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THE WISE GUIDE 
 
 TO 
 Historic Places in Virginia 
 
 1607-1907. 
 
 EDITED BY 
 
 KATE: e:llis wise. 
 
 VIRGINIA PRINTING & PUB. COMPANY 
 HAMPTON. VA. 
 

 LIBRARY of CONGRESS 
 Two CooJes Received 
 MAY 28 190r 
 
 .ASS A XXcNo. 
 COPY B. _| 
 
 COPYRIGHTED 1907 
 KATE ELLIS WISE. 
 
Indebtedness is hereby acknowlvdged for the valuable assistance and data obtained 
 from the following works: Smith's Gsnerall Historie, Chandler's History of Virginia^ 
 Cooke's Virginia, Ben. Butler's Book, McClellan's Own Story, Grant's Memoirs, Life of 
 Robert E. Lee, by Jones, The Cradle of the Republic, by Tyler, and William and Mary 
 College Quarterlies, and from the thrice told tales of loved ones who witnessed the scenes of 
 other days and whose inspiration prompted the research which led to this 
 "GUIDE." 
 
Affectionately Dedicated to 
 VIRGINIA HEDGES 
 
 Who graciously bears the name of 
 
 'The Mother of States" 
 
 And to whose spirit liberty is as dear 
 
 As it was to her forbears in 
 
 Old Virginia. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 Before the Pilgrims landed at Plymouth Rock, fourteen 
 thousand Cavalier Colonists had landed in the "Old Domin- 
 ion" and Virginia had given to the nation the 
 
 First Trial by jury, 
 
 First Marriage, 
 
 First Birth of a white child, 
 
 First Legislative Assembly, 
 
 First Fort, 
 
 First Church, 
 
 First American Glass Factory, 
 
 First Iron Foundry, 
 
 First Salt Works, 
 
 First Marriage of Englishman to an hidian girl. 
 
 First Tobacco Culture, 
 
 First Socialistic and Communistic community. 
 
 First Execution, 
 
 First Christian Baptism, 
 
 First Treaty, 
 
 First Gospel to the Indians, 
 
 Pocahontas the first American heroine had lived, loved, 
 
 married in this fair land, aye had died and been buried 
 
 across the seas before the Pilgrims landed on the New 
 
 England coast, and her kingly father Powhatan, after laying 
 
down his scepter with royal dignity, had gone to the "happy 
 hunting ground," having been denied the felicity of a 
 knowledge of the great Boston yet to be founded. 
 
 The soil of Virginia was Divinely chosen as the place 
 worthy of bearing the First-Fruits of civilization in 
 the new world. Many years before the Pilgrims landed on 
 Plymouth Rock, Virginia had laid the foundations of Gov- 
 ernment and builded thereon. Henry A. Wise, one of 
 Virginia's loyal sons thus speaks of her: 
 
 ''Here the old world first met the new. Here 
 the white man first met the red for settlement and 
 civilization. Here the white man first wielded the 
 axe to cut the FIRST TREE for the- first log cabin. 
 Here the FIRST LOG CABIN was built for the FIRST 
 Village. Here the FIRST Village rose to be the 
 First State Capital. Here was the First Capi- 
 tal of our empire of States. Here was the very 
 foundation of a nation of freemen, which has 
 stretched its dominion and its millions across the 
 continent to the shores of another ocean." 
 
 Virginia "liveth not unto herself." Her influence has 
 been salutary, not selfish, and the oppressed of every 
 nation live in hope of freedom, being inspired by the exam- 
 ple of her three sons — Mason, Jefferson, Washington — who 
 gave to the world the Declaration of Independence. "From 
 beginning to end it was the work of Virginia. A Virginia 
 planter conceived it; a Virginia lawyer drafted it; and a 
 Virginia Soldier defended it and made it a living realily." 
 
;MM>'^^^" 
 
YV7HEN the three ships, the ''Good 
 Poynt W Speed," ''Susan Constant" and 
 
 ^^'^■^'"*' "Discoverer," bearing the first settlers 
 reached the Chespeake Bay (Mother of Waters) they 
 were driven by violent storms to the western shore of the 
 Bay, where shelter was found, and in commemoration 
 thereof, they named the place Poynt Comfort. 
 
 When the early settlers in America obtained royal char- 
 ters from King James I, the government of the Virginia 
 Colony was intrusted to the London Company, of which 
 Capt. John Smith and Bartholomew Gosnold were the lead- 
 ing spirits. In 1609 King James enlarged the boundaries 
 of the Southern Colony. The lines were run from Poynt 
 Comfort and included "all the territory 200 miles to 
 to the North and 200 miles to the South, of Old Poynt, 
 and to reach up into the land from sea to sea." 
 
 Afterwards Poynt Comfort was called Old Point Com- 
 fort, to distinguish it from New Point Comfort, just across 
 tht^ Bay near Cape Charles. 
 
Landing at Old Point Comfort the first sight that looms 
 up in huge proportions is the Chamberlin Hotel. Here all 
 the year round the belles from all points of the compass 
 congregate, where they are fanned by the southern breezes 
 and cheered by the merry company of Army and Navy 
 officers, who are stationed at the Fort, or whose vessels 
 are anchored in the Bay, and the halcyon hours of youth 
 are joyfully passed away — of youth — for one never grows 
 old at Point Comfort — as time does not write her records 
 on the cheeks of those who wander through the long cor- 
 ridors of palms, escorted by a Prince Charming in uniform. 
 
 The hotel is built on the government Reservation. 
 
1:4 
 
 
T^O the right of the hotel is a view of 
 
 the stone walls of Fortress Mon- 
 IVIonroe ^^^ 
 
 The Superiority of Poynt Comfort as a vantage ground, 
 was realized at an early day and the English colonists in 
 1609 erected a fort there, as a precaution against the 
 Spaniards who claimed the Continent. 
 
 'T'HE first Fort was called ''Algeroune 
 Algcroune 1 p^^.^,, .^^ ^^^^^^^ ^^ William Alger- 
 
 oune de Percy. 
 
 Capt. John Ratclifie was the fu'st Commander of the 
 Fort. 
 
 'The first Fort contained seven pieces of artillery, two 
 of thirty-five 'quintals' and the others thirty, twenty and 
 eighteen — all of iron." 
 
 TV/HEN President George Percv re. 
 
 ^ - '' turned to England in April, 161^, 
 the name of the Fort was changed to 
 Port -Poynt Comfort Fort." 
 
 The Fort had various commanders from 1612 to 1665 
 when the General Assembly of Virginia appointed Capt. 
 William Bassett to build a new Fort at Jamestown, but 
 the King did not approve the change of site and ordered 
 the Fort rebuilt at Poynt Comfort. The Assembiy re- 
 fused to obey the orders of the King and ordered Forts to 
 be built at five separate points adjacent to Hampton Roads. 
 The neglected condition of Fort Povnt Comfort enabled 
 
the Dutch Man of War in 1673 to invade the waters and 
 destroy the shipping by tire as they had done in 1667. 
 
 _ ^ TN 1622 Poynt Comfort Fort was re- 
 
 port 1 , •, ,u 
 
 paired and again the name was 
 ^ changed to Fort George in honor of 
 
 the King, and retained this name until 18 19 when the 
 present Fort was built and called Fort Monroe. 
 
 Its mediaeval walls, high ramparts, deep moat, and 
 heavy guns look formidable to a foe, while in fact 
 never once since its construction has a hostile shot been 
 fired therefrom, and Fortress Monroe has, since the first 
 stone was laid, kept silent watch at the point which 
 guards the entrance to the Capital at Washington, and the 
 cities of Baltimore, Norfolk and Richmond, 
 
 In 1818 surveys and plans were made for a United 
 States military fortification at Old Point Comfort by 
 General Simon Bernard, a former French Army Engineer 
 and aide-de-camp to the first Napoleon. The Fort was 
 begun in March, 18 19, the work was carried on by mili- 
 tary prison labor and was finished in February, 1824, and 
 named Fort Monroe in honor of President James Monroe. 
 
 The original 80 acres which were ceded by Virginia 
 as a site for a Military Post, have since been augmented, 
 the government Reservation now includes about 400 acres. 
 
 The granite walled ramparts are 35 feet high, the moat 
 is 103 feet wide, and contains 6 feet of water. The 
 water in the moat ebbs and flows with the tide. 
 
Fortress Monroe is the largest fortification in the United 
 States. 
 
 It is the best Artillery Post. 
 
 About 100 officers and 200 enlisted men are sta- 
 tioned at the Fort (1907.) 
 
 It was the first Fort built by the United States for 
 Coast Defences. 
 
 The open plat of ground opposite the Chamberlin 
 is the site of of the old Hygeia Hotel, so dear in memories 
 to the older inhabitants. 
 
 Facing the sea is a row of new brick buildings, to 
 be used for officers quarters. The building with colonial 
 columns is assigned to the Commander of the Fort, the 
 buildings on either side to field officers, the large double 
 quarters on the extreme left are for officers at the Fort. 
 
 Situated on the main road is a large red brick build- 
 ing, with a clock in the cupola, which is the United States 
 Post office. 
 
 The old building back of the Post Office has not always 
 been surrounded with the peaceful atmosphere of to-day. 
 The stone walls were long used as a "bull pen" where 
 recalcitrant negroes were confined. These negroes were 
 hired from their masters for a stated sum., and used by the 
 government in the building of the Fort in the earlier days. 
 
 Opposite the Post Office is the proposed site of the New 
 Artillery school building, the iron fence which encloses 
 this land is made of bayonets used in the Civil War on 
 the battlefields of Petersburg and Richmond; the gun- 
 
barrels that are smooth-bore belonged to the Confederates 
 and those that had rifles were used by the Union Army. 
 
 The next two buildings are engineer and ordinance 
 store -houses. 
 
 Opposite a sentry paces to and fro in front of a 
 bridge leading into the postern gate of the Fort. 
 
 Officers quarters extend to the end of the square on 
 Main street. The street running west leads to the 
 Quartermaster's Office, and C. &0. Depot. At the intersec- 
 tion of Main street, are the Sherwood \nn and St. Mary's 
 Church, called the ''Star of the Sea." 
 
 To the right is a large building, donated by Helen 
 Gould, to the Y. M. C. A. of the Army. 
 
 Back of the Y. M. C. A. is an old mine Magazine, 
 which was covered with sand by General Butler to pro- 
 tect it in case of a land attack by the the Confederate 
 forces. 
 
 To the right of the Y. M. C. A. is a wide bridge 
 across the moat leading into the main entrance of the 
 Fort. Inscribed on the arch over the inside entrance 
 is the United States Coat of Arms, with, a memorial 
 inscription to a Pennsylvania Infantry and United States 
 Artillery Regiments. 
 
 Passing the sentry and turning down the first street 
 to the right leads to the first building, which is used as 
 the Master Gunners School. The second building is the 
 Officers' Library. 
 

At the end of this street is the tirst front of case- 
 mates extending from the entrance of the postern gate 
 to the incline approach to the ramparts where the flag 
 pole is located. The second and fourth casemates next 
 to the postern gate were the places where Jefferson Davis 
 and his Secretary were imprisoned. Jefferson Davis occu- 
 pied No 2 and his Secretary No. 4. Jefferson Davis' 
 family shared his hist year of imprisonment in casemates 
 No. 10, second front. 
 
 At the end of this row of casements is the entrance to 
 the Officers-' Club. 
 
 Mounting the ramparts a fine view of the surrounding 
 country may be seen. Back of the flag staff are the 
 saluting guns. 
 
 An old observation tower, which looks like a Span- 
 ish block house, is near. 
 
 A path over the ramps and ramparts leads to a modern 
 observation tower, where ships are sighted and the wires 
 leading therefrom extend to Batteries Irwin and Parrott. 
 
Across the moat from this point may be seen the fog 
 Bell, which rings almost incessantly day and night during 
 a fog. 
 
 The view from the ramparts successfully rivals the In- 
 land Sea of Japan. The outstretched arms of Hampton 
 Roads carressingly encircle the surrounding shores; 
 westward the beautiful James River is winding its way 
 from the modern City of Seven Hills where it found a peace- 
 ful entrance in the erstwhile capital of the Confederate 
 States, while southward the Elizabeth River brings its 
 traffic to Norfolk, the great Southern seaport. Looking sea- 
 ward "as far as the human eye can see" the waves of the 
 Chesapeake ("Mother of Waters") stretch toward the great 
 Atlantic, but ere her waters meet and mingle with the ocean 
 they have to pass the two capes, Charles and Henry, 
 (named for the two sons of King James I), which like stern 
 sentinels guard the entrance to Fortress Monroe. Should 
 the eye of sense fail, the eye of the imagination may see afar 
 to the northeast the York River leading to Yorktown, of his- 
 toric fame. 
 
 From the ramparts of Fort Monroe people swarmed 
 to watch the historic battle between the Monitor and the 
 Merrimac — the engagement which revolutionized naval 
 warfare. 
 
 The problem of the drinking water supply for Fortress 
 Monroe during the Civil War, was solved by General But- 
 ler erecting a plant to distill sea-water taken from the moat. 
 
by converting it into steam and allowing the steam to 
 condense. The expense of this drinking water was a 
 pound of coal for a pint of water. 
 
 On the edge of the moat back of Batteries Irwin 
 and Parrott are the old water batteries which have lately 
 been partially torn down and the guns dismantled. Ex- 
 tending up the Beach from Battery Parrott are Batter- 
 ies Custis, DeRussy, Montgomery, Church, Anderson and 
 Ruggles. Around the moat on the north side are Batteries 
 Charles Humphrey, Thos. Barber and Bombard. Over the 
 East Gate or Rampart is Battery Gatewood. 
 
 Following the path to the East Gate a drawbridge at 
 tracts attention. 
 
 \n former times when the sunset gun was fired and 
 the flag lowered at retreat, the drawbridge was raised and 
 the heavy iron-studded gate closed until sunrise. At pres- 
 ent the East and North gates are closed at sunset. 
 
 In compliance with the regulations for all military posts 
 and camps, just at sunset the band plays the National air, 
 the evening gun is fu'ed, and the flag lowered. 
 
 The houses on the inside of the Fort are almost all 
 officer's quarters. The large house, opposite the East Gate, 
 where may be seen a drawbridge, and portcullis, is the old- 
 est house in the Fort and until 1907 used as Commanding 
 officers quarters. 
 
 The large building next seen is "The Tuelleries," named 
 by the French engineer who constructed it. It is occupied by 
 
officer's families. In front is a beautitul holly tree, whose 
 berries are red for seven months in the year. The trail- 
 ing vine which covers many of the houses and walls is the 
 famous Virginia Creeper, which remains green all the year. 
 
 Opposite, across the parade grounds, is the Model Bar- 
 racks — the largest in America, where four of the twelve 
 companies in the Fort are quartered. 
 
 The large trees stretching their long green branches 
 across the beautiful walks are live oaks, said to have been 
 brought from England. They are more than a hundred 
 years old. 
 
 The large oak in the center of the parade ground, near 
 the corner of the smaller barracks, and almost directly 
 opposite the Main Entrance, is the tree under which Jeffer- 
 son Davis, the President of the Confederacy, was re- 
 leased. 
 
 hiteresting trophies of the Revolutionary War are in 
 the oak Grove in front of the "Chapel of the Centurian." 
 The cannons and balls in Trophy Park were surrendered 
 by Cornwallis at Yorktown in 1781, and one brass cannon 
 surrendered by Burgoyne at Saratoga 1777. 
 
 Opposite the Main Entrance may be seen a sun dial 
 imbedded in the ground. 
 
 In the rear of the "Modern Barracks" is the new 
 Gymnasium Building, the Guard House, the Post Ex- 
 change, and the Gardens. 
 
 Leaving the Fort by the Main Entrance the first build- 
 
 2;^ 
 
ing to the right is the Administration Building and Printing 
 Office. 
 
 Next to the Fire Department is the Hospital. 
 
 The long one story building is the Artillery School. It 
 was established tor the higher technical education of officers 
 of the Army in Balistics, Chemistry, Electricity, Sea-coast 
 Defence, Artillery proper, and special lines in their profession. 
 The school was established in 1867 under the command of 
 Brevet Major W. F. Berry. 
 
 Next to the Artillery School are two sets of Bachelor's 
 Quarters, and opposite are Officer's Quarters. 
 
 The Poynt Comfort Inn is a private enterprise built 
 on Government Reservation. 
 
 Guard Mount daily (except Sunday) at 11:30 a.m. 
 
 Guard Mount Sunday at 9:30 a. m. 
 
 Parade, with Butts Manual to music, daily (except 
 Saturday and Sunday) io:ioa.m. 
 
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,^^ , T^HE bridge which joins Old Point 
 
 B-*hoeE3tiS I 
 
 and Phoebus is replete with memo- 
 ries. It was here that the first flag of truce was seen dur- 
 ing the Civil War, when Major Carey of the Confed- 
 erate forces sought an interview with General Butler in re- 
 gard to three runaway negro slaves of Colonel Mallory, who 
 had taken refuge in Fortress Monroe. General Butler held 
 the negroes "contraband of war" and refused to return 
 them. The consultation lasted four hours, during which 
 time Major Carey and General Butler rode up the beach to 
 Buck Roe. 
 
 Josiah Simpson Hospital is located between Phoebus 
 and Buck Roe. Many veterans of the Spanish War retain 
 vivid recollections of the Hospital, which received patients 
 from the tented city of Newport News, and convalescents 
 from the Cuban campaign. 
 
 -^ - -^ DUCKROE was the site chosen 
 
 Buck Roe D ,- ,, - , ,• i a- f i 
 
 ^^ ^ for the establishment of grape cul- 
 
 ture, and here the French Vigner- 
 ons, brought over by Antony Bonall in 1621, instructed the 
 people how to raise grapes and make wine. 
 
 At the junction of County and Mallory streets in Phoe- 
 bus transfers are given to car lines leading to Buck Roe 
 Beach and the Soldier's Home. At the terminus of the 
 line is the former home of Harrison Phoebus, the founder 
 of the town and long known as the proprietor of the 
 Hygeia Hotel. At the end of the street is the entrance 
 
i 
 
» \I^ ^P^^ ^^^ ^^^^ more beautifully 
 Soldier s IM gj^jj^ted than this home for dis- 
 riome ^^^jg^ Volunteer Soldiers— as far 
 
 as the eye can reach there is a constantly changing scene — 
 the waters of the Bay send their murmuring waves against 
 the sea wall that borders the beautiful grounds, tall trees 
 and blooming flowers enhance the beauty of the place. On 
 the rows of seats may be seen the old soldiers in all degrees 
 of decrepitude — there they sit day by day watching boats 
 go out to sea until Charon comes with his boat to row them 
 to the other shore. Nowhere is he nation's gratitude more 
 fittingly shown toward the valiant men who served in the 
 hour of need. 
 
 The large central building with the dome was formerly 
 used as a female college, and was built by the Baptists in 
 1857, at a cost of about $63,000.00. It was taken by the 
 government in 1861 and used as the Chesapeake Hospital, 
 and later as Headquarters for the Military. General Butler 
 purchased the property and sold it to the United States m 
 1870, and since that time all the other buildings have been 
 erected. 
 
 The Ward Memorial Hall is of special interest. Horatio 
 Ward, of England, bequeathed $10,000.00 for the use of 
 disabled soldiers and sailors. This Home obtained a share 
 of the bequest. 
 
 The point west of Soldier's Home facing Hampton 
 Creek vvas called during the war "Bull Pen." it was en- 
 closed and used to confine Confederate prisoners. 
 
 30 
 
The large theater is well equipped with scenery and 
 some of the best artists of the country have trodden its 
 boards. The old soldiers are very exacting critics of drama- 
 tic performances. 
 
 The Band Stand near the centre of the grounds is where 
 the Band, one of the best in the State, discourses sweet 
 music for the benefit of the old soldiers, daily at 3 p. m., 
 except when funeral services are held. 
 
 Across the grounds from the Band Stand, near the sea 
 wall is the residence of the Governor of the Home, and 
 in the rear of this building is the Administration Building. 
 
 The Library with its many thousands of volumes donat- 
 ed by sympathetic friends of the veterans is open daily and 
 together with newspapers and magazines, is a great source 
 of comfort to the disabled warriors in their declining years. 
 
 Other pleasant diversions are fishing, boating, salt 
 water bathing, wandering through the grounds along the 
 broad roadway which extend in rear of the esplanade. 
 Some are sitting under the beautiful trees relating stories 
 of the past, and in memory living over the deeds of valor 
 whose bugle blasts even now seem to them to surge near 
 and die away with the whispering tides. 
 
 In the midst of the flower gardens is a monument 
 erected to the memory of Colonel Woodfin, the first 
 Governor of the Home. The cost of this shaft was de- 
 frayed by the invalid inmates of the Home. 
 
 On the lawn in front of this building can be seen one 
 of the most beautiful panoramas in America, out before 
 
us in the dim distance are tlie full rig^^ed sailing vessels en- 
 tering Hampton Roads from the Virginia capes. Still closer 
 loom up the fortifications of Fortress Monroe and Fort Wool, 
 while the Chamberlin Hotel presents a beautiful blending 
 of color with sea and sky. Near by on the left is Hamp- 
 ton Creek, filled with sailing crafts of trade and pleasure. 
 To the immediate right the tall elevators at Newport News 
 tower like grim sentinels near the mouth of the James River. 
 Off to the right of these is Sewell's Point, occupied 
 by a Confederate Battery in 1862, and now the site of the 
 Jamestown Exposition. Rising above the pine groves on 
 Sewell's Point are clouds of smoke from Norfolk. In the 
 distance is Craney Island, near where the Confederates de- 
 stroyed the Merrimac. 
 
 Soldier's Home covers more than 200 acres. 
 
 At present there are 3,800 inmates of the Soldier's Home, 
 about 1,000 of whom are away on leave of absence. 
 
 There are 100 Mexican veterans at the Home. 
 
 Five hundred thousand dollais in pensions are paid the 
 old soldie s. 
 
 On the sight of the Soldier's Home, before the dawn of 
 our history, Powahatan placed one of his sons— as ruler — 
 one of the under kings to the great Emperor, it was un- 
 der Pochins' rule that the Indians of Kecoughton killed 
 Humphrey Blunt. This so incensed the whites that, led by 
 Gates, they not only attacked the Indians and drove the 
 whole tribe from the Kecoughton Territory, but also sought 
 to wipe out every memory of them by changing the name 
 of the place to Elizabeth City. 
 
SOLDIER-S HOME 
 
 ^, ^. , eiTUATED between the Soldier's 
 
 National O ^ ^ ^i m i c i . 
 
 ^ Home and the Norinal School 
 
 ^ Grounds is an Old National Cem- 
 
 etery, which has been filled by military interments. It 
 was established in 1866 and here rest the remains of 
 4,690 known and 47^ unknown warrior dead of the Union 
 Army, and 285 Confederates, who died while prisoners of 
 war. The last burial was made here about fifteen years 
 ago. At the entrance the following tribute greets the eye: 
 
 ••On Fame's enternal ;-ninpin^ uroiiiul 
 Their silent tents are spread 
 
 And glorj- ajuards with solemn round 
 The bivouac of the dead.'' 
 
 hi the center of the park of marble slabs towers a 
 granite monument, built stone on stone to the height of 175 
 
 33 
 
feet. It is enclosed within a circular fence of bayoneted 
 gun barrels supported by cannon posts, and on the four 
 faces of the monument appear the insignia of infantry, 
 cavalry, artillery 1861 to 1865, the United States Coat 
 of Arms, and an inscription "In memory of Union Soldiers 
 who died to maintain the laws." This shaft was erected 
 by Dorothy Dix aided by subscription to the amount 
 of about $50,000,00. 
 
 "-The green mold and decay upon the stone wall which 
 encloses the cemetery grounds are half hidden by the em- 
 bracing foliage of Virginia creeper. The" waving, fringed, 
 boughs of pine, the gnarled limbs of live oaks and the clus- 
 tering green leaves of the magnolias in loving tenderness 
 seek to protect the rows of time eaten marble headstones 
 from the ravages of age; while the graves and spaces 
 between are blanketed over with pine needles, which 
 soften the footfall of the reverent visitor until the fu'm tread 
 of the angel shall be heard as he blows the reville which 
 shall summon the '^varrior spirits to greet the warrior's 
 banner." The simple, uniform headstones here testify 
 to the democracy of death, for the same style stone marks 
 the resting place of officer and private as they are laid side 
 by side. 
 
 The new cemetery is near the old one to the east. 
 There have been about three thousand interments to date. 
 At present there is an average or about twentv burials 
 of the old veterans a month, which too sadly reminds 
 us that soon the survi\'ors of the Great War will be 
 with us no longer. 
 
 Near the new cemeteiy are the Dixie llospital, and the 
 Whittier Training School for negro children under the 
 control of the Hampton Normal School. 
 
CEAT of the Hampton Normal and 
 
 l^*^*^ S Agricultural institute, designed to 
 
 give negroes and indianS; an idus- 
 
 trial training. The original farm of 
 
 125 acres bordering on Hampton Creek, one half mile 
 
 V 
 
 I 
 
 ■i 
 
 I 
 
 VIEW OF NORMAL SCHOOL 
 
south of Hampton, were purchased by the American 
 Missionary Association in 1867 at the instance of General 
 S. C. Armstrong. Present enroUment of indians 100; 
 negroes 1 1 80. The most disth^iguished graduate of the school 
 is Booker T. Washington. The first cargo of negro slaves 
 was landed not far from this school in 161Q, and this was 
 the fu'st school founded for the industrial training of the 
 negro. It is under philanthropic and non-sectarian control. 
 
 There are but two buildings in the Normal School 
 grounds that were there before the war, and these have 
 been remodeled; one is the residence of Dr. H. B. Frissell, 
 which formerly belonged to Dr. Wood, and the other was 
 used "fore de war" for a school building for colored chil- 
 dren, and is now the Whittier School. 
 
 The school grounds now contain 188 acres exclusive 
 of Shellback farm. 
 
 Total graduates 1158; ex-students, not graduates, 5,000; 
 trade school graduates, 277; Indian graduates, 96. 
 
 In twelve counties in the immediate vicinity of the school 
 90 per cent of the negro farmers own and manage their 
 own farms. 
 
 Near this industrial school for the negro is the place 
 where Captain John Smith first instituted an industrial 
 policy for the white colonists when he declared that 
 if a colonist would not work neither should he eat. 
 
Hampton 
 Brids^e 
 
 'T'HE rows of houses between the 
 Normal School and Hampton Bridge, 
 are historic. 
 
 President Tyler's old mansion, a red frame building, is 
 
 just across Hampton Creek, second house from the bridge. 
 
 The large red brick house on the Creek was the home 
 
 of Colonel Mallory, the Commander of the Virginia forces. 
 
 i 
 
 
 HAMPTON CREEK 
 
 These together with the three homes on the right were con- 
 fiscated and used by the Freedman's Bureau to house negro 
 
amilies after the burning of Hampton and until tlie 
 :ermination of the Civil War. 
 
 At the beginning of the Civil War the Virginia Militia 
 ittempted to burn the bridge over Hampton Creek, at the 
 entrance to the town from the Fort Monroe side, but were 
 M'evented from doing so by the Federal forces under 
 Colonel Phelps, of a Vermont Regiment, whose troops 
 :harged at a double quick and saved the bridge, and then 
 )ccupied the town. 
 
 ■p^IRST landing place of the early 
 
 Hampton English settlers in April, 1607. 
 
 They were hospitably received 
 
 )y a tribe of hidians. Hampton is described by Capt. 
 
 John Smith as "A place that so turneth itself into bayes 
 
 md creekes, it makes that place very pleasant to inhabit." 
 
 hi September, 1607, during a famine. Captain John Smith 
 ;ailed down the James River searching for corn, which the 
 ribe of hidians at Hampton refused him; he tired a vol- 
 ey, captured their idol, seized their supplies and returned 
 Jamestown. 
 
 Hampton is noted as a place where the people have 
 )layed an important part in making history. The town 
 vas successfully defended during the Revolutionary War 
 >y the inhabitants, aided by a rifle company, against the 
 British fleet in 1775. 
 
 Hampton was burned by General Magruder in August^ 
 861, many of the citizens setting fire to their own homes 
 
 :}8 
 
in order to prevent them from being occupied by General 
 Butler's forces, then at Fortress Monroe. General Magruder 
 with 3,000 Gonfederates were in camp on Back River. 
 
 Hampton has 10,000 population, and the principal 
 streets are King and Queen. Principal industry is trade 
 in fish, oysters and crabs. The largest crab factory in 
 the world is on Hampton Greek opposite the Normal 
 School. This factory has the exclusive use of a canning 
 fluid that preserves crabs in cans in any climate. 
 
 it was here that General Washington laid the plan 
 which culminated in the surrender of the British at York- 
 town. 
 
 Hampton was captured by the British Navy in 181 3. 
 
 The hidian name of Hampton was "Kecoughtan; it was 
 settled by the English in 1610, surrounded by earthworks 
 erected in colonial times and later by Union and Gonfed- 
 erate armies. 
 
 Hampton is laid out in the shape of a Bow-and-Arrow. 
 
 it is the site of the first free school in America, 
 Syms-Eaton Academy — 1634. The original site is still used 
 for school purposes. It is situated at the entrance of the 
 town, from Phoebus opposite the great bank of oyster shells 
 on Hampton Greek. 
 
 in 1642 Benjamin Syms died, leaving 200 acress of land 
 for free schools. This was increased later by Thomas 
 Eaton's gift of 400 acres of land for the same purpose. 
 
 39 
 
It is the oldest continuous English settlement in the 
 country, Jamestown having been abandoned as a place 
 of residence. 
 
 The first harbor where the early colonists landed. 
 
 The town and surrounding territory were originally called 
 Kecoughtan, this being the name of a tribe of hidians in. 
 habiting this region. Later the name was changed to 
 Hampton, in honor of the first president of the London 
 Company, the Earl of Southampton. 
 
 One of the signers of the Declaration of Independence, 
 George Wythe, was born on an estate near Hampton. He 
 was the first Chancellor of the Court of Equity. 
 
 Hampton was oftimes the rendevous of Blackbeard, the 
 famous old pirate, who sent terror to the hearts of the 
 early settlors. The British Sloop "Ottie" in command of 
 Captain Squires was burned by the inhabitants of Ham- 
 ton, who thus retaliated for former indignities. The Brit- 
 ish withdrew for a time, only to return in battle array a 
 month later. 
 
 At a cove in Hampton Creek was built in early years 
 a fort called Fort Defiance; a modern stone residence now 
 occupies the site, which is opposite the Normal School. 
 
 February 27th 1634, Leonard Calvert and his colon- 
 ists stopped at Hampton enroute to found the colony of 
 Maryland. 
 
 April 29th 1700, an English Man-of War ''Shoreham" 
 after an obstinate fight overcame a pirate ship which 
 
had been playing havoc along the coast. 
 
 Hampton of old was called the ''Game Cock Town," 
 which of recent date has been held to have been applied 
 to her on account of the valiant manner in which she met 
 the vicissitudes and fortunes of war. Ante-bellum tales 
 are fraught with chronicles of the great cock mains that 
 were held in the nearby counties of Norfolk, Princess Anne, 
 Nansemond and Henrico, and among the quaint and curious 
 records still preserved in the Court House, at Hampton, is 
 one which shows that in 1644 forty-six persons were fined 
 so many pounds of tobacco for non-attendance at church. 
 It is presumed that these parties might have been unavoid- 
 ably absent from church while attending the cock fights in 
 aJjoining counties. 
 
 hi 181 2 Adniral Cockburn, Commander of the British 
 fleet, attempted to land at Hampton Creek, but was repulsed 
 by heavy fire from the shore. He finally effected a landing 
 further up the stream (near LaSalle Ave. and Boulevard,) 
 burned the town and committed outrages which so aroused 
 the inhabitants that they arose enmasse and forced him 
 to return to his ships. 
 
 In 1610 two forts were built atthe mouth of the Kecough- 
 tan (now Hampton Creek. ) The forts were named Fort 
 H^nry and Fort Charles in honor of the two sons of King 
 James, and the territory adjacent of the same name 
 was later changed by the House of Burgesses to Elizabeth, 
 for the daughter of the King, the reason given for the 
 
OYSTKi: SHELLS 
 
 change was that they objected to "so heathen a name as 
 Kecoughtan." This action shows that Shakespeare's con- 
 temporaries in the New World did not believe with him that 
 "There's nothing in a name." 
 
 hi 1 716 Hampton had the largest trade of any place in 
 Virginia. 
 
 The fu'st child born in the Jamestown colony was Vir- 
 ginia Lay den, born in Hampton parish. It is noted that she 
 was christened "Virginia," as was also "Virginia Dare," 
 the first babe born in the early colony at Roanoke, which 
 ended so disastrously. 
 
 42 
 
St. Johns's QT. JOHN'S CHURCH, built 1657, 
 
 Church burned 1778 — oldest parish in 
 
 America; parish organized 1610. 
 
 Two churches were built by the early settlers in Hamp- 
 ton parish before St. John's was erected. The first church 
 was located on East Hampton creek; the second on Pem- 
 broke farm. These were the earliest places of Christian 
 worship in Kecoughtan territory. The record shows that 
 in "1 716 there were a hundred houses in the place and no 
 church." The pages of history are silent in regard to 
 houses of worship during the succeeding eleven years, but 
 in 1727 we read that the people quarrelled over the site of a 
 new church, and that feeling grew so strong the Governor 
 and Council were appealed to for a settlement of the matter, 
 and the present Queen street site was chosen, and St. 
 John's church is the result of that decision, and though it 
 has been tried by fire and sword it stands today a peaceful 
 monument to the spirit of church amity, in strong contrast 
 to the "Good old times" when its foundation stones were 
 placed in the now historic sod. 
 
 The honor of founding the church at Hampton is due to 
 a woman — Mrs. Mary Robinson, who gave "two hundred 
 pounds sterling by her will, proved in 1618, to founding a 
 church." 
 
 A silver communion cup bearing the date of i6i7isa 
 
i- .- 
 
treasured relic at St. John's church, being the oldest plate 
 in America. 
 
 hi the churchyard is buried the first Surgeon-General of 
 the Navy Balfour. He was born in Elizabeth City county. 
 
 The interior of St. John's Church is replete with inter- 
 est. To the right of the front entrance is a window given 
 by the Indian Students of the Hampton Normal School, at a 
 cost of $400. The window represents the baptism of Poca- 
 hontas, the hidian Princess. 
 
 The old negro who has been janitor for fifty years re- 
 lates the historic incidents with great pride. 
 
 in the pulpit on Sunday morning may be seen the high- 
 est type of a Southern gentleman of the Old School, the 
 Rev, Dr. Beverly Estell, the Rector, 
 
 The old church records extending back to 1635, fully 
 repay the time spent in examining them, 
 
 in 1812 the British forces occupied St, John's Church. 
 
 Report is current that the brick originally used was 
 brought from England, but this cannot be verified. It is 
 also stated, but not confirmed, that originally the King's 
 Coat of Arms was on the steeple but immediately after the 
 Declaration of hidependence was signed the steeple was 
 struck by lightning, hurling the royai insignia to the ground. 
 
 Monuments in the Churchyard are quaint and curious. 
 
 Near the entrance of the Church there is a record in- 
 scribed on a headstone of one who died November 31st. 
 The oldest known grave bears the date 1701. 
 
 Here is the only monument known in America to have 
 
been erected to commemorate the deeds and valor of the 
 private soldier of the Confederacy. 
 
 The main entrance to St. John's is guarded by a tall 
 weeping willow, one of the grandest of Nature's sentinels, 
 its huge spreading boughs enshroud the tombs of the dead, 
 cast a shade or reverence over the monument to Southern 
 valor and benignly shelters the living as they visit the 
 shrine, which, in its holy bounds preserves the annals 
 of the past. Earth affords no more fitting spot for the 
 stranger, the exile, and the reverent tourist of all lands 
 to tune their harps under the shade of the weeping willow 
 and to bring their hearts in accord with the lays of their 
 native land. 
 
 St. John's Churchyard is the crowning beauty of Hamp- 
 ton; were the grounds more extensive, it might well com- 
 pare with the Happy Valley on Hong Kong, China. 
 
 . A^ ^'8 Bethel, ten miles north of 
 
 ir-. !.? - Hampton, the first blood of the 
 
 civil war was shed June lo, i860. 
 A monument erected by the Daughters of the Confed- 
 eracy marks the historic spot. Wyatt was the only man 
 killed on the Confederate side; he was a Virginian by birth, 
 then serving in a North Carolina regiment. 
 
 46 
 
XTEWPORT'S NEWS was good news 
 _ , ^ 'in ye olden days" and if you 
 
 now visit there you may see what 
 energy and thrift can do in building cities in the South, for 
 within eleven years it has grown from a hamlet to a 
 flourishing city of 30,000. The site of the city first 
 appeared upon the map of Capt. John Smith as Poynt 
 Hope, and it remains yet a place worthy of its first chris- 
 tening. It is a town old in name, but thoroughly modern in 
 progress and enterprise. Tradition tells us the place was 
 called Newport News from an interesting incident. When 
 our forefathers at Jamestown, 20 miles up James River, 
 were in a starving condition; they sent to England for aid 
 and supplies, and anxiously awaited the return of the re- 
 lief ships. The colonists established a lookout station on 
 the bluff (which is now the town site) and with great con- 
 cern watched day and night for the coming of help. Their 
 vigilance was rewarded at the dawn of one bright day 
 when a vessel outfitted by Lord Newport hove in sight. 
 The watchmen on the out-post were the first to sight the 
 ship and immediately messengers were sent up the river 
 to Jamestown, away, to proclaim the good news of 
 Newport's arrival. The spot was called Newport's News 
 in commemoration of the joyful news of the arrival of aid 
 and supplies sent from England. 
 
 Local tradition and history are at variance as to how 
 the name originated, the latter stating that the place was 
 
originally called Port Nuce, and later New Port Nuce to 
 distinguish it from a place in Wales. 
 
 History records that as early as 1633 '<^ Dutch ship cap- 
 tain visited "Newport's Snuw," finding there "a fine spring 
 where all the ships stopped to take in water." 
 
 Newport News is situated at the junction of the James 
 River with Hampton Roads, it is built on a bluff and as far 
 as the eye can behold are magnificent views of the James, 
 Elizabeth and Nansemond Rivers flowing into Hampton 
 Roads. 
 
 In the early part of the civil war Newport News was 
 seized and occupied by the Union Army under Gen. Benj. 
 F. Butler, as a strategic point commanding the waterway 
 route to Richmond and other towns and positions on the 
 James River. Here Butler erected a battery and mounted 
 a large gun, with which he finally succeeded in hurling a 
 projectile six miles across the mouth of the James, toward 
 a Confederate entrenchment. 
 
 Extending from the mouth of the James was a long sand 
 bar covered with shallow water, and running several hun- 
 dred yards out into Hampton Roads. It was upon this 
 point that the Confederate Iron Clad "Merrimac" 
 ("Virginia") ran the U. S. Frigate "Minnesota" ashore, 
 where soon after she took fire from the bombard- 
 ment and her magazines igniting she was blown up, hurling 
 upward the debris and wreck of this magnificent vessel. 
 General Colton, a Frenchman, the Confedlerate General 
 
commanding in this vicinity, waded out upon the sandbar 
 up to his neck in water to witness the strange, but novel 
 engagement. When the explosion occurred, throwing ship 
 and crew skyward, the Frenchman explained "Eetesze 
 magnifique." 
 
 N 1-: W r( ) KT N E WS DR YD( )( ' K . 
 
 In Newport News is located one of the best and larg- 
 est shipbuilding and dry docking plants in the world, which 
 employs about 7,000 men. Here were built some of the 
 best ships of the United States Navy, the Louisiana, Ken- 
 tucky, Virginia, Carolina, Minnesota, Tennessse and Kear- 
 sarge, and also the large merchantman Korea. 
 
 The plant is situated on the water front and covers one 
 
 49 
 
hundred and twenty acres of land. It has expended as 
 much as three and one half million dollars in wages for one 
 year. The largest drydock in the world is here and the 
 business has so incereased that a third dry dock is in course 
 of construction. 
 
 Crowds of people gather in the city when the great war 
 ships are launched with pomp and ceremony, and magnates 
 from ali over the country assemble to see the christening by 
 some fair hand. A trip through the shipyard of the largest 
 ship building plant in America will repay the visitor, for 
 you will see from 4000 to 5000 workmen employed who 
 have built war ships, cruisers, torpedo boat destroyers and 
 great merchantmen. 
 
 Newport News has the largest grain elevator in the 
 world and is the nearest seaport for exporting grain, tlour, 
 coal and tobacco from the great West and Northwest. Ex- 
 ports have amounted to $35,000,000 in one year. 
 
 Newport News is the tidewater terminal of the Chesa- 
 peake and Ohio Railway. When the late Collis P. Hunt- 
 ington placed the terminus of the C. & O. Ry. here he built 
 a town by financial magic. Near the C. & O. Yards are 
 large grain elevators and huge coal piers for the loading 
 of ships in the export and foreign trade. The extent of the 
 foreign commerce may be appreciated when it is known that 
 in one day in 1906 there were tippled and loaded from 
 these piers 2315 tons of coal. 
 
 Near town during the Spanish-American war was a mil- 
 
 50 
 
itary camp where troops were rendesvouzed and dispatched, 
 in the various expeditions, to Cuba and Porto Rico. Again 
 in 1906 Newport News was thronged with blue and khakii 
 clad men when troops from all parts of the United States 
 were mobilized for the Army of Cuban Intervention. 
 Newport News is now one of the U. S, Army Transport 
 Stations, where the Transports "Sumner, "Meade," and 
 "Ingalls" ply between Hampton Roads and Cuban waters. 
 
 The depth oi the harbor at mean low tide is 28 feet, and 
 the largest deep sea-going vessels can tie up alongside the 
 piers. This harbor is large enough to afford anchorage 
 for the combined fleets of the world. 
 
 IJAMPTON ROADS is an inlet of 
 Mamf3t:on Fl ^^^^ Chesapeake Bay, with an 
 
 Roads r eel ., 
 
 area of fifty square miles, one 
 
 coast line measuring eleven miles in length and the other 
 two nine miles each. The waterways which empty into 
 Hampton Roads are the James, Nansemond and Elizabeth 
 Rivers, the latter draining the Dismal Swamp of Virginia 
 
 Hampton Roads is five to seven fathoms deep and can 
 furnish anchorage for the largest ships, is a great natural 
 harbor and is situated at a strategic point off the Atlantic 
 coast. 
 
 From the time the little fleet, Discovery, Good Speed 
 and Susan Constant were driven by the fierce storm into 
 her safe harbor and there found comfort and shelter, until 
 
I 
 
today Hampton Roads has been viewed as a point of vant- 
 age, and has played an important part in every step of our 
 naval history. 
 
 April 29, 1700, the English Man-of War, "Shoreham," 
 encountered and overcome a pirate ship in Hampton Roads. 
 
 in 1775 the British Sloop "Ottie" devastated the coast 
 of Hampton Roads. The vessel was commanded by Cap- 
 tain Squires, and was the first naval attack by England and 
 the beginning of the Revolutionary War. After burning 
 Norfolk Lord Dunmore continued to lay waste the coast in 
 and around Hampton Roads, until in July, 1776, Lewis, at 
 theheadof a Virginia force attacked him on Gwynn's is- 
 land; a ball passed through Lord Dunmore's flag-ship, and 
 he exclaimed "Good God, that it should ever cometo this," 
 and hastily spreading his sails escaped with the prow of 
 his vessel toward the sea. Captain Henry Maynard, on 
 November 21, 1 781, sailed through Hampton Roads with the 
 head of the famous pirate Blackbeard swinging from the 
 bow sprit of his vessel and bearing the captive crew, 
 thirteen in all, to Williamsburg, where they were hanged. 
 The skull of Blackbeard was afterwards made into a drink- 
 ing cup and is still preserved as a treasured relic in Vir- 
 ginia. 
 
 Decatur sailed from Hampton Roads when he went 
 to punish the Barbary Corsairs, this, together with the 
 wars with France, England and Spain were glorious vic- 
 tories for the American cause, as the fleets which sailed 
 
 53 
 
from Hampton Roads went forth con(iuering and to con- 
 qner. 
 
 In 1807 the British Squardron was off Hampton Roads 
 watchin^S' for some French Frigates which had taken 
 refuo-e at Annapolis. In the spring a whole boat's crew 
 of the British Sloop-or-war ''Halifax" deserted and made 
 off to Norfolk. The commander was informed that his 
 men had enlisted on the American Frigate "Chesapeake." 
 At the same time it was claimed that three deserters from 
 the British Frigate "Melampus" had also enlisted on the 
 "Chesapeake." Upon investigation it was found that 
 these men were native Americans improperly impressed 
 into the British Service and therefore not subject to re- 
 clamation. 
 
 On June 21st Commodore James Barron assumed com- 
 mand of the American Squadron at Hampton Roads. The 
 "Chesapeake" started on her cruise. She had hardly 
 got under way from Hampton Roads when she was im- 
 mediately boarded by a boat from the British Ship "Leop- 
 ard," her officers demanding the deserters. Their sur- 
 render was refused on the ground that they were Amer- 
 ican citizens. A few moments after, the "Leopard" fired 
 a broadside into the "Chesapeake," the American ship 
 was in no position to return it. A single gun was fired 
 as her colors were hauled down ; there being no matches 
 at hand it was discharged by means of a coal brought from 
 the callev. Three men were killed on board the "Chesa- 
 
peake", and eiiihteen wounded. Four men claimed as 
 Eng'lishment were taken out of her. She returned to 
 Hampton Roads the same evening'. This was one of the 
 causes that culminated in the War of 1812. 
 
 Early in the spring of 1812. before war was declared 
 by Congress, four British barges with all their crews were 
 taken as prizes in Hampton Roads by the American Cut- 
 ter "Jefferson" supported by th'e Frigate "Constitution." 
 A few weeks later Captain David Porter, with the U. S. S. 
 "Essex" sailed off on a cruise against the British with a 
 flag bearing the motto: 
 
 "Free Trade and States Rights." 
 
 Hampton Roads was the seat of hostilities during the 
 war of 1812 Admiral Cockburn who commanded the Brit- 
 ish fleet sailed to Hampton Roads, landed at Hampton, 
 burned the town, committed untold outrages, and laid 
 waste the entire coast, but at Craney Island he was re- 
 plused by a force of Virginians. He sailed from Hampton 
 Roads up the Potomac, and burned the eapitol at Wash- 
 ington. 
 
 Hampton Roads is noted as the scene of the first naval 
 battle in which iron clad vessels took part. On ^larch 
 9th., 1862, after destroying and blowing up several wood- 
 en firigates and men-o-war the Confederate Iron Clad Mer- 
 rimac engaged the Monitor in the famous naval duel. 
 
 The battle was fought in Hampton Roads between 
 
Old Point and Sewells Point, boats which ply between the 
 two points pass the historic spot. 
 
 Near the site of the famons battle of the Merrimac and 
 Monitor is anchored the hosi)ital ship "Jamestown" 
 which was converted from a U. S. Frio-ate the fastest of 
 her class in her day. 
 
 In Hampton Roads directly off Point Comfort, Presi- 
 dent Lincoln met with the Envoys of the Confederacy for 
 council to terminate the war, restore peace and enforce 
 the Monroe Doctrine by driving Maximilian from Mexico. 
 
 CZap6 Henry Was named for the son of James 1st. 
 The Virginia colonists first disem- 
 barked at Cape Henry, but the Indians drove them back 
 to their boats and they proceeded to Hampton Roads. 
 
 The colonists erected a wooden cross to mark their 
 first landing- place, this has been replaced by a stone tab- 
 let. An old light house dating from 1690 still does service. 
 Cape Henry may be reached by boat, rail or trolly. 
 
 dhesapeal^e In 1565 Spaniards attempted to es- 
 
 Bay tablish a eJesuit Mission in that part 
 
 of Virginia which is now North Car- 
 olina, and Don Pedro Morquez, the Governor of Florida, 
 sailed along the coast and entered "The Bay of Santa 
 Maria, in the latitude of 37 degrees and a half," which 
 is the Chesapeake Bay. The expedition failed. 
 
 The first fleet to discover the new continent was com- 
 
manded by John Cabot in 1487. The Enolish fleet discov- 
 ered the mainland of America and claimed it in the name 
 of England. The first landing, and possession and fonn- 
 dation of English title. Cabot sailed from New Fonnd- 
 land along the Atlantic Coast and passed the mouth of 
 Chesapeake Bay going to Florida. 
 
 Powhatan, Emperer of America held full sway along 
 the Chesapeake Bay from Roanoke River on the south to 
 Tockwogn at the mouth. Chesapeake Bay is the greatest 
 inlet of the Atlantic Coast. It is two hundred miles in 
 length and varies from four to forty miles in breadth. 
 Tt is of sufficient depth for the largest ships to ascend al- 
 most to the mouth of the Suscjuehanna. 
 
 The Chesapeake Bay oysters, fish, crabs and canvas 
 backs are well known the world over to epicures. 
 
 The English Fleet ])earing the first settlers were driv- 
 en by a violent storm into the Chesapeake Bay, the 
 "Mother of Waters." 
 
 Its quiet expansive waters have witnessed some mem- 
 orable conflicts in the annals of naval warfare. On March 
 10th, 1813 the American privateer schooner "Adeline" 
 in defiance of the blockade of the Bay by the English 
 Squardron under Admiral Warren, sailed in, attacked and 
 sunk a British schooner almost under the guns of the 
 blockading ships. Shortly afterwards a battle was fought 
 on the Bay by four American vessels and seventeen Brit- 
 
 58 
 
ish barges. One American ship was lost in this eng'ag'e- 
 ment. 
 
 Fort Wool is located in Hampton Roads about 
 2,200 yards from the water batteries on 
 Fortress Monroe. The place was originally called Fort 
 Calhoun, and is often called Rip-Raps. It contains fifteen 
 acres, and the island is almost entirely artificial. And 
 was built by Confederate prisoners during the Civil War. 
 It was with great difficulty that a firm bottom was formed 
 and huge rocks were brought from distant points for 
 that purpose. It was used as a military prison during the 
 Civil AVar, named in honor of General Wool, who suc- 
 ceeded General Butler in command, and was mounted 
 Avith large guns. With Fortress Monroe it guards the en- 
 trance to Hampton Roads, and the upper Chesapeake. 
 
 Fort Norfolk As the boat glides into Norfolk 
 Harbor, on the left bank of the 
 Elizabeth River may be seen an old fort, small and insig- 
 nificant it looks and in strange contrast with the buildings 
 which tower above it in the bustling city of Norfolk, or 
 the long iron piers and huge ware houses so near it. The 
 forts usefulness is over, but rich memories cluster 
 around the spot and in its day it served its pur- 
 pose and was accounted of great value when the 
 Knight of the Golden Horseshoe held sway in 
 
 59 
 
Viro'inia. Batteries were then erected in the fort 
 and also on the present site of the U. S. Marine Hos- 
 pital opposite. Thus the colonists early fortified against 
 the Dutch, Spanish, Indians and Pirates, and secure in this 
 coast defence they laid the foundation of the city and 
 builded thereon. History does not record why Fort Nor- 
 folk's g'uns were silent when Lord Dunmore sailed safely 
 up the Elizabeth River and played such havoc with Nor- 
 folk on that fatal new year's day. 
 
 In 1794 the title of the ground was vested in the gov- 
 ernment as long as it was occupied for military purposes. 
 It was used as a military post until the breaking out of 
 the Civil War it was seized by Virginia and later turned 
 over to the Confederate authorities. It was held by them 
 when the Merrimac sailed out on that memorable day to 
 encounter the Monitor in Hampton Roads. After the 
 evacuation of Norfolk by the Confederates, General Wool 
 entered the harbor and again the fort passed into the pos- 
 session of the general government. 
 
 The usefulness of the fort ended with the invention of 
 long range guns, and Fort Norfolk is now a storehouse 
 for unloaded projectiles. Three Guardsmen are on duty. 
 
 [Norfolk Norfolk is on the west bank of the Eliz- 
 abeth River eight miles from Hampton 
 Roads, and thirty-two miles from the Atlnn Ic Ocean. It 
 has a fine harbor easily accessible to the largest vessels. 
 
 GO 
 
Its entrance is <iuarcled by Fort Monroe and Fort Wool. 
 
 The original site was purchased in 1680 from Nicolas 
 Wise for the sum of "ten thousand pounds of g'ood mer- 
 chantable tobacco and casks." 
 
 Norfolk was founded in 1705 ; incorporated into a bor- 
 oujarh by royal charter from Georgfe II in 1736, and made 
 a city by special act of the Assembly in 1845. 
 
 The name means "north people," and was given to the 
 town by settlers who formerly lived in Norfolk County 
 England. 
 
 On the first day of the year 1776 the British fleet in 
 command of Lord Dunmore sailed into the Norfolk har- 
 bor and bombarded the town, later the town was fired and 
 the only house left of the old city is St. Paul's Church. 
 
 St. Paul's A cannon ball in the wall of Old St. Paul's 
 Church Church remains to this day to tell the sad 
 tale of war. The beautiful ivy which 
 sends its long glossy, green branches over the church wall 
 and up the steeple would in silent sympathy cover the 
 wound in old St. Paul's side, but the hard bricks brought 
 from England in 1739 refuse to release the canon ball from 
 their mighty grasp, and though environed by historic 
 dead whose conflict has long been oer, and by thousands 
 of youth and maidens, who to the peal of wedding bells, 
 have marched through the portals of this sacred edifice, 
 
or sung- psalms in her choir, yet ^rim and grray the cannon 
 ball remains, a monnment of war, and needs no inscription 
 to bear record of deeds done, as do the white wings of 
 peace over the graves of the dead who have peacefully 
 slept among these venerable scenes for more than a cen- 
 tury. 
 
 In the graveyard below the finger of time is slowdy 
 effacing the testimony of good deeds, but a curious hand- 
 writing on the wall may still be read: 
 
 "Here lyeth Y body of Wm. Harris 
 Whom departed this life.Y 8 day 
 Of March 168 % 
 Age 35 years." 
 
 A skull and cross bones appear below the inscription. 
 
 This stone is preserved in the outside wall of St. Paul's 
 Church, it was found in the ruins of an old colonial church 
 in AVeynoke on James River. 
 
 St. Paul's Church is a cruciform, the lot was given by 
 Samuel Brouse for a burying ground in 1783, and the 
 building w^as erected in 1739 on Church Street near Main. 
 
 In 1778 the Dismal Swamp Canal was begun. 
 
 Norfolk has been honored by many disting'uished visi- 
 tors, Lafayette in 1824 and Louis Napoleon, Emperor of 
 France, in 1837, April 2nd, 1861 the Confederate flag was 
 first raised in Norfolk. In 1861 twelve vessels were un- 
 dergoing repair in the Norfolk Navy Yard, among them 
 
 62 
 
the Pennsylvania, Cumberland and Merrimac. Commodore 
 McCanley was directed to get them ready for sea. A 
 body of Virginia troops under Gen. Taliaferro entered the 
 city, an agreement was made with McCauley that none of 
 the vessels should be removed from the Navy yard ex- 
 cept in self defence. McCauley gave orders to burn or 
 scuttle all the vessels except the "Cumberland." Capt. 
 Paulding succeeded in command of the Navy Yard and 
 undertook to complete what McCauley had begun. The 
 Pensylvania was burned to the water's edge, the Merri- 
 mac scuttled and the "Cumberland" sailed away. The 
 "Merrimac" was raised, converted into an inroriclad and 
 her name changed to "Virginia." 
 
 Norfolk was the chief naval depot of the Confederacy 
 until it was found necessary to concentrate all the forces 
 to the defence of Richmond. The Confederates evacuated 
 Norfolk, May 1st, 1862, and May 10th, 1862 the Federals 
 occupied it and retained possession until the end of the 
 Civil War. Brig. Gen. Viele was appointed Military Gov- 
 ernor. November 19th, 1864, Lincoln, by proclamation 
 opened the port of Norfolk. Vessels of the largest capac- 
 ity load at Norfolk wharves. 
 
 Hundreds of acres of the surrounding land are devoted 
 to truck farming and daily shipments of fresh vegetables, 
 fruit and oysters are sent to northern ports. 
 
 Trade is facilitated by three canals; Norfolk is the 
 terminus of several railroads: S. A. L. ; A. C. L. : Tidewa- 
 
ter, Richmond ; Potomac and Fredericksburg and Norfolk 
 and Western, and is connected with Richmond, Baltimore, 
 Boston, Philadelphia, N. Y. and Washington by regular 
 lines of Steamers. 
 
 Is the largest peanut market in the world. 
 
 A commercial and exporting center. 
 
 A large shipping point for cotton. 
 
 St. Vincent de Paul Hospital is an important adjunct 
 to the place '^The Academy" is designed after the pan- 
 theon at Athens. A monument to the Confederate dead, 
 was erected in Commercial Place, leading to the Ports- 
 mouth Ferry. 
 
 Portsmouth is situated on the W. bank of the 
 Elizabeth River, opposite Norfolk. 
 A ferry boat plies between the two cities every few min- 
 utes. Portsmouth was founded in 1752, on the land of 
 Wm. Crawford. 
 
 Cornwallis was stationed in Portsmouth in 1776 ; May 
 11, 1779, the British forces took possession of the town 
 destroying all naval and military supplies. 
 
 October 10th, 1780 Brig. Gen. Leslie, landed his troops 
 and took possession. 
 
 Bendict Arnold in command of 1700 men landed in 
 Portsmouth in December, 1780; the first of January he 
 
 64 
 
marched on to Richmond, devastated the city, and re- 
 turned to Portsmouth. 
 
 In a skirmish at Greenspring' in 1781 Lord Cornwallis, 
 having defeated Lafayette, the gallant young- Frenchman 
 who so valliantly espoused our cause at the age of 23, 
 returned to Portsmouth for a short time before going to 
 Yorktown, in the meantime writing home" The boy cannot 
 escape me." Later Cornw^allis met "the boy" at York- 
 town where Washington's line formed a crescent, with 
 Lafayette commanding the forces on the right that vic- 
 torious day. 
 
 The old dry dock in Portsmouth is of interest. The 
 Federals attempted to blow it up April 20th, 1861 the 
 Confederates also attempted to destroy it, when, later, 
 they evacuated. 
 
 At the breaking out of the Civil War the Federals held 
 the Navy Yard at Portsmouth, Commodore McCauley be- 
 ing in command. On May 11th, 1861, he sailed away after 
 setting fire to the ships and destroying everything that 
 could be of service, the Confederates soon after took t\v) 
 place and held it until May 10th, 1862, when they, in turn 
 destroyed everything before evacuating. It was in the 
 Portsmouth Navy Yard that the old Merrimac was remod- 
 eled and made an ironclad, and called the "Virginia," 
 and steamed out from this dock to become famous. 
 
 Relics may be seen at the navy yard of the arms and 
 ordance used in past wars. 
 
 GO 
 
Great Brids^e At Great Bridf^e, 20 miles from 
 Norfolk, the British erected a fort 
 only approachable by a causeway through a morass. The 
 American forces under Col. Woodford were here attacked, 
 and here the gallent Captain Fordyce at the head of 60 
 Grenadiers, was killed, and his force retreated under fire 
 from the Culpepper "Minute Men" whose flag exhibited 
 a coiled rattle-snake with the motto "Don't tread on me." 
 John Marshall, afterwards Chief Justice of the U. S. 
 was a Lieutenant in this Company. 
 
 Williamst3Urs is seven miles from Jamestown, 
 and was chosen for the State capi- 
 tal after the burning of the State house in Jamestown, 
 when the colonists had realized that a more healthful lo- 
 cality was necessary for the preservation of the peopie. 
 It was laid out in 1632 and orig:inally known as "Middle 
 Plantation." Governor Nicholson in 1697 founded the 
 town of Williamsburg. It was named in honor of, and 
 received its charter from the King. It is the oldest in- 
 corporated city in America and here for the first time a 
 State building was called "Capitol." It remained the 
 seat of Government until 1779, when the capital was re- 
 moved to Richmond. 
 
 The first newspaper in America was published here 
 and called "The Gazette." 
 
 The place where absolute religious freedom was pro- 
 claimed. 
 
First elective legislative body to assemble on the Con- 
 tinent. 
 
 Here the flower of Viclginia's aristocracy proved the 
 possibility of being on friendly and social terms with the 
 English Governors with whom they were in political en- 
 mity. 
 
 The site of the first theatre in America, the mighty 
 Garrick trodding its boards. 
 
 Here Governor Spottswood started the first iron foun- 
 dry, and was dubbed therefor the "Tubal Cain of Vir- 
 ginia." 
 
 Thirteen of the captured crew of the famous pirate 
 Blackbeard were brought here and hung. 
 
 The headquarters of Washington in 1780, which was 
 later the residence of Chancellor Wythe may still be seen 
 near Brut on Church. 
 
 The courthouse planned by Sir Christopher Wren in 
 1769, is standing. 
 
 The old brick "Powder Horn" or Magazine stands op- 
 posite the courthouse. It is of an octagonal design and 
 has stood well the wear and tear of time, since Governor 
 Spottswood built it in 1714. During the Revolutionary 
 War Lord Dunmore removed the amunition from the 
 Powder Horn and stored it on board his man-of-war. The 
 people, headed by Patrick Henry, arose en masse to re- 
 
sist the indignity, when Lord Dnnmore reimbursed the 
 treasury for the supplies. 
 
 POWDKIi HOKX. 
 
 The "Palace" was the executive mansion. It was 
 burned during the Revolution. A stone monument marks 
 the historical spot, it is now utilized for a school building. 
 
 A stone monument has been erected by the Association 
 for the preservation of Virginia Anticjuities, on the site 
 of the old House of Burgesses, which long ago was de- 
 stroyed bv fire. The site is at the end of the Duke of 
 
Gloucester Street, about one mile from William and 
 Mary's College which is at the other terminus of the 
 street. Between these two Historic points have been en- 
 acted scenes more vital to the nation than any other ter- 
 ritory of equal extent. Times' devastating march has 
 laid in ruins places we vain would visit today, but free- 
 dom's soil is still there and is consecrated ground. 
 
 The Powdered wigs, satin coats, and silver buckles, the 
 habiliaments of the body, we do not see, but we hear the 
 echo of "Treason Treason" as the uncouth youth, in 
 rough garb, and disheveled hair, eye flashing-soul on fire^ 
 concludes that mighty fiat with "If this be treason, make 
 the most of it." And in thus denouncing the Stamp Act 
 struck a mighty blow for liberty. And the famous "Vir- 
 ginia Resolves" embodying the principle "No taxation 
 without representation was the fruit which necessarily 
 followed, and which in its turn paved the way for the 
 Declaration of Independence, and the Bill of Rights. 
 
 Wiliamsburg was the place where Jefferson wrote the 
 Declaration of Independence and has been the seat of 
 councils of war, treaties of peace, of constitutional as- 
 semblages, and of intrigues in love and war. 
 
 Although one woman was here early condemned for 
 being a witch, it did not prevent her daughters of a later 
 day from being so bewitching as to enthrall the hearts of 
 the gallant cavaliers. Here men lived, loved, strove and 
 conquered fate, and the peaceful scenes of today mark 
 
the spot of former activity and although the builders of 
 the Republic have long since returned to the native ele- 
 ment of man, yet the principles for which they fought 
 still live. 
 
 The ' ' Six Chimney Lot ' ' the home of Martha Washing- 
 ton when she was the Widow Custis, is located beyond 
 William and Mary's college near the hospital. 
 
 Bruton Church in Williamsburg, is claimed to 
 be the oldest church in America where worship has been 
 continuous. The interior of the church has recently been 
 restored to its pristine splendor, and entering its doors 
 is like taking a step into the past, the high backed pews 
 are now memorials to former occupants who having 
 "served their day generation" passed from time to eter- 
 nity. 
 
 Recent gifts to the church are a Bible, and a lectern 
 on which it rests, presented respectively by the King of 
 England and the President of United States. 
 
 Old Bruton Church was designed b.y Governor Spotts- 
 wood, that man of divers gifts, who never failed the col- 
 onists in affairs of either church or state. The present 
 church was completed in 1715 and has been in continuous 
 use longer than any church in America. The parish was 
 founded 1632, second church erected 1683. 
 
 Five Presidents worshipped in Bruton Church, namely. 
 
Washiii<iton, Jefferson, Madison, Monroe and Tyler. 
 Among the other familiar ones who answer the roll call 
 of History, and and are also enrolled in these sacred ar- 
 chives are Wvthe, Blair, Beverly, I-/ee, Mason, Carey, the 
 
 OLD HUrTON CHURCH. 
 
 Randolphs, the Pa«'es the Harrisons, ^Marshall and Patrick 
 Henry. 
 
 Bruton is now the only church in America bnilt and 
 paid for when church and State vv^ere one, it was nam.ed 
 in memory of Bruton in Somerset County, Eno-land. 
 
 A number of tablets of ancient dates adorn the yv\alls. 
 
 In the seventeenth century, for burial in the chancel. 
 
a charge was made of one thousand pounds of tobacco, or 
 five pounds sterling, and in the church five hundred 
 pounds of tobacco, or fifty shillings. There are three sil- 
 ver sets of communion service, the oldest was brought 
 from the church at Jamestown and was donated by 
 Francis Morrison the second, a covered cup and a patten, 
 was given by Lady Gooch, and is called the "Queen 
 Anne" service, the third bears the royal coat of arms of 
 George II on chalice, flagon and alms basin. 
 
 The metal in the old church bell is of great value, and 
 the tones sent out on the air are of peculiar sweetness. 
 There is a tradition that one of the English Gueens threw 
 her golden jewels into the glowing mass of metal, when 
 it was being moulded, and that in gratitude for the act, 
 the bell-metal has since given out only the softest and 
 sweetest tones. 
 
 The church yard contains the sacred dust of our de- 
 parted ancestors, the inscriptions on the moss covered 
 stones are quaint and curious and awaken deep medita- 
 tion. The spot is a hallowed one, and there we may read 
 "sermons in stones" as we linger unwilling to leave the 
 cherished scenes. 
 
 Raleigh Tavern, where the Burgesses met after their 
 dissolution, has long since fallen into decay. It was sit- 
 uated on Gloucester Street. 
 
 Gloucester Street from one end to the other has been 
 the scene of many historic events. Should Rip Van Win- 
 
kle awaken in Williamsburg: he would be convinced that 
 a map of the old world had been placed on the soil of 
 the new. For while going toward England, Ireland, Scot- 
 land and France streets he would pass both Duke and 
 Prince streets, and walking down Gloucester Street as 
 he entered the college campus, the statute of Lord Bote- 
 tourt would be the first object to meet his sight, and turn- 
 ing to the left he would see the house built by Louis XVI. 
 
 William and Mary The College founded by Dr. 
 
 Ooll^S^e James Blair in 1692 has been 
 
 burned three times, first in 
 
 1705, while occupied by the General Assembly, rebuilt by 
 
 Gov. Spottswood in 1781 ; later occupied by American, 
 
 British and French troops. 
 
 Entire library and interesting relics destroyed by fire. 
 Building was burned during the Civil War, and the vaults 
 containing remains of many noted dead were desecrated, 
 and everything of value stolen. 
 
 The College was originally endowed by William and 
 Mary with "a penny a pound on all all tobacco shipped 
 from Virginia and Maryland to other states, the duties 
 on furs and hides, and by 20,000 acres of land." 
 
 The site has been used for a college since 1660. 
 
 Christopher Wren planned the buildings in the shape 
 of a square, Dr. James Blair was the first president of the 
 college and served in that capacity for fifty years. 
 
Georg-e Washing^ton was made Chancellor of the col- 
 lege in 1788. College buildings were used for barracks 
 during the Civil War and until the city was evacuated in 
 1862. The statute of Lord Botetourt was erected on the 
 site of the old capital and was later removed to the col- 
 lege grounds. 
 
 As we sit on the Campus and read the inscriptions 
 loved ones have placed on the monument of Lord Bote- 
 tourt shadowy forms seem to solemnly pass by and enter 
 the College Building. The tall man in front with noble 
 and dignified mien is the first chancellor of the college, 
 George Washington, and the hurrying forms that flit by 
 us and hasten to answer the roll call are college students. 
 We draw near and if w^e remain with attentive ear, we 
 may hear in mystic tones such famous names as: John 
 Tyler, John Marshall, James Monroe, Thomas Jefferson, 
 Randolph 1, Randolph 2, George Wythe. And as we 
 linger in dreams Ave traverse the great length of days 
 with a bound and beginning with Winfield Scott we 
 hear the endless roll call of honored ones, who drank 
 deep from the wells of knowledge at this historic fort. 
 William and Clary's College has been tried by fire three 
 times but so firm is her foundation that each successive 
 building has been erected thereon with greater promiseii 
 of triumph and glory. 
 
 The colonial building to the left is the residence of 
 the president of the college. It was accidently Inuned by 
 
 75 
 
the French in 1732, and replaced from the private funds 
 of the French Sovereign. 
 
 As in colonia 1 times, on the banks of the "Noble 
 James" stands an ancient mansion within Carter's Grove, 
 memories of the old place have been preserved in sonu: 
 and story. The six miles distance from William and 
 Mary's did not deter the college boys from forsaking 
 study halls on moonlight nights, to seek the mystic deil 
 and sing love ditties to the belles of colonial days, and we 
 are told that once upon a time Thomas Jefferson was so 
 enamoured of a famous beauty, dwelling within the man- 
 sion walls, that he forgot to dream of a Declaration of 
 Independence and stealing out with his fiddle and bow, he 
 strode out into the night, and under her window he 
 touched the strings of the violin and the plaintive chords 
 responded to his throbbing heart, and told in sweet 
 strains his willingness to pledge his loyalty to the Queen 
 of Beauty. 
 
 In the College Grounds the grand old trees have stood 
 for more than a century, and their long branches wave 
 over the stone brow of Berkeley, Lord Botetourt, whose 
 statute has weathered the storms of time, and stands a 
 reminded of old colonial days when he governed by royal 
 will. The statute was erected on the old capitol site at 
 the extreme end of town and was removed to the college 
 grounds in 1797. 
 
 In the summer the old trees grace with their shade the 
 
 76 
 
reverent tourist, and freely bestow all that is left of the 
 pomp and glory of ancient days. The riotious and ser- 
 ried foliage of the mammoth trees is all the luxury that 
 greets the eye, but sitting beneath the green mantled 
 rugged limbs of the stately elms in the college campus, 
 in full view of the statue of Lord Botetourt, the atmos- 
 phere conducive to revery will soon overwhelm the dream- 
 er and transport him to the scenes of "ye olden times" 
 and he may revel in the joys of days that have paid their 
 tribute to the shrine of votive memory. Wandering in 
 the realm of the magnolia he may see Martha Washington 
 planting the old elm tree which grows close to the Martha 
 Washington Kitchen near by, may see Washington, the 
 lover, riding up the Kings Highway, gallantly and gra- 
 ciously returning the courtesies and salutations of the 
 day, later to be captured by the charms of the lovelv 
 Widow Custis ,to whom he surrenders graciously and un- 
 conditionally. 
 
 Then fancy thrills to sterner times when the gallant 
 booted and belted Lafayette kissed the extended hand of 
 the warrior Washington, as they meet for the first time in 
 the fori: of the road to the left of the college. A turn to 
 the right and you behold the chivalrous Spottswood 
 leading his "Knight of the Golden Horseshoe" out of the 
 travelled path of the "Kings Highway" to adventures 
 and good camaradie as they journey to the rugged crest 
 oi the Blue Ridge to view the legendary ocean beyond. 
 
It was in Williamsburo- that Mary Johnson found the 
 home of "Audrey" which the residents tell you in on 
 Dunmore Street. This name causes a rude awakening 
 from the pleasant dream, and your restless eyes catch 
 glimpses in the dim distance of the "Palace Green" and 
 you search in vain for the palace built thereon by the col- 
 onists in honor of Governor Spottswood, who brought 
 from across the trackless seas the great writ of English 
 Liberty, the Habeas Corpus. The palace has long since 
 returned as dust to "the sacred soil of Virginia," but on 
 the Green there looms a mound, which in an emergency 
 was used by Lord Dunmore, the man who was as sincerely 
 hated as Spottswood was be loved. An opening leads to an 
 underground passage, called " Dunmore 's Cave" which 
 traditions states was stored with arms and ammunition 
 for the tyrant to use in case the outraged people should 
 seek justice for the wrongs done them in the name of the 
 King's Laws. But this despot was doomed to rlee to the 
 high seas for safety and left his munitions of oppres- 
 sion behind him. 
 
 The House of Burgesses was called together for tlie 
 last time by royal order in 1775. The first hospital for the 
 insane was built in Wiliamsburg. in 1773 and is located 
 near William and Mary's College. 
 
 Both armies claimed victory in the battle of Wiliams- 
 burg, fought on May 5th, 1865. 
 
 78 
 
Green Spring The ruins of Greenspring are 
 abont seven miles west of Wil- 
 liamsburg and four miles from Jamestown. 
 
 Greenspring was so called from a ''very fine green 
 spring that is upon the land — so cold that 'tis dangerous 
 drinking thereof in summer time." 
 
 An estate of more than a thousand acres was located 
 at Greenspring granted to Governor Berkley by the Quar- 
 ter Court in Virginia, a mansion was built thereon the 
 ruins of which may still be seen. It was later the home of 
 Col. Philip Ludlow who married the widow of Berklev. 
 In 1697 the General Assembly met for one session at 
 Greenspring but the Royal commission ordered the ses- 
 sion to be resumed at Jamestown. 
 
 It was while living at Greenspring in 1644 that Sir 
 Wm. Berkley after 20 years rest from Indian attack was 
 called upon to quell the last Indian invasion led by the 
 old blind chief Opechancanough, who was captured and 
 afterwards killed by a guard. 
 
 It was to his manor house at Greenspring that Berk- 
 ley withdrew when Virginia passed from the King under 
 the Comonwealth of Cromwell. 
 
 Greenspring was Bacon's headquarters when he cap- 
 tured the wives of the enemy and declared his intention 
 of placing them in ''the forefront of his men" to pro- 
 tect them while they built the breastworks," the "white 
 aproned" guard, served this purpose and was released. 
 
In 1781 Cornwallis defeated Lafayette in a skirmish 
 at Greenspring, remains of breastworks may still be seen. 
 Greenspring was the home of the Lee Family at an early 
 day. The tombs of many distingnished people may still 
 be seen there. 
 
 Lord Cnlpeper, Governor of Virginia in 1683, had his 
 residence in Greenspring. 
 
 It was at Greenspring that Bac;)n withdrew after ront- 
 ing the enemy on York River and where he cheered his 
 tired soldiers with the words : 
 
 "Come on, my hearts of gokl ; he that dies in the field 
 of battle, sleeps on the bed of honor," wherenpon they 
 marched forward and met and overcame Gov. Berkley's 
 soldiers, who abandoning the field took ship and sailed 
 away. 
 
 January 24th, 1676 Sir Wm. Berkley while Governor 
 held conrtmnitial at Greenspring where death sentence 
 was pronounced on Col. Crews and Captain Cookson and 
 Digby, participants in Bacon's rebellion, and these men 
 were hanged near the first Glass house in America. 
 
 The cause of Bacon's death remains a mystery, tradi- 
 tion says that his friends sunk his remains in the York 
 River that his enemies might not desecrate the body after 
 death. Bacon was a hero at the age of 28, a young Vir- 
 ginia rebel of 1676. He was the first man in America who 
 declared sword in hand that he would die rather than sub- 
 mit to an invasion of his rights, and it is significant that 
 
 80 
 
one hundred years passed before another American 
 clasping the hilt of Bacon's sword again demanded inde- 
 pendence. Bacon the revolutionist of 1676, and Wash- 
 ington the revolutionist of 1776 were both Virginians and 
 should receive a like homage. 
 
 Jamestown The James River Canal can be seen 
 while sailing up the James River to 
 Jamestown. George Washington was the first president 
 of this canal. 
 
 Jamestown was the first English settlement in America 
 to survive the stress of early perils. After the one hun- 
 dred and five colonists on the "Discovery," "Good 
 Speed," and "Susan Constant" entered Chesapeake Bay 
 they proceeded to look for a suitable landing place, as 
 King James had commanded them to locate at least one 
 hundred miles inland so as to be protected from possible 
 attack by the Spaniards. The colonists selected what was 
 then a peninsula, but is now a small island about forty 
 miles up the James River and there landed on May 13th, 
 1607, built a stockade fort, and called it "Fort James," 
 later "James City" and finally "Jamestown" in honor of 
 the reigning King. 
 
 The three ships sailed from England under the com- 
 mand of Sir Christopher Newport. En route Captain 
 John Smith was arrested on the charge of entering into a 
 conspiracy to be made "King of Virginia." Upon arrival 
 at Jamestown he was tried by a jury and acquitted. 
 
On landing the colonists opened the sealed box of Roj^- 
 al orders and found the names of the seven councillors. 
 All were incompetent except Smith and Gosnold. Wing- 
 field was president. The first religious services were held 
 
 J A M i<:s'r( ) w \ ( "H rH( 'H 
 
 by Rev. Robert Hunt under an old rotten tent stretched 
 between the trees. The ordinance of the Lord's Supper 
 
 82 
 
was celebrated once in three months while the \o^ church 
 was being- built. 
 
 In September 1607 fever and famine devastated one- 
 
 TKUNK UF OLJ) TREE AT JAMESTOWN 
 
 half of the colony, the dead bodies were burned that the 
 Indians mig-ht not be able to count the iiraves and thereby 
 gain knowledge of the small nnmber of white men left. 
 
 83 
 
Jamestown was the place where the 90 maids sent 
 over from Eng^land landed and the smokers of that day 
 were each willing to sacrifice 120 pounds of tobacco to 
 obtain a wife. iL^i^ 
 
 The first car^o of slaves was landed in Jamestown from 
 a Dutch man-of-war in ^WS, much against the protest of 
 the colonists. In March 1622, Opechancanough, successor 
 to Powhatan massacred 374 colonists. The chief was cap- 
 tured and later killed by his guard. 
 
 In 1608 Jamestown was destroyed by fire. The brick 
 church, the first Protestant church in America, was built 
 between 1615 and 1620. It had a loophole watch tower, 
 and the old ruins may still be seen. The incapacity of 
 Wingfield and other incompetents brought on a starving 
 condition and inspired a popular uprising which culmina- 
 ted in Smith taking charge of affairs. Under Smith the 
 colony became communistic in that he ordered all the 
 products to be brought into a public storehouse, where a 
 treasurer was in control and who apportioned out supplies 
 as they were needed. Smith here established the first In- 
 ductive Industrial and Economic Policy in America when 
 he issued his "No work, no eat" decree. On Smith's return 
 to Jamestown from a second expedition to procure food 
 he found Eigfield and Kendal had seized the "Pinnance" 
 and were attempting to escape to England. Kendal, the 
 leader, was tried by a jury, found guilty and shot. This 
 occurred in 1607 and was the first execution in Virginia. 
 
 84 
 
While at Jamestown, Smith wrote his book titled 
 "Smith's True Relations of Virginia.' ' This was the first 
 contribution to American literature. In 1608 he sent the 
 manuscript to England where it was published. 
 
 In 1609 Captain John Smith, severely wounded by the 
 accidental explosion of a bag of gunpowder, resolved to 
 return to England. He had been the central figure in the 
 up-building of the colony and like most benefient workers 
 of all ages met the fate of persecution from incompetents 
 who had official favor in the home land. Smith left a 
 record of such kindness to the alien race that he won the 
 respect and homage of Powhatan, and Pocahontas loved 
 and called him" Father," and his success as a colonizer 
 was largely due to the fact that while he was loyal to his 
 own country he also recognized the rights of the Indians 
 and treated them with uniform courtesy and justice 
 Cook's History of Virginia records that his work lived in 
 spite of the active oposition of "Wingfield the imbecile, 
 Newport a tale bearer, Radcliffe a mutineer, Archer an 
 agitator, and Martin a cat's paw, and all that loose and 
 floating element found in every society which hangs on 
 and waits and instinctively takes the side which promises 
 to be the strongest, " and in the face of'wranglings antag- 
 onists who had gone to England and effected by intrigue 
 what they failed to effect by force, he won lasting re- 
 noun." The "lobbyists in London bowing low to the 
 Right Honorable" succeeded in deposing Smith, and he 
 
 85 
 
sailed away to the home land sick in body and sonl at the 
 ingratitude of a government for whom he had fought in 
 war and served in peace. But the plotters could not up- 
 root the good he had done. He had firmly laid the foun- 
 dation of civilization and his success with an alien race 
 was due to the fact that he treated with them. He be- 
 lieved in the "Brotherhood of Man" and he lived up to 
 the Royal Charter which contained the missionary senti- 
 ment "That so noble a work may by the providence of 
 God hereafter tend to the grlory of His Divine Majesty." 
 And because of the stand he took, and the battle he fought 
 almost aloi^e, he stands today the central fiorure of the 
 Ter-Centennial celebration, and all his villifiers go down 
 to history shorn not only of their power but also of the 
 borrowed g^lory they once wore. America has "not lost 
 the breed of noble blood" for in her colonization among 
 alien races today has risen another Smith, (James F.,) 
 whose benign influence has worked for pacification and 
 "benevolent assimilation" and who will likewise with 
 honor go down to history, notwithstanding the opposition 
 of some "clothed with a little brief authority." History 
 offtimes repeats itself. Smith of the twentieth century, , 
 like Smith of the sixteenth century, succeeded inTaymg 
 the firm foundations of good government in a foreign land 
 by an insistance on Justice to all men whether red, white, 
 or brown. 
 
 In 1610 about a year after Captain John Smith's de- 
 
 86 
 
partnre for Ens^land the cliscouraf]red colonists, with bit- 
 ter tears stripped their cabins and went on board their 
 vessel to sail for England, abandoning Jamestown. Be- 
 fore they were out of Hampton Roads, they sighted a sail 
 which proved to be the vessel bearing their new Gov- 
 ernor, Lord Delaware. They returned to Jamestown, re- 
 ceived the new governor with military honors. That noble 
 lord knelt and returned thanks that the seed of English 
 liberty was still to survive in America. 
 
 In 1624 the doctrine of ''No taxation without repre- 
 sentation was first promulgated at Jamestown. James- 
 town was burned by Bacon, September 19th, 1676. State 
 House was burned October 31st, 1698. 
 
 General Assembly April 1699 passed an act removing 
 the capital from Jamestown to Williamsburg. 
 
 Two battles were fought near Jamestown in the Rev- 
 olutionary AVar, just previous to the surrender to Corn- 
 wallis. 
 
 There is nothing left of the old settlement at James- 
 town, except the brick tower of the church, and the 
 church yard, where the oldest tombstone thai: can be de- 
 ciphered bears date of 1698, yet the place is held so sacred 
 that thousands of people year by year visit this hallowed 
 spot in "The Cradle of the Republic." 
 
 The ruins of the church tower, which served as a 
 shield to the colonists in times of attack by the red men, 
 and the earthen breast-works erected during the Civil 
 
War, today stand face to face. Both are now covered with 
 living green, thus does Mother Nature kindly hide the 
 wounds of the dead past and gladden the eye of pilgrims 
 as they visit the spot made sacred by the blood of ances- 
 ters who died from Indian massacres and fratracidal war- 
 fare. 
 
 "Lest we forget" in this Ter-Centennial Celebration 
 to "render honor to whom honor is due," it were well to 
 lift the misty veil of the past and find the one whom Cap- 
 tain John Smith delighted to honor. Desiring that En- 
 gland should honor the Indian Princess by a recognition 
 of her services he wrote a letter to the Queen declaring 
 that Pocahontas "next under God was still the instrument 
 to preserve this colony from death, famine and utter con- 
 fusion, which, if in those times has once becomed dissolved, 
 Virginia might have lain as it was at our first arrival to 
 this day," and the Queen and the Royal Court vied with 
 each other in honoring this Woman who so heroically 
 played her part in the great drama of life three centuries 
 ago when "Wilderness was King" where the Jamestown 
 Ter-Centennial Exposition is held today. 
 
 Smithf ield The site of the lodge of the War- 
 
 ascoyack Tribe of Indians when 
 the colonists arrived in 1607. Old St. Luke's Church, 
 built in 1632 is in a fine state of preservation. It is an al- 
 most exact counterpart of the Jamestown Church. 
 
parnOUS Many famous colonial homes lift 
 
 CZolonial aloft their columns on the banks of 
 
 Momes the James River. 
 
 ''Brandon" the beautiful Colonial Home of the fa- 
 mous Harrison family, which was owned in 1617 by Cap- 
 tain John Martin ''the only man who protested against 
 the abandonment of Jamestown in 1610." Fine portraits 
 by old masters still adorn the walls, among them the por- 
 trait of the Southern Belle, Evelyn Byrd. This home was 
 famed during colonial days as having the finest library in 
 America, owned by the most accomplished man in the 
 colony. Colonel Byrd, the founder of Richmond and Pe- 
 tersburg. 
 
 "Westover" was built in 1787. It was occupied by 
 Benedict Arnold, the traitor, on his road to Richmond. 
 General Pope had quarters here during the Civil War. 
 The oldest tombstone in Virginia is here, bearing date of 
 1687. 
 
 "Bacon's Castle," on lower Chippoke Creek, erected 
 in 1660, one of the oldest brick houses in Virginia. It was 
 fortified during Bacon's Rebellion. 
 
 "Burrow's Hill," near Jamestown, the grand old 
 home of the Brown family for two centuries is still stand- 
 ing. In the family burying ground is a tombstone dated 
 1650. 
 
 90 
 
"Malvern Hill," the old mansion is still to be seen, 
 owned by Colonel Richard Cook in 1639. 
 
 ^' Shirley ' ' was the home of the wife of ' ' Light Horse ' ' 
 
 "Berkley"," Home of Benjamin Harison, who was the 
 "I^^Harry Lee. Famons old portraits are preserved herg, 
 
 among them one of General Washington, 
 ■^father of Colonel Benjamin Harrison, signer of the Decla- 
 ration of Independence, and the birthplace of President 
 William Henry Harrison. 
 
 "Tedington," built in 1717 was owned by the Light- 
 foot family. It was on the site of the old Indian town of 
 Paspahegh. 
 
 YorktOWn The vicinity of Yorktown has been his- 
 toric ground since the landing of the 
 Colonists, for on the York River was Uttamussac, the 
 great national temple of the Indians, and Werowocomoco, 
 the chief place of council of Powhatan, the Emperor of 
 Virginia. In these mystic wilds dwelt his beautiful daugh- 
 ter, called by the colonists, Pocahontas, the name signify- 
 ing "bright stream between two hills." Mataoka, her 
 name among her people, was never to be spoken by 
 strangers for there prevailed a superstition among 
 the Indians that a knowledge of their true names 
 placed them under the evil spell of strangers. It 
 was among these forests that Captain John Smith was 
 taken captive, bound and lu-oiiglit before Powhatan, con- 
 
 91 
 
elemned to death by the chief and the tribes, and saved by 
 the intervention of the heroic girl. Patriots and lovers 
 delight to stroll among these historic scenes weaving ro- 
 mances which encircle the lives of the two prominent per- 
 sonages who have made history. 
 
 In strong contrast to the early deed of mercy was the 
 tyranny practiced in later days, for on this soil Sir John 
 Harvey arrested Martian, Potts and English and bonnd 
 them in chains. When asked the cause of their commit- 
 ment he replied "They shall know at the gallows." It 
 was indeed a fitting place for the surrender of Cornwallis 
 and the end of oppression. 
 
 A short distance away is "Bellfield" the residence of 
 Edward Diggs governor of A^irginia in 1655. William 
 Warren's home is also here. 
 
 The Yorktown church ha-s withstood the wreck of time 
 and is still used as a place of worship by the few people 
 who inhabit this hisoric spot. In the churchyard lie the 
 remains of the famous Nelson family. 
 
 The Colonial Inn was a place where our forebears con- 
 gregated to discuss the questions of the day. Among the 
 famous inns of former times was the "Swan Tavern." 
 The original tavern, built in 1722, was ])urned during the 
 Civil War. 
 
 The "Nelson House," one of the famous homes of old 
 Virginia is located in Yorktown. It was built in 1740. 
 The house is large and commodious and with its garden 
 
 92 
 
of old fashioned llowers fitly represents one of the early 
 homes of the F. F. V's of Virginia. The house was the 
 headquarters of the Connnandino- officer of the British 
 forces durino- the last sie.ee of the Revolutionarv AVar, 
 
 ^ 
 
 ■:'m 
 
 s'ii{i':i<;r ix ^oHKrowx 
 when a cannon liall struck tlie corner, entering the house 
 and tearing the marble mantel from the wall. (JeiuM-al 
 Nelson, the large souled hero who lived in the house at 
 the beginning of the Revolution also owiu^d another 
 house in the subburbs of Yorktown, occupied by P>ritish 
 
troops. General Nelson, of ready mind and o-enerous 
 heart commanded his soldiers to fire into the house, connt- 
 ino- as naught the personal loss of his property. When 
 the troops hesitated he offered five firuinea to the soldier 
 
 MOORE HOl^SE. WHKRK TERMS OF SURRENDER WERE S1(4XEI). 
 
 firing the first shot. The spirit of personal sacrifice, which 
 is the supreme test of patriotism, was contagious, and each 
 soldier instantly fired his best shot and the old mansion 
 with its cherished hearthstone was soon in ruins. 
 
 A cave where CornAvallis took refuge during the bom- 
 
bardment is near. About a mile from Yorktown is the 
 "Temple Farm," where the ruins of an old temple may be 
 seen. This building- is supposed to have been used as a 
 place of worship, and also as a fort in the event of an In- 
 dian attack. This double use of a buildiu"' shows how 
 far we have progressed in the art of peace during the 
 three hundred years. At the beginning of our history we 
 preached Peace from the pulpit with one eye on a loop- 
 hole in the church wall looking for war, today we preach 
 Peace from our pulpits and prepare for war by building 
 forts a little beyond the church walls. 
 
 A short distance from the ruins of the old temple on 
 Temple Farm is the "Moore House," built in 1713, and 
 reported to be the summer home of Governor Spotts- 
 wood, and the place of his burial. The Moore House is 
 of special historic interest as the place where the terms 
 of surrender were drawn up and signed when the bell 
 rang the death knell to our enmity toward England. 
 
 No tourist in Virginia fails to visit Yorktown, the place 
 where the curtain fell on the last scene in the great drama 
 of the American Revolution. Out of the blood and car- 
 nage rose an Independent Nation which has fulfilled the 
 promise at its birth, and verified the comment of Washing- 
 ton on that great historic day that "The work is done, and 
 well done." 
 
 A stone monument erected by (Congress marks the spot 
 where Lord Cornwallis surrendered to the American 
 
 9-3 
 
Forces on (Jetober If), 1781, and bears the inscription 
 "One destiny, one country, one constitution." Engraven 
 on the monument are tri])utes to the heroes who partic- 
 ipated in the t»iory of that dav, and hiah on Fame's mon- 
 
 I'li;: 
 
 roAi iioi 
 
 umeiit with tlie names of Washington and Nelson are the 
 names ('ompte de liochambeau and Compte de Grasse, 
 publishing- to the world our debt of gratitude to France 
 who came to our aid in the hour of need. 
 
 The first Custom House built l)v our forefathers in 
 
1715, is standing', a monnment to the bnilders of that day. 
 One mile from Yorktown are the earthworks of Fort 
 Magruder, the battle ground of McClellan and Johnson's 
 forces in May, 1862. 
 
 Dismal The famous lake of the Dismal Swamp, 
 
 Swamp a few miles from Norfolk is reached by 
 the Dismal Swamp Canal. Washington projected the 
 canal in 1787. It was dug by hand, and is 82 feet wide 
 and 8 feet deep, for a length of 22 miles. Washington 
 regarded the Dismal Swamp as of great value on account 
 of its large forest preserves. The Dismal Swamp has been 
 immortalized in song and story, Tom IMoore versing its 
 tradition of the lovelorn maid. 
 
 Smith Taken On December 16th, 1607, Captain 
 daptive John Smith embarked on a voyage 
 toward the South Sea. For some unknown reason he 
 turned into the Chickahominy and proceeded up the 
 stream stopped by the shallows. With a canoe and some 
 Indian Guides he continued his voyage with two compan- 
 ions, leaving the remainder. Reaching White Oak S.vamp, 
 east of Richmond, he landed, was atacked and captnred 
 l)y Indians. He was taken before their Chief, Opechanca- 
 nough, l)rother of the Emperor Powhatan. The Indians 
 killed his two companions, and Smith was bound, lashed 
 to a tree and ordered executed. But when he exhiluted a 
 small compass, the Indians were so ama::e:l tbat he was re- 
 
leased, and was sent under guard to appear beiore Pow- 
 hatan. While in captivity, Smith was waited upon by the 
 Queen of Appomattock. Tnese aboriginal Virginians 
 were content to be ruled by women. History records, a 
 Queen of Paspaheghs. Beverly says that in 1700 the Pun- 
 goteague was governed by a Queen, that Nandyne was the 
 seat of the Empress and that the Empress has the shore 
 tribes "under tribute." 
 
 Powhatan The first Emperor of Virginia, was 
 Powhatan, who ruled the Powah- 
 tans, and over thirty other tribes of Indians inhabiting 
 the territory called Tidewater Virginia, extending from 
 Chesapeake to the Piedmont, 8000 square miles, 8000 sub- 
 jects and 2400 fighting men. 
 
 Chief places of residence — Powhatan, below Rich- 
 mond, birthplace of Powhatan, Orapax, on the Chicka- 
 hominy, Werowecomoco, on the York River was the chief 
 place of council. 
 
 Uttamussac, on the York River was the great national 
 temple of the Indians. 
 
 The Powhatans believed their God Okee or the one 
 alone called Kewassa came to earth once. On a rock be- 
 low Richmond about one mile from James River may be 
 seen gigantic footprints about five feet apart — these, the 
 
 98 
 
Indians said, were the foot prints of Kewassa as he walk- 
 ed through the land of Powhatan. 
 
 A party of men from Jamestown sailed up James 
 River and visited Powhatan at his lodge near the present 
 site of Richmond. 
 
 Richmond Richmond was founded in 1742 on land 
 belonging to Colonel Byrd, who was ac- 
 counted the most accomplished man in America. He own- 
 ed the finest library on the continent and Richmond from 
 the beginning was peopled with master intellects and in 
 refinement and culture has lived up to the example of 
 her founder. 
 
 The State Capitol at Richmond, was begun in 1779, 
 here are preserved as relics — the Old Speaker's Chair and 
 a stove from the House of Burgessess in Williamvsburg. 
 
 Thomas Jefferson dedicated a plot of land in Richmond 
 upon which a building was to be erected and know^n as 
 the American Academy of Letters. This Academy was to 
 be to the new nation of America, what the Paris Academy 
 or Arts is to the French. The Academy was soon burned, 
 and then rebuilt. On an occasion when the Governor of 
 Virginia, his staff, officials, society, the beauty and gentry 
 of the countryside and distant plantations had gathered 
 as a brilliant assemblage to witness the first night produc- 
 tion of a new^ play, the Academy again caught fire and Avas 
 quickly burned with such disastrous effects that the Cov- 
 
 L 0; mi 
 
OLD liKlAj TOWKU. 
 
ernor and many prominent people were nnmbered amon^ 
 the victims of the holocanst. The remains of the dead 
 were bnried npon the spot, and to commemorate one of 
 the saddest events of that day, the present Monumental 
 Church was erected on the site of the Academy, divine ser- 
 vices are regularlj^ held above the grave possessed in com- 
 mon by the dust of beauty, aristocracy and sturdy yeom- 
 anry. For years the church had a rector whose visage, 
 features and mien so resembled the unhappy J. Wilkes 
 Booth that rumor and morbid speculation proclaimed him 
 to be indeed the great actor assassin of Lincoln. Weird 
 tales were recounted in secret how he escaped his pursur- 
 ers and donning the ministerial garb, devoted the remain- 
 der of his life to deeds of mercy. And those who sat un- 
 der the matchless eloquence were enthralled by his ora- 
 tory. His advent and antecedents before coming to Rich- 
 mond remain a mystery. He is said to have been a pro- 
 found Shakesperean scholar, that the climaxes of his 
 sermons were intensely dramatic, and that he trained his 
 only daughter for the stage. These facts lent color to the 
 rumors. To escape the annoyance of curiosity seekers 
 and the melancholy gloom surrounding him, he suddendy 
 disappeared. No one knew whence, nor has any one since 
 been able to fathom the mystery. 
 
 "Richmond by the James" has been called the Modern 
 City of the Seven Hills and is midway between the sea 
 and the mountains. Her citizens have suflPered the tur- 
 
bulence of the one in her Indian, Revolutionary and Civil 
 Wars and have risen to the heights of the other w^hen 
 swept by the sublime eloquence of Patrick Henry as he 
 proclaimed for liberty or death. 
 
 Old St. John's Church whose walls rang with the elo- 
 quence of the early patriot is built in the shape of a cru- 
 ciform and is visited by the liberty loving of this day. 
 
 Benedict Arnold burned Richmond January 5th, 1781 
 and every street is replete Avith memories of the sad havoc 
 
 he made of the city. It was near Richmond that Lafay- 
 ette led the American forces to meet General Phillips who 
 marched against Richmond, but "The proudest man of 
 
 102 
 
the proudest nation upon earth" declined to attack the 
 young* Frenchman. 
 
 The Headquarters of General Washington may still be 
 seen on Main Street near 20tli. 
 ^ Libby Prison was situated on Carey St., near 14th. 
 
 The Confederate Hospital was on 17th and Broad 
 Street. 
 
 General Beauregard's Headquarters were on 2nd 
 Street, and were later used as a Confederate Hospital. 
 
 The Powder Magazine at the right of the Alms House 
 was fired by the Confederates to prevent the ammunition 
 from being used by the Union Army. 
 
 A fine view of Richmond and the historic James liiver 
 may be seen from the Capitol, also the Battlefield 's ot 
 Drewry's Bluff and Seven Pines, and hills and valleys 
 clothed with living green eight months in the year. 
 
 The earthworks around Richmond may still be seen, 
 the only works comparing in scientific construction with 
 them were those erected to defend Washington, D. C. 
 Military strategists and students from all nations have 
 come here to study the works and defences around Rich- 
 mond, which Vv^ere thrown up during the Civil War. 
 
 Nearly every foot of land surrounding Richmond was 
 battleground during the Civil War, but Dutch Gap Canal 
 is the only military construction of all that were done by 
 the army, which remains of use to the country in time of 
 
 103 
 
peace. Dutch Gap is cut in James River, and is fourteen 
 miles south of Richmond. 
 
 Among the interesting sights at Richmond are the 
 monuments erected in honor of Virginia's great sons. The 
 equestrian statue of George Washington is surrounded 
 by statues of Patrick Henry, Thomas Jefferson, George 
 Mason, Thomas Nelson, Jr., John Marshall and Andrew 
 Lewis. The statues of Henry Clay and Stonewall Jack- 
 son loom up in marble and bronze, not far from the eques- 
 trian statue of Robert E. Lee. 
 
 Hollywood The graves of Jefferson Davis, his 
 wife and daughter are in Rich- 
 mond's Historic City of the Dead. Mrs. Davis died in 
 New York October 16, 1906 and the remains were taken 
 to Richmond and buried in Hollywood. The casket was 
 escorted to the railroad station in New York by a funeral 
 guard of United States Troops. This is the only instance 
 on record where such an honor was accorded a w^oman. 
 The funeral took place from St. Paul's Protestant Episco- 
 pal Church. 
 
 Varina Varina or Aiken's Landing was in an early 
 day the county seat of Henrico County. It 
 is noted as the place where John Rolfe and Pocahontas 
 resided after their marriage. Varina during the Civil 
 War was used as a place for exchanging prisoners. 
 
 101 
 
dold Harbor Cold Harbor is only a few miles 
 from Richmond, and here was 
 fought one of the bloodiest battles of the Civil War. 
 Grant lost over ten thousand men in the two or three 
 hours of the deadly duel. It was here that Grant took 
 out his watch and said "If I do not hear Lee's guns with- 
 in ten miutes Richmond is ours,' but with in five min- 
 utes Lee's artillery opened up the gates of hell and Rich- 
 mond was not evacuated until one year afterwards." 
 
 Mlail VCrn Mill was named in happy remem- 
 brance of some of the hills in En- 
 gland. An old Virginia mansion is still standing on Mal- 
 vern Hill which is said to be one of the best specimens of 
 colonial architecture in the Old Dominion. Malvern Hill 
 is the site of one of the bloodiest conflicts of the Civil War 
 betvv^een Gen. McClelland and Gen. Joseph E. Johnson. 
 
 INatural Natural Bridge of Virginia 14 miles 
 
 Bridg^^ from Lexington is one of the wonders 
 
 of the world. It is a single block of 
 lime stone made up of many colors. The arch is from 40 
 to 60 feet wide and top of the plain is 200 feet above the 
 strenm Avhich flows beneath the arch. Many names are 
 carved on the bridge, George Washington when a youth 
 carved his name high above them all, but, James Piper a 
 youth of our day has succeeded in climbing from the foot 
 to the top of the rock. 
 
 105 
 
Hanover This is the birth place of Henrj^ Clay and 
 home of Patrick Henry. The old Court- 
 house was erected in 1735. Stewart was killed in an at- 
 tack by Sheridan a short distance from this point. 
 
 Alexandria Alexandria early struggled to be 
 
 the capital of the Republic. 
 Christ's Churcn is the favorite historic spot in this region. 
 Here the Father of His Country worshipped. Washington 
 Avas Worthy Master of the Masonic Lodge of Alexandria. 
 
 Mount IMount Vernon not far distant is the beau- 
 
 Vernon tiful plantation where Washington took 
 his bride. It was named in honor of Ad- 
 miral Vernon, a popular naval hero of the day. The beau- 
 tiful banks of the Potomac are lined with historic places 
 from its mouth to Mt. Vernon, where reposes the dead 
 hero. It has been rumored that his body has partially 
 petrified and lovers of the marvelous foster the belief that 
 some day the remains of the father of I'is country will be 
 preserved in stone. 
 
 Arlington The beautiful home of General 
 
 Robert E. Lee in Ante Bellum 
 Days was here. It was confiscated during the war and 
 bought later and used by the Government as a National 
 Cemetery, the most beautiful in America where the old 
 soldiers peacefully find a last resting place. 
 
 10() 
 
Manassas Beauregard and McDowell fought 
 
 the first battle of Bull Run near here 
 July 21st, 1861. The second battle of Bull Run occurred 
 August 30, 1862. Three miles from Manassas a monument 
 is erected to the Confederate dead. The earth works still 
 remain. 
 
 dulpeper Culpeper has a national cemetery 
 
 where fourteen hundred Federal Sol- 
 diers are buried. From this place Grant started on his 
 Wilderness Campaign. Here Lee entrenched after the 
 Battle of Antietam, and after Gettysburg Meade pursued 
 Lee to Culpeper. The Army of the Potomac encamped 
 here during the winter of 1863. 
 
 Orange On a plantation two miles from Orange, 
 
 Zachary Taylor was born. All the adjacent 
 
 country was used as a battleground during the Civil War. 
 
 Montpdicr one of the famous man- 
 
 sions of Old Virginia is located here. It 
 WHR the home -of President Madison. 
 
 Gordonsville Lee had his headquarters here 
 
 before the Wilderness Cam- 
 paign. An engagement took place here in December 1864. 
 
 Charlottsville Charlottsville was the tempo- 
 
 rary Capital of Virginia in 1781 
 wlien Benedict Arnold drove the Legislature from Rich- 
 
mond. Monticello the home of Thomas Jefferson is two 
 miles east of Charlottsville. As he went to Washington, 
 alone on horseback, to take the oath of office as president, 
 so he returned eight years later. He lies not far from the 
 university that he loved so well. 
 
 Charlottsville was the home of three Presidents — Jef- 
 ferson's at Monticello; Monroe Hill and Ash Lawn, were 
 homes of Monroe, the former at the University Campus. 
 ''Montpelier" President Madison's home was twenty miles 
 away. The University of Virginia is called the Cradle of 
 Ambition. It is claimed that the immediate vicinity of 
 Charlottsville has produced more great men than any 
 other territory of the same dimensions in the United 
 States. Charlottsville is the birth place of General George 
 R. Clark who added Ohio to the Republic in 1783. It is also 
 the birthplace of Lewis and Clark who following a path- 
 way, led by a beautiful Indian girl explored the great 
 Northwest Territory and added to our national domain. 
 
 "Pen Park" is the place where William Wirt, the first 
 Attorney General of the United States lived. The Hes- 
 sians, who were Revolutionary War prisoners were con- 
 fined here in "The Barracks." 
 
 The Legislature of Virginia on January 12, 1803 passed 
 an Act incorporating the Albermarle Academy, which be- 
 came the Central College and ultimately the University of 
 Virginia. The corner stone of Central College was laid 
 October 6th, 1817 in the presence of Thomas Jefferson, 
 
 108 
 
Rector, and James Madison and James IMonroe, the latter 
 then President of the United States. The board appoint- 
 ed by the Governor met August 1, 1818 at the Tavern in 
 Rock Fish Gap on the Blue Ridge Mountains and adopted 
 the report regarding the organization of the University. 
 January 25, 1819 the Legislature adopted a formal act 
 ''For Establishing a University." 
 
 The University of Virginia is the child of Jefferson's 
 old age and long did he plead with the State Legislature 
 before he succeeded in establishing it. To convince them 
 that Charlottsville was the most available place to locate 
 the seat of learning, it is said that he cut from card board 
 the figure of Virginia, pierced a hole through it at the 
 point where Charlottsville is located and inserting a pen- 
 cil therein revolved the card upon it, thus demonstrating 
 to the law makers that Charlottsville was the geographi- 
 cal center and hence most suitaole for a seat of learning. 
 Charlottsville has fulfilled every promise made for it and 
 the University of Virginia is the leading university of the 
 South. The young men who win her degrees are gentle- 
 men today, who show no diminution of the cavalier spirit 
 of the past. 
 
 Jefferson drew most of the sketches of the buildings, 
 basing them upon designs by Palladio. 
 
 The buildings are unique in architecture, planned by 
 an artist as well as an architect, and are a delight to the 
 eye. They are like an old Italian monastery. The origi- 
 
 109 
 
nal group planned by Jefferson consists of four parallel 
 rows of structures and at one end stands the Pantheon- 
 like rotunda. Every part of the building is a work of 
 classic art and is a joy forever to the lover of symmetry. 
 
 Af ton Afton is at the summit of the Blue Ridge 
 Mountains where Governor Spottswood led 
 his Knights of the Golden Horseshoe. On his return home 
 he presented each Knight with a diminutive golden horse- 
 shoe, set with diamonds and rubies, sending the bill to 
 the King. His Majesty refused to approve the account. 
 From the apex of the Blue Ridge may be seen the beauti- 
 ful valleys of the Piedmont and Rock Fish, fifteen hiui- 
 dred feet below. 
 
 Staunton Staunton was named in honor of Lady 
 Staunton, wife of Governor Gooch and 
 was incorporated in 1788. In 1781 when Benedict Arnold 
 drove the legislature out of Richmond, the members took 
 refuge first in Charlottsville and later in Staunton. The 
 Shenandoah Valley is in this region, and also Luray Cave. 
 The Cave covers forty acres of land. Sheridan gained 
 control over the Shenandoah Valley by a decisive action 
 at Waynesboro. 
 
 Lexins^ton The seat of the Virginia Military 
 
 Institute, and the Washington and 
 Lee College, the remains of Gen. Robert E. Lee and Stone- 
 wall Jackson repose here. 
 
 no 
 
West West Point is known for its beauty of loca- 
 
 Point tion. Five counties converging on the York 
 River, are in full view. The town had long- 
 been established before an act was passed incorporating 
 towns during the reign of Queen Anne. 
 
 Two participants in the Bacon Rebellion were hung in 
 chains at West Point by Sir Wm. Berkeley, and others 
 who had sought refuge in the Dragon Swamp were hung 
 to the limbs of the "Royal Oak ' tree in Middlesex Coun- 
 ty. The town was early fortified by the revolutionists of 
 1676. 
 
 Washington had his Headquarters at West Point in an 
 old stone marl, long since in ruins. 
 
 The Confederate and Union Armies held the town in 
 succession in the Civil War. Fortifications built by the 
 latter in 1863 may still be seen. McClellan occupied West 
 Point in the Peninsula Campaign and used the White 
 House, the home of the Lees in New Kent County as a base 
 of operation. On the site of the White House once stood 
 the mansion of Martha Curtis, in the days of her widow- 
 hood. 
 
 Marpcr's Here the fire brand and agitator, John 
 Ferry Brown was captured after making his 
 
 famous raid through Virginia to liber- 
 ate slaves and destroy property of slave holding planters. 
 After being captured by U. S. Troops under command of 
 
Colonel R. E. Lee, he was tried by the State Courts of 
 Virginia. His trial was a memorable one and Governor 
 H. A. Wise utilized every power available to the State 
 to insure that the accused should receive a fair trial and 
 not suffer at the hands of violence. The State furnished 
 him counsel, and protected him with the State militia. 
 He was condemned and executed. 
 
 Winchester The early settlers of Winchester 
 were principally Germans. It was 
 laid out as a town in 1712. A portion of Fort Loudon, 
 built bv Washington in 1754 is still standing. The situa- 
 tion of Winchester is the key to the valley of the Shen- 
 andoah. During the Civil War Winchester was held in 
 turn by the Confederate and Federal forces. Sheridan 
 "twenty miles away" obtained the information on which 
 to make his attack on Winchester from Miss Rebecca 
 Wright, a school teacher at that place. She wrote the de- 
 sired information on a piece of paper, wrapped it in tin 
 foil, and gave it to a negro man who secreted the tin foil 
 under his tongue, got through the lines and reaching 
 Sheridan's Camp delivered the message which conveyed 
 the information on which the attack was made. At a re- 
 union twenty years after the war, General Sheridan ac- 
 Ivuowledged the service of Rebecca Wright by publicly 
 presenting her with a gold watch and chain, and suspend- 
 ed from the chain were gold pendant charms wrought in 
 
 112 
 
the shape of the implements of war — a diminutive drum, 
 sword, rifle and canteen. General Sheridan in thus hon- 
 oring the woman honored himself, and showed that he 
 regarded the honors he gained in that historic battle great 
 enough to be shared with another. 
 
 Chancellorsville At the beginning of the Civil 
 
 AVar Chancellorsville was a sol- 
 itary brick Mansion surrounded by a few out buildings 
 standing in a clearing on the verge of a wild region 
 known as "The Wilderness.^' If each stone had a voice 
 in this wilderness the visitor of today might hear plain- 
 tive sounds issue therefrom similar to those coming from 
 the desolated battlefield of Wagram, which moved to 
 anguish the son of Napoleon. Chancellorsville was the 
 site where Jackson received the wounds which caused 
 his death. With a small escort he had ridden out to re- 
 connoitre. Turning back he was fired upon by his own 
 men who mistook the company for enemies. He received 
 several wounds from vv-hich he died a week later. 
 
 Lexington This is the seat of the Virginia 
 
 IMilitary Institute, The Washing- 
 ton and Lee University and the tombs of Robert E. Lee 
 and Stonewall Jackson may here be visited. 
 
 Petersburg Here occurred one of the blood- 
 
 iest engagements of the Civil War. 
 After Grant had exploded his mines, blowing up Wise's 
 
 ii;5 
 
Brigade, he made an early morning' attack on the surpris- 
 ed Confederate Lines. Lee threw three divisions in the 
 breach at the point of attack, and as their formation was 
 in echelon the carnage was fearful among the Union For- 
 ces. The crater on the exploded mine is 200 feet long, 
 60 feet w^ide and 30 feet deep and is known in military 
 annals as "Hells Half Acre." The crater and trenches 
 may still be seen around Petersburg. 
 
 iMatoax, a mile from Petersburg was the home of 
 John Randolph, father of John Randolph of Roanoke. 
 
 Appomattox Twenty miles east of Lynchburg 
 
 CZourt Mouse was made famous April 9th, 
 1865, when Gen. Robert E. Lee surrendered the army of 
 Northern Virginia to General Grant. The illustrious 
 Commander in-Chief of the Confederate Army "wept 
 tears of blood" at the conditions which drove him to 
 take up arms against the Union. He "recognized no nec- 
 essity for this state of things," but Virginia called him 
 and he obeyed the call. So great and magnanimous was 
 this man that even the enemies of the Southern cause con- 
 ceded the purity of his motives. When Lee laid down 
 his arms at Appomattox and surrendered his sword to 
 Grant the hour had come for fratracidal vv^ars to cease. To 
 our fathers dueling was thought to be a necessity, and 
 those who prophecied an end to this desecration of man- 
 hood, were called "dreamers," but today dueling is a 
 
crime, and one man dares not take up arms against an- 
 other to redress a wrong. So great progress have we 
 made in the belief in the majesty of law that we gladly 
 submit our personal wrongs to a court, and we accept the 
 decision when twelve jurors have arbitrated the matter. 
 If it be a crime for one man to war against another, is it 
 not a greater crime for a multiple of men to resort to 
 force when they conceive themselves wronged? What is 
 wrong for an individual cannot be right for a nation. 
 The great Peace Congress assembled in New York in April 
 was made up of men and women from every nation, who 
 met for the purpose of furthering the cause of Arbitra- 
 tion, and so great was the intensity of purpose of those 
 who love life that the people who sat under the spell of 
 matchless oratory heard in the distance the deathknell 
 of war, and saw in the future a fulfillment of Christ's 
 prophecy that "Wars shall cease." The plan of Lyman 
 Abbott, so extolled by platform and press, is as old as 
 Christianity. No nation could live if it were cut off from 
 all other nations, therefore no nation would long refuse to 
 arbitrate. 
 
 General Robert E. Lee was great in peace as war, as 
 the president of Washington College, he cheerfully, pa- 
 tiently and laboriously devoted his last days to the youth 
 of the countr}^, and were he living today he would no 
 doubt be a leader in the great peace movement. He is 
 said to have died of a broken heart, the world could not 
 
afford to lose him, and at his death all sections united 
 in pajnng tribute to this man of heart and brain. 
 
 "The drapery of heaven hung low 
 
 In dark and gloomy shrouds ; 
 
 The angel's used the weeping stars 
 
 In pinning back the clouds. 
 
 The shades of gloom and woe prevailed 
 
 Over all the land and sea, 
 
 And eyes that were unused to tears, 
 
 Now wept for Robert Lee." 
 
 Scwdl's Sewell's Point is named for Henry Sea- 
 Point well, a member of the House of Burges- 
 sees in 1639. 
 
 The first engagement in the Civil War in Virginia oc- 
 curred at Sewell's Point May 19, 1861. 
 
 Sewell's Point is the place from which the three slaves 
 of Colonel Mallory escaped during the Civil War. They 
 sought protection at Fortress Monroe. General Butler 
 after securing what information they could give concern- 
 ing the fortifications the Confederates, were building at 
 Sewell's Point, put the negroes to work at Fortress Mon- 
 roe. It was at the conference concerning the release of 
 these negroes that the phrase "Contraband of War" was 
 used by General Butler, who held that this paved the way 
 
to President Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation eigh- 
 teen months later. 
 
 Here the Confederates threw np breast works and 
 erected batteries. Where the ''Monitor" retired to the 
 protection of the guns of Fortress Monroe after her duel 
 with the "Merrimac," the Confederate Iron Clad with- 
 drew to Sewell's Point. 
 
 When Norfolk was evacuated, the ''Merrimac, " des- 
 troyed by her crew and Johnston's Army retired to Rich- 
 mond, the works at Sewell's Point were destroyed by the 
 troops that constructed them. 
 
 The Powhatan Oak 355 years old may be seen at the 
 water's edge on Sewell's Point, when Sir Ralph Lane first 
 discovered the land bordering on Hampton Roads and 
 Chesapeake Bay, August 15th, 1585, the tree was thirty 
 years old. Powhatan long ruled this Tidewater Region. 
 The Pocahontas Spring is a short distance away. 
 
 Jamestown Ter-Centennial 
 Exhibition 
 
 Official name : Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition. 
 
 Character: Military, Naval, Marine and historic ex- 
 hibition. 
 
 Nature : State, National and International historic cel- 
 ebration. 
 
 Purpose : Commemoration of the first permanent set- 
 tlement of English-speaking people in America. 
 
Distances; from Exposition g:ronnds : Norfolk City 
 limits, five miles; Fortress Monroe, four miles; Old Point 
 Comfort, three and a half miles; Newport News, five 
 miles; Portsmouth, eight miles; Ocean View, three miles. 
 
 Exposition grounds reached by electric railway, steam 
 railw^ay and steamship. 
 
 Location : On shores and waters of Hampton Roads, 
 near Norfolk, Portsmouth, Newport News and Old Point 
 Comfort, Virginia. 
 
 Exposition area : Five hundred acres of land and ten 
 thousand acres of Hampton Roads. 
 
 The Jamestown Exposition has three miles of water 
 front — two and a half miles on Hampton Roads and a 
 half mile on Boush Creek. 
 
 Two sides of the Exposition grounds are inclosed by a 
 high wire fence, covered with honeysuckle, crimson ram- 
 bler rose and trumpet creeper vines. 
 
 The Exposition's great military drill plain contains 
 thirty acres, surounding by trees and pretty walks. 
 
 A canoe trail, two miles long and twelve feet wide, 
 runs from Boush Creek, which flows into Hampton Roads 
 through the most interesting part of the Exposition 
 grounds. 
 
 A romantic winding trail, called Flirtation Walk, fol- 
 lows along Canoe Trail for more than a mile. 
 
 The various State buildings are all near the water 
 front, and from these can be seen ships and steamers go- 
 
ing out to sea and coming in from all parts of the world, 
 as well as the grand naval display. The navies of the 
 world are assembled in Hampton Roads. 
 
 The Jamestown Exposition is a historical study of 
 the past 300 years. 
 
 The prevailing style of architecture at the Exposition 
 is the Colonial. 
 
 Many of the exhibit buildings and all of the States' 
 buildings are to be permanent structures. 
 
 More than a million flowers, shrubs and trees are al- 
 ready growing on the grounds, and others are being- 
 planted. 
 
 Jamestown Exposition Buildings. 
 
 The Hall of Congress; Mining and Metallurgy Build- 
 ing; Smelter; Manufacturers' and Liberal Arts' Palace; 
 Machinery and Transportation Palace; States' Exhibit 
 Palace ; Graphic Arts Building ; Pure Poods Building ; 
 History and Historic Art Palace ; Education Building ; 
 Pocahontas Hospital; Mothers' and Children's Building; 
 Children's Model Playground; Model School; Model 
 Schoolroom ; Iron Shops, in Arts and Crafts Village ; 
 Pottery Shops, in Arts and Crafts Village ; Copper, Silver 
 and Woodworkers' Shops, in Arts and Crafts Village; 
 Textile Building, in Arts and Crafts Village. 
 
 Grand Piers: 1,400 feet long, from Exposition grounds 
 into Hampton Roads, 800 feet wide ; connected by cross 
 
 ny 
 
pier 1,200 feet long at a distance of 1,400 feet from shore. 
 Marine Building-; Place of Commerce; The -'War Path," 
 with a myriad of new and gorgeous attractions from 
 many lands. 
 
 Two hundred State, National and International con- 
 ventions, conferences and conclaves. 
 
 State Most of the State Buildings are 
 
 Buildins^S on the water front on "^Yiuough- 
 
 by Boulevard. The prevailing 
 style of architecture is colonial 
 and each state has as far as possible built on the plan of 
 her most famous colonial building. Massachusetts repro- 
 duces the old" State House" in Boston, one room of which 
 is a replica of the old council chamber where James Otis 
 fought against the Writ of Assistance ; Connecticut, the 
 '^Talmadge Home" where lived the member ol Washing- 
 ton's Staff who was commissioned to execute the British 
 Spy, INIajor Andre; Georgia, "Bullock Hall," the home of 
 President's Roosevelt's mother; New Jersey, General 
 Washington's Headquarters at Morristown ; Pennsylvania, 
 "Independence Hall" in Philadelphia; Maryland, the col- 
 onial home of Charles Carroll, one of the signers of the 
 Declaration of Independence, one of the rooms in this 
 building being a facsimile of the old Senate Chamber 
 in Annapolis, where General Washington resigned his 
 commission as Commander-in-Chief of the Army ; New 
 Hampshire, the "Langdon Home". Ohio, has a reprodue- 
 
 120 
 
tion of ^'Adena" the first stone house built west of the 
 Alleghany Mountains; Kentucky, Daniel Boone's fort, 
 the logs being brought from Boonesboro. The fort is fit- 
 tingly located in a grove of trees. Missouri with Dakota, 
 Louisiana, Illinois, West Virginia, Vermont, Rhode Island, 
 Delaware, North Carolina and Virginia have all followed 
 the colonial style, and New York reproduced "Arling- 
 ton," the home of General Robert E. Lee at the outbreak 
 of the war. In the Virginia building is hung the "Poca- 
 hontas ' • bell cast by the ' ' Pokahuntas ' ' Bell Association 
 at Baltimore. Numerous family heirlooms were melted for 
 the bell. Among the most valuable of these relics were 
 ]\Iajor John Pelham's spur, Chief Pugallop's bracelet, 
 nails from Libby prison and a piece of the Merrimac ar- 
 mor plate. The bell weighs over 500 pounds. 
 
 The effect of entering the States Building in the Expo- 
 sition City is to be transplanted "To ye olden times" and 
 the welcome received in each building equals the famous 
 hospitality of the Old Dominion. 
 
 The "Powhatan Oak," near the Water Front is 355 
 years old, and under its long branches have sat the In- 
 dian and the white man smoking the pipe of peace. "Po- 
 cahontas Spring," back of the Pocahontas Hospital, is 
 as fresh and sparkling as in the old days when this heroic 
 maiden drank thereof. 
 
INDEX 
 
 Afton 
 
 Alexandria . 
 Algeroune Fort 
 Appomattox . 
 Arlington 
 Big Bethel . 
 Bruton Church 
 Buckroe Beach 
 Cape Henry 
 Chamberlin Hotel 
 Charlottesville 
 Chesapeake Bay 
 Chickahominy River 
 Cold Harbor 
 Colonial Homes 
 Culpeper 
 Dismal Swamp 
 Fort George . 
 Fort Norfolk 
 Fort Wool . 
 Fortress Monroe 
 Gordonsville 
 Great Bridge 
 Green Spring 
 Hampton 
 
 PAGE 
 I lO 
 1 06 
 
 14 
 114 
 106 
 
 46 
 
 71 
 
 28 
 
 57 
 
 12 
 107 
 
 57 
 
 97 
 105 
 
 90 
 107 
 
 97 
 
 15 
 
 59 
 
 59 
 
 14 
 107 
 
 66 
 
 79 
 
 38 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Hampton Creek . 
 
 35 
 
 Hampton Roads . 
 
 51 
 
 Hanover 
 
 106 
 
 Harper's Ferry 
 
 III 
 
 Hollywood . 
 
 104 
 
 Jamestown . 
 
 81 
 
 Jamestown Exposition 
 
 117 
 
 James River 
 
 90 
 
 Lexington 
 
 no 
 
 Malvern Hill . 
 
 105 
 
 Manassas 
 
 107 
 
 Map 
 
 54 
 
 Mount Vernon 
 
 106 
 
 Montpelier . 
 
 107 
 
 National Cemetery 
 
 33 
 
 Natural Bridge 
 
 105 
 
 Newport News 
 
 47 
 
 Norfolk 
 
 60 
 
 Normal, Hampton . 
 
 
 Harper's Ferr}^ 
 
 III 
 
 Old Point Comfort 
 
 12 
 
 Orange 
 
 107 
 
 Petersburg . 
 
 113 
 
 Phoebus 
 
 28 
 
 Pocahontas . 
 
 104 
 
 Poynt Comfort 10, i^ 
 
 U 15 
 
 123 
 
PAGE 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Portsmouth . 
 
 6i 
 
 Powhatan 
 
 ' 98 
 
 Richmond 
 
 99 
 
 St. John's Church 
 
 43 
 
 St. Paul's Church 
 
 6i 
 
 Sewell's Point 
 
 ii6 
 
 Smithfield 
 
 88 
 
 Soldier's Home 
 
 30 
 
 State Buidings 
 
 120 
 
 Staunton 
 
 no 
 
 Varina . 
 
 104 
 
 William and Mary 
 
 
 College 
 
 74 
 
 Williamsburg 
 
 66 
 
 Winchester . 
 
 112 
 
 West Point . 
 
 III 
 
 Yorktown 
 
 91 
 
 FROM OLD POINT COMFORT, VIRGINIA. 
 
 Via: C. & O. 
 R. R. to 
 
 Williamsburg to -; 
 
 Richmond. [ 
 
 Hanover. 
 
 Alexandria. 
 
 Manassas. 
 
 Culpeper. 
 
 Orange. 
 
 Madison. 
 
 Charlottesville. 
 
 Afton. 
 
 Staunton. 
 
 Clifton Forge. 
 
 Yorktown, 12 miles. 
 Jamestown, 7 miles. 
 Green Spring, 4 miles. 
 
 All by Carriage. 
 
Phoebus, about i mile. 
 Soldier's Home, i 1-2 miles. 
 From Old Point Comfort, to Normal School, 2 1-2 miles. 
 
 Hampton, 3 miles. 
 Newport News, 10 miles. 
 Take .any street car at Main Wharf. 
 
 Norfolk. 
 Portsmouth. 
 Ferry Boats from Old Ocean View. 
 Point Comfort, to Hampton. 
 
 James River route to 
 
 Sewell's Point. 
 Exposition. 
 
 Old Colonial Homes. 
 
 Brandon. 
 
 Shirley. 
 
 Claremont. 
 
 Westover. 
 
 Jamestown Ruins. 
 
 Take Old Dominion S. S. Co. and the Virginia Naviga- 
 tion Co. boats. 
 
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