshal. Courts held twice a year in Galveston, Tyler and Jefferson. The fol- lowing Counties are included in the District: Jackson, Matagorda, Wharton, Brazoria, Fort Bend, Colorado, Austin, Waller, Harris, Galveston, Chambers, Jefferson, Orange, Hardin, Tvler, Polk, San Jacinto, Montgomery, Walker, Grimes, Madison, Trinity, Angelina, San Augustine, Sabine, Shelby, Nacogdoches, Chero- kee, Houston, Anderson, Henderson, Smith, ^Rusk, Panola. Harrison, Gregg, Upshur, Wood, Van Zandt, Rains, Hopkins, Camp, Titus, Mar- ion, Cass, Bowie, Franklin, Liberty, Newton, Jasper, Morris and Red River. Western District. — Thomas H. Duval, Judge ; Andrew J. Evans, Attorney ; Matthew Hopkins, Clerk ; S. H. Russell, Marshal. Courts held twice a 3^ear at Austin, San Antonio, and Brownsville. The follow- ing Counties comprise the District : Calhoun, Victoria, Goliad, Refugio, Bee, San Patricio, Nueces, Cam- eron, Hidalgo, Starr, Zapata, Duval, Encinal, Webb, La Salle, McMul- len, Live Oak, De Witt, Lavaca, Gonzales, Wilson, Karnes, Atascosa, Frio, Dimmit, Zavala, Maverick, Kinney, Uvalde, Medina, Bexar, Guadalupe, Caldwell, Fayette, Washington, Lee, Burleson, Milam, Williamson, Bastrop, Travis, Hays, Comal, Kendall, Blanco, Burnet, Llano, Gillespie, Kerr, BancTera, Edwards, Kimball, Mason, Menard, El Paso, Presidio, Tom Green, Crockett, Pecos, Concho, McCuUoch, San Saba and Lampasas. Northern District. — Andrew P. M'Cormick, Judge; Fred. W. Minor, Attorne}' ; John A. Fink, Clerk; A. B. Norton, Marshal. Courts neld at Waco, Dallas and Graham. The following Counties are included in this District ; Brazos, Robertson, Leon, Limestone, Freestone, Navarro, Ellis, Kauf- man, Dallas, Rockwall, Hunt, Fannin, Lamar, Delta, Collin, Grayson, Cooke, Denton, Tarrant, Johnson, Hill, McLennan, Falls, Bell, Cor3'ell, Hamilton, Bosque, Comanche, P^ratli, Somerville, Hood, Parker, Palo Pinto, Jack, Wise, Montague, Clay, Archer, Wichita, Wilbarger, Hardeman, Knox, Baylor, Haskell, Throckmorton, Young, Stephens, Shackelford, Jones, Taylor, Callahan, P^astland, Brown, Coleman, Run- UJNiTKi) 8TATES COURTS IN TEXAS. Ill nels. Greer, Nolan, Fisher, Stonewall, King, Cottle, Childress, Collins- wortli, Wheeler, Hoinphill, Limpscomb, Ochiltree, Roberts, Gray, Don- ley, Hall, Motley, Dickens, Kent, Scurry, Mitchell, Howard, Borden, Dawson, Gaines, Martin, Andrews, Garza, Crosby, Floyd, Briscoe, Arm. trong. Carson, Hutchinson, Hansford, Sherman, Moore, Potter, Randall, Swisher, Hale, Lubbock. Lynn, Terr}^, Hockley, Lamb, Castro, Deaf Smith, Oldham, Hartley, Dallam, Palmer, Bayley, Cochran" and Yoakum. Times of Holding Courts : The courts shall be held in the city of Waco, on the first Mondays in April and October ; in the city of Dallas, the first Monda3's in June and December ; in the town of Graham, Young.county, on the first Monda3's in February and August ; in the city of Galveston, on the first Mondays in November and March ; at the city of Tyler, on the second Monda3's in January and May ; at the city of Jefferson, on the second Monday's in February and September; at the city of Browns- ville, on the first Mondays in Januar}'^ and July ; at San Antonio, on the first Monday's in May and November ; at Austin, on the first Mon- days in February and August. And the district judge of each of said districts shall have power to fix adjourned terms at all of said places, so as to dispose of the whole of the business of said courts. LIGHT HOUSES ON THE COAST OF TEXAS. The lighthouses on the coast of Texas are as follows: 1. Galveston light-ship, inside of Galveston bar, with bell and horn for fog signals, with fixed Avhite light elevated 48 feet above the sea level. Strangers should not approach Galveston bar without a pilot in less than 7 fathoms of water. They may anchor in safety in 7 fathoms, with the light-ship bearing west by north The light-ship is anchored in 28 feet of water. 2. White and black tower on Bolivar point, 117 feet above sea level, with a fixed v/hite light illuminating the entire horizon. Good anchor- age in 7 fathoms, with the lighthouse bearing W. N. W. }4 W. 3. Bay light on Half-IMoon shoals ; super-structure white ; to guide vessels clear of the shoals. 4. Bay light on iro:i piles at Redfish bar; superstructure white, with li^'ht on keeper's dwelling, lantern black; to guide vessels clear of Red- fish reefs. 112 TEXAS ALMANAC AND HAND BOOK. 5. Bay light on iron piles at Clopper's bar, to guide vessels clear of Clopper's bar. 6. Cast iron tower in the form of a truncated cone and painted l)lack, near the northeastern end of Matagorda island, at the entrance to Matagorda bay, Pass Cavallo. This bar should never be attempted with- out' a pilot. Anchorage in 7 to 8 fathoms, with light bearing W. N. W. to N. W. 7. A fixed red light, on screw piles, on the southern extremity of Half-Moon reef. 8. Qctagonal lirick tower on low island inside of Aransas pass. Strangers should not attempt this bar without a pilot, or without sound- ing the bar for themselves. 9. Beacon on the south side of the entrance to Brazos Santiago. Vessels should make Point Isabel light, and, keeping in not less than seven fathoms, bring the beacon to bear S. W. by W. and anchor. On no account should strangers attempt to cross the bar without a pilot, as it is always changing. 10. Black tower, 82 feet above the sea level, at Point Isaliel, Brazos Santiago, with fixed white light varied by white flashes and illuminating the entire horizon. TEXAS HARBORS. In the River and Harlior appropriation bill, passed by the Forty- fifth Congress the following ai)propriations were made to Texas : Channel at Sabine Pass and Blue Buck bar, $25,000 ; Galveston har- bor, $100,000. Ship channel, Galveston, 880,000 ; the government to accept proposi- tion of tlie Bayou Ship channel company to turn over the work at Mor- gan's Point, and to surrender their charter and rights accruing there- under to the United States, which proposition is now on file in the war department and accepted, in which case the government hereliy adopts the line surveyed from the cut in Red-fish bar to the cut in Morgan's Point ; provided that no part of said sum shall be expended until the said committee accepts the provisions of the act. Sabine pass, above Orange, Texas, $6,000. Trinity River, $2,500. COURT HOUSE AT AUSTIN. TEXAS. UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT. 113 Mouth of Neches River, $5,000. Passo Cavallo and Matagorda bay, $25,000. C'yi)ress bayou, $G,000. Kiver bank, Fort Brown, Texas, $7,000. Aransas pass and baj'-, up to Rockport and Corpus Christi pass channel, $35,000. The se\eral states named below received the amounts specified : TO ALL THE STATES. Maine $ 26,000 New Hampshire 10,000 Vermont 26,000 Massachusetts 74,500 Rhode Island 65,000 Connecticut 124,500 New York 518,000 New Jersey 116,000 Pennsylvania 367,000 Delaware 22,500 Maryland . . '. 175,000 Virginia 230,000 West Virginia 186,000 North Carolina 223,500 South CaroUna 200,000 Georgia 181,000 Florida 39,500 Alabama 380,000 Mississippi 120,000 Louisiana 655,000 Texas 266,000 Arkansas $102,000 Missouri 74,000 Tennessee 121,000 Kentucky 1 12,000 Ohio 220,000 Indiana 85,000 IlUnois 165,000 Michigan 548,000 Wisconsin 362,500 Iowa 134,500 Minnesota 57.500 Kansas 30. ( 03 Nebraska 40,000 California 243,000 Oregon 222,00) Dakota 17,000 Montana 70, (.00 District of Columbia 50,100 Mississippi River 4()5,000 Missouri River 90,000 Ohio River 150,000 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT— EXECUTIVE DE- PARTMENT. Rutherfoid B. Hayes, President, Ohio Salary $ William A. Wheeler, Vice-President, New York Salary J CABINET. William M. Evarts, New York, Secretary of St(ae.... Salary John Sherman, Ohio, Secretary of Treasury Salary George W. McCreary, Iowa, Secretary of War Salary Richard W. Thomi)son, Indiana, Secretary of Navy... Salary Carl Schurz, Missouri, Secretary of Interior Salary David M. Key, Tennessee, Postmaster- General Salary Charles Devens, Massachusetts, Attorney- General.... Salary 550,000. $cS,000. $8,000. $8,000. $8,000. $8,000. $8,000. $8,000. $8,000. 114 TEXAS ALMANAC AND HAND-BOOK. • UNITED STATES CONGRESS.— SENATE. Each State is entitled to two Senators, elected b}' the State Lesjisla- tures, on joint ballot. Six j-ears is the senatorial term. In the 44th Congress — 1875 the Republicans had 43 members of the Senate ; Demo- crats 28 and 3 were reported as Independents. In the 45th Congress — 1877, there were 4G RepubUean Senators, and 30 Democrats. In the 4Gth Congress — 1879, there are 42 Democrats, 33 Republicans and one (David Davis, of Illinois,) Independent. FORTY-SIXTH CONGRESS. SENATE. (March 4, 1879, to March 4, 1881.) Term ends. ALABAIMA. John T. Morgan, D 1883 George S. Houston, D 1885 ARKANSAS. A. H. Garland, D 1883 J. D. Walker, D 1885 CALIFORNIA. Newton Booth, R 1881 James T. Farley, D 1885 COLORADO. Henry M. Teller, R 1883 N. P. Hill, R 1885 CONNECTICUT. William W. Eaton, D 1881 Orvill H. Piatt, R 1885 DELAWARE. Thomas F. Bayard, 1) 1881 Eli Saulsbury, D 1^83 FLORIDA. Charles W. Jones, D IS.Sl Wilkinson Call, D 1«85 GEORGIA. Benjamin H. Hill, D 1883 Jolui B. Gordon, D 1885 ILLINOIS. David Davis, Ind 1883 John A. Logan, R 1885 Term ends. INDIANA. J. E. McDonald, D Daniel W. Voorhees, D. IOWA. S. J. Kirkwood, R. . . . William B. Allison, R. . KANSAS. Preston B. Plumb, R.. John J. Ingalls, R. . . . KENTUCKY James B. Beck D J. S. Williams, D LOUISIANA. W. P. Kellogg, R B. F. Jonas, 1) MAINE H. Hamlin, R James G. Blaine, R. MARYLAND. WiUiamP. Whyte, D. . . James. B. Groome. D. . . MASSACHUSETTS. Henry L. Dawes, R George F. Hoar, R MICIHGAN. Henry P. Baldwin, R. . . Thomas W. Ferry. P- • 1881 1885 1883 1885 1883 1885 1883 188') 1883 1885 1881 1883 1881 1885 1881 1883 1881 1883 CTNITED STATES CONGRESS. — REPRESENTATIVES. 115 SENATE. - Tertn ends. MINNESOTA. S. J. R. McMillun, R 1881 Willitiin Windom, R 1883 MISSISSIPPI. B. K. P>riice, R 1881 L. Q. C. Lamar, D 1883 MISSOURI. F. M. Cockrell, D 1881 George G. Vest, D 1885 NEBRASKA. A. S. Paddock, R 1881 Alvin Saunders, R 1883 NEVADA. William Sharon, R 1881 John P. Jones, R 1885 NEW HAMPSHIRE. Edw. H. Rollins, R 1883 A Republican 1885 NEW JERSEY. T. F. Randolph. D 1881 J. R. McPherson, D 1883 NEW YORK. Francis Kernan, D 18S1 Roscoc Conkling, R 1885 NORTH CAROLINA. M. W. Ransom, D 1883 Zebulon Vance, D 1885 OHIO. A. G. Thurman, D 1881 G. H. Pendleton, D.. 1885 RECAPITULATION.— Democrats -Continued. Term ends. OREGON. L. S. Grover, D 1883 James H. Slater, D 1885 PENNSYLVANIA. W. A. Wallace, D 18«1 John D. Cameron, R 18S5 RHODE ISLAND. A. E. Burnside, R 1881 H.B.Anthony, R 1883 SOUTH CAROLINA. M. C. Butler, D 1883 Wade Hampton, D 1885 TENNESSEE. James E. Bailev, D . 1881 Isham G. Harris. D 1883 TEXAS. Samuel B. Maxey, D 1881 Richard Coke, D 1883 VERMONT. G. F. Edmunds. R 1881 Justin S. Morrill, R 1885 VIRGINIA. Robert E. Withers, D 1881 J. W. Johnston, D- 1883 WEST VIRGINIA. Frank Hereford, D 1881 Henry G. Davis, D 1883 WISCONSIN. Angus Cameron. R 1881 Matt. R. Carpenter, R 1885 42, Republicans 33, Independent 1. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. B}' the constitution the first Congress — 1787 — was composed of 05 members. In 1790 one member for every 30.000 population : there were 105 Representatives. In 1800, one Representative for every 33.000 people — 141 memliers. In 1810 the ratio was changed to one for every 35,000 people, and the number was 18G. In 1820 one for 40,000 : there were 212 members. In 1830, one to everv 47.700. and there wore 211 116 TEXAS ALMANAC AND HAND-BOOK. members. In 1840 the ratio was one for every 70,080 population, and the number of members was 243. In 1850— Eatio one to 98,702; number of members, 237. In 1860 the ratio was one for 126,823 ; number of members, 243. In 1870 the number of the lower house was fixed at 293. In the 44th Congress there were 181 Democrats, 109 Eepublieans and 11 Independents. In the 45th Congress, 161 Democrats, 133 Repubhcans. In the 46th Congress, 148 Democrats, 133 Republicans, 8 Independents, and California still to elect. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. ALABAMA. Maj. 1. Thos. H. Herndon, D... .3,639 1. 2. Hilaiy A. Herbert, ll . . .1,859 2. 3. William J. Stamford, D . .5,388 4. George M. Shelley, D . . . .1,959 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 5. Thomas Williams, D . . . .3,803 6. Burwell B. Lewis, D . . . .4,452 7. William H. Forney, D.. .2,595 8. William M. Lowe, D. . . .2,044 ARKANSAS. 6. 7. 1. Poindexter Dunn, D .8,863 8. 2. William F. Slemons, D. ..2,827 9 3. Jordan E. Cravens. D. . .3,334 c/ • 4. Thomas M. Gunther, D . .2,722 1 CALIFORNIA. X m 2 1. Horace Davis, R 3. 2. Horace F. Page, R , 4. 3. Joseph McKenna, D. . . . .. 5. 4. Romualdo Pacheco, R. . • 6. 7. COLORADO. 8. 9. 10. 1. James B. Belf ord, R . . . .2,291 11. CONNECTICUT. 12 1. Joseph R. Hawle3% R . .2,287 13 2. James Phelps, D .2,273 14 3. John T. Wait, R .1,665 15 4. Frederick Miles, R .1,179 16 17 DELAWARE. 18 Ed ward L. Martin. U ..7.610 19 FLORIDA. 3faj\ R. H. M. Davidson, D. . .3,231 Noble A. Hull, D 6a GEORGIA. John C. Nicholls, D 3,446. WilUam E. Smith, D 4,483 Philip Cook, D 2,628 Henry Persons, D 3,235 N. J. Hammond, D 2,073 James H. Blount, D 3,192 William H. Felton, D...l.o5(> Alexander H. Stephens, D. 3, 297 Emory Speer, D 222 ILLINOIS. William Aldrich, R 4, George R. Davis, R 4, Hiram Barber, Jr., R 4, John C. Sherwin, R 9, Robert M. A. Hawk, R. .6, T. J. Henderson, R 4, Philip C. Hayes, R 4, GreenburyL. Fort, R. ...4. Thomas A. Boyd, R Benjamin F. Mareh. R. .. James W. Singleton. D..5, W. M. Springer, D 3. Thomas F. Tipton, R 1, Joseph G. Cannon, K . . . .2, Albert P. Forsyth, ( i. W. A. J. Sparks, 1).. W. R. Morrison, D 1, John R. Thomas, R R. W. Townshend, D... .4, 1, 998 246 294 117 219 289 220 69(> 741 576 005 396 812 171 164 547 831 612 413 UNITED STATES CONGRESS. — KKPRESENTATIVES. 117 REPRESENT ATI VES.—Con«t» »ff7. INDIAXA. 1. William Hielman, R S2'J 2. Thomas R. Cobb, D. ..5.285 5. George A. Bicknell, i)....5,705 4. Jeptlia D. New, D . 491 5. Thomas B. Browne, R.... 840 ■6. William R. Meyers, D.. . . 619 7. George B. Loring, R 113 8. Andrew J. S. Hosietter, D. 1.040 9. Godlove 8. Orth, R 98 10. William H. Calkins, R... 1,957 11. Calvin Cowgill, R 2,445 12. AValpole G. Colerick, D..7.355 13. John H. Baker, R 1,661 IOWA. 1. Moses M. McCoid, R 4,760 2. Hiram Price, R 3,828 3. Thos. Upderaft", R 1,837 4. Nath. C. Deering, R. ..11,392 5. Rush Clark, R. .^ 2. 194 >6. J. B. Weaver, G 2.059 7. E. H. Gillette, G 924 8. William E. Sapp, R 7,583 9. C. C. Carpenter, R 4.151 KANSAS. 1. John A. Anderson, R.. 15, 538 2. Dudley C. Haskell, R.. 5,702 3. Thomas Ryan, R 14,173 KENTUCKY. 1. Oscar Turner, D 1 .267 2. J. A. McKenzie, I) 5. 129 -3. John W. Caldwell, D 854 4. J. Proctor Knott. D 4,353 5. Albert S. Willis, D 1 ,623 «. John G. Carlisle, D 4,024 7. J. C. S. Blackburn, D...5,084 8. P. B. Thompson, Jr., I). 1.772 9. Thomas Turner, D 2.392 10. Elijah C. Phister, D 4,648 LOUISIANA. 1. RandellL. Gibson, D.... 2. E. John Ellis, 1) S. Jos. H. Acklen, D 4. Joseph B. El.am, D 5. J. Floyd King, D 6. E. AV. Robertson, D MAINE. 1. Thomas B. Reed, R 4,150 2. WilUam P. Frye, R 2,962 3. Stephen D. Lindsey, R..3.022 4. George W. Ladd, D 2.926 5. Thomas H. Murch, G... 1,347 MARYLAND. 1. Daniel M. Henry, D 1.072 2. J. Fred. C. Talbot, D. . .6,225 3. Wm. Kimmell, D 6.564 4. Robert M. McLane, D. . .4,393 5. Eli J. Ilenkle. D 2.476 6. Milton G. Urner, R 1 ,561 MASSACHUSETTS . 1. Wm. W. Crapo, R 5.192 2. Benjamin W. Harris, R..9.107 3. Walbridge A. Field, R. . . 441 4. LeopokrMorse. D 3,993 5. Selwyn Z. Bowman, 4,655 6. Geo. B. Loring, R 113 7. Wm. A. Russell, R 5.469 8. Wm. Claflin, R 2.542 9. AYm. W. Rice, R 4.335 10. Amasa Norcross, R 6,305 11. Geo. D. Robinson, R 3,033 MICHIGAN. 1. John S. Newberrv, R 1.325 2. Edwin Willetts, R. 4.555 3. Jonas H. McGowan, R. .2.034 4. JHous C. Burrows, R. . . . 5. John W. Stone, R 710 6. Mark S. Brewer, R 2.910 7. Omar B. Conger, R 2.999 8. Rosewell G. Horr, R 2.422 9. Jay A. Ilubbell, R 7,786 jNIINNESOTA. 1. Mark II- Dunnell. R 5,881 2. Ilenrv Poehler, D 724 3. Wm."^D. Washburn, R...3.011 MISSISSIPPI. 1. Henry L. ^luldrow. D. . .3,030 2. Van II. Manning, D 1,370 3. H. B. B. Money, D 1.016 4. Otho R. Singleton, D -1,629 5. Charles E. Hooker, D ... 4, 1 1 9 6. James E. Chalmers, D.. .5,275 118 TEXAS ALMANAC AND HAND-BOOK. EEPRESENTATIVES— (7o?i<»i»ed. MISSOURI. 1. Martin L. Clardy, D. . 2. Erastus Wells, D 3. R. Graham Frost, D.. 4. Lowndes H. Davis, D. 5. Richard P. Bland, D.. 6. James R. Waddill, D.. 7. Alfred M. Lay,* D... 8. Samuel L. Sawyer, D . . 9. Nicholas Ford, G 10. Gideon F. Rothwell, D IL John B. Clark, Jr., D. 12. WiUiam IL Hatch, D. . 13. Aylett H. Buckner, D. Maj. ..2,948 . . 266 ..1,918 ..5,218 ..3,269 ..6,147 ..8,150 . . 810 ..1,173 ..3,918 .16,418 ..1,866 ..7,016 NEBRASKA. Edw. K. Valentine, R 6,589 NEVADA. R. M. Daggett, R 680 NEW HAMPSHIRE. 1. Joshua G. Hall, R 2,884 2. James F. Briggs, R 3,121 3. Evarts W. Farr, R 1,045 NEW JERSEY. 1. Geo. M. Robeson, R 5,024 2. H. B. Smith, D 905 3. Miles Ross, D 333 4. Alvah A. Clark, D 1,634 5. Charles IL Vorhis, R 789 6. John L. Blake, R 1,939 7. L. A. Brigham, R 1,916 NEW YORK. 1. James W. Covert, D 2,111 2. Daniel O.Reilly, D 3,257 3. S. B. Chittenden, R 6,650 4. Archibald M. Bliss, D...4,278 5. Nicholas Muller, D 1,139 6. Samuel S. Cox, D 4,581 7. Edward Einstein, R 455 8. Anson (i. IMcCook, R...5,342 9. Fernado Wood, D 1,551 10. James O'Brien, 1) 2,283 11. Levi P. Morton, R 7,018 12. (Died) R 2,256 13. John IL Ketchum, R 8,542 14. John W. Ferdon, R 538 15. William Loimsbery, D.. .2,239 ! 6. John M. Bailey, R 195 *Died at Washington December, NEW YORK— Continued. Maj. 17. Water A. Wood, R 7,li4 18. John Hammond, R 4.885 19. A. B. James, R 7,077 20. John H. Starin, R 6,858 21. David Wilbor, R 5,197 22. Warner Miller, R 3, 197 23. Cyrus D. Prescott, R 1,0^2 24. Joseph IMason, R 736 25. Frank Hiscock, R 3,425 26. John II. Camp, R 3,379 27. Elb. G. Lapham, R 2,035 28. Jer. W. Dwight. R 4,407 29. David P. Richardson. R.3,36(> 30. John Van Vorhis, R 1,651 31. Richard Crowley, R 3.814 32. Ray V. Pierce, R 2.893 33. Henry Van Arnam, R... 4,632 NORTH CAROLINA. 1. Joseph J. Martin, R 51 2. William II. Kitchen. D ... 1, 122 3. Daniel Russell, G 881 4. Joseph J. Davis, I) 3.511 5. Alfred M. Scales, D 2,646 6. Walter M. Steele, D 4,650 7. Robert F. Armfield, D.. .1,103 8. Robert B. Vance, D 2,894 OHIO. 1. B. Butterworth, R 720 2. Thomas L. Young, 974 3. John A. McMaho'n, D... 1,087 4. J. W. Keifer, R 5,010 5. Benjamin Lefevre, J). . . .1,828 6. William D. Hill, D 4,038 7. Frank Hurd, D 1,904 8. E. B. Finley, D 1,255 9. George L. Converse, D. . 988 10. Thomas Ewing, D 438 11. Henry L. Dickey, D 1,358 12. Henry S. Neal, R 2,073 13. Andrew J. Warner, D. . . V2•^ 14. Gibson Atherton, D 2,287 15. Georo-e W. Geddes, D. . .4,568 16. Wm.McKinlcy, Jr., R. . . 1,234 17. James Monroe, R 2,678 18. J. T. Updegraff, R 2,727 19. James A. Garrield, R 9,613 20. xVmos Townsend, R 5,81( 1879. UNITED STATES CONGRESS. — KEPRESENTATIVES. 119 REPRESENTATIVES— Con^mwed. OREGON. John Whitaker, D. 3Iaj. 1,170 PENNSYLVANIA. 1. Henry H. Bingham, K.. .7,427 2. Charles O'Nei'l, R 4,886 3. SamuelJ. Randall, D 2,747 4. William D. Kelly, R 6,089 5. Alfred C. Harmer, R 5,042 6. William Ward, R 4,356 7. William Godschalk, R. . . 1,338 8. Heister Clymer, D 5,991 9. A. Herr Smith, R 6,881 10. Reuben K. Baehman, D. .9,349 11 . Robert Klotz, D 95 12. H. B. Wright, D 2,693 13. John W. Rvan, D 192 14. John W. Killinger, R. .. 1,626 15. Ed. Overton. Jr., R 3,824 16. John I. Mitchell, R 1,070 17. Alex. H. Coffroth, 1). ... 307 18. Horatio G. Fisher, R 207 19. F. E. Beltzhoover, D....5,497 20.\Seth H. Yocum, G 73 21. Morgan R. Wise, D 3,550 22. Russell Errett, R 1,652 23. Thomas M. Bayne, R 3,483 24. W. S. Shallenberger, R.. 1,236 25. Harry White, R 1,713 26. Samuel B. Dick, R 1,297 27. J. H. Osmer, R 2,654 RHODE ISLAND. 1. Nelson W. Aldrich, R...4,63. 2. Litimer W. Ballon, R. . . 1,03-. SOUTH CAROLINA. 1. John S. Richardson, 1).. 8,6 11 2. M. P. O'Connor, D 7,38( 3. J. F. Ensor, R l.S,l!».- 4. D. Wyatt Aiken. D 21,961 5. John H. Evins, D 6. G. D. Tihnan, D 15,745 tennp:ssee. 1. Robert L. Taylor, D 731 2. L. C. Houk, R 4,381 3. George G. Dibrell, D 6,204 4. Benton McMillan, D 3,675 5. John M. Bright, D 5,781 TENNESSEE— Continued. 3faj. 6. John F. House, D 4,948 7. W. C. Whitthorne,D.... 1,000 8. John D. C. Atkins, D. . .3,104 9. C. B. Simonton, D 3,436 10. Casey Young, D 2,323 TEXAS. 1. John H. Regan, D 19,113 2. David H. Culberson, D.. 10,111 3. OUn Wellborn, D 31,130 4. Roger Q. Mills, D 21,496 5. George W. Jones, G... 1,380 6. Columbus Upson, VERMONT. 1. Charles H. Joyce, R ...6,703 2. James M. Tyler, R 7,891 3. Bradley Barlow, G 7,037 VIRGINIA 1. R. L. T. Beale, D 1,792 2. John Goode, Jr., D 2,739 3. Joseph E. Johnston, D. .1,615 4. Joseph Jergensen, R. . . .4,346 5. George C Cabell, D 4,278 6. Johu'R. T eker, D 3,373 7. John T. H aris, D 1,655 8. Eppa Hunton, D 4,653 9. James B. Richmond, D.. 291 WEST VIRGINIA. 1. Benjamin Wilson, D 3,406 2. Benjamin F. Martin, D. .7,834 3. John E. Kenna, D 2,817 WISCONSIN. 1. Charles G. Williams, R. .4,680 2. Lucien B. Caswell, R. . . .3.105 3. George C. Hazelton, R. . 92 4. P. V. Deuster, D 135 5. Edwards. Bragg, D 2,107 6. Gabriel Bouck,^D 2,601 7. H. L. Humphrey, R 2,376 8. Thaddcus C Pound, R. . . 1,374 120 TEXAS ALMANAC AND HAND-BOOK. TERRITORIAL DELEGATES. ARIZONA. Hiram H. Stepens, D. . DAKOTA. NEW MEXICO. Marino S. Otero, R G82 UTAH. Granville G. Bennett, R 2,004 Geo. Q. Cannon, D. (noopp). WASHINGTON. ...1,351 It. B. Brents, R 1.301 MONTANA. WYOMING. Martin Maginnis, D 3,728 Stephen W. Downey, R 1,041 IDAHO. George Ainslee, D. . . . RECAPITULATION. States. Alabama Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georiria Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Marj'land Massachusetts.... Miclii<,fan Minnesot.a Mississij)pi Missouri Nebraska Nevada New llanipsliin New .lersej- New York North Carolina. Ohio Oreoon IViuisylvania.... liliodc Island.... Soutli Cai-olina.. Tennessee Texas Vermont yir<;inia West Viryinii Wis(!onsin S 4 1 4 1 9 HI 13 !J 3 10 G 5 (5 11 {) 3 C 13 1 1 3 7 33 8 20 1 10 .3 3 Kepitblicans. 12 G 7 3 3 1 10 9 9 1 1 3 o 25 3 9 Total 29;! V.iS Democrats. 10 6 1 Greenback. 11 1 s 3 3 14S FOKTY-SIXTII CONGRESS.— CALLED SESSIOlSr. 121 FORTY-SIXTH CONGRESS.— CALLED SESSION. A difference having arisen between the president and congress result- ing in the veto of some of the important appropriation l)ills ; bills whicli the XLVth Congress failed to pass over the Presidential veto, President Hayes convened the XLVIth Congress in extr-a session on the 18th of March, 1879. The following message, sent to Congress, explains the President's reasons for calling the extra session: Fellow-Citizens of the Senate and House of Representatives : The failure of the last Congress to make tlie i-ecpiisite appropriation for leo-- it^lative and judicial purposes, for the expenses of the several. executive departments of the government and for the support of the armv. has made it necessary to call a special session of the forty-sixth Congress. The estimates of appropriations needed, which were sent to Congress bj' the Secretary of the Treasury at the opening of the last session, are renewed and are herewith transmitted to both the Senate and House of Representatives. Regretting the existence of the emei-gency which requires a special session of Congress at a time, when it is the o-eneral judgment of the country that the public welfare will be best promoted by permanency in our legislation, and by peace and rest, I commit these few necessary measures to j'our consideration. (Signed,) Rutherford B. Hayes. Washington, March 19, 1879. The controversy' which liad commenced in the forty-fifth Congress was continued in the forty-sixth. It related principally to the use of United States soldiers at the places of voting, and the appointment of United States marshals to supervise elections. The views of the two political parties, on the question of military interference at the ipoUs. were embodied in a bill offered by JMr. Ladd, Democrat, and a substi- tute by Mr. Robeson. Repulilican. Democratic Bill. " Wliereas^ The presence of troops at the polls is contrarv to tlie spirit of our institutions and the traditions of our people, and tends to destroy the freedom of elections; therefore,- J3t^ It enacted, etc.. That it shall not be lawful to bring to or emploj' at any i)lace where a general or special election is being held in a State any part of the arm}' or uavv of the United States, unless such force be necessar}' to repel the armed en- emies of the United States, or to enforce Section 4, Article 4, of the Con- stitution of the United States, and the laws made in pursuance thereof, on application of the Legislature or the Executive of the State where such 122 TEXAS ALMANAC AND HAND-BOOK. force is to be used ; and so much of all laws as is inconsistent herewith is hereby repealed." Republican SiLbsUtute. " Wliereas, The unnecessary presence of troops at the polls is con- trary to the spirit of our institutions and the traditions of our people, and would tend to destro}^ the freedom of elections ; and " Whereas, The presence of troops at the polls has heretofore been, and may hereafter be, necessary and proper for the suppression of ille- gal and powerful combinations of armed men in military array, engaged in obstructing by force the due execution of the laws of the United States, and in destroying the freedom and peace of elections ; and " Whereas, Experience has shown that the existence of the republic, the supremacy of its laws, and the liberty of its people can only be maintained against the military and other powerful combinations of their enemies by the exertion of the military power of the government, in subordination to the civil power, in support of the law ; and " Wliereas, The injunctions of the Constitution that the president shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed are equally binding in respect to laws relating to elections, the course of justice, ahd all other laws of the United States, without distinction of days, places, or occasions ; therefore , " Be it enacted, etc., That it shall not be lawful to bring to or employ at any place where a general or special election is being held in a State any part of the army or navy of the United States, unless such employ- ment be necessary to carry out the provisions of the Constitution of the United States, or to overcome forcible obstruction to the execution of the laws made in pursuance thereof. "Sec. 2. Every. person who violates the provisions of this act shall be subject to the penalties named in Section 5,528 of the Revised Statutes." The substitute was voted down and the original bill passed, the papers state, by a strictly party vote. A careful reading of the two will enaltle our readers to understand the merits of the question upon which the next presidential election is expected to turn. Three bills were passed making appropriations for the army, for the legislative department, and for the judiciary, with repealing clauses, or clauses prohibiting interference with elections ; and were all vetoed by President Hayes. These bills were subsequently passed in such a shape as to secure the approval of the President, except a bill which made special appropriations for the support of United States marshals. This was vetoed, and Congress adjourned without making any provision for tlieir support. FOKY-SIXTII CONGKESS. — CALLED SESSION. 123 The following is a list of the more important legislative measures originated in the Senate which finally passed both of the houses and which, with the approval of the President, have l3ecome laws : A bill to prevent the introduction of contagious or infectious diseases into the United States. A bill to authorize the Secretary of the Treasury to contract for the construction of a refrigerating ship for the disinfection of vessels and cargoes. Bill relating to vinegar factories operated prior to March 1, 1879. Bill extending the pension of General James Shields to his widow and children, and granting a special pension to the widow of Colonel Fletcher Webster. Bill changing the name of the steam propeller Nuhpa to Metro^wlitan. Bill to provide for filling vacancies in the office of chief of engineers, United States Army. Bill to change the name of the ferryboat James Fisk, Jr., to Passaic. Bill to exempt from registry enrollment or license vessels not propelled by sail or in- ternal motive power of their own. Bill to authorize the Secretary of War to release certain lands (at Plattsburg) to the people of the State of New York. A bill to grant additional rights to homestead settlers within railroad limits in the States of Missouri and Arkansas. A joint resolution relating to the organization of the National Board of Healtli. A joint resolution concerning records of mixed international tribunals on file in the Department of State. The following is a list, giving titles, of the more important bills orig- inating in the House of Representatives during the session, and which, by the President's approval, have become laws : Making appropriations for the legislative, executive and judicial expenses of the government for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1880, and for other purposes. Making appropriations for the support of the army for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1880, and for other purposes. Making appropriations for the judicial expenses of the government. To provide for the ex- change of subsidiary coins for lawful money of the United States under certain circumstances, and to make such coins a legal tender in all sums not exceeding SlO, and for other purposes. Making appropriations for constructing jetties and other works at South Pass, JMississippi River. To amend sections 1,417, 1,418, 1,419, 1,420 and 1,G24 of the Revised Statutes of the United States, relating to the nav3\ To provide for certain expenses of the present session of Congress and for other j)ur- poses. To confer upon the Commissioners of the District of Columlna the powers, duties, and limitations contained in chapter 8 (water ser- vice) of the Revised Statutes of the United States, relating to the Dis- trict of Colunil)ia, and for other purposes. To i)rovide for the api)oint- ment of a Mississippi River Commission for the improvement of said liver from the head of the Pass'es near its mouth to its headwaters. Authoi-izins; the Commissioners of the Disti'ict of Columbia to issue 124 TEXAS ALMANAC AND HAND-BOOK. twenty-year five per cent, bonds of the District of ColumlMa to redeem certain funded indebtedness of said district. IMaking additional appro- priations for the service of the Post-office Department for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1879, and June 30, 1880, and for other purposes. To put salts of quinine and sulphate of quinine on the free list. Extending the provisions of the act entitled, " An act for the relief of certain set- tlers on the public lands," approved March 3, 1877, until October 1, 1880. The following joint resolutions were also passed: To repeal certain clauses in the Sundry Civil appropriations act, approved March 3, 1879. Authorizing the completion of the foundation of Washington Monument. Authorizing the Secretary- of the Navy to place vessels and hulks at the disposal of the commissioners of quarantine or other proper persons at the ports of the United States. Fixing the date on which the paj- of the committee clerks, pages and laborei's of the House of Representa- tives who are paid during the session only shall begin for the session. In relation to the international exhibitions to Vie held at Sydney and Melbourne, Austraha, in 1879 and 1880. Relating to a bridge across the Detroit River at or near Detroit, Mich. Directing a monument to be erected to mark the birth place of George Washington. To pa}^ em- ployees of the House of Representatives borne on the annual roll one month's extra pay. In addition to the five bills originating in the House, which v.-ere disapproved by the President, there was one bill originating in the Senate vetoed — namely, the bill to amend tl>e act of March 3, 1879, for the relief of Joseph B. Collins. During the session there were presented in the House of Representa- tives 2,019 petitions, which are classified b}' Petition Clerk Francis as follows : Relating to claims, 555 ; commerce, 253 ; currency, 5(3 ; liquor traffic, 3G ; naval affairs. 25 ; military affairs, 104 ; educatio-n and labor, 30 ; patents, 78 ; tariff and taxation, 134 ; pensions, 351 ; polygamy, 35 ; postal affairs, G9 ; miscellaneous. 293. Total. 2,019. Under the rules of the House, as they now exist, a large amount of tlie business of the House is Ix^fore it b}" petitions, which form the basis for bills. Among the more important acts of the called session was the one re- pealing what was called the Jurors' Test Oath ; a law that in the South excluded thousands of the bek citizens from jury service in the United States courts. OUK SENATORS IN CONGRESS. \2k OUR SENATORS AND REPRESENTATIVES IN CONGRESS. The following brief sketches of the lives our Senators and Represen- tatives in Congress is taken principally from the Congressional Direc- tory published during the extra session of the XLVIth Congress. SENATORS. Sami^el Bell Maxey, of Paris, was born in Monroe County, Ken- tucky, March, 30, 1825 ; received his primary education there ; entered the West Point Military Academy in 18i2, and graduated in 1846 ; joined the Seventh Infantry, United States Army, at Monterey, Mexico, as Brevet Second Lieutenant ; was breveted First Lieutenant for gal- lant services at Contreras and Churubusco ; servt d through the Mexican war ; resigned in 1849 ; returned to Kentucky ; studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1850 ; removed to Texas in 1857, and practiced law; was elected State Senator for four^^ears in 18G1, but declined, and raised the Ninth Texas Infantry for the Confederate States Army, of which he was Colonel ; was promoted Brigadiei*-General in 1862 and Major-General in 1864 ; commanded the Indian Territory military dis- trict 1863- '65, and was also Superintendent of Indian Affairs; remained in the service until the surrender of the trans-Mississippi Department May 26, 1865 ; resumed the practice of law ; was commissioned as Judge of the Eight Distrrct of Texas April 18, 1873, but declined ; was elected to the United States Senate as a Democrat, to succeed James W. Flan- agan, Republican, and took his seat March 5, 1875. His term of ser- vice will expire March 3. 1881. Richard Coke, of Waco, was born at Williamsburg, Virginia, iNfarch 13, 1829 : was educated at William and Mary Colleo'e : studied law, was admitted to the bar when twenty-one years of age, and has since practiced constantly, when not in the public service ; removed in 1850 to Waco, INIcLennan County, Texas, where he has since resided ; served in the Confederate Army as private and afterward as Captain; was appointed Distrct Judge in June, 1865 ; was nominated by the Dem- ocratic party for Judge of the State Supreme Court in 1866 and elected, and after having occupied the position one year was removed bj' General Sheridan as " an impediment to reconstruction, " returned to the practice of law the latter part of 1867 ; was elected Governor of Texas in December, 1873, by a majority' of 50,000, and was re-ek'cted in February, 1876, by a majority of 102,000. resigning December 1, 1877, after ha^^ng been elected the previous April to the United States Senate as a Democrat, to succeed Morgan C. Hamilton, Republican, 126 TEXAS ALMANAC AND HAND-BOOK. and took his seat March 3, 1877. His term of service will expire March, 3, 1883. REPRESENTATIVES. FIRST DISTRICT. Counties — Anderson, Angelina, Chamhers, Cherokee, Hardin, Hen- derson, Houston, .Jasper, Jefferson. N '.c jgdoches. Orange, Panola, Polk, Rusk, Sabine, San Augustine, Shelby, Smith, Trinity, and Tyler. John H. Reagan, of Palestine, was born in Sevier County, Ten- nessee, October 8, 1818; received a common-school and limited collegi- ate education, but did not graduate ; is a lawyer and farmer ; settled in the Republic of Texas in May, 1839 ; was a Deput}' Surveyor of the Public Lands 1839-'43 ; was elected to the State House of Representa- tives for two years in 1847 ; was elected Judge of the District Court for six years in 1852 ; resigned, and was re-elected for six j^ears in 185G : was elected in 1857 a Representative to the Thirty-fifth Congress from the First District of Texas, and was re-elected in 1859 to the Thirty- sixth Congress ; was elected to the Secession Convention of Texas in 1861, and was elected with others by that convention Deputy to the Provisional Government of the Confederacy ; was appointed Post- master-General of the Provisional Government of the Confederacy March 6, 1861, was re-appointed on the permanent organization of the Confederate Government in 1862, and occupied the position until the close of the war ; was also appointed Acting Secretaiy of the Treasury of the Confederate Government for a short time preceding the close of the war ; was a member of the State Constitutional Convention of 1 875 ; was elected to the Forty-fourth and Forty-fifty Congresses, and was re- elected to the Forty-sixth Congress as a Democrat, receiving 18,038 votes against 199 votes for Newton, Opjiosition. SECOND .DISTRICT. Counties — Bowie, Cass, Delta, Fannin, Gregg, Harrison, Hopkins, Hunt, Lamar, Marion, Rains, Red River, Titus, Upshur, Wood, and Van Zandt. David B. Culberson, of Jefferson, was born in Troup County, Georgia, Sept 29, 1830 ; was educated at Brownwood, La Grange. Georgia; studied law under Chief Justice Chilton, of Alabama; removed to Texas in 1856, and was elected a member of the Legislature of that State in 1859 ; entered the Confederate Army as a private, and was pro- moted to the rank of Colonel of the Eighteenth Texas Infantry ; was assigned to duty in 1864 as Adjutant-General, with the rank of Colonel of the State of Texas ; was elected to the State Legislature in 1864 : wis, elected to the Forty-fourth and Forty-fifth Congresses, and was re- OUK REPRESENTATIVES IX CONGRESS. 127 elected to the Forty-sixth Congress as a, Democrat, receiving 19,728 votes against 9,G17 votes for O'Neil, National. THIRD DISTRICT. Counties — Archer, Baylor, Callahan, Clay, Collins, Cooke, Dallas, Denton, Eastland, Ellis, Erath, Grayson, Hardeman, Haskell, Hill. Jack, Johnson, Jones, Knox, Kaufman, JMontague, Palo Pinto, Parker. Rockwall, Shackelford, Stephens, Tarrant, Taylor, Throckmorton, Wichita, Wilbarger, and Young. Olin Wellborn, of Dallas, was elected to the Forty-sixth Congress as a Democrat, receiving 40,848 votes against 9,718 votes for Daggett, National. FOURTH DISTRICT. Counties — Bell, Bosque, Brazos, Comanche, Coiyell, Fall, Fort Bend, Freestone, Hamilton, Harris, Leon, Limestone, Madison, McLennan, Montgomery, Navarro, Kobertson, San Jacinto, Walker, and Waller. Roger Q. Mills, of Corsicana, was born in Todd County, Kentucky, March 30, 1832. His only educational advantages were derived from country schools. He immigrated to Texas in 1849 ; located at Pal- estine, and commenced reading law in the office of Hon. R. A. Reeves ; supported himself in the meantime by acting as Deputy Postmaster in Palestine, and writing in the offices of the District and Count}- Clerks. Through the good offices of Hon. G. W G. Jowers he was elected Engrossing Clerk of the House of Representatives at Auston, in 1850. When but twenty years of age, his disabilities as a minor were removed by the Legislature, and he Avas admitted to the bar. Colonel Mills cherishes a grateful remembrance of the interest taken in his welfare and the aid afforded him by his warm personal friends, Messrs. Reeves and Jowers. After receiving his license to practice law, he settled at Corsicana. In 1859 he represented Navarro County in the Legislature, and in 1860 was one of the District Presidential Electors on the Breckin- ridge and Lane ticket. In 1861 entered the Confederate army and was elected Lieutenant Colonel of the Tenth Texas Infantry. Of that regi- ment he became Colonel when Colonel Nelson was promoted Briaadier General. He remained in command of the regiment through the war, having been three times wounded. When the war closed, he resumed the practice of his profession at his old home in Corsicana. The census of 1870 having shown that Texas was entitled to two additional Rein-e- sentatives in Congress, they were elected from the State at large : they were Col. Mills and Asa H. Willie, of Galveston. When the State was ledistricted, Corsicana was in the fourth district, and Col. Mills was elected as the Representative ; and was re-elected in 1876, and aoain in 187S. In the last election he received 3().5.".5 votes, niid Smith, his 128 TEXAS ALMANAC AND HAND-BOOK. opponent, 9,069. Colonel Mills' Congressional career has been verj satisfactory to his constituents. He is an independent thinker and votes his convictions. He was the only delegate from Texas who voted against creating the electoral commission, known as the "8 to 7 " body which declared Mr. Ha3'es elected President. FIFTH DISTRICT. Counties — Austin, Bastrop, Brazoria, Burleson, Burnet, Coleman, Colorado, Concho, Fayette, Galveston, Lampasas, Lavaca, Matagorda, McCulloch, Milam, Runnels, San Saba, Travis, Washington, Wharton, and Williamson. George W. Jones, of Bastrop, was born in Marion County, Alabama, September 5, 1828; was raised in Tipton County, Tennessee; removed to Bastrop, Texas, in the winter of IS-IS ; his education was limited ; is by profession a law^'er ; in 1856 he was elected District Attorney ; when the war came on in 1861 he strongly opposed secession, but acquiesced in revolution ; entered the Confederate Army as a private ; was elected Lieutenant-Colonel and afterward promoted to the Colonelcy of the Seventeenth Texas Infantry ; the war over, he returned to his home in Bastrop County ; he was a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1866, from the county of Bastrop, and, on the adoption of the constitu- tion made by said convention, was elected Lieutenant-Governor of the State ; he, with others, was removed by General Sheridan as "an impedi- ment to reconstruction ; " and was elected to the Forty-sixth Congress as a Democrat, receiving 21,101 votes against 19,621 votes for John Hancock, Democrat. SIXTH DISTRICT. Counties — Aransas, Atascosa, Bandera, Bee, Bexar, Blanco, Cald- well, Calhoun. Cameron, Comal, Dimmit, De Witt, Duval, Edwards, El Paso, Encinal, Frio, Gillespie, Goliad, Gonzales, Guadalupe, Hays, Hidalgo, Jackson, Karnes, Kendall, Kerr, Kimball, Kinney, Llano, La Salle, Live Oak. Mason, Maverick, McMullen, Medina, Menard, Nueces, Pecos, Presidio, Eefugio, San Patricio, Starr, Uvalde, Victoria, Webb, AVilson, Zai)ata, and Zavalla. CoLUJiBus Upson, who was elected to Congress from the sixth district to fill the A'acancy occasioned by the decease of Hon. Gustave Schleicher, is a native of Onondaga, New York; born October 17, 1829; was educated at Williamson College, Boston, and studied law in his native State. He immigrated to Texas in 1854 and commenced the practice of his profession at CastroAille.- In 1859 he removed to San Antonio, his present residence. During the war he acted for a considerable time as volunteer Aid to General W. H. G. Whiting, and participated in a number of hard fought battles, including those at West Point, Seven OUR REPRESENTATIVES IN CONGRESS. 129 Pines, Malvern Hill, etc. In 1863 he was appointed Special Treasurj' Agent, and at one time brought twenty millions of Confederate bonds from Richmond to Texas. After the war closed he returned to San Antonio and resumed his practice. In 1876 he was one of the presiden- tial electors on the Tilden ticket. Hon. Gustave Schleicher, late representative in congress from the sixth congressional district of Texas was born in Dannstadt, Germany, November 1, 1823. After graduating at the university of Geissen he adopted the profession of civil engineer. During the year 1845, a year in which there was a large German emigration to Texas, young Schleicher landed at Indianola. His first service in his adopted country was in surveying lands for the German colonists on the frontier. He was next employed with a corps of surve3^ors, under the direction of Joseph E. Johnston, in surveying the route for a railroad from Lavaca to San Antonio. Soon after completing this survey he was elected as one of the representatives of Bexar county in the lower branch of the State legisla- ture. After serving two years in the house he was transferred to the State Senate, in which he served for several years. Mr. Schleicher affiliated with the Democratic party and entered cordially into the secession move- ment in 1861. At the close of the war he was employed in the work of rebuilding the San Antonio and Mexican Gulf railroad which had been completely destroyed by order of General Magruder. The initial point of the road was changed from Lavaoa to Indianola, and it was extended from Victoria to Cuero, which became Mr. Schleicher's home. He was never an office seeker, but when, in the Democratic district convention at Giroliad to nominate a candidate for congress, in 1874, over a hundred ballottings had failed to give any one the requisite two-thirds, his name was announced and he was selected for the position. He was elected, and re-elected with only a nominal opposition in 1876. His speeches and votes on the financial question which came before the XLVth con- gress were distasteful to some of his constituents, and at the district Democratic convention heM in San Antonio, in 1878 he failed to receive the two-thirds vote. Tlie convention adjourned without making a nom- ination. He and his distinguished competitor, Hon. John Ireland ap- pealed to the people. After an exciting canvass Mr. S. was re-elected. Returning to Washington he took his seat in congress in usual health. During the first week in January he was suddenly and violently attacked with inflamation of the brain, and he died on the 10th. His remains were brought to San Antonio for interment, escorted by a committee of Congressmen. In Texas his death was most seriously lamented. It was believed his congressional experience, and his pei-sonal influence and labors would secure tlie opening of our harbors, and tlie adoption of a 130 TEXAS ALMANAC AND HAND BOOK. more vigorous polic}^ for the protection of our frontier from Mexican and Indian raids. Not only in Texas was liis deatli lamented, but throughout the nation. It was felt that "A Prince and a Great Man had fallen." The young man may study the character and the career of Mr. Schleicher with profit. Landing in a strange country, comparatively" penniless and friendless, his integrity and energy secured him positions of honor and profit. Elevated to offices of great responsibility he dis- charged his duties with singular ability and fidelity, and died leaving an untarnished reputation of which both his native and adopted country may feel justly proud. BIOGRAPHICAL. GENERAL JOHN B. HOOD. John B. Hood was a native of Kentucky, born in 1831 ; graduated at West Point in 1853, and was assigned to duty first in the Fourth Infan- try, then in California. At the organization of the Second U. S. Cav airy, two years later, he was transferred to that regiment and assigned to duty on the Texas frontier. He was severely wounded in a battle with the Indians on Devil's River, in 1856. After this he was for a short period employed at West Point, but at his own request was soon returned to the service in Texas. At the breaking out of the civil war he resigned his commission in the army and offered his services to the Confederacy. After a short service under General Magruder, he was promoted to the Colonelcy of the fourth regiment, Texas Infantry. In a memorial address Judge Reagan gives this account of his appointment to that command : "The circumstances under which Gen. Hood was promoted to the com- mand of this regiment were peculiar, and were so creditable to the com- pany, officers and men of the regiment and marked so distinctly the opinion of President Davis of Gen. Hood's ability as a soldier at that early day, that I will state the facts. "Earl}' in the summer of 1861 twenty companies, which subsequently formed the fourth and fifth Texas infantry regiments, with some compa- nies which formed the first Texas infantry regiment, went on to Rich- mond and organized into companies without being formed into regiments. These companies, which were formed into the fourth and fifth regiments through their comi)any officers, sent through me to the President the statement that they understood tlieir chances for honorable distinction BIOGRAPHICAL. 131 ju the militaiy service would depend miicli on the character and efR- rienc}' of their regimental officers, and they requested him to appoint for them the best he could iind, without reference to where they lived. The request was so unusual, and made upon motives so honorable, that the President called to his assistance Adjutant General Cooper, who, from ha\'ing been the Adjutant General of the United States Arm}', had ^reat knowledge of the relative merits of the otficers of the old army, tuid they together, after the fullest consideration, determined to appoint Maj. Hood to the command of the fourth regiment, and Capt. Archer. 1 believe his rank was, to the command of the fifth regiment, with other officers, selected after like consideration, to be lieutentant colonels and majors of the two regiments. These companies were composed of the \ ery flower of the arms- bearing population of Texas, the greater portion of them lieing men of wealth, education and ability, who sought rather to render the best services they could than to seek promotion and rank for themselves. 1 knew of no other volunteers who did not insist on having their regimental officers appointed from among their own num- bers. We might well have anticipated the fame and glories subsequently won by such soldiers, animated by such soldiers, arnd by officers so se- lected. And to these facts we may no doubt look as the solid basis upon which rested the grand achievement and world-wide fame of Hood's brigade. And 1 am the more inclined to make this statement, because of my personal knowledge of the facts, and because I do not know that they have been publicly stated before." At the formation of the Texas brigade in Virginia, Col. Louis T. Wig- fall was appointed Brigadier General, When General Wigfall was ■elected to the Senate, Colonel Hood succeeded to the command, and €ver after the brigade l)ore his name. He so distinguished himself for coolness and bravery that in the second battle of Manasses he com- manded a division. In the battle of Gettj'sburg he lost an arm, after which his command was transferred from Virginia to Tennessee. In the battle of Chicamauga General Hood was so severely .wounded in the leg that amputation, near the body became necessary. The cir- cumstances of his appointment to the command of the army of Ten- nessee are thus detailed by Judge Reagan : "When General Johnston was falling back on Atlanta, the attention of the president and secretary of war was anxiously directed to the con- sideration of the safety of that place. It was regarded by them as the militar}^ ke}^ to the state of Georgia, and it was feared that if it fell into the hands of the enemy he would be able to bisect our territory by that line, as he had done by the line of the INIississippi after the fall of Vicks- burg. Correspondence took place between the secretary of war, under the direction of the president, and Gen. Johnston as to whether he could 132 TEXAS ALMANAC AND HAND BOOK. and would protect Atlanta. His answer to the secretary of war were not considered satisfactory as to his intentions in this respect. Infor- mation was received at the the war department that he was moving his stores, supplies, etc., back from Atlanta as if he contemplated the evac- uation of that place. In the meantime president Davis had been urged very earnestly to relieve Gen. Johnston of that command and place some general at the head of that army who would give battle rather than aban- don Atlanta. This the president had refused to do for some time on account of the inconvenience and danger of changing commanders in the midst of a campaign. But he finally determined, in view of what I have just mentioned, to relieve Gen. Johnston, and to place Gen. Hardee in the command of that army. Orders to that effect were forwarded, but Gen. Hardee declined the command. When the president was ad- vised of this he caused telegrams to be sent to Gen. Lee, in northern Virginia, to Gen. Beauregard, in South Carolina, and to Gen. Bragg, then in Georgia, advising them of these facts, and asking the opinion of each of them as to what officer ought to be assigned to the command of that army. My remembrance is that their answer came to the president nearly simultaneously — by this I mean at most within a few hours of each other — each suggesting Gen. Hood for that command, and he was at once directed to relieve Gen. Johnston." It is not necessary to detail the circumstances of the battle at Atlanta ; of Franklin and of Nashville. The confederate States were exhausted of men and means, and the inevitable catastrophe was rapidly approach- incr. It was General Hood's misfortune to be in command of the prin- cipal army of the west at this inauspicious period. The following are the concluding paragraphs of Judge Reagan's memorial address : "Though a man of military education and life, after the close of th^ war his civic and social virtues were as admirable as his military career had been in war. He accepted the necessary result of the war, maimed and in poverty and without a profession as he was, with a cheerful, manly fortitude, and at once applied himself diligently and earnestly to commercial and other pursuits to earn an independent livelihood by hon- orable means. He never despaired in the dai'kest hours or under the severest afflic- tions of being able to achieve success in civil pursuits, and to secure for himself an honorable competence. Of strong, manly frame and heroic mould, he was as courteous as any knight, and as soft and gentle in his manners and as pure as a woman ; beloved and respected by all who knew him, he lived and died without the stain of one breath of calumny. He was a faithful, brave, honest man, and a true christian gentleman. "The portraiture of the life and character of Gen. Hood would be im- perfect without a reference to his domestic life. In the year 1868 he BIOGRAPHICAL. 133 was married to the beautiful and accomplished Miss Anna Maria, daughter of Alfred Hennen, Esq., a distinguished lawyer of New Orleans, and their marriage was blessed in eleven years with eleven lovely children. What a happ}^ household a few weeks ago! A kind and affec- tionate husband and father ; a loving and devoted wife and mother, sur- rounded by their numerous children, in the fullness of the enjoyment of domestic felicity. Alas, how changed ! On the 25th of August the mother died of yellow fever. On the 30th of the same month the spirit of the husband followed that of the wife, let us hope and believe to the brighter and better world, to be joined a day or two after by that of their eldest daughter Lydia. How changed, how desolate that house- hold, recently united and happy ! Father, mother, and eldest sister, now resting in the silent city of the dead, and ten orphan children left to mourn their irreparable loss ! No words can describe this calamity to them, or adequately express our sorrow for these stricken orphans. It is said that shortl}' before the death of Gen. Hood, in a messao-e to Gen. Gibson, of New Orleans, he bequeathed his children to the care of his old Texas brigade. With all the tenderness of an anxious dyino- father's love, knowing that he would not leave means sufficient for the support and education of his children, his keen soUcitude went out for them, and rested on his old comrades in arms ; the men who had served and suffered with him through a bloody war ; and who had so often offered their lives with him for the cause so dear to them all. Men wiiose fidelity and honor and coui'age he had so often seen tried in the severest ordeals ; men with whom he would have trusted his own life and honor, were the fittest men to whom he could trust the care of liis child- ren, dearest and nearest to him of all things on earth. The most of these war-scarred veterans now living are poor, but with the knightly honor which belongs to such men, the sacred trust will be discharo-ed with that fidelity which he anticipated from his old comrades when he confided it to them. To have known Gen. Hood in lifetime was to love and respect him. To remember him in death is to esteem his character and to venerate his virtues. How slefj) tlie brave, wlio sink to rest, By all tlicir coiiiitiT's wishes lilcst ! When sprinji'. witiidewy liiiirtM-s i-old, Retui-ns to deck tlieir li'allow'd mould. She there shall dress a sweeter sod 'J'lian Fancy's feet have ever trod. By fairy hands their knell is riinof. By forms unseen theii' dir;jfe is siino" ; There Honor eomes, a pilji:rhii